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ANNALS
4 OF THE
LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
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NEW YORK.
VOLUME IX.
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1870.
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OF THE LYCEUN.
1870.
President. JOHN S. NEWBERRY.
Vice-Presidents. THOS. EGLESTON, B. N. MARTIN.
Corresponding Secretarp. ROBERT DINWIDDIE.
a _ Recording Secretary.
ROBERT H. BROWNNE.
Creasurer. TEMPLE PRIME.
Committee of Publication.
JOHN S. NEWBERRY, N. LAWRENCE, CHAS. F. CHANDLER, PLE PRIME, H. CARRINGTON BOLTON
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CONTENTS | oer
OF THE BOT
NEN TE VOLUME.
BY PROFESSOR ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. NOTE on Lovén’s Article on ‘‘ Leskia mirabilis, Gray.”...............0.
BY W. G. BINNEY and THOMAS BLAND, NODES on Lineual Dentition of Mollusca. ..............sseccccccsseuse
BY THOMAS BLAND. NorTEs on certain Terrestrial Mollusca, with Descriptions of New Species... ADDITIONAL Notes on the Geographical Distribution of Land Shells in the Wiebe lites ee atthe Te) erosive <qojar-\cis-ers/s/ eia/trerae Wighesaioturdlayet fia: Gratk
BY H. C. BOLTON. iInnmxearonuhe Literature Of Uranium... <<. J... <<.ccsescsesccsecctwesvces
BY A. D. BROWN. MO mMmCneG mITmMUis Cilintus nGOUld: 37. F.5:- = ojc/c1c.0'sjaaiciele Suralsiny nie violas «9S
. BY W. A. DALL. ON the Genus Pompholyx and its Allies, with a revision of the Limnawide of Authors...... BI eye otar ol 2 hale PAGE CE EE OO OS Te eal
BY A, M. EDWARDS. RESULTS of a Microscopical Examination of Specimens of Sand obtained REA PERIMENT A TDC SIAR AW CLL cf eyoieyeisit<, v'msct=,a/a iste! »/0)e.niesajainivia.vv ald ota seine
BY H. ENDEMANN and 0, LOEW. ON the Earth contained in the Zircons of North Carolina...........+...
BY GEORGE N, LAWRENCE. A CATALOGUE of the BrrpDs found in Costa Rica... ......esseeeeeseeee List of a Collection of Birds from Northern Yucatan............... CATALOGUE of Birds from Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil, in the Mu. seum of the Smithsonian Institution, collected by J. FP. Revi CHARACTERS of some new South American Birds, with Notes on other rare or little known Species...........cececesecssees or ety.
BY 0. LOEW. ON a New Product obtained by the Decomposition of Trichlormethylsul- HOMDLOMIGeM ics: - onus aces ‘ ON the Number of Isomeric Bodies... .
329
Contents. — os
BY J. §. NEWBERRY. > P, . PAGE
| Noves on the Later Extinct Floras of North America, with Descripti a} of some New Species of Fossil Plants from the Cretaceous and
Wettiary Strata ......-. + ws Svc chp sR een wat oes cs ee ‘ ' Ow the Surface Geology of the Basin of the Great Lakes, and the Valley of the Mississippi. .....::+sce dee eeee eee eee BIT fa host nte S cik stot ieee 218
BY FELIPE POEY. [ Review of the Fish of Cuba belonging to the Genus Trisotropis, with
an Introductory Note by J. Carson Brevoort...................- B01 NoTE on the Hermaphroditism of Fish...............6-...ccecceecees 309 Nuw Species of Cuban Fish.s.. 5 ves as on ao epees coeur pe Meee 317
BY TEMPLE PRIME.
Ow the names applied to Pisidium, a genus of Corbiculade............ 276 List of the Species of Mollusca found in the vicinity of North Conway,
New. Hampshire:. oo culied ss as eres oe ee ean ee 280 Notes on Species of the Family Corbiculadz, with Figures............ 298
BY COLEMAN T. ROBINSON. — ;
LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL Miscellanies, . . .. 2... ..s0.c 00 ns semisepeseeenes 152, 310
BY PAUL SCHWEITZER. On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid; its history, its modes of separation from sesquioxyds, principally from Sesquioxyd of Iron, and its estima- oT ETS eye) creer se ert Sabet hy Wer Py ee is te 158
BY SANDERSON SMITIT and TEMPLE PRIME. Rerort on the Mollusca of Long Island, N. Y., and of its Dependencies. 3877
BY THEO, A, TELLKAMPF, M.D. Nove respecting the Eyes of Amblyopsis spelwus.....................- 150
BY E. G. SQUIER, OBSERVATIONS on a Collection of Chalchihuitls from Central America... 246
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aTE 1,—Fig. 1. Huphanessa mendica, 2. Euphanessa unicolor. of eer. on 3. Oligostigma albalis. es 4. Cataclysta bifascialis. 5. Hromene texana. mont mole fi. Depressaria cinereocostella. T., Depressaria atrodorsedla. — 8. Depressaria pulvipennelia, 9. Depressaria lecontella. 10. Depressaria Grotela,
- Pian 22 Dissection of Pompholyzx. Var. solida, Dall. ..._. For explanation, see page 360 of text.
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ANNALS
_OF THE
LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
_ L—Wotes on the Later Extinct Floras of North America, with
Descriptions of some New Species of Fossil Plants from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata.
By J. S. NEWBERRY. Read April 22d, 1867. Tue Creraceous Frora or Norra AMERICA.
Ir is only within the last ten years that we have obtained any information whatever in regard to the nature of the vege- tation which clothed the land that represented North America during the Cretaceous period. Previous to that time large collections of fossils had been made from rocks of that age on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but the beds which furnished them were marine sediments, and the fossils they contained were principally mollusks and radiates, but included also frag- ments of skeletons of Cretaceous saurians, J/osasaurus, [adro- saurus, &e., and teeth of Ptychodus, a Selachian fish. In these remains there was found a generic correspondence with those of the middle and upper Cretaceous beds of the Old World, and many species were recognized as the same found there. In 1855, Dr. F. V. Hayden made the second of his numerous journeys into the country bordering the upper Missouri, which have resulted in such important contributions to our knowledge
of the geology of the interior of the continent. At this time APRIL, 1868. 1 Axx. Lyre, Nat. Hur. Vor. IX.
2 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
he was connected as Geologist and Naturalist with an explor- ing party sent out by the War Department under command of Lieut. (now Gen.) G. K. Warren, Corps of Topographical Engineers, U.S. A.
In the great mass of interesting materials brought by Dr. Hayden, were a number of angiospermous leaves obtained from a red sandstone lying at the base of the Cretaceous for- mation at Blackbird Hill, in Nebraska. Outline sketches of some of those leaves were sent to the distinguished fossil Bot- anist, Prof. Oswald Heer, of Zurich, Switzerland. By him they were pronounced of Miocene age, and referred to the genera Laurus, Populus, Liriodendron, &e.; a narrow lanceo- late leaf, being considered identical with Laurus primigenia, Ung.; a broad rounded one, with Populus Leuce, Ung., both found in the Miocene of Europe. At the same time the ‘fossils themselves were submitted to me for examination, and, regard- ing the so-called Populus Leuce as generically identical with some large rounded leaves described by Zenker from the Cre- taceous sandstone of Blankenburg, Germany, I considered this florula as of Cretaceous age—confirming the conclusions of Messrs. Meek and Hayden, who on other evidence had referred the deposit from which they came to that period. The plant called Laurus primigenia by Prof. Heer, I considered a Salix, and the other leaves, as representing the genera Platanus, Populus, Fagus, Liriodendron, Sassafras, Magnolia, &e. Un- fortunately, Prof. Heer had only sketches, and those of but part of these leaves; and while I had the specimens all before me, I had no specimens of the Cretaceous flora of Europe, but only figures and descriptions of the comparatively few leaves up to that time found in this formation by Zenker, Dr. Debey, Steihler, and others. It was therefore quite impossible that we could then make an intelligent comparison of the two floras. The genera recognized among these plants by Prof. Teer and myself were, for the most part, living in our forests, and largely represented in the Miocene strataof Europe. It is not surprising,
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 8
therefore, that Prof. Heer should have considered them of Ter- tiary age, and that this opinion should be shared by many others.
Soon after the discovery of these plants by Dr. Hayden, he went again to Nebraska and Kansas, accompanied by Mr. Meek, and collected from various exposures of Lower Cretace- ous sandstone numerous additional specimens of the same and different species. Subsequently, I went myself to the region where these were collected, and spent some years in the study of the geology of the interior of the continent, exploring a large area occupied by Cretaceous rocks, in Kansas, Colorado, Ari- zona, New Mexico, and Utah. During these explorations | ob- tained from the Cretaceous strata, at a great number of localities, angiospermous leaves, consisting of some of the species obtained by Dr. Hayden, with many others, all of which are described in the report of the San Juan expedition, not yet published. In numerous instances, as Dr. Hayden had done, I obtained these leaves from the sandstones overlaid by calcareous beds containing Gryphwa Pitcheri, Inoceramus problematicus, and many other unmistakable Cretaceous fossils. These leaves I found to be characteristic of the strata in which they were first discovered, and was able to obtain them at nearly every expo sure which I examined. In the end I had before me, collected by Dr: Hayden and myself, at least fifty distinct species of leaves of this character from this horizon, with fragments, scarcely sufficient for description, of perhaps as many more,
Though Mr. Meek, Dr. Hayden and myself had thus demon- strated the true position first taken by us in regard to the age of the beds which furnish these leaves, the flora they represen: ted was so modern in its character that the European palmwon- tologists were still unwilling to admit the possibility of its being older than Tertiary; and it was only when, in 1863, M. Marcou and Prof. Capellini made a special journey to Ne braska, and collected fossils from the same localities that had yielded them to Meek and Hayden, that the fact was admitted that this flora was really of Cretaceous age.
4 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
The plants collected by Messrs. Marcon and Capellini em- braced sixteen species, which have been described by Prof. Heer in the “ Memoires de la Societé Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles, 1866 ;” viz.: Populus litigiosa, P. Debeyana, Salix nervillosa, Betulites denticulata, Ficus primordialis, Pla- tanus (¢) Newberryana, Proteoides grevillieformis, P. acuta, P. daphnogenoides, Aristolochites dentata, Andromeda Parlatorii, Diospyros primava, Cissites insignis, Magnolia alternans, M. Capellinii and Liriodendron Meehii.
It is an interesting fact that of these sixteen species, but three are identical with those obtained before from the same quarries, or those collected by myself elsewhere at the same geological horizon—an illustration of the richness of the flora which they represent. My own observations prove this richness still more clearly, for, as I have said, in the outcrops of the Lower Creta- ceous rocks at the West, I have detected at least a hundred species of conifers and angiospermous trees. Of these it rarely happened that, in the chance exposure of a cliff or water-washed surface, anything like a perfect specimen could be detached and brought away. As a consequence we have, in the figures and descriptions now published or prepared, but a very imper- fect view of the flora of the Cretaceous period on this conti- nent, even as it has been exhibited to my eyes; and there is every reason to believe that but a small proportion of its ele-
ments have as yet been observed at all.
On the western margin of the continent it is well known that the Cretaceous strata are quite largely developed; having been recognized in Sonora, California, Oregon, Washington Territory, and Vancouver's Island, From the latter locality quite a number of fossil plants have been collected, which have been deseribed by Prof. Heer, Mr. Lesquereux, or myself. The first knowledge which we obtained of the Cretaceous beds of Vancouver's Island was derived from the descriptions by Mr. Meek (Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. 4, p. 37) of some fossil mollusks collected by Dr. Turner. Subsequently,
» OVA
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 5
in 1858, the collections made by the United States Northwest Boundary Commission were placed ia my hands for examina- tion. These included fossil plants from the coal beds of Nanaimo, Vancouver’s Island, which were associated with Inoceramus, Pholadomya, etc., before described by Mr. Meek, and which plainly indicated their Cretaceous age. These plants were described by the writer in 1863 (Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. 7, No. 4). Previous to that time the fossil plants collected by Dr. Evans, United States Geologist for the Territory of Oregon, were committed to Mr. L. Lesquereux, the well-known Botanist, who published descriptions of them in the American Journal of Science. Of these the following were from Nanaimo, viz. : Populus rhomboidea, Lesqx. Quercus Benzoin, Quercus multinervis, Quercus platinervis, Salix Islandicus, Cinnamomum FHeerii, Ficus Sp. with which are enumerated, but not described in full, “a Platanus with the same nervation as Quercus platinervis,” a Chamaerops agreeing with Sabal Lamanonis, Bergh., common in the European Miocene, a very tine Salishuria, very variable in the outline of its leaves, and named Salishuria polymorph,
‘.
also a small piece of a fern referable to the genus Lastreq, and a Sequoia probably identical with S. sempervirens. The Bellingham Bay plants described by Mr. Lesquerews
‘consisted of species of Smilax, (Quercus, Planera, Cinnamomun,
Persoonia, Diospyros, and Acer. By Mr. Lesquereux the plant-bearing strata of Bellingham Bay and Vancous er’s Island were regarded as of the same age, and from the resemblance of the species they contain to those found in the Miocene of Europe, he prononnced them to be of that date (Op. Cit, vol. xxvii., p. 362). In a subsequent namber of the American
6 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
Journal of Science (vol. xxviii., p. 85), is published a letter from Prof. Heer upon these plants, of which sketches had been sent him by Mr. Lesquereux. In these notes the extinct flora of Vancouver's Island and Bellingham Bay are considered of the same age, and brought still nearer the Miocene of Europe ; quite a number of species being regarded as identical with those found at Oeningen, &e.
Since that time a collection of fossil plants made by Dr. C. B. Wood, at Nanaimo, V. I., and at Buzzard’s Inlet, British Columbia, was sent by Dr. Hooker to Prof. Heer for examina- tion. From the coal mine at Nanaimo but a single species of this collection was obtained; a conifer, considered by Prof. Heer as identical with Sequoia Langsdorfii, Br. sp., a species common in the Miocene of Europe. From these facts it will be seen that the modern aspect of the fossil flora of Van- couver’s Island has produced the same misapprehensions as the Cretaceous flora of Nebraska. This, however, is not to be won- dered at, and conveys no reproach to the eminent scientific men who have been misled byit. The identification of species by few and fragmentary specimens, or still worse by sketches, isa difficult and hazardous task for any one to perform; and in regard to the generic relations of the plants described, it can only be said that previous to the discovery of such modern genera as Liriodendron, Magnolia, Sassafras, &e., in the Cre- taceous rocks, they were naturally regarded as belonging to the present or Tertiary flora. It is also true that the flora of the Cretaceous period in the Old World has until recently been considered, from the number of Cycads it includes, as a con- tinnation of the Jurassic flora; and it contains East Indian forms, none of which have as yet been discovered on this con- tinent. There is no more doubt, however, that the plant-bear- ing strata of Vancouver's Island are Cretaceous, than in regard to those of Nebraska. A very large number of Cretaceous mollusks have been collected, both in the overlying beds and those containing the plents, as was stated by the writer in
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. -
1863, in the report on the fossils collected by the Boundary Commission.
As regards the strata containing the plants and coal of Bel- lingham Bay, further observations and collections must be made there before the question can be said to be definitely settled. Mr. Gabb, paleontologist to the California geological survey, who has recently visited Bellingham Bay, has been led by the molluscous fossils obtained there to consider all the coal-bearing series of that district as Cretaceous. If this be so there has been some error in the labelling of specimens which have come into my hands professedly from “ Bellingham Bay.” Some of them are unquestionably Miocene, for they include Glyptostrobus Huropeus, Taxodium occidentale, and other plants found in the Miocene strata of Dacotah and Montana. The truth probably is that both formations are represented at or near Bellingham Bay. The coal of Coose Bay and the fossiliferous strata at Astoria are known to be Miocene, as are also the plant-bearing beds at Birch Bay and Buzzard’s Inlet, and I have lately received a beautiful collection of Miocene plants from a locality not far distant in the interior.
From Orcas Island, which occupies an intermediate position between Bellingham Bay and Vancouver’s Island, a collection of plants was made by Mr. George Gibbs of the Boundary Commission, in which the species are, with perhaps one excep- tion, different from those obtained from the other two localities mentioned. These include ferns, palms and broad-leaved plants described in the report to which I have alluded, where they are referred to the Cretaceous period.
Combining the contributions thus made to our knowledge of the Cretaceous flora, and referring to this formation all that we now know to belong there, we have the following list of genera and species:
WN. A. Cretaceous Plants now or hitherto deserthed.
Populus rhomboidea, Lesqx. Nanaimo.
Later Extinct Floras of North America,
Salix Islandica, Lesqx. Quercus Benzoin, es Quercus multinervis, Fp Quercus platinervis, ahs Cinnamomum Heerii, &“ Salisburia polymorpha, EF Aspidium Kennerlii, Newb. Sabal sp. 4 Taxodium cuneatum, 3: Ficus (¢) cuneatus, ”
oe
Teeniopteris Gibbsii, Sphenopteris (Asplenium) elongata, “
Populus Debeyana, Heer P. |tigiosa, 2 Salix nervillosa, z Platanus Newberryana, 2 Andromeda Parlatorii, + Diospyros primieva, nF Phyllites Vannone, FE Aristolochites dentata, i Cissites insignis, 2 Ficus primordialis, 3 Magnolia alternans, i M. Capellinii, ee Liriodendron Meekii, ae Betulites denticulata, ‘ Proteoides daphnogenoides, : P. acuta, fs P. grevilliaformis, 3 Leguminosites Marconanus, i Sapotacites Haydenii, 6 Populus eyclophylla, ‘ Phyllites obcordatus, ‘ Sassafras cretaceum, Newb. “i
Liriodendron primeevum,
Nanaimo. <4
ce “ “ cc is “ce 4 Orcas Is. “ 6
Nebraska. cc
. with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 9
Araucaria spatulata, Newb. Nebraska, Quercus salicifolia, “ rs Magnolia rotundifolia, « « Platanus latiloba, «“ “ Fagus cretacea, “ ‘“ Sphenopteris corrugata, « ‘“ Pyrus (?) ecretacea, “ r Populus elliptica, “ “ P. microphylla, ‘ rr P. cordifolia, cc ‘ Acerites pristinus, «“ «“ Alnites grandifolia, «“ «“ Salix flexuosa, ‘<4 & S. cuneata, ‘ ie oa S. membranacea, ec “ Quercus antiqua, «< S. Utah. ce “
Quercus sinuata,
Cupressites Cookii, as New Jersey.
From this list it will be seen that the Cretaceous strata of the west coast include some forms not yet discovered in the Kansas and Nebraska beds. Among these, Salishuria, Saba’, Cinnamomum, &e., are indicative of a warmer climate. Possi- bly these genera may hereafter be detected in the plant-beds of Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico, but as yet we have no intimation of their existence, and there is nothing now known in the Cretaceous flora of that region which gives it a tropical or even sub-tropical character.
It will be remembered that this vegetation grew upon a broad continental surface, of which the central portion was considerably elevated. This would give us physical conditions not unlike those of the continent at the present day; and it would seem to be inevitable that the isothermal lines should be curved over the surface somewhat as at present. It may very well happen, therefore, that we shall find the palms and cinnamons restricted to the Western margin of the Cretaceous
10 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
continent. It will be seen by the notes now given of the Ter- tiary flora of our continent, that, at a later date, palms grew in the same region where these Cretaceous plants are found; but cinnamons and other tropical plants seem to be entirely want- ing in the Tertiary flora of the central part of the continent, while on the west coast both palms and cinnamons lived during the Tertiary period as far north as the British line. We have therefore negative evidence from the facts, though it may be reversed at an early day by further observations, that the eli- mate of the interior of our continent during the Tertiary age was somewhat warmer than at the beginning of the Cretaceous period, and that during both the same relative differences of climate prevailed between the central and western portions that exist at the present day.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. Sphenopteris corrugata. (n. sp.)
Form of frond unknown; pinnules ovate or cuneiform, narrowed at the base, obtuse, lobed, often plicated longitudinally; nerves distinct, dichotomously branching from the base.
The specimens of this fossil collected by Dr. Hayden are fragmentary and imperfect, but quite sufficient to show if to be different from any described species.
Formation and Locality. Uower Cretaceous strata, Black- bird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr, Hayden.)
| Araucaria spatulata. (n. sp.)
The only specimen of this beautiful species contained in the col- lections of Dr. Hayden, is a fragment of a branch nearly half an inch in diameter. On this the leaves are thickly set, theif bases slightly decurrent, being scarcely separated from each other. From these bases, the leaves radiate in dll directions, and are slightly re- eurved. They are half an inch in length, broadly spathulate, ob- tuse, and narrowed at the base. Along the medial line passes a dis- tinet carina, which vanishes towards the apex.
From all living or fossil species, this seems very clearly dis- tinguished by the form of the leaves. Two species of Arau-
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 11
carites have been described from the Cretaceous formation, of which descriptions are before me: A. acutifolius Endl. and A. erassifolius Endl. (Synops. Conif. p. 301); neither of which has spathulate leaves. .
There is little doubt that this was a true Araucaria, and not very unlike, in its general aspects, some species now living.
It is also probable that these trees formed extensive forests on the land during the Chalk period, as I have found the Cre- taceous strata in some localities in the West literally filled with large trunks of coniferous trees, many of which have rather the structure of Araucaria than of Pinus, Abies or Juniperus, although all these genera were represented at that epoch.
Formation and Locality. Upper Cretaceous strata, Sage Creek, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Nyssa vetusta, (n. sp.)
Leaves large, obovate, entire, thick and smooth, pointed and slightly decurrenton the petiole; nervation strong ; midrib straight and extending to the summit; lateral nerves pinnate, set at some- what unequal distances, straight and parallel below, forked and inosculating above, forming a festoon parallel with the margin; tertiary nerves forming an irregular network of polygonal and rela- tively large areoles.
Of this species there are numerous specimens in the collec tions made by Dr. Hayden in as good preservation as the ma- terial in which they are fossilized will permit. The nervation is strongly marked, and all its more prominent characters as appreciable in the fossil as they were in the fresh leaves. In nervation, consistence, and outline these leaves are almost tn- distinguishable from those of the “ Pepperidge” (Vyssa m ulti flora). The primary and secondary nervation of some species of Magnolia also exhibit a strong resemblance to that of these fossils, but a less complete correspondence than Nyssa presents, Without the fruit, or at least leaves preserved in a fine argilla- ceous sediment in which the finer details of nervation are
12 Later Extinct F loras of North America,
given, the affinity suggested must be considered to some extent conjectural.
Formation and Locality. Red ferruginous sandstone of Lower Cretaceous formation, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Pyrus cretacea. (n. sp.)
Leaves petioled, small, roundish-oval or elliptical, often slightly emarginate, entire or finely serrate; medial nerve strong below, rapidly diminishing toward the summit; lateral nerves four or five pairs with intermediate smaller ones, diverging from the midrib at unequal angles, curved toward the summits, where they anastomose in a series of arches parallel with the margin; tertiary nerves forming a network of which the areole are somewhat elongated.
There are a number of leaves in the collection, of which the characters, as far as they are discernible, agree more closely with those of the species of Pyrus than with any other with which I have compared them. All the traces of their origi- nal structure which remain, however, are quite insufficient to permit their generic limitation to be determined with any de- gree of certainty. The leaves of many of the allied genera of the Rosacew have so much in common, that even with the leaves of the living plants it would be difficult, if not impossi- bie, to separate them. The fossils before us are, however, very characteristic of the formation which contains them, and for that reason require notice, and as far as practicable description,
There are several other leaves in the collection which seem to me to have belonged to Rosaceous trees, and there is per- haps no @ priord improbability that Pyrus began its existence on this continent with its congeners and companions in our forests of the present day.
