{"language": "en", "segments": [{"text": " In our world, the speed and tempo of modern living are increasing", "start": 17.06, "stop": 22.16, "id": 0}, {"text": " at an ever accelerating rate.", "start": 22.16, "stop": 23.88, "id": 1}, {"text": " Without organization, without system, the result would be chaos.", "start": 24.48, "stop": 28.08, "id": 2}, {"text": " Our control over a bewildering environment has been facilitated by new techniques", "start": 28.12, "stop": 32.96, "id": 3}, {"text": " of handling vast amounts of data at incredible speeds.", "start": 32.96, "stop": 36.16, "id": 4}, {"text": " The tool which has made this possible is the high speed digital computer", "start": 37.06, "stop": 40.74, "id": 5}, {"text": " operating with electronic precision on great quantities of information.", "start": 40.74, "stop": 44.38, "id": 6}, {"text": " There are many indications that data processing systems", "start": 46.1, "stop": 49.22, "id": 7}, {"text": " have permeated our society.", "start": 49.22, "stop": 50.84, "id": 8}, {"text": " Transportation, insurance, and banking depend on", "start": 53.3, "stop": 56.76, "id": 9}, {"text": " computerized accounting and control.", "start": 56.76, "stop": 58.54, "id": 10}, {"text": " National credit card systems have been made possible by large scale", "start": 59.02, "stop": 62.2, "id": 11}, {"text": " data processing techniques.", "start": 62.2, "stop": 63.8, "id": 12}, {"text": " Techniques that are growing and spreading throughout the national economic scene.", "start": 64.46, "stop": 67.46, "id": 13}, {"text": " Inventory control by data processing computers enable distributors of goods and", "start": 68.38, "stop": 72.82, "id": 14}, {"text": " materials to maintain their stocks at optimum levels and thus the ancient laws of", "start": 72.82, "stop": 77.5, "id": 15}, {"text": " supply and demand are adapted to the logistics of computer programs", "start": 77.5, "stop": 81.38, "id": 16}, {"text": " at electronic speeds.", "start": 81.38, "stop": 82.9, "id": 17}, {"text": " Data processing is also involved in the manufacture and distribution of various", "start": 86.44, "stop": 90.18, "id": 18}, {"text": " forms of energy, as in the automated refinery where step by step", "start": 90.18, "stop": 94.46, "id": 19}, {"text": " processes are computer controlled.", "start": 94.46, "stop": 96.28, "id": 20}, {"text": " The emergence of large systems has been a central feature of modern times, made", "start": 98.22, "stop": 103.06, "id": 21}, {"text": " possible only by the development of high speed data processing.", "start": 103.06, "stop": 106.56, "id": 22}, {"text": " One of the largest of these systems is the Air Defense Command's Continental", "start": 106.8, "stop": 111.08, "id": 23}, {"text": " Defense Network of Surveillance, Detection, and Destruction, which must be", "start": 111.08, "stop": 116.14, "id": 24}, {"text": " trained and exercised in peacetime.", "start": 116.14, "stop": 118.22, "id": 25}, {"text": " A natural consequence of the increased emphasis being placed on large scale", "start": 119.56, "stop": 123.38, "id": 26}, {"text": " systems is that groups of people are drawn together to attend to the", "start": 123.38, "stop": 127.24, "id": 27}, {"text": " professional requirements of such systems.", "start": 127.24, "stop": 129.16, "id": 28}, {"text": " One of the largest groups of systems specialists is at System Development", "start": 129.84, "stop": 133.52, "id": 29}, {"text": " Corporation, Santa City, and Eastern facilities at Lexington, Massachusetts,", "start": 133.52, "stop": 138.38, "id": 30}, {"text": " Paramus, New Jersey, and Falls Church, Virginia.", "start": 138.96, "stop": 141.3, "id": 31}, {"text": " In this corporation devoted to the public welfare and security are employed over", "start": 142.68, "stop": 147.34, "id": 32}, {"text": " 3,000 people of diversified skills and talents in the development of large", "start": 147.34, "stop": 152.06, "id": 33}, {"text": " military and civilian systems. The major task is to extend and augment human", "start": 152.06, "stop": 157.72, "id": 34}, {"text": " judgment, human imagination, and human intuition by means of high speed", "start": 157.72, "stop": 162.64, "id": 35}, {"text": " electronic digital computers.", "start": 162.64, "stop": 164.42, "id": 36}, {"text": " An interdisciplinary team approach is followed in attacking system problems.", "start": 165.64, "stop": 170.74, "id": 37}, {"text": " There is close interaction among mathematicians, training specialists, computer", "start": 172.22, "stop": 176.66, "id": 38}, {"text": " programmers, engineers, and other system specialists. Although the corporation", "start": 176.66, "stop": 183.56, "id": 39}, {"text": " is not engaged in the manufacture of equipment, engineering support utilizing", "start": 183.56, "stop": 188.38, "id": 40}, {"text": " precision equipment develops prototype models of specialized electronic devices.", "start": 188.38, "stop": 192.8, "id": 