Volume 6 Number 4 2003 AUSTAOAAIICVA A Journal of Plant Systematics Queensland Herbarium Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency Volume 6 Number 4 2004 A Journal of Plant Systematics Queensland Herbarium Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency Editorial Committee L.W. Jessup (editor) P.D. Bostock (technical advisor) B.K. Simon (technical advisor) Desktop Publishing Patrick O’Duffy Yvonne Smith Austrobaileya Vol. 1, No. 1 was published on 1 December 1977 Vol. 6, No. 3 was published on 3 December 2003 Vol. 6, No. 4 was published on 6 December 2004* Austrobaileya is published once per year. Exchange: This Journal will be distributed on the basis of exchange. Australian subscribers: Orders for single issues and subscriptions may be placed. The price is (GST included): A$31.62 per issue for individuals, A$50.60 for institutions, including postage. Overseas subscribers: Order for single issues and subscriptions may be placed. The price is (2004): A$28.75 per issue for individuals, A$46.00 for institutions, including postage. All correspondence relating to exchange, subscriptions or contributions to this journal should be addressed to: The Editor, Austrobaileya, Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha, Mt. Coot-tha Road, Toowong Qld 4066, Australia. ISSN 0155-4131 © Queensland Herbarium 2004 Austrobaileya is the journal of the Queensland Herbarium and is devoted to publication of results of sound research and of informed discussion on plant systematics, with special emphasis on Queensland plants. Opinions expressed by authors are their own and do not necessarily represent the policies or views of the Queensland Herbarium. * this note was added to Acrobat version of Austrobaileya 6(4). It did not appear in the printed version. Contents Notes on Tiliaceae in Australia, 4. A revision of the stellate-haired species of the genus Corchorus L. D.A. Halford.581 Stictocardia Hallier f. (Convolvulaecae) in Queensland R.W. Johnson.631 The taxonomy and ecology of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter (Solanaceae) in Queensland and far north-eastern New South Wales, Australia A.R. Bean.639 Vanguerieae A. Rich, ex Dum. (Rubiaceae) in Australia, 3. Psydrax Gaertn. Sally T. Reynolds & Rodney J.F. Henderson.817 A new species of Gynochtodes Blume (Rubiaceae) from north-east Queensland D.A. Halford.891 Two new species of Morinda L. (Rubiaceae) from north-east Queensland D.A. Halford & A.J. Ford.895 The tribe Coffeeae DC. (Rubiaceae: Ixoroideae) in Australia Paul I. Forster.903 Caelospermum dasylobum (Rubiaceae), a new species from north-east Queensland D.A. Halford & A.J. Ford.911 New species of Cryptandra Sm. and Stenanthemum Reissek (Rhamnaceae) from northern Australia A.R. Bean.917 Rediscovery of Tylophora linearis P.I. Forst. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) from New South Wales, with revision of its conservation status to vulnerable Paul I. Forster, Doug Binns & Geoff Robertson.941 New Australian species in the lichen genus Siphula Fr. Gintaras Kantvilas.949 Chromosome records for five trigger plants ( Stylidium\ Stylidiaceae) from northern Australia J.A. Wege.957 Gonocarpus hirtus Orchard (Haloragaceae), new from south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales A.E. Orchard.961 Taxonomic notes on palms (Arecaceae) in catalogues of the Brisbane Botanic Garden, Australia, of 1875 and 1885 John Leslie Dowe. 967 Notelaea ipsviciensis (Oleaceae), a new species from south-east Queensland Wayne K. Harris.973 Notes A new combination in Centratherum Cass. (Asteraceae) A.R. Bean.977 Nomenclatural changes for two Australian species of Livistona R.Br. (Arecaceae) John L. Dowe & David L. Jones.979 Reduction of Acacia perangusta to the synonymy of A. fimbriata Les Pedley.983 0 continued ) Supplement to a synopsis of Racosperma C. Mart. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) Les Pedley.985 Addendum .987 Index .989 Referees consulted for Volume 6 . 988 Notes on Tiliaceae in Australia, 4. A revision of the stellate-haired species of the genus Corchorus L. D. A. Halford Summary Halford, D. A. (2004). Notes on Tiliaceae in Australia, 4. A revision of the stellate-haired species of the genus Corchorus L. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629. Twenty-two species are recognised and a key is provided for their identification. The following species are newly described: C. aulacocarpus Halford, C. carnarvonensis Halford, C. congener Halford, C. incanus Halford, C. lasiocarpus Halford, C. mitchellensis Halford, C. obclavatus Halford, C. puberulus Halford, C. subargentus Halford, C. sublatus Halford and C. tectus Halford. Three new combinations C. sericeus subsp. densiflorus (Benth.) Halford, based on C. walcottii var. densiflorus Benth.; C. sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus (Domin) Halford, based on C. rostrisepalus Domin; C. sidoides subsp. vermicularis (F.Muell.) Halford, based on C. vermicularis F.Muell., are made. Two new subspecies are described: C. incanus subsp. lithophilus Halford and C. lasiocarpus subsp. parvus Halford. All new taxa are illustrated, while all taxa are described and mapped, and notes on their distribution, habitat and phenology are given. Lectotypes are chosen