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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
SHOWING THE
OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30
1919
(Publication 2590)
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921
LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
SUBMITTING
THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1919.
SMITHSONIAN INsTITUTION, Washington, September 24, 1920. To the Congress of the United States:
In accordance with section 55983 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, I have the honor, in behalf of the Board of Regents, to submit to Congress the annual report of the operations, expendi- tures, and condition of the Smithsonian Institution for the year end- ing June 30, 1919. I have the honor to be,
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, W. ve C. Ravens, Acting Secretary.
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CONTENTS.
Letter from the secretary, submitting the annual report of the Regents
(EUR GIT CPE FETS SS aS EE PLE eee aR organ emma GET UNL Or URS pe RIN MRI We ede SUGMIECHIES OF PHETCDOPE eee ey ee tae ee LOSES ODE OLS 124 MRS or RE ae I A ca Se 1 5 at OE 5 TER Oa General subjects.of the annual report -2. 2-342 ee oe a Ofmeialsof the Institution and its: branches. 2232228
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
PhecSniithsonian IMstitution= 2220 ta." Se vin tne ta ingen NYS DISS EN GUTSY OB TYE Ty alts Ri Ng SR LS A en ed UR WM EVE BYOPE IG LON bead Gal Ste 25 MTN 3 aca RN le li ee se Caner iCONSIOCE ALI ONS] ce 2 epee el os i yee eee Sk Dae eras EASTON ON CSAS ON CAS eI A HAS tS ORLY 1 SEY SN i LAR SI NEN NINA Researches and explorations: Geological explorations in the Canadian Rockies_______________ Geological work in the Middle Atlantic States__________________ The Collins-Garner French Congo Expedition__________________ ihe SMiehsonian: Atrican HxXpeginlon Cus Le Botanical explorations in Hcuador__________ ae aay heer das Nea RA Cinchona BotanienheNtaw ones. flee ees ee La ee Anthropological work in Peru and Bolivia_____________________ The proposed Roosevelt Memorial_______ Ape le nen ana fe pea PVOSCHTED NC OLPOPALIONS wien mmonl cs yw noch ous a Popular Screntinie: Jecturese.s ) 2. Sane se a es iy SiiNt aa as one AS Congress of Americanists________________ tigen} aD gi UMA te TESTO GEST SY OS URS TE ll Sr i al De ORL Ea eR FU NST FIO OAT) SR EN i ae I HNL a IE POR SE) ISA A i SR JQ EN Savas 9 LORIN BT YET ae ss YS ee NEON GRC ieee REA O be AMMO CANN HEY CMT LOL ysis eae) eu tenis Na ees LR eee eee ea inpernational HWxchangeg. ee fe SS TTA NES A aie eA IAN BEAST eUST hi SA1Oy OS PR i) ea i a I ets MORN ST A SY aE RI mapa sical (OUSCIyaLOry ate i Co a International Catalogue of Scientific Literature________________________ TENSOR UD YEA AO Me ARIA AS I NN So DSLR RN (NS Appendix 1. Report on the United States National Museum_____________ 2. Report on the Bureau of American HEthnology..___________ 3. Report on the International Hxchanges_______-_________ __ 4, Report on the National Zoological Park__._.____._________ 5 6 7
. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory__________________ SEE EN OOT tees OOTD EEE Cha UR LTD Vict cas at coe aL ge rt are . Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific
Tp eee oe SU sae aR SE Bo a AT CN A ce HR SSORCDOLEE FON: DUO LIEAtIOM Se les ey AUR Rae eee ea est aa
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND REGENTS.
ReEpOLeO HI XeCCULIVE “COMMNIIEECE 22 Neo Rn Gnu iis Th ctl Sale ye Proceedings) of Board of Regents 22) 220 oe
VI CONTENTS.
GENERAL APPENDIX,
Modern theories of the spiral nebulae, by Heber D. Curtis________-_---_~ A determination of the deflection of light by the sun’s gravitational field, from observations made at the total eclipse of May 29, 1919, by Sir Ro Weibyson, A. S.pHadineion, andy!) aera som as hee ee ee Wireless: telephony; by .N;H Slaughters 22 28 ee ee eee Radium and the electron, by Sir Ernest Rutherford___-_-______________ The “HD-4.” A 70-miler with remarkable possibilities developed at Dr. Graham Bell’s laboratories on the Bras d’Or Lakes, by William Sp EIS OY GLU Wg 0 Deol 6) 6 Yetta a spr ae es 5 eth a eo boo Natural resources in their relation to military supplies, by Arthur D. 1 Cpl Ke resem a a a ae Nalgene pea ih su idiphe Ms Lh late a ara iio cee se iicpeyeag elf Glass and some of its problems, by Sir Herbert Jackson_-__-_-_-____-___ The functions and ideals of a national geological survey, by F. L. Ran-
The influence of cold in stimulating the growth of plants, by Frederick Aap OOO KS RAN A Wh et NE IS Soe RS NG UAL OTS ER tN Floral aspects of British Guiana, by A. S. Hitchcock_______-___________ Milpa agriculture, a primitive tropical system, by O. F. Cook ___-______ On the extinction of the mammoth, by H. Neuville-____--________________ A preliminary study of the relation between geographical distribution and migration, with special reference to the Palaearctic region, by 3 EME (NAYES BA 0 W250 A A RS NS un Ua Ne Sapna ey edi lc The necessity of State action for the protection of wild birds, by Walter 1 SDP Gr oy Ue mee i ie Fy ee en la aaa eh one iene Sy Glimpses of desert bird life in the Great Basin, by Harry C. Oberholser__ The Division of Insects in the United States National Museum, by J. M. PENIICG BiG) epee gr ss en ibaa Nani A peal sna inn Atlee Aaa NAN ea Rete e Nk The seventeen-year locust, by R. H. Snodgrass__--____-____-__-_____-___ Hncomolosy sand: thenwat, byl OF ELOWATE 22 She Two types of southwestern cliff houses, by J. Walter Fewkes____________ On the race history and facial characteristics of the aboriginal Ameri- ELEN ONS Hn) Oar Vege fev) Era wo epee Nar pn ea agg YR Nye Toe AUP ae The opportunity for American archeological research in Palestine, by AEDT YY OS Ne IVETE TUNEL Yosser ay ge cer eel ee Ree The differentiation of mankind into racial types, by Arthur Keith_______ The exploration of Manchuria, by Arthur de C. Sowerby_-_-_---------_- The origin and beginnings of the Czechoslovak people, by Jindfich JA eel 20 fy ee patie mie nal asyacetee ki meee Aimee bbl rnchshurmahOrl pines cy 2Mnbe sul obE il thn Npinssats ely gi Geographic education in America, by Albert Perry Brigham ____-_______ Progress in national land reclamation in the United States, by C. A. 1 BSC Hl pepe pea. fain Wace fet yc add ci ce at abl deg Mins bend tude gs SNe Richard Rathbun: by Marcus sen a mine eee ee eee A great chemist; Sir William Ramsay, by Ch. Moureu-_-_---_-.-.--_.—_..
LIST OF
Defiection of light (Dyson) : Plate 1_ uy
Wireless telephony (Slaughter) : JENS Weir) Reet ep SCO ONE I a ea TOS eae se Oe Le aS TEARS eich tats (Garg we ee tena pe
The “HD 4” (Nutting) : Plate Mesa beitee, ONS Sua ad LEABEW TENS CU cs ea ao OR aA Plate gyn soe eto ed
Cold and growth (Coville) :
1 SIE oes hh02 b= (seal ts Wi Ce a
TEAS EES) ASH AC ea eee eae
PTAs tOm iy oe eee ee
Plate —2 0) eee es
Flora of British Guiana (Hitch- cock): TEA I revi a tel pian CRS AnD St
Milpa agriculture (Cook) : EOS) ny) Se a es
Hxtinction of the mammoth (Neuville) : Plates 1-3
Division of insects (Aldrich) : TRI Weep) Es) SUR Me EIEN ade aan aA
of plants
Page.
133
184 188 190
205 206 208
282 284 286 290
306
326
PLATES.
Seventeen-year locust grass) : Y ICCTA 5 Uae Mana ear nnle i ee Plate 2 __ Re sliea cual as GE ICSE| NWS 5 ane AS Ba srt ec ora d Bellf ay oe yinca Cater a a Cp RAL OM at aay Ply) ewe Cliff houses (Fewkes) : PLATES CDE Lm R A Nt ee aes) tap Gye ks ees ae
Aboriginal Americans (Holmes) :
Plates Wiese! wel cus oo nal Palestine (Montgomery) :
Ud 42H WSU lyoko ph lnbia ke eNaahy ine
ELCs oe ip Dieeaie RRND LORS a LE
later Sikee Seek ts sab ie Manchuria (Sowerby) :
SAIC Ti ens iag Ls ARN Nee LOR ane aN
PLACES ot Ae see Nonna
Czechoslovak people (Matiegka) :
Da at evan [5 Se a SR AL J CUE Tg ets eA yo et 2 ene Progress in reclamation (Bis- sell) : PTAC yetel eae eh a ee PALES) Get er Be d GehIEs Wat ey tor Coa (0 aca de A aes Richard Rathbun (Benjamin) : 1 eel Ee SNM Lap UL RA ee Eo
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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1919.
SUBJECTS.
1. Annual report of the secretary, giving an account of the opera- tions and condition of the Institution for the year ending June 30, 1919, with statistics of exchanges, etc.
2. Report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents, exhibiting the financial affairs of the Institution, including a state- ment of the Smithsonian fund, and receipts and expenditures for the year ending June 30, 1919.
3. Proceedings of the Board of Regents for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919.
4. General appendix, comprising a selection of miscellaneous me- moirs of interest to collaborators and correspondents of the Insti- tution, teachers, and others engaged in the promotion of knowledge. These memoirs relate chiefly to the calendar year 1919.
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THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
June 30, 1919.
Presiding officer ex officio.—Woopvrow WILsoN, President of the United States. Chancellor.—Epwarp DouGLAss WHITE, Chief Justice of the United States. Members of the Institution: Wooprow WILson, President of the United States. THoMAS R. MARSHALL, Vice President of the United States. Epwarp DovuGLAss WHITE, Chief Justice of the United States: Rospert LAnsine, Secretary of State. CARTER GLASS, Secretary of the Treasury. NEWTON DIEHE BAKER, Secretary of War. A. MitcHELL PstMER, Attorney General. ALBERT SIDNEY BURLESON, Postmaster General. JOSEPHUS DANIELS, Secretary of the Navy. FRANKLIN KNIGHT LANE, Secretary of the Interior. Davip FRANKLIN Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. WILLIAM Cox REDFIELD, Secretary of Commerce. WILLIAM BaucHop WILSON, Secretary of Labor. Regents of the Institution: EpwaArpD DovcLAss Wuite, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor. THomas R. MarsHAtt, Vice President of the United States. Henry Casot Lopcr, Member of the Senate. CHartes 8. THomas, Member of the Senate. Scott Frrris, Member of the House of Representatives. LEMUEL P. PapceTt, Member of the House of Representatives. Frank L. GREENE, Member of the House of Representatives. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, citizen of Washington, D, C. GerorcE GRAY, citizen of Delaware. CHARLES I’, CHOATE, Jr., citizen of Massachusetts. JOHN B. HENDERSON, citizen of Washington, D. C. Henry WHITE, citizen of Maryland. Rovert S. BRooKines, citizen of Missouri. Hxrecutive committee.—GEORGE GRAY, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, HENRY WHITE. Secretary of the Institution—CHARLES D. WALCOTT. Assistant Secretary.—C. G. ABBOT. Chief Clerk.—HApry W: Dorsey. Accounting and disbursing. agent.—W. I, ADAMS, EHditor.—W. P. TRUE. Assistant librarian.—PavL BRocKET?. Property clerk.—J. H. HIt1,
XI
XII ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Keeper ex officio —Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- tution.
Administrative assistant to the Secretary, in charge.—W. Dr C. RAVENEL.
Head curators —Wi11AM H. Hotmes, LEonNHARD STEJNEGER, G. P. MERRILL,
Curators.—Pavut BarrscH, R. 8. Basster, T. T. BeLore, F. W. Ciarke, F. V. CoviLtz, W. H. Dati, CuHester G. GILBERT, WALTER Hoven, L. O. Howarp, ALES HrprréKa, New M. Jupp, Freprrick L. Lewron, Gerrit S. Miter, Jr., JosepH E. Poaur, Ropert Rieway. .
Associate curators.—J. M. Atpricu, J. C. Crawrorp, C. W. Gi~morE, W. R. Maxon, CHARLES W. RicHmonp, J. N. Rosz, Davin WHITE.
Curator, National Gallery of Art—W. H. HoLMEs.
Chief of correspondence and documents.—H. 8. Bryant.
Disbursing agent.—W. I. ADAMS.
Superintendent of buildings and labor.—J. 8. GOLDSMITH.
Editor.—Marcus BENJAMIN.
Assistant librarian.—N. P. SCUDDER.
Photographer.—L. W. BEESON.
Registrar._S. C. Brown.
Property clerk.—W. A. KNOWLES.
Engineer.—C, R. DENMARK.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
Chief. —J. WALTER FEWKES.
Ethnologists—Joun P. Harrineton, J. N. B. Hewitt, Francis La FLESCHE, TRUMAN MICHELSON, JAMES Moonry, JoHN R. SwANTON.
Honorary philologist—FRanz Boas,
Editor.— STANLEY SEARLES.
Librarian.— Lia LEARY.
Illustrator.—DrE LANcEY GILL.
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. Chief clerk.—C. W. SHOEMAKER. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
Superintendent.—NEpD HOLLISTER. Assistant Superintendent.—A. B. Baker.
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
Director—C. G. ABBOT. Aid.—F.. E. Fowte, Jr. Assistant.—L. B. ALDRICH.
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR THE UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.
Assistant in charge.—Lronarp C. GUNNELL.
REPORT
OF THE
SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Cuartes D. Watcott,
FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1919
To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.
GENTLEMEN : I have the honor to submit herewith an annual report on the activities and condition of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the year ending June 30,1919. The activities of the Institution proper are reviewed in the first part of the report, together with a brief summary of the affairs of each of the several branches. In the appendices will be found more detailed accounts of the work of the National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the International Exchange Service, the National Zoological Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, the Smithsonian Library, the Inter- national Catalogue of Scientific Literature, and an account of the publications of the Institution and its branches. The reports of the Museum and Bureau of Ethnology are published in greater detail in separate volumes.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. THE ESTABLISHMENT,
The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress, in 1846, according to the terms of the will of James Smithson, of Eng- land, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” In receiving the property and acccept- ing the trust Congress determined that the Federal Government was without; authority to administer the trust directly, and therefore constituted an “establishment,” whose statutory members are “the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.”
THE BOARD OF REGENTS.
The business of the Institution is conducted by a Board of Regents composed of “the Vice President, the Chief Justice of the United States, and three Members of the Senate, and three Members of the
1
2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
House of Representatives, together with six other persons other than Members of Congress, two of whom shall be resident in the city of Washington and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of them of the same State.” The regents elect one of their number as chancellor, usually the Chief Justice, who is the pre- siding officer of the board, and elect a suitable person as secretary of the Institution, who is also secretary of the board and the executive officer and director of the Institution’s activities.
The changes in personnel of the board during the year were the appointment of George Gray, citizen of Delaware, to succeed him- self; the appointment of Robert S. Brookings, citizen of Missouri, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles W. Fairbanks. The roll of regents on June’30, 1919, was as follows: Edward D. White, Chief Justice of the United States, chancellor; ‘Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States; Henry Cabot Lodge, Member of the Senate; Charles S. Thomas, Member of the Senate; Scott’ Ferris, Member of the House of Representatives; Lemuel P. Padgett, Mem- ber of the House of Representatives; Frank L. Greene, Member of the House of Representatives; Alexander Graham Bell, citizen of Wash- ington, D. C.; George Gray, citizen of Delaware; Charles F. Choate, jr., citizen of Massachusetts; John B. Henderson, citizen of Washing- ton, D. C.; Henry White, citizen of Maryland; and Robert S. Brook- ings, ities of Missouri.
The board held its annual meeting on December 12, 1918. The proceedings of that meeting, as also the annual arlancial report of the executive committee, have been printed, as usual, for the use of the regents, while such important matters acted upon as are of public interest are reviewed under appropriate heads in the report of the secretary. A detailed statement of disbursements from the Govern- ment appropriations under the direction of the Institution for the maintenance of the National Museum, the National Zoological Park, and other branches will be submitted to Congress by the secretary in the usual manner in compliance with the law.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
In addition to the usual activities and routine duties, the scientific staff of the Institution continued, until the day of the signing of the armistice, to assist the Geeetkimertt's in every way possible toward the successful prosecution of the war. The Museum staff were in constant touch with Army and Navy officials, furnishing much tech- nical information, and the staff ofthe Astrophysical Observatory con- ducted numerous valuable researches. Mr. L. B. Aldrich, of the ob- servatory, carried out successful experiments.on the pressure exerted by the wind upon projectiles, at the request.of the.Coast Artillery Station at Fortress Monroe. Assistant Secretary Abbot and Mr.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3
Aldrich together worked’ on the problem of searchlights for Army use, and, after numerous experiments, they were able to improve the existing searchlights, both by. diminution of size and. increase in light- ing power. The new form of searchlight was constructed and used in France several months before the close of hostilities.
At the time of the signing of the armistice several valuable devices were being perfected by Dr. Abbot and the observatory staff, among them a recoilless'gun devised by Dr. R. H. Goddard, of Clark College, which was a development of work being done by Haiti for the Insti- tution on a multiple-charge rocket intended to reach great heights for meteorological observations; an instrument for determining geo- graphical Seer: from an airplane or a ship at sea without refer- ence to landmarks, whether’ celestial or terrestrial; and a rotating projectile constructed on the turbine principle to be fired from a smoothbore gun, which would have been specially valuable for use in trench mortars.
On December 16,1918, Dr. C. G. Abbot, Director of the Astrophysi- cal Observatory, was appointed assistant secretary of the Institution to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. F. W. True some years ago. In addition to his administrative duties in connection with the Institution, Dr. Abbot will be in charge of the Smithsonian Library, the International Exchange Service, and the Astrophysical Obser- ‘vatory.
The work of the National Research Council, of which your secre- tary was first vice chairman, was continued under the war organi- zation during the first part of the year.. After the signing of the armistice every effort was concentrated on the organization: of the council upon a peace basis, and this was accomplished very suc- cessfully before the close of the year under a definite plan in accord- ance with an Executive order’ from the President of the United States requesting the National Academyof Sciences to perpetuate the National Research Council. |
The secretary of the Institution was also chairman of the executive committee of the national advisory committee for aeronautics, which performed. work-of great value to the Government on airplane pro- duction and improvements. 3
An important peace-time event was the organizing just: before the ‘close of the year of an extensive exploring expedition to the heart of Africa, The material collected will come to the Institution to be used for purposes:.of comparison in working up the results. of “various expeditions to the Dark Continent by Col. Roosevelt, Paul _Rainey, and others. *
Bequests.—An important bequest was made to the Institution dur- ing the year by Mrs. Virginia Purdy Bacon, of New York, which will do much. toward extending our knowledge of the fauna of the
4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
world. That portion of Mrs. Bacon’s will relating to the Institution reads as follows:
(f) To Smithsonian Institute the sum of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), to be used in establishing a traveling scholarship, to be called the Walter Rathbone Bacon Scholarship for the study of the fauna of countries other than the United States of America; the incumbents to be designated by said Institute under such regulations as it may from time to time prescribe and to hold such scholarships not less than two years, and while holding such scholarship to conduct for said Institute investigations in the fauna of other countries under the direction of said Institute. |
The terms of the will had not been executed at the close of the
year. . FINANCES.
The invested funds of the Institution are as follows: Deposited in the Treasury of the United States under authority
o£ Gotigres§2. 52. sot! ota gos eel ed Efe ee Payoh phe $1, 000, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED FUND. Brooklyn Rapid Transit 5 per cent notes, due July 1, 1918______ 8, 528. 44 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 4 per cent collateral trust boends,,,due,,dvily Vj) 1929-27 3. teh ht aed Se ps eee 15, 680. 00 Province of Manitoba 5 per cent gold debentures, due Apr. 1, 1922_ 1, 935. 00 West Shore Railroad Co. guaranteed 4 per cent first mortgage bonds, due Jan. le 2oole a Pa pla acpi hil it. consid dala 37, 275. 00 Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. first mortgage 5 per cent SON eho corn hs Uae OBO tae oa a A ae 5, 670. 00 Wnited, States.Ginst. Liberty JO@AM 222 nS? Se Rn 200. 00 United States second, Liberty loan eg 100. 00 Wnited States “third” Lverly ddan ee ee 10, 150. 00 United States fourth Liberty loan-_~_-~2_--~~__+-_-~---2__-_-__ 50. 00 United States war-savings stamps, series of 1918-_-_-_----=-_-_ 100, 00 PA GUUSEIMENES (PtP eee es ee kk ee 105. 94 TOtalEBich: FR 5s)! Be NO EE aay (OPT OAR ON Leraetes 1, 074, 794. 38
The sum invested for each specific fund and the manner in which the several investments were made is given in the following state- ment:
"iressury.. [dated fana,| Total ShaavigeyeyalaqpbnG (So 22 Son soa oe oan Ee oneee oe Sou oS Ecos moSocueeESs $727, 640. 00 $984. 00 $728, 624. 00 Sta bolhiundencs. Jew ene Mee cee ea ere eben deer wadan 500: 00 [e--- acon sn-0 500. 00 Hamilton fund 22 1. AS Ee POR OL RIA 23500200 | Jee 2, 500. 00 Hodgkins general fund. . .-..-.--+--s.-. Sete tere oe eearee> ee 116, 000.00 |. 37, 275.00 153, 275.00 Hodgkins specific fund. - 0-20-5522 sos -65s2.0 deren ssteewe- = 100, 000. 00 |......---..- 100, 000. 00 HOUSE ENG cere saeco meert ter aeee cae meena srianine= crise mace cere 590. 00 74. 00 664. 00 Bby oryMund2t < $33 Tes SE. ee Rt OS. BOI 14,000:00 | 14, 824. 45 28, 824. 45 AddisoniT.. Reid-fund.. fof": fared. 8 cath ee et Te 11,000.00 | 1,348.00 12,348.00 Lucy T. and George W. Poorefund..............--2----2-2--+ 26,670.00}. . 2,819.00 29, 489.00 George K. Sanford fund 3 io. sec ces- cess ene men consee acca seneuaes 1, 100. 00 142. 00 1, 242. 00 Chamberlain fand2£: 1.0115. 435.) Dee BA, Be Brea be bie par CCRT 10, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 Bruce, Hughes finds--0 4. Ag ogeescee Sh er then eth. . ot peel ol. se dep ede. 7,327. 93 7,327.93
Totale leegc (BE sae 2uS sae Ne CME os 1,000, 000/00 | 74,794.38 | 1,074, 794.38
—— =
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5
The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. was placed in the hands of re- ceivers on July 1, 1918.
For the $5,000 in 5 per cent gold notes which failed of redemp- tion on the above date, $1,500 was subsequently paid to the Insti- tution in cash and the balance of $3,500 is held by the receivers pending final adjustment.