41}, {"text": " Let us see how a production team goes about the", "start": 194.16, "stop": 196.54, "id": 42}, {"text": " business of producing system materials.", "start": 196.54, "stop": 198.32, "id": 43}, {"text": " The particular example we have chosen is the SAGE system training program of the", "start": 198.94, "stop": 203.92, "id": 44}, {"text": " Air Defense Command. It is vital that this air defense network operate", "start": 203.92, "stop": 208.66, "id": 45}, {"text": " effectively in any future wartime situation. However, short of real war, adequate", "start": 208.66, "stop": 214.4, "id": 46}, {"text": " training of these crews against actual aircraft and missiles would be enormously", "start": 214.4, "stop": 218.46, "id": 47}, {"text": " difficult and prohibitively expensive. The answer to this problem is the", "start": 218.46, "stop": 223.22, "id": 48}, {"text": " simulation of enemy air attacks in a regular schedule providing training which is", "start": 223.22, "stop": 228.16, "id": 49}, {"text": " realistic, controllable, and economical.", "start": 228.16, "stop": 230.68, "id": 50}, {"text": " In order to produce a system to train a system, a production model or scheme must", "start": 232.14, "stop": 236.94, "id": 51}, {"text": " first be devised. This requires the skills of system analysts, human factors", "start": 236.94, "stop": 242.02, "id": 52}, {"text": " specialists, mathematicians, and computer programmers who evaluate each step of", "start": 242.02, "stop": 247.18, "id": 53}, {"text": " the proposed production model.", "start": 247.18, "stop": 248.72, "id": 54}, {"text": " I believe we can program them all right. I think the time and effort expended in", "start": 248.98, "stop": 253.3, "id": 55}, {"text": " programming would be purely dependent upon the length and complexity and the", "start": 253.3, "stop": 257.38, "id": 56}, {"text": " number of course of these algorithms you mentioned.", "start": 257.38, "stop": 259.34, "id": 57}, {"text": " Once the model has been built and the programs have been written, diagnostic test", "start": 259.98, "stop": 264.34, "id": 58}, {"text": " problems are constructed to check out the operation of the programs prior to full", "start": 264.34, "stop": 268.88, "id": 59}, {"text": " scale production using hypothetical but realistic data. Constructing and testing", "start": 268.88, "stop": 275.08, "id": 60}, {"text": " the production model must be completed before the making of training exercises.", "start": 275.08, "stop": 279.12, "id": 61}, {"text": " That's the wrong way. That's coming into Washington.", "start": 279.34, "stop": 281.52, "id": 62}, {"text": " Okay, right.", "start": 281.96, "stop": 282.54, "id": 63}, {"text": " That's right.", "start": 282.74, "stop": 283.18, "id": 64}, {"text": " Okay, the time at the turn.", "start": 283.44, "stop": 284.96, "id": 65}, {"text": " In addition, training a large system requires in advance a complete picture of", "start": 285.08, "stop": 289.68, "id": 66}, {"text": " the environment in which it is to operate. Researchers must obtain exact", "start": 289.68, "stop": 294.46, "id": 67}, {"text": " specifications on a host of environmental factors, which for the SAGE system", "start": 294.46, "stop": 298.8, "id": 68}, {"text": " training program includes such information as coverage of radar stations, air", "start": 298.8, "stop": 304.92, "id": 69}, {"text": " defense boundaries, airways with location identifiers, missile and fighter", "start": 304.92, "stop": 311.52, "id": 70}, {"text": "-interceptor bases, and the prevailing weather condition in the area.", "start": 311.52, "stop": 316.6, "id": 71}, {"text": " A trained meteorologist gathers weather information extending back for a period", "start": 318.46, "stop": 323.1, "id": 72}, {"text": " of years for each area to be trained. An understanding of such weather situations", "start": 323.1, "stop": 327.48, "id": 73}, {"text": " is an important element in system training program exercises. When the exercise", "start": 327.48, "stop": 332.66, "id": 74}, {"text": " is run by Air Force crews, the real weather prevailing at the time will influence", "start": 332.66, "stop": 337.74, "id": 75}, {"text": " the defensive tactics employed. This meticulous detailed research is carried out", "start": 337.74, "stop": 343.0, "id": 76}, {"text": " for all factors necessary to provide a rich fund of pertinent background", "start": 343.0, "stop": 347.48, "id": 77}, {"text": " information such as radar and boundaries.", "start": 347.48, "stop": 350.04, "id": 78}, {"text": " All right. 