for Nettoa crozophorifolia Baill., C. elderi F.Muell., C.pumilio R.Br. ex Benth., C. rostrisepalus Domin, C. sidoides F.Muell., C. tomentellus F.Muell., C. walcottii F.Muell. and C. walcottii var. densiflorus Benth. All known synonyms are listed here including manuscript names that were used to identify taxa prior to their formal naming in this publication. Key words: Tiliaceae, Corchorus, Australian flora, taxonomy, nomenclature D. A. Halford, c/- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. Introduction This is the fourth paper in a series examining the family Tiliaceae in Australia and the second concerned with the genus Corchorus L. This paper examines the stellate-haired species of Corchorus. The taxonomy of the other Australian species (simple-haired species) were dealt with in Halford (1995). Abrief history of the taxonomy of the Australian representatives of this genus was also presented in that paper. All species treated here are endemic to Australia. Taxonomic problems certainly remain in the stellate-haired species of Corchorus in Australia and there is need for further collection and study throughout the range of the group, especially in the Pilbara and Kimberley regions of Western Australia and Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Such field investigations are beyond the resources of the present author. A total of 35 species (13 simple-haired and 22 stellate-haired) are recognised as occurring in Australia. Accepted for publication 7 March 2004 Materials and methods This revision is based on an assessment of morphological characters of approximately 700 dried herbarium collections and collections and field studies undertaken by the author in 1992 and 1993. Collections from the following herbaria were studied: AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, K, MEL, NSW, P and PERTH. These herbarium acronyms follow Holmgren et al. (1990). All specimens cited have been seen unless otherwise indicated (as n.v.). The species treated in the present paper are listed alphabetically. Descriptions of colour of vegetative and flora parts are either from the herbarium labels or from photographs taken by the author during field studies. Measurements listed are based upon the total variation observed in the herbarium specimens examined. Plant size, flowering and fruiting times, and habitat information were obtained from herbarium labels. All measurements were made from dried material, material preserved in 70% ethanol or dried material reconstituted by placing in boiling water for a few minutes. The distribution maps are based on herbarium specimen locality data. 582 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Taxonomy Key to stellate-haired Corchorus in Australia 1. Sepals persistent in fruit. 2 Sepals not persistent in fruit. 9 2. Glandular hairs yellow or red-brown, conspicuous, on either stems, petioles, peduncles, pedicels or abaxial surface of sepals. 3 Glandular hairs white and inconspicuous or absent. 4 3. Sepals < 9 mm long (W.A.). 13. C. parviflorus Sepals > 9 mm long (W.A.).8. C. laniflorus 4. Annulus densely stellate-pubescent (W.A.). 4. C. crozophorifolius Annulus glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. 5 5. Fruits < 5 mm long, with indumentum of stellate hairs; ovary 3 or 4-locular; ovules < 10 in each locule. 6 Fruits > 5 mm long, with indumentum of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs; ovary 3 to 5-locular; ovules 10-25 in each locule. 7 6. Leaf laminae narrowly to broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic (N.T., Qld). 16. C. sericeus Leaf laminae narrowly oblong to oblong (W.A.).20. C. tectus 7. Fruits > 12 mm across (including indumentum) (W.A.). 9. C. lasiocarpus Fruits <12 mm across (including indumentum). 8 8. Leaf laminae narrowly oblong to oblong or narrowly ovate, 0.4-2.5 cm wide, l:w ratio >2:1 (W.A.). 9. C. lasiocarpus Leaf laminae ovate to very broadly ovate, 2-7 cm wide, l:w ratio <2:1 (W.A.). 7. C. incanus 9. Fruits with indumentum of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs. 10 Fruits with indumentum of stellate hairs only. 13 10. Glandular hairs present on stems, petioles, peduncles, pedicels or abaxial surface of sepals (W.A.) . 22. C. walcottii Glandular hairs absent. 11 11. Fruits subcylindrical, 10-18 mm long, 1.5-2.5 m across (including indumentum), 5-12 times longer than wide (W.A.) . 3. C. congener Fruits narrowly to broadly ellipsoid or narrowly ovoid, 4-10 mm long, 1- 8 mm across (including indumentum), < 5 t im es longer than wide. 12 12. Fruits ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 4-8 mm across (including indumentum), 4 or 5-valved; inflorescences 2 or 3-flowered; pedicels 2- 7 mm long; adaxial surface of leaf laminae glabrous or with a sparse indumentum (epidermis clearly visible) (N.T., Qld).6. C. elderi Fruits narrowly ellipsoid or narrowly ovoid, 1-4 mm across (including indumentum), 3(rarely 4)-valved; inflorescences 3-7-flowered; pedicels 1-2 mm long; adaxial surface of leaf laminae with a moderately dense to dense indumentum (epidermis not visible) (W.A.) . 5. C. elachocarpus Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 583 13. Fruits obtusely angled in transverse section, usually <10 times as long as wide, not constricted between the seeds. 