Formation and Locality. Uower Cretaceous sandstone, Smoky Hill, Kansas. (Dr. Hayden.)
Liriodendron primzevuin. (un. sp.)
Leaves three-lobed, upper lobe emarginate, all the lobes round- ed; nervation delicate, principal nerve straight or slightly curved,
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 13
terminating in the sinus of the superior lobe; secondary nerves gently arching upward, simple or forked near the extremities, a few more delicate ones alternating with the stronger.
This leaf is considerably larger than that of Z. Meekii Heer., less deeply lobed, and the lobes more broadly rounded. In its general aspect this species approaches much nearer the living tulip-tree, and the Tertiary species of Europe (Z. Procaccinii Ung.), than that described by Professor Heer from the collec- tions of Dr. Hayden (Z. Meekii). The leaves of the former species are, however, generally more deeply lobed, and the lobes are acute, but I have collected leaves of Z. Tulipifera of
* . . . small size with all the lobes rounded, and in all respects re-
markably like that under consideration. On the whole, this is so like the leaf of our tulip-tree that there can be little doubt that it represents a species of the same genus which grew on our continent at the commencement of the Cretaceous epoch. This is one of the most important facts deduced from the collee- tions of Dr. Hayden, for the genus Ziriodendron is now repre- sented but by a single species, which is confined to North America. During the Miocene Tertiary epoch, however, it formed part of the flora of Europe, as well preserved leaves of a species very closely allied to, if not identical with the living one, grew in Italy, Switzerland, and Iceland.
Thus this comes into the interesting category of Magnolia, Liquidambar, Sassafras, &c.; genera which flourished both in Europe and America during the Miocene epoch, but which have long since ceased to exist on the European continent.
These specimens also teach us the still more interesting truth, that Liriodendron, Sassafras, Magnolia, Quercus, Saliv, Pla tanus, Populus, and many others of our living genera, date back on this continent to a period long anterior to the dawn of the Tertiary age, and, having survived all the changes of the incalculable interval, now form the most conspicuous elemente in our existing forests.
14 Later Extinet Floras of North America,
_ Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Sassafras cretaceui. (n. sp.)
Leaves petiolate, decurrent at base, very smooth above, strongly nerved below; three-lobed; lobes entire and acute. The nervation is all strongly defined; the central nerve straight or nearly so; the Jateral primary nerves springing from it at an angle of 30° ; second- ary nerves regularly arched till they approach the margin of the lobes, when they are abruptly curved and run together. From these the tertiary nerves are given off at a right angle, and from these the quaternary nerves spring at a similar angle, together form- ing a network of which the areoles are sub-quadrate. .
It is perhaps not certain that the relationship between this beautiful fossil and the living Sassafras is as intimate as I have suggested, for Dr. Hayden obtained no fruits with the leaves, though, from the abundance of the latter, it is to be hoped that they may yet be found in the same locality. Until the fructification shall be procured, the suggestion that a species of our modern genus Sassafras flourished as far back as the epoch of the deposition of the Lower Cretaceous strata, may be accepted with a certain degree of mental reservation. It is true, however, that there isa most marked correspondence, both in external form and nervation, between the living and the fossil plants; the differences being no greater than we might expect to find between species of the same genus. The nerva- tion of the fossils is stronger and more regular, and the whole aspect of the leaf rather neater and more symmetrical.
With the material already before us, we may at least infer. that there was living in the American forests of the Chalk period a Lauraceous tree, bearing trilobate leaves, having the general aspect and nervation of those of our Sassafras.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone, Blackbird Till, Smoky Will Pork, Nebraska and Kansas. (Dr. Hayden.)
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 15
Magnolia obovata. (n. sp.)
Leaves large, obovate, entire, thick and smooth; pointed and slightly decurrent on the petiole; nervation strong; midrib straight and extending to the summits; lateral nerves pinnate, set at some- what unequal distances, straight and parallel below, forked and in- osculating above, forming a festoon parallel with the margin ; ter- tiary nerves forming an irregular network of polygonal and rela- tively large areoles,
Of this species there are numerous specimens in the collee- tions made by Dr. Hayden, in as good preservation as the ma- terial in which they are fossilized will permit. The nervation is strongly marked, and all its more prominent characters as appreciable in the fossil as they were in the fresh leaves,
In nervation, consistence, and outline, these leaves must have been strikingly like those of some of the Chinese magnolias, as Mf. purpurea, &c., which have obovate leaves, and I have pro- visionally grouped them together. Without the frnit, or at least leaves preserved in an argillaceous sediment in which the finer details of nervation are given, the affinity suggested must, however, be considered to some extent doubtful.
Formation and Locality. Wed ferruginous sandstone of Lower Cretaceous formation, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr.
Hayden.)
Acerites pristimus, (n. sp.) Leaves petiolate, cordate at the base, five-lobed, lobes entire, acute (?); five strong and nearly equal veins radiate from the base into the lobes. The small nerves are distributed over the surtace in a fine network of which the meshes are sub-rectangular.
The specimens which I have of this plant do not give the entire outline of the leaf. In general form they would seem to have resembled those of Acer saccharinum, and still more those of A. pseudoplatanus of Europe, but are apparently more sim- ple than those of either of these species. With the species of Acer described from the Tertiary strata it is not likely to be
16 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
confounded, though bearing some resemblance to A. ¢nteger- rimus (Viv. Mem. Soc. Geol. France, 1833, vol. 1, p. 183, tab. xl. fig. 6). In that species, however, the lobes are narrower and more elongated. Four species of Acevites have been described from the Cretaceous strata of Europe. Of these I have only the descriptions of two, A. repandus and A. styracifolius Ung., both of which are quite different from this.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus elliptica. (n. sp.)
Leaves long—petioled, sub-orbicular or transversely elliptical, slightly cuneate at the base, and apiculate at summit; lower half of leaf entire ; superior half, or more, very regularly and rather finely obtusely serrate, or crenate, the points of the teeth inclining upward ; primary nerves usually 5, sometimes 3, radiating from the base at equal angles; from these the secondary nerves spring at acute
angles.
This is an exceedingly neat and well-defined species, very fully represented in Dr. Hayden’s collections. It is symmetri- eal in form, broader than high, forming a transverse ellipse, from the opposite sides of which rise the corresponding and equal projections of the apiculate summit, and slightly decur- rent base. The crenation of the upper portion of the leaf is very regular and neat, the teeth of small size, and turned up- ward. The general aspect of the leaf is not very different from that of Some specimens of /?. tremuloides, but the entire mar- gins at the lower half of the leaf, the more elliptical outline, shorter point, and larger and more regular teeth, mark its specific differences with suflicient distinctness, while the cor- respondence which the leaves of the two species present, in the general characters of form, nervation and crenation, affords satisfactory evidence of generic identity, and apparently bears unquestionable testimony to the existence, at the dawn of the
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants, 17
Cretaceous epoch in America, of trees, like, in all the gencrali- ties of their appearance and economy, those most common in our present forests.
In the Miocene plants collected by Dr. Hayden on the Upper Missouri a species of Populus occurs (P. rotundifolia), which exhibits a striking resemblance in general form to that now under consideration. In that species, however, the crenation of the superior margin is uniformly coarser and less acute, and the nervation is more delicate.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus microphylla. (n. sp.)
Leaves very small, scarcely an inch in length, roundish in out- line, somewhat wedge-shaped at base, where they are entire; the upper part of the leaf rounded and deeply toothed, teeth conical, acute or slightly rounded at the summits ; ‘nerves radiating from the base, branching above, the branches terminating in the dentations of the margin.
This very neat species might be supposed to be only a form ot P. elliptica, with which it is associated, but a number of specimens of each show no shading into each other, and it is scarcely possible that so wide a variation of marginal dentation should exist in the same species. Althongh the leaves of 7’. elliptica are two or three times as large as those of the species under consideration, the teeth of the margins are less than half the size, and are of a different type, being inclined upward, the sides of each tooth of unequal length; while the dentations of P. microphylla are conical in outline with nearly equal sides.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus? Debeyana, (lleer.)
A number of leaves in the collection before me are clearly identical with that referred with doubt by Prof. Heer to
APRIL, 1563. 2 Axx, Lye, Nat. Hier, Vou. IX
18 Later Extinct F loras of North America,
Populus, from the generalities of its nervation, and impressions of what would seem to have been g!ands at the base on either side of the point of insertion of the petiole. In our specimens, however, there are no glandular impressions, and the departure from the normal type of nervation in Populus, noticed by Prof. Heer, is still more conspicuous.
The strong pair of basilar nerves, so characteristic of the pop- lars, is entirely wanting; the inferior lateral nerves being small, and the stronger ones, which succeed them above, are not opposite. In view of the marked departure which these leaves exhibit from the nervation and form of the typical pop- lars, Prof. Heer suggests that they may represent an extinct genus of the order Salicinew, but it seems to me their affinities are closer with the A/agnoliacea, and that it is even probable that they represent a species of the genus A/agnolia.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus(?) Cordifolia. (n. sp.)
Leaves heart-shaped, slightly decurrent on the petiole; margins entire; nerves fine but distinctly defined ; medial nerve straight or slightly curved, running to the margin; lateral nerves 6 on each side, given off at an angle of about 50°, nearly parallel among themselves, straight near the base of the leaf, slightly curved toward the summit; lower lateral nerves giving off on the lower side about 4 simple or once forked, slightly curved branches which terminate in the basilar margin; second pair of lateral nerves giving off about three similar branches on the lower side, which run to the lateral margins; third pair supporting about two, and fourth pair one branch on the lower side near the summit; tertiary nerves spring- ing from the secondary nearly at right angles, slightly arched and running across nearly parallel to connect the adjacent secondary nerves.
In its general aspect this species closely resembles the pre- ceding, but several specimens which Ihave before me agree in being less rounded and more heart-shaped, and the lateral
nerves are more numerous and given off at u larger angle.
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 19
Tn these leaves the basilar nerves reach the lateral mar below the middle and with their second branches, as a conse- quence, have more the aspect of some of the leaves of the Cu- pulifere, such as Corylus. The lattice-like arrangement of the tertiary veins in this as in the other species of this group, is very characteristic of the Cupulifera, though not strictly limi- ted to them. Ifwe could imagine a Corylus with rounded or broadly cordate leaves, of which the margins were entire, we shonld have a very near approach to these plants,
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous strata, Black- bird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
gins
Salix membranacea. (n. sp.)
Leaves petioled, large, smooth and thin, lanceolate, long-pointed, rounded or abruptly narrowed at the base, near which they are broadest ; margins entire, medial nerve slender, often curved, second- ary nerves remote, very regularly and uniformly arched from their bases, terminating in, or produced along the margins till they anas- tomose ; tertiary nerves given off nearly at right angles, forming a very uniform network of which the areoles are polygonal and often quadrate.
This is astrongly marked species, of which I have specimens fossilized in fine clay, and exhibiting with great distinctness all the details of nervation. It was evidently thin and membran- ous in texture, though attaining alarge size. Like most of the willows, it is frequently unsymmetrical, one side being most developed and the midrib curved.
The leaf is broadest near the base, and is thence narrowed into a long and acute point.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous strata, Raritan River, New Jersey. (Prof. Cook.)
Salix Meekii. (n. sp.)
Leaves petioled, thin and delicate, lanceolate, acute at both ends, nervation delicate, midrib slender, secondary nerves fine, springing from the medial nerve at an angle of 35° , gently arched and anas-
20 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
tomosing near the margins; net-work of tertiary veins somewhat lax, but composed of nervules of such tenuity as to be rarely visible.
This is the plant of which an outline sketch was sent Prof. Heer by Mr. Meek. In that sketch the general form was alone given, the details of nervation as well as the texture of the leaf not being deducible from it. Prof. Heer considered it a Laurus, and as probably identical with Laurus primigenia Ung., acommon species in the Tertiary of Europe. Aside from the a priort improbability of this plant found in the Lower- Cretaceous rocks being identical with one which in the old world dates back no further than the Miocene, there are char- acters in the fossil itself which seem to separate it from even the genus of LZ. primigenia. The nervation has a different as- pect from that of any of the Zauracew with which I am ac- quainted, being both more lax and delicate, the secondary nerves less accurately arched, and their summits more wavy ; the patterns found by their anastomosis less regular and deter- minate. In these respects, as well as in its comparatively thin and delicate texture, it resembles much more the Willows than the Laurels.
It seems hardly worth while to compare the plant before us with any of the living Willows, for everything indicates that all the species of the Chalk, both vegetable and animal, long since perished. Among the great number of fossil species found in the Tertiary strata there are several which have a general re- semblance to it, and from which it might be unwise to regard it as distinct if they were from the same formation. Salix elongata Web. (Tertiarflora der Niederrheinischen Braunkohlenforma- tion, Taf. xix. fig. 10,) has nearly the same form, but the second- ary nerves are given cff at a larger angle, and are much more arched.
I'yom its associate species in the Cretaceous strata it seems not difficult to distinguish it. Saliettes Hartigi Dunker (Paleon- tographica 4, Band, 6, Lief. 81, Taf. xxxiv. fig. 2) is apparently much more strongly nerved, The general form was perhaps
| | | | '
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 21
similar, although Dunker’s specimen wants both point and base.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous strata, Black- bird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Salix flexuosa. (n. sp.)
Leaves narrow, linear, pointed at each end, sessile or very short- petioled ; medial nerve strong, generally somewhat flexuous ; second- ary nerves pinnate, leaving the principal nerve at an angle of about 40°, somewhat branched and flexuous, but arching so as to inoseu- late near the margins.
This is perhaps only a variety of the preceding species (WS. Meek), which it resembles in its nervation as far as can be
“observed in specimens fossilized in sandstone, but, although
much narrower in its general form, it is less acuminate at either extremity, and is apparently sessile. As in some of our living narrow-leaved willows, these leaves are generally somewhat flexuous, and as they are seen lying in their natural curves on the surfaces of the rock, they have as familiar and perfectly willow-like a look as leaves of Salix angustifolia would, if arti- ficially fossilized in the manner followed by Goeppert.
Since the above description was written,1 have collected this species from a number of widely separated localities, and found it to hold its characters with great constancy.
Formation and Locality. Big Sioux, Blackbird Hill, Cedar Spring, &c., Nebraska, Colorado, and New Mexico.
Salix cumeata. (0. sp.)
Leaves of medium size, sessile or short-petioled, entire, elongate, narrow, acute at both ends, broadest toward the apex, gradually narrowed below to the base; medial nerve distinet; secondary nerves delicate, springing from the midrib at an angle of alsout 20° near the middle of the leaf, 15°—20° below, straight and parallel near the bases, gently arched above and inosculating near the mar-
gins.
22 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
This species presents some marked characters by which it may be distinguished from those before described. It is trae that the variations of form among -the leaves of onr recent species of willow are almost infinite, and even in the same spe- cies, and from the same tree, leaves may be obtained of such different aspect that taken separately they might readily be mistaken for those of different species. Since the difficulty in the determination of recent willows is so great that it has become proverbial, specific distinctions derived from the leaves only, especially in those obtained from the same locality, may justly be looked upon with suspicion. Here as elsewhere, however, it is probable that recent botany will derive some aid from the careful study of fossil plants, and the nervation will probably be found to afford constant characters where the out- lines of the leaves can hardly be relied on.
It will be seen by reference to the foregoing descriptions of Salices that a number of characters combine to distinguish what, for geological convenience, I have chosen to regard as dis- tinct species. Salix Meekii is lanceolate, tapering nearly equally to both ends, which are alike acute ; this leaf is petioled and the nervation regular and delicate.
S. flewuosa is sessile, linear and rather abruptly narrowed to point and base; nervation obscure, apparently very delicate and uniform,
S. cuncata is comparatively thick and leathery, the form symmetrical, lanceolate, pointed but scarcely acute at both ends; the midrib strong, prolonged into a short robust petiole ; secondary nerves unequal, given off at a large angle, thick at base, slender, tortuous and irregularly confluent near the margins.
In S. membranacea, the leaves are large and thin, broadest near the base, which is rounded, summit long-pointed and acute ; nervafion distinet and regular, but delicate. :
Formation and Locality. Cretaceous sandstone, mouth of Big Sioux River, Nebraska. (Dr, Hayden.)
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 23
Piatamus lfatiloba. (n. sp.)
Leaves petiolate, three-lobed, decurrent at the base, lobes broad, obtuse, or abruptly acuminate; principal nerves three, secondary nerves issuing from these at an acute angle, tertiary nerves leaving the secondary at a right angle, forming a network over the surface of the leaf, of which the areol are subquadrate.
Judging from the imperfect specimens which we have of this species, it is quite distinct from any described. Having the general form and nervation of the leaves of /?. occidentalis, the margins are much less deeply sinuate, the lobes less acuminate, and the entire outline of the leaf moresimple. The sanicis true of its relations with P. orientalis of the old world. The fossil species, of which several have been described by Unger and Goeppert, are quite distinct from this. The species described by Unger (P. Sirii and P. grandifolia) are much more deeply lobed, while that figured by Heer, Goeppert and Ettingshausen (P. aceroides) is less deeply lobed but more strongly toothed. All fossil species heretofore known are from the Tertiary strata, this being the first instance where the genus has been found in rocks of the Cretaceous epoch.
During the last summer (1858) I obtained specimens of still another species from the same geological formation in New Mexico. This has a larger and more lobate leaf, more like the Tertiary species P. grandifolia.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone,
Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.) Fagus cretacea. (n. sp.)
This pretty species is represented in the collection but by a single specimen. This is, however, remarkably well preserved, giving the general form and the details of nervation with great distinctness. From the character of the nervation, I have but little hesitation in referring it to the genus Fagus. Some of the Rhamnacee, particularly species of Lamnus and Frangula, have leaves which would be very like the one before ns if fossi-
24 Later Extinet Floras of North America,
lized, but in the fossil plant the lateral nerves are sharply de- fined, numerous, almost perfectly parallel among themselves
and run quite to the margins, which are seen to be slightly:
waved, the termini of the nerves being most prominent and the intervals between them forming shallow sinuses. In Rhamnus, however, even in L. frangula, of which the leaves so much resemble this, the margins are not waved, and the lateral nerves do not terminate as distinctly in them as they do in Fagus, and in our fossil.
A striking similarity will be noticed between some of the leaves of the living Fugus sylvatica and this, though there is no probability of that species having begun its life so early in the history of the globe as the first part of the Cretaceous period. The resemblance is noted only as giving good grounds for the reference of the fossil to the genus agus. It will be necessary however to find the fruit before the fact can be accepted as fully proven of the existence of beeches during the age of the Chalk.
A large number of fossil species of agus have been de- scribed from the Tertiaries of Europe, by Unger, Dunker, Heer, &c., but the genus has never before been obtained from the Cretaceous formation.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstones, Smoky Hill, Kansas. (Dr. Hayden.) |
Quercus sakhicifolia. (n. sp.)
Leaves petiolate, smooth, thick, entire, lanceolate, abruptly pointed at both ends; medial nerve strong, straight, or more or less curved; secondary nerves of unequal size, strong near their points of origin, becoming fine, flexuous and branching as they approach the margins of the leaf, where some of them inosculate by irregular curves, while others terminate in the margins.
This species differs considerably in its general aspect from the willow-like leaves with which it is associated, and must have been much thicker and smoother. The midrib is very strong, terminating below in a thick but short petiole. The
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants.
lateral nerves are much less uniform and regular than those of the leaves to which I have referred. They are at first strong, but soon diminish, and many of them extend but half way to the margin; the others being unequally curved and branching irregularly, or anastomosing with each other. The finer details of nervation are not given in the specimens before me, and perhaps more ample material will show that our fossil should not be regarded as a Quercus, but as far as its characters are given, they agree best with those of that genus. The texture of the leaf was evidently thick, and its surface glossy, more so than in any Salzz now living; the nervation, too, is more that of the oaks than willows; the alternation of larger with smaller secondary nerves, all diminishing rapidly and irregularly branched and flexuous above, are characters common to the leaves of all the willow-oaks. Some leaves of the living Q. imbricaria would closely resemble these if fossilized in the same manner. In the Zauracew with lanceolate leaves the nervation is generally much more exact and regular than in the specimen before us, the side nerves being generally curved gracefully and more or less uniformly upward, their extremities anastomosing, or, more rarely, reaching the margin. If the fine reticulation of the tertiary nerves was distinctly visible, there would perhaps be little difficulty in determining with a good degree of certainty the generic relations of this fossil. In the oaks this reticulation is very fine, the areol of pretty uniform size and quadrangular or polygonal, about as broad as long. In the willows the meshes are larger, more irregular and more or less elongated.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstones, Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
@uercus cumeata, (n. sp.)
Leaves short petioled, lanceolate, pointed at both ends, acute, entire or slightly wave-margined; midrib strong; secondary nerves remote, nearly straight, with shorter intermediate ones; surface smooth, texture originally thick and leathery.
26 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
The leaves of this species must have been similar in form and consistence to those of the living Q. imbricaria. They were somewhat longer-pointed, and slightly more cuneate at the base; but leaves might be selected from the living tree which, if fossilized in the same manner, would be scarcely distinguishable from those before us. The nervation is strong, the primary and secondary nerves being very distinctly marked, the latter remote, straight the greater part of their length, gently curved toward their extremities.
Oaks would seem to have been numerous in the oldest forests of dicotyledonous trees of which we have any knowledge. Sey- eral species are enumerated by Stiehler as occurring in the Creta- ceous sandstones of Blankenburg, but they are as yet not de- scribed; and in the tertiary flora of Europe, perhaps no genus is more largely represented.
On our own continent oaks were apparently common as early as the epoch of the deposition of the Lower Cretaceous strata, as leaves, which I have considered referable to Quercus, are included in most of the collections which I have made from these strata from widely separated localities, viz: Bellingham Bay, Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico.
Formation and Locality. Blackbird Hill, Nebraska. (Dr. ilayden.)
Quercus antiqua. (n. sp.)
Leaves of medium size, lanceolate in outline, acute, often some- what flexuous; margins serrate-dentate, with strong, obtuse teeth, which are appressed or turned toward the summit ; midrib strong, and reaching the apex; lateral nerves numerous, of unequal strength, gently arched upward, terminating in the marginal teeth.
The specimens upon which this description is based are fos- silized in a somewhat coarse ferruginous sandstone, which has not preserved the minor details of the nervation; but the gen- eralities of form and structure, which are clearly enough shown, seem to indicate that it represented in the Cretaceous flora the chestnut-oaks of the present epoch. Several Tertiary species
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 27
bear considerable resemblance to it, as Q. Mediterranea, Une.. and Q. Haidingera, Etts.; but in both these species the margi- nal dentations are less uniform in size, and, when having a similar outline, are smaller.
Formation and Locality. Lower Cretaceous sandstone,
Banks of Rio Dolores, Utah.
Quercus simuata. (n. sp.)
Leaves small, obovate in general outline, narrowed to the petiole, or slightly decurrent ; margins deeply lobed, lobes rounded, broader than the sinuses that separate them, three nearly equal on either side, summit broadly rounded or obscurely lobed, often oblique ; nervation strong and simple, midrib straight or slightly flexed, giving off lateral branches, which run to the margins of each lateral lobe.
The general form of this leaf is much like that of one living, Q. obtusiloba, though it is smaller and more symmetrical. Among the many fossil species which have been described, there is none which approaches this very closely ; most of them bearing eitlier simple, entire leaves, or toothed, rather than lobed ones.