50 degrees 10", "start": 351.0, "stop": 357.92, "id": 79}, {"text": " minutes 128 degrees even.", "start": 357.92, "stop": 361.14, "id": 80}, {"text": " From there to 48 degrees 30 minutes", "start": 363.16, "stop": 369.72, "id": 81}, {"text": " 125 degrees even. From there to 46 degrees 15", "start": 369.72, "stop": 376.7, "id": 82}, {"text": " minutes 124 degrees 30 minutes.", "start": 376.7, "stop": 380.76, "id": 83}, {"text": " Specialists in operational procedures in related military defense systems gather", "start": 381.3, "stop": 385.78, "id": 84}, {"text": " information on the environment in which training exercises will be run.", "start": 385.78, "stop": 389.52, "id": 85}, {"text": " I see. Well, that's probably what they're referring to. Conversation with Dick", "start": 391.54, "stop": 396.54, "id": 86}, {"text": " indicated it was a little bit more formalized than, you know, your information.", "start": 396.54, "stop": 400.06, "id": 87}, {"text": " Data must be collected, analyzed, and correlated with other known facts to form", "start": 400.06, "stop": 404.34, "id": 88}, {"text": " an accurate picture of the situation which will be current", "start": 404.34, "stop": 407.24, "id": 89}, {"text": " when the exercises will be conducted.", "start": 407.24, "stop": 409.14, "id": 90}, {"text": " Gathering simulation data requires people who are experts in their", "start": 409.64, "stop": 416.38, "id": 91}, {"text": " fields such as this ex-Naval combat patrol plane commander. He has had first-hand", "start": 416.38, "stop": 421.82, "id": 92}, {"text": " experience with the characteristics of military aircraft.", "start": 421.82, "stop": 424.72, "id": 93}, {"text": " Let's call this an angled bank.", "start": 424.92, "stop": 427.56, "id": 94}, {"text": " A complete picture of the environment for system training program exercises", "start": 427.7, "stop": 431.78, "id": 95}, {"text": " includes the results of surveys of air traffic which will affect the air defense", "start": 431.78, "stop": 436.5, "id": 96}, {"text": " installation being trained. Also, accurate data must be recorded for the various", "start": 436.5, "stop": 441.68, "id": 97}, {"text": " boundaries both civilian and military which may affect the identification", "start": 441.68, "stop": 445.9, "id": 98}, {"text": " and flight paths of aircraft.", "start": 445.9, "stop": 447.64, "id": 99}, {"text": " And thus the work of gathering and recording of background information continues", "start": 449.0, "stop": 452.7, "id": 100}, {"text": " to provide a fund of knowledge for the production of", "start": 452.7, "stop": 456.14, "id": 101}, {"text": " realistic training exercises.", "start": 456.14, "stop": 457.78, "id": 102}, {"text": " With such a background, the actual work on system training exercises can now", "start": 458.88, "stop": 463.86, "id": 103}, {"text": " begin as the work of many people is coordinated in a tight production schedule.", "start": 463.86, "stop": 468.56, "id": 104}, {"text": " Meetings are held with Air Force officers who outline the training needs for", "start": 469.54, "stop": 473.7, "id": 105}, {"text": " which exercises will be produced. These meetings bring together system", "start": 473.7, "stop": 478.16, "id": 106}, {"text": " development corporation field representatives, simulation data people with their", "start": 478.16, "stop": 482.8, "id": 107}, {"text": " background of environmental information, formulators who will help plan the", "start": 482.8, "stop": 487.26, "id": 108}, {"text": " problem, and military personnel, the ultimate users of the training programs who", "start": 487.26, "stop": 493.02, "id": 109}, {"text": " specify to system development corporation representatives the overall training", "start": 493.02, "stop": 497.44, "id": 110}, {"text": " goals which should be met. And agreement is reached on", "start": 497.44, "stop": 501.1, "id": 111}, {"text": " how these goals will be accomplished.", "start": 501.1, "stop": 502.76, "id": 112}, {"text": " The formulators must now take the basic plans and begin to conceive the problem.", "start": 505.5, "stop": 509.94, "id": 113}, {"text": " These subs coming up and through here in the early part of the hour, it'll take", "start": 511.8, "stop": 516.04, "id": 114}, {"text": " care of the 26th until the main oceanic attack can come in. When they get just", "start": 516.04, "stop": 522.92, "id": 115}, {"text": " within the DC tide coverage, they'll launch their ASMs. This is just inside and", "start": 522.92, "stop": 529.52, "id": 116}, {"text": " just outside. So the full first hour is taken up with your high speed aircraft,", "start": 529.52, "stop": 533.74, "id": 117}, {"text": " your sub-watch missile. These missiles are only hitting the coastal targets, is", "start": 534.42, "stop": 538.6, "id": 118}, {"text": " that right? That's right. These will hit the coastal targets here.", "start": 538.6, "stop": 542.28, "id": 119}, {"text": " The general outlines of a training problem as prepared by the formulators may be", "start": 543.08, "stop": 547.48, "id": 120}, {"text": " compared to an architect sketch. Now that sketch must be taken to the problem", "start": 547.48, "stop": 552.3, "id": 121}, {"text": " designers who make them into working blueprints so the problem is explained to", "start": 552.3, "stop": 556.82, "id": 122}, {"text": " the designers by the formulator. Actually, what the military will