A single piece of real estate bequeathed to the Institution by the late Robert Stanton Avery, and located in the District of Columbia, 326 A Street SE., was sold and the sum of $3,046.50 was realized therefrom. Several lots of unimproved land located near Lowell, Mass., and forming a part of the bequest known as the Lucy T.. and George W. Poore fund, were also sold and the sum of $520.50 was realized, making a total of $3,567 derived from the sale of real estate during the year.
Income not required for current expenditures continues to be placed with local banks on time deposit; the interest so earned dur- ing the year amounted to $1,048.10.
The income of the institution during the year, amounting to $144,- 100.58, was derived as follows: Interest on permanent investments and other sources, $64,466.94; repayments, rentals, publications, etc., $34,723.33; contributions from various sources for specific purposes, $26,348.26; bills receivable, $15,000; proceeds from sale of real estate, $3,567.
Adding the cash balance of $1,289.90 on July 1, 1918, the total resources for the year amounted to $145,390.43.
Mr. B. H. Swales, honorary custodian, section of birds’ eggs, has contributed $300 to the Institution for the purchase of specimens.
The disbursements which are described in the annual report of the executive committee amounted to $143,267.65, leaving a balance, on deposit with the Treasurer of the United States, in cash, and in bank, of $2,122.78.
The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1919:
ARINC STEVE CUCINA UNO ETAT Sees la ahs at ante PNM Ds EN $35, 000 ER LLC ATL AAT LU ee ey Mes Rte ener Nana Perea £0 SYN VELL AANO eee Meet EA 2 Su mee eee 42, 000 International catalogue of scientific literature_________-_______-_____ 7, 500 Astrophysical -obNervatony =e oe Se Be per Mo TS ee 13, 000 UNG TOT aU AIMS Wyn aa a8 a Se ea eee Ee Fi HUTMISure end, fixchyre ss ts eo eee Be Tee ee 15, 000 TMS a GOES oY ONSET WIPES OY ia keg Nh Cae Sh AN a Ne ea pcp Seem i ce 55, 000 Preservation for+collections “2 2avtos {Deo aU Asi nue bh 300, 000 Biilding, épains 60 25 Be OE pee eR ls eh Pot ul s. 10, 000 1 E00) Scie arse aR RR Ghetey eee ae a Ame SIE eRe OO) Some ROAR a Od santa et 4) 2, 000 i SCO S| if 3 le es RY ee ETS 3 SUE NOS NTO RNY Toad DS Ma ae 500 Bass he SAUL Ge Ug 7 22 a a i 3 ee 115, 000
Increase of compensation (indefinite)_.-.___.___. =
12573°—21—_—_2
6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
In addition to the above, there was included under the general appropriation for printing and binding an allotment of $76,200, to cover the cost of printing and binding the Smithsonian annual re- port and reports and miscellaneous printing for the Government branches of the Institution.
RESEARCHES AND EXPLORATIONS.
The institution every year sends out or cooperates in expeditions to various parts of the world for the purpose of gathering all the information possible on the inhabitants, the fauna and flora, and other features of little-known regions, and thus carries out one of its primary objects—‘ the increase of knowledge.” While the war con- ditions prevailing during the first half of the year blocked certain projects, several expeditions of importance to science were under- taken, and a few of these are briefly summarized here. The annual Exploration Pamphlet issued by the institution and the reports of the various branches describe these and other researches more in detail.
GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES.
The geological explorations which have been conducted in the Canadian Rockies by your secretary for a number of years were con- tinued during the summer season of 1918, chiefly for the purpose of determining the geological structure of the upper Bow Valley north of Lake Louise, Alberta, and also at the headwaters of the Cascade River, at Sawback Lake. Another aim of the investigation was to locate any possible occurrences of unusual beds of fossils in the regions visited.
Leaving the Canadian Pacific Railway at Lake Louise Station, the Bow Valley extends to the northwest parallel to the Continental Divide, which forms its southwestern side. Bow Lake at the head of the valley is a beautiful sheet of water hemmed in by bald moun- tain slopes and cliffs on the west and north and by the mass of Mount Molar on the east. From the west numerous glaciers drain into the lake. The first one encountered is Crowfoot, which flows from the great Wauputek snow field along the Continental Divide.
Bow Pass, 4 miles north of the head of Bow Lake, has been eroded by glacial action into a broad, park-like area, so that the passage over into the valley of the Mistaya River of the Saskatchewan River drainage is scarcely realized until steep slopes indicate the approach toward Lake Peyto. This beautiful lake, with a glacier at its head, drains into the Mistaya River. The bold escarpment on the north side of the lake is continued to the north down the Mistaya River to the Saskatchewan. Several sections were examined along this front,
REPORT OF THE SHCRETARY. y
which were found to be similar to the section at the head of Bow Lake.
The broad canyon valleys that unite the headwaters of the Sas- katchewan River are all carved by erosion out of the same type of Cambrian rocks as those exposed in the vicinity of Bow Lake, and also in the Bow Valley south of Lake Louise Station.
At the close of the season a fine pair of mountain sheep, a black bear, one mule deer, a mountain goat, and a wolverine were collected, the skins and skulls being shipped to the National Museum.
GEOLOGICAL WORK IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES.
During the field season of 1918 the members of the geological staff were chiefly occupied in collecting material for the museum exhibi- tion series, most of the work being done in Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. Sufficient material illustrat- ing the weathering and decay of rocks was obtained by Dr. J. C. Martin, assistant curator of geology, United States National Museum, to make up 100 sets for distribution to those agricultural and other colleges which give instruction in rock weathering and soil formation. Dr. Martin also visited several localities in Penn- sylvania, New Jersey, and New York for the purpose of filling cer- tain gaps in the ore and rock collections.
In continuance of the search begun in recent years for large ex- hibition museum specimens to illustrate the various phases of struc- tural geology and stratigraphic paleontology, Drs. Bassler and Resser, of the division of paleontology, report as follows:
Field work was begun with an investigation of the Cretaceous rocks of west- ern New Jersey, where the prime object was to secure suitable exhibits of such economically important rocks of organic origin as glauconite, or greensand, and calcareous marl. The greensand area in the vicinity of Vincentown, N. J., afforded the best results in fossil and rock specimens for both study and exhibi- tion, The very incoherent greensand could not be obtained in masses of a size suitable for exhibition, but by use of shellac a large piece was hardened suf- ficiently to be shipped to Washington without breakage. In the marl pits unusually well-preserved fossils were found scattered through an unconsoli- dated sand formation. Here specimens abound literally by the millions, and large numbers were collected by passing quantities of the sand through a fine- meshed sieve, the residue in this process usually consisting of nothing but well- preserved fossils.
They then proceeded to the Lancaster Valley of Pennsylvania, where they were fortunate enough to secure intact a large mass of finely banded, crinkled limestone. This illustrates, on a small scale, the folding to which the earth’s erust has been subjected, and forms a much-needed addition to the exhibits.
On the east front of the Allegheny Mountains Dr. Bassler obtained exhibition specimens illustrating faulting and its accompanying phenomena. In western Maryland a fault passes through a Silurian conglomerate composed of small, rounded pebbles of pure white quartz, forming an interesting educational ob- ject, and along the fault zone the conglomerate has been broken into angular
8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
fragments and recemented together into a hard rock. In one case this re- cementation had been caused by silica and in another by iron ore. Large ex- amples of both kinds of this fault breccia were collected. Photographs of these specimens in situ were secured so that explanatory exhibition labels can be illustrated.
THE COLLINS-GARNER FRENCH CONGO EXPEDITION.
In December, 1916, an expedition known as the “ Collins-Garner Expedition in the interests of the Smithsonian Institution” sailed from New York for Bordeaux and from there to Africa, with the object of procuring a general collection of vertebrates and especially the great apes. The expedition encountered many difficulties and delays owing to the war, but by the summer of 1918 they had estab- lished permanent headquarters near Fernan Vaz, French Congo. A letter from Mr. R. L. Garner, who has the general management of the expedition, states in part:
Our domicile is located on the edge of a vast plain, traversed here and there by belts and spurs of forest. In those plots of bush live great numbers of chimpanzees, and for the first time in my long experience among them I have seen whole families of them out on the open plain. Frequently they cross the plain from one belt of bush to another, in some places a mile or so in width, and not a tree or bush in that distance to shelter them from attack. They often come within 200 to 300 yards of my house and sometimes manifest deep interest in trying to find out what this new thing is set up in their midst. I have seen as many as four or five different groups of them in the same day, and one of these contained 11 members.
Mr. Aschemeier has collected well on to 2,000 specimens, and nearly all of them he has killed with his own gun. Some of these specimens are exceed- ingly rare and valuable. When you recall the fact that he came as taxi- dermist of the expedition and not as chasseur, he was not expected to provide the specimens that he was to preserve.
We have forwarded six consignments of specimens to the Museum and have a seventh well on the way; but we find great difficulty in getting the steamers to take them from Port Gentil (Cap Lopez), because they are all under the direction of the French military authorities. Two of our last shipments were still at Port Gentil last month, where one of them has been lying since last January and all steamers declined to take it. Once both shipments were taken aboard the steamer and bill of lading signed when the captain changed his mind and sent the whole lot back on shore, with the accumulated charges of 40 francs for embarkation and debarkation.
We have sent 12 or 13 specimens of buffalo, several specimens and species of antelope, and two or three fine specimens of the “red river hog,” beside a large collection of monkeys, representing six or seven species of both sexes and various ages. I think in all we have sent over 1,500 up to this time. Of course, this includes birds, etc., not insects, and we have on hand a goodly number.
War conditions seriously interfered with the shipment of the material collected, but later on a large number of interesting ses mens were ee by the Museum.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9 THE SMITHSONIAN AFRICAN EXPEDITION.
Shortly before the close of the fiscal year a collecting expedition to Africa was organized, to be known as the Smithsonian African Expedition, under the direction of Edmund Heller, in conjunction with the Universal Film Manufacturing Co. The expedition sailed from this country a few days after the close of the year for Cape Town, Africa, from which city arrangements were to be made for the plunge into the interior of the continent. The expedition is to collect animals, plants, and other material for uses of comparison in working up the collections made in Africa by Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Paul Rainey, and others, already in the National Museum. Representatives of the Universal Film Manufacturing Co. accom- panied the expedition to make extensive motion pictures of life in the mysterious interior. The expedition will explore the jungles, deserts, lakes, and rivers and will be out at least a year.
Exploration is contemplated in various parts of the Cape region, the great Victoria Falls of the Zambesi River, and western Rho- desia. From there the expedition will cross to the sources of the Congo in Belgian Congo, then turn east toward Lake Tanganjika, following, to some extent, the trails of Livingston and Stanley in this region. From the town of Ujiji, on the eastern shore of the lake, the temporary headquarters of the expedition, excursions will be made into the former German East Africa and the Uganda Pro- tectorate, especially the Ryvenzori Mountain region.
The primary purpose of the expedition is to secure additional specimens of plants and animals, chiefly from the interior and from South Africa, in which the Museum is rather deficient. These will prove a welcome supplement to the magnificent collections brought home by Col. Theodore Roosevelt and others and on which mono- eraphic reports are desired, but which can not be worked up intelli- gently and satisfactorily until more material is obtained. The experienced collectors, Mr. H. C. Raven, representing the institu- tion, and Dr. H. L. Shantz, of the Department of Agriculture, will undoubtedly send back to this country much material of value con- cerning the little-known parts of the “ Dark Continent” which have puzzled scientists and laymen for a long time.
BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ECUADOR.
As a part of a cooperative plan for an investigation of the flora of northern South America, organized by the United States National Museum, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Gray Herbarium, Dr. J. N. Rose, associate curator in the division of plants of the Museum, spent three months making botanical collections in Ecuador. A large quantity of desired material, including 6,000 botanical speci-
10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
mens, 100 jars of fruit seeds and plant products preserved in formalin, a number of wood specimens, and samples of bark, was collected. It is expected that this and other proposed botanical researches in this region will be of much value to the agricultural and horticultural interests in this country.
In the course of Dr. Rose’s work in Ecuador two sections were made of the coast across the western range of the Andes to the interior Andean Valley; one in the south from Santa Rosa to Loja, and the other near the center of the country from Guayaquil to Ricbamba. A longitudinal section was made down the Andean Valley from San Antonio to Loja. This last section was over the route followed by Alexander von Humboldt at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Many of the plants collected by him on this memorable journey were re-collected.
CINCHONA BOTANICAL STATION.
With the consent of the governor of Jamaica the three-years’ lease of the Cinchona Botanical Station, held by the institution, was can- celed during the period of the war, as it was found impracticable to undertake any botanical research there during the unsettled condi- tions prevailing. The lease was terminated, however, with the hope that it could be taken up again with the return of normal conditions, and a few days after the close of the fiscal year a letter was received from Prof, Duncan S. Johnson, chairman of the committee of sub- seribers to the maintenance of the station, at that time in Jamaica, stating that he had begun negotiations with the Government to renew the lease, beginning January, 1920.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL WORK IN PERU AND BOLIVIA.
Mr. Philip A. Means, honorary collaborator in American arche- ology, United States National Museum, spent some months during the year in archeological work in Peru and Bolivia. The region around Lima, according to Mr. Means, is undoubtedly one of the richest in South America from the archeological standpoint. After visiting a number of the ancient ruins in this section, considerable time was spent in examining the archeological] collections of several South American scientists. In an account of his work, Mr. Means says:
Two of the least known places visited were Maranga and Pando. They are very close together, and are about 6 miles northwest of Lima. In its prime, Maranga had four fine terraces, with a spacious terreplein at the top. At the bottom the pyramid is about 450 feet square and the summit terreplein is about 250 feet by 350. The material of construction is adobe. This pyramid is prob- ably of Inca construction; it is much like the Inca-built Temple of the Sun at Pachacamac and has yielded many Inea artifacts.
Lying somewhat north and northwest of Maranga are the ruins of Pando. These cover an immense amount of ground, and consist of several pyramids
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 11
even larger than Maranga, but not so well preserved. The old city at this place was inclosed in a massive wall, with easily defended gateways. These latter were narrow, and, at either side, sunk in the thickness of the wall, there was a raised platform or niche where possibly a guard could stand and effectually oppose ingress.
At the western side of Pando there are the remains of a fine, though small, palace or temple. Although it is only about 85 feet square, this little building is remarkable on account of the attractive arabesque patterns made in the stucco coating of the walls. The western end of the main room was provided with a platform, raised some 3 feet above the rest of the floor. Behind this there was a passage which led to other apartments. It is not now possible to know exactly what sort of roof there was, for the wind has eroded the tops of the walls and signs of roof beams or joists are no longer visible.
THH PROPOSED ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL,
On January 29, 1919, a bill was introduced in the House of Repre- sentatives by Congressman F.. C. Hicks, providing for the erection of a museum of history and of the arts as a memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. It was intended that the proposed museum would contain the extensive collections already in the National Museum of relics and mementoes of illustrious patriots of our country and of the events conspicuous in its history. The bill provides that the building should be planned and erected under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and, when completed, would be admin- istered by them. The site selected is the north side of the Mall, on a line with the present beautiful structure of the Natural History Building of the National Museum.
The memorial museum would contain also collections relating to arts and industries, including the great divisions of mechanical and mineral technology, such as objects and models illustrating the devel- opment of the electric telegraph and telephone; the phonograph; transportation by land, water, and air; musical instruments, from primitive to present forms; printing, illustrating, and bookmaking; photography, from the earliest invention to the modern moving-pic- ture apparatus; ores and minerals, their natural occurrence, processes of extraction and manufacture, from the native state to the finished product; textiles; drugs; foods; and animal and vegetable products.
Provision would also be made for the present National Gallery of Art, in the development of which President Roosevelt took an active and timely interest. The collections of the National Gallery now approximate $1,000,000 in value, and would grow more rapidly if adequate installation were insured.
In my letter to Congressman Hicks regarding the memorial, I stated, in part, as follows:
The proposed museum would not be a dead memorial, but a virile living
tribute to Roosevelt that for ages would serve to educate and stimulate all classes of Americans. Its educational value would be great to the child, the
12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
youth, and mature men and women. It would stimulate the historian, artist, designer, manufacturer, and artisan, and bring to the American people in the most realistic manner the extent and character of their historical and in- dustrial development, and place side by side with the American many of the developments in art and science of other lands. I can not conceive of a more powerful influence for good that could take the form of a memorial to Roosevelt.
We have the great monument to Washington, the great mausoleum to Lincoln, and if on the same great parkway between the Capitol and the Potomac this tribute to Roosevelt could be erected it would be a tribute worthy of what he himself stood for in the life and thought of our country.
The bill providing for this memorial to Theodore Roosevelt was not brought up before the Congress for action during the session, at which it was introduced, but it was reintroduced on May 21, 1919, during the first session of the Sixty-sixth Congress, and at the close of the fiscal year was still in committee. |
RESEARCH CORPORATION.
The Research Corporation, mentioned in several previous reports, is the outgrowth of the gift to the Smithsonian Institution by Dr. F. G. Cottrell of his patents covering the electrical precipitation of suspended particles.
The process is now in successful operation in a number of smelting and refining plants in which the precipitation of fumes is an impor- tant item. From the income of these applications there was estab- lished a fellowship, amounting to $2,500 each year, for research along technical lines.
POPULAR SCIENTIFIC LECTURES.
In furthering one of the purposes of the Institution, “the diffu- sion of knowledge,” a series of popular scientific lectures, illustrated by lantern slides, was instituted during the year, and given in the auditorium of the National History Building of the Museum. These lectures were open to the public and were all well attended, showing the interest of the people of Washington in scientific matters. Hight lectures were given in the series, on alternate Saturday afternoons, as follows:
. Photographing in the Canadian Rockies, by Charles D. Walcott.
. Sun Rays in Many Lands, by C. G. Abbot.
. The Indian as a Stone Mason, by J. Walter Fewkes.
. Meteorites and Shooting Stars, by George P. Merrill.
. The Story of Our Local Aborigines, Historic and Prehistoric, With Demon- strations of Their Instrument Making, by William H. Holmes.
6. Harmful and Beneficial Insects, and How the National Museum Helps in Their Study, by L. O. Howard.
7. The Story of Silk, by Frederick L. Lewton.
8. Why the Wild Flowers Are So Wild, by Frederick V. Coville.
It is intended to continue these lectures during’ the coming year.
oR ON eH
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. { 13 CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS.
The twentieth international congress of Americanists which was to have been held at Rio de Janeiro in June, 1919, was postponed until the following year, when more favorable conditions may be expected.
PUBLICATIONS.
The institution and its branches issued during the year 98 volumes and separate pamphlets. The total distribution was 161,288 copies which includes 404 volumes and separate memoirs of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 15,603 volumes and separate pamphlets of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 13,885 volumes and sepa- rates of the Smithsonian Annual Reports, 118,332 volumes and sepa- rates of the National Museum publications, 11,483 publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology (all series), 1,444 special publica- tions, 10 volumes of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, 69 reports of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, and 58 reports of the American Historical Association.
An unusually large number of rabhietiont were in press at the close of the year, owing to the overcrowded condition of the Govern- ment Printing Office during the war.
Allotments for printing—The allotments for the year for the printing of the Smithsonian report and the various publications of the branches of the Institution were practically used up and the allotments for the year ending June 30, 1920, are as follows:
For the Smithsonian Institution: For printing and binding the annual reports of the Board of Regents, with general appendices, the editions of which shall not exceed 10,000 copies_______._-______ $10, 000 For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general ap- pendices, and for printing labels and blanks and for the bulletins and proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not exceed 4,000 copies, and binding in half morocco or material not more expensive, scientific books and pamphlets presented to or acquired
by thenNational Museum eibrary 2s. 2 0 i Re eee een 37, 500 For the annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American Eth- nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau___ 21, 000 For miscellaneous printing and binding: Internationals exchiam meg erae ca) law iy eee es ee aed a a 200 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_________________ 100 SN NT OTN AO OL 1 CeO MN aT Ke ero ee ec 200 ASTTODHY SICAL OSCE VALOR: = = tess Bi td TD ME RO Tyee aN SER AE 200 For the annual report of the American Historical Association_________ 7, 000
Committee on printing and publication—All manuscripts offered for publication by the Institution or its branches are considered by the Smithsonian advisory committee on printing and publication.
14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919,
Thirteen meetings were held during the year and 79 manuscripts were acted upon. The membership of the committee is as follows: Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology, National Museum, chairman; Mr. N. Hollister, superintendent of the National Zoologi- cal Park; Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, National Museum; Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Institution and secretary of the committee until his death in December, 1918, when Mr. Webster P. True succeeded him as editor and secretary of the committee. LIBRARY.
The library of the Smithsonian Institution is maintained for the purpose of assembling a collection of periodicals and. publications of a scientific nature, as well as the journals and other publications of scientific institutions of the world, the whole forming a library of reference and research. In addition to the main bulk of titles housed in the Library of Congress, and known as the Smithsonian Deposit, there are 35 sectional technical libraries and 4 branch libraries—the National Museum library, the Bureau of American Ethnology library, the Astrophysical Observatory library, and the National Zoological Park library.
The number of accessions during the year which were added to the previous collection of over half a million titles numbered 7,502. Of these 2,077 were for the Smithsonian Deposit, 639 for the Smith- sonian office, Astrophysical Observatory, and National Zoological Park, and 4,786 for the National Museum.
Seventy-eight titles have been added during the year to the insti- tution’s collection of aeronautical publications, in which continued interest has been shown by aeronautical research workers in the Army, Navy, and scientific institutions. Author cards for 1,722 titles of books in the De Peyster Collection have been made, and the 869 volumes on French history have been made accessible.
In the Museum library the most important acquisition was a set of catalogues of the J. Pierpont Morgan art collection, presented by J. Pierpont Morgan, jr. The technological library added 346 vol- umes, and the books in the sectional library, division of plants, have been revised and all available works on botanical subjects brought together and rendered accessible. The collection in the art room, statuary, as well as books, has been carefully gone over and put in thorough order.
NATIONAL MUSEUM. The National Museum suffered the loss at the beginning of
the year of the assistant secretary in charge, Mr. Richard Rathbun, who died July 16, 1918. His duties devolved upon Mr. W. de C.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15
Ravenel, the administrative assistant, whose title was changed to Pa ae assistant to the eeties and on November 1 was also designated director of arts and industries.
The scope of the National Museum embraces many subjects, which may be classed under the following headings:
1. Natural history.
2. Applied science and art (Arts and Indusiries).
3. The fine arts (the National Gallery of Art).
4, American history.
These various departments are combined under one administration, which insures greater economy and efficiency in management.
During the war the Museum furnished the Bureau of War Risk Insurance with 138,600 square feet of space for its offices. Members of the Museum staff in all departments continued to render service to the various governmental agencies until the signing of the armistice, and their work was successful in bringing the Museum into closer relationship with the executive departments.