Formation and Locality. Wower Cretaceous strata; Banks
of Dolores river, Southern Utah.
Tae Tertiary Frora or Norrn America.
As has been said in regard to the Cretaceous flora, our know ledge of the vegetation which clothed this continent during the Tertiary period has all been gained within a very few years, and is still exceedingly imperfect. The first notice of fossil plants collected from our Tertiary deposits is given by Prof. J. D. Dana, in the Geology of the Exploring Expedition under Capt. Wilkes, U.S. N. This comprises figures and brief descriptions of a number of fossil leaves from Birch Bay, near the mouth of Fra-
28 Later Extinct Flovas of North America,
zer’s River, on the North-west coast. Subsequently the speci- mens collected by Prof. Dana were examined by myself, and are described more in detail in the Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. 7, No. 4. The plants collected by the Ex. Expe- dition comprised the following species, viz:
Glyptostrobus Huropaus Br. sp. Tauxodium occidentale Newb.
Smilax cyclophylla és
Lthamnus Gaudini ? Heer. Yaya 9 1 ro G
Carpinus grandis ? Ung.
Of these Zuxodium occidentale is closely allied to ZT. dubitum of the Miocene of Europe. The Glyptostrobus is apparently identical with the European Miocene plant. Smilax cyclo- phylla is the analogue of S. orbicularis, while the Carpinus and Rhamnus are referred doubtfully to the European species of which the names are given them.
From the strata associated with the coal-beds of Belling- ham Bay fossil plants had been collected by several persons, but none had been described from that locality until, in 1859, a series of specimens collected by Dr. Evans, Government Geol- ogist for Oregon, were placed in the hands of Mr, Lesquereux, and described by him in the American Journal of Sciences, (vol. xxvii. second series, p. 3859.) The following list includes the species which are possibly, but not probably, Tertiary, viz : Planera dubia, (Lesqx.), Quercus Evansii, (Lesqx.), Q. Gaudin, (Lesqx.), Cinnamomum crassipes, (Lesqx.) Persoonia ovi- Jormis, (Lesqx.), Diospyros lancifolia, (Lesqx.) Acer triloba- tum? (Al. Br.) In the next volume of the Journal of Science, p- 85, is published a letter from Prof. Oswald Heer, Zurich, Switzerland, containing some notes on these fossil plants, of which sketches had been sent him by Mr. Lesquereux.
In these notes Planera dubia, (Lesqx.), is regarded by Prof. ITeer as identical with ?. Ungeri, of Europe; Cinnamomum erassipes, (Lesqx.), is said to be hardly distinguishable from C. Lossmassleri, (Weer) ; Quereus Benzoin, (Lesqx.) is refer-
~ -
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 29
red to Oreodaphne Heert, (Gaud.); Quercus Gandini, (Lesqx.) is said to be identical with a species from the Italian Tertiaries:
By Prof. Heer, the coal strata of Vancouver's Island and
the opposite coast of Washington Territory—strata which con- tain the plants—are all regarded as unquestionably of “ Mio- cene age.” Shaln 1863, I characterized, in the Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., the fossil plants coliected by the N. W. Boundary Commission. Among them the following species were enumerated: Liu/se- tum robustum, (Newb.), Sabal Campbellii, (Newb.), Tavodium occidentale, (Newb.), Quercus flexuosa, (Newb.), Q. Banksia- folia, (Newhb.), @Q. elliptica, (Newb.), Populus flabellum, (Newb.), derived from the main land on the North-west coast, and supposed to be Tertiary.
At a later period, a number of fossil plants, obtained from the Eocene and Miocene beds of the Valley of the Mississippi, and from the lignite deposits of Brandon, Vermont, were exam- ined by Mr, Lesquerenx ; descriptions of portions of which have been published.
From the Eocene beds he obtained Cinnamomum Mississip- piense (Lesqx.), Calamopsis Dane, (Lesqx.), and a number of fossil fruits, among which he recognised Carya, agus, Aristo- lochia, Sapindus, Cinnamomum, Cissus, Carpinus and Nyse. (American Journal of Science, 2nd Ser. vol. xxxii., p. 355). From the Miocene beds of Mississippi Lesquereux reports hay ing obtained species, not yet described, of Quercus, Cassia, Laurus, Persea, Rhamnus, Terminalia, Magnolia, Sabal, ¢ in namomum, Ficus, Smilax, (with the living species Cornus sericea and Magnolia. acuminata.) Magnolia rotundifolra (Lesqx.), and Populus rhomboidea supposed to be ident ical with one before described from the Cretaceous strata of Vancouver's
Island. From the Miocene (?) Tertiary, Somerville, Tenn., Mr. Caroli-
é 4.) yes Lesquereux enumerates Laurus Carolinensis, Prunus Nalix
niana, Quercus myrtifolia, Fagus ferrugined, living ; densinervis, (Lesqx.), Quercus (7) crassinervias, (Ung.), Quercus
30 Later Extinct Flovas of North America.
Saffordii, (Lesqx.), Andromeda dubia, (Lesqx.), Andromeda vaccinifolia, Eleagnus inequalis (Lesqx.), extinct; from Mis- sissippi J?hamnus marginatus, (Lesqx.), Quercus Saffordii, (Lesqx.), and Magnolia Hilgardiana, (Lesqx.).
From some Tertiary beds in New Jersey, supposed by Prof. Cook to be Pliocene, I have received a small collection of plants, which include a three-lobed Liguidambar, a Cercis and one or two species of oak.
By far the largest representation of our Tertiary flora is, how- ever, contained in the collections made by Dr. Hayden on the upper Missouri, of which the greater number of species are described in the present memoir. These plants are from the lignites proved by the associated fossils to be of Miocene age. They were collected at various points on the Missouri River, at Fort Clarke, at Red Spring, thirteen miles above, at Fort Berthold at Crow Hills, one hundred miles below Fort Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, on O’Fallon’s Creek one hun- dred miles above the mouth of the Yellowstone, and in the Valley of that stream.
Some of the species are common to several of these localities, and there can be no doubt of the parallelism of the beds which contain them. The molluscous fossils which accompany them have been carefully studied by Mr. Meek, and are considered by him indicative of Miocene age. The list of the species obtained from this horizon by Dr. Hayden is as follows:
Glyptostrobus Europzeus, Br, Sequoia. Langsdorfii, Br, sp. Thuya gracilis, Newb. Taxodium occidentale, ‘ sc Tilia antiqua, 2 Psilotum inerme, ef Platanus Haydeni, af
- nobilis, ff
Af Raynoldsii, .
“ heterophylla, S
‘with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 31
ie. Cornus acuminata, Newb. Quercus dubia, sc . Carya antiquorum, se Negundo triloba, ¥ Carpolithus lineatus, . Sapindus aftinis, se oe membranaceus, nig Calycites polysepalus, « Aralia triloba, aR Amalanchier affinis, ef Aristolochia cordifolia, + Planera microphylla, | os Rhus nervosa, 5 Rhamnites elegans, , Viburnum asperum, ? & lanceolatum, ; Alnus serrata, . Phyllites venosus, - “* carneosus, “* cupanioides, ? Sabal Campbelli, _ Populus rotundifolia, : “ smilacifolia, - i. cordata, = “ _seuneata, . -- acerifolia, $ Nebrascensis, = és genetrix, a i nervosa, - Se daa grandifolia, = orbiculata, 7 . Americana, } s rostrata, living.
Onoclea sensibilis, These fossils are generally well preserved in a calcarco-
32 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
argillaceous rock, of a light drab color, upon which the leaves are delineated with a distinctness which renders them pleasant objects of study, as well as attractive specimens for the cabinet. “They are usually detached with their petioles in such numbers and form as indicate maturity and a common cause of fall, such as an annual frost. The mollusks associated with them show that they were deposited in the sediment which accu- mulated at the bottom of fresh water, and they are generally spread out smoothly, and so entire, that it is evident that no violence, not even the action of a rapid current, could have been attendant upon their deposition.
The explorations’ of Dr. Hayden prove that this Miocene lignite formation occupies the beds of extensive lakes which formed basins on the surface of the continent when it had but recently emerged from the Cretaceous sea. As has been re- marked elsewhere, the lower members of the series contain a few estuary shells, showing the access of salt water at that period, but during the deposition of by far the greater portion of these beds the water of the ocean was entirely excluded from the basins in which they accumulated. There is, there- fore, every reason to believe that the debris of ligneous plants which compose this collection were derived from trees which grew along the shores of the lakes and streams of the Tertiary coutinent; that then, as now, alternations of seasons prevailed, by which the foliage of these trees was detached by an autum- nal frost, and that falling into the water beneath or near them, and sinking to the bottom, they were enveloped in mud, pre- cisely as leaves of our sycamores, willows, oaks, &c., accumulate at the bottoms of our streams and lakes at the present day.
In comparing the group of plants here presented to us with those now living upon the surface of the earth, any one will be at once struck with the resemblance which they present to the flora of the temperate zone, and particularly to that of our own country. In their study, I have constantly found that on making comparisons with the plants of remote,
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 33
and especially tropical countries, an entire want of resemblance or affinity at once discovered itself, and the only instructive comparisons made were with the present vegetation of our country, with that of the Miocene Tertiaries of Europe, and with the living plants of China and Japan. There is every reason to believe that future observations will make immense additions to this flora, and satisfactory comparisons and gene- ralizations will only be possible when a far more complete series of its plants can be subjected to study. It is also true that as yet little other than the leaves of these plants have been collected and employed in the deductions made from them. From the character of the sediments which enclose the leaves, it is quite certain that the fruits and seeds are also preserved, but as these are less conspicuous and noticeable than the leaves, they are little likely to be found unless specially sought; and it will only be when they are made the objects of search that they will be discovered, and lend their important assistance in the solution of the problems which the leaves present. For the want of such assistance as these organs would furnish, some of the material ineluded in the collection does not now admit of satisfactory classification; and the reference of some of these leaves to the genera under which they are placed, must be regarded as provisional, and liable to modification by further research. Quite a number of these plants are, however, so largely represented in the collection, so well preserved, and so clearly allied to the genera and species with which we are familiar, that they constitnte fair material from which to infer the general characters and affinity of the flora of which they formed part. In this list may be mentioned the Glyptostrobus, of which the stems, bearing the leaves of different forms, the cones, aud the sterile capitula, are all present, and so closely resemble the specimens obtained by Prof. Heer from the -Miocene of Europe, that they might almost be eonsidered the originals from which his figures were taken. The Zawodium
described is evidently a close analogue of Taxodium dubium, APRIL, 1868. 3 Axx. Lye. Nat. Hist., Vou. LX.
54 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
of the Miocene of Europe; differing from that well-known species only in the uniform rounding of the bases and summits of the leaves. The plant which has been doubtfully referred to Sequoia Langsdorfii, would probably be accepted by for- eign botanists as identical with that species, but, for the rea- sons given in the remarks upon that plant, it seems to me quite doubtful whether it was a Seguoia, and more probable that it was a Tuxodium allied to our deciduous cypress.
The great fan palm collected by Dr, Hayden seems to be a representative of Sabal major of the European Tertiaries and Sabal palmetto of our Southern States. From both these, how- ever, it is distinguished by the larger number of folds in the leaves, and from S. major by its flat, unkeeled petiole.
The numerous species of Populus of which descriptions are now given will not fail to attract the attention of those whose interest runs in this direction. Several of them seem to be new to science, and show, for the most part, a greater affinity with the foreign poplars, P?. alba, &e., than with the species more common on this continent; though a single one, P. genetriz N, evidently belongs to the group of which our balsam poplar may be taken as the type. The little species described under the name of 2. rotundifolia presents some anomalies in form and structure as compared with most of our poplars, but its resemblance to another species contained in this collec- tion, LP. elliptica, and to one contained in the collection of the North-west Boundary Commission, described under the name of 2. flabellum, has induced me to class them together. Among living species it has a striking analogue in Populus pruinosa, now growing in Songaria.
The several species of P/atanus, which the collection con- tains, form a striking and interesting portion of this group of plants, and all seem distinct from the fossil species hitherto deseribed, and from any now living. Of our American syea- mores, the leaves of P. occidentalis are much more toothed, while those of 2. racemosa are more deeply lobed than any of
— Ss
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants, 35
these. P. aceroides, a species from the Tertiaries of Europe, is more closely allied to our living ones than these seem to be, The largest and finest of those now described, in its smoothness of surface, its crowded and parallel nervation, departs more widely from the typical species of Platanus than the others, and has more the appearance of a tropical plant. An extensive series of comparisons have, however, suggested no aftinities closer than those with the living Platanus ; and [have little doubt that in these leaves, of which the collection contains a large number, we have representatives of the noblest and most beautiful spe- cies of the genus.
Two of the species of Corylus present no characters by which they can be distinguished from the two now distributed over the temperate portions of our continent, (. rostrata and C. Americana ; and I have therefore not felt justified in consid- ering them distinct. The Carya described seems to me clearly to belong to this genus, and to be closely allied to one of our living species. The Z%lia, also, is not far removed from the southern variety of our common living species, while the Negundo, Sapindus, &c., seem to be the representatives of the genera and species now growing in the region from which these fossils come.
From this flora, considering it the analogne and progenitor of that which now occupies our territory, we miss some impor- tant elements, which we may confidently expect will be sup
plied by future collections. Among the most striking of these
deficiencies may be mentioned Acer, Quercus, Liriodendron, Liquidambar, Sassafras, etc., some of which, we know, began their life upon the continent during the Cretaceous period, and all of them were members of the Miocene flora of the Old World, Liquidambar, Quercus, and Magnolia occur in the Pliocene beds of New Jersey ; Magnolia and (uc reus in the Miocene strata of the Mississippi Valley. /gvs, also, which is wanting in this collection, has been obtained from the Eocene by Mr. Lesquereux.
‘ ‘ 36 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
The notes on some of the species contained in the collection made by Dr. Hayden, Sequoia Langsdorfit, Sabal Camp- belli, Onoclea sensibilis, &c., have a bearing on the general questions to which reference has been made in the preceding pages, but the occurrence of an Onoclea among these Miocene plants, and a species which I cannot distinguish from the living one, seems to mea fact of so much importance as to require some additional comments.
The fern frond found by the Duke of Argyle, in the leaf beds of the Island of Mull, and figured by Prof. E. Forbes, in the Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. vii. (1851), p. 103, pl. ii. figs. 2a, 2b, and named by him Filicttes (?) He- bridicus, is unquestionably identical with this. The specimen, from which the figures to which I have referred were taken, seems to have puzzled Prof. Forbes somewhat, for he even doubted if it were a fern; and Prof. Heer, in his reference to the fossil plants of the Island of Mull (Flor. Tert. Helvet. vol. iii. p. 314), says: “The most remarkable species is /7/i- cites (?) Hebridious, a tern, which by its nervation differs greatly from those of the continent.” All these facts give this fossil special interest, for in addition to its relation to its living rep- resentatives, of which we cannot but consider it the progenitor, it adds another to the list of plants common to the Miocene strata of Europe and America, Of these, either representative or identical species, the number is now so great that they plainly indicate a land connection between the continents at that period; and since many genera, and this, with probably some other species at that time common to the Old and New Worlds, have disappeared from Europe, while they continue to flourish here, it would seem to follow that these were Ameri- can types which had colonized Europe by migration, and that when their connection with the mother country was severed, they. were overpowered and exterminated by the present flora of Europe, whieh, as Prof. Gray has shown, is mainly of N. Asiatic origin,
——————— SO
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 37
The fact to which reference has just been made, viz.: the occurrence of Onoclea sensibilis on the Island of Mull, off the West coast of Scotland, while it has not been found in the Ter- tiary beds of other parts of Europe, is indicative, so far as it goes, not only of an American connection during the Miocene period, but of an American origin for that species, and so by inference of the other genera and species common to the two continents during that epoch.
If this inference should be contirmed by future observation, we should then see that the Eocene tropical or sub-tropical flora of Europe, was crowded off the stage by the temperate flora of the Miocene, which, accompanying a depression of tempera- ture, had migrated from America, while the Eocene flora re- treated South and East, and is now represented by the living Indo-Australian flora, characterized by its species of //uhea, Dryandra, Eucalyptus, &¢., which form so conspicuous an element in the Eocene flora of Europe. This theory would account for the presence of these tropical forms in the Lower Miocene of Europe, while so far as yet obtained they are en- tirely absent from the Miocene flora of America. In Europe a few of the Eocene forms lingered behind in the grand exodus of that flora, and mingled with the more boreal and occidental barbarians by which the country was overrun; while in America those which we now call Asiatic forms never had an existence. That this bridge between America and Europe was in a tem- perate climate is proved by the character of the plants which passed overit. On referring toa terrestrial globe, it will be seen that by way of Greenland, Iceland, and the Hebrides, there are no very wide gaps to be spanned ; but a connection by that route would carry us so far into the Arctic zone that none of the plants which we suppose to have made the journey could have with- stood the cold of the climate had it been the same as at present. We have conclusive evidence, however, that it was not 80, for on Mackenzie’s River, Disco Island, on Iceland and the Island of Mull, we have, in the recurrence of parts of the very flora
38 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
under consideration, proof not only of a warmer climate at the far North during the Miocene epoch, but that a part of the plants which formed the Miocene flora of Europe, actually did travel that road (at least visited all these localities); and in the buried remains of generations which were never to see ‘the promised land, we have imperishable records of their presence and of the reality of this migration.
That we cannot, without further study of the facts, assign a cause for this great change of climate in the northern part of the continent, is no argument against its existence, for the facts are incontrovertible.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. Psilotaum inerme (n. sp.)
In the collections made by Dr. Hayden are several groups and masses of a dichotomously branching plant, which could hardly have been anything else than a Pslotum. The stem and branches are flattened and smooth, both on the surfaces and sides, and show no organs of fructification. In size and general appearance this plant may be compared with Ps. complanatum of the Sandwich Islands, but differs from that in having the edges of the leaves smooth, while in the living species they are remotely toothed. We have now but a single species of Pesilotum growing within the limits of the United States, Ps. triquetrum of Florida, a more slender plant than this, with tri- angular and toothed branches or leaves.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union.
(Dr. Hayden.)
Phragmites (sp.)
Among the plants collected by Dr. Hayden, from the Miocene beds near Fort Union, are numerous fragments of what seems to beaspeciesof Phragmites. These consist of portions of broad,
ees ee ee
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 39
unkeeled, flag-like leaves, marked by numerous longitudinal nerves, of which there are eight or nine more strongly marked, and between these about seven much finer, connected by alter- nate cross-bars. No keel is shown in any of these fragments. In general structure these leaves closely resemble those of 7’, Oeningensis, Heer (Flor. Tert. Helvet i. S. 64. Taf. xxiv); but the material is not sufficient to determine whether our species is identical with that.
Formation and Locality. Fort Union, Dacotah, (Dr. Iay- den.)
Onoclea sensibilis. L.
Frond pinnate, large; pinne, lanceolate in outline, with waved margins, more or less deeply-lobed or pinnatifid, connate at their bases, forming a broad wing on the rachis of the frond; nervation strongly marked, more or less reticulated, the nerve of each lobe or pinnule springing from a common trunk having a dendroid form with waving branches, which often unite to form elongated lucun, of which the largest border the rachis of the pinne on either side, and are formed by the nerve branches of each lobe reaching over and touching, or closely approaching, the base of the nervation of the next superior lobe or pinnule.
The collection of Dr. Hayden contains a great number of examples of this beautiful fern, showing the upper and under surface of the frond, the variation of form of the pinnae of dif ferent fronds, and different parts of the same frond.
The robust habit of this plant, the strong, waved and reticu- lated nervation and broadly winged rachis, which seem to dis tinguish it at a glance from all known fossil species, suggested a comparison with some of the strong-growing tropical ferns; and it was only after a laborious examination of all the genera of exotic ferns contained in the herbaria to which Lhad access, or described by authors, that I was led to turn my eyes nearer home.
The common form of Onoclea sensibilis grows abundantly in all parts of our country, and is one of the first plants collected
40 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
by the youthful botanist. In this we have the rachis of the frond more or less winged, and a nervation on the same general plan with that of the fossil before us, but more distinetly retic- ulated. By this I was at first misled, but in examining Dr. Torrey’s var. obtusilobata, I found in some specimens the exact counterpart of our fossil in the lobation of the pinne and nerva- tion. The gradation of characters in this variety is very great and interesting. In some specimens we have a distinctly bi- pinnate frond; the pinnze composed of numerous remote, even obovate,pinnules, and the nervation not reticulated, the nerves of the pinnules radiating and forked, but never joining. This is the extreme form, but even here the rachis of the frond is more or less winged. In an intermediate form we find the rachis winged, the pinnee deeply lobed, and precisely the nerva- tion of the fossil. Even in the common form the nervation is similar in plan, and the elongated spaces, destitute of nerva branches, on either side of the rachis of the pinnae, form a noticeable feature in both.
There is little room for doubt, therefore, that during the Mi- ocene age a species of Onoclea flourished in the interior of our continent, of stronger habit than either of the living varieties, and holding a middle position between them. This fact sug- gests the question, whether they could not have been differenti- ated from it.
Varying, as the living Onoclea does, in the size, outline, and nervation of the sterile frond—from six inches to three feet in height, from a finely reticulated to an open, dichotomous nerva- tion; from a bi-pinnate frond with remote, obovate pinnules, to a pinnate form with wave-margined pinnge and broadly alate rachis—it plainly includes all the characters of the fossils before us, and I therefore find it impossible to separate them.
What has been predicated of this species has been based on observations of the sterile frond only. No fertile frond has yet been found, and since in O. sensibilis, var. obtusilobata, the “sterile” frond is sometimes fruit-bearing, we may find that such
i i a iil
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 41
was the case with the fossil. This is apparently the plant described by Prof. E. Forbes (Jour. Geo. Soe. Lon. vol. vii. p. 103), under the name of Filicites (?) hebridicus, and obtained by the Duke of Argyle, from the Island of Mull.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Argil. limestone. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Sabal Campbellii (n. sp.)
S. Campbellit N. Journal Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol, vii. No. 4.
Leaf very large, 8-10 feet diameter with 50 to 80 folds; petiole long, 14 to 2 inches wide, flat above, without a central keel above or below, unarmed; nerves numerous and fine, about 50 in each fold, six principal ones on each side of the midrib, with three intermediate ones between each pair, the middle one being strong- est.
In general character the leaves of this palm have a strong
“ resemblance to those of Sabal major, Ung. sp. (Chloris Prot.
S. 42, Taf. xiv. fig. 2; Flor. Tert., Helvet 1, 8. 88, Taf. xxxv. xxxvi. figs. 1, 2); the size of the leaf, the number of folds, and the character of the nervation being approximately the same, but in our plant the average size of the leaf is greater, the num- ber of folds larger, and the petiole is without a keel. The form of the spindle, or terminal point of the petiole on the under side of the leaf, as exhibited in the numerous specimens collected by Dr. Hayden, seem to be shorter (more abruptly acumi- nated by a concave lateral excavation) than in the examples of 8. major which have been figured or described. This char- acter has little value, however, as it varies considerably in the different leaves. This species was first described from a series of specimens collected near Bellingham Bay, W. T., by Geo. Gibbs, Esq., Geologist to the U. S. N. W. Boundary Commis- sion, of which the figures are not yet published. ‘They showed only the upper side of the leaf, leaving the form of the point of the petiole on the under side to be conjectured. This want has been fully supplied by the collections made by Dr. Hayden, when connected with the expedition under Capt. W. I’. Ray-
49 Later Extinct F loras of North America,
nolds, U. 8. A., as his specimens represent both surfaces of the basal portion of the leaf, and various fragments of its central and outer parts. All these specimens correspond, in every im- portant particular, with those from Bellingham Bay, except that they prove the leaf to have been considerably larger than I had before supposed; larger indeed than any fossil fan-palms hitherto described. In the west coast specimens the petiole is 14 inch broad, while in those brought from the upper Missouri, the pe- tiole is from 14 to 2 inches broad, and all parts of the leaf propor- tionally strong. All the specimens from both the localities I have mentioned, show the petiole to have been flat, and without the central keel of 8. major and S. Lamanonis. This, with its larger size, leads me to consider our plant as distinct from either of its European representatives. It is at least as much unlike either, as they are unlike each other. But, if specifically distinct, this must be regarded as an interesting representative species, con- firming the conclusions derived from the other identical and allied species, of the parallelism of our Tertiary plant-beds with the lower Miocene strata of Europe.