see will be a", "start": 556.82, "stop": 563.0, "id": 123}, {"text": " complete and unified problem. The only thing that they will not see will not", "start": 563.0, "stop": 567.36, "id": 124}, {"text": " affect them. That is, the octal correctors that are put in the initial conditions", "start": 567.36, "stop": 570.6, "id": 125}, {"text": " deck will change the entire configuration, the boundary configuration, and not", "start": 570.6, "stop": 574.84, "id": 126}, {"text": " necessarily reflect that on the tracks. Now this particular area right out here", "start": 574.84, "stop": 580.14, "id": 127}, {"text": " with the locations out here on the AEW, these things are first going to be picked", "start": 580.14, "stop": 593.7, "id": 128}, {"text": " up by the AEW or the bigger vessel depending on what station they are at at the", "start": 593.7, "stop": 597.7, "id": 129}, {"text": " time. Problem designers must now begin the task of producing the detailed working", "start": 597.7, "stop": 602.38, "id": 130}, {"text": " documents. Designers and their technicians take the general system stresses, in", "start": 602.38, "stop": 609.12, "id": 131}, {"text": " this case air raids, and translate them into specific flights.", "start": 609.12, "stop": 612.5, "id": 132}, {"text": " This will be the threat during the first hour. There are three configurations", "start": 612.96, "stop": 619.74, "id": 133}, {"text": " in the problem, but this will be the first raid. Drawing up the detailed computer", "start": 619.74, "stop": 626.0, "id": 134}, {"text": " manuscripts must be done for each individual aircraft flight, noting its specific", "start": 626.0, "stop": 630.92, "id": 135}, {"text": " speed, altitude, course, turn points, and many more specifications to make", "start": 630.92, "stop": 636.2, "id": 136}, {"text": " the flight conform to reality.", "start": 636.2, "stop": 637.74, "id": 137}, {"text": " This one is coming in at 500 knots, this one at 480 knots, and there at 14,000.", "start": 637.78, "stop": 644.38, "id": 138}, {"text": " And according to my estimation, they'll cross about here.", "start": 645.18, "stop": 647.64, "id": 139}, {"text": " Fine. Preparing manuscripts for processing by the computer involves", "start": 648.28, "stop": 652.22, "id": 140}, {"text": " checking of thousands of items.", "start": 652.22, "stop": 654.06, "id": 141}, {"text": " So it's J. Howl, 33, 13.", "start": 654.86, "stop": 659.6, "id": 142}, {"text": " Jim, I need the number of aircraft for SRN 543. Call-in time for initial", "start": 662.92, "stop": 669.08, "id": 143}, {"text": " report is 1604.", "start": 669.08, "stop": 670.88, "id": 144}, {"text": " That's four aircraft on it. Not all of the training", "start": 671.46, "stop": 675.4, "id": 145}, {"text": " aids are produced by the computer.", "start": 675.4, "stop": 677.14, "id": 146}, {"text": " Some non-programmed aids must be scripted by system training specialists. These", "start": 677.74, "stop": 682.44, "id": 147}, {"text": " inputs may enter the system to be trained as telephone messages read by", "start": 682.44, "stop": 686.64, "id": 148}, {"text": " simulation personnel from prepared scripts supplied in training packages. 096,", "start": 686.64, "stop": 691.8, "id": 149}, {"text": " track designator, King Delta 278, altitude 390.", "start": 692.88, "stop": 699.02, "id": 150}, {"text": " More and more of this work is being automated. From punched card inputs, map", "start": 699.4, "stop": 704.42, "id": 151}, {"text": " coordinates can be read into a mapper plotter, which then actually draws flights", "start": 704.42, "stop": 708.96, "id": 152}, {"text": " on a map from point to point, replacing the time-consuming hand", "start": 708.96, "stop": 712.82, "id": 153}, {"text": " method used by cartographers.", "start": 712.82, "stop": 714.44, "id": 154}, {"text": " Training a system which extends over the whole of the North American continent", "start": 717.52, "stop": 720.98, "id": 155}, {"text": " involves recording the exact locations of thousands of geographical points. A", "start": 720.98, "stop": 726.24, "id": 156}, {"text": " machine has been developed for the System Development Corporation to reduce the", "start": 726.24, "stop": 730.42, "id": 157}, {"text": " man hours of work formerly required for this tedious job.", "start": 730.42, "stop": 733.6, "id": 158}, {"text": " The large area, record reader, is an electronic device which can read maps. The", "start": 735.18, "stop": 740.6, "id": 159}, {"text": " operator indicates a certain location on the map, such as the point where a", "start": 740.6, "stop": 744.4, "id": 160}, {"text": " flight crosses an air defense boundary, and the machine automatically measures", "start": 744.4, "stop": 748.28, "id": 161}, {"text": " the coordinates to the nearest thousandth of an inch on the map, and either types", "start": 748.28, "stop": 753.44, "id": 162}, {"text": " them on an electric typewriter as a printout or records the location of the point", "start": 