The total number of accessions received during the year was 526,- 845, classified and assigned as follows: Department of Anthropology, 12,333; Zoology, 442,383; Botany, 40,357; Geology and Mineralogy, 4,750; Paleontology, 26,050; Textiles, etc., 884; Mineral Technology, 62; and National Gallery of Art, 26. Three thousand and ninety-six pe were loaned for ehifatiens mainly for the divisigns of history and American archeology ad the Gallery of Art. Pur- chases were made from the Frances Lea Chamberlain fund and the Henry Ward Ranger fund.
During the year the Museum began the collection of a most val- uable and interesting series of war relics. One of the most instruc- tive features of this collection is an exhibit showing the development of the airplane, from the original Langley models to the first Gov- ernment-owned aeroplane of the world, purchased by the United States from the Wright Brothers in 1909. Through the director of military aeronautics, Bureau of Aircraft Pgoduction, two types of planes used by the French at the front in 1917 were received, and a Curtiss training plane of the model used at flying fields all over the United States, as well as the first battle plane constructed in this country for the United States Government—the DH—4—made by the Dayton-Wright Airplane Co. in 1917. This machine was flown over 100,000 miles.
The Department of Anthropology received exceptionally large additions relating to the war with Germany. They include the Combined Order of Battle Map, corrected to November 11, 1918, with its accessories, as used by Gen. Pershing and his staff at Chaumont, France, throughout the progress of the American military
16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
movements; a collection of German military paraphernalia captured by American troops during various engagements; collections of the equipment of the various branches of the American Army; and an almost complete series of uniforms, insignia, decorations, and medals of the Army and Navy, as well as a collection of relics of Lieut. Ben- jamin Stuart Walcott, United States Army, who entered the French air service as a member of the Lafayette Flying Corps, and who was killed in aerial combat on December 12, 1917.
Another interesting addition consists of a large series of costumes and accessories worn by the late Richard Mansfield in his extensive repertoire of historic characters, presented by Mrs. Mansfield.
The chief addition in the Department of Biology was a collection of Antillean land mollusks, aggregating 400,000 specimens, donated by Mr. John B. Henderson, a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. The final installment of Dr. Abbott’s Celebes collections was re- ceived likewise. The collections in the National Herbarium were enriched by a donation of 12,000 plants from Mexico, 9,600 from the Philippines, and many from the South American countries.
The Division of Textiles received for exhibition purposes from the office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army a col- lection consisting of apparatus, hospital appliances, and field equip- ment used by the Medical, Dental, and Sanitary Corps in the war. This included examples of all kinds of equipment of a thousand-bed hespital overseas. ‘The food exhibits were continued and an arrange- ment was made with the States Relations Service of the Department of Agriculture, whereby regular demonstrations of the value, use, preparation, and conservation of foods were given. Over 2,100 per- sons attended the lectures and various demonstrations.
Work on the Freer Building progressed satisfactorily, and it is ex- pected that the structure will be completed early in 1920. The Na- tional Gallery of Art acquired from Mr. Ralph Cross Johnson a rare gift of 24 paintings, which comprises selections from the work of 19 of Europe’s foremos§ masters.
The most pressing neéds of the Museum are a separate building for the National Gallery of Art, which has long since outgrown its present temporary quarters, and also one for American history. It is likewise imperative to increase the scientific and technical staff in order that the Institution may keep pace with the rapid develop- ment of the country.
The total distribution of Museum publications during the year aggregated 118,332 copies. Over 4,000 volumes, pamphlets, and unbound papers were added to the library, which now contains 54,685 volumes and 87,109 pamphlets and unbound papers.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 17 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
The usual activities of the Bureau of American Ethnology, defined by law as “ ethnological researches among the American Indians, in- cluding the excavation and preservation of archeologic remains,” have been carried on during the year under the direction of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, chief. Intensive studies were made of the dying lan- guages of the numerous Indian tribes in order to discover the rela- tionship of the various stocks of the aborigines and to gain a clearer insight into the origin, history, and migration of man on this con- tinent. The continued study of the material culture of the Indians also has its practical value, while another instructive line of work relates to the history of the Indians both before and after the advent of Europeans.
Field researches include, in addition to those mentioned above, the excavation and preservation of archeological remains. A few of these researches are mentioned very briefly here in order to show the nature of the work. A somewhat more detailed account of these and other undertakings of the bureau during the year will be found in an appendix hereto. Valuable work was done by Dr. Fewkes in the McElmo and tributary canyons in Colorado and in Utah as far west as Montezuma Canyon, on the aboriginal castles and towers of that region, and through his efforts the Aztec Spring Ruin was presented by the owner, Mr. Henry van Kleeck, of Denver, to the National Park Service, and accepted by the Secretary of the Interior.
Dr. J. R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted much of his time to the collection of material from published sources for a study of the economic background of the life of the American Indians north of Mexico. He has also continued his study of the languages of the Indians of the lower Mississippi Valley and of the social systems of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians.
Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, prepared for the press the Onondaga version of the Myth of the Beginnings, the Genesis Myth of the Iroquoian peoples, and continued his previous study of the league.
Mr. Francis LaFlesche, ethnologist, is now completing for publica- tion his notes on the rite of the chiefs, the tribal rite of the Osage people. In this ritual is embodied the story of the four stages of the development of the tribal government, including both the military and the civil forms, beginning with the chaotic state of the tribal existence.
Mr. J. P. Harrington, ethnologist, has obtained. important corrob- orative evidence of the validity of his discovery that there is a close genetic relationship between Tanoan pueblo dialects of New Mexico
18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
and the Kiowa. The bearings of this discovery on theories of the origin of modern Pueblos is very significant.
Special research work was done among the Salish Tribes, the Paw- nee, and Chippewa. Dr. Walter Hough, curator of ethnology, United States National Museum, undertook archeological work in the White Mountain Apache Reserve, Arizona, and Mr. Neil M. Judd, curator of American archeology, United States National Museum, suc- cessfully investigated five prehistoric ruins in the Cottonwood Can- yon caves. Dr. AleS Hrdlitka, curator of physical anthropology, United States National Museum, was detailed to make an examina- tion of the remains of southwestern Florida, especially of the shell heaps along the coast south of Key Marco. Mr. Gerard Fowke has made careful detailed study of the numerous caves in the Ozark region of central Missouri, and also transmitted a valuable collection of relics to the Museum.
The number of publications distributed was 11,483, an increase of 4,189 over the number sent out last year. The library accessioned 380 new books and 210 pamphlets.
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
The total number of packages handled by the International Ex- change Service during the year was 270,860, an increase over the number for the previous year of 3,914.. Although it has not yet been possible to put the service on a prewar basis as far as the shipment of consignments abroad is concerned, shipments in boxes are being made as frequently as present conditions will permit to all countries except Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Serbia, and Turkey.
The exchange service has continued its policy of international helpfulness in procuring publications desired by governmental and scientific establishments both abroad and at home. As an instance of this service, sets as nearly complete as possible of posters relating to the war were assembled and transmitted to the British Museum at their request, a similar service having been rendered to the French Government the previous year. Owing to the excessive charges on ocean freight, many packages were sent by mail.
Late in the fiscal year shipments to Belgium and the northern neutrals were resumed. ‘The chief of the Belgian Service of Inter- national Exchanges said, in part, in a letter to the office here:
I should fail most lamentably in my duty, Mr. Secretary, if I did not add to this reply warm thanks in the name of the Belgian Government, in the name of our scientific establishments and institutions, and in my own name, for the ex- treme kindness you have shown us in reserving for us until the present time all the numerous “series” and “collections” (one and all of inestimable value) which the war has prevented you from transmitting to us at the proper time.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19 THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
The National Zoological Park continues in popularity as a means of natural history education and as a place of recreation and amuse- ment for the people of Washington.
The total number of animals in the park at the close of the fiscal year was 1,336, including 528 mammals, 71 reptiles, and 737 birds. Among the more important additions were two young Sumatran elephants, purchased at a cost of $5,000, for the children of Wash- ington by a number of their friends and donated to the institution. At the time of their arrival they were about 24 years old and were the first of their kind to be exhibited in Washington. Other important additions were a fine capybara, from the Hon. Henry D. Baker, Trinidad, British West Indies; a great white heron of southern Florida, from Dr. Paul Bartsch; and a pair of Florida bears from Mrs. A. V. N. Stroop.
Visitors to the park during the year numbered 1,964,715—a daily average of 5,383. Ninety-eight schools and classes visited the col- lection for instruction purposes.
Among the recent improvements are exterior cages for leopards, jaguars, and hyenas, and a new chimney for the central heating plant. A part of the creek-side drive was rebuilt, some animal houses were painted, and small improvements in the animal houses and yards were likewise effected.
The need of a new house for the exhibition of birds continues to become more urgent from year to year. An increased appropriation for the expenses of the park is also badly needed, as well as one sufficient for the purchase and transportation of animals, so that the park may take advantage from time to time of opportunities to obtain rare and conspicuous animals not before exhibited. The purchase of a frontage of over 600 feet on Connecticut Avenue, urged for several years by the superintendent, but which has not yet been considered favorably by Congress, would satisfy all the needs of the park as regards necessary expansion and better service to the public on the west side; and it becomes more and more im- portant to secure this land, as the probability of losing the oppor- tunity increases every year. It is also desirable to purchase a small strip of privately owned land between the park and the important highway of Adams Mill Road, because of improvements being made at that point by the District government. The incorporation of this land within the park is of very great interest to the public. —
The slight increase in the annual appropriation granted by Con- gress scarcely more than covered the increased cost of maintenance of the park, even by practicing the strictest economy. Lack of funds for grading banks and filling ravines has prevented the com-
20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
pletion of work begun three years ago for the purpose of obtaining new level spaces for yards and inclosures.
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
Several important investigations relating to the war, begun last year, were continued by the staff of the Astrophysical Observatory under the general direction of Dr. C. G. Abbot, in addition to the regular work of the observatory. These researches are mentioned elsewhere in this report under the heading “ General considerations.”
At Washington work on solar radiation computations has gone on steadily, and progress has been made with the preparation of a new medium, potassium iodide, for the investigation of the rays beyond where rock salt is transmissible. A new instrument, based upon the principle of the perfect radiator, or “ absolutely black body,” was constructed for the purpose of measuring nocturnal radiation, such as the earth sends out to space. At the close of the year this instrument was reported as operating successfully on Mount Wilson.
In view of the fact that the total eclipse of the sun of May 29, 1919, would be visible at La Paz, Bolivia, which is not very far from the Smithsonian solar constant observing station at. Calama, Chile, a successful expedition was undertaken by Dr. Abbot, with the double purpose of observing the eclipse and visiting the Calama station. Good photographs of the phenomenon and also pyrano- metric observations by Mr. A. F. Moore of the brightness of the sky were obtained during the progress of the eclipse. A conference was held with officials of the Argentine Government, which is likely to prove of great value in the future, in that it concerned the employ- ment of solar-radiation measurements for weather forecasting by the Argentine meteorological service. At Calama, Chile, Dr. Abbot, in cooperation with the Smithsonian observers there, Messrs. Moore and Leonard Abbot, devised a new method of reducing solar radia- tion observations, so as to determine the solar constant of radiation with at least equal precision to that obtained by the older method, the advantages of the new method being (1) its independence of the variability of atmospheric transparency; (2) the time required is only one-fifth of the former period.
On Mount Wilson Mr. Aldrich continued the observations of the solar constant of radiation, and in September, 1918, made an inter- esting observation in cooperation with the Army Balloon School at Arcadia, Calif., on the measurement of the reflection of sun and sky radiation from layers of fog, which led him to conclude that a great horizontal fog bank reflects to space 78 per cent of the radia- tion of the sun falling upon it.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. DA
The preparation of Volume IV of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory has been in the hands of Dr. Abbot since February; it includes the results of measurements from the year 1913. Mr. Fowle has continued the work of revising the Smithsonian Physical Tables, in which he has received valuable aid from the various scientific departments of the Government and from individuals in colleges and industrial corporations.
INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC . _ LITERATURE.
The United States Regional Bureau of the Catalogue, supported by congressional appropriation under the direction of the Smith- sonian Institution, undertakes to list and index all scientific articles appearing in the United States each year. These titles are for- warded to the Central Bureau in London, where they are incorpor- ated with the lists from all other countries in a comprehensive cata- logue of the year’s scientific work of the world. The war and the chaotic conditions in Europe since the war, have greatly hampered the work of the catalogue and it has been recognized for several years that a general reorganization will be necessary when conditions be- come more settled.
The Central Bureau has published during the year 8 volumes of the Thirteenth Annual Issue, completing that issue, and 12 of the 17 volumes of the Fourteenth Issue have appeared. The United States Bureau has continued to gather and index the scientific titles in this country, and in some of the sciences, notably zoology, the titles have been classified far in advance of the published volumes.
It has been recently announced by the Royal Society of London, the principal sponsor of the catalogue since its inception, that after the completion of the Feurteenth Annual Issue a new financial ar- rangement will be necessary in order to continue the work, and scien- tific establishments and academies throughout the world have been asked to offer suggestions as to the best method of accomplishing this end.
NECROLOGY.
I may here express for myself and on behalf of the staff of the Institution and the National Museum the deep sense of loss caused. by the death during the year of Mr. Richard Rathbun, assistant secre- tary in charge of the National Museum, and Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Smithsonian Institution. These two men, through long connection with the Institution, contributed much to its de- velopment and their passing leaves a deep feeling of personal loss among their associates.
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22 | ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
RICHARD RATHBUN.
Richard Rathbun, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., January 25, 1852, and died July 16, 1918. He received his education at Cornell University, specializing in geology and paleontology. Here he was associated with Charles Fred Hartt, professor of geology, who assigned to Mr. Rathbun the task of working up for publication a collection of fossils from Brazil, which resulted in the publication of Mr. Rathbun’s first paper on the “Devonian Brachiopoda of. Erere, of the Province of Para, Brazil.” During this work he had occasion to visit the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, where the environment proved so congenial that he remained here fortwo years. During thesummer months he served as a volunteer assistant under Spencer F. Baird in marine explorations on the New England coast. Through his as- sociation with Prof. Baird his connection with the Smithsonian Institution began. .
In 1875 he was appointed geologist to the Geological Commission of Brazil, and for the following three years he studied the geological features of that country. On returning to the United States he was appointed a scientific assistant in the United States Fish Commission, in. which service he remained until 1896.
During this period several papers from his pen appeared in “ The Fisheries and the Fish Industry of the United States.” During these years also he was involved in the fur seal investigation, The most important international commission to the Fur Seal Islands was the one sent out in 1896, and Mr. Rathbun was named chief advisor to Mr. Hamlin in immediate charge of the case.
In 1896 Mr. Rathbun came to the Smithsonian Institution and at the beginning of 1897 took up the duties as assistant in charge of office and exchanges, later being named assistant secretary. The fol- lowing year, holding this same title, he was given charge of the Na- tional Museum, which position he held until his death.
One of the most important events during his administration of the Museum was the appropriation for and the construction of the new Natural History Building, in which he took a deep interest, and for which he was in large part responsible. He also undertook the development of the National Gallery of Art, a feature of the Smith- sonian which is mentioned first in the act creating the Institution, but which had remained dormant for lack of adequate facilities.
Mr. Rathbun was a member of many scientific societies, including several foreign connections. His bibliography contains nearly 100 titles, including the numerous papers written during his connection with the Fish Commission, and his official reports as administrator of the National Museum.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. aes ALONZO HOWARD CLARK.
Alonzo Howard Clark, editor of the Smithsonian Institution, was born in Boston April 13, 1850, and was educated at Wesleyan Uni- versity, receiving an honorary degree of M. A. in 1906. Mr. Clark’s first connection with the Government service was in 1879, when he was put in charge of the United States Fish Commission Station in Gloucester, Mass. In 1881 he was made curator of the division of history of the United States National Museum, and later editor of the Smithsonian Institution, which position he held until his death on December 31, 1918. Mr. Clark was also affiliated with a number of patriotic and historical societies, being secretary and registrar general of the Sons of the American Revolution, and an officer of the Society of Mayflower Descendants and of the Society of Colonial Wars. Matters of patriotic and historical interest were Mr. Clark’s chief delight, and it was through his efforts that were begun the present great historical collections in the Museum. He was especially fitted for his position as curator of this division through his wide experience in historical and genealogical work and his many con- nections with organizations of that nature. Mr. Clark also held a prominent place in the activities of the American Historical Asso- ciation, being secretary of this organization from 1889 to 1908, and curator from 1889 until the time of his death.
Respectfully submitted.
Cuartes D. Watoorr, Secretary.
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APPENDIX 1.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sir: It is with profound sorrow that I record the death at his home in this city on July 16, 1918, of Richard Rathbun, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution since 1897, and, as such, in charge of the United States National Museum since 1898.
Out of respect to his memory the flags on the buildings of the Institution were carried at half-mast until after the interment of his remains in Rock Creek Cemetery on July 18. Business was sus- pended in the offices and the public exhibition halls were closed on the day of his funeral.
This is not the place to give an adequate review of the work of Mr. Rathbun as a man of science, or to recall his contributions to the upbuilding of the institution with which he was so long con- nected. I may be permitted, however, to express here my sense of bereavement in the passing of a man whose friendship and personal and official confidence I was permitted to enjoy.
During Mr. Rathbun’s disability, and after his decease, the ad- ministration of the Museum devolved upon me as next in authority.
On November 1, 1918, the position of assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in charge of the United States National Museum was discontinued, and I, as directed by you, assumed charge of the administrative affairs of the Museum, with the title of ad- ministrative assistant to the secretary. In addition to the general duties of the above assignment, I was: designated director of arts and industries.
Introduction—The scope of the National Museum embraces many subjects, which may be classed under the following headings:
1. Natural history, comprising zoology, botany, geology, mineral- ogy, paleontology, physical anthropology, ethnology, and archeology.
2. Applied science and art (Arts and Industries).
3. The fine arts (National Gallery of Art).
4, American history.
At the capitals of the principal countries abroad there are gener- ally several separate Government museums for these various classes, notably in London and Paris, resulting from the independent origin of the different collections. In London, for example, the subjects combined in the United States National Museum are distributed be-
25
26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
tween two sections of the British Museum (Bloomsbury and South Kensington), the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Science Museum, the Museum of Practical Geology, Bethnal Green Museum, the Wal- lace Collection, the several national galleries of art, and others. In Washington, on the contrary and very fortunately, the entire mu- seum scheme has, by law, been essentially combined under one ad- ministration, which not only msures greater economy in manage- ment, but permits of a more logical classification and arrangement, the elimination of duplication, and a consequent reduction in the relative amount of space required.
The national collections of the United States are not yet to be com- pared as a whole with those of certain Kuropean countries, though in natural history they are probably not surpassed there. In respect to the fine arts, the Freer collection comprises the most important rep- resentation of oriental art in the world. However, in the fine arts generally and in the useful or industrial arts the National Museum has a great task before it, possible of accomplishment only when requisite facilities are supplied.
Steps were taken during the year looking to the more definite organization of the department of arts and industries. Elaborate classifications have been proposed from time to time, but none of these have been strictly followed in the arrangement. of the collec- tions, due mainly to the limitation of space. Work is being chiefly centered at present on those subdivisions which are most prominent in relation to current industrial affairs, but there are other subdivi- sions with important collections which are not represented by experts on the staff on account of lack of funds for their employment. As at present constituted the Department of Arts and Industries may be considered to consist of the Division of Mineral Technology, the Division of Textiles, the Section of Wood Technology, the Section of Foods, the Division of Medicine, and the Division of Mechanical Technology.
War activities—In the last report the action of the Board of Regents of the Institution at the request of the President of the United States in closing the natural history building to the public on July 16, 1918, was noted, enabling the Museum to furnish the Bureau of War Risk Insurance of the Treasury Department with 138,600 square feet of space for office purposes on the ground and the two exhibition floors. This was done with the understanding that the Museum would be vacated upon the completion of the building then being erected for the bureau at the corner. of Vermont, Avenue and H Street, and that the Museum space would be turned back to the Museum authorities in the same condition in which it was received by the bureau. Late in March the bureau moved to its own. struc- ture, but its funds were then so depleted that it was unable to carry
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 27
out the agreement as to renovating the building. It was therefore unfortunately necessary to reopen the natural history building with- out making the needed repairs, the first floor being opened to visitors on April 11 and the second floor on April 22.
Advantage was taken of the closing of the exhibition halls to give
additional attention to classifying, arranging, labeling, and other- wise putting in shape the study series in the various departments. In the department of geology this also afforded opportunity to thor- oughly clean and to some extent rearrange the exhibition series, so that when reopened to visitors the halls were more interesting than ever. From the beginning of the fiscal year until the signing of the armistice on November 11, members of the Museum staff in all depart- ments continued along the same general lines as last year to render service to the various governmental agencies more directly engaged in prosecuting America’s part in the great conflict. Much valuable assistance was thus given, and the cooperation of the Museum in this work has resulted in bringing it into even closer relationship with the executive departments with beneficial results.
War collections——Karly in the fiscal year, in cooperation with the War and Navy Departments, the Museum undertook the assembling and installation of a collection of materials relating to the late war, which will probably form one of the most important collections ever undertaken by it, and may, ultimately, need a separate building. It is proposed to perpetuate the part taken by the United States in the World War by preserving and exhibiting objects graphically illus- trating the military, naval, and aerial activities, not only of our own side of the conflict but of our opponents as well.
The value of such a collection can not be overestimated from the popular or scientific standpoint, not only forming a fitting and serv- iceable supplement to the written and printed records relating to the history of the war, but constituting a most notable memorial to the patriotic forces represented by the individuals who have con- tributed to the preservation of civilization. It will be of the highest value for historical and scientific research. .
The scope of this exhibit includes not only the general military equipment, such as tanks, field and machine guns, and other objects used by military organizations, naval equipment, including models of ships, naval guns, docks, yards, etc., airplanes, battle planes, but accessories of all kinds; individual military and naval equipment of the various branches of the service, such as clothing, arms, and other paraphernalia, military and naval decorations and medals, commemo- rative medals of notable events, mementos, trophies, pictures, paint- ings, photographs, maps, books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and other objects of the same character relating to the progress of the war.
98 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
As the natural history building was closed and every available foot of space in it assigned to the Treasury Department, it became necessary to install the material received during the year for the war collections in the arts and industries building, and to place the large and heavy objects in the open to the west of this building. At the close of the year material for the war collections was coming in steadily, and it had become necessary also to assign to this subject all of the central portion of the ground story and the rotunda of the natural history building—space usually reserved for special exhi- bitions.
The Museum is particularly fortunate in having a very excellent series of objects showing the development of the airplane, beginning with the Langley models, which have been in its possession for a number of years, and the first Government-owned aeroplane of the world purchased by the United States from Wright Brothers in 1909. Through the director of military aeronautics, Bureau of Aircraft Production, two types of planes used by the French at the front in 1917 were received during the past year, and a Curtiss training plane, such as used at all the training fields in the United States, and the first battle plane constructed in this country for the United States Government—the DH-4, made by the Dayton-Wright Airplane Co. in 1917. This plane has flown over 100,000 miles and been in the air over 1,000 hours.
Through arrangement with the Army and Navy the Museum is planning to exhibit examples of every plane, engine, radio apparatus, and other accessory in production in the United States at the time of the armistice, and has secured for this exhibit the temporary metal structure erected on the Smithsonian grounds in 1917 by the War Department for the use of the Air Service.