Fan-Palms are a conspicuous feature in the flora of the tropics, growing in the greatest abundance under the equator, but they also spread through the subtropical, and into the tem- perate zones, being very abundant in the Southern United States. The discovery of fossil Fan-Palms by the party under Capt. Raynolds is an important fact, however, as Dr. Hayden had not found them in his previons explorations of the country bordering the Upper Missouri, though making large and inter- esting collections of fossil plants from the Miocene Tertiaries,
_ Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary beds. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr, Hayden.)
Thuya interrupta (n. sp.)
Branchlets flat, narrow, linear, pinnate, opposite, except at the sum- mit of the branch somewhat remote, connected only by the slender woody axis on which the leaves of the branchlets are not decurrent ; leaves in four rows, appressed, those of the upper and lower ranks
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 48
orbicular or obovate, shortly mucronate, lateral ones longer, subu- late, terminating in awn-like points; larger branches naked, or bearing closely-appressed, linear, scale-like leaves.
This is avery distinct and beautiful species, presenting marked differences from any known living or fossil members of the genus.
Its most remarkable character is its slender and graceful habit, and the separation of the pairs of leafy branchlets along the naked and slender branch. The leaves too are less crowded than in most other species, and the lateral ranks are prolonged into acute awn-like points; all of which must have given it an aspect considerably unlike that of any species hitherto deseribed.
I am not aware that atrue Zhuya has before been found fossil. Thuites Salicornoides (Ung. Chlor. Prot. Taf. 2, fig. 1, Taf. 20, fig. 8), is regarded by Endlicher and Heer as rather a Libocedrus, to which it certainly seems, from the figures and descriptions given of it, to be more closely allied.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary beds. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Glyptostrobus Europzeus (Brong.)
Branches slender, bearing many branchlets; leaves of two forms, one short, thick and appressed, the other longer (} inch), slender, divergent, acute, the shorter form carinated, the longer less dis- tinctly, if ever so; male catkins small, terminal, globular, composed of a few shield-shaped scales ; fertile cones larger, ovoid in form, scales narrow, wedge-shaped at base, at summit expanded, semi- circular, with waved or crenate margins, the dorsum of each more or less distinctly marked with 10-12 acute, radiating carinw.
One of the most interesting plants of the European Miocene is the Glyptostrobus, first discovered by Brongniart, and subse- quently fully illustrated in the magnificent work of Prof. O. Heer (Flora Tertiaria Helvetiw). The genus is now only rep- resented on the earth’s surface by @. heterophyllus and @. pen- dulus of China, but during the middle Tertiary epoch was widely spread over both hemispheres. Most of the exposures
44 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
of Miocene strata have furnished specimens of some one of the various phases’of what is regarded by Prof. Heer as a single species, but which has been described under the three names of G. Europeus, G. Ungeri, and G. Oceningensis.
What I have regarded as probably but a variety of this same plant was collected by the U. 8. Exploring Expedition under Capt. Wilkes, at Birch Bay, near the mouth of Frazer’s River, B. C., by Geo. Gibbs, Esq., Geologist to the N. W. Boundary Commission (see Journal of Boston Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii. No. 4), and is represented by numerous specimens in the col- lection of fossil plants made by Dr. Hayden on the Yellowstone and Upper Missouri.
In this country, as in Europe, the foliage of Glyptostrobus exhibits two forms wherever the plant is found; the short ap- pressed, and the longer divergent leaves. In addition to this, the specimens from the N. W. coast have a common character by which they may be distinguished at once from those col- lected by Dr. Hayden. The Western plant is more slender, the appressed leaves sharper and more delicate, the divergent leaves much longer, corresponding more nearly to the Euro- pean form described as G. Ungeri, while those from the Up- per Missouri resemble more the variety known as G@. Luropeus. The cones, however, found with the Missouri specimens are more like those of G. Ungeri than G. Luropeus; the dorsum of the seale being marked by short, radiating caring, as in @. Ungeri, the margin being waved, but not regularly scalloped » asin G. Luropous.
From the extreme West we have as yet no cones which can be certainly referred to this plant, so that the most important element in the comparison is wanting, but it would seem that here, as in Europe, the different phases of the plants belonging to the genus Glyptostrobus are so linked together, that they should be regarded as forming but a single species. At least we have not yet obtained sufficient material to justify us in attempting to define the limits of other species.
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 45
The two living species of Glyptostrobus, which Fortune found growing in China, resemble the fossil forms perhaps as much as they do each other, and it is perhaps doubtful whether they should not all be united under the same name. The living and fossil plants are associated with fan-palms, and belong to the flora of the Southern temperate zone, or that of a latitude ten degrees south of the localities where the fossils occur.
formation and Locality. Fort Union, Dacotah, Washing- ton Territory, and Birch Bay, B. C.
Taxodium occidentale (Newb.)
T. oceidentale, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. loc. cit.
Branchlets terete, leaves numerous, crowded, sessile or very short petivled, one-nerved, flat, rounded at both ends.
This plant is the American analogue of 7. dubium, Heer (Flor. Tert. Helv. 8. 49, Taf. xvii, figs. 5-15), which it so closely re- sembles, that at first sight it would probably be considered iden- tical with that species, but in 7. dubium the leaves are fewer, more obliquely set on the branchlets; are lanceolate in outline and acute at both ends, whereas in the specimens collected by Dr. Hayden on the Upper Missouri, Dr. Cooper in Montana, Mr. Geo. Gibbs near Bellingham Bay, Prof. Dana at Birch Bay, and by Richardson on McKenzie’s river, the leaves are all broader, more closely set, rounded at both ends, and sometimes even emarginate at the summit. The specimens brought in by Dr. Hayden and Dr. Cooper are larger and stronger than those from the West coast, but the form of the leaf is the same.
Tt unfortunately happens that in none of the collections made at the West, containing this plant, are there any cones, which ean, with any probability, be supposed to represent its fruit.
It is not certain therefore that this is a Zuzodium, and not a true Zarus, but the length of the leaves, sometimes 1} inches, and their accurate arrangement in two ranks, all extended ‘in the same plane, give the foliage an aspect unlike that of most
of the Yews.
46 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
In Taxus brevifolia the leaves of the young branches are nearly as distichous as these, but in Z. baccata, T. Canadensis, and usually in 7. brevifolia, there is manifested a tendency to a many-ranked arrangement. This is especially noticeable in the Irish Yew, in which the leaves surround the stem in much the same way asin the spruces. The branchlets are also more delicate than in the Yews, and the foliage must have been more light and feathery, like that of the deciduous cypress, (Taxodium distichum).
The resemblance of our plant to 7. dubiwm of the European Miocene strata is so strong, that, even without the fruit, we are fully justified in placing them in the same genus.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary strata. Banks of the Yellowstone River, &e.
Sequoia Langsdorfil? Br.
The leaves figured in the report of Col. Raynolds are part of a large number of the same species collected by Dr. Hayden on the Banks of the Yellowstone River. They include two forms of foliage; one, in which the leaves are many-rowed, short, appressed and awl-shaped; in the other, they are two- ranked, much longer, linear, acute or rounded, more or less narrowed, decurrent at the base, and traversed by a strong medial nerve. The first form is confined to the larger (and per- manent?) branches; the other to the terminal (and deciduous ?) branchlets. This foliage closely resembles that of the deciduous cypress of the Mississippi Valley, but the leaves of the branch- lets are less crowded, are broader and more noticeably decur- rent. Except in this latter character—and that is often not strongly marked—there is also little difference to be distinguish- ed between these fossil leaves and those described by Brong- niart, (Prod, pp. 108-208), under the name of Zawites Langs- dorpfii, and figured by Unger (Ieonographia T. 15, f. 13), and later more fully illustrated by Prof. Heer (Flor. Tert. Helvet. 2,8. 54, T. xxi. fig. 4) as Seguoia Langsdorfii. The correspon-
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 47
dence is so close with the plant figured by Heer, that he would doubtless consider them as identical, and, in the absence of distinetive characters, I have thought best to regard them as the same. I am strongly inclined to believe, however, that the leaves before me were derived from a tree more closely allied to our deciduous cypress than to our species of Sequoia, and that, whatever its generic aflinities may have been, its -foliage was deciduons.
A large number of fragments of a shaly, argillaceous lime- stone were brought in by Dr. Hayden, which are filled, and their surfaces covered, by disconnected branchlets with their leaves attached, and which present the appearance of having been thrown down together precisely as the deciduous branch- lets of our cypress are detached by the frost. Among these are a few pieces of larger branchlets, bearing traces of short, appressed leaves, which I have conjectured to be the perma- nent. foliage of the tree. These branches show, at regular intervals, the former points of attachment of deciduous? branch- lets, but none of them are still in their places. They may have been dead twigs; some of which would naturally fall and aceu- mulate with the leaves. The leaf-bearing branchlets, too, are always simple, and though lying together in great numbers, crossing at every angle, they are wholly distinct and discon- nected. The probability would therefore seem to be, that the foliage of the tree was deciduous, and although we have as yet no fruit to guide us, we may infer that it was not a Seguota, but a Zaxodium, closely allied to, and perhaps the progenitor of TZ. distichum.
It has been said above that the leaves of Sequoia Langa- dorfii, Heer, are very like those under consideration, but if Prof. Heer is correet in considering the plants figured by Unger as Zawites Langsdorfir (Iconographia Denkschrift, k. k. Acad. iv. 1852, 8. 103, Taf. xxxviii. figs. 12-16) as identical with that figured by him (loc. cit.), we should have additional evidence that these fossils, collected by Dr. Hayden, are at
48 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
~
least specifically different from the European ones; for Dr. H.’s specimens nowhere exhibit any very near approach to those fig- ured by Unger (1. ¢.), which are much broader, more closely set, apparently on permanent branches, and present a very different aspect. Prof. Heer has perhaps sutticient proof of the identity of all the forms that he includes under the name of S. ZLangs- dori, but the light, feathery and deciduous? foliage, indicated by the impressions before us, could hardly, under any cireum- stances, have assumed the form of “ Zawxites Langsdorfii,” as given in Unger’s beautiful work to which I have referred.
Since the above notes were written, Prof. Heer has described a collection of fossil plants, made at Nanaimo, Vanconver’s Isl- and, and at Buzzard’s Bay, British Columbia, and forwarded to him by Dr. Hooker. Among the plants from Nanaimo are several specimens which he regards as identical with his Se- quoia Langsdorpii, but this seems hardly possible, as it is clearly proven from the facts published by me in the Bost. Jour. Nat. Hlist. (Vol. ii. No. 4, 1863), that the plant beds of Nanaimo are all of Cretaceous age. The plant figured by Prof. Heer is ap- parently my Zaxodium cuneatum, and has generally shorter and more spatulate leaves, with narrower bases than those of Sequoia Langsdorfii. The plant beds of Buzzard’s Bay, like those of Birch Bay, and part of those of Bellingham Bay, are apparently Miocene.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata, Banks of the Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Amelanchier similis (n. sp.)
Leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse or acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base; margin coarsely toothed, except near the petiole, where it is entire; nervation pinnate, delicate; medial nerve straight, 6-7 pairs of lateral nerves diverging from the midrib at an angle of about 40°, slightly curved upward, especially near the summit, the upper ones nearly simple, but giving off a perceptible branch near the summit on the lower side, which runs into the next tooth below. The lower pair spring from the extreme base of the leaf, are strong and simple, and strike the margin where the denta-
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 49
tion commences. The second pair of lateral nerves each send off two or three slender nerves from near the summit to the teeth of the adjacent margin ; tertiary nerves very tine, leaving the second- aries at right angles, and forming a fine net-work of which the areole are nearly quadrate,
The number of specimens of this species in the collection is small, and all but one imperfect. This one is evidently the impression of a thin, delicate leaf, of which all the details of nervation are preserved as perfectly as they could have ap- peared in the living plant. The other specimens indicate that the leaves were usually pointed, often acute.
From the nervation and character of dentation of these leaves, I think we may at least say that the plant which bore them was rosaceous, and among the rosaceous genera with which I have compared them they approach most nearly to Amelanchier ; some of the leaves of A. Canadensis being en- tirely undistinguishable from them in form or nervation.
A. Canadensis now grows over all the temperate parts of the continent, and would seem from its wide range to he as likely to be an old resident of the continent, and to be represented in the Tertiary, as any other of our plants.
Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Rhamnus elegans (0p. sp.)
Leaves lanceolate, entire, rounded or abruptly narrowed at the base, long-pointed and acute above, broadest part one-third the distance from the base to apex; nervation regular and sharp, but delicate, midrib strongly marked, lateral nerves 12-15, nearly equidistant on either side, gently arched upward, and terminating in the margins; tertiary nerves numerous, fine, spanning the dis tance between the branch nerves, and dividing this space into nar- row, sub-rectangular areoles.
This is a remarkably neat and symmetrical leaf, both as re- gards its outline and nervation. Its lines are all graceful, with
little of the rigidity that characterizes the leaves of most of APRIL, 1868. 4 Axx. Lro. Nat. Hist., Vou. 1X
50 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
the Lhamnacee, and more of the aspect of the leaf of a Laura- ceous tree, but the numerous parallel side-nerves, terminating all in the margins, form a character which the Laurels never have.
Of described species, it most resembles Weber’s 2. Decheni, (Paleontographica ii. 8S. 204, T. 23, fig. 2), but differs from it in having an ovate, lanceolate form, and the nervation is a lit- tle more crowded.
Formation and Locality. Miocene sandstone. Belmont, Colorado. (Miss Kate Haymaker.)
Rhamnites concinnus (n. sp.)
Leaves petioled, long ovate, acute, rounded at the base, coarsely and nearly equally mucronate-dentate ; nervation pinnate, remark- ably precise and parallel throughout; medial nerve straight ; lat- eral nerves, 9-10 pairs diverging at an angle of about 20°, slightly arched upward, parallel among themselves, basilar pair reaching to margin below the middle of the leaf, sending off each about 8 short, simple, slightly curved, parallel branches to the dentations of the baso-lateral margin; superior lateral nerves simple, or once forked at the summit; tertiary nerves very numerous, simple, parallel, connecting the lateral secondary nerves and the branches of the basilar nerves nearly at right angles.
These beautiful leaves are so definite in form and structure, and so perfectly preserved, that we should have no difficulty in referring them to their appropriate genus, if we could find among living trees their precise generic counterpart, but up to the present time I have not been able to satisfy myself that they are generically related to any living plants. The nervation is in some respects very like that of Berchemia ; e. g. B. volubilis, the “Supple Jack” of our Southern States. Nowhere else do I remember to have seen the same parallelism of the secondary and tertiary nerves, but the serration of the margin is coarser than in any of the 2hamnacew with which I am acquainted, and the development of the basilar pair of lateral nerves is much greater than in Berchemia. This latter character is
) ] a ’
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 51
not without example in Z2hammnus, as it is even more conspicu- ous in some species of the genus, as for example in 22. ce/tifolia of the Cape of Good Hope. A cross between that species and our Lerchemia, with a greater development of the marginal dentation than either exhibits, would give us the fossil before us,
Considering it to exhibit more of the character of the 22/am- nacee than of any other family, I have placed it doubtfully there.
formation and Locality. Miocene strata.. Fort Union, Da cotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Sapindus affiinis (0. sp.)
Leaves pinnate in many pairs of leaflets, with a single lanceolate terminal one; leaflets smooth, thick, lanceolate, long-pointed, acute, sessile or short-petioled, unsymmetrical, rounded or wedge-shaped at base; nerves fine and obscure, ten or more branches diverging from the midrib on either side at somewhat unequal distances, and of unequal size. These arch upward, giving off several lateral branches at right angles, or nearly so, and die out near the margins, or are carried round in a curve parallel with it, and thus conneet.
These leaves are most strikingly like those of Sapindus, and taken by themselves would afford perhaps sufficient ground for uniting them with that genus, They are also very like a series of leaves found in the Tertiaries of Europe, figured by Prof. Heer, in the Flor. Tert. Helvet. Taf. exix. and exx. under the names of Sapindus falcifolius, S. densifolius, and S. dubius, The nervation is also the same; so there can hardly be a doubt that our plant and those of Prof. Heer are generically ident: eal, and, if the proofs before him of the identity of his fossils with the living genus Sapindus are suflicient, we must con- clude that the specimens before us are also the representatives of that genus. In our specimens, however, the leaves are con- stantly shorter and broader than in the species | have men- tioned, and are often rounded at the base, so that I have been compelled to regard them as specifically distinct.
52 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds, Mouth of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Sapindus membranaceus (n. sp.)
Leaves pinnate in many pairs of leaflets, and terminating in a large ovate, often unsymmetrical one; lateral leaflets lanceolate, acute, wedge-shaped at base, unsymmetrical, thin and membraneous, with entire margins; neryation fine and sparse, many pairs of lateral nerves being given off by the midrib (from which also spring many small lateral branchlets), and, these arching upward inosculate near the margin or die out.
This is similar in nervation and in the general form of the lateral leaflets to the preceding species (S. afinis), but the whole plant is more delicate, the leaf thinner, the nervation finer, the terminal leaflet several times as large and of a dif-
ferent form. Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary strata. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.) Tilia antiqua (n. sp.)
Leaves 4-5 inches long, nearly as wide, often somewhat unsym- metrical, cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at summit, coarsely and nearly equally toothed ; nervation strong, medial nerve straight, bearing 8-9 pairs of lateral nerves, which diverge at an angle of about 45°. The basilar pair of lateral nerves each sending off 5-6 branches on the lower side, which are again branched and termi- nate in the teeth of the margin. The second pair of lateral nerves have each 4 similar branches, the third pair 3, the fourth pair 2, the fifth pair 1, though there are frequent departures from this rule. The tertiary nerves are strongly marked, leaving the second- ary nerves nearly at right angles, crossing directly between the adjacent ones, or anastomosing with some irregularity in the mid- dle of the interspaces.
There are many fragments of these leaves in the collection before me, imbedded in a very fine and hard argillaceous lime- stone, and very beautifully preserved. They exhibit consid- erable resemblance to the leaves of Morus, especially DL. rubra, but in that plant the basilar nerves of the leaves are more de-
veloped, and reach the margins higher up. The marginal
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 53
dentation is also generally more acute in the leaves of the mul- berry, and the leaves more pointed. The nervation of these fossil leaves is almost precisely that of our common species of Tilia, but in that the marginal dentation ismuch sharper. Ina Southern species, however, 7. heterophylla, have found leaves which seem to be the exact counterpart of these; leaves witha roughish surface, strong and regular nervation, just after this pattern, and with a coarse, obtuse, and regular dentation. I am therefore inclined to refer these fossils té Zilia, and to re- gard them as the relics of a species closely allied to, if not identical with, 7. heterophylla.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata, near Fort Clarke. (Dr. Hayden.)
Rhus nervosa (un. sp.)
Leaves pinnate, leaflets oblong or linear in outline, rounded or cordate at the base, pointed above; margins coarsely and acutely serrate; nervation pinnate, strong; latetal nerves numerous, leav- ing the midrib at an acute angle, simple or somewhat branched, parallel, gently arched upward, and terminating in the teeth of the border.
The specimens of this species scarcely afford material for gat- isfactory classification. They bear a strong resemblance to the pinnate leaflets of some of our shrubby species of /2/us, especi- ally of 22. copallina and FR. typhina. The nervation and margi; nal serration are essentially the same, and the texture of the leaf would appear to have been similar, but the nerves are stronger and the dentation coarser than in most specimens of these spe- cies with which I have compared it. With the trifoliate and oak-leaved species it las little in common, and will not be likely to be confounded with any of the fossil species which have been described.
The general form of the leaf is not unlike 2. Meriani, Neer (Op. cit. Taf. exxvi. figs. 5-11), but the margins of the leaves of that species are not as deeply toothed.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
54 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
Viburnum asperum (n. sp.)
Leaves ovate in outline, rounded or slightly cordate at base, acute and long-pointed above, margins all cut by relatively large acute teeth; nervation strong, crowded; midrib straight; lateral nerves alternate, about nine on each side, the lowest and strongest bearing each 5-6 simple branches on the lower side; the lateral nerves of the middle of the leaf carrying 1-2 branches at the sum- mits, the upper ones simple, all terminating in the marginal teeth; tertiary nerves numerous, connecting the secondaries nearly at right angles, and generally parallel.
The nervation of these leaves is strong, regular and crowded. The marginal serration is simple, coarse and sharp, much like that of the leaves of many species of Viburnum.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Viburnum lanceolatum (n. sp.)
Leaves small, narrow, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or slightly wedge-shaped at the base, pointed above, coarsely and sharply serrate-dentate throughout; nervation strong; midrib straight; lateral nerves about 5 pairs, diverging from the midrib at an angle varying from 15° to 20°, all slightly and uniformly arched upward, the basilar pair each throwing out at an acute angle about six simple branches which terminate in the teeth of the margin, the upper branches supporting each one or two similar branches near the summits; tertiary nervation fine, and undistinguishable in the fossil state.
In the regularity and precision of the neryation, these leaves resemble those of Carpinus, but in most species of that genus the serration of the margins is double, while here it is single, and, except in one or two old-world forms, the nervation of the leaves of the living species of that genus is considerably different, the basilar pair of lateral nerves being much shorter, and simple or less branched.
The style of nervation observable in these fossils oceurs in one or two species of Whamnus, but is there very exceptional,
> 7 7 ,
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 55
S
and the marginal serration of Rhamnus is rarely if ever so coarse as in the plant before us. ;
In Zizyphus we have a similar nervation ; and not a dissimilar style in Celtis, but in neither of these have we such marginal teeth. In Viburnum, however, we have some examples of leaves exhibiting a closer resemblance to the fossils than any I have cited above, as in Viburnum erosum, Thurnbg. from Corea, and V. odoratissimum of Japan. In both these plants we find leaves with a great development of the basilar pair of. nerves, and a coarse, acute, and regular dentation of the margin.
Formation and Locality. Miocene beds. Fort Union, Da- eotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Alnus serrata (n. sp.)
Leaves oval or elliptical, slightly cordate at the base, rounded or sub-acute at summit; margins serrate throughout, serrations fine, sharp and appressed below, coarse and double above; nervation ‘pinnate, strongly marked; basilar pair of lateral nerves short and simple, upper ones branched near the extremities.
These leaves have nearly the form of Alnus Ke/ersteini, Ung. (Chloris, Prot. Taf. 33, figs. 1-6), and a nervation simi- lar in kind but more crowded. The marginal serration is also coarser.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Banks of Yel- lowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Planera microphylla (n. sp.)
Leaves very small, ovate-lanceolate, generally unsymmetrical, curved or falcate, cordate at base, pointed but rarely acute, coarsely and bluntly toothed; nervation strong; lateral nerves diverging at an angle of about 50° in 5—6 pairs branching toward the summit, and inosculating along the margins; tertiary nerves strong, leaving the secondaries nearly at right angles, much branched and anastomosing to form a coarse and irregular net- work.