753.44, "stop": 758.54, "id": 163}, {"text": " on punched cards. When all the planning and coordinating and writing are done,", "start": 758.54, "stop": 764.1, "id": 164}, {"text": " the system training exercise is in the form of a stack of manuscripts ready for", "start": 764.52, "stop": 769.34, "id": 165}, {"text": " processing by a high-speed digital computer, which is used as an", "start": 769.34, "stop": 773.54, "id": 166}, {"text": " online production tool.", "start": 773.54, "stop": 775.32, "id": 167}, {"text": " The computer manuscripts enter the computer by way of a data flow room in which", "start": 776.4, "stop": 781.32, "id": 168}, {"text": " each document is given a number and logged in to meet a production deadline, and", "start": 781.32, "stop": 786.18, "id": 169}, {"text": " thus, a system training exercise begins its trip through the computer", "start": 786.18, "stop": 790.32, "id": 170}, {"text": " phase of the production process.", "start": 790.32, "stop": 792.18, "id": 171}, {"text": " One of the first requirements is to make sure that the manuscripts are in the", "start": 793.64, "stop": 798.42, "id": 172}, {"text": " proper form to enter the computer, that all aircraft flights and other data are", "start": 798.42, "stop": 803.6, "id": 173}, {"text": " specified in language the computer can accept, and with the acceptance of the", "start": 803.6, "stop": 808.12, "id": 174}, {"text": " manuscripts, machine production begins.", "start": 808.12, "stop": 810.16, "id": 175}, {"text": " Because a digital computer is used, raw data must be converted to digits or", "start": 810.84, "stop": 816.32, "id": 176}, {"text": " individual holes on punched cards. The key-punch machine operates something like", "start": 816.32, "stop": 825.34, "id": 177}, {"text": " a typewriter, with the operator transcribing information from computer", "start": 825.34, "stop": 829.08, "id": 178}, {"text": " manuscripts on a keyboard, causing sequences of holes to be costly mistakes.", "start": 829.08, "stop": 841.38, "id": 179}, {"text": " Punched cards are verified by a card reader, which enables another operator to", "start": 841.92, "stop": 846.36, "id": 180}, {"text": " compare the cards with the original manuscript.", "start": 846.36, "stop": 848.78, "id": 181}, {"text": " Before the information on the cards can be fed into the computer, the cards must", "start": 851.58, "stop": 857.7, "id": 182}, {"text": " be sorted according to their destination and the kinds of operations which are", "start": 857.7, "stop": 862.0, "id": 183}, {"text": " going to be performed. As a check", "start": 862.0, "stop": 868.84, "id": 184}, {"text": " on the sorting, the cards are collated, and every card is in its proper place.", "start": 868.84, "stop": 873.44, "id": 185}, {"text": " Pre-recorded magnetic tapes stored in a tape library are used in addition to the", "start": 877.12, "stop": 881.98, "id": 186}, {"text": " punched cards to produce training exercises. Information on a tape may be", "start": 881.98, "stop": 886.9, "id": 187}, {"text": " concerned with fixed data such as the location of radar sites, or the tape may", "start": 886.9, "stop": 891.96, "id": 188}, {"text": " contain the computer program routines which actually process the data. All these", "start": 891.96, "stop": 897.1, "id": 189}, {"text": " are fed into the computer's memory.", "start": 897.1, "stop": 898.88, "id": 190}, {"text": " The high-speed digital computer is a multi-purpose instrument. When it finishes", "start": 900.0, "stop": 904.88, "id": 191}, {"text": " work on one job, it is set up to begin producing a system training exercise. Its", "start": 904.88, "stop": 911.28, "id": 192}, {"text": " controls are reset, and all circuits and memory banks are ready to begin", "start": 911.28, "stop": 915.32, "id": 193}, {"text": " processing the data which has been fed in. The actual computations are over in a", "start": 915.32, "stop": 920.24, "id": 194}, {"text": " matter of minutes, and then the results are recorded on magnetic tapes, and", "start": 920.24, "stop": 925.58, "id": 195}, {"text": " from the tapes to punched cards,", "start": 925.58, "stop": 927.24, "id": 196}, {"text": " ending up with literally thousands of punched cards as well", "start": 930.28, "stop": 933.6, "id": 197}, {"text": " as a new set of magnetic tapes.", "start": 933.6, "stop": 935.22, "id": 198}, {"text": " A translation machine must convert from one computer language to another in order", "start": 938.04, "stop": 943.38, "id": 199}, {"text": " to enable the output of the production computer to be accepted by the military", "start": 943.38, "stop": 947.68, "id": 200}, {"text": " computer in the field, resulting in a problem input tape which contains the", "start": 947.68, "stop": 952.54, "id": 201}, {"text": " synthetic flights which will stress a section of the air defense command.", "start": 952.54, "stop": 956.28, "id": 202}, {"text": " Another way of presenting stimulus inputs to the system being