Immediate needs of the Museum.—As pointed out in the report of three years ago, the pressing needs of the Museum are those for addi- tional space for the accommodation of collections and for increase in the scientific and technical staff. It is clearly manifest that these needs must be met if the institution, with its numerous departments, is to keep reasonable pace with the development of the country as a whole. The space congestion especially becomes more pronounced and embarrassing with each passing day.
The natural history collections and the laboratories connected therewith require for their reasonable accommodation and adminis- tration the entire natural history building, a structure erected especially for this particular purpose. To-day, however, large areas in the building are assigned—and that from necessity—to the rap- idly growing collections of the National Gallery of Art, and in larger measure even to the great accumulations of historical material relat- ing to the late war which are just now demanding adequate atten-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 99
tion. The older building, designed to accommodate the nationally im- _ portant department of arts and industries, although not adequate in space to serve this purpose, is from absolute necessity half filled with a great body of unrelated exhibits, representing history, anthro- pology, and art.
The National Gallery of Art, now for the first time taking an enviable place among the galleries of the country, is crowded into the natural history building without possibility of expansion, and many liberally inclined collectors of art works who seek a permanent home for their treasures, and who may be favorably disposed toward Wash- ington, are necessarily met with the statement that additional col-— lections, if acquired, must go into storage. These possible benefac- tors of the national collection are thus turned to other institutions or to the auction room. The Nation is thus deprived of the possi- bility of building up, even by gift and bequest, collections of art, such as are highly prized and fully provided for by civilized nations generally. The sooner a building devoted to the fine arts, including all departments, is provided the more quickly will the American people find themselves in the forefront in all that characterizes the highest level of civilization.
American history, one of the most essential and vital of the de- partments of museum activity, is not better provided for than art. There is no provision for it save in the present overcfowded build- ings. A building of an order commensurate with a great national purpose is an absolute essential, and its erection should be provided for with the least possible delay.
COLLECTIONS.
The total number of specimens acquired during the year was ap- proximately 526,845. Received in 1,198 separate accessions, they were classified and assigned as follows: Department of anthropology, 12,333; zoology, 442,383; botany, 40,357; geology and mineralogy, 4,750; paleontology, 26,050; textiles, woods, medicines, foods, and other miscellaneous animal and vegetable products, 884; mineral technology, 62; and National Gallery of Art, 26. As loans for exhi- bition, 3,096 articles were also obtained, mainly for the divisions of history and American archeology and the gallery of art.
Material to the extent of 539 lots was received for special exami- nation and report.
During the year the Museum made its first purchases from the Frances Lea Chamberlain fund, adding to the Isaac Lea collection of gems and to the Isaac Lea collection of mollusks, respectively. Through the generosity of Mr. B. H. Swales, a member of the staff, a small fund which has been given the donor’s name was established
30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
during the year for the purchase of additions to the collection of birds.
The council of the National Academy of Design inaugurated pur- chases from the Henry Ward Ranger fund by acquiring a landscape by Bruce Crane entitled “ December Uplands.” Under the condi- tions prescribed by the will of Mr. Ranger this painting was assigned to the Syracuse Museum of Art and can be reclaimed by the Na- tional Gallery of Art at any time during the five-year period begin- ning 10 years after the artist’s death.
Anthropology.—The additions to the historical collections during the past year have been exceptionally large and are especially inter- esting on account of the fact that so many of them relate to the recent war with Germany. They also include, however, many objects of note connected with the history of the United States prior to that mo- mentous conflict.. Of special note in connection with the collection received relating to the war are many mementos of persons and events, battle-field trophies, military and naval uniforms, insignia, and field equipment. ‘These include the Combined Order of Battle Map cor- rected up to November 11, 1918, with its accessories, as used by Gen. Pershing and his staff at Chaumont, France, throughout the progress of the American military movements, showing locations of all United States divisions and exact location at the signing of the armistice, with the same information as to armies of the Allies and enemies, besides a large amount of other information; a most inter- esting collection of German military paraphernalia captured during the various engagements in which the American troops participated and assembled in France by Maj. Gen. H. L. Rogers, United States Army, while serving as chief quartermaster of the American Expe- ditionary Forces; two French military airplanes used on the western front and the first battle plane built in America; collections of in- fantry, artillery, cavalry, air service, and chemical warfare equip- ment of the type used during the war; a practically complete series of the uniforms, insignia, decorations, and medals of the Army and Navy; a notable collection of relics of Lieut. Benjamin Stuart Wal- cott, United States Army, who entered the French air service as a member of the Lafayette Flying Corps, was killed in aerial combat, and fell within the German lines December 12, 1917; also loan col- lections of uniforms worn by French officers. The war collections already received will be supplemented by others until the Museum possesses a complete representation of the vast amount of parapher- nalia required in the prosecution of a modern war, including repre- sentative series of objects actually used during the recent conflict by the United States, the Allies, and the enemy countries.
The most notable collection not connected with the war received by the division of history during the past year consists of a very
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 31
large and interesting series of costumes and accessories worn by the late Richard Mansfield in his extensive repertoire of historic char- acters, presented by Mrs. Mansfield. Many other historical relics were received, among them the gold medal awarded by act of Con- gress to Capt. Thomas Truxtun, United States Navy, in recognition of the defeat of the French ship Vengeance, February 1, 1800, lent by Mr. Thomas Truxtun Houston; a silver-mounted telescope owned by Thomas Jefferson, lent by Brig. Gen. Jefferson Randolph Kean, Medical Corps, United States Army; and a jeweled sword presented to Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, United States Army, by American and Cuban friends in 1899.
The operations of the curators of the divisions of ethnology and archeology in Arizona have added considerably to the collections in archeology, and Dr. W. L. Abbott has supplemented the material generously contributed by him in previous years from Celebes with a large series of costumes, ornaments, and implements collected by Mr. H. C. Raven. Especially interesting are the decorative de- signs on the bark cloth used for costumes on these islands.
In physical anthropology very important accessions from the ancient pueblo region were received through Mr. F. W. Hodge, as a gift from the Museum of the American Indian, and as a gift from Dr. Edwin Kirk valuable crania and other physical remains from the territory occupied by the Haida and Tlingit tribes of Alaska.
Biology—The number of specimens received during the year by the department of biology, totaling about 482,740, vastly exceeded the number accessioned last year. This great increase was chiefly due to the incorporation of the unrivaled collection of Antillean land mollusks, aggregating approximately 400,000 specimens, which was donated by Mr. John B. Henderson, a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. It is one of the most complete and extensive collections of its kind in existence not only because it contains nearly all the known West Indian species but because of the large number of types and authentic specimens which it includes. Among the many other important collections received, it may be well to mention the final in- stallment of Mr. Raven’s Celebes collections, which we owe to Dr. W. L. Abbott’s generosity, and the interesting material from the Collins- Garner Expedition to the French Congo, containing as it does, besides a large number of birds and smaller mammals, three gorillas and several chimpanzees. Secretary Walcott, during his explorations in British Columbia, collected several large mammals for the Museum, including a mule deer, Rocky Mountain goat, and Rocky Mountain sheep, which made a valuable addition to our collections.
Among the additions to the National Herbarium may be particu- larly mentioned about 12,000 plants, chiefly from Mexico, donated by Brother G. Arséne and representing the result of eight years’ botani-
82 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
cal collecting by himself and associates among the Christian Brothers. The collection of Philippine plants was greatly increased by the ad- dition of two lots, aggregating more than 9,600 specimens, one received in exchange from the Bureau of Science, Manila, the other acquired by purchase. The South American series was also aug- mented considerably by the donation of 1,761 Venezuelan plants by Dr. H. Pittier and 1,077 specimens exchanged with the Museu Goeldi in Para, Brazil, besides the Museum’s share of about 2,000 specimens from the Ecuadorean Andes collected by Dr. J. N. Rose on an expedition undertaken jointly with the New York Botanical Gar- den and the Gray Herbarium; while exchanges with the last-men- tioned institution added approximately 1,450 more South American plants. j
The exhibition collections were closed most of the year on account of the space having been turned over to the Bureau of War Risk Insurance. However, toward the end of the year the halls on the first floor, containing mostly the mammals and birds, including the great biological groups, were reoccupied by the Museum and opened to the public, after certain additions and improvements in the in- stallation had been made.
Geology—The additions to the collections in this department during the year were but 135 lots, aggregating an approximate total of nearly 31,000 specimens. This number, although somewhat less than that of the preceding year, is, in part, compensated for by the unusual value of sundry individual specimens. Among these may be mentioned examples of tungsten minerals both from domestic and foreign sources, including a magnificent specimen of scheelite pre- sented by Dr. J. Morgan Clements, of New York City, and upward of 16.5 kilograms of the extraordinary meteorite which fell at Cum- berland Falls, in Whitley County, Ky., on the 9th of April, 1919.
The availability of the Frances Lea Chamberlain fund has enabled the department to begin once more a systematic building up of the Isaac Lea gem collection. A 7-gram kunzite, a 16-gram black opal from Nevada, and 5 beautiful examples of Australian opals of a variety heretofore unrepresented in the collections are among the more important additions.
The Middle Cambrian collections obtained by Secretary Walcott from Burgess Pass in British Columbia number nearly 7,000 indi- vidual specimens, and form an addition of unusual value. The same is true of a collection including both fossil invertebrates and plants, mainly from Carboniferous and Silurian rocks of Indiana, and especially rich in beautifully preserved crinoids. This collec- tion, comprising not less than 10,000 specimens, was a gift of Mr. Alva Schaefer, of Brazil, Ind.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. oo
Excellent exhibition materials in the line of vertebrate fossils, including part of a skeleton with a skull of the curious amphibial Diplocaulus copet from the Permian of Texas; a skull of Mono- clonius; a skull, partial skeleton, and two hind paddles of Tylo- saurus; aud an articulated series of caudal vertebra of Platycarpus are among the more important accessions. Mention should be made of the addition to the exhibition series of the mounted skeleton of Dimetrodon gigas, which was secured some few years ago. This forms the most complete restoration of this extraordinary animal that has thus far been secured by any museum in the world.
Museum work, as in other departments, suffered through interrup- tions, including the closing of the exhibition halls, incidental to the war, the head curator himself being engaged a part of the time in procuring for the National Research Council important materials needed in newly devised apparatus. Continual demands were made upon the department throughout the entire period of the war for materials for experimental purposes, and it is felt that the depart- ment fully justified itself in its capacity for supplying that which was needed.
Advantage was taken of the relief from all exhibition work caused by the closing of the halls, to complete the records and attend to other work such as had heretofore suffered more or less neglect through pressure of other duties. .
Incidental mention may be made of the preparation of 100 lots in sets comprising 21 specimens each, illustrating the secular decay of rocks and intended primarily for distribution to the agricultural schools. Considerable progress was also made in the preparation of 100 sets of upward of 80 specimens each of ores and minerals which are intended for distribution as occasion may demand. This is a work which is ordinarily done at odd moments, as no funds are directly available for the purpose.
Textiles—To the collections under the charge of the curator of textiles, which, besides textiles, embrace wood technology, medicine, food, and animal and vegetable products, the most important addi- tion was the collection received by transfer from the Office of the Surgeon General of the War Department, consisting of apparatus, hospital appliances, and field equipment used by the medical, dental, and sanitary corps in the war with Germany, including examples of all kinds of equipment of a thousand-bed hospital overseas. At the end of the year this was being made ready for the public in connec- tion with the war collections on the ground floor of the natural his- tory building.
Among the gifts were medicinal plants, pharmaceutical products, pile fabrics, novelty dress fabrics, leather cloth, and other waterproof textiles extensively used during the war, knitting and crocheting
34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
yarns with examples of pattern stitches, an extensive collection illus- trating the production, classification, and conservation of foods, with many such from the Department of Agriculture and the United States Food Administration, and an exhibit illustrative of neglected sources of supply of fats and oils for food purposes.
In making the food exhibits as useful as possible a cooperative ar- rangement was entered into with the States Relations Service of the Department of Agriculture whereby regular demonstrations on the value, use, preparation, and conservation of foods were given at the Museum by experts of the department. A large room in the arts and industries building was fitted up as a demonstration kitchen and space provided for displaying foods, models, and household equip- ment. This work soon broadened into a household consultation cen- ter, with lectures and demonstrations covering a wide range of sub- jects. There were lectures on the Business of the household; Food for the family on $2 per day; Direct marketing; What becomes of the consumer’s dollar; What to give your children to eat; Milk, its nutrition and use; Meat substitutes; Housekeeper’s use of market schedules; and Influence of weave structure upon the durability of fabrics. ‘The demonstrations included labor-saving appliances for the kitchen; the fireless cooker; the pressure cooker; the electric wash- ing machine; preserving eggs; cooking dinner in 30 minutes; the one- dish meal; invalid cookery; dried milk powder; Christmas sweets; sugarless candies; and fruit juices in summer drinks. By classes and demonstrations for housekeepers in the mornings and afternoons and special classes for war workers at 5 p. m., over 2,100 persons were reached during the year.
Mineral technology.—tin mineral technology the customary work of the division was shelved in favor of special activities with a more direct bearing on the national emergency. As the war progressed the call for specialization on the part of its technical staff increased. While the country was still actively involved on a basis of war, scarcely a day passed without bringing calls from some governmental agency for assistance with reference to one or another industrial issue up for consideration on an emergency rating, the questions ranging from determining a fair price for mica to determining the likelihood of a paralyzing petroleum shortage. As the year ad- vanced, however, two absorbing lines of special investigation de- veloped to such a degree that during the latter half of the year they largely engrossed the attention of the staff. Their general nature may be gathered from the titles under which the results were issued. One, “A Report on the Political and Commercial Control of the Nitrogen Resources of the World,” represents an effort to unravel the complexities of the nitrogen situation left behind in the passing
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35
of the war. The other, “'The Energy Resources, a Field for Recon- struction,” coordinates and summarizes the work of several years.
THH NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.
The National Gallery of Art is fortunate in the acquirement of art works of exceptional importance during the year. Among these the most noteworthy is a gift by Mr. Ralph Cross Johnson of 24 paintings, which comprises selections from the brushes of 19 of EKurope’s foremost masters. The Gallery is thus more fully assured of a worthy position among the galleries of the Nation. The exten- sion of the Gallery’s activities to wider fields than heretofore is marked by the acquirement by gift of an installment of a rich col- lection of art works of European origin from Rev. A. D. Pell, of New York.
Notwithstanding the prevailing labor conditions much: progress was made during the year on the building being erected by the Institution at the expense of Mr. Charles L. Freer, on the south- western corner of the Smithsonian reservation, to house the Freer collections of American and oriental art. The building was entirely inclosed at the end of the year, the exterior granite and marble walls and the roofs being completed. Work on the interior is now progressing satisfactorily, and it is expected that the structure will be entirely finished this autumn.
MEETINGS.
Shortly after the armistice was declared and as soon as the audi- torium, which had been vacated late in November, could be re- painted and the chairs replaced, there was inaugurated a series of popular lectures, under the auspices of the Institution, on alternate Saturday afternoons, between the hours of 4.45 and 5.30, commencing January 18,1919. The lecturers and subjects are noted in the report of the secretary.
The meeting facilities afforded by the auditorium and committee rooms were also availed of, as follows:
By the United States Employment Bureau of the Department of Labor, for lectures by Dr. Meeker on the gathering and interpreta- tion of statistics, and by Dr. Prosser on training of the handicapped ; by the Children’s Bureau for a conference on child’s welfare, with an illustrated lecture; by the Ordnance Bureau of the War Depart- ment for an illustrated lecture by Lieut. Col. G. M. Barnes on battle scenes in the World War; by the Artillery Division of the Army for an illustrated lecture on the method in camouflaging used by that division during the war; by the Public Health Service of the Trea- sury Department for a moving picture, “Fit to win,” before the
36 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
faculties and students of the departments of medicine and dentistry of the Georgetown University, with remarks by Asst. Surg. Gen. Pierce and by Dr. George E. Kober and Dr. Bruce L. Taylor; by various divisions of the Bureau of War Risk Insurance on numerous occasions for various purposes; by the American Society of Mam- malogists; by the Wild Flower Preservation Society; by the Biologi- cal Society of Washington; by the Louisiana Society of Washington, with an illustrated lecture by Hon. M. F. Alexander, State commis- sioner of conservation, on the work accomplished by the Alabama Conservation Commission during the past 10 years; by the National Women’s Trade Union League for a lecture by Miss Margaret Bond- field, of England, on the new spirit of British labor; by the Mini- mum Wage Board of the District of Columbia for a conference; by the District of Columbia Chapter of the Sigma Xi for its annual meeting and an illustrated lecture by Maj. R. M. Yerkes on the re- lationship of Army tests to education and vocational guidance; and by the scientific and technical Federal employees for the purpose of forming an organization with a view to joining the Federal Em- ployees Union.
The main hall, range, and chapel of the Smithsonian building proving inadequate for the annual meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in April, the sessions of the last two days were trans- ferred to the Museum auditorium. The auditorium was also used two days for a conference on the American merchant marine, the Hon. Joseph E. Ransdell presiding.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The distribution of duplicates for educational purposes, chiefly to schools and colleges, aggregated 3,441 specimens, while over 5,000 more were used in procuring additions to the collections through ex- changes. Material sent for study to collaborators of the Museum and other specialists amounted to 19,851 specimens, mainly zoological.
During the approximate three months that the natural history building was open the attendance of visitors was 94,240 for week days and 38,619 for Sundays, an average of 1,149 for week days and 2,758 for Sundays. From November 10 to April 6 the opening of the arts and industries building was extended to include Sundays as well as week days, the attendance there for the year being 225,927 on week days and 40,605 on Sundays, a daily average of 721 for the former and 1,845 for the latter. At the Smithsonian building the total attendance was 101,504, with a daily average of 324 persons.
The publications of the year consisted of two annual reports, those for 1917 and 1918, two volumes of proceedings, four bulletins, and 71 separate papers. The total distribution of Museum publi- cations during the year aggregated 118,332 copies.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 87
The Museum library was increased by 2,172 volumes and 2,614 pamphlets and unbound papers, mainly procured by gift or exchange. Among the more important acquisitions was a set of catalogues of the art collections of J. Pierpont Morgan, presented by J. Pierpont Mor- gan, jr., the valuable library of Dr. Richard Rathbun, relating to the museums of the world and to natural history subjects, the gift of his heirs, and the 12 volumes of its Humanistic Series, donated by the University of Michigan. The library now contains 54,685 vol- umes and 87,109 pamphlets and unbound papers.
Respectfully submitted.
W. ve C. RavENeEL, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary in charge U. S. National Museum. Dr. Cuartzs D. Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Aveust 25, 1919. 12573°—21—4
APPENDIX 2.
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
Sir: In response to your request I have the honor to submit the following report on the researches and other operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, conducted in accordance with the act of Congress approved July 1, 1918, making provision for sundry civil expenses of the Government, and following a plan submitted by the chief and approved by you as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The act referred to con- tains the following item:
American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the excavation and preservation of archzologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including necessary employees and the purchase of necessary books and periodicals, $42,000.
The ethnological and archeological researches of the staff which are considered in the following report being by law restricted to the American Indians thus from necessity are more or less limited in scope, but notwithstanding this limitation and the intensive work that has been done in the past there is no indication that this field has been sufficiently cultivated or is approaching exhaustion. It is evident that aboriginal manners and customs are rapidly disappearing, but notwithstanding that disappearance much remains unknown, and there has come a more urgent necessity to preserve for posterity by adequate record the many survivals before they disappear forever.
The remnants of languages once spoken by large populations have dwindled to survivals spoken by one or more centenarians, and when they die these tongues, if not recorded, will be lost forever. Such a fate nearly happened with an Indian language in California last year on account of a contagious disease, but fortunately, through the field work of one of our staff, it was rescued before its extinction.
The continued study of the material culture of the Indians has a practical economic value. Certain food plants, like maize, and fibers, like henequen, have already been adopted from our aborigines, and there are others of vast economic value which await investigation. Ethnological studies of our Indians along these lines are being made by the members of the staff.
Another instructive line of work the past year relates to the history of the Indians both before and after the advent of the Europeans.
38
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39
Such studies tend to a broader appreciation of racial character and have special value when we reflect how rapidly the Indian population is merging into American life. The excavation and repair of pre- historic monuments in our Southwest is enlarging our knowledge of history as well as attracting more and more tourists and replacing threadbare prejudices with saner ideas of Indian possibilities in many lines.
The logical results of the events of the last years appear in the calls for information made on the staff for accurate knowledge of other races besides the American Indian. It needs no prophet to predict that the future will demand an extension of the bureau work to other races. The calls for ethnological information on the Indian during the past year have been many and varied and considerable time of the ethnologists has been taken up in answering the many requests of this nature that are made. The chief has given much time to admin- istration and routine work.
In addition to administrative duties the chief has been able to devote considerable time to research work in the field and has pre- pared for publication several scientific articles, the largest of which will soon be published as Bulletin No. 70. These field researches are in accordance with the above-mentioned act of Congress, which in- cludes the excavation and preservation of archeological remains. In September he took the field, continuing his explorations of the castles and towers of the McElmo and tributary canyons in south- western Colorado, extending his studies westward into southeastern Utah as far as Montezuma Canyon. The object was to determine the western horizon of the area of the pure type of pueblos and cliff dwellings, and to investigate the remains of antecedent peoples from which it sprung in order to obtain data bearing on the question of the origin of the San Juan drainage culture. The country traveled through is especially rich in prehistoric towers and castellated build- ings, but contains also many clusters of mounds formed by fallen, walls of large communal buildings, many of which were wholly or partially unknown to science. The work was largely a reconnoissance and no extensive excavations or repair work was attempted. Special attention. was paid to the structure and probable use of towers which are combined with cliff houses like Cliff Palace, or great villages like those of the Mummy Lake and upper San Juan and its tributaries. Among the most significant new towers discovered were two found in McLean Basin, near the old Bluff City trail not far from the State line of Utah and Colorado. The McLean Basin ruin has a rec- tangular shape, with a round tower on one corner and one of semi- circular form on the diagonally opposite angle, each 15 feet high. The building on which these towers stand must have presented a very exceptional appearance in prehistoric times before its walls
40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
had fallen. Another ruin found in a cave in Sand Canyon is in- structive on account of its being the only one yet found with a single kiva of the unit type. It was probably a ceremonial cave, the room showing scanty evidence of having been inhabited.
One of the discoveries made was the recognition that the build- ings on McElmo Bluff had a crude masonry characterized by stones set on edge, the walls being made of adobe and logs. The stones of one or more rooms on this site were large, indicating megalithic stone houses. All the data assembled indicate that they antedated the fine horizontal masonry of the pueblos and cliff dwellings.
While in the field the chief carried on a correspondence with Mr. Van Kleeck, of Denver, owner of the Aztec Spring Ruin, which led to that ruin being presented to the National Park Service and later accepted by the Secretary of the Interior. The presentation of this interesting ruin to the Government is important and it is to be hoped that it will later be excavated and repaired and thus present an addi- tional attraction to tourists and an important aid to the archeologist in the interpretation of this type of southwestern ruin.