In its general form this leaf has a striking resemblance to
56 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
Planera Ungeri, Ettings. (Tert. flor. der Gistr. Monarch, p. 14, Taf. ii. figs. 5-18). Ulmus Zelkovefolia, Ung. (Chloris Protogeea Taf. xxiv. figs. 7-12, ete.), but it is apparently considerably smaller, narrower, and more coarsely toothed.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Catalpa crassifolia (n. sp.)
Leaves large, fleshy, ovate, heart-shaped at base, pointed above, sometimes unsymmetrical; margins entire; nervation strongly de- veloped; midrib straight or flexuous; lateral nerves about 7 pairs ; lower pair strongest, not reaching the middle of the leaf, giving off each about 4 branches on the lower side, of which the lower ones spring from the base of the laterals and are much branched ; upper laterals branched at their summits, branches uniting to form a fes- toon somewhat remote from the margin; tertiary nervation invisible.
In its general aspect this leaf bears a marked resemblance to those of the common Cutalpa which grows spontaneously in Kentucky and Tennessee, and is generally cultivated through- out the Northern States. The leaves of the Catalpa are, how- ever, broader, and the basilar pair of lateral nerves are stronger, reaching to and sometimes above the middle of the margin. The number of lateral nerves is also less, but they branch at their summits, and form a marginal festoon very much in the same way as in the fossil.
The leaves of some species of /%icus, of Gonolobus, and Aris- tolochia exhibit considerable resemblance to this, but scarcely as, much as do those of Catalpa. In Gonolobus and Aristolo- chia the nervation is lighter, more open, radiate and waved, while in the broad-leaved species of Ficus (Z*. tiliwfolia, F. populina, ete.), the basilar nerves are much more developed, and the marginal festoon nearer the margin. In 4. Jorloti, on the contrary, the basilar nerves are less strong. Catalpa, therefore, seems to offer the greatest resemblance to the fossil, and I place it provisionally in that genus. This is so conspicu-
oD
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 57
ous a feature in the flora to which it belongs, that it requires to be figured and described. Future observations will deter- mine whether it has been correctly referred to its living allies.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Banks of Yel- lowstone River. (Dr. Hayden )
Negundo triloba (n. sp.)
Leaves thin and delicate, but distinctly nerved, pinnate in one or more pairs, leaflets lanceolate or lance-ovate, long-pointed, rounded or slightly cordate at base, short-petioled; margins coarsely, re- motely, and irregularly toothed; terminal leaflet trilobate, the mar- gins toothed or serrated ; nervation of lateral leaflets pinnate, nine or ten pairs of lateral nerves diverging from the midrib at an angle of about 50°, arching upward, more or less branched toward the summit. Of these the basal pair are shortest and simple, following the course of the adjacent margin; the second pair are strongest, and throw off each three or four curved branches on the lower side.
The general aspect, including texture, form, dentation, and nervation of the lateral leaflets, is strikingly like that of the corresponding parts of the leaf of the living Wegundo aceroides. The genus Wegundo is represented among living plants by but a single species, and this is so like Acer in all but its leaves, that Prof. Gray intimates that it should hardly be considered dis- tinct from that genus. A fossil species has been discovered in the Tertiaries of Europe, J. yeege Heer (Flor. Tert. Helvet. 3, 8. 60, Taf. exviii. figs. 20-22), but it would seem to have been a smaller species than the living one, and had obovate wedge-based leaves, quite different from those before us.
If in the light of nore and better material, it should prove that a species of Megundo lived on the American continent during the Miocene Tertiary Epoch, it would be a tact of no little interest, and would strengthen the claims of Megundo aceroides to a distinct generic place in the botanical series. In that case, however, its trilobate terminal leaflet would still further indicate its acerine affinities.
Formation and Locality. Near Fort Union, (Dr, Hayden.)
58 Later Extinct Flovas of North America,
Aralia triloba. (n. sp.)
Leaves pinnate or ternate; lateral leaflets long-oval, rounded, or slightly heart-shaped, and unequal at base, pointed at summit, sharply serrate throughout; nervation pinnate ; texture thin; sur- faces smooth.
Trilobate leaf similar in surface, texture, nervation and marginal serration, but unequally three-lobed; lobes acute, long-pointed,
The character of these leaves is very well shown in the speci- mens before me. They seem plainly to indicate a species of Aralia, and have a marked resemblance to some of the leaves of our two most common species, A. racemosa and A, nudicau- lis. The trilobate leaf is not commonly fonnd in our Aralias, but there is always a tendency to the production of such a form, and I have frequently remarked it in A. racemosa, as it grows at the West. That is, however, generally a much larger and stronger plant than this.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Clarke. (Dr. Hayden.)
Corylus orbiculata, (n. sp.)
Leaves small, orbicular, or nearly so, slightly and unequally cor- date at base, blunt-pointed above ; margins set with fine and nearly equal teeth; neryation strong; midrib curved and slightly sinuous ; lateral nerves about 7 pairs, mostly straight and nearly parallel among themselves, lower pair sending off each 7—8 short, simple or forked branches which terminate in the teeth of the edge; second pair supporting each about three branches of similar character ; upper lateral nerves simple, or having each 2-3 branches near the summit; tertiary nerves parallel, distinct.
This is another hazel-like leaf, of which the classification, with- out the fruit, must be somewhat doubtful. The general form is more like that of the leaves of Zilia (7. Americana and T. Europea); being much rounder than those of any species of Corylus with which I am familiar.
The nervation is however different from that of Z7i/ia, and is in fact altogether that of Corylus. In Zilia, the leaves are
VSS Sr—C<(it MC
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 59
usually broadly cordate; the nervation of the base and lateral portions of the leaf being supplied from the first or basal pair of lateral nerves, which are largely developed, much branched, and reach considerably above the middle point of the lateral margin. In Corylus, on the contrary, the basal nerves are short and supply only the basal margins; the second pair of lateral nerves is relatively more developed than in 7Z%/ia, Morus, ete., and in the number and parallelism of the lateral nerves they approach more nearly to the strictly feather-veined leaves of Fugus, Alnus, ete.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary strata, Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Corylus grandifolia. (0. sp.)
Leaves large (5-6 inches long), short-petioled, unequally cordate at the base, pointed above, coarsely and unequally dentate; nerva- tion strong; midrib straight or curved, not sinuous; lateral nerves, 6-7 pairs; lower pair diverging at a larger angle than the upper ones, and supporting a number of short, generally simple, branches, on the lower side, which terminate in the basal margin; second pair diverging at an angle of 45°, reaching the margin about the middle, supporting about 4 branches on the outside; upper pair simple or branched once, rarely twice.
This was evidently a large, thick, roughish leaf, having more the aspect and texture of the leaves of the mulberry than of the hazel. The nervation is, however, much nearer that of the latter genus. Indeed, in all essential characters it is the same as that of the three species of Corylus with which it is associ ated. The dentation of the margin, also, is acute, unequal, partially double, much more like that of the leaves of Cory/us than of any of those with which I have compared it.
Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Corylus Americana, (Walt)
Among the variety of specimens of the leaves of (. Amert- cana with which I have compared these fossils, there are some
60 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
which, if fossilized, would form impressions absolutely undis- tinguishable from them, and I have therefore found it impossi- ble to fix upon any characters by which they can be separated. As compared with the fossils which I have referred to Q. ros- trata, these leaves are a little more rounded in outline, the nervation somewhat more open and delicate, the marginal teeth more nearly equal in size, and more obtuse.
Of all the species of Corylus, living or fossil, which have been described, there is none of which the leaves so much resemble these, as C. Americana.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary strata. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Corylus rostrata. (Ait.)
These leaves offer no characters by which they can be dis- tinguished from those of the living “ Beaked Hazel-nut.” They are clearly those of a Hazel, and show such a perfect correspon- dence with those of one of the species living in the region where these fossils occur, that until the fruit shall be found, and the question definitely settled, I have thought it best to consider them as identical.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus cordata (n. sp.)
Leaves orbicular or round-heart-shaped, deeply cordate at the base ; margins strongly toothed, except the inner border of the lobes of the base; nervation radiate; medial nerve straight, simple below, branched near the summit; lateral nerves, 3 pairs diverging at nearly equal angles, from a common point of origin; lower lateral nerves small, simple, arched upward at their summits, ter- minating in the margins; second pair of lateral nerves springing from the basal point of radiation nearly at right angles with the midrib, arching upward as they approach the lateral margins, and supporting each about three branches on the inner side; third pair of lateral nerves diverging from the midrib at its base at an angle of about 45°, bearing one or two lateral branches, and terminating in the margin above the middle of the leaf.
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 61
Of this neat species there are no complete specimens in the collection; none of them showing the summit of the leaf. Enough is,.however, discernible in them to show that they represent a species of Populus different from any other in the collection; and from any before described. Of the species at present growing on the North American continent, the leaves of P. heterophylla approach most nearly to these, but the nerva- tion of the leaves of that tree is never so distinetly radiate.
In the character of its marginal dentation this species resem- bles P. mutabilis, var. crenata, Heer, but is clearly distinguish- ed from that by its cordate base, and corresponding radiate venation.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary strata. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus nervosa (n. sp.)
Leaves rounded in outline, margins nearly entire, or slightly ser- rate at the base, sharply but not deeply toothed on the sides, on the summit strongly doubly serrate, with a tendency to become three- lobed; nervation strongly marked and crowded; basal nerves springing from the midrib above the margin, given off at an angle of 30° or more, reaching the margin above the middle, where they terminate in the most prominent teeth or lobes; from these basilar nerves are given off five or six strong lateral nerves, which arch upward and, more or less forked, terminate in the marginal teeth; above the basilar nerves three or four pairs of strong lateral nerves are given off from the midrib, which run parallel with the basilar pair, and terminate, like them, in the compound teeth of the upper margin. The lateral nerves are connected by numerous strong secondary nerves, which are generally simple and slightly arched, sometimes broken, and anastomosing with each other. This latter character gives a lattice-like appearance to the leaf, to a degree un- usual in the genus.
The strong nervation of this species is one of its most marked characters, and has suggested the name given it. Dy this and ‘the double dentation of the superior margin, as well as by their acerine form, these leaves are easily distinguishable from
62 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
any of those with which they are associated and any hitherto described.
Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus nervosa (n. sp.) Var. B. elongata.
Leaves ovoid or oblong in outline, wedge-shaped at base, abruptly pointed at summit, basal margins entire, sides rather finely toothed, superior margin, coarsely, somewhat doubly dentate; ner- vation strongly marked, less crowded than in var. A.; basal nerves springing from the midrib above the basal margin nearly straight, reaching the sides above the middle and terminating in the first large dentations of the upper margin; exterior lateral nerves of the basal pair, three or four in number, remote, nearly simple, curved upward, and terminating in the lateral teeth ; secondary nerves above basal pair, three on each side of the midrib, parallel with the basal pair, and connected with them, each other, and the midrib, by numerous strong, generally simple, lattice nerves.
The nervation of these leaves is essentially the same as that of those last described, and which, notwithstanding the difference of form that they present, I am inclined to consider as belong- ing to the same species. This diversity of form is not greater than may be seen in the leaves of any poplar tree, and the dif- ferences of dentation are not greater than those observed in different leaves of many living and fossil species. The origin of the large basilar nerves above the base of the leaves, the strong and latticed nervation, and the dentation of the same general character, with the fact that all the specimens are from the same locality, all combine to lead me to consider the two forms as specifically identical.
Formation and Locality. ignite Tertiary strata. Yellow- stone River. Nebraska. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus Nebrascencis (n. sp.)
Leaves long-petioled, 2-3 inches long, ovate, pointed, regularly rounded at the base, coarsely and irregularly toothed, except near the base, where the margins are entire; nervation strong, radiating
——— So.
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 63
from the base of the leaf; medial nerve straight, simple (or sup- porting very small nerves), except near the summit, where two or three larger branches rise from it; lateral nerves, two pairs on each
side, springing from a common point of origin; lower pair arched
upward, nearly parallel with the margin of the leaf to which they send off one or more simple branches; second pair of laterals diverging from these at an angle of 30°, arching upward, and run- ning parallel with the midrib, terminating in the margin near the summit, each giving off about three exterior branches, which curve
‘upward, and terminate in the dentations of the border.
This species by its general form and nervation, approaches closely to P. Smilacifolia, but the base is rounded (sometimes slightly wedge-shaped), never distinctly cordate; the superior lateral nerves are not quite so much drawn together toward the summit, and the margins are differently and much more coarsely dentate.
A large number of specimens of this species present constant and distinctive characters. They exhibit considerable varia- tion in size, being from 1 to 3 inches in length, but in form, nervation, and marginal dentation, they are alike.
These specimens are derived from different localities, and without doubt represent a distinct species which was spread over the Tertiary Continent.
By the character of the impressions left on the stone, as well as by the coarse and unequal dentation of the margins, we may infer an affinity between this and the downy-leafed pop- lars of the present epoch, such as 2. alba of Europe, ete., hile in the smooth surface and finely denticulate or entire margin of P. Smilacifolia, we have evidence of resemblance to P. tremuloides.
There is no fossil species for which this ean well be mistaken. Some of the forms of P. crenata, Unger (Fosg, Flor. v. Sotzka, S. 167, Taf. xxxvi. figs. 2-5), resemble these leaves, but they are not so distinctly radiate-nerved. Unger represents the teeth of the margin as more acute, and more like those of P. tremula, with which he compares his fossil species.
64 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
Formation and Locality. Ferruginous shale. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus cumeata. (n. sp.)
Leaves small, obovate, somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, ob- tusely pointed at the summit, coarsely, obtusely, and irregularly den- tate on the margins, three-veined, basilar nerves given off at an acute angle, terminating above the middle of the margin; secondary nerves few-forked, and often inosculating.
This species is represented by numerous specimens in the collection made by Dr. Hayden on the Yellowstone. It will be seen to be distinctly separable from any of the species pub- lished with it, and the same may be said in regard to those pub- lished elsewhere. In general forin it bears some resemblance to P. attenuata, Al. Braun (Flor. Tert. Helvet. 2. S.15. Taf. lvii. and lviii.), also to some forms of P. mutabilis H.; but the nervation is less crowded than in those species, and both are acuminate-pointed.
Formation and Locality. Vignite Tertiary beds. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus genetrix. (n. sp.)
Leaves large, cordate in form, acuminate; margins serrate, with rather small appressed teeth; three-nerved; nervation sparse but strong; midrib straight, with few small branches; basilar nerves very strong; given off at an acute angle, much branched at the summit, reaching nearly to the margin far above the middle; from each of the basilar-lateral nerves spring 5-6 exterior branches, the lower ones very strong and branched, the upper slender and simple.
In general aspect this leaf is very similar to that of the liv- ing 1. balsamifera, and apparently differs from it only in its nervation, It is more decidedly three-nerved than those of any of the living group which it may be supposed to represent —P. balsamifera, P. candicans, P. monilifera, ete..—yet one may occasionally find a leat of either of thése species whieh in this respect ‘approaches the fossil before us. The dentation of the margin is essentially that of 2. balsamifera, and it can
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 65
hardly be doubted that we have here the progenitor of one or more of the group of poplars with which I have compared it, and which now grow in the region where these fossil plants were collected.
The different species of Populus, among the Miocene plants collected by Dr. Hayden, are far more generally three-nerved than are the living species which now inhabit this country. Tn this respect they resemble more the foreign P. alba; and it may be said that the majority of species described in this memoir are more closely allied to the section Coriacew than to the Balsamite.
Lormation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus Acerifolia. (0. sp.)
Leaves long-petioled, broad-ovate in outline, often somewhat three- lobed, obtuse, slightly cordate at base, margins coarsely and une- qually crenate; nervation radiate, strong; medial nerve straight, wiv- ing off one pair of lateral nerves near the centre of the leaf, and above these about three smaller ones on each side. From the base of the midrib spring two pairs of lateral nerves on each side. Of these the lower and smaller pair diverge at an angle of 60°—70° with the midrib, are nearly straight, give off numerous short branches on the lower side, and terminate in the lateral margin below the mid- dle. The second and larger pair of laterals diverge from the mid- rib at an angle of about 35° to 45°, are straight or slightly curved upward, terminating in the margins above the middle, or in the lobes, when lobes are developed; from these spring three or four branches on the outside, which, simple or branching, terminate in the scallops of the border. The tertiary nervation, shown very dis- tinctly in some of the specimens, forms a network similar to that ot the leaves of living species of Populus, of which the areolw exlibit considerable diversity of form and size, being polygonal with a roundish outline, or quadrangular.
_ The general aspect of these leaves is mucli like that of some of the living maples, but they are less distinctly trilobate ; the erenation of the margin is coarse, irregular, and obtuse or rounded, as is usually tiie case with the leaves of a group of
APRIL, 1868. 5 Ans. Lye. Nat. Hist, Vou. LX
66 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
poplars, the leaves of which in other respects most resemble these. The surface is, in many specimens, somewhat roughened, as though in the living leaf it was canescent; also a common character among poplars, but rare or unknown among maples. The leaves of the maples are generally thin, and the network of the tertiary nerves is remarkably fine and uniform, affording a reliable generic character. This is visible in the Jeaves of all the receut maples, and is beautifully shown in the impressions of the leaves of A. pseudoplatanus, given in Ettingshausen and Pokorny’s Physiotypia Plant. Austria, Tat. xvii., fig. 10.
Among fossil species this perhaps resembles most 2. lewco- phylla (Foss. Flor. v. Gleichenberg Denkschrift, k. k. Acad., vol. viii., 1854, p. 177, Taf. iv., figs. 6-10), but is much more distinetly crenate-toothed on the margin. The teeth of P. leucophylla are either obsolete or remote and acute, making a sinuate-dentate margin.
formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Populus Smilacifolia. (n. sp.)
. Leaves ovate, pointed, slightly cordate at the base; margins finely and obtusely crenulated; nervation radiate, delicate, and sparse; medial nerve straight, giving off only fine and scarcely per- ceptible lateral nerves below, and two or three longer branches near the summit; two pairs of lateral nerves radiate with the medial nerve from the same point at the base of the leaf; of these the lower two are small, nearly simple, and arched evenly upward ; the other two, nearly as strong as the midrib, spring from the base at an angle of about 25°, and, after diverging to the middle of the leaf, curve upward toward the summit, near which they terminate in the margins. These lateral nerves support four or five simple or once-forked branches, each given off exteriorly, which curve up- ward, and terminate in the lateral margins. The tertiary nerves are given off nearly at right angles from the secondaries, and form a delicate polygonal or quadrangular network over the surface of the leaf.
The lower pair of lateral nerves should properly be consid- ered as branches of the larger ones, so that the leaf is more
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 67
distinctly three-veined than that of any living species of Populus. This character, with the smooth surface and nearly entire margins, gives these leaves the general aspect of those of Smilax, and suggested the name given them. Their nervation, however, is sufficiently distinct trom that of Smilaw, and is clearly that of Populus, though in a somewhat exaggerated form. In Smilax three or tive nerves radiate from the base of the leaf, and terminate together at the summit, which those of the leaves of Populus never do. In Sinilaw, too, the principal nerves give off no large branches, but all the interspaces are filled with a labyrinth of anastomosing veins, forming a very different network from that of Populus.
The marginal serration of the present species would seem to have been much like that of the leaves of the living P. tremue- lordes, but still finer, while the size of the leaf was considera- bly larger.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Lignite Tertiary. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Platanus nobilis. (n. sp.)
Leaves large, one and a half feet in length and breadth, péti- oled, 3 lobed, or sub 5 lobed, lobes acute, margins of lobes and base entire, or near the summits of the lobes delicately sinuate- toothed; nervation strongly marked, generally parallel; medial nerve straight, two basilar nerves of nearly equal length and strength diverge from it at an angle of 30°-35°, are straight throughout and terminate in the apices of the principal lateral lobes. Above the basilar nerves about 16 pairs of lateral nerves are given off from the midrib at about the same angle; these are nearly straight and parallel, terminating in the teeth of the margin, From each of the basilar nerves diverge about the same number of pairs of branches as from the midrib, and these are also nearly straight and parallel, and terminate directly in the margin, OF these the second or third exterior one on each side is often much the strongest of the series, and is then prolonged into a small but distinct lateral, triangular, acute lobe, giving the leaf a somewhat pentagonal form. From this basilar branch of the lateral nerves, 12 or more short, generally simple, branchlets spring on the lower
68 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
side, and 4-5 on the upper side near the summit, all of which termi- nate in the margins. The tertiary nerves connect the adjacent secondary nerves nearly at right angles ; sometimes they are straight and parallel, but oftener more or less broken and branching where they meet, near the middle of the interspaces. Where the systems of nervation of the lateral and middle lobes come in contact, the tertiary nerves are stronger, and form a somewhat irregular net- work, of which the areolx are large and sub-quadrate.
In general aspect these magnificent leaves are considerably unlike those of any known species of Platanus, and I have felt considerable hesitation in referring them to that genus. The texture was evidently thicker and the surfaces smoother than in the leaves of most Sycamores, and, on the whole, they recall the leaves of Cecropia, or some other of the broad, leathery, polished leaves, borne by the trees of the tropics. On close examination, however, they are found to present the radical structure of the leaves of Platanus, and, aside from their association with so many genera plainly belonging to the flora of the temperate zone, their form and nervation seem to me to afford at least presumptive evidence that they were borne by atree of that genus. They will, perhaps, suggest to the fossil botanist the leaves described by Unger under the names of Platanus [Hercules, P. Jatrophefolia, ete. (Chloris Protogeea, p. 137, T. xlv., figs. 6-7, etc.), and which he subse- quently removed from that genus; but those palmate, many- lobed leaves were very unlike these now before us, and resem- ble much more the leaves of Jatropha or Sterculia, than those of Platanus.
The crowded, somewhat heavy, and regular nervation of these leaves, their thick texture and polished surface, must have given the tree on which they grew an aspect quite different from that of P. occidentalis; but P. orientalis, and sometimes P. racemosa, have thick and polished leaves, and the deviation from the common form is not so great in these fossils as in the living species I have named, or the fossil species named by Unger 2’. grandifolia and P, Sirti (Chior. Protogsea and Foss. Flor. v., Sotzka).
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 69
In size, these leaves exceed those of any known species of sycamore, and if we are correct in referring them to Platanus, they may be considered the only relics we have of by far the noblest species of the genus. Some of the leaves are a foot and a half in length, and of about equal breadth, and yet they do not so far exceed the ordinary size of the leaves of the Syca- mores as do the leaves of Acer macrophyllum those of other species of maple.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary beds. Near Fort Clark, on the Upper Missouri. (Dr. Hayden.)
Platanus Raynoldsii (n. sp.)
Leaves of large size, sub-orbicular or rudely triangular in outline, more or less rounded below, three-pointed above, often decurrent on to the petiole, margins at base entire, on the sides and above, coarsely and obtusely double-serrate, the lobes of the upper margin short and broad, less produced than in most other species; nerva- tion strong but open, having the general character of P. occidentalis and of the fossil species P. aceroides.
The younger leaves are rounded in outline, and decurrent on the petiole. Those more fully developed (which are some- times fifteen inches in length and breadth), more triangular in form, not always decurrent, and having the lobes more produced, offer considerable resemblance to those of 7. aceroides, an extinct species from the Miocene of Europe; the nervation being similar in kind, and not greatly different in degree. The leaf is, however, always less angular than in 7’. aceroides and P. Haydenii, and the character of the marginal serration is essentially different from that of any known species. In /. Ace- roides the margins are set with long, acute, curved, simple teeth, as in the living P. occidentalis ; in P. Haydenii the margins are for the most part only sinuate; and in 2’. nobilis the middle lobe only is toothed, and that but slightly ; while in the species before us, with the exception of the basal margin, the whole outline is marked by a broad, strong, donble den-
tation.