trained is by", "start": 958.38, "stop": 964.38, "id": 203}, {"text": " photographing the simulated aircraft flights on 70 millimeter motion picture", "start": 964.38, "stop": 968.92, "id": 204}, {"text": " film, which when run through a special device at radar sites, will electronically", "start": 968.92, "stop": 974.2, "id": 205}, {"text": " simulate realistic aircraft blips on radar scopes. Magnetic tape", "start": 974.2, "stop": 981.04, "id": 206}, {"text": " produced by the computer contains the data on specific flights which now will be", "start": 981.04, "stop": 986.12, "id": 207}, {"text": " photographed on film. Special equipment has been designed to make the transfer", "start": 986.12, "stop": 991.96, "id": 208}, {"text": " from magnetic tape to photographic film. This specialized electronic equipment", "start": 991.96, "stop": 996.88, "id": 209}, {"text": " was designed by system development corporation engineers, and most of it was", "start": 996.88, "stop": 1002.34, "id": 210}, {"text": " built in SDC laboratories. The film produced by this equipment can simulate", "start": 1002.34, "stop": 1009.04, "id": 211}, {"text": " aircraft flights supplementing magnetic tape inputs, and it can also simulate", "start": 1009.04, "stop": 1013.96, "id": 212}, {"text": " electronic jamming for training purposes.", "start": 1013.96, "stop": 1016.4, "id": 213}, {"text": " In order to observe how a simulated air raid will look before it is photographed,", "start": 1018.62, "stop": 1022.98, "id": 214}, {"text": " it is possible to play the magnetic tape and examine the patterns of flight on a", "start": 1023.32, "stop": 1027.94, "id": 215}, {"text": " cathode ray tube. A two-hour air attack played from a magnetic tape can be", "start": 1027.94, "stop": 1033.2, "id": 216}, {"text": " speeded up and checked in 40 seconds. Hostile raids head for their targets.", "start": 1033.2, "stop": 1037.92, "id": 217}, {"text": " Break formation. Rendezvous with other", "start": 1041.46, "stop": 1044.3, "id": 218}, {"text": " aircraft. Such might be the picture an operator sees on his radar scope during", "start": 1047.68, "stop": 1052.54, "id": 219}, {"text": " the exercise at his northern outpost in Alaska.", "start": 1052.54, "stop": 1055.6, "id": 220}, {"text": " When the 70 millimeter film has been exposed to the cathode ray tube picture, it", "start": 1061.14, "stop": 1067.58, "id": 221}, {"text": " is processed in a modified motion picture film developing machine.", "start": 1067.58, "stop": 1070.98, "id": 222}, {"text": " The process is continuous and automatic.", "start": 1071.46, "stop": 1074.4, "id": 223}, {"text": " Thus, from punched cards to magnetic film to spots of light on photographic film,", "start": 1078.1, "stop": 1084.0, "id": 224}, {"text": " the simulated air attacks move through the production process. The light", "start": 1084.42, "stop": 1088.6, "id": 225}, {"text": " transmission through sampled spots on the film representing blips of aircraft are", "start": 1088.6, "stop": 1092.9, "id": 226}, {"text": " checked with the microscope to ensure that the end result on a radar scope will", "start": 1092.9, "stop": 1097.6, "id": 227}, {"text": " appear realistic to Air Force crews. In addition, the relative location of", "start": 1097.6, "stop": 1102.32, "id": 228}, {"text": " sampled spots on the film must be checked to make sure that they are in the", "start": 1102.32, "stop": 1106.22, "id": 229}, {"text": " proper place at the proper time as specified by the problem designers. At the", "start": 1106.22, "stop": 1111.5, "id": 230}, {"text": " same time, the punched cards also provide material for other training aids such", "start": 1111.5, "stop": 1116.9, "id": 231}, {"text": " as teletype tapes, carrying reports of enemy planes", "start": 1116.9, "stop": 1120.52, "id": 232}, {"text": " penetrating the outer boundaries.", "start": 1120.52, "stop": 1122.12, "id": 233}, {"text": " Reports which will appear to have been teletyped from early warning stations.", "start": 1125.2, "stop": 1129.32, "id": 234}, {"text": " Other IBM electric accounting machines are modified to process still more system", "start": 1131.28, "stop": 1136.74, "id": 235}, {"text": " training materials. The computer has produced the cards and now accounting", "start": 1136.74, "stop": 1141.52, "id": 236}, {"text": " machinery will be used not to process payrolls or update credit balances, but to", "start": 1141.52, "stop": 1146.54, "id": 237}, {"text": " perform as system production tools.", "start": 1146.54, "stop": 1148.8, "id": 238}, {"text": " Data on cards is converted into symbols on pre-printed maps.", "start": 1150.92, "stop": 1154.96, "id": 239}, {"text": " Other cards are used to produce reference lists of crucial facts and figures.", "start": 1156.62, "stop": 1161.32, "id": 240}, {"text": " Constantly recurring information is fed in by punched paper control loops", "start": 1167.48, "stop": 1173.84, "id": 241}, {"text": " such as on the machine which prints