In May the chief visited Austin, Tex., and inaugurated work on the antiquities of that State, the archeology of which has been neglected. . This work is now being prosecuted by Prof. J. E. Pearce, of the University of Texas, and bids fair to open up a most instruc- tive chapter in a field of which we know comparatively little. Im- portant discoveries have been made in the aboriginal workshops and village sites at Round Rock and near Austin, where fine flint imple- ments are very abundant. The work will be continued into the timbered region of eastern Texas, where we find pottery related to that of Louisiana and Arkansas and evidences of a radically differ- ent prehistoric culture from that of central Texas.
Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, at the beginning of the fiscal year was at his former field of labor among the Kiowa and associated tribes of western Oklahoma, where several months were devoted to the collection and revision of material and observations of cere- monies among the Kiowa, Comanche, Kiowa Apache, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Caddo, and Wichita in continuation of studies of their aboriginal heraldry, social and military organization, and religion.
Since his return to Washington in November he has been employed chiefly in the coordination of material obtained in the field and in the compiling of data for reply to current letters of ethnologic inquiry.
Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted a considerable part of his time during the past year to the collection of material from published sources for a study of the economic background of the life of the American Indians north of Mexico. This involves an exami-
f j
i ; : ;
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 41
nation of the sources, location, and quantity of food supplies and of new materials used in the industrial life of the various tribes—mate- rials of wood, stone, bone, shell, etc. In this way it is hoped that a more complete understanding of the density and distribution of the prehistoric population may be reached, and the location and sig- nificance of trade routes established. A clearer idea is also sought of the shifts in population undoubtedly brought about by the intro- duction of corn. Without some study of the kind no proper estimate of the social and religious institutions of the people of prehistoric America is possible.
His work on the languages of the Indians of the lower Mississippi Valley has been continued, and at the end of the year it was directed particularly to the preparation of a grammatical sketch of the Natchez language from materials collected by him during the last 10 years from one of the three surviving speakers of that tongue.
In April Dr. Swanton visited Oklahoma in order to collect addi- tional information regarding the little understood and now almost forgotten social systems of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. Although small in bulk, the material obtained in the course of the investigation is valuable. It has already been incorporated into a manuscript paper on the social organization and social customs of the Indians of the Muskhogean stock. During the trip he also secured the. services of an educated Chickasaw in writing texts in his native tongue, and one of these has already been received.
Before his return to Washington, Dr. Swanton visited Anadarko, where he learned that the language of the Kichai Indians is on the point of extinction, and began the collection of a vocabulary. He has made arrangements for more extended work upon this language in the fall.
He has submitted two papers for publication during the year, first a philological paper entitled “A Structural and Lexical Com- parison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages,” which is being published as Bulletin 68, in which he believes he has shown the relationship of what had hitherto been classed as three inde- pendent stocks; and, second, an extended historical study of the Creek Indians and their neighbors.
Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, on his return from field work, July 5, 1918, took up the final reading of the proofs of his report in the Thirty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Eth- nology. These proofs were sent to the Printing Office November 9, 1918, and tho printed report was ready for distribution May 12, 1919.
At this time he also took up the work of preparing for the press the texts, with free and interlinear translations, of an Onondaga version of the Myth of the Beginnings, the Genesis Myth of the Troquoian peoples, as the second part of Iroquoian Cosmology, the
42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
first part having been printed in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the bureau. The copying of the pencil text was completed, aggre- gating 316 typewritten pages. This includes the supplementary myth of much later date than the accompanying version of the Myth of the Beginnings. The most interesting feature of the supplemen- tary myth is the naive description of one of the most remarkable figures developed by the cosmic thinking of Iroquoian poets. This potent figure, in whose keeping are life and the endless interchange of the seasons, is most striking in his external aspect—one side of his body being composed of living flesh and the other of crystal ice. In the longer preceding myth, to which this is supplemental, the Master of Life is an independent personage, and so also is his noted brother, the Master of Winter, the Winter God, whose body is composed of crystal ice. The Life God, or Master of Life, controlled the sum- mer, and his brother, the Winter God, controlled the winter. So in this peculiar figure there appears the inceptive fusing together of two hitherto independent gods who were brothers because they dwelt together in space and time.
This remarkable figure is, in fact, the symbol of the absorption of the personality—the functions and activities—of the Master of Winter (the Winter God) by the Master of Life and his powerful aids, manifested in the power of the Master of Life (the Life God) to save and to protect from dissolution and death his many wards, all living things that comprise faunal and floral life. This fact emerges from the experience of the human race from year to year. This submergence of one divine personality in that of another is a process of cosmic thinking encountered in the mythic philosophy of other races. This figure, as described in this text, is worthy of inten- Sive study by the student of comparative mythology and religion. The pencil texts of these myths aggregate 1,057 pages and the type- written 316 pages. The tentative draft of the free translations of these texts aggregates 250 pages of typewriting. Some work was also done in supplying the first text with a literal interlinear trans- lation. This will be ready for the press at an early date.
Mr. Hewitt also continued work on his league material, in which he completed the copying of the corrected and amended native text of the tradition of the founding of the Iroquois League, or Confedera- tion by Deganawida, making 189 typewritten pages, and also the amended and corrected text of the Chant of the Condoling and Installation Council, detailing some of the fundamental laws of the league; this occupies 13 pages.
Upon request, Mr. Hewitt also submitted an article on the League of the Iroquois and Its Constitution for the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution; it occupies 30 typewritten pages.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43
Mr. Hewitt has also attended the meetings of the United States Geographic Board, on which he represents the Smithsonian Insti- tution.
As custodian of manuscripts, Mr. Hewitt has charged out and received back such items as were required by collaborators.
Mr. Hewitt also spent much time and study in the preparation of matter for official replies to letters of correspondents of the bureau or to those which have been referred to the bureau from other depart- ments of the Government.
On May 12, 1919, Mr. Hewitt left Washington on field duty. His first stop was on the Onondaga reservation, situated about 8 miles south of Syracuse, N. Y. There he was able to record in native text all of the doctrines of the great Seneca religious reformer, Skanyo- daiyo (“ Handsome Lake”). This is an important text, as it will serve to show just how much was original native belief and how much was added by the reformer from his impressions formed from observing the results of European intrusion. This text contains about 14,000 native terms. He also recorded the several remnant league rituals and chants which are still available on this reserva- tion. But they are so much abbreviated and their several parts so confused and intermixed one with another that with these remains alone it would be absolutely impossible to obtain even an approxi- mate view of their original forms and settings—a most disappoint- ing situation for the recorder. Only the most elementary and super- ficial knowledge of the structure and constitution of the Iroquois League survives here.
Having completed his projected work at this reservation, Mr. Hewitt. went, May 31, to the Six Nations reservation on Grand River, Ontario, Canada. Here he resumed the analysis, correction, amendation, and translation of the league texts which he had re- corded in previous years. Satisfactory progress was made in this work up to the time of the close of his field assignment.
During the year Mr. Francis LaF lesche, ethnologist, devoted a part of his time to the task of assembling his notes taken at the time of his visit among the Osage people in the month of May, 1918. These notes relate to the tribal rite entitled Ga-hi’-ge O-k’o", The Rite of the Chiefs. The ritual contains 27 wi’-gi-es (recited parts), 20 of which belong to individual gentes and 7 of which are tribal.
In this ritual is embodied the story of the four stages of the de- velopment of the tribal government, including both the military and the civil forms, beginning with the chaotic state of the tribal exist- ence.
The securing of the information relating to this rite required con- siderable tact, patience, and time, because the men familiar with all the details still regard the ancient rites with reverence and supersti-
44. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
tious awe. The transcribing of the wi’-gi-es from the dictaphone records and the translation of the words from the Osage into the English language were laborious and tedious tasks. This rite will soon be entirely forgotten, as it has been abandoned now for a num- ber of years, and the rescuing of it for preservation has been timely.
This rite, which will make the first part of the volume now being completed for publication, covers 182 typewritten pages without the illustrations, maps, and diagrams.
The office of hereditary chief has been abandoned and since 1881 has been elective.
Upon the completion of The Rite of the Chiefs, the work of ar- ranging for publication the ritual entitled Ni’-ki Wa-tho", Song of the Sayings of the Ancient Men, was taken up. This ritual tells of the origin of the people of the Ho*’-ga subdivision of the Ho*’-ga great tribal dual division. The story of their descent from the sky to the earth and of their subsequent movements is put into wi’-gi-e form and recited at the initiatory ceremonies. Each gens has its own version of the story and has in it a proprietary right, a right that in olden times was not infringed upon by the others.
Mr. LaFlesche was fortunate in becoming acquainted with an Osage by the name of Xu-tha’-wa-to®-1" and of winning his friend- ship. This man belonged to the Tsi’-zhu Wa-no® gens of the Tsi’-zhu great tribal dual division. Without the slightest hesitation he recited for Mr. LaF lesche the Ni’-ki Wi’-gi-e of his own gens, and he also gave with it some of the shorter wi’-gi-es that accompany certain ceremonial acts of the ritual.
These origin rituals when completed will cover more than 220 type- written pages, to which two short wi’-gi-es of a like character, nearly ready, will be added. These pages added to those of The Rite of the Chiefs will bring the number of typewritten pages, without the illus- trations, close to 430,
The Fasting Ritual, which was completed some time ago, and covers 492 pages, exclusive of the illustrations, and the two rituals above referred to, will make the first volume of a projected work on the Osage tribe.
On July 1, Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, visited Tama, Iowa, and completed his field work on the grammatical analysis of the text of “The Owl Sacred Pack of the Fox Indians.” On his .return to Washington he worked out a practically exhaustive list of verbal stems and submitted a manuscript for publication. He also observed mortuary customs under peculiarly fortunate conditions and obtained a number of texts written in the current syllabary on mortuary customs, eschatology, etc. He restored phonetically and translated, with a few exceptions, 310 personal names. He verified a previous discovery that certain gentes have their own peculiar names
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. | 45
for dogs and horses, and translated 127 of these names for a forth- coming paper on Fox sociology. Dr. Michelson finished the correc- tion of Jones’ Ojibwa Texts, part 2, which with part 1, previously corrected by him, will form the basis of a proposed sketch of Ojibwa grammar. During the fiscal year he also from time to time furnished data to answer official correspondence.
The beginning of the fiscal year found Mr. J. P. Harrington, ethnologist, at Taos, N. Mex., engaged in the correction and comple- tion of his manuscript on the Tiwa language. The Taos material of the late Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, which is of considerable bulk and great value, was also checked up and made more complete, especially in its linguistic aspects. The close genetic relationship of the Tanoan dialects of New Mexico with Kiowa is remarkable, a very large num- ber of stems and affixes having practically the same sound, while the grammar runs parallel throughout. Certain subtle and unusual phonetic hardenings occurring in these languages make it impossible to assume anything but common descent from a not very remote ancestral tongue. ‘These discoveries open up far-reaching specula- tions and problems with regard to the origin of the Pueblo Indians.
In August Mr. Harrington proceeded to southern California, where he continued his studies of the Chumashan Indians, most of the time being devoted to the Venturefio, which was also the dialect most successfully studied. During the course of the work the last good informant on the language of La Purisima died. Important information was recorded on the ancient customs attending birth, marriage, and death, and some idea was gleaned of the manner of conducting primitive pre-Spanish fiestas. Data on native foods was also obtained, including detailed descriptions of the prepa- ration of acorn and other vegetal foods in this region, information on these processes having never before been recorded. For example, in the preparation of acorns various species were employed, and also certain individual trees were noted for their preferable fruit, but the final palatableness of the acorn mush depended largely on the pa- tience and skill of the woman who prepared it. A kind of acorn bread was also prepared by cooling the mush in small molds which were placed in running water. Certain other vegetal foods, as the pit of the islay or California wild cherry, required long and com- plicated preparation. As primitive beverages may be mentioned toasted chia or similar seeds stirred up with the fingers in cold water; a satisfying drink made by soaking the bark of the ash in water; blackberries crushed in water; and a drink prepared from the fruit of the manzanita. A delicious sugar was obtained from a species of reed, and the fruit of the juniper was ground into a sweet, yellowish food. Interesting snatches of information reveal the former plenitude of fish and game. Fishing paraphernalia was evi-
46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
dently quite highly developed, both nets and harpoons having been in use, but the whale was not hunted, although the flesh of stranded whales was eagerly made use of.
Mr. Harrington returned to Washington at the close of May and spent the following month in the preparation of manuscript material.
SPECIAL RESEARCHES.
Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, has been engaged in the correction of the proof of the Thirty-fifth Annual Report. Contin- ued correspondence with Mr. George Hunt, of Fort Rupert, Van- couve? Island, has added a considerable amount of new ees! to the original report.
Preparatory work for the discussion of the ethnology of the Kwa- kiut] Indians was also continued during the present year. A chap- ter on place names and another one on personal names and material for maps accompanying the chapters on place names has been sub- mitted. Thanks are due to Dr. Edward Sapir, of the Geological Survey of Canada, through whose kindness the detailed surveys of the land office of British Columbia have been utilized. Other de- tailed maps showing the distribution of garden beds and charts illustrating the genealogies of a number of families have been pre- pared.
After the unfortunate death of Mr. Haeberlin, the work on the Salish material was transferred to Miss Helen H. Roberts, who, in the course of the year, completed the study of the basketry of the Salish Indians. A considerable amount of additional information, the need for which developed during the work, was supplied by Mr. James Teit, who, at Dr. Boas’s request, and following detailed questions, reported on special aspects of the decorative art of the Thompson Indians. This work has been carried on with the con- tinued financial support of Mr. Homer E. Sargent, whose interest in ethnological work in the Northwest has already furnished most important material. During the year the work on the map accom- panying the discussion of the distribution of the Salish tribes was also completed.
Work on the second part of the HE ABSdK of American Indian Languages also progresses. The completed sketches of the Alsea language, by Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg, and that of the Paiute, by Dr. Edward Sapir, were received by the end of the preceding fiscal year, and the editorial work on these sketches has nearly been com- pleted. These two sketches and that of the Kutenai, which has partly been written, will complete the second volume of the Hand: book.
Dr. Walter Hough, curator of ethnology, was detailed to continue archeological work in the White Mountain Apache Reserve, Arizona,
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. . AN
on ruins reconnoitered in 1918. Dr. Hough was aided in his field work by Mr. and Mrs. S. W. Jacques, of Lakeside, by whom his work was much facilitated. Field work was especially devoted to the ruins called by the Apaches Nustegge Toega, “ Grasshopper Spring,” and clusters of sites in the near vicinity which form a very large group, indicating extensive intermingling of cultures. The main cluster stands in the open green valley and consists of two great heaps of stones covered with squaw bush, walnut, juniper, and pine, with occa- sional fragments of projecting walls, evidences of two large compact pueblos separated by Salt River draw. The west village (four or five stories high) has a court near the south end, 90 by 140 feet, con- nected with a small plaza, and covers more than an acre. The east village is more than half an acre in area. North of the west village is a plaza 300 feet long, flanked in part on the west by an isolated clan house of 18 rooms. The six ruins in the cluster that may be regarded as clan houses differ in size and arrangement of rooms and in general show considerable skill in construction. A third form of building west of the large village is indicated by large rectangular areas outlined with building stones scattered over the level ground. The foundations are of four or five courses, but never were buried more than 18 inches, indicating that they did not support a heavy superstructure. Two lenticular rubbish heaps, measuring 60 by 72 feet and 4 feet high, lie on the meadow 100 yards south of the walls of the large village. A feature of Pueblo masonry discovered here was retaining walls of quite large stone set on bedrock, apparently intended to counter lateral thrust. of heavy walls. Several rooms were cleared out by Apache laborers under Dr. Hough’s direction and many artifacts and some human skeletal material were ob- tained. :
Mr. Neil M. Judd, curator of American archeology, prosecuted archeological field work in certain caves in Cottonwood Canyon which he had visited in 1915. He successfully investigated five pre- historic ruins in Cottonwood Canyon caves during the two weeks in which work was possible. Walls of houses were found to be built entirely of adobe, as well as the customary structures made of stone bound with clay mortar. Associated with these dwellings were rooms of still another type—houses whose walls consisted of vertical posts set at intervals and joined by masses of adobe. It will be noted that all three types closely resemble those structures exposed during the excavation of mounds in central Utah and previously reported.*
The dwellings in “ Kiva Cave ” form the best preserved. cliff village yet visited by Mr. Judd north and west of the Rio Colorado. Two of the four houses visited are practically intact; the ceremonial
1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 64-69; No. 17, pp. 103-108; vol, 68, Ne. 12, p. 83.
48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
chamber, from which the ruin takes its name, being in excellent con- dition, although constantly exposed to the snow and summer rains. After excavating this cave considerable restoration was attempted in order that walls weakened by action of the elements and by thought- less visitors might be preserved for years to come. At the suggestion of Mr. B. A. Riggs a fence was constructed around the house to keep cattle from that portion of the cave.
Buildings with masonry walls were also found in “ Ruin Cave,” but in this case were built directly upon remains of other structures of an entirely different character. The latter are usually circular and their walls were formed of posts to which horizontal willows were bound at intervals of 7 or 8 inches; adobe mud was pressed between these posts and over the willows, but additional and larger supports were required to take the great weight of the roof. A1- though these structures lie generally beneath the stone houses, it is evident that both types were built by the same people and the oc- cupancy of the cave was at no time long interrupted.
Prehistoric house remains were also found in each of the other three caves excavated, but they consisted chiefly of small rooms with walls constructed entirely of adobe. Still other ruins were discovered high up under the ledges that lie on either side of Cottonwood Canyon, but unusual conditions prevented examination of these.
Upright sandstone slabs invariably form the inner base of the walls in ruins throughout the region under consideration, a fact which con- nects them with the so-called “slab-house” people of the San Juan drainage. Whether there is, in fact, any justification for this term re- mains yet to be proven, but the cultural relationship of the prehistoric peoples in southwestern Utah with those south of the Rio Colorado is at last definitely established.
The bureau purchased from Miss Frances Densmore papers on “Chippewa Remedies and General Customs” and “Chippewa Art.” The latter article has 164 pages, with 42 pages of old Chippewa de- signs and numerous photographs pertaining to industries, medicinal plants, customs, and toys of children, games, processes of weaving, tanning, and other industries. ‘The lists of plants were identified by Mr. Paul C. Standley.
Miss Densmore likewise submitted much new manuscript material on the music of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Pawnee. With this addi- tion her account of the Mandan-Hidatsa music contains 340 pages, more than 40 illustrations, and two new forms of graphic representa- tion of their progression. This article is now ready for publication.
An important field of aboriginal music thus far not sufficiently in- vestigated is among the Pawnee. While engaged in the study of the music of this tribe at Pawnee, Okla., Miss Densmore witnessed a Hand Game, the Buffalo, Lance, and two Victory dances, and later
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 49
recorded on the phonograph the numerous songs sung at the three first gatherings. This material, with musical transcription tabulated and descriptive analyses, has been purchased by the bureau.
Dr. Ale’ Hrdli¢ka, curator of physical anthropology, was detailed to make an examination of the archeological remains of southwest- ern Florida, especially of the shell heaps along the coast south of Key Marco, a region very little explored by archeologists and one of the least known sections of that State. In spite of difficulties, Dr. Hrdlicka’s field work was successful. He visited several groups of shell heaps of large size as yet unrecorded and opened up a most in- structive field for future exploration in a report which has been presented for publication. He also made highly important observa- tions on physical features of the remnants of Indians that still in- habit the little known regions of Florida.
Mr. David I. Bushnell, jr., continued the preparation of manuscript for the Handbook of Aboriginal Remains East of the Mississippi, adding various notes to the manuscript. He likewise added about 30 pages to the manuscript entitled “ Native Villages and Village Sites Kast of the Mississippi,” now being printed as Bulletin 69. During the same period he completed a manuscript bearing the title “ Native Cemeteries and Forms of Burial East of the Mississippi,” which is to appear as Bulletin 71 of the bureau series.
With an allotment from the bureau Mr. Gerard Fowke has been engaged in special archeological investigations in the Ozark region of central Missouri. His careful detailed studies have been confined to the numerous caves in that region.
If “ cave men,” using this term to designate the predecessors of any race or tribe known to history, ever existed in the Mississippi Valley, we would find in no part of it natural features better adapted for his requirements than the Ozark Hills, but so far not the slightest trace of his presence has been revealed. Products of human industry have been reported as occurring under other conditions at great depths, even at the bottom of the loess, though in all such cases there is some uncertainty as to the correctness of the observations. On the con- trary, whatever may be the depth of the deposit containing them, the artificial objects exhumed are uniform in character from top to bot- tom. The specimens found on the clay or solid rock floor are of the same class as those barely covered by the surface earth. Moreover, when they cease to appear they cease absolutely.
By careful search in the caves and rock shelters of which the In- dian known to history availed himself extensive and interesting museum collections can be made. To find an earlier man it will be necessary to investigate caverns which he found suitable for occu- pancy and in which the accumulation of detritus, from whatever source, has been sufficient to cover his remains so deeply that they
50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
can not be confused with those of a later period, and it may be neces- sary to discover with them bones of extinct animals. No examina- tion of a cavern is complete unless a depth is reached where glacial deposits are undeniably of such age as to antedate the possible ap- pearance of man upon the scene. The Ozark region promises im- portant revelations in the study of prehistoric man in America.
Mr. Fowke has thoroughly investigated one of the caves in this region and has prepared an important report on his work which will later be published by the bureau. He has also transmitted to the National Museum a collection which is the largest yet obtained from this locality. The results of the work thus far are technical and can not be adequately stated in this place, but are not only very important additions to the archeology of the region investigated but also highly significant in comparative studies of ancient man in North America.
MANUSCRIPTS.
In addition to the manuscripts submitted for publication by the bureau there was also obtained by purchase an article by Mr. C. S. Simmons dealing with the Peyote religion.
EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS.
The editing of the publications of the bureau was continued through the year by Mr. Stanley Searles, assisted by Mrs. Frances S. Nichols. The status of the publications is presented in the follow- ing summary:
PUBLICATIONS ISSUED.
Thirty-second Annual Report.—Accompanying paper: Seneca Fiction, Leg- ends, and Myths (Hewitt and Curtin).
Bulletin 59.—Kutenai Tales (Boas).
Bulletin 61.—Teton Sioux Music (Densmore).
Bulletin 64.—The Maya Indians of Southern Yucatan and Northern British Honduras (Gann).
Bulletin 65.—Archeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona (Kidder and Guernsey).
Bulletin 66.—Recent Discoveries of Remains Attributed to Harly Man in America (Hrdlitka).
List of publications of the bureau.
Introduction to Seneca Fiction, Legends, and Myths (Hewitt) —F¥rom Thirty- second Annual Report (Hewitt and Curtin).
PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS OR IN PREPARATION.
Thirty-third Annual Report—Accompanying papers: (1) Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region (Gilmore) ; (2) Preliminary Account of the Antiquities of the Region between the Mancos and La Plata Rivers in Southwestern Colorado (Morris); (8) Designs on Prehistoric Hopi Pottery (Fewkes) ; (4) The Hawaiian Romance of Laieikawai (Beckwith).
Thirty-fourth Annual Report—Accompanying paper: Prehistoric island cul- ture areas of America (Fewkes).