70 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
In texture the leaf was apparently similar to that of P. oee7- dentalis, rather thin and more or less roughened.
Formation and Locality. Miocene Tertiary deposits. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Platanus Haydenii. (n. sp.)
Leaves large, long-petioled, when mature three, perhaps rarely five lobed; lobes nearly equal, long-pointed, acute; on either side of the middle lobe five to eight pumie teeth; margins of the lateral lobes sinuately toothed to near the base; younger leaves oyate, acuminate, coarsely toothed throughout except near the base, which is slightly decurrent; nervation strong, radiate from the base, primary nerves three, which are nearly straight and terminate in the three lobes of the border. From the midrib spring seven or eight pairs of lateral nerves above the basilar pair; these diverge at an angle of about 35°, are slightly flexed at the base, straight or nearly so above, where they are somewhat truncated, their branches terminating in the marginal teeth. The basilar nerves diverge from the midrib at an angle of about 35° and run nearly straight to the extremities of the lateral lobes. They each give off on the lower side seven or eight branches, of which the second or third is strongest. These are more or less curved and branched, the branches terminating in the teeth of the margin. Fruit 2-3 lines Jong, prismatic, clavate.
This fine species, which is well represented in the collection, is closely related to Platanus aceroides, so common in the Miocene strata of Europe. There are, however, noticeable dif- ferences which seem to me to have a specific value. The leaves of P. aceroides, though exhibiting great variety of form, are I believe always acutely toothed, while in the specimens before us, the teeth are never acute except those which in the young leaves represent the lateral lobes of the mature form. In P. aceroides also, according to Heer (Flor. Tert. Helvet. v. 3, p. 71, Taf. Ixxxvii. and Ixxxviii.), the nervation is more sparse, the angle of divergence of all the nerves greater, the number of lateral branches of the midrib less, and the number of marginal teeth considerably greater. Prof. Heer says (loe. cit.) that in 2. aceroides the middle lobe of the leaf has 2-4 den-
EE —————
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 71
tations on either side, while in P. Haydenii the mature leat has 8-10 teeth on each side of the middle lobe. The difference before specified in the form of the marginal teeth is very marked and strikes theeye ata glance. In P. aceroides they are tew, long and acute, sometimes even uncinate, while in 2. Haydenii they are more numerous, less prominent and always obtuse, sometimes merely giving a wavy outline to the margin of the leaf.
Detached seeds are all that we have of the fruit, and these, though plainly derived from a Platanus, in their condition of fossilization, afford no good characters with which to compare this species with the two now living on this continent, or with the living and fossil species of the Old World.
P. aceroides, according to Heer, had fruit in racemes like the Mexican plane tree, while, as every one knows, the fruit of P. occidentalis is single. In general aspect, the species now before us is more like the Eastern than the Western of our American sycamores, to the former of which it has considera- ble likeness, and may very well have been its progenitor.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Banks of the Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Cornus acuminata, (n. sp.)
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, acute, entire, nar- rowed at the base and slightly decurrent ; midrib distinet, straight or curved toward the summit, following the course of the frequent ly deflexed point; lateral nerves numerous, regular and nearly paral- lel, simple, lower ones straight with arslightly curved summit, upper ones becoming progressively more arched upwards, when near the apex of the leaf curved in so as nearly to join the extrem- ity of the midrib; tertiary nervation so fine as to be hardly per- ceptible in the fossil state.
The specimens of these leaves contained in the collection of Dr. Hayden, are quite numerous and pretty well preserved. Although there is no fruit of Cornus associated with them, there can be little doubt that they are properly referred to that
(2 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
genus. The aspect of the leaves of Cornus is peculiar, and such as is usually readily recognizable at a glance. This faczes is given by the outline as well as the nervation. The outline is usually more or less accurately oval; the margin entire, the base rounded or slightly wedge-shaped, the summit pointed and laterally flexed. The nervation is very clearly defined, the midrib strong at the base, tapering gradually till it reaches the extreme point of the apex; the lateral nerves pinnate, approximated below, more remote above; all simple, arched upward, those near the summit being drawn in to join the midrib.
This latter characteristic is visible in all the species of Cor- nus known, and is particularly noticeable in the common herba- ceous species C. Canadensis. It is also very marked in C. Florida, C. sericea, C. alternifolia, ete.
The tertiary nervation is generally delicate and sparse, the tertiary branchlets running across obliquely, but with nearly a straight course, between the adjacent lateral nerves. In all these characters, as far as they are retained in the fossils before us, we find an entire correspondence with the living genus Cornus, and refer these leaves to that place in the botanical series with as much confidence as the foliary appendages alone can give.
Formation and Locality. Fine laminated sandstone, with Platanus Haydenii and Populus Nebrascencis. Yellowstone
River. (Dr. Hayden.)
Carya antiquorum., (n. sp.)
Leaves pinnate, large, leaflets lanceolate, long-pointed, acute, sessile, finely serrate, middle leaflet broadly lanceolate, widest above the middle, narrowed to the base, which is somewhat unequal ; lateral leaflets narrow, lanceolate, unsymmetrical throughout, some- what faleate; nervation sharply defined, conspicuously parallel, medial nerve straight in the terminal leaflets, more or less curved in the lateral ones; secondary nerves springing from the midrib at a large angle, numerous, sub-parallel, all arched upward, their ex-
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 73
tremities prolonged parallel with the margins of the leaf; the upper ones strongly arched, but terminating more directly in the margins; tertiary nerves distinct, mostly simple, straight, and parallel among themselves, connecting adjacent secondary nerves nearly at right angles.
The form, serration and nervation of these leaves are entirely those of Carya, and while without the fruit it may not be pos- sible to fix their place in the series more definitely than to say that they represent the genus Juglans as formerly consti- tuted, including Carya, we may at least refer them with con- fidence to a place within the limits of that genus. The leaves of the species of Carya and Juglans are very similar; so much so that some of the Caryas, such as C. olivaeformis, have leaves that could in the fossil state hardly be distinguished from those of Juglans.
The specimens before us, however, seem to me to be more widely separated from those of the known species of Jug/ans than are those of the Pecan; and there seems little doubt that the tree if now living would fall within the limits of Carya.
In some specimens, the lateral nerves are remarkably straight and numerous, giving to the leaf very much the aspect of those of Zxsculus ; but from a comparison of the many leaves of this plant in the collection of Dr. Hayden, I infer that they were not palmately grouped, but pinnate, the form of the bases of the leaves indicating this.
The tertiary nervation is also quite different from that of 4isculus. In the latter genus it usually forms an exeeed- ingly fine network filling the interspaces between the second- ary nerves, in which the straight transverse lattice-like bars, so characteristic of the fossils before us, are wanting. At least this is the case with our American “ Buckeyes.” In 4. /1ip- pocastanum of the Old World something of the kind is visible, but in prevalence and regularity very unlike that in the fossil.
Formation and Locality. Tertiary strata. Mouth of Yel- lowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
74 Later Extinct Floras of North America,
.
Aristolochia cordifolia. (n. sp.)
Leaves petioled, heart-shaped, pointed, entire; nervation sparse, midrib strong at base, vanishing above, basilar lateral nerves sup- plying the lower half of leaf, much branched, upper laterals small, branched, branches connecting.
This leaf has essentially the form and nervation of our living species of Aristolochia, resembling most A. tomentosa. With- out more material, it is impossible to say whether it is distinet from that species or not, as the form of the leaves must vary somewhat, and one specimen can hardly serve for making an intelligent comparison. Waiting the collection of other ex- amples of this plant, and not having satisfactory evidence of identity, I have given it a distinctive name.
The genus Aristolochia is represented in the Tertiary and probably in the Cretaceous rocks, but by species with which this is not likely to be confounded.
Formation and Locality. Lignite Tertiary beds. Banks of Yellowstone River. (Dr. Hayden.)
VPhyllites Cupanioides, (n. sp.)
Leaves large, fleshy, ovate, elliptical in outline, rounded at base, sub-acute at summit, margins coarsely and obtusely toothed above, simple or waved below; nervation pinnate, strong; midrib straight or flexuous, lateral nerves, about six on each side, crowded below, more remote above, basilar pair short and simple, uniting above with the tertiary branches of the second pair to form a marginal festoon, middle secondaries each bearing one or two branches near the summits, upper one simple; tertiary nervation distinct, forming lattice-like bars connecting the secondary nerves at right angles.
These fine leaves exhibit a resemblance in their texture and crenate margins to those to which I have given the name of Ph. carneosus. They are, however, of different form, and have a more simple and rectilinear nervation, The col- lection of Dr. Hayden contains a great number of fragments of this spec’es, but, up to the present time, I have failed to find among living plants any which afford a satisfactory compari-
with Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants. 7:
son with them. <A general similarity in form and nervation to Cupania, and especially to C. Americana, has suggested the name adopted, but it cannot be said that the correspondence is very close.
Formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hayden.)
Phyllites venosus. (n. sp.)
Leaves thick and fleshy, irregularly oval in outline, rounded or - slightly heart-shaped at base, blunt-pointed above, unsymmetrical throughout, margins entire or serrate, uervation strong, pinnate, midrib flexuous, lateral nerves arched upward, branching at sum- mit.
I have been able to detect no relationship between these leaves and those of any living plants, and publish the figures and description given, in hopes that others may be more sue- cessful. They have the general aspect of those of a Lauraceous tree, but I suspect they are related to those now described under the names of Ph. carneosus and Ph. Cupanioides.,
Formation and Locality. Fort Union, Dacotah. (Dr. Hay-
den.)
Phyllites carneosus. (n. sp.)
Leaves large, fleshy, and strongly nerved, orbicular in outline, cor: date or rounded, often unsymmetrical at the base, obtuse at sum mit, margins wavy or coarsely and deeply scalloped; nervation strongly marked throughout ; medial nerve straight, or nearly so, frequently produced into along and strong petiole; lateral nerves in six to eight pairs, all more or less forked; lower pair short and curs ing downward soon after leaving the midrib; second pair also curved outward near the base, and reaching the baso-lateral margin by a course nearly at right angles to the line of the midrib; third pair strongest, much branched on the lower side above the middle; upper pairs once or twice forked near the summit; tertiary nerves parallel, simple, straight or gently arched, given off at right angles from the secondary, which they connect.
Up to the present time I have fuiled to identify these leaves with those of any genus known, living or fossil. In general
76 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca,
form they resemble those of Coccoloba, and must have belonged to some plant having much the habit of C. weifera; but the leaves of that plant are entire, and the nervation is quite ditt ferent. One of the other species of Coccoloba, which grows in the West Indies, C. diversifolia, has leaves with a marginal serration, and a nervation more like that of the leaves before us, but both the margins and nerves are unlike.
The leaves which I have designated by the name of Phyl- lites Cupaniovdes, as it seems to me, should be generically united with these.
formation and Locality. Miocene strata. Fort Union. (Dr. Hayden.)
II. Notes on certain Terresrriat Mouivsca, with Descriptions of New Sprciks.
By Tuomas Brann.
(Continued from Vol. VIII, p. 170.)
Read April 27th, 1868,
Ture genus Cylindrella (Pfeiffer, 1840), as generally accept- ed, embraces a great number of species of very diverse forms, belonging chiefly to the faunas of Mexico and the islands of Cuba, Haiti and Jamaica. With reference to the shell, the ani- mal being little known, the genus has been placed in Helicide between Pupa and Clausilia.
In 1855, Schmidt (Stylommatophora) stated that Cylindrella (Vrocoptis) has no jaw, and that the teeth resemble those of Glandina and Daudebardia, vut differ in having two teeth on a common base. :
Morch in 1859 (Malak, Blatt. p. 109) proposed an arrange- ment of the Pulmonata, the divisions characterized by the presence and form, or absence of jaw,—one of such divisions
with Descriptions of New Species. "7
being Agnatha, in which the jaw is wanting. This method of classification was subsequently further elaborated by Mérch (Journ. de Conch. v. 1865), who, referring to Schmidt's state- ment, placed Cylindrella in Agnatha.
Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 267, 1860) suggested a division of the Pulmonata Geophila into two sections, viz.:
Sect. I. Vermivora. Buccal mass very large; elongate, pro- jectile like a proboscis. Jaw none; teeth numerous, slender, coni-
cal, distant. Mantle well defined. Subterraneous; carnivorous, or worm-eating.
Sect. I]. Puytirovora. The buccal mass small, ovoid, not pro- duced. Jaw distinct, horny; teeth numerous, four-sided, close together on the lingual membrane. Hervivorous.
In the first Section, which seems to be equivalent to Mérch’s Agnatha, Gray placed the Oleacinide, Streptaxide and Testa cellide,—in the second, Helicide, Arionide, ete., ete.,—he did not specially refer to Cylindrella. Albers and Von Mar- tens (Die Heliceen, 2 ed. 1861) have Cylindrella in Testacellea, giving as generic characters, on the authority of Schmidt, “ Maxilla nulla. Dentes radule in lineis utrinque obliqnis dispositi, bini basi conjuncti.” Ile adopts several subgenera, one of which is Urocoptis Beck, comprising C. Ghieshreghti Pir. and other large Mexican species, as well as the smaller allied forms of the West Indies,
In November, 1865, I published (Ann. Lye. viii. 161) the an- nexed figure of the lingual dentition of C. sceva Gund. of Cuba, with the remark “the rows of teeth are about 130 in num- ber, the formula being 26-2-26, The cen- tral plate is small, obtusely pointed, laterals uncinated, joined two by two, upper edge
fringed.” The expression joined two by two
was inadvertently used, and Morse has since called my attention to it, in fact each plate (lateral) has two cusps.
Guppy (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. January, 1566) thus de-
78 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca,
scribed the animal and teeth of @. Trinitaria Pfr. of Trini- dad:
“The animal is ashy gray, becoming nearly black about the head and tentacles. Foot elongate, narrow; tentacles (4) slender. Lin- gual ribbon very long and narrow; teeth 3-1-3; medians narrow, bicuspid, with two tubercles on the base; first and second laterals with simplé round cusps, outer lateral inconspicuous, rather claw- shaped.”
Morch has since observed (Jour. de Conch. vii. 257, 1867) that my figure of C. sceva appears to confirm the accuracy of the observation of Schmidt and of Guppy’s description. Lagree, however, with Crosse and Fischer (Jowr. de Conch. vi. 223. 1866), that the similarity of structure of the lingual armature in Cylindrella and Testacella, referred to by Schmidt, is more apparert than real, being confined to the oblique arrangement of the lateral teeth.
An unlooked-for discovery was announced by Crosse and Fischer in a very interesting paper in the January number (1868) of the Journal de Conchyliologie. After remarking that authors have repeated the assertion of Schmidt that Cy/in- drella has no jaw, and explaining that an opportunity had recently occurred of examining the animal of C. Ghiesbreghtt Pfr., Crosse and Fischer give the result in a passage of which the following is a translation :
“We have proved the presence in this species of a jaw, arcuate, horse-shoe shaped, very finely striated longitudinally, with an ob- solete, slightly indicated median projection at the inferior margin, and a rounded plate or support projecting beyond the edge of the superior margin.
“ The lingual armature is, moreover, very remarkable. The lingual denticulations are disposed in rectilinear transverse series, nume- rous and all of the same type, with apices scarcely extending be- yond their base, the single median or rachidian tooth is a little smaller than the others, and tricuspid. The dental formula is (32- 1-32) x 110. .
“Considering the nature of its teeth the animal must be her bivorous and not zoopbagous. The classifications which have placed the molluses of this group with the carnivorous Pulmonates
with Descriptions of New Species, 79
are then erroneous and altogether defective. The reserve which we have shown in this respect in our Journal was clearly justifiable,
“Tn the Cylindrelle of the Antilles, on the other hand, the rows of teeth are so oblique that they appear to have a quincuncial arrange- ment; each row composed of a small number of teeth of peculiar palmated form; the rachidian tooth is of a very different type, ex- tremely narrow and enlarged at one of its extremities. We have not been able to find the jaw in C. sanguinea Pfr. of Jamaica, which we have examined, and of which the dental formula is (12-1-12) x 115.
“ Considering these important anatomical differences, we think it consistent to separate from the genus Cylindrella, the group, very natural, moreover, with reference to zoological geography, of large species from Central America (Mexico and Guatemala), of which ( Ghiesbreghti is the type. We would at the same time observe, with reference to conchological characters, that these species have nearly the same facies, they have generally an obsolete, filiform carina on the last whorl, and almost all have acolumellar fold more or less developed, situated deeply within the aperture, and continued the whole length of the axis around which it revolves.”
Atter some remarks on different forms of Cylindrella, ete., Crosse and Fischer propose the new genus Eucalodium tor the group of which the following species are mentioned as the prin- cipal representatives, viz.: C. Ghiesbreghti, decollata, Mexi- cana, grandis, splendida, turris, clava, speciosa and Bouecardi.
Tke genus is characterized as follows:
Genus Evcatopium, Crosse and Fischer. Animal maxilla areu- ata, longitudinaliter tenuissime striata, parte marginis inferi me- dia obsolete prominula, margine supero radicem rotundatam emit- tente, instructum. MRadula seriebus transversis, rectilinearibus, nu merosis, uniformibus constituta, acie uncinorum basin subquadra tam vix superante; dens medianus uncinis paulo minor, acie tries pide. Animal czeterum ad familiam Helicidarum omnino referendum.
Testa subrimata, turrita, cylindrelleformis (in adultis specimen bus) late truncata: ultimus anfractus breviter solutus, dorso angula- tus, plus minusve filo-carinatus: columella intus plerumque wnipl- cata, plica columnam internam ambiente,* in vicinio aperture evanida. Typus: Cylmdrella Ghieshreghti Pieitter.
* I have directed the attention of M. Crosse to the fact that in C. turria and C. clava the axis as described by me (Ann. Lyc. viii. 160) is a highly polished tube,
)
0 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca,
G
In February, 1867, a number of shells were collected by Mr. W. M. Gabb, in Lower California, and among them two species described by him as Oylindrella Newcombiana and C. irreqularis, and figured in the American Journal of Conchology, ili, 237-238, pl. 16, figs. 3-4.
Several months ago, Dr. Newcomb sent to me a specimen of the former species; from its general aspect I doubted its being a Cylindrella, and suggested to him that the presence or absence of a jaw would determine the question. Recently Mr. Tryon kindly forwarded to me three specimens containing, to my sur- prise, the living animals. Having perused the pa- per of Crosse and Fischer on Eucalodium, and my attention having been directed to the different char- acters of the land shell faunas of Lower California and Mexico east of the Gulf, I examined the ani- mal of Gabb’s, C. Vewcombiana, with much inter- est. I obtained the jaws and lingual ribbons from two of the specimens, and have little hesitation in placing the speciesin the genus Hucalodium. The following isa copy of Gabb’s description, and the an- nexed figure (fig. 2) was drawn by Morse from one
C. Newcorinbi- J + <7 Swithiay nye 4 ana Gab, Of the living specimens :
Oylindrella (Urocoptis) Newcombiar.a Gabb.
“Shell moderately large, not decollate, slender, tapering more rapidly below than near the apex, the first three whorls being of the same size; whorls 114, flattened on the side, body whorl sub- angular below, detached from the penultimate whorl for a short distance, and acutely angular above; suture impressed ; aperture slightly advanced and surrounded by broadly expanded lips, pro- ducing a trumpet-shaped appearance; inner margin straight, and ending in an angle above and below; outer margin curved, wider in advance than behind, lips continuous, broadly expanded, and somewhat thickened; surface light horn color, marked by fine, irregular, undulating and occasionally broken ribs, radiately and the exterior of which is distantly but strongly ribbed, diminishing in diameter towards and terminating at the base in a point, the umbilicus being imperforate. I have since noticed the same structure in C. /ilicosta Shuttl.
6)
with Descriptions of New Species. 1
obliquely disposed, and with the interspaces crossed by microseopic revolving lines.
* Animal light gray, equalling in length the aperture and penul- timate whorl; foot short, and regularly rounded posteriorly.
“ Dimensions.—Length 1.9 in., length of aperture .45 in., width of aperture .4 in., width of body-whorl .35 in.
* Locality. Hidden under loose volcanic rocks in the high table lands of the interior of Lower California, especially about Moleje. This and its congener (C. irregularis Gabb) are essentially mountain species, being only found in the highest regions.
“ Observations—This shell resembles U. costata Gould, as fig- ured by H. and A. Adams in Gen. Recent. Moll., pl. 76, fig. 7. It differs, however, in being more regularly tapering, and in being proportionally more slender.”
It is evident from Gabb’s comparison of his shell with the little Barbados species C. costata* Guilding (not Gould), that he did not know the latter, and was misled by the magnified figure given by H. and A. Adams. ((eneva, pl. 1xxvi.)
Gabb remarks that @. irregularis and C. Neweombiana are without. doubt congeneric, and that an examination of the ani- mal of the latter shows it to be a true Urocoptis,—meaning, I presume, that in general external characters it looked very like H. and A. Adams’ figure of the animal of that genus.
From an examination of the shell of C. zrregularvs, I believe it to belong to Cylindrella, but the other species must, in my opinion, as already stated, be placed in the genus Lucalodium.
A study of the animal of the latter, car in which I was aided by my friend Rats ° Wy) iW; M Mr. W. G. Binney, enables me to give ¥ a, the following particulars : 7 CTT. Animal with highly developed ay =. {/)
mantle, foot short, blunt before and pointed behind, with a longitudinal Jow ana teoth of K. Neweombanam, groove along the centre of its base.
The dead animal, as removed entire, had 9-10 volutions; when
living it oceupied the whole shell with the exception of the
* The lingual dentition of C, costata is very similar to that of C. Trinitaria as de-
scribed by Guppy. The ribbon is very long, haying 150 rows of teeth. APRIL, 1868. 6 Axx, Lyro. Nat. Hier. Vou. EX.
82 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca,
last, and perhaps the apicial, whorl. Jaw (fig. 3) arcuate, with a slight median projection, distinetly, longitudinally costate, the costz, 9-10 in number, flattened, their terminations scarcely produced at the anterior or cutting margin, parallel with which are a few fine striz.
In the jaw of the second specimen examined, the number of costee was found to be 13, and the cutting margin very per- ceptibly crenulated by their extension.
At first sight, under the microscope, the jaw of 4. Wew- combianum appears to consist of a series of plates, the coste formed by their overlapping edges; and indeed Binney, after carefully examining it, justly remarked that the structure of the jaw of other species may have been incorrectly described. The jaw is, in fact, so thickened in various parts and with such general regularity, as to give the impression that it is composed of separate plates, while portions have additional thickness, producing what I have called flattened coste.