system training programs", "start": 1173.84, "stop": 1180.66, "id": 242}, {"text": " simulated SAC strike routes.", "start": 1180.66, "stop": 1182.62, "id": 243}, {"text": " Multiple copies are automatically separated and stacked in orderly", "start": 1185.8, "stop": 1190.22, "id": 244}, {"text": " files in the bindery.", "start": 1190.22, "stop": 1191.78, "id": 245}, {"text": " And finally, the pages are bound into system training booklets which are fast", "start": 1196.76, "stop": 1211.56, "id": 246}, {"text": " becoming familiar to airmen around the world.", "start": 1211.56, "stop": 1213.8, "id": 247}, {"text": " All production materials must pass a rigorous quality", "start": 1216.12, "stop": 1219.46, "id": 248}, {"text": " control series of inspections.", "start": 1219.46, "stop": 1221.2, "id": 249}, {"text": " It is in quality control that the final product is carefully examined to see that", "start": 1222.62, "stop": 1227.26, "id": 250}, {"text": " it contains the problem content as specified in the original computer", "start": 1227.26, "stop": 1231.54, "id": 251}, {"text": " manuscripts, as well as satisfying the intention of the problem designers.", "start": 1231.54, "stop": 1235.94, "id": 252}, {"text": " Although most of the checking and cross-checking is done automatically by the", "start": 1236.82, "stop": 1240.14, "id": 253}, {"text": " machines, still human judgment is called upon for the final inspection to ensure", "start": 1240.14, "stop": 1245.18, "id": 254}, {"text": " compatibility of materials and to preserve the integrity of the simulation.", "start": 1245.18, "stop": 1249.98, "id": 255}, {"text": " All the materials necessary for a complete system training exercise present an", "start": 1250.86, "stop": 1255.48, "id": 256}, {"text": " imposing picture as they enter the shipping room for a final check for", "start": 1255.48, "stop": 1259.18, "id": 257}, {"text": " distribution. And then each problem package is assembled for shipment to all", "start": 1259.18, "stop": 1264.32, "id": 258}, {"text": " parts of the air defense command. 70 millimeter film, magnetic tape,", "start": 1264.32, "stop": 1270.54, "id": 259}, {"text": " and all the printed scripts and aids and lists and maps. All the materials", "start": 1271.98, "stop": 1277.82, "id": 260}, {"text": " necessary to provide a complete training exercise packaged air aids to provide", "start": 1277.82, "stop": 1282.86, "id": 261}, {"text": " simulated air attacks for realistic training of air defense crews. Exercising", "start": 1282.86, "stop": 1288.36, "id": 262}, {"text": " this large man-machine organization requires a regular schedule of problems of", "start": 1288.36, "stop": 1293.26, "id": 263}, {"text": " increasing difficulty and thus the North American Air Defense Command utilizes", "start": 1293.26, "stop": 1298.26, "id": 264}, {"text": " the most advanced concepts in system technology, computer-oriented control", "start": 1298.26, "stop": 1303.22, "id": 265}, {"text": " systems, and simulated air attacks in its system training program to fashion a", "start": 1303.22, "stop": 1308.62, "id": 266}, {"text": " powerful weapon of defense. Experience gained in such a large-scale military", "start": 1308.62, "stop": 1314.34, "id": 267}, {"text": " application has implications for new uses of system technology. Among these uses", "start": 1314.34, "stop": 1320.74, "id": 268}, {"text": " are the current SDC projects assistant to the designing and programming of the", "start": 1320.74, "stop": 1325.6, "id": 269}, {"text": " Strategic Air Command Control System, the corporate study project of military", "start": 1325.6, "stop": 1330.04, "id": 270}, {"text": " command systems, operational assistance with a variety of systems both military", "start": 1330.04, "stop": 1334.88, "id": 271}, {"text": " and non-military in character, and many research activities of importance to the", "start": 1334.88, "stop": 1340.02, "id": 272}, {"text": " advancement of the system sciences. Already the System Development Corporation is", "start": 1340.02, "stop": 1345.72, "id": 273}, {"text": " exploring new approaches to system thought as exemplified by its experiments in", "start": 1345.72, "stop": 1350.92, "id": 274}, {"text": " automated teaching. The crisis in education may be met in the future by", "start": 1350.92, "stop": 1355.84, "id": 275}, {"text": " techniques being developed in computer-based teaching machines.", "start": 1355.84, "stop": 1359.2, "id": 276}, {"text": " Individual students are presented with information and questions flashed on a", "start": 1359.92, "stop": 1364.16, "id": 277}, {"text": " screen by a series of alternate routines in a computer's program. A student is", "start": 1364.16, "stop": 1368.86, "id": 278}, {"text": " led from step to step at a rate dependent upon his own learning speed. Student", "start": 1368.86, "stop": 1374.26, "id": 279}, {"text": " and computer communicate with each other through an electric typewriter. A random", "start": 