14 Fruits circular in transverse section, mostly 10 or more times as long as wide, slightly or markedly constricted between the seeds. 15 14. Leaf laminae ovate, 2-5 cm wide, l:w ratio <.3:1, margin serrate to serrulate; sepals 9-15 mm long; petals 9-10 mm long, 4-7 mm wide (W.A.) ... 14. C. puberulus Leaf laminae narrowly ovate, 0.8-2.5 cm wide, l:w ratio 3-7:1, margin serrulate; sepals 6-9 mm long; petals 6-7 mm long, 2-4 mm wide (N.T.) .1. C. aulacocarpus 15. Fruits < 15 mm long. 16 Fruits >15 mm long. 18 16. Shrubs to 2 m high; branchlets erect; leaf laminae narrowly ovate, 3-9 cm long; fruits obclavate (N.T.) .12. C. obclavatus Shrubs mostly to 1 m high; branchlets spreading or if erect then leaf laminae oblong or oblong-elliptic, 0.6-3.5 cm long or if ovate and > 3.5 cm long then fruits cylindrical. 17 17. Indumentum on young shoots and buds ferruginous or if greyish white then either abaxial surface of sepals obscured by dense indumentum or leaf laminae narrowly ovate to ovate and > 1.5 cm wide; stamens > 20 (W.A., N.T., Qld) . 17. C. sidoides Indumentum on young shoots and buds greyish white, or if ferruginous then abaxial surface of sepals not completely obscured by indumentum; leaf laminae oblong, oblong-elliptic or narrowly elliptic and <1.5 cm wide; stamens mostly < 20 (W.A., N.T., Qld). 15. C. pumilio 18. Sepals > 12 mm long (W.A.). 10. C. leptocarpus Sepals <12 mm long. 19 19. Apex of mature fruits erect or ascending. 20 Apex of mature fruits orientated downward. 22 20. Stellate hairs up to 1.5 mm across; leaves soft to the touch; fruits 3-4 mm across (including indumentum) (W.A.). 11. C. mitchellensis Stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm across; leaves felt-like to the touch; fruits 1-2.5 mm across (including indumentum) . 21 21. Peduncles 2-5 mm long (N.T.) . 19. C. sublatus Peduncles 7-15 mm long (Qld). 18. C. subargentus 22. Sepals 9-11 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; flower buds 3-6 mm across; indumentum on young shoots ferruginous; fruits 2-3 mm across, not conspicuously constricted between seeds; stamens > 80 (W.A.) ... 2. C. carnarvonensis Sepals < 9 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; flower buds 1-3 mm across; indumentum on young shoots white or if ferruginous then fruits < 2 mm across and slightly to markedly constricted between seeds; stamens <70. 23 23. Leaf laminae ovate, 1.3-2 times as long as wide; indumentum moderately dense on adaxial surface of leaf (epidermis clearly visible); fruits 0.7-1.5 mm across (including indumentum) (Qld). 21. C. tomentellus Leaf laminae oblong, oblong-elliptic, ovate-elliptic or if ovate then more than 2.5 times as long as wide and with a dense indumentum (epidermis not visible); fruits 1-2.5 mm across (including indumentum) (W.A., N.T., Qld) . 17. C. sidoides 584 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) 1. Corchorus aulacocarpus Halford sp. nov. similis C. leptocarpo autem fructibus latioribus (3-4 mm latis comparitis 2-3 mm latis) minus quam 10 plo longioribus quam latis, in sectione transversali trigonis vel tetragonis non circularibus, inter semina non constrictis differt. Corchorus aulacocarpus floribus ex sepalis 6-9 x 1-2 mm, petalis 6-7 x 2-4 mm, filamentis staminalibus 3-4 mm longis, stylo 2-4 mm longo compositis, pedunculis 2-3 mm longis, foliis 0.8-2.5 cm latis praeditus ut videtur maxime arete affinis C. puberulo qui flores majores ex sepalis 9-15 x 2-3 mm, petalis 9-10 x 4-7 mm, filamentis staminalibus 4-6 mm longis, stylo 4-6 mm longo compositos, pedunculos longiores 2-4 mm longos, folia interdum latiores 2-5 lata habet. Typus: Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: Mt Basedow Range, 1 June 1973, T.G. Hartley 13886 (holo: DNA; iso: CANB). Shrub to 2 m high; stems sparingly branched, erect; young shoots with ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts greyish-white, dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.2 mm across; stipes red-brown, straight, up to 0.2 mm long; rays pliable, white or ferruginous, up to 0.1 mm long. Leaves with petioles 5-12 mm long; stipules linear, 3-5 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate, 4-10 cm long, 0.8-2.5 cm wide, l:w ratio 3-7:1, discolorous; base rounded or rarely cordate; margin serrulate; apex acute or rarely obtuse. Inflorescences umbellate, 5-9-flowered, leaf- opposed or lateral, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 2-3 mm long; pedicels 2-4 mm long; bracts filiform-linear, 3-4 mm long. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 4-5 mm across, longitudinally ridged; apex obtuse with 5 spreading caudae to 1 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 6-9 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a moderately dense to dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface glabrous or sometimes sparsely stellate- pubescent proximally; apex acuminate-caudate, up to 1 mm long. Petals 5; lamina narrowly obovate to obovate, 6-7 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 1 mm long, stellate- pubescent on margins. Androgynophore 0.2-0.3 mm long; annulus sinuate or entire, 0.2-0.3 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 45-60; filaments 3-4 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary subcylindrical, 0.7-1 mm across, densely stellate-puberulous, 3(rarely 4)-locular, with 26-32 ovules in each locule; style 2-4 mm long. Fruits on recurved pedicels, subcylindrical, 8-18 mm long, 3-4 mm across, 2-6 times longer than wide, curved or straight, 3 or 4- sided, obtusely-angled in transverse section, longitudinal sulcate, not constricted between seeds, 3(rarely 4)-valved; apex obtuse or rounded, orientated upward; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid or columnar, 1-2 mm long. Fig. 1. Additional specimens : Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: c. 12 miles [c. 19 km] S [of] Mt Brockman, Jul 1972, Byrnes 2713 (CANB, DNA); Mt Basedow, 20 km SE of Cooinda, Jun 1980, Craven 6310 (CANB, DNA); Kakadu NP, Upper Koolpin Creek, Jun 1988, Russell-Smith 5509 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); 1/4 mile [c. 0.4 km] SW [of] El Sharana, Jan 1973, Martensz & Schodde AE451 (BRI, CANB); 4 mi les [c. 6 km] NW [of] El Sharana, Pine Creek road, Jan 1973, Martensz & Schodde AE503 (BRI, CANB); 2 km SE of El Sharana Mine, Apr 1992, Halford Q1172 (BRI); 10 miles [c. 16 km] ESE [of] Noranda Mining Camp, Jun 1972, Schodde AE60 (CANB, DNA). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus aulacocarpus is confined to Arnhem Land, Northern Territory from Mt Brockman southwards to El Sharana (Map 4). It is recorded as growing in woodland communities with spinifex groundcover on shallow sandy soils, and in Aliosyncarpia forest on talus slopes and on broken sandstone ridges. Phenology : Flowers have been recorded from January and June, fruits from January, April, June and July. Affinities: Corchorus aulacocarpus is similar to C. leptocarpus but differs from that by having broader fruits (3-4 mm across compared with 2-3 mm across) which are < 10 times as long as wide, trigonous or tetragonous rather than circular in transverse section and are not constricted between the seeds. Corchorus aulacocarpus seems most closely related to C. puberulus but differs from that by having smaller flowers (sepals 6-9 x 1-2 mm, petals 6-7 x 2-4 mm, staminal filaments 3-4 mm Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 585 Fig. 1. Corchorus aulacocarpus. A. branchlet with fruit, x 1. B. fruit, x 4. C. ventral view of sepal, x 8. A, B from Craven 6310 (DNA); C from Hartley 13886 (DNA). Del. W. Smith. long, style 2-4 mm long compared with sepals 9-15 x 2-3 mm, petals 9-10 x 4-7 mm, staminal filaments 4-6 mm long, style 4-6 mm long), shorter peduncles (2-3 mm long compared with 5-7 mm long) and generally narrower leaves (0.8-2.5 cm wide compared with 2-5 cm wide). Etymology : The specific epithet refers to the longitudinal furrows on the fruit of the species; Greek aulacos furrowed, karpos fruit. 2. Corchorus carnarvonensis Halford sp. nov. videtur arete affinis C. sidoidi et C. congenero, ab illo alabastris majoribus (3-6 mm diam. non 1-3 mm diam.), sepalis majoribus (9-11 x 2-3 mm non 3- 8 x 1-2 mm), petalis majoribus (6-9 x 4- 5 mm non 2-7 x 0.5-4) ab hoc fructibus interdum grandioribus (15-35 x 2-3 mm non 10-18 x 1-2 mm), pilis tantum stellatis non stellato-dendriticis et stellatis vesititis, sepalis majoribus (8-11 x 2-3 586 non 1-18 x 1-2 mm) differt. Typus: Western Australia. Carnarvon District: near Carnarvon, 22 August 1967, A.M. Ashby 2321 (holo: PERTH; iso: AD). Shrub to 0.8 m high; stems much branched, spreading; young shoots with ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, dense, comprised of mostly stellate hairs but dendritic-stellate hairs also occasionally present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.5 mm across; stipes red-brown, straight up to 0.4 mm long; rays firm, white or ferruginous, up to 0.3 mm long. Leaves with petioles 7-15 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 4-5 mm long; lamina narrowly oblong or narrowly ovate, 2.5-6 cm long, 0.9-2.4 cm wide, l:w ratio 2.5-3.5:1, concolorous; base rounded; margin serrate; apex acute to obtuse. Inflorescences umbellate, 4-6-flowered, leaf- opposed or lateral, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 3-5 mm long; pedicels 5-7 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, spreading to recurved in fruit; bracts filiform-linear, 2-3 mm long. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 3-6 mm across; apex obtuse with 5 spreading caudae to 1 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 9-11 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-puberulous proximally, glabrous distally; apex acute or acuminate-caudate, up to 1 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, 6-9 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 1 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Androgynophore c. 0.2 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous or with scattered minute simple hairs. Stamens 100-120; filaments 4-6 mm long; anthers c. 0.6 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, c. 0.5 mm across, densely stellate-puberulous, 3(rarely 4)-locular, with 20-28 ovules in each locule; style c. 4 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 15-35 mm long, 2-3 mm across, 5-15 times longer than wide, curved, circular in transverse section, slightly constricted between seeds, 3 (rarely 4)-valved; apex rounded to obtuse, orientated downward; indumentum dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, 1-2 mm long. Fig. 2. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Additional specimens: Western Australia. Carnarvon District: 170 km N of Carnarvon junction, Oct 1989, Nordenstam &Anderberg 273 (PERTH); 19.7 km S of Coral Bay turnoff, Aug 1977, Chinnock 3817 (AD); just N of One Mile Jetty, Carnarvon, Aug 1986, Chinnock 6772 (AD); Gascoyne R. flats, Carnarvon, May 1962, Aplin 1556 (PERTH); Browns Range, near Carnarvon, Sep 1967, Haw son 9 (PERTH); c. 11 km SE of Carnarvon on Geraldton road, adjacent Motor Cycle Club course, Oct 1983, Forbes 1573 (MEL). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus carnarvonensis occurs in the north west of Western Australia from near Coral Bay southwards to Carnarvon. A single specimen of this species is labelled as originating from the Port Hedland area ( Runich [PERTH1523708]). This locality is outside the ‘normal’ range of this species. The locality is considered to be doubtful and has not been mapped (Map 3). The species is recorded as growing in shrubland communities, in sandy soils, on plains and river flats. Phenology: Flowers and fruits have been collected from August to October. Affinities: Corchorus carnarvonensis seems most closely related to C. sidoides and C. congener. It can be distinguished from C. sidoides by its larger floral buds (3-6 mm across compared with 1-3 mm across), and larger sepals and petals (sepals 9-11 x 2-3 mm compared with 3-8 x 1-2 mm; petals 6-9 x 4-5 mm compared with 2-7 x 0.5-4 mm). For features distinguishing C. carnarvonensis from C. congener see ‘Affinities’ section under that species. Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the name Carnarvon, plus the suffix -ensis indicating place of origin, alluding to the Carnarvon Botanical Province in Western Australia where this species occurs. 3. Corchorus congener Halford sp. nov. videtur maxime arete affinis C. sidoidi et C. carnarvonensi; ab utroque fructibus stellato-dendriticis vestitis (stellatis tantum in fructibus C. carnarvonensis et C. sidoidis ), et a C. carnarvonensi sepalis minoribus (5-8 x 1-2 mm comparitis 9-11 x 2-3 mm), interdum fructibus minoribus (10-18 x 1.5-2.5 mm comparitis 15-35 x 2-3 mm). Corchorus congener quoque similis C. elachocarpo Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 587 Fig. 2. Corchorus carnarvonensis. A. branchlet with flowers and immature fruit, x 2. B. fruit, x 3. C. ventral view of sepal, x 6. A from Chinnock 3817 (AD); B, C from Ashby 2321 (AD). Del. W. Smith. autem fructibus cylindricis non anguste ellipsoideis vel anguste ovoideus pilis stellato-dendriticis usque 1.5 mm longis non usque 3 mm longis vestitis differt. Typus: Western Australia. Fortescue District: N of Yardie Creek, 27 May 1965, AS. George 6671 (holo: PERTH). Corchorus interstans Halford ms, Paczkowska & Chapman (2000). Shrub to 0.6 m high; stems much branched, spreading; young shoots with grey-white or ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.5 mm across; stipes red-brown, straight, up to 0.5 mm long; rays pliable, white or ferruginous, up to 0.3 mm long. Leaves with petioles 5-10 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 3-5 mm long; lamina narrowly oblong or narrowly ovate, 1.6-5 cm long, 0.5-1.2 cm wide, l:w ratio 3-5:1, discolorous; base rounded to obtuse; margin serrulate; apex obtuse. Inflorescences umbellate, 4-6-flowered, leaf-opposed or lateral, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 3-7 mm long; pedicels 1-5 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, spreading to recurved in fruit; 588 bracts filiform-linear, 1-3 mm long. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 3-4 mm across; apex acute with 5 erect caudae to 0.2 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate- elliptic, 5-8 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a moderately dense to dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface glabrous except for a few scattered stellate hairs proximally; apex acute or acuminate-caudate, up to 1 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, 5-7 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.6-0.7 mm long, stellate- pubescent on margins. Androgynophore c. 0.3 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous or with scattered minute simple hairs. Stamens 45-65; filaments 3-5 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary trigonal- cylindrical, c. 0.7 mm across, densely stellate puberulous, 3-locular, with 14-18 ovules in each locule; style 3-4 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 10-18 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm across, 5-12 times longer than wide, curved, ± circular in transverse section, not conspicuously constricted between seeds, 3-valved; apex rounded to obtuse; indumentum dense, of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs; dendritic- stellate up to 1.5 mm long, with stipes pale yellow, tortuous; rays white, up to 0.2 mm long, pliable. Seeds compressed obovoid, 1-2 mm long. Fig. 3. Selected specimens (from 11 examined): Western Australia. Fortescue District: Barrow Island, Nov 1965, Clay & Yardar s.n. [PERTH 1522051] (PERTH). Carnarvon District: W side of Cape Range, ± 1 mile [c. 1.6 km] S of lighthouse, Jun 1961, George 2563 (PERTH); Exmouth, Oct 1975, Weber 4992 (AD); + 6 miles [c. 10 km] E of Ningaloo Station Homestead, Sep 1970, George 10229 (PERTH); 5— 6 miles [c. 8-10 km] S of Exmouth, May 1965, George 6604 (PERTH); Rough Range, c. 7 km by road S of Exmouth Homestead on main Exmouth-Camarvon road, Aug 1977, Barker 2134 (AD, MEL, NSW). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus congener is confined to north-west of Western Australia, from Ningaloo Station north-east to Barrow Island (Map 7). It is recorded as growing in open shrubland and hummock grassland communities, mostly on sandy plains and sand dunes but also on loamy soils derived from limestone. Phenology : Flowers have been collected from April to June and August to November, fruits in May, August, October and November. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Affinities': Corchorus congener seems most closely related to C. sidoides and C. carnarvonensis but differs from both by having dendritic-stellate hairs on the fruit (only stellate hairs present on the fruits of C. carnarvonensis and C. sidoides ). In addition, C. congener differs from C. carnarvonensis by having smaller sepals (5-8 x 1-2 mm compared with 9-11 x 2-3 mm), and generally smaller fruit (10-18 x 1.5-2.5 mm compared with 15-35 x 2-3 mm). Corchorus congener is also similar to C. elachocarpus but differs from that by having cylindrical rather than narrowly ellipsoid or narrowly ovoid fruit with dendritic- stellate hairs up to 1.5 mm rather than up to 3 mm long. Notes: The collection Donnell [MEL1599012] (MEL) from “near the Ord River”, is noted here because it is similar to C. congener in having narrowly oblong leaves and 3-valved subcylindrical fruits with an indumentum of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs. However, it differs from C. congener in having smaller flowers and a sparser indumentum on its branchlets and leaves. It is also somewhat disjunct from the known populations of C. congener in north-west Western Australia. The Donnell collection would appear to represent an undescribed taxon, however, further collections are required before it is formally recognised. Etymology: The specific epithet alludes to the similarity of this species to C. carnarvonensis ; Latin congener of the same kind. 4. Corchorus crozophorifolius (Baill.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart, Berlin 12: 166 (1934), (‘ chrozophorifolius , ); Nettoa crozophorifolia Baill., Adansonia 6: 238 t.7 (1866). Type: [Western Australia.] Nova Holland, ile sterile, Leschenault [Baudin Expedition] (lecto, here chosen: P; isolecto: P). Corchorus crassifolius Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 384 (1928). Type: [Western Australia.] upper Murchison River near Mt Hall, 1884, C. Crossland (holo: K; iso: MEL). Shrub to 1 m high; stems much branched, spreading to erect; young shoots with ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 589 Fig. 3. Corchorus congener. A. branchlet with flower buds and fruit, x 1.5. B. fruit, x 3. C. ventral view of sepal, x 8. D. cross- section of sepal, x 36. A-D from George 6671 (PERTH). Del. W. Smith. branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts ferruginous or rarely grey-white, very dense, floccose, comprised of mostly dendritic-stellate and stellate hairs but simple hairs also present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.9 mm across; stipes red-brown or white, straight, up to 0.2 mm long; rays firm to pliable, ferruginous or white, up to 0.5 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 4 mm long; stipes red-brown or pale yellow, tortuous; rays firm to pliable, white or ferruginous, up to 0.8 mm long. Simple hairs glandular, white, flexuous, up to 0.3 mm long. Leaves with petioles 10-25 mm long; stipules subulate- linear, 4-20 mm long; lamina ovate, (3-)4-9 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, l:w ratio 2-4:1, concolorous; base rounded; margin dentate- serrate; apex acute to rounded. Inflorescences umbellate, 4-15-flowered, leaf-opposed, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 5-20 mm long; pedicels 2-12 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 5-12 mm long. Flower buds ellipsoid, 6-10 mm across; apex obtuse occasionally with 5 spreading caudae to 1 mm long. Sepals 5, persistent, narrowly obovate-elliptic, 10-18 mm long, 2-4 mm wide; abaxial surface with a very dense indumentum of dendritic-stellate and stellate hairs, the largest hairs up to 2 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-villose proximally, glabrous distally; apex acute or caudate, up to 6 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, 8-11 mm 590 long, 3-6 mm wide, glabrous; claw 1-1.5 mm long, stellate-villose on abaxial surface and margins. Androgynophore 0.5-0.7 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.5 mm long, densely stellate- pubescent. Stamens 50-100; filaments 3-8 mm long; anthers c. 0.8 mm long. Ovary ovoid to cylindrical, densely stellate-tomentose, 3 to 7- locular, with 16-30 ovules in each locule; style c. 5 mm long. Fruits ovoid, 12-17 mm long, 10-12 mm across, 1-1.7 times longer than wide, circular in transverse