At or near to the central part of the superior margin of the jaw of 4. Newcombianum there is an attachment, which I supposed to be similar in character to that mentioned by Crosse and Fischer in their description of the genus, ‘ margine supero radicem rotundatam emittente.” To this appendage I directed the attention of Morse, who wrote as follows: “I noticed at the outset the process to which you refer, and the jaw of Succinea immediately occurred to me, but on further examination I satisfied myself that it is only the more dense condition of the buccal muscles. I may be wrong, but do not see any evidence of a process separate from the muscles,—not like that in Suec?nea, which can be cleared as readily from the integuments as the entting plate itself.” M@érch, in the deserip- tion of his division /asmognatha which embraces Succinea, mentions the existence of a membranous attachment to the jaw of Dryptus Blainvilleanus (Jour. de Conch. v. 891, 1865), but it is of a very different character to that observed in Z. Newcombianum,
with Descriptions of New Species. 8
» 7
The teeth of EZ. Newcombianum (fig. 3) in arrangement and form agree very closely with those of Hucalodium, as described
by Crosse and Fischer, and the formula 32-1-32 x 126 is yo-
‘markably similar. In my figure the median and adjoining
lateral teeth, and also the extreme lateral tooth (tig. 3, @.), are shown. The teeth in general character may be compared with those of H. alternata Say (Morse, Terr. Pulmon. of Muin pl. 4, fig. 16).
With respect to the shell of ZL Newcombianum, I should mention that the axis has not the revolving fold deseribed as
;
generally present in Ewcalodium,—indeed Gabb’s species is, in internal structure, more like Achatina.
The genus Eucalodium, looking at the torm of jaw and teeth, must go into Gray’s section Phyllovora. Considering the sta- tion of the West Indian Cylindrell, so far as I am acquainted with them, and other circumstances, I believe with Crosse and Fischer, and also Pfeiffer, that the genus Cylindrella itself cannot be associated with the Vermivora.
It is worthy of notice that Mérch places 77. concava Say, from the form of jaw (see Terr. Moll. I. xii. fig. 11), in his di- vision Oxygonatha, the teeth of which (laterals subulate) indi- cate, he says, “ que l’animal avale de grands morceanx, et non que c’est un carnivore qui vit de proies vivantes,” and adds, “les Agnathes, qui avalent leur proie entiére et vivante, ont toutes les dents subulées.” (Jour. de Conch. v. B77, 1865.) The fact is that the animal ot Ves CONCAVE, having one median tooth and subulate laterals (Morse, |. c. pl. 5), devours the living animals of other species,* while Cylindrella, without jaw (Agnatha), has no subulate teeth!
After the foregoing pages were in type, I discovered that the shell under consideration was described by Pteifler (/’ree.
* “The animal is voracious in its appetite, almost always preying upon other spe. cies with which it may be kept, and so certainly destroying them that I have been obliged to keep them by themselves.” (Linney, Terr. Moll. IL 165.)
84 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca,
Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 27, pl. ii. fig. 7), from a specimen in Cum- ing’s collection, as follows:
CravusittA * (BaLEa?) Tayrort, Pfr, T. profunde rimata, tur- rita, solidula, conferte plicato-striata, corneo albida; spira regula- riter attenuata, apice acutiuscula ; sutura simplex ; anfr. 11, convex- iusculi, ultimus basi vix attenuatus, infra medium obtuse carinatus ; antice solutus, descendens et dorso acute carinatus; apertura magna, obliqua, intus semicircularis; lamelle obsolete; plice nulle ; perist. continuum, undique late expansum. Long. 47, diam. 8} mill. Localitas ignota.
The species will, therefore, bear the name of Hucalodium Taylori Ptr., with that of Cylindrella Newcombiana Gabb, in the synonymy.
Von Martens (Die Heliceen, 2 ed. p. 268, 1861)+ places in Pupacea the genus Macroceramus, dividing it into three sub- genera, Macroceramus of which M. signatus Guild. is the type, and Anoma and Lia, embracing species included by Pfeiffer and H. and A. Adams in Cylindrella, the type of the former being C. tricolor Pfr., and of the latter C. Maugerit Wood.
In 1865 (Ann. Lye. viii. 162) I published the annexed figures
Fic. 4.
AW
Buccal Plate of M. signatus, Lingual Dentition of Macroceramus Guild., Tortola, signatus, Guild,
of the jaw and teeth of Jf. signatus, which show that the genus
* The jaws of Clausilia and Balea are described (Die Heliceen) as being very similar,—that of the former “arcuata, subtiliter striatula, medio ssepius prominula,” and of the latter “parum arcuata, subtiliter striatula, medio prominula.”
+ Albers (Die Heliceen, 1 ed, 207, 1850) placed Leia in Cylindrella
C—O — a ee
ae
,
with Descriptions of New Species, 85
Macroceramus Guilding, as Mérch remarks (Jour. de Conch. vii. 257, 1867), belongs to his division Goniognatha, the jaw being composed, as in Orthalicea, of oblique plates. The teeth are arranged in the same manner as those of Cylindrella.
Pfeiffer (Malak. Blatt. p. 233, 1867), in his review of the classification in the Die Heliceen, expresses his belief that Anoma and Lia belong rather to Cylindrella than Muacrocera- mus, but remarks that the animal is unknown.
During the last two years M.-Crosse has repeatedly called my attention to the importance of examining the animal of some species of the group to which C. Maugeri belongs. Lately, I obtained from my friend Nath. Wilson, the distinguished Botanist of Jamaica, several specimens of C. Llandiana Pir., placed by Von Martens in the subgenus Lia of Macroceranvus. Although the animals were dead, I secured the lingual ribbons. I found no jaw, and seeing the character of the teeth, believe that none exists.
From the accompanying figure (by Morse), it will be seen that in form and arrangement the
teeth are decidedly of Cylindrella aes type. The median tooth is long and AS ai narrow, terminating in a single cusp. ee ; vs The laterals are bicuspid; posterior le, gt Va, margin of the plates fringed ; anterior Jf itl cusp fringed, posterior cusp bluntly :
Lingual dentition of C, Blandiana, Pfr
notched. The formula 55-1—55 x 145. This seems to establish the fact that Lia, and I believe Anoma also, must be separated from Macroceramus, and that, in accordance with the views of Pfeiffer and H. and A. Adams, they belong to Cylindrella.
a, side view of extreme lateral
86 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica.
IIL—A Cataloque of the Birds found in Costa Rica. g By Gro. N. LAWRENCE. Read Feb, 17th, 1868.
Tue fine collections of birds received by the Smithsonian In- stitution from Costa Rica, and which by the courtesy of Prof. Henry have been placed in*my hands for examination, form the basis of this Catalogue.
These collections include most of the species heretofore re- corded as from that State, and likewise many of the interesting novelties recently obtained there and described in European and American scientific journals.
Species not in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, which I have found noted as inhabiting Costa Rica, are also included, and the source given whence the information was derived.
It is within the last few years only that special attention has been directed to the avi-fauna of the Southern portion of Cen- tral America. Occasional small collections secured by travel- lers engaged in various pursuits, gave an intimation of the val- uable discoveries likely to result from a systematic exploration of any portion of that region. I allude particularly to the in- teresting collection brought from Chiriqui, in 1850, by the botanist Warszewicz, and described by Mr. Gould in the Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, and to other specimens brought subse- quently trom the same Province and from Veraguas.
The first collections of any importance from Costa Rica were those forwarded to the Berlin Museum by Dr. von Frantzius, Dr. Hoffmann and Dr. Ellendorf, being the results of their own explorations. Dr. J. Cabanis, in the Journal fiir Ornithologie, under the title, “ Leeview of the Birds from Costa Rica found in the Berlin Museum” (commencing at page 321, Vol. viii. 1860), began a series of papers enumerating the species sent by
eer eee
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Riva. ST
the above-named gentlemen ; many of them proved new to science and were of much interest; the whole number of spe- cies given in these papers amounted to one hundred and fifty-
Dr, Hoffmann unfortunately died in Costa Rica. Dr. Ellen- dorf returned home, but Dr. von Frantzius yet remains in the country, located at San José.
To the Hon. C. N. Riotte, late U. S. Minister to Costa Riea. the Smithsonian Institution is deeply indebted, not only for his own contributions of specimens of Natural History, but for bringing it into communication with Dr. von Frantzius, Mr. Ju- lian Carmiol, and hisson, Mr. F. Carmiol, from whom the yalu- able additions to the Museum of the Institution have mainly been acquired; it has many specimens, also, which have on their labels the names of J. Cooper and J. Zeledon as collectors.
A small but interesting collection of Humming Birds was received at the Smithsonian in the summer of 1867, from Mr.
A. R. Endrés.
Since the publication of Dr. Cabanis’ papers, Mr. Osbert Salvin has described many new Costa Rican species in the Proc. of the Zool. Soc., under the following titles: “ On a new species of Calliste,’ viz., C. dowii, 1863, p. 168; “ De- scriptions of Thirteen New Species of Birds from Central America,” 1863, p. 186—two of these came from Costa Riea, viz., Vireo pallens and Elainea arenarum ; “ Descriptions of Seventeen New Species of Birds from Costa Rica,” 1564, p. 79.
We are also indebted to Mr. P. L. Sclater for two additions to the Costa Rican fauna, viz., Leucopternis princeps IP. Z. 8., 1865, p. 429, and Tetragonops frantzii, Ibis, Vol. vi. p. 371.
Many new species from Costa Rica have been deseribed by American ornithologists.
Prof. Baird, in oe Review of American Birds,” adds the fol- lowing species: Parula inornata, Basileuterus melanogenys, Setophaga aurantiaca, Stelgidopterye Julvigula, and Vireo carmioli ; also in the Annals of the N. Y. Lyceum of N. HL, Vol. viii. p. 478, he described Pheucticus tibialis.
88 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica.
Mr. John Cassin characterized several new species in the Proe. of the Phil. Acad. of Sciences ; in 1865, p. 91, Chryso- mitris bryantii, and at page 169, in a paper entitled, ‘ On some Oonirostral Birds from Costa Rica in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution,” he enumerated twenty-two spe- cies, three of which were new to science, viz., Avrremon dor- salis, Buarremon crassirostris, and Luphonia annee ; in 1867, p- 51, he described a new Icterus, 2. Salvin.
Within the past three years twenty-two species from Costa Rica have been described as new by myself in the Annals of the N. ¥. Lyceum of NV. H., and three species in the Proceed- ings of the Phil. Academy.
In the examination of specimens for the present catalogue, I find several other species, which appear to be new to science, and they are accordingly so characterized.
There are several portions of Costa Rica as yet unexplored, from which many additional species may reasonably be ex- pected, as every collection received adds to the fauna, not only known species, but also others not before described.
Many birds are recorded from the neighboring Provinces of Chiriqui and Veraguas, which have not yet been found in Costa Rica, but as they doubtless will be discovered, I have thought best to give lists of them, and of the Northern species which have been received from Panama, and which conse- quently must pass through Costa Rica in their migrations.
No representative of the Family Cypselide has been sent from Costa Rica, but Chatura zonaris should be found there, as it is a South American bird and occurs in Guatemala.
The present Catalogue embraces all the families of the land birds; those of the water birds it is my intention to give here- after in a separate paper.
Species noted from Chiriqui which may be*found in Costa Rica:
‘
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 89
Ccereba lucida, Scl. & Salv. Ramphocelus dimidiatus, Lafr. Spermophila collaris, Lawr. Tyrannulus elatus (Spix).
Elainea chiriquensis, Lawr. “ semiflava, Lawr. Myiozetetes columbianus, Cab, & Hein.
Geotrygon chiriquensis, Sel. s 1 ;
Species noted from Veraguas likely to occur in Costa Rica.
Microcerculus luscinia, Salv. Thryothorus rutilus, Vieill. Anthus parvus, Lawr. Hylophilus viridiflavus, Lawr. Pyranga hepatica, Sw. Oryzoborus funereus, Scl. Spermophila semicollaris, Lawr.
Cacicus microrhynchus, Scl. & Salv.
Icterus giraudii, Cassin.
Sclerurus mexicanus, Scl. Synallaxis albescens, Temm. Phylidor fuscipennis, Salv. Dendrornis lachrymosa, Lawr. Dysithamnus puncticeps, Salv. Myrmotherula menetriesi, D’Orb. Ramphoceenus rufiventris, Bonap. Formicarius rufipectus, Salv. Grallaria guatemalensis, Prev. Pittasoma michleri, Cass, Colopterus pilaris, Cab.
Serpophaga cinerea (Strick.). Mionectes oleagineus, Licht. Rhynchocyclus _flavo-olivaceus, Lawr. Myiobius neevius (Bodd.). Lipangus unirufus, Sel. Pipra leucocilla, Linn. “ eyaneocapilla, Hahn. Klais guimeti, Boure. & Muls. Erythronota niveiventris, Gould. Neomorphus salvini, Sel. Pteroglossus erythropygius, Gould. Capito maculicoronatus, Lawr. Carnpephilus hematogaster, Tsch. + malherbei, Gray & Mitch. Chloronerpes cecilia, Math. ; - caboti (Malh.). Columba rufina, Temm. Geotrygon veraguensis, Lawr.
Northern species which have been obtained in Panama, but
not yet observed in Costa Rica.
Turdus fuscescens, Steph. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Linn. Dendrceca cerulea (Wils.).
oe maculosa (Gm.).
“ castanea (Wils.). Myiodioctes mitratus (Gm.). Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). Vireo flavifrons, Vieill.
Melopiza lincolnii (Aud.). Sclerurus guatemalensis, Hartl. Todirostrum schistaceiceps, Sel. Contopus brachy tarsus, Sel. Tyrannus intrepidus, Vieill.
Chordeiles virginianus (Briss,). Pionus menstruus (Linn.).
Cassidix mexicanus, Less.
90 A Catalogue of the Birds found ia Costa Rica. Sub-class I. INSESSORES.
Order Passrres. (Section Oscines.) Family Turprpae.
1. Catharus melpomene (Cab.).
Quebrada Honda (Dr. A. von Frantzius); San José (J. Car- miol); Grecia (F. Carmiol).
2. Catharus frantzii, Cab.
San José (Dr. A. von Frantzius); Rancho Redondo (FP. Carmiol).
3. Catharus gracilirostris, Salvin, P. Z. 8., 1864, p. 580,
San Mateo (J. Cooper).
4. Catharus mexicanus (Bonap.).
“Enrique Arcé.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin.
5. Catharus fuscater (Laf?.).
Cervantes. April, 1867.
A single female specimen of what I suppose to be the above species has lately been received from Dr. Frantzius. I have compared it with the type in the Museum of the Boston Soe. of N. U., and find it differs from it, in being much blacker above, and in having the central part of the breast and abdomen pale- yellowish fulvous, instead of white, as in the type; the ridge of the upper mandible is black as far down as on a line with the nostrils, the remainder of the bill is bright orange ; in the type, the black color on the upper mandible extends much nearer to the edges; these with the under mandible are yellowish-white. The type may have faded, but as they agree in size and in dis- tribution of colors, they are probably identical. Possibly the difference in colors may be seasonal.
Mr. O. Salvin (?. Z. S., 1867, p. 132) notices apparently the same species, received from Veraguas, which he says: “ Agrees closely with Mr. Sclater’s example from Ecuador. The bill, however, is somewhat larger, and in this fresh specimen, of a brighter orange-color.”
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 91
Mr. Sclater (P. Z. S., 1859, p. 324) describes his specimen as having the middle of the abdomen white, in which it agrees with the type.
6. Turdus swainsoni, Cab.
Barranca, Frailes and Cervantes (J. Carmiol).
7. Turdus aliciae, Baird.
San José (Dr. A. von Frantzius).
8. Lurdus grayi, Bonap.
San José & Barranca (J. Carmiol); Quebrada Honda (Dr.
- Frantzius).
9. Turdus leuchauchen, Sel.
Navarro (J. Cooper); Dota (F. Carmiol).
10. TLurdus plebeius, Cab.
Dota, San José and La Palma (Dr. Frantzius).
Grecia and Cervantes (J. Carmiol).
11. Turdus nigrescens, Cab.
Volcan Yrazei (Juan Cooper); Dota (F. Carmiol).
12. Turdus obsoletus, Lawr.
Cervantes, April, 1867 (J. Carmiol).
A single specimen only of this species has been as yet re- ceived at the Smithsonian Institution; it differs in plumage from the type, solely. in not having the larger wing-coverts tipped with pale rufous.
When Mr. Sclater saw the type, he considered it to be the
female of a black species. Mr. Salvin (2. Z. S., 1867, p. 183), in noticing a specimen from Veraguas, expresses the same opinion. The two specimens before me, from Panama and Costa Rica, came labelled as males. Mr. Salvin’s specimen had not the sex indicated. ' It seems to me to be a species allied to 7. gray and 7. ple- beius, in which the sexes show no material variation of plurm- age; the most marked character in which T. obsoletua differs from them, is in having the crissum white,—in the others it corresponds in color with the abdomen.
13. Mimus gracilis, Cab.
92 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. “Dr. Hoffmann” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. viii. p. 410.
Fam. Crxcripar.
14. Cinclus ardesiacus, Salv., Ibis, 1867, p. 121. Dota (J. Zeledon).
Fam. SyLvmpar.
15. Polioptila superciliaris, Lawr. Angostura, Atiro and Guiatil (J. Carmiol).
Fam. TrRoGLopyTIDAE.
16. L?hodinocichla rosea (Less.).
Fide Prof. 8. F. Baird.
17. Campylorhynchus capistratus (Less.).
San Mateo (J. Cooper).
18. Campylorhynchus zonatus, Less.
Turrialba and Cervantes (J. Carmiol); Tucurriqui (J. Zele- don).
19. Cyphorinus leucostictus, Cab.
Angostura and Turrialba (I, Carmiol).
20. Cyphorinus leucophrys (Tschudi).
San Jose (Dr. Frantzius).
21. Cyphorinus lawrence, Sel.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
22. Pheugopedius fasciativentris (Laf?.).
San Mateo (J. Cooper).
23. Pheugopedius atrogularis, Salv.
“Tueurriqui (Enrique Arcé).” Salv, P. Z.S., 1864, p. 580.
24. Thryophilus rufalbus (Lafr.).
San Mateo (J. Cooper).
25. Thryophilus pleurostictus, Scl.
“Gulf of Nicoya.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin.
26. Thryophilus modestus (Cab.),
San José and Guiatil (J. Carmiol); San Mateo (J. Cooper).
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 93
27. Thryophilus thoracicus (Salv.).
Santa Rosa (J. Carmiol); Tucurriqui (J. Zeledon). 28. Thryophilus castaneus (Lawr.).
Pacuare (J. Carmiol); Angostura (F. Carmiol). 29. TLroglodytes intermedius, Cab.
San Jose and Barranea (J. Carmiol).
30. Troglodytes inquietus, Baird.
“Enrique Arcé.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin.
Mr. Salvin (P. Z. S., 1867, p. 135) states that Mr. Sclater and himself had compared this species with the type specimen of 7. tessellatus, Latr. et D’Orb., from the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris, and found no “appreciable differences.”
In.the Lafresnaye Collection, now in the Museum of the Boston Soe. of N. H., are two specimens of 7. tesselatus marked (44 type oY quite distinct. The color of tessellatus above is of a darker brown with more of a reddish cast, the entire under-plumage
a comparison with these showed the two species to be
is of a reddish fulvous brown, whereas 7. ingudetus has the throat, breast, and upper part of abdomen white, tinged with fulvous, and above has a tinge of olive; the wing of tesselatus is much longer.
I do not know how to reconcile the difference between the specimens in the Lafr. Coll. and the one in the Paris Museum, except by supposing the latter to be incorrectly labelled—there- fore for the present I must adhere to the probable accuracy of Baron Lafresnaye’s types in his own collection ; his specimens came from Pern.
Fam. SyLvico.ipAk.
31. Mniotilta varia (Linn.).
San José, Barranca and Juiz (J. Carmiol). 32. Parula gutturalis, Cab.
Volean Yrazei (J. Cooper).
33. Parula inornata, Baird.
94 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Tica.
Barranca and Dota (F. Carmiol); Angostura (J. Carmiol).
34. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.).
Punta Arenas (Capt. J. M. Dow).
39. Llelminthophaga chrysoptera (Linn.).
Barranca (J. Carmiol).
36. LTelminthophaga peregrina ( Wils.).
San José and Grecia (J. Carmiol).
37. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gim.).
San José (J. Carmiol).:
38. Dendraca virens (Gm).
Grecia and Barranca (IF. Carmiol); Rancho Redondo (J. Carmiol).
39. Dendraca coronata (Linn.).
Angostura (F. Carmiol).
40. Dendreca blackburnie (Gm.).
San José and Atiro (J.Carmiol); Barranea (F. Carmiol).
41. Dendreca pennsylvanica (Linn.).
Grecia and Barranea (F. Carmiol).
42. Dendraca wstiva (Gm.).
San José (J. Carmiol).
43. Dendraca vieilloti, Cassin. (ruficeps, Cab.)
“Dr. Ellendorf” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 326.
44, Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.).
Barranca (J. Carmiol).
45. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gim.).
San José (Dr. Frantzius); Angostura (J. Carmiol).
46. Sevurus ludovicianus ( Aud.)
Barranca (F. Carmiol).
47. Oporornis formosus ( Wils.),
Dota (I. Carmiol).
48. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.).
“Dr. Frantzius,” Cab. J. tf. O., Vol. ix. p. 84.
49. Geothlypis philadelphia ( Wils.).
Angostura and Dota (F. Carmiol).
50, Geothlypis macgillivrayi (Aud.).
1)
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. oF
Barranea (F. Carmiol).
D1. Leteria virens (Linn.).
“Dr. Hoffmann,” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. viii. p. 403,
92. Myiodioctes canadensis (Linn.).
Dota (F. Carmiol).
53. Myiodioctes pusillus ( Wils.).
Barranea and Grecia (J. Carmiol); San José (Dr. Frantzins),
D4. Basileuterus culicivorus (Licht.).
Barranca and Guiatil (J. Carmiol); Grecia and Dota (P. Carmiol).
55. Basileuterus mesochrysus, Scl.
San José, Grecia and Guiatil (J. Carmiol).
56. Basileuterus uropygialis, Scl.
Angostura and Juiz (J. Carmiol).
57. Basileuterus melanogenys, Baird.
San José (Dr. A. v. Frantzius).
oS. Basileuterus melanotis. sp. nov.
Male. There is a black stripe on each side of the crown which extends from the bill to the nape, central stripe dull pale orange with ashy tips to the feathers; supra-ocular stripe grayish ash ; there is a black spot in front of the eye, and a line of the same color below it, also behind the eye a broad mark of black which extends over the ear; upper plumage olive green; tail feathers olive brown with their margins colored like the back; quill feathers dark brown edged with olive green; under wing coverts pale yellow; throat whitish with just a tinge of pale fulvous on the chin, and of pale yellow on the throat; upper part of breast and sides of the body olive green, lighter than the back; lower part of breast and middle of abdomen of a clear pale yellow; under tail coverts light dull yel. low; upper mandible light brown, the under whitish; “irides yel. low ;” feet pale yellow. Length (fresh) 5}in.; wing 2}; tail 2}; bill 2; tarsi 42.
Habitat. Cervantes. Collected by J. Carmiol, April 1867,
Type in Mus. Smithsonian Institution, No, 4740s,
96 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica.
There is another specimen, also a male, sent by Dr. von Frantzius, collected at Birris; they are precisely alike.
Remarks. It differs from all the allied species in the de- cided black coloring behind the eye, in the supra-ocular stripe being of a clear ash without any tinge of yellow or greenish, and in its paler under-plumage.
59. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
Angostura (J. Carmiol); Turrialba (F. Carmiol).
60. Setophaga awrantiaca, Baird.
Grecia and Barranea (I. Carmiol); Dota (J. Carmiol).
61. Setophaga torquata, Baird.
San José and La Palma (Dr. Frantzius).
Fam. Hirrvunprnipar.
62. Progne leucogaster, Baird. Rev. Am. Birds, p. 280. San José (Dr. A. von Frantzius).
63. <Atticora cyanoleuca var. montana, Baird.
San José and Barranca (J. Carmiol).