1374.26, "stop": 1379.24, "id": 280}, {"text": " access projector directed by the computer quickly selects the next slide to be", "start": 1379.24, "stop": 1383.84, "id": 281}, {"text": " shown to this student. Producing teaching materials and computer programs for", "start": 1383.84, "stop": 1388.6, "id": 282}, {"text": " large automated educational systems may well be a major task in the future of the", "start": 1388.6, "stop": 1394.18, "id": 283}, {"text": " System Development Corporation. Automated data processing promises to bring", "start": 1394.18, "stop": 1398.84, "id": 284}, {"text": " better medical care within the reach of everyone. For example, SDC has conducted", "start": 1398.84, "stop": 1404.06, "id": 285}, {"text": " research in cooperation with the Veterans Administration on applications of", "start": 1404.06, "stop": 1408.32, "id": 286}, {"text": " electronic data processing to clinical medicine and medical research. The", "start": 1408.32, "stop": 1413.06, "id": 287}, {"text": " Biomedical Systems Department of SDC now is able to assist practicing clinicians", "start": 1413.06, "stop": 1418.1, "id": 288}, {"text": " and researchers, public health, and other agencies in obtaining benefits from", "start": 1418.1, "stop": 1423.14, "id": 289}, {"text": " modern system technology. In addition to individual patient data processing, the", "start": 1423.14, "stop": 1428.18, "id": 290}, {"text": " system approach may also be applied to large-scale medical research. An example", "start": 1428.18, "stop": 1433.5, "id": 291}, {"text": " might be determining the level of radioactivity present in certain segments of", "start": 1433.5, "stop": 1437.84, "id": 292}, {"text": " our population, which in turn might be related to water and food supplies,", "start": 1437.84, "stop": 1441.98, "id": 293}, {"text": " climate, geography, and other as yet unknown factors. Computer analysis of these", "start": 1442.6, "stop": 1448.02, "id": 294}, {"text": " data will extend our knowledge into new frontiers. These and many other areas of", "start": 1448.02, "stop": 1453.86, "id": 295}, {"text": " medicine may be the new focus of attention of system research, paving the way to", "start": 1453.86, "stop": 1459.36, "id": 296}, {"text": " better health. But the production of systems may extend beyond medicine to the", "start": 1459.36, "stop": 1464.52, "id": 297}, {"text": " very foundation of society as is being explored in SDC's Project Leviathan as", "start": 1464.52, "stop": 1469.56, "id": 298}, {"text": " explained by the director of the project. The Leviathan Project is an", "start": 1469.56, "stop": 1474.44, "id": 299}, {"text": " investigation into large military, industrial, and governmental organizations. We", "start": 1474.44, "stop": 1480.8, "id": 300}, {"text": " induce a large scientific computer to operate in ways analogous to the", "start": 1480.8, "stop": 1486.46, "id": 301}, {"text": " functioning of large social organizations and learn about such organizations by", "start": 1486.46, "stop": 1491.58, "id": 302}, {"text": " observing what the computer does. In this three-dimensional model of the computer", "start": 1491.58, "stop": 1496.3, "id": 303}, {"text": " programs, these pegs represent the highest level of command in the military or", "start": 1496.3, "stop": 1502.66, "id": 304}, {"text": " top management in the industry. As we descend through the command structure, at", "start": 1502.66, "stop": 1508.22, "id": 305}, {"text": " these levels we have industrial middle management or military middle command.", "start": 1508.22, "stop": 1513.38, "id": 306}, {"text": " From these intermediate management levels, we move downward to the level of a", "start": 1514.2, "stop": 1519.24, "id": 307}, {"text": " foreman or an uncommissioned officer. These are represented by the", "start": 1519.24, "stop": 1524.36, "id": 308}, {"text": " colored balls that we have here.", "start": 1524.36, "stop": 1525.98, "id": 309}, {"text": " In turn, these first-level supervisors are associated with specific kinds of", "start": 1526.56, "stop": 1532.58, "id": 310}, {"text": " activity on the work level.", "start": 1532.58, "stop": 1534.58, "id": 311}, {"text": " This work might be the flow of information in a military intelligence outfit, or", "start": 1535.3, "stop": 1541.02, "id": 312}, {"text": " it might be the flow of production in an industrial organization. Out of research", "start": 1541.02, "stop": 1545.52, "id": 313}, {"text": " and experiments such as these may come the major breakthroughs in man's ability", "start": 1545.52, "stop": 1550.26, "id": 314}, {"text": " to develop and control systems of increasing magnitude. And thus the technology", "start": 1550.26, "stop": 1555.38, "id": 315}, {"text": " of automated data processing contributes to man's attempt to bring order out of", "start": 1555.38, "stop": 1560.36, "id": 316}, {"text": " the unknown, extending the boundaries of human knowledge.", "start": 1560.36, "stop": 1563.86, "id": 317}]}