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 51
Thirty-fifth Annual Report —Accompanying paper: Ethnology of the Kwakiutl (Boas).
Thirty-sizxth Annual Report.—Accompanying paper: Harly History of the Creek Indians and their Neighbors (Swanton).
Bulletin 40.—Part 2: Handbook of American Indian Languages (Boas).
Bulletin 60.—Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities: Part 1, Introduc- tion; The Lithic Industries (Holmes).
Bulletin 67.—Alsea Texts and Myths (Frachtenberg).
Bulletin 68.—Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages (Swanton). .
Bulletin 69.—Native Villages and Village Sites Hast of the Mississippi (Bush- nell).
Bulletin 70.—Prehistoric Villages, Castles, and Towers (Fewkes).
Bulletin 71—Native Cemeteries and Forms of Burial East of the Missis- sippi (Bushnell).
DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS.
The distribution of the publications has been continued under the immediate charge of Miss Helen Munroe, assisted by Miss Emma, B. Powers.
Publications were distributed as follows:
Reports;and separatesses <so7 ry mre) aes oi vaeenis eon eee 2, 742 Bulletins jand. separates: <c7s Ci Se ea a Be tea ea De ae aly 8, 440 Contributions to North American Ethnology_________-____________-__ 10 SYGATE (0 EY STU SYN ON aA Ce tN NI CAI CHI 10 PT EAGS Ce STA EAITT OUTS eae I Qi Inge Def ee NT Be EE, 281
11, 483
As compared with the fiscal year 1918, there was an increase of 4,189 publications distributed. This was doubtless due to the fact that whereas in the fiscal year 1918 only Bulletin 63 was distributed to the mailing list, during the fiscal year 1919 there were distributed to the list Bulletins 59, 61, 64, and 66, and the Thirty-second Annual Report. Fourteen addresses have been added to the mailing list during the year and 36 dropped, making a net decrease of 22.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Mr. DeLancey Gill, with the assistance of Mr. Albert E. Sweeney, continued the preparation of the illustrations of the bureau and gave the usual time to photography of visiting Indians. A summary of this work follows:
INE SATIVES TOT Dull Caton WOE kee ea ee wana al seleaed Ms NE 138 Nerative films exposed In feldis 2222 ee ee ak 228 VEINS COpep ata T CAO Gn) Oy 0 el le UR eR yi i A a I = 603 IBTO LOS GY CO plese mee ik RS 5 EN REN PAE Tate aE aces ve, Leanne ne We RD is Ae es 128 Drawings for” publication Lett wse yo as Me See aed Oe 200 Minstrationsimade ready, for engraving. 2 2 es ey 2, 000 META VAG LP LOGES ai Ui Lees see ee fea ee Meg eg paral Ne A he 310
Colored illustrations inspected at Government Printing Office__________ 10, 000
52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919. LIBRARY.
The reference library continued in the immediate charge of Miss Ella Leary, assisted by Mr. Charles B. Newman, who was absent a short time in the military service.
During the year 380 books were accessioned, of which 90 were acquired by purchase, 160 by gifts and exchange, and 180 by the entry of newly bound volumes of periodicals previously received. The periodicals currently received number about 760, of which 25 were received by subscription and 735 through exchange. In addi- tion, the bureau acquired 210 pamphlets. The aggregate number of books in the library at the close of the year was 22,560; of pamphlets, about 14,248. In addition, there were many volumes of unbound periodicals. The publication of various European periodicals de- voted to anthropology has either been suspended or has ceased.
The number of books bound during the year was 350. It has been almost exclusively work upon the current material—serials grouped into volumes and new accessions in paper covers.
Correspondence relative to new exchanges and missing parts of serial publications already in the library was carried on as in pre- vious years. Considerable time was given to research work, which frequently calls for the preparation of bibliographic lists for corre- spondents.
In addition to the use of its own library, it was found necessary to draw on the Library of Congress from time to time for the loan of about 400 volumes. The Library of Congress, officers of the execu- tive departments, and out-of-town students have made use of the library through frequent loans during the course of the year.
The need by the library of additional shelf room is becoming more and more acute. Each day the congestion increases. We have filled almost every available foot of shelf space and we are sorely in need of more room.
The recataloguing of books from the old author (card) catalogue to a new subject catalogue has continued, and as a result the year shows a marked increase in the total of cards filed in the catalogue records.
The Monthly Bulletin for the use of the bureau has been continued throughout the year.
COLLECTIONS. »
The following collections acquired by members of the staff of the bureau, or by those detailed in connection with its researches, have been transferred to the United States National Museum: .
Two skeletoris with skulls, found on the property of the Roxana Petroleum
Co. of Oklahoma, South Wood River, Ill., and presented by it to this bureau. (62630. ) ‘
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 53
Twelve prehistoric pottery heads found in Huaxtec mounds and presented to Dr. J. Walter Fewkes by Mr. John M. Muir, of Tampico, Mexico. (62931.)
Thirty-one archeological specimens obtained by Mr. F. W. Hodge at Hawikuh, N. Mex., in 1917, as part of the cooperative work of the Bureau of American Ethnology and the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation). (63154. )
‘Forty archeological specimens and an Indian skull, from different localities in Arizona; collected for the bureau by Dr. Walter Hough in 1918. (63156.)
Two hundred and eighty-eight archeological specimens and two lots of skeletal material, from Gourd Creek, Mo.; collected by Gerard Fowke in 1918. (63157.)
A specimen of slag with embedded charred corn; collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, from a.ruin in Mancos Valley, 3 miles west of the bridge on the Cortez-Ship Rock Road, Colorado. (63174.)
Sandstone pipe found on Black Warrior River, Tuscaloosa County, Ala., and presented to the bureau by Mr. F. H. Davis, United States Engineer’s Office, Little Rock, Ark. (63509.)
Pillar stone found at Cerro Cebadilla, Vera Cruz; gift of Dr. H. Adrian, Tam- pico, Mexico. (63523.)
Three well-made clay heads from the neighborhood of Panuco, Mexico; gift of Mr. John M. Muir. (63524.)
PROPERTY.
Furniture was purchased to the amount of $128.76. The cost of typewriting machines was $143.40, making a total of $272.16.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Clerical.—The correspondence and other clerical work of the office, including the copying of manuscripts, has been conducted by Miss May S. Clark, clerk to the chief. Mrs. Frances S. Nichols assisted the editor.
There has been no change in the scientific or clerical force.
Respectfully submitted.
J. Water Fewxess, Chief.
Dr. CHartes D, Watcort,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 12573°—21——_5
APPENDIX 3.
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
Str: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- tions of the International Exchange Service during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919:
The institution submitted to Congress an estimate of $35,000 for carrying on the service during the year. This amount was granted. In addition, Congress, at the request of the institution, reappro- priated the unexpended balance of the 1918 appropriation, amount- ing to $712.90, together with the additional sum of $903.68, for payment of liabilities incurred in the maintenance of the service during the current fiscal year over and above the amount of the regular congressional appropriation. Congress also made the usual allotment of $200 for printing and binding. The repayments from departmental and other establishments aggregated $1,808.87, making the total available resources for carrying on the system of exchanges during the fiscal year 1919, $38,625.45.
During the year 1919 the total number of packages handled was 270,860—an increase over the number for the preceding year of 3,914. The weight of these packages was 291,918 pounds—a gain of 109,093 pounds. This large increase in weight as compared with the small increase in the number of packages is accounted for, in part, by the consignments received for transmission to establishments in France and Belgium whose libraries were destroyed during the war, and, in part, by the accumulations of United States patent specifications received for Great Britain, Belgium, and the northern neutrals. The former were forwarded in boxes unopened, each box being counted as one package only, and the latter consisted entirely of heavy packages.
The publications sent and received by the! exchange service are classified under three heads: (1) “ Parliamentary documents”; (2) “ Departmental documents”; (3) “ Miscellaneous scientific and liter- ary publications.”
The term “ parliamentary documents,” as here used, refers to pub- lications set aside by act of Congress for exchange with foreign Governments, and includes not only documents printed by order of either House of Congress, but also copies of each publication issued by any department, bureau, commission, or officer of the Government. The Governments to which this class of publications are forwarded send to this country in exchange copies of their own official docu- ments for deposit in the Library of Congress.
54
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55
The term “departmental documents” embraces all of the publica- tions delivered at the institution by the various governmental de- partments, bureaus, or commissions for distribution to their corre- spondents abroad, the publications received in return being deposited in the various departmental libraries.
The “miscellaneous scientific and literary publications” are re- ceived chiefly from learned societies, universities, colleges, scientific institutions, and museums in the United States for transmission to similar establishments in all parts of the world.
The number and weight of the packages of different classes are indicated in the following table:
Packages. Weight.
Sent. Received. Sent. Received.
United States parliamentary documents sent abroad. .. d Bat See Ur Se lee ees SS OUP ena sae nce Publications received in return for parliamentary docu-
United States departmental documents sent abroad. -.. Go; 802 os cae cece 103; 205 ese. oo) Publications received in return for departmental docu-
Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications re- ceived from abroad for distribution in the United
Spates led od po dave tdeeebeu rts om dt sede ceheidh yet. oop 8220 then se doctors 16, 934 TR Gb AREY UE AE SN RU ER 257, 387 13, 473 269, 254 22, 664 Grandhotel fe east -os9- teense sees ae ee 270, 860 291, 918
It should be stated in this connection that the disparity indicated by the foregoing statistics between the number of packages sent and those received is accounted for, in part, by the fact that packages transmitted abroad contain, as a rule, only one publication, while those received in return often comprise many volumes. In some in- stances, especially in the case of publications received in exchange for parliamentary documents, the term “ package” is applied to large boxes containing many separate publications. Furthermore, many returns for publications sent abroad reach their destinations through the mail and not through the exchange service.
Under date of September 12, 1918, the Dutch Exchange Bureau reported that five boxes sent by the institution to that bureau in January, 1917, had been lost at sea when the steamship by which they were being forwarded was torpedoed by the enemy. So far as re- ported, this is the fourth instance in which consignments sent to for- eign countries by the institution have been lost through hostile action.
It has not yet been possible to put the service on a prewar basis so far as the forwarding of consignments abroad is concerned. Ship-
56 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
ments in boxes are being made as frequently as present conditions will permit to all countries except Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hun- gary, Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Serbia, and Turkey. It is not thought advisable to forward consignments to these until the peace treaties with the enemy countries are finally ratified by the United States Government and internal conditions become more settled. It is hoped that in the early part of the next fiscal year it will be pos- sible to make shipments to all countries.
To some countries transmissions were not wholly suspended for any long period during the war. However, as was to be expected during such abnormal times, the institution met with many obstacles in its efforts to keep the exchanges open. The charge for ocean freight grew to great proportions. The rate to England, for instance, at one time reached $5.80 per cubic foot. The charge on shipments to that country before the war was $0.16 a cubic foot, thus making the increase more than thirty-sixfold. Such rates becoming too exorbi- tant, the sending of packages in boxes was discontinued, and the mails were resorted to. Late in the fiscal year, when shipments were resumed to Belgium and the northern neutrals, the office was almost swamped with packages which had been accumulating for those countries for many months,
The chief of the Belgian Service of International Exchanges, in reply to a letter addressed to him early in February asking if his bureau was in a position to resume the distribution of exchanges, stated that there were no longer any obstacles to the renewal of the relations which had been interrupted on acount of the encirclement of iron and fire in which his country found itself during the war. He added:
I should fail most lamentably in my duty, Mr. Secretary, if I did not add to this reply warm thanks in the name of the Belgian Government, in the name of our scientific establishments and institutions, and in my own name, for the extreme kindness which you have shown us in reserving. for us until the present time, all the numerous “ series”? and “ collections,’ one and all of inestimable value, which the war has prevented you from transmitting to us at the proper time.
Applications for permission to forward publications abroad through the service are being received from time to time, both from new and long-established institutions. As an illustration of appre- ciation of the value of the service by such organizations, may be quoted the following extract from a communication from the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, acknowledging the re- ceipt of the Institution’s letter extending the exchange facilities to that college:
It will mean a good deal to us in developing the exchange of publications for the forest library of this college.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57
Reference was made in last year’s report to the steps being taken by the institution to procure for the war library and museum of the French Government at Paris copies of American documents, and other material relating to the war, for deposit in a section of that library, to be devoted to the part taken by the United States in the conflict. A similar request for posters was received during the year from the British War Museum, and as complete sets of posters as it was possible to procure, have been transmitted to that museum. A number of requests for publications issued in this country were received from other foreign establishments, and in each instance the institution endeavored to comply therewith.
The secretary of the institution took special steps to assist in the rehabilitation of the library of the Society of Sciences, Lille, France, whose collections were destroyed during the war. As a result of his efforts, several hundred publications were received for transmis- sion to that library through the Exchange Service.
During the fiscal year 1919, 803 boxes were forwarded to foreign agencies for distribution, being an increase of 360 over the preced- ing 12 months. Notwithstanding this increase in the number of boxes sent, the total number is still far below the average for a nor- mal year. This is due, in part, to the fact that shipments in boxes were suspended until the Ist of February. Up to that date pack- ages were sent to their destinations by mail.
The dates of transmission of the 803 boxes forwarded to foreign countries are shown in the following table. Of these boxes 260 con- tained full sets of United States official documents for authorized depositories:
Consigninents of exchanges for foreign countries.
Country. Apnbes Date of transmission. Apeentinass ssi tes. SeeeREL 19 | Apr. 8, 1919. Beleiumiss hse Sete. 282 72 | Apr, 29, 1919. BOLIVAR 3. eae ee) 2 | Mar. 28, 1919. TAZ otek 2 Sila. Gener 15 | Feb. 8, Apr. 5, 1919. British colonies. .......-.. 5 | Apr. 29, June 12, 1919. British Guianas soo oe oe 1 | Mar. 27, 1919. Canad ae ecw cenaes sess 24 | Sept. 26, 1918; Jan. 27, Mar. 25, Apr. 21, May 17, June 6, 1919. Chile eee ee cee 9 | Apr. 3, 1919. Chinas k ABE E ST A, 8 | Jan. 20, 1918; Feb, 28, Mar. 25, May 28, 1919. Colombia. oseeces eee ens 6 | Mar. 31, 1919. Casta Rica: ees. cence oes 8 | Apr. 4, 1919. Cia ns Ree ey on Se 6 | Sept. 26, 1918; Jan. 27, Mar. 25, Apr. 21, May 17, June 6, 1919. BO Baier kee sen enna 21 | Feb. 19, 1919. Mened or. aaee ooo eck ose 3 | Mar. 4, 1919. MEV Dts os Neececaceoaes 14 | Apr. 10, 1919. Brancee sce See sce’ 57 | Feb. 8, May 5, 1919. Great Britain and Ireland. 196 | Feb, 5, Mar. 12, 25, May 12, June 2, 12, 1919
Guatemala... 223k: 2 | Mar. 28, 1919.
58 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries—Continued.
Country. Number Date of transmission. Haitisee wee bet Set stg 5 | Apr..9, 1919. ONGUTaS Ey oo ate ee 2 | Mar, 4, 1919. Midi ae oe eee sone mance: 24 | Feb. 12, June 19, 1919. Ttaly 23k eee 31 | June 17, 1919. Jamaica en ctet eee ds: . 4 | Mar, 26, 1919. Japan see ee wo kms 20 | Apr. 16, 1919. IMOXICON Sas sacs ac anee 6 | Sept. 26, 1918; Jan. 27, Mar. 25, Apr. 21, May 17, June 6, 1919. Netherlands.............. 54 | Mar. 11, June 30, 1919. Nichra ronal. 08e2 she see 1 | Mar, 28, 1919. WNORWSYs casetics kc com seat 20 | Feb. 19, 1919. - PAPAL IA 2 = cciecice abe arisae 2 | Mar. 28, 1919. POVG ES FoF SSE st ones 6 | Apr. 2, 1919. Queensland............... 8 | Feb. 5, May 12, June 12, 1919. Salvador. ose ota Abeta d 2 | Mar, 28, 1919. Spall cece seas oteaa se sese « 15 | Apr. 22, 1919. Sweden ses .2ihete ss. ssoses 53 | Feb, 25, 1919. Switzerland... . .2. 50-2) 25 | June 80, 1919, PPASMMIAMIG «so. es cae anne 9 | Feb. 5, May 12, June 12, 1919. Union of South Africa... . 15 | June 26, 1919. Wraguaysi35s2 cee ae 7 | Apr. 1, 1919. Venezuela... ..2..-...0.2- 5 | Mar. 31, 1919. VACEONIAS oie aaa cee ee ee 11 | Feb. 13, 1919. Western Australia........ 10 | Feb. 5, May 12, June 12, 1919.
FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS.
Ninety-one sets of United States governmental documents (55 full sets and 86 partial sets) were received for distribution in accordance with treaty stipulations and under the authority of the congressional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901.
A complete list of the foreign depositories is given below. Con- signments for those countries to which shipments were suspended on account of the war will be forwarded to the various depositories as soon as the peace treaties are ratified by the United States Gov- ernment.
DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS.
ARGENTINA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires.
AUSTRALIA: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.
AustTrIA: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna.
BavEN: Universitits-Bibliothek, Freiburg. (Depository of the Grand Duchy of Baden.)
BAvazRiA: K6nigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich.
BetcruM: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels.
BraziL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. “a
Buenos Arges: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (Depository of the Province of Buenos Aires.)
CanapDA: Library of Parliament, Ottawa.
Cue: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59
Cuina: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau
’ of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.
CotompstA: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San José.
Cupa: Secretaria de Estado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional),
Habana.
DENMARK: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.
ENGLAND: British Museum, London.
FRANCE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.
GERMANY: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.
Guascow: City Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow.
GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens. ;
Harri: Secrétaire d’Hitat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince,
Huneary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.
InprA: Imperial Library, Calcutta.
IRELAND: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.
Itaty: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Kmanuele, Rome.
JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.
Lonpon : London School of Heonomics and Political Science. (Depository of the London County Council.)
MAanitTopa: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.
Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico.
NETHERLANDS: Bibliotheek van der Staten-Generaal, The Hague.
New SoutH WALES: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney.
NEw ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington.
Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.
Ontario: Legislative Library, Toronto.
Paris: Préfecture de la Seine.
Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.
PortTuGAL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.
Prussia: K6nigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.
QuEBEC: Library of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec, Quebec.
QUEENSLAND: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.
Russia: Imperial Public Library, Petrograd.
SAxony: K6nigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden.
SerBia: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Eitrangéres, Belgrade.
SoutH AUSTRALIA: Parliamentary Library, Adelaide.
Spatn: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid.
SWEDEN: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm.
SWITZERLAND: Bibliothéque Fédérale Centrale, Berne.
TASMANIA: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.
TurKkY: Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople.
Union oF SourH Arrica: State Library, Pretoria, Transvaal.
Urucuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo.
VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
Victor1A: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
WURETTEMBERG: KOnigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.
DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS. ALBERTA: Provincial Library, Edmonton. ALSACE-LORRAINE; K. Ministerium fiir Elsass-Lothringen, Strassburg. Bottv1a: Ministerio de Colonizaci6n y Agricultura, La Paz.
60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
BreMEN: Senatskommission fiir Reichs- und Auswirtige Angelegenheiten.
BritisH CotumMeiA: Legislative Library, Victoria.
Britiso Guiana: Government Secretary’s Office, Georgetown, Demerara.
Burgarta: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.
Cryton: Colonial Secretary’s Office (Record Department of the Library), Co- lombo.
Ecuapor: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito.
Heyer: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo.
FinLtaAnp: Chancery of Governor, Helsingfors.
GuaTEMALA: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.
Hampvure: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswirtigen Angelegenheiten.
Hesse: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt.
Honpuras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.
JAMAICA: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.
LiperiA: Department of State, Monrovia.
LovurENcO Marquez: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez.
Ligwreck: President of the Senate.
MaprAs, PRovINCcE or: Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras, Public Department, Madras.
Matra: Lieutenant Governor, Valetta.
MontTENEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje.
New Brunswick: Legislative Library, Fredericton.
NEWFOUNDLAND: Colonial Secretary, St. John’s.
Nicaragua: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.
NorktHWEsT TERRITORIES: Government Library, Regina.
Nova Scotia: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax.
PanaMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.
Paracuay: Oficina General de Inmigracion, Asuncion.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.
RoumAntIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest.
SALVADOR: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.
Srrarrs SETTLEMENTS: Colonial Secretary, Singapore.
UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OuDH: Under Secretary to Government, Alla- habad.
Vienna: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt.
INTERPARLIAMENTARY EXCHANGE OF OFFICIAL JOURNALS. The Governments named below have entered into the interparlia- mentary exchange of official journals with the United States and are
listed to receive copies of the daily issue of the Congressional Record:
Argentine Republic. France. Prussia.
Australia. Great Britain. Queensland. Austria. Greece. Roumania.
Baden. Guatemala. Russia.
Belgium. Honduras. Serbia.
Bolivia. Hungary. Spain.
Brazil. Italy. Switzerland. Buenos Aires, Province of. Liberia. Transvaal. Canada. New South Wales. Union of South Africa. Costa Rica. New Zealand. Uruguay.
Cuba. Peru. Venezuela. Denmark. Portugal. Western Australia.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61 FOREIGN EXCHANGE AGENCIES.
A letter was received in April, 1919, from the director of the National Library in Lisbon, stating that the general secretariat of the Library and National Archives had been abolished and that the Service of International Exchanges, created by the Brussels Con- vention of March 15, 1886, is now conducted under the direction of his library.
Below is given a complete list of the foreign exchange agencies or bureaus. Shipments to those countries marked with an asterisk were still suspended at the close of the fiscal year.
ALGERIA, via, France.
Aneora, via Portugal. %
ARGENTINA: Comisiédn Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Lavalle 1216, Buenos Aires.
Austria :* K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna.
AzoRES, via Portugal.
Betcium: Service Belge des Hchanges Internationaux, Rue des Longs-Chariots 46, Brussels.
Bottvia: Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, La Paz.
Brazit: Servigo de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
British CcLonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.
BrRiTIsH GUIANA: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown.
BritisH HonpurAs: Colonial Secretary, Belize.
ButesrRia :* Institutions Scientifiques de S. M. le Roi de Bulgarie, Sofia.
Canary ISLANDS, via Spain.
CHILE: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago.
Cuina: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.
CoLtompBia: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San José.
DENMARK: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.
DutcH GUIANA: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo.
Eeuapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Hxteriores, Quito.
Heyet: Government Publications Office, Printing Department, Bulagq, Cairo.
France: Service Francais des Echanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle, Paris.
GERMANY :* Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London.
GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens,
GREENLAND, via Denmark.
GUADELOUPE, via France.
GUATEMALA: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala.
GUINEA, via Portugal.
Hartt: Secrétaire d’Ktat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.
Honpuras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.
IcELAND, via Denmark.
62 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
Inp1a: Superintendent of Stationery, Bombay.
Itaty: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome.
JAMAICA: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.
JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.
JAVA, via Netherlands.
Korea; Government General, Keijo.
LipeRiA: Bureau of Hxchanges, Department of State, Monrovia.
LovurRENCO MARQUEZ: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez.