64. Cotyle riparia (Linn.).
Dr. J. Cabanis, J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 93. : 65. Stelgidopteryx fulviqula, Baird.
Atiro (J. Carmiol).
Fam. Vrreonipar.
66. Vireosylvia olivacea (Linn.),
San José (J. Carmiol).
67. Vireosylvia flavo-viridis, Cassin.
San José (Dr. Frantzins); Aterias (J. Cooper),
68. Vireosylvia philadelphica, Cassin.
San José (J. Carmiol); Grecia and Dota (I. Carmiol),
69. Vireosylvia josephae, Scl.
sarranca (J. Carmiol); Rancho Redonda and Dota (F. Car-
miol).
70. Lanivireo favifrons ( Vieill.),
San José (J. Carmiol).
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 97
11. Vireo pallens, Salv. P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 188. “Punta Arenas.” Salvin.
72. Vireo carmioli, Baird.
Dota (J. Carmiol).
18. Hylophilus ochraceiceps, Sel.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
14, Hylophilus decurtatus (Bonap.) (cinereiceps, Sel.), “Enrique Arcé.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 75. Hylophilus pusillus, Lawr.
Dotaand Angostura (J. Carmiol).
16. Cychloris flaviventris, Lafr.
“Gulfof Nicoya.” Collection of Mr. O, Salvin. TT. Cychloris subjlavescens, Cab.
San José (Dr. Frantzius); Dota (F. Carmiol). 78. Véreolanius pulchellus, Scl. & Salv. Angostura (J. Carmiol).
Fam. AMPELIDAE.
79. Ptelogonys caudatus, Cab.
San José (J. Carmiol); Volcan Yrazei (J. Cooper).
80. Myiadestes melanops, Salv.
La Palma (Dr. Frantzius); San José (J. Carmiol); Navarro. (J. Cooper).
Fam. CorREBIDAE.
81. Diglossa plumbea, Cab. Quebrada Honda and San Juan (Dr. v. Frantzius). | 82. Dacnis venusta, Lawr. Dota (J. Carmiol). | 83. Daecnis ultramarina, Lawr. - Angostura (J. Carmiol), 84. Chlorophanes spiza var. guatemalensis, Set. Juiz and Turrialba (J. Carmiol). 85. Careba cyanea (Linn.). “Dr, A. v. Frantzius,” Cab. J. f. O. Vol. ix. p. 2. 1 APRIL, 1868. " Axx. Lro. Nat. Huwt., Vou, LX,
ESE Eee
100 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Lica.
It differs from females of the allied species in the plumage being of a clearer olive and less brown.
t12. Phonicothraupis carmioli. sp. nov.
Entire upper plumage of a yellowish olive green; tail feathers olive green with black shafts; inner webs of the quills brownish black, the outer webs colored like the back; under plumage oliva- ceous yellow, brighter or more yellow on the throat, and somewhat dusky on the sides; upper mandible black, the under blackish brown; “irides brown;” feet dark reddish brown.
Length (fresh) 74 in.; wing 34; tail 2}; bill 3; tarsi 7.
Habitat. Angostura, collected by F. Carmiol 11th March, 1865. Type in Mus. Smithsonian Institution, No. 39039.
There is in the collection only one other specimen, collected by J. Carmiol, April 4th, 1867.
Remarks. The two specimens agree in plumage and are marked as males, judging from analogy I should consider them to be females, but in coloring they are quite unlike the females of any other species of the same genus; the head is uniform in color with the back, and has no indication of a crown spot; the coloring above is of a clear green and below yellowish, with- out any tinge of fulvous brown, which color prevails in the plumage of the females of all the other species.
I consider it without doubt to be a Phwnicothraupis, and if the sex is determined correctly, the coloration is of a very abnormal character.
I have dedicated this species to Mr. I, Carmiol, as a proper acknowledgment of his efficiency as a collector.
113. Lanio leucothoraxr, Salv.
Tueurriqui, Angostura and Pacuare (J. Carmiol). 114. ucometis spodocephala (Bonap.).
Scl. and Salv. P. Z.8., 1864, p. 350.
115. Tachyphonus luctuosus, Lafy.
Angostura and Juiz (J. Carmiol).
116. Tachyphonus delattrei, Lafr.
i eT
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 101
Payua (J. Carmiol).
17. Tachyphonus cassinii, Lawr.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
118. Tachyphonus propinquus, Lawr. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1867, p. 94.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
119. Lachyphonus tibialis, Lawr.
San José and Dota (J. Carmiol); Volean Yrazei (J. Cooper) ; Rancho Redondo (F. Carmiol); Quebrada Honda (Dr. Frant- zlus).
120. Chlorospingus albitemporalis (Laf7.).
San José (Dr. Frantzius): Turrialba and Barranea (J. Car- miol); Dota (F. Carmiol); San Mateo (J. Cooper).
121. Chlorospingus pileatus, Salv.
Poas (J. Carmiol); Rancho Redondo (F. Carmiol).
122. Buarremon brunneinuchus (Lafr.).
San José (Dr. Frantzius); Barranca and Dota (J. Carmiol) ; Grecia (F. Carmiol).
123. Buarremon assimilis ( Boiss.) ?
Guiatil (J. Carmiol).
The single specimen in the collection which I refer to this species, differs from two examples from Bogota in having a much larger bill, in the ashy gray behind the eye being with
out any tinge of olive (as in the Bogota specimens) and the
cheeks being of a deeper black; the only other noticeable dif ference is, that the bird from Costa Rica has the tarsi some- what shorter and more darkly colored.
Pezopetes capitalis is not in the collection, but the deserip- tion of it does not agree with the specimen before me,
124. Buarremon chrysopogon (Lonap.).
Quebrada Honda (Dr. Frantzius); San José and Dota (J. Carmio)).
125. Buarremon crassirostris, Cass. (1 soranthua, Salv.\.
Barranca (J. Carmiol).
126. Pezopetes capitalis, Cab.
102. A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. “Dr. A. v. Frantzius.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. viii. p. 415.
127. Arremon aurantiirostris, Lafr.
San Mateo (J. Cooper); Dota (J. Zeledon); Guiatil (F. Car- miol).
128. Arremon rufidorsalis, Cass.
Turrialba (F. Carmiol).
129. Saltator atriceps, Less.
Pacuare (J. Carmiol).
130, Saltator magnoides, Lafr. , Turrialba (F. Carmiol); San José and Angostura (J. Car- miol).
131. Saltator grandis, Licht.
San José (Dr. Frantzius); Catargo (J. Cooper).
182. Pitylus grossus (Linn.).
Payua (J. Carmiol).
133. Pitylus poliogaster, Du Bus.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
Fam, Frinqinuipar.
134. Pheucticus tibialis, Baird. Ann. N. Y. Lye., Vol. vit. p. 478.
Tueurriqui and Cervantes (J, Carmiol); San José (Dr. Frant- zius); Rancho Redondo (F. Carmiol) ; Cervantes (J. Cooper).
135. Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linn.).
San José (J. Carmiol); La Palma (J. Zeledon).
186. Guiraca coerulea (Linn.).
Angostura (I, Carmiol).
137. Guiraca concreta (Du Bus.),
Turrialba and Angostura (J. Carmiol).
138. Spermophila morelleti (Puch.).
San José (J. Carmiol); Grecia (I. Carmiol).
139. Spermophila hoffmanni, Cab.
“Dr, Hoffmann.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 6.
140, Spermophila corvina, Sel.
A. Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 103
Angostura and Pacuare (J. Carmiol); Turrialba (F. Car- miol).
141. Volatinia gacarina (Linn.).
San José (Dr. Frantzius); Barranca (J. Carmiol); Grecia (F . Carmio)).
142. Phonipara pusilla (Sw.).
San José (Dr. Frantzius); Sachi (J. Carmiol).
143. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.).
Barranca, San José and Dota (J. Carmiol).
144. Cyanospiza ciris (Linn.).
Fide Prof. 8. F. Baird.
145. Amawrospiza concolor, Cab.
«Dr. Frantzius.” Cab. J. f..0. Vol. ix. p. 3,
146. Zonotrichia pileata (Bodd.).
San José (J. Carmiol).
147. Coturniculus passerinus ( Wils.).
“Dr. Frantzius.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. viii. p. 411.
148. HEuspiza americana (Gm.).
Tabacales (Dr. Frantzius); San José and Dota (J. Carmiol).
149. EHmbernagra striaticeps, Lafr.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
150. Embernagra superciliosa, Salv.
“Nicoya (Enrique Arcé).” Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1564, p. 582. |
151. Pyrgisoma biarcuatum (Prev.).
“San José (Dr. Hoffmann).” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. vill. p. 412.
152. Pyrgisoma keineri, Bonap.
San José (J. Carmiol); Grecia (F. Carmiol).
153. Melozone leucotis (Cab.). «
San José, Angostura, and Guiatil (J. Carmiol); San Juan (Dr. Frantzius).
154. Chrysomitris mexicana (Sw.).
Barranca and San José (J. Carmiol); San José (Dr. Frant- zius).
155. Chrysomitris columbiana, Lafr.
104 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Leica.
San José (Dr. Frantzius). 156. Chrysomitris bryantii, Cass. Dota (J. Carmiol).
Fam. IcrermDAer.
157. Ocyalus wagleri (Gray & Mitch.).
San José, Turrialba and San Carlos (J. Carmiol). 158. Ostinops montezwmae (Less.).
San Carlos and Angostura (J. Carmio)).
159. Amblycercus prevosti (Less.).
San José (J. Carmiol); Turrialba (F. Carmiol). 160. Icterus pectoralis ( Wagl.).
“ Dr, Hoffmann.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 9. 161. Icterus salvini, Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1867, p. 51. Turrialba and San Carlos (J. Carmiol).
162. Pendulinus prosthemelas (Strickland). “Enrique Arcé.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 163. Hyphantes baltimore (Linn.).
San José (J. Carmiol).
164. Xanthornus spurius (Linn.).
San José (Dr. Frantzius and J. Carmiol).
165. Molothrus aeneus ( Wagl.).
San José (Dr. Frantzius).
166. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.).
“Gulf of Nicoya.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin. 167. Quiscalus macrurus, Sw.
“Dr, Ellendorf.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 82. 168. Sturnella ludoviciana’(Linn.).
San José (J. Carmiol),
Fam. Corvibar.
169. Psilorhinus morio ( Wagl.). San José and Turrialba (J. Carmiol).
=
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 105 (Section Clamatores.)
Fam. DenprocoLapripAr.
170. Synallaxis erythrops, Scl.
Barranca and Dota (F. Carmiol); Birris (J. Zeledon). 171. Synallaxis nigrifumosa, Lawr.
Payua (J. Carmiol).
172. Synallaxis rufigenis. sp. noy.
Sides of the head, ear coverts, lores and superciliary stripe of a rather light cinnamon red, the stripe extends back from the eye as far as the occiput, and that part of it is of a paler cinnamon; crown and entire upper plumage olivaceous brown, with a cinna- momeous shade, the front is tinged with cinnamon; tail of a clear cinnamon red, a little paler underneath; wing coverts and outer margins of quills deep bright cinnamon, the inner webs of the quill feathers brownish black, except the inner margins, which are pale salmon color; under wing coverts light yellowish cinnamon; under plumage olivaceous washed with pale cinnamon, the latter color prevailing on the throat, breast and middle of abdomen, the sides of the neck and of the breast are more olivaceous; upper mandible black, the under pale yellowish white, black at the end; feet black-
ish brown. Length (skin) 6 in.; wing 21; tail 27; bill ;4,; tarsi }.
Type in my collection. Received from Costa Rica by A. C. Garsia, Esq. There is no specimen in the Smithsonian collee- tion.
Remarks. This species somewhat resembles S&. erythrops, Scl., but in that species instead of the crown being olive colored as in S. rufigenis, it is dark cinnamon uniform in color with the sides of the head; in the color of the back they are much alike, but S erythrops is below without the pale cinnamon on the throat and breast, and has the chin grayish white, it has also darker under wing coverts and a larger bill; the coloring of the tail in the new species is of a lighter shade, and the feet are much darker.
106 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica.
173. Philydor rufobrunneus, Lawr.
Barranea (J. Carmiol); San José (Dr. Frantzius).
174. Philydor virgatus, Lawr.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
175. Automolus cervinigularis, Scl.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
176. <Automolus pallidigularis, Lawr.
Pacuare and Guiatil (J. Carmiol); Angostura (F. Carmiol) ; Catargo (J. Cooper),
177. <Automolus rufescens, Lawr.
Birris (J. Zeledon).
178. Anabazenops variegaticeps, Scl.
Dota (J. Carmiol) ; Barranea (F. Carmiol).
179. Anabazenops lineatus, Lawr.
Angostura (J. Carmiol); Birris and Cervantes (J. Zeledon).
180. Xenops mexicanus, Sel.
Angostura, San José and Payua (J. Carmiol); Grecia (F. Carmiol).
181. Oxyrhynchus flammiceps, Temm.
San José (Dr. Frantzius).
I can see no difference between these specimens and others from Brazil.
182. Sittasomus sylvioides, Lafr.
Dota (J. Carmiol).
183. Margarornis brunnescens, Scl.
San José (Dr. Frantzius); Rancho Redondo and Barranca (I. Carmiol); San Mateo (J. Cooper); Birris (J. Zeledon),
184. Margarornis rubiginosa, Lawr.
San José (Dr. Frantzius); San Mateo (J. Cooper),
185. Glyphorhynchus pectoralis, Scl. & Salv.
“Enrique, Arcé.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin,
186. Dendrocolaptes sancti-thome, Lafr,
San José (Dr. Frantzius).
187. Dendrocolaptes multistrigatus, Eyton.
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 107
Navarro (J. Cooper).
188. Dendrornis pardalotus, Vieill.
Tucurriqui (J. Carmiol).
189. Dendrornis erythropygia, Scl.
Angostura and Pacuare (J. Carmiol); Barranea (I. Car- miol),
190. Picolaptes affinis, Lafr.
San José and Dota (J. Carmiol); Barranca (F. Carmiol).
191. Picolaptes compressus, Cub.
“Dr. Eliendorf.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 243.
192. Picolaptes lineaticeps, Lafr.
“Gulf of Nicoya.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin.
Fam. FormicaripAk.
193. Cymbilanius lineatus, Vieill.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
194. Thamnophilus melanocrissus, Sel.
“Enrique Arcé.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin.
195. Thamnophilus doliatus (Linn.).
“Dr. A. von Frantz‘us.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 242. 196. Thamnophilus affinis, Cab. et Hein.
San José (Dr. Frantzius); San Mateo and Sachi (J. Cooper). 197. Thamnophilus punctatus, Cab.
“Dr. Hoffmann.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 241.
198. Thamnophilus nevius (Gm.).
Angostura and Payua (J. Carmiol).
199. Thamnophilus bridgesi, Scl.
San Mateo (J. Cooper).
200. Thamnistes anabatinus, Scl. & Salv.
Angostura (J. Carmiol); Tucurriqui (J. Zeledon).
201. Dysithamnus semicinereus, Scl.
Turrialba, Dota and Grecia (I. Carmiol) ; Guiatil (J. Carmiol). 202. Dysithamnus striaticeps, Lawr.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
203. Myrmotherula melena, Sel.
108 <A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica.
Angostura, Payua and Pacuare (J. Carmiol). 204, Myrmotherula fulviventris, Lawr. Angostura (J. Carmiol).
205. Myrmotherula albigula, Lawr. Angostura (J. Carmiol).
206. Myrmotherula modesta. sp. noy.
Male. Upper plumage of a greenish olive brown, the front, crown and hind neck tinged with dull rufous; tail of a liver colored brown, the outer webs margined with dull rufous; inner webs of quills blackish brown, the outer webs and the wing coverts rufous brown, the margins of the latter brighter rufous; the under wing coverts and inner edges of quills pale salmon color; the under plumage is of a dull ferruginous, quite pale on the throat and of a brighter rufous on the breast and middle of the abdomen; the under tail coverts dull rufous; upper mandible black with the cut- ting edges pale yellow, under mandible dusky yellowish white; feet dark brown.
Length (fresh) 43 in.; wing 2}; tail 11; bill 5; tarsi $;
Habitat. Grecia, collected by F. Carmiol, 9th Oct. 1865,
There is also a female from the same collector, obtained at Dota, 3d Oct. 1866; this differs from the male only in the upper plumage inclining more to olive brown, and the breast and abdomen being of a brighter rufous,
Types in Mus, Smith. Institution, Nos. 41432 and 47486.
Remarks. This species does not much resemble any other of the genus, it is of about the size of IL, fulviventris, but has a much narrower and weaker bill, with longer wings; it has no spots on the wing coverts.
207. Formicivora boucardii, Sel.
Angostura, San José and Pacuare (J. Carmiol).
208. Formicivora schisticolor, Lawr.
Turrialba and Barranea (F. Carmiol).
209. Ranphocenus semitorquatus, Lawr,
“Val.” (J. Carmiol).
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 109
This specimen as in the type has no postocular spot, but is darker on the breast, where it is of a blackish gray.
210. Gymnocichla nudiceps (Cassin).
“Enrique Arcé.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin.
211. Cercomacra tyrannina, Scl.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
212. Myrmeciza immaculata, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8.1864, p. 357.
Payua and Angostura (J. Carmiol),
The distinctness of this species from Jf. exsul is mainly based upon its having the wing coverts without spots, M. exsul “has wing coverts distinctly spotted with white.” The single speci- men in the collection has the wing coverts almost unspotted, but in my specimens from Panama they are very distinctly marked with small white spots. In one Panama specimen the entire under plumage is black, a little plumbeous on the abdo- men,
Two examples, male and female, in the S. Inst. Mus., col- lected on the Atrato, and labelled as MM. exsul by Mr. Cassin, have the wing coverts marked with larger and more conspicn- ous spots; in the Panama specimens the spots are confined to the small coverts, but in those from the Atrato the spots oecupy the ends of all the wing coverts; the Atrato birds are lighter colored and appear as if they had been exposed to the weather, these may be the true J. exsul.
213. Myrmeciza lemosticta, Salv.
“Tucurriqui (Enrique Arcé).” Salv. Proc. Soc., 1564, p. 552. 214. Myrmeciza stictoptera, Lawr.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
215. LHypocnemis nevoides (Lafr.).
Angostura (J. Carmiol); Tuarrialba (F. Carmiol),
216. Pithys bicolor, Lawr.
Angostura (J. Carmiol). . b 217. Phlogopsis macleannani, Lar.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
110) A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica.
218. Formicarius analis (Lafr. et D’ Orb). “Enrique Arcé.” Salv. P. Z.8., 1866, p. 74.
Lascertained some time since that the species from Panama referred by me (Ann. WV. Y. Lyce., Vol. vii. p. 326) to &. analis was not that species, but /° hoffmanni ; the same in the Mus. of the Phil. Acad. is labelled /. analis. F. hoffmanni has a white spot in the lores, whereas in /. analis the lores are entirely black.
219, Formicarius hoffmanni, Cab.
“Dr. Hoffmann.” Cab. J. f. O., Vol. ix. p. 93.
220. Grallaria perspicillata, Lawr.
Angostura (J, Carmiol).
221. Grallaria dives, Salv.
“ Tueurriqui (Enrique Arcé)” Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864,
p- 582. 222. Grallaricula costaricensis, Lawr.
Barranea (I. Carmiol).
Fam. Tyrannipak.
9293. Attila sclateri, Lawr. Guiatil (J. Carmiol). 224. NSayornis aquatica, Scl. & Salv. Julian Carmiol. 225. Copurus leuconotus, Lafr. San José and Pacuare (J. Carmiol). 226. Platyrhynchus cancrominus, Scl. Navarro (J. Cooper). 227. Platyrhynchus superciliaris, Lawr. “Val.” (J. Carmiol). 228. Todirostrum cinereum (Linn.). Turrialba and Pacuare (J. Carmiol),
» 229, Todirostrum nigriceps, Sel. Angostura (J. Carmiol). 230. Todirostrum ecaudatum (Lafr.).
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 111
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
231. Oncostoma cinereigulare, Sel.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
232. Luscarthmus squamicristatus, Lafy.
Cervantes (J. Carmiol); Dota (J. Zeledon); Grecia (FP. Carmiol).
233. Mionectes oleagineus, Licht.
“Enrique Arcé.” Collection of Mr. O. Salvin.
234. Mionectes assimilis, Sel.
Angostura, Guiatil and Payua (J. Carmiol),
235. Mionectes olivaceus. sp. nov.
Entire upper plumage clear olive green; tail feathers of a light umber brown, with their outer margins yellowish green; quills dark brown with their outer edges yellowish green and the inner pale salmon color; under wing coverts yellowish buff; throat, breast and sides olive green, each feather with a pale yellowish white stripe along the shaft; abdomen and under tail coverts bright pale yellow; upper mandible and end of lower black, base of lower mandible light reddish brown; feet light brown.
Length (fresh) 51 in.; wing 211; tail 2; bill4; tarsi ¢.
Habitat. Barranea and Dota, collected by J. Carmiol.
Types in Mus. Smith. Inst., Nos. 42923 and 33421.
The sexes are alike in plumage.
femarks. This species differs from MV. striaticollis in being without the fuliginous coloring which extends over the front, crown, cheeks and throat of that species, the abdomen is of a clearer yellow, it is smaller in its measurements, and has a longer and narrower bill.
Four specimens all agree in differing from MM. striaticollis as above stated.
236. Tyrannulus brunneicapillus, Lawr.
Angostura (J. Carmiol).
237. Tyranniscus villissimus, Sel. & Salv. : Angostura and Dota (J. Carmiol); Tarrialba and Barranca
(F. Carmiol). ,
112 A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica.
238. Tyranniscus parvus, Lawr. “Turrialba (Enrique Arcé).” Salyv. P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 147. 239. Elainea subpagana, Sel. & Salv. San José (J. Carmiol). 240, Elainea placens, Scl. Barranca and Guiatil (J. Carmiol) ; Grecia (F. Carmiol). 241. Elainea frantzii, Lawr. : San José (Dr. A. v. Frantzius) ; Barranea and Dota (J. Car- miol). * 249, Elainea arenarum, Salv. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 190. “ Punta Arenas.” 243. Legatus albicollis ( Vieill.). San José, Guiatil and Turrialba (J. Carmiol). 244. Legatus variegatus, Sel. Dr. A. von Frantzius. 245. Muyiozetetes texensis (Giraud). San José and Angostura (J. Carmiol): Cartago (J. Cooper). 246. Muyiozetetes granadensis, Lawr. Orose (J. Carmiol). 247. Myiozetetes marginatus, Lawr. Julian Carmiol. 248. LPhynchocyclus sulphurescens (Spitz). Angostura (J. Carmiol).
249. Rhynchocyclus griseimentalis. sp. nov,
Female. Upper plumage of a yellowish olive green; tail olive brown margined on the outer webs of the feathers with olive green; wing coverts and quills blackish brown edged with green- ish yellow; inside of wings and inner margins of quills very pale yellow; under plumage olive green, with the chin grayish and the middle of the abdomen yellow; upper mandible black, the under whitish; tarsi and toes dark brown.
Length (fresh) 7 in.; wing 3; tail 27; bill %; tarsi 4}.
TTabitat. Dota. Collected by J. Carmiol, Feb. 27th, 1867. Type in Smith. Institution, No. 47501.
A Catalogue of the Birds found in Costa Rica. 113
Two specimens are in the collection marked as females and precisely alike.
Remarks, This in its general appearance is much like 2. olwwaceus from Brazil, but above is a little more of a yellowish cast of plumage, with the breast much darker and the middle