LUXEMBURG, via Germany.
MADAGASCAR, via France.
MaperrA, via Portugal.
Montenrcro:* Ministére des Affaires Ntrangéres, Cetinge.
MozaMpiIQueE, via Portugal.
NETHERLANDS: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de YUni- versité, Leyden.
New Guinea, via Netherlands.
Nrw SourH WAtLEsS: Publie Library of New South Wales, Sydney.
NEW ZEALAND: Dominion Museum, Wellington.
Nicaracua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.
NORWAY: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.
PaNnaMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Hxteriores, Panama.
PARAGUAY: Servicio de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones Seccién Consular y de Comercio, Ministerio de Relaciones Hxteriores, Asuncion.
PrERsiA: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City.
Perv: Oficina de Reparto, Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Ministerio de Fomento, Lima.
PortuGaL: Servico de Permutacées Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Lis- bon.
QUEENSLAND: Bureau of Exchanges of International Publications, Chief Sec- retary’s Office, Brisbane.
RoOuMANIA:* Academia Romana, Bucharest.
Russi1a:* Commission Russe des Hchanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Im- périale Publique, Petrograd.
Satvapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
Srerpia:* Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Bel- grade.
Stam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.
Soutn Austratia: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide.
Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid.
Sumatra, via Netherlands.
SwEDEN: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm.
SwitzERLanp: Service des Hchanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale Centrale, Berne.
Syria; Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York.
TasMANIA: Secretary to the Premier, Hobart.
TRINIDAD: Royal Victoria Institute of Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain.
TUNIS, via France.
TuRKEY :* American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston.
UNION or SoutH AFrica: Government Printing Works, Pretoria, Transvaal.
Urucuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo.
VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63
Victor1A: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridgetown, Barbados.
PERSONNEL.
With his appointment as assistant secretary of the Smithsonian In- stitution on December 16, 1918, Dr. Charles G. Abbot was assigned to general charge of the international exchanges and the library in addi- tion to the directorship of the Astrophysical Observatory.
Respectfully submitted.
C. G. ABBor, Assistant Secretary, In Charge of Library and Eechanges.
Dr. CHartes D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX 4.
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
Str: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- tions of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919:
Recognizing the increased cost of maintenance, Congress allowed in the sundry civil bill the sum of $115,000 for the expenses of the park, with an additional allotment of $200 for printing and binding. This was an increase of $15,000 over the appropriation for the pre- ceding years. By the practice of great economy in all departments a small amount was made available from this sum for minor perma- nent improvements, and some long-needed work was accomplished during the year. Several of the employees who were in the military or naval service during the war returned to their duties at the park near the close of the year, and there is at present no distinct short- age of help except in the buildings and grounds department. The popularity of the Zoological Park continues to increase, and the number of visitors admitted to the grounds greatly exceeded that of any previous year. An attendance of nearly 2,000,000 was recorded. Notwithstanding the scarcity of help during the first months of the year, the buildings have been kept in a fair state of repair and the grounds are in a very good condition. The collection has been kept near normal size, with even slight increase in the number of specimens, and with no serious gaps or empty quarters. This is due almost entirely to the constant and efficient care of the employees in the animal department, with the resulting good condition and low death rate among their charges. The embargo on living animals during the war virtually prohibited importations, and only a few animals were received directly from foreign ports.
ACCESSIONS.
Gifts—Animals to the number of 74 were accessioned during the year as gifts from friends of the park or were placed on indefinite deposit.
Two young Sumatran elephants received from the Smithsonian Institution were the most important and valuable additions to the collection. These were purchased at a cost of $5,000 for the children
64
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65
of Washington by a number of their friends and were donated to the institution. At the time of their arrival they were about 2 and 24 years old and were 42 and 45 inches high. The Sumatran elephant had never before been exhibited in Washington. It is closely allied to the elephant of India, and differs from the African elephant in many characters, most conspicuous of which is the very small size of the ear. No specimen of this group of elephants has been in the collection since the death in March, 1917, of the old Indian elephant, “Dunk.” The Sumatran elephant is said to average somewhat smaller than the elephant from British India, but the Dutch trader who accompanied these young animals from Sumatra reports having killed one which was 10 feet high at the shoulder. The baby ele- phants are already great favorites with the children and are growing rapidly. They are known by their Malayan names of “Hitam” (black) and “ Kechil” (small).
Other particularly valuable donations were a fine capybara from Hon. Henry D. Baker, Trinidad, British West Indies, who has pre- sented the park with other interesting specimens in past years; and a pair of Florida bears from Mrs. A. V. N. Stroop, Moore Haven, Fla. The capybara is an especially good specimen of this largest of all living rodents, and the Florida bear has ‘never before been shown in the collection. The bears are still young, but will apparently grow to a much larger size than the common American black bears, as they are now considerably larger than Virginia specimens of ap- proximately the same age, and the bears of Florida are known some- times to exceed in size all other forms of the black bear.
Among the birds presented during the year the most important is an example of the great white heron of southern Florida, taken from the nest on one of the Newfound Harbor group of keys, Florida, May 12, 1919, by Dr. Paul Bartsch. This bird has de- veloped spiendidly and forms one of the unique exhibits of the bird department.
The complete list of donors and gifts is as follows:
Hon. Henry D. Baker, Trinidad, British West Indes, capybara. Miss Marjarie Bandelauter, Washington, D. C., alligator. Dr. Paul Bartsch, Washington, D. C., great white heron. Mr. J. EK. Boyle, Washington, D. C., horned toad.
Mr. Morris K. Brady, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Miss Eddie Capps, Schuyler, Va., alligator.
Mr. Frederick Chester, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Mr. E. R. Claud, Washington, D. C., horned toad.’
Mrs. V. Cook, Savannah, Ga., alligator.
Mr. W. R. Coon, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Miss Pauline Corson, Guinea Mills, Va., four gray foxes. Mr. Lee Cummins, Washington, D. C., two alligators. Mr. A. H. Davin, Palmyra, Va., five turtle doves.
66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
Miss Elisabeth T. Davidson, Baltimore, Md., two grass paroquets.
Mr. D. L. Du Pre, Washington, D. C., American barn owl.
Mr. L, A. Ehrmantraut, Washington, D. C., chicken-guinea hybrid.
Mr. W. H. Fairchild, Washington, D. C., red fox.
Mr. J. F. H. Fields, Hancock, Md., banded rattlesnake.
Mr. F. F. Gillen, Washington, D. C., three screech owls.
Mrs. Lillie M. Glover, Washington, D. C., Isle of Pines parrot.
Mrs. Gregory, Washington, D. C., Virginia opossum.
Mrs. S. M. Hesey, Edinburg, Va.,; Cuban parrot.
Mr. Charles P. Higgins, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Mr. John B. Laing, Lewisburg, W. Va., black bear.
Mr. Edward L. Latimer, Hyattsville, Md., great horned owl.
Mr. Maynadiers, Washington, D. C., Virginia opossum.
Mr. W. L. McAtee, Washington, D. C., rainbow snake.
Mr. J. C. Meyer, Washington, D. C., three canary birds.
Mr. H. D. Money, jr., Gulfport, Miss., two fox squirrels.
Mr. James Mooney, jr., Washington, D. C., alligator.
Mrs. C. P. Moore, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Mr. Joseph G. Moore, Flint Hill, Va., two woodchucks.
Mr. Charles A. Mosier, Holmstead, Fla., moccasin snake.
Mr. R. HE. Otterback, Washington, D. C., black snake.
Mr. A. J. Poole, Washington, D. C., water snake.
Mr. G. R. Putnam, Washington, D. C., horned toad.
Mr. T. M. Quill, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Mr. E. S. Schmid, Washington, D. C., spider monkey.
Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Washington, D. C., water snake, garter snake, snapping turtle, Florida terrapin, and two gopher tortoises.
Maj. Walter L. Simpson, Washington, D. C., badger.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., two Sumatran elephants.
Mr. J. F. Stowell, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Mr. Blanford Straughn, Washington, D. C., chameleon.
Mrs. A. V. N. Stroop, Moore Haven, Fla., two Florida bears.
Mrs. Griffith E. Taylor, Berryville, Va., double yellow-head parrot.
Mr. Albert Thorn, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Mr. Henry C. Vaden, Washington, D. C., peafowl.
Mr. J. S. Warmbath, Washington, D. C., screech owl.
Mrs. Sarah Wilber, Keshena, Wis., American badger.
Mr. J. M. Willson, Kissimmee, Fla., sand-hill crane.
Mr. H. F. Winn, Chevy Chase, D. C., peafowl.
Mr. H. BE. Wright, Point of Rocks, Md., alligator.
Unknown donor, fish crow.
Births —The number of births exceeds that of any previous year in the history of the park. Mammals to the number of 76 were born, and 83 birds were hatched during the year, making a total of 159 additions to the collection in this manner. This record includes only such animals-as are reared to a reasonable age, no account being made in these published statistics of such as live but a few days. The births include 2 European bears, 2 Rocky Mountain sheep, 1 eland, 4 Indian antelopes, 1 yak, 6 American bison, 2 lamas, 1 Columbian black-tailed deer, 2 Manchurian deer, 2 Kashmir deer, 2 American elk, 2 barasingha deer, 1 hog deer, 4 Japanese deer, 1
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67
fallow deer, 6 white-tailed deer, 6 European red deer, 1 yellow- haired porcupine, 4 raccoons, 6 coypus, 3 rhesus monkeys, 1 dusky phalanger, 1 rufous-bellied wallaby, 1 great gray kangaroo, 4 red kangaroos, 8 opossums, and 2 brush-tailed rock kangaroos. The birds hatched are of the following species: Demoiselle crane, Ameri- can coot, Florida cormorant, night heron, wild turkey, golden pheasant, peafowl, scaled quail, mute swan, Canada goose, mallard, black duck, and wood duck. _. Hechanges—There were received during the year 11 mammals and 70 birds in exchange for surplus animals born in the park. The mammals were 2 prong-horned antelopes, 2 Indian water buf- faloes, 3 beavers, 3 spider monkeys, and 1 Burmese macaque. Many desirable water fowl, including coscoroba and black swans, Hutchins’s geese, European widgeon, European teal, garganey teal, black- bellied tree ducks, and spur-winged geese, as well as numerous land birds needed for the collection, were received through exchange. Species new to the collection are the black-gorgeted laughing thrush, crimson tanager, blue tanager, thick-billed euphonia, dia- mond dove, bar-shouldered dove, short-keeled toucan, and a fine specimen of the remarkable Goliath heron from Africa.
Purchases.—Because of lack of funds only 38 mammals, birds, and reptiles were purchased during the year. A Malayan sun bear was obtained in San Francisco, a fallow deer buck was purchased for breeding, and a few small mammals were bought from time to time. Additions to the American waterfowl lake were 6 brants, 2 white-fronted geese, 10 black ducks, and an immature whistling swan. Two Florida sandhill cranes and a pair of bronze-wing pigeons, with some commoner hawks and owls, also were purchased.
Transfers —Both the Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Fisheries, Department of Commerce, contributed to the collection by the transfer of material collected by their agents in the field. From the Biological Survey was re- ceived an Apache grizzly bear and a mountain lion from New Mex- ico, a blue goose from Missouri, and two pigmy ground rattlers and a water snake from Florida. The Apache grizzly, new to the col- lection, is one of the recently defined species of the grizzly bear now nearing extinction. The specimen, a young male, was cap- tured July 22, 1918, by T. J. McMullin and Bob Reid, 22 miles southeast of Taos, N. Mex., and was forwarded to the park by M. E. Musgrave, of the Biological Survey. It was apparently about 8 months old when received. A few turtles from Georgia were trans- ferred from the Bureau of Fisheries. }
Captured in the park.—A few birds captured in the park were added to the collection.
68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
Deposited——As usual, a number of desirable exhibition speci- mens were accepted on temporary deposit. These included for the year 7 parrots of various species, 2 boa constrictors, a lion, and a kinkajou. Eight alligators were carried over the winter for the Pan American Union.
REMOVALS.
Surplus mammals and birds to the number of 37 were exchanged to other zoological collections, as follows: One European brown bear, 1 hippopotamus, 2 red kangaroos, 1 yak, 3 Indian antelopes, 1 fallow deer, 2 hog deer, 1 Japanese deer, 4 barasingha deer, 4 European red deer, 6 gray squirrels, 2 domestic geese, and 9 peafowl. A number of specimens on deposit were returned to owners.
While the death rate for the year has been comparatively small, there have been as usual some serious losses, especially among animals long in the park and of advanced age. The male Celebesian dwarf buffalo, or anoa (Anoa depressicornis), which has been a feature of the antelope house for nearly 13 years, died on July 24,1918. This animal came to the collection December 12, 1905, then fully adult, had been showing extreme age for the past two years, and his death was not unexpected. Two female Congo harnessed antelopes (7'ra- gelaphus gratus) were lost. One was purchased as a fully grown animal October 31, 1907, and died May 10,1919. The other, born in the park July 4, 1912, died February 27,1919. An old female Ameri- can bison, purchased May 6, 1907, died of septic metritis on April 20, 1919. A female guanaco, received from the zoological gardens in Buenos Aires, December 29, 1904, died on August 22, 1918, of acute congestion of the lungs, after 13 years and 8 months of life in the park. An alpaca, also from the Buenos Aires gardens, received March 14, 1908, died from old age and parasitic invasion, October 11, 1918. A wild cat (Lyn ruffus), received September 3, 1907, died January 22, 1919; and a Canada lynx, received September 25, 1907, died from septicemia September 25, 1918, exactly 11 years from the date of its arrival in the zoo. Other losses of importance among the mammals were a leopard, from pneumonia, November 18, 1918, and a young Brazilian tapir, born in the park February 22, 1918, which died under anesthetic during an operation for prolapse of the rectum on June 3, 1919.
The most serious loss by death among the birds was a female trumpeter swan, which died of septicemia May 14, 1919, just after it had been successfully mated, after two years of effort, with the male trumpeter lent to the park by Judge R. M. Barnes, of Lacon, Ill. The eggs in the ovary were enlarged to the size of cherries, and there is every reason to believe that but for the untimely loss of this
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 69
bird the swans would have been successfully bred. The African crowned hawk-eagle (Spizaétus coronatus) received from James Robert Spurgeon, United States Secretary of Legation, Monrovia, Liberia, June 24, 1901, died from avian tuberculosis, March 26, 1919, after 17 years and 9 months of life in the bird house. Two wander- ing tree ducks (Dendrocygna arcuata), received from Carl Hagen- beck, September 25, 1903, died, probably of old age, on September 30 and December 16, 1918, both having thus lived over 15 years in the gardens. A snowy egret (gretta candidissima), received from Texas, June 15, 1907, died July 10, 1918, over 11 years from the date of its arrival.
Post-mortem examinations were made by the pathological division of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The following list shows the results of autopsies, the cases being arranged by groups:
CAUSES OF DEATH. MAMMALS.
Marsupialia: Pneumonia, 2; tuberculosis, 1; peritonitis, 1; abscess in abdomen, 1.
Carnivora: Pneumonia, 1; anemia, 1; septicemia, 1; abscess of jaw, 1.
Rodentia: Pneumonia, 2; enteritis, 1; gastroenteritis, 1.
HWdentata: Adenomata, 1.
Primates: Tuberculosis, 1; pleurisy, 1; enteritis, 1; gastroenteritis, 1; anemia, 1; sarcomatous tumor, 1; accident, 1; not determined, 1.
Artiodactyla: Pneumonia, 3; tuberculosis, 3; congestion of lungs, 1; anemia, 1; sep- ticemia, 2; septic metritis, 1; old age, 1; accident, 2.
Perissodactyla: Anesthetic, during operation, 1.
BIRDS.
Ciconiiformes : Tuberculosis, 1; not determined, 1; no cause found, 1.
Anseriformes: Tuberculosis, 3; enteritis, 4; ptomaine poisoning, 1; septicemia, 1; ne- crosis of cecum, 1; hemorrhage, 2; parasitism, 1; accident, 1; not determined, 2.
Falconiformes: Tuberculosis, 1; aspergillosis, 1; not determined, 1.
Galliformes: Aspergillosis, 1; enteritis, 2.
Gruiformes: Tuberculosis, 1; enteritis, 1.
Charadriiformes: Tuberculosis, 4; enteritis, 1; peritonitis, 1.
Cuculiformes : Tuberculosis, 1; enteritis, 2; sarcomatosis, 1; no cause found, 1.
Coraciiformes: Aspergillosis, 1.
Passeriformes: Tuberculosis, 3; enteritis, 2; no cause found, 1.
Such animals, lost by death, as were of particular scientific im- portance, or needed for exhibition purpeses, were transferred to the United States National Museum for preservation. These numbered 15 mammals and 25 birds.
ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTION JUNE 30, 1919.
MAMMALS.
MARSUPIALIA. Dusky phalanger (Trichosurus fuligi- MO SUE inset ee oe, 5
Virginia opossum (Didelphis vir- Brush-tailed rock kangaroo (Petro- OUNAGIN G) (a ee a 9 gale (penicillata) — 222 ee a 4
Tasmanian deyil (Sarcophilus har- Great gray kangaroo (Macropus gi- TS UY a NEE fe 8 PIRSA SS Se ak 2 GOMLEMS) eee ee 2 ON ae ee 3 Phalanger (Trichosurus vulpecula)--- 3 | Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) ------~ 9
12573°—21—_—-6
70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
Kangaroo Island kangaroo (Macropus (EAT U8) Le) hae Se eee ees eee Wallaroo (Macropus robustus) ——_-_---- Black-tailed wallaby (Macropus wala- CCS) gece ES Spe Ne Rufous-bellied biblerdieruyer SW. eee Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) _——- Wombat (Phascolomys mitchell) ____~
CARNIVORA.
Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorffi) __-- Alaska Peninsula bear (Ursus gyas)-- Yakutat bear (Ursus dali) ——-~-—-_-___ Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi) ----_---~ European bear (Ursus arctos)——---~- Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) ____-__ Apache grizzly (Ursus apache) —~—__----~ Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) —_ Black bear (Ursus americanus) —~---~ Kenai black bear (Ursus americanus
DETNAUGET) oe ee NR EE Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus cin-
MUM O INU) ws he ey Horida bear (Ursus floridanus) —----__ Giacier bear (Ursus emmonsii) ~-—--~
Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) —~--~ ‘
Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) ------- Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) ——- Dingo (Canis dingo) =-.-2=- === - Eskimo dog (Canis familiaris) ------~ Gray wolf (Canis nubilus)_----_--~_ Southern wolf (Canis floridanus) —_---- Woodhouse’s wolf (Canis frustror) —-_ Coyote (Canis latrans) _-_----______= Red fox (Vulpes fulva) 2 -----___-__ Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) — Cacomistle (Bassariscus astutus) —~~--~ Raccoon.“( Procyon lotor)= 2. Se eee Gray coatimundi (Nasua narica)—---~ Kinkajou (Potos flavus) —--_.--_-_-~— Herret. (Mastelaapuroe) 2 eee Tayra (Teyra. barbara) 22-2 Skunk (Mephitis nigra) ~-~-__~-~___-— American badger (Tasidea tavus) ~~ European badger (Meles meles) -—---~ Florida otter (Lutra canadensis vaga) — African civet (Viverra civetta) —-_-___ Genet (Genetta genetta)_—___________ Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) ——-—~ Brown hyena (Hyena brunnea) ——____ Striped hyena (Hyena hyena) _-_-__-__- African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) —— LON CHEMS, LEO) a ee ey ee a Bengal tiger (Felis tigris) -----—-_-___ Manchurian tiger (Felis tigris longi-
GAAS) etee Nae ORIG EAA UUs ATID SPU SUENNA ST VOTRE SIDES Leopard (Felis pardus)-_-..—-__-__ Hast African leopard (Felis pardus
SOAS ALT CD ES RON SO OL SUNS SIRES RUN VOUT! CH CUS: ORCM) ara ee re ese Mexican puma (Felis azteca) —_________ Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes) —--- Canada lynx (Lyn« canadensis) -______
eb
wares
OrREHENANEDE
MBRDONRPRP REE PN WHERE NRF RNID wWNHFONEFNREREH WD bb Ld
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lo 08 05 et
Bay lynx) (Dynan rujffws) aa 22 Sites California lynx (Lynx californicus) —_~ Banded lynx (Lynz fasciatus) _-_______
PINNIPEDIA.
California sea lion (Zalophus californi-
RODENTIA.
Woodchuck (Marmota monaz)—_-----_~ Dusky marmot (JIMarmota flaviven-
CTD OOSCUT GY) ass ae ee ea Prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) —__ Fox squirrel (Sciwrus niger) ____-_-____ Albino squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) — American beaver (Castor canadensis) —
Crested porcupine (Hystriz cristata)__ .
Yellow -haired porcupine (Hrethizon
CRUG CIVETOUIY ees She eR Coypu (Myocastor coypus)———------~ Paca \(Cuniculus paca) 2-22 ee Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mezi-
Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azare)——~ Crested agouti (Dasyprocta cristata) ——
Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) ———__~ Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis patago-
Peruvian guinea pig (Cavia tschudii
DOLACNOR) pio ee were a Oe SN ey Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)________ Capybara (Hydrocherus hydrocheris) —
LAGOMORPHA. Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cum- GCUNAES) SE EEE SS ES Sy PRIMATES.
Gray spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) — White-throated capuchin (Cebus capu-
CUS) BS PP RPE BOI RN BORE Th eae Margarita capuchin (Cebus margari-
EOE) oS es SE ae ec ee Chacma (Papio porcarius) —~-——-_-_-= Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) — Mandrill (Papio sphingz) _-_-____--___-- Drill (Papio leucophaus) _——--=—_---= Moor macaque (Cynopithecus maurus) — Brown macaque (Macaca speciosa) __~ Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) —__ Burmese macaque (Macaca andama-
NONSIS) Oe ee Se Pig-tailed monkey (Macaca neme-
SET UI) ene a Rhesus monkey (Macaca rhesus) ~~~ Bonnet monkey (Macaca sinica) ______ Javan macaque (Macaca mordaz) —-~- Philippine macaque (Macaca syrichta) — Sooty mangabey (Cercocebus fuligi-
Ee Ot
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1
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
Green guenon (Lasiopyga callitrichus) — Vervet guenon (Lasiopyga pygerythra) — Mona (Lasiopyga mona) —__-.--------- Roloway guenon (Lasiopyga roloway) — Patas monkey (Hrythrocebus patas) ~~ Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) -------
ARTIODACTYLA,
Wilde boat. (Sus) SCNO;@) oe = Wart-hog (Phacocherus ethiopicus) —_ Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphib-
ius) Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) — Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) — Guanaco (Lama huanachus) ~----~-~- Llama (Lama glama) —----—-------___ Alpaca! (Lame pacos) 22-28 ss oe Vicuna (Lama vicugna) —————-~-___~_ Fallow deer (Dama dama) —-----~--~-~-~ Axis deer (Avis azis) Hog deer (Hyelaphus porcinus) —-__--~ Sambar (Rusa unicotor) ____.-------- Luzon deer (Rusa philippinus) Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelti) _--- Japanese deer (Sika nippon) —~-------_ Red deer (Cervus elaphus) —---------- Kashmir deer (Cervus hanglu)—------ Bedford deer (Cervus wanthopygus) ~~ American elk (Cervus canadensis) __-- Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginianus) — Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) _____ Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus colum-
OTIS) ee spat). iy sete, ee Prong-horned antelope (Antilocapra
americana)
RATIT®A,
South African ostrich (Struthio aus- tralis ) Somaliland ostrich (Struthio molybdo- MTUOUIIE Sgt oe ip a ee ae a Rhea (Rhea americana) ~----_~----~- Emu (Dromiceius novehollandie) _—~---
CICONIIFORMES, American white pelican (Pelecanus CHIULRTOVIUUIVCTUGS \ ne a a as Huropean white pelican (Pelecanus ONGCTOLOTIUS) rece oe ae ae es oe cok
Roseate pelican (Pelecanus roseuws) ——— Australian pelican (Pelecanus cons- RT CUCU UES) ea eae a re Brown pelican (Pelecanus occiden- AEH ISH) ) ones CA te La NS aS PLU MTSE Florida cormorant auritus floridanus) Great white heron LEAH ESS) laa leek Ole AN RE i Great blue heron (Ardea herodias) _-_-- Goliath heron (Ardea goliath) ______~- Snowy egret (Horetta candidissima) —_
(Ardea occiden-
1 2 3 1 1 1
Ne
fed et et my ARADNOHNADWHHEHEAN NW
15
Blesbok (Damatliscus albifrons) ------~ White-tailed gnu (Connochetes gnou) — Defassa water-buck (Kobus defassa) _- Indian antelope (Antilope cercicapra) — Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) _-__ Hast African eland (Taurotragus oryx
CEVA STONY ee ee a a Ie Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) ~-______ Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis canaden-
Arizona mountain sheep (Ovis cana-
Gensisngaillarar yes foe ee 2 Barbados sheep (Ovis aries) _-_________ Zebu (Bos indicus) oe ee Yak (Poéphagus grunniens) __________ American bison (Bison bison) ________ Indian buffalo (Bubatus bubalis) ______
PERISSODACTYLA,
Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) ___ Mongolian horse (Hquus przewalskii) __ Grant’s zebra (Hquus burchelli granti) — Grevy’s zebra (Hquus grevyi)_-_______ Zebra-horse hybrid (Hquus grevyi-ca-
DATS) NIE SEND NE Zebra-ass hybrid (Equus grevyi-asinus) _
PROBOSCIDHA.
Abyssinian elephant (Lozodonta afri- COME CLUOUUS) ea ee aa ta ee oe Sumatran elephant (Hlephas sumatra- nus)
BIRDS.
wb e
bo bo
et ee
Black-crowned night heron (Nycti-
corax nycticorax nevius)_—________ Boatbill (Cochlearius cochlearius) ____ White stork (Ciconia ciconia) Black stork (Ciconia nigra) __~________ Straw-necked ibis (Carphibis spinicol-
UASiy) git eee Ne RP NG UN eae AR A Sacred ibis (Threskiornis ethiopicus) — White ibis (Guara alba) _---_-_______ Scarlet ibis (Guara rubra)___________ Roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja)______ Kuropean flamingo (Pheenicopterus
TOSCUS) co HE TAR SE ER 4
ANSBHRIFORMES.
Black-necked screamer
LUE) ek laa i sr Da Ss Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) __-___~ East Indian black duck (Anas platy-
TIVYNCOB NAT.) eal iw De Black duck (Anas rubripes) _--_______-_ Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) —__-~ European widgeon (Mareca penelope) - Baldpate (Mareca americana) —------- Green-winged teal (Nettion caro-
PETE C TURE) erates are ee Sa eae STEEL cA cee e
(Chauna tor-
wodIeeEH
bbe eb
Be
72 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
European teal (Nettion crecca) ------- Blue-winged teal (Querquedula dis-
COTS) ois ah ma Ne Garganey (Querquedula querquedula) — Cinnamon teal (Querquedula cyanop-
ET) a a as Ruddy sheldrake (Oasarca ferruginea) - Pintail (Dajila acuta) --------------- Wood duck (Aig sponsa) —----------- Mandarin duck (Dendronessa galericu-
(fei?) eS Oe ee Ss Ae eee Canvas-back (Marila valisineria) -_----- Redhead (Marila americana) --------- Lesser scaup duck (Marila affinis) ---- Ring-necked duck (Marila collaris) —_--- Rosy-billed pochard (Metopiana pepo-
SULCE) Wate SB ae ee Snow goose (Chen hyperboreus) —----- Greater snow goose (Chen hyperboreus
MUU UTS) ee ase ae as Blue goose (Chen cerulescens) —------ W-hite-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) — American white-fronted goose (Anser
albifrons, gambeli) =—-——- -=-— Bar-headed goose (Hulabeia indicus) —— Canada goose (Branta canadensis) ~~~ Hutchins’s goose (Branta canadensis
PAUL GTAUNSU)) ee ep ee Cackling goose (Branta canadensis
ATUUTUT TAD) ee eS LS a SA) AN Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogastra) — Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) ---- Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gam-
LING CHEY IS ech at toc AL NO Black-bellied tree duck (Dendrocygna
CUTUMNNTNS) 2 ees SES eS White-faced tree duck (Dendrocygna
ALLEGE) eens cea LA PO oe Coscoroba (Coscoroba candida) ~------ Mute swan (Oygnus gibbus) —-------~- Whistling swan (Olor columbianus) ~~ Trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator) ~~~ Black swan (Chenopis atrata) --------
FALCONIFORMES.
South American condor (Vuliur gry-
DILYS) 22 et ee aE ee California condor (Gymnogyps califor-
DUC UTUUS) as Sipe a Ns 9 at Turkey vulture (Cathartes aurea) ~~ Black vulture (Coragyps urubu)——---- King vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) ——- Secretary bird (Sagittarius serpen-
ECUL TIES) ae ae AAR eae Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)---_-____ Cinereous yulture (Aegypius mona-
CLL TES)) eee eee LIRR ENE ee em ee Sm aan Caracara (Polyborus cheriway) —----- Wedge-tailed eagle (Uroaétus audaz)— Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaétos) _____ Bald eagle (Haliwetus leucocephalus) — Alaskan bald eagle (Haliwetus leuco-
cephalus “alascanus) S22 - ee Sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius)——~- Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis) _---~ Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainson) --
CR bo eH
Li i )
Le Oe ow)
=
PDH Ee
GALLIFORMES.
Mexican curassow (Crag globicera)___- Daubenton’s curassow (Cran dauben- LOTA) oo ee Se ee eee ee
Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo sil- MESES AS ie eee a Se ey Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) _._________— Peacock pheasant (Polyplectron bical- CORT TLIN Pa saa a eae ce ee ee ee Silver pheasant (Genneus nyctheme- Ua) Bah) yy eal er ca TS oa a ee Cee Wanda te Lady Amherst’s pheasant (Chrysolophus CITC CR SERED) pc ee re ea aes a ed Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) — Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) _-_--~ Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) —_—~ Gambel’s quail (Lophortyx gambelii) __ Valley quail (Lophortyr californica VOELECOLD) ane oe eee oe
GRUIFORMES.
American coot (Fulica americana) _—-—-— South Island weka rail (Ocydromus
QUSEV GIS) ss Best Ai ae ON a aye eee Short-winged weka (Ocydromus bra-
Chypt erusyine ohn eee oli ton Earl’s weka (Ocydromus earli) _-_-_-_~ Whooping crane (Grus americana) ____ Sandhill crane (Grus megvicana) __-_--~ White-necked crane (Grus leucauchen) — Indian white crane (Grus leucogera-
MUUS SL so eS as ae ere Lilford’s crane (Grus lilfordi) -_------ Australian crane (Grus rubicunda) —-— Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) — Crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) —— Cariama (Cariama cristata) _--------
CHARADRIIFORMES,
Great black-backed gull (Larus mari- NUS) perso ae eee Herring gull (Larus argentatus) ~---- Laughing gull (Larus atricilla) ------ Australian crested pigeon (Ocyphaps CophOtES) os Ss ae eee ee Bronze-wing pigeon (Phaps_ chalco- POLO TOY a oes ee EE IN ee Wonga-wonga pigeon (Lewcosarcia pi- CULG) Soe Peet 0 SR SN HE SS ot Red-billed pigeon (Chlorenas flaviros- E18) So ee ee ee White-winged dove (Melopelia asia- ETC CL) ) ra ea Mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) — Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata) ____- Zebra dove (Geopelia striata) ________ Bar-shouldered dove (Geopelia hume- WOUAS ) ee Se re Inca dove (Scardafella inca) ------_~ Blue-headed quail-dove (Starnenas cya- ALO COMI TUL) yas es Ringed turtle-dove (Streptopelia ri-
NorPNwor
ow
BOHN H HORE
Nee
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
PSITTACIFORMBS.
Grass paroquet (Melopsitiacus undu- WOUE TER) yee ee ea ee 2 Black-tailed paroquet (Polytelis me- lanura) 1 Lesser vasa parrot (Coracopsis nigra). 1 Gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus)____ ye Haitian paroquet (Aratinga chioro-
Blue-winged parrotlet (Psittacula pas-
SY GFFOLIGT) Ve Seal) useage er padh Orn iia Al Ea 1 Cuban parrot (Amazona leucocephaia) — 6 Isle of Pines parrot (Amazona leuco-
cephala palmarum) ~-----__--_~--- 1 Yellow-shouldered parrot (Amazona
DATOGMEWSIS)) Lo 2 eee eas) 1 Festive parrot (Amazona festiva)__-~ 1 Whitefronted parrot (Amazona albi-
TPES) DO Ta ha ER 1 Orange-winged parrot (Amazona ama-
OO TELG Ch) eee ans sah ne ANIL IDE NS aL Santo Domingo parrot (Amazona ven-
PALA SATES}) Wc ale tps oi AS) ea iris ap MgO any 2 Yellow-headed parrot (Amazona ochro-
CLE) TEE AIG 2) \ SG STR ll I EVP Roe ces 8 Yellow-naped parrot (Amazgona auro-
5 TLS NASER) ea a pil aon 2 Double yellow-head parrot (Amazona
MANSCLE 499.2) Vests eae Ce teens A ald tea 10 Yellow-cheeked parrot (Amazona au-
PAUTIUTELUDS) We ee 0 tenn ete umes Dkr alvaas 1 Thick-billed parrot (Rhynchopsitta
DULCYUTR UNCC!) ee ae, a SOs 2 Red-and-blue macaw (Ara _ chlorop-
TEE }) ecto ep ehh i lt Men ah ABRs ip Dal 2 Red-and-blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara
AIUD CL) ip Nh IP hoe 5 NN Sa T Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara arara-
UTD ea a neat eC ee il Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatoes
PELL CITE CD) Wels ee a Na I 2 Great red-crested cockatoo (Cacatoes
ATU OUL CC CNISHS))-= echt xs! eens DAS Se. 1
White cockatoo (Cacatoes alba) _-___- 2 Leadbeater’s cockatoo (Cacatoes lead-
” Concave-casqued hornbill (Dichoceros
bicornis) Barred owl (Stri# varia) --_________ Sereech owl (Otus asio)___~—~-- Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) — Western horned owl (Bubo virginianus
DULLCTCOT SR SSE h Hei onl ere
American barn owl (Tyto perlata
DUATUNCOUA in ae eee ee Se eee PASSERIFORMBDS.
Red-billed hill-tit (Liothriz luteus) __ Black-gorgeted laughing-thrush (@ar-
WALA D PEC UON ALS) ey es Hermit thrush (Hylocichla gutiata
PG G6i) pose ana Australian gray jumper (Struthidea
cinerea) Green jay (Xanthoura lwaeuosa)______ Australian crow (Corvus coronoides) __ Fish crow (Corvus assifragus)_~—____ European raven (Corvus coraz)_~ ____ Napolean weaver (Pyromelana afra) —— Madagascar weaver (Foudia madagas-
COPVENSIS) isa EA oe Paradise widow bird (Steganura para-
GiSCO) Rae a Se ca aes ee eran Cut-throat finch (Amadina fasciata) __ Zebra finch (Teniopygia castanotis) __
Black-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila GOULET) is Te VI See G See Red-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila MUN O08) Se RE ORE Strawberry finch (Amandava aman- OU G) ater esata ee tun PIS oie
Black-headed finch (Uunia atricapitla) _ Nutmeg finch (Munia punctulata) ___ Java finch (Munia oryzivora)________ White Java finch (Munia oryzivora) __ Vera Cruz red-wing (Agelaius pheni-
COUS. PICHON) eae at eae ee Crimson tanager (Ramphocelus dimidi-
GUS yi hl all oR Eli J a eee 2 Blue tanager (Thraupis cana) __--___ Thick-billed euphonia (Tanagra cras-
EVBLEELSS- CAN i eet li Me ec 1 ESS AORHG HI) et a a 0 A ENN Se i cn
Bare-eyed cockatoo (Cacatoes gym- Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) ___
TU GIVES,)) rere ame INL A MUTE TRA Mer AN A 3 | Slate-colored junco (Junco hyemalis) _
Roseate cockatoo (Cacatoes rosetca- White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia
FOVAAIED) ees SEN Tl Lt HE ee Dn SU 11 albicollis) = PE a at si
Kea (Nestor notabilis) _-._.-___- 5 | Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola)_______
Canary (Serinus canarius)— ________
CORACIIFORMES. Green singing finch (Serinus icterus) —_
Huropean chaffinch (Fringilia celebs) _
Giant kingfisher (Dacelo gigas)______ 2 | Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cucul-
Short-keeled toucan (Ramphastos pis- UOT) to woe Pires ge dR Bee oer
civorus brevicarinatus) ~_---___-___ 1! Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) ______ REPTILES,
Alligator (Alligator mississipiensis)__ 28 Blue-tongued lizard (Tiliqua scin-
Mona Island iguana (Cyclura stejne-____ COVES) PaIeE NR se ST ck Oi ei a ak ae
ULLEN) Paps Sees cys ee ha ee See G 1 | Chameleon (Anolis carolinensis) ____=_
Gila monster (Heloderma Suspectum) — 7 | Horned toad (Phrynosoma cornutum) —
73
Bowe
Nee eee
fk bes
a ed
74
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
Rock python (Python molurus) —-_--- 3 | Ground rattler (Sistrurus miliarius) _— 1 Diamond python (Python spilotes)____ 1 | Duncan Island tortoise (Testudo ephip- Anaconda (Hunectes murinus) ——~_-__-~ 2 DUN) SS as ae er eee een a ee it Boa constrictor (Constrictor constric- Albemarle Island tortoise (Z'estudo (107) pee re spent SPLINE phage Rete 6 LAGE (2 TP) NAS Ei i DO I Bt oS aR a ee if Rainbow snake (Abastor erythrogram- Gopher tortoise (Gopherus poylphe-_ MLAS) ae oe SERN TNS Se aN ik Cpt) YP ee 8 is edi te ee Eat ree i AS a ee 4 Blacksnake (Coluber constrictor) ____~- 1 | Snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) _— 2 Chicken snake (Hlaphe quadrivittata) _ 1 | Cooter (Pseudemys scripta) ___-----_- 1 Water snake (Natriz sipedon) —~-___-_- 5 | Florida terrapin (Pseudemys /flori- Garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) ___ 1 ETT I GD Vo ee SAN Se Po (IGS SIS i el dr it Moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus)_._ 1 STATEMENT OF THE COLLECTION. ACCESSIONS DURING THE YHAR. Presented : Captured in National Zoological Mammals e222 seen ees 19 Park: IBITGS he es Se ee 25 1230s Cee eae ens a ee Se eee 10 Reptiles (ie Se awe 30. Deposited : — T4 IMAI ALS oe eats See as Oe, 2 Born and hatched in the National EGE Sp ool A ee ee eae ih Zoological Park: DERE) 38D CSIR cas SS a 10 Mammals i2 22 Se ew ta 76 — 19 SUR CS oe a 83 = —— 159 RotalbaccesSionss a = i wee 390 Received in exchange: Mi gamma See ae ee cae 11 SUMMARY. BATS ack Le ge. ee ee PN 70 — 81 | Animals on hand July 1, 1918__-__ 1, 247 Purchased : Accessions during the year________ 390 EVE SD Ren eB ste eas alee ened 9 TERE GS ies eer BE a ag 29 1, 637 MRED EES at 2 ae ss ee ees 2 Deduct loss (by exchange, death, and — 3§ return of animals on deposit) —__ 301 Transferred from other Govern- ment departments: Animals on hand June 30, 1919_ 1, 336 Marmimallig, soa 2 FBIPG Sit eek a peg i ag SY 1 Reptiles: (Shes a eee Se 6 — 9 Class Species. | Individuals. Bul Uh oabechs) weeps se eee me Rte ns Se Teas MaRe ELI pei UL ga oak eae eben ota ph Uy rt 156 528 BITS. FS aS SS EG SS REE Re DORE I ea Seo FR Vint ble 190 737 Reptiles essa. d=. OER a he IG | ae 23 el, NG 2) EPR ao a et al Ie ae Ay iA tf A RL hepa Sa, As 369 1,336 VISITORS.
The record for number of visitors during a single fiscal year has again been exceeded. The number of people admitted to the park, as determined by count and estimate, was 1,964,715, a daily average of 5,883. The greatest number in any one month was 355,651, in April, 1919, an average per day of 11,855. On March 23, 1919, there were 70,000 visitors; on Sunday, April 6, 1919, 85,000; and on Easter Monday, April 21, 1919, 55,359 (actual count at gates).
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 75
The attendance by months was as follows: In 1918: July, 160,600; August, 116,200; September, 154,600; October, 114,500; November, 91,400; December, 93,424. In 1919: January, 101,625; February, 115,150; March, 242,650; April, 355,651; May, 220,700; June, 198,215.
The record for attendance for the year ending June 30, 1918, which exceeded the previous record year (1916) by 436,117, was beaten by 371,488. Following are the attendance records for the past eight years:
cheapie pec oe yeh cu tnayty cag yy AD TAS OAS ae NG ae 1, 157, 110 ee APG G23 Oi by IOUT: Mi iy redok Movant shoes 1, 106, 800 ee Lg ee a i POO: | eOT Omi Rea ee 1, 593, 227 127 diene ane tacit pais a OATHS |, MOM Que eis r ee ae et 1, 964, 715
The park continues in popularity as a means of instruction to schools and classes, as well as a resort for out-of-doors gatherings for large picnic parties, where the usual woodland surroundings and pleasures may be supplemented by visits to the zoological collections. Ninety-eight such schools and classes visited the park in 1919, with a total of 6,169 individuals. These came not only from the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia, but from the more distant States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Ohio. The Amer- ican Society of Mammalogists held an informal meeting with lunch- eon at the park on April 4, 1919, with 75 members in attendance.
IMPROVEMENTS.
Exterior cages for leopards, jaguars, and hyenas, on the east side of the north wing of the lion house, were nearly completed before the close of the year. The cages are seven in number, 24 feet deep, and 74 feet long over all. The cost, including material and the labor of regular employees, was $3,410. This long-desired improvement adds greatly to the appearance of the building and to the comfort of the animals.
A perforated radial brick chimney 80 feet in height above the con- crete foundation and 42 inches interior diameter at the top was built at the central heating plant to replace the old and worn-out metal stack, The concrete base was constructed by the park workmen and the chimney by contract, at a total cost of $2,647.
A public toilet 13 by 28 feet 8 inches was constructed near the Connecticut Avenue entrance. Some of the materials for this work were purchased from the 1918 appropriation, and the labor was all by regular employees of the park. The cost of this structure, includ- ing labor, was $1,200.
The smaller elephant house, roofs of the larger elephant house and restaurant building, outdoor lion and tiger cages, outdoor cages on east and west sides of monkey house, and other fences and inclosures
76 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1919.
were painted, at a total cost of $1,586. The materials, amounting to $475, were furnished by the park. The contracts for labor to- taled $1,111.
The creek-side drive from Klingle Ford to the crossroads and the main road from the concrete bridge to the concourse were broken up and rebuilt, the creek-side drive from crossroads to the stone bridge was resurfaced, and roads in other parts of the park were re- paired and resurfaced where necessary. The cost of materials for road work was $1,295, and the labor, including regular park em- ployees and temporary men, amounted to $1,475.50.
Other minor improvements and repairs completed during the year include a new fence around the nursery and gardens, concrete steps to replace old stone steps leading from wolf dens up to bear yard steps, cement stairway from Cathedral Avenue leading down into park under the Calvert Street Bridge, repair of walks leading in from Adams Mill gate, repair of bridle paths, drainage for zebra house and yards, paving in zebra yards, a new policeman’s box at Klingle gate. The old wooden ties of the fence of the large elephant yard were replaced by an iron fence to match the permanent sections already constructed. A number of large wire receptacles for rub- bish and 100 new park benches were provided.
IMPORTANT NEEDS.
Alteration of the western boundary.—By an act approved June 23, 1918, Congress appropriated $107,200 for the purchase of certain lots and parcels of land between the western boundary of the National Zoological Park and Connecticut Avenue, from Cathedral Avenue to Klingle Road, this land, together with the included highways, to become a part of the park. The appropriation was not a continuing one and lapsed at the end of the following fiscal year, before pro- ceedings for the purchase of the land were completed. Items for the reappropriation of this sum and for the additional amount necessary to meet the figures fixed by the court in proceedings of condemnation were submitted to Congress in the following years, but were not favorably considered. Following a suggestion made by the chair- man of the Appropriations Committee at the hearing on the bill for 1919, the item for the purchase of this land was revised in the esti- mnte for 1920 to include only a portion of the property originally appropriated for in 1913. The land asked for in the estimates sub- mitted for 1920 and, failing approval, again included in estimates for 1921, includes 250 feet each side of Jewett Street, fronting on Connecticut Avenue, and all of the land inside the unnamed road between Connecticut Avenue and the park, excepting one lot. This, with all of Jewett Street, and the included portion of the unnamed
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 77
street, would satisfy all the important needs of the park and give a frontage of over 600 feet on Connecticut Avenue. One of the princi- pal entrances to the park will always be from Connecticut Avenue and the importance of a frontage on that thoroughfare at and border- ing the gate can not be overestimated. The necessary land can now be purchased for about $80,000, and should be acquired before it is too late.
Alteration of the southeastern boundary—The question of the pur- chase of a narrow strip of land between the park and Adams Mill Road, from Clydesdale Place to Ontario Road, still in private owner- ship, is now brought forcibly to our attention because of improve- ments being made at that point by the District government. As this newly developed section of Adams Mill Road will doubtless become one of the most used highways connecting the park systems, and as the privately owned strip is within a few feet of the Adams Mill Road entrance to the park, the need for public ownership can not be questioned. The amount required is comparatively small and the purchase of the land should not long be delayed, as the bordering road is soon to be opened, and the ownership of the narrow strip by the Government and its incorporation within the park is of very great interest to the public.
Restaurant—One of the most urgent needs of the park is a suitable restaurant. The present refreshment stand is entirely inadequate and is in a very bad state of repair. On any of the days of reasonably large attendance the public can be only poorly served and the facili- ties of the stand are overtaxed. It is believed that a suitable building, on the present site, 50 by 100 feet in size, and of two floors, one open- ing onto the lower slope to the west, would meet the requirements. Such