section, 4 to 6- valved; apex rounded; indumentum dense, of dendritic-stellate and stellate hairs, the largest hairs c. 4 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Selected specimens (from 52 examined): Western Australia. Fortescue District: 7 km NW of Quarry Hill, c.130 km W of Tom Price, Jul 1984, Newbey 10586 (PERTH); 33 km SE of Mt Bruce, May 1980, Houston s.n. [PERTH 1522892] (PERTH). Carnarvon District: 120 km S of Onslow, May 1962 Aplin 1603 (MEL, PERTH); near Carnarvon, Jul 1965, Ashby 1563 (AD, CANB); 7 km N of Gascoyne Junction, Oct 1984, Mitchell 1312 (PERTH); 16 km N of Gascoyne Junction, Sep 1987, Green 5391 (PERTH); 166 km SSE of Carnarvon, on North West Coastal Highway, Aug 1965, Beauglehole ACB11795 (PERTH); Woodleigh Station, E of Perth-Camarvon road, Sep 1959, Burbidge 6366 (PERTH); 30 miles [c. 48 km] E of Hamelin Pool, Aug 1931, Gardner 2542 (PERTH). Ashburton District: Barlee Range, Henry R., Aug 1961, Royce 6599 (PERTH); 50 km NW of Cobra Homestead on Gascoyne Junction to Mt Augustus road near Lyons R., Jul 1986, Conrick 9851 (MEL); Mount Sandiman Station, Aug 1969, Wilcox 40 (PERTH); Mt Augustus, Aug 1970, Ashby 3372 (AD, MEL). Austin District: near Mount Gould, flumen Murchison, Aug 1963, Gardner 14529 (PERTH); 20.7 miles [c. 33 km] N of Belele, Jul 1958, Speck 945 (CANB); 12 miles [c. 19 km] SE of Berrugarra [Beringarra], Sep 1957, Speck 675A(CANB); 10 miles [c. 16 km] W of Mileura on Nookawarraroad, Jul 1958, Speck 1006 (CANB, MEL); 10 miles [c. 16 km] S of Berrugarra [Beringarra], Jul 1958, Speck 976 (AD, CANB); 2.2 km ENE of Pepper Tree Bore, Koonanarra [Koonmarra] Station, Aug 1986, Cranfield 5927 (PERTH); Wiluna area, Dec 1970, Morrissey 51 (PERTH). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus crozophorifolius is confined to the north-west of Western Australia, from Exmouth southwards to Woodleigh Station (south of Carnarvon) and east to Wiluna (Map 1). It is recorded as growing in Acacia shrubland and woodland communities, on sandy soils on alluvial flats and along watercourses, and on skeletal soils derived from limestone or granite on rocky rises and hills. Phenology: Flowers have been collected from May to November, fruits from July to November. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Typification: Baillon (1866) cited a collection from the Baudin expedition in the protologue of Nettoa crozophorifolius. I have seen two sheets of original material of N. crozophorifolius from the Baudin expedition on loan to BRI from R The sheet with the hand written label “(Leschenault legit!) Tiliaceae, Nova Holland ile sterile” is selected as lectotype because it agrees with the original description and the fragment at the top left of the sheet matches the drawing with Baillon’s original description. Notes: Corchorus crozophorifolius is a distinctive species with its floccose indumentum on the stems, petioles and inflorescences, and its densely hairy annulus. There are two indumentum colour forms. The typical and more widespread form has an indumentum of ferruginous hairs on the young shoots and buds. The other form has an indumentum of white hairs (eg. Newbey 10586 (PERTH), Aplin 1603 (MEL, PERTH) and Ashby 4143 (AD, PERTH)) and is found mostly in the northern part of the species range. The white form of C. crozophorifolius may be confused with C. incanus but is easily distinguished by having a densely hairy annulus. The collections Weber 492?, (AD), George 1362 (PERTH), McWhae s.n. [PERTH 1522825] and George 1343 (PERTH) from Cape Range near Learmonth resemble C. crozophorifolius in their indumentum and floral morphology but differ by having cylindrical fruits (15-20 mm x 4-5 mm) and a much finer serration on the leaf margin. This variant needs to be investigated further and may be worth recognising at least at a subspecific rank if not as a distinct species. 5. Corchorus elachocarpus F.Muell., Fragm. 8: 6 (1872). Type: [Western Australia.] Nichol Bay, P. Walcott (lecto: MEL [MEL223670 l fide B. Rye, Nuytsia 9(3): 418 (1994)). Shrub to 0.6 m high; stems sparingly to much branched, spreading; young shoots with grey- white or rarely ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of stellate Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 591 hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or sometimes stipitate, up to 0.6 mm across; stipes red-brown, straight, up to 0.1 mm long; rays pliable, white, up to 0.4 mm long. Leaves with petioles 4-13 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 2-3 mm long; lamina narrowly oblong, 2-5 cm long, 0.4-1.3 cm wide, l:w ratio 2-5:1, concolorous; base rounded; margin serrulate; apex obtuse. Inflorescences umbellate, 3-7-flowered, leaf- opposed, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 2- 4 mm long; pedicels 1-2 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, spreading to recurved in fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 1-2 mm long. Flower buds globose, 2-3 mm across; apex obtuse with 5 erect caudae to 0.5 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate-elliptic, 4-6 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface glabrous or with a few scattered stellate hairs proximally; apex shortly caudate, up to 1 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate to broadly obovate, 3-5 mm long, 3- 4 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.5-0.7 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Androgynophore 0.5-0.8 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 27-42; filaments 3-4 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary ovoid, 1-1.5 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose, 3(rarely 4)-locular, with 6-8 ovules in each locule; style 3-4 mm long. Fruits narrowly ellipsoid or narrowly ovoid, 4-10 mm long, 1-4 mm across, 2.5-4 times longer than wide, not conspicuously constricted between seeds, circular in transverse section, 3(rarely 4)- valved; apex rounded to obtuse; indumentum dense, of dendritic-stellate and stellate hairs, the largest hairs up to 3 mm long. Seeds obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Chromosome No. 2n = 14 (Islam & Qaiyum 1961). Selected specimens (from 13 examined): Western Australia. Fortescue District: 30-40 km S of Port Hedland, Jun 1982, Glennon 76 (PERTH); Warralong, Aug 1941, Burbidge s.n. [PERTH1532278] (PERTH); Muccan Station, De Grey R., Jun 1941, Burbidge 966 (PERTH); 4.5 km W of “Warrawagine” Homestead, c. 65 km SE of Shay Gap, Jul 1984, Newbey 10541 (CANB, PERTH); Main Shay Gap- Marble Bar road, c. 6 km by road SW of turnoff to Kittys Gap Well, Aug 1977, Barker 2084 (AD); 3 miles [c. 5 km] S of Stag Arrow Creek, May 1947, Royce 1703 (PERTH); 4 miles [c. 6 km] N of Stag Arrow Creek, May 1947, Royce 1715 (PERTH). Carnarvon District, c. 15 km N of crossing from North West Coastal Highway towards Yanrey, Oct 1975, Weber 4890 (PERTH); Marilla Station complex, Oct 1984, Stretch s.n. [PERTH 1532243] (PERTH); Carnarvon Geraldton road, Sep 1968, Baird s.n. [PERTH 1532723] (PERTH). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus elachocarpus is confined to the Pilbara region of Western Australia from near Yanrey Station eastwards to Warrawagine Station and Stag Arrow Creek (Map 6). It is recorded as growing in hummock grassland and open shrubland communities, on sandy or sandy clay soils on flats. Phenology : Flowers have been collected from May to October, fruits in May, June, August and October. Notes: The collections Mitchell PRP1462 (BRI) and Mitchell PRP1135 (BRI) from Marrillana Station near Newman represent an undescribed entity closely related to C. elachocarpus. It differs from C. elachocarpus in having narrowly ovate leaves, longer peduncles and pedicels, and broader fruit. This entity warrants formal recognition. However, more material is required before this can be undertaken. The collection George [PERTH1532251] (PERTH) from the Great Sandy Desert, is noted here because it is similar to C. elachocarpus but differs in having much larger leaves, fruits and flowers. Even from this single specimen, it is clear that the entity it represents warrants formal recognition. However, more material is required before this can be undertaken. 6. Corchorus elderi F.Muell., Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 9: 58 (1887). Type: [Northern Territory.] N of Macdonell Range, 1886, Lt Dittrich (lecto, here chosen: MEL [MEL223672]; isolecto: AD [AD95836005], MEL [MEL223671]). Shrub to 0.4 m high; stems much branched, spreading to erect. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts + white, sparse to moderately dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile, up to 0.6 mm across; rays pliable, white, up to 0.4 mm long. Leaves with petioles 2-13 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 1-3 mm long; lamina narrowly oblong-elliptic, 1-4 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, concolorous; adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely stellate hairy; abaxial surface moderately dense to densely stellate hairy; base obtuse to rounded; margin serrate or serrulate; apex obtuse. Inflorescences 592 umbellate, 2 or 3-flowered, lateral, solitary at nodes; peduncles 1-5 mm long; pedicels 2-7 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 1-2 mm long. Flower buds broadly obovoid, 2-4 mm across; apex obtuse or shortly acuminate. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate-elliptic, 6-7 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a moderately dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm long; adaxial surface glabrous; apex acute or shortly caudate, up to 0.5 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, 5-7 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 1 mm long, stellate-pubescent on margins. Androgynophore 0.2-0.5 mm long; annulus undulate, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 40-60; filaments 3-4 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary ovoid, 1.5-2 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose, 5 or 6-locular, with c. 20 ovules in each locule; style 2-3 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 5-10 mm long, 4-8 mm across, 1.2-2.4 times longer than wide, not conspicuously constricted between seeds, circular in transverse section, 4 or 5-valved; apex rounded; indumentum dense, of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs up to 1.5 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, 1-2 mm long. Selected specimens (from 12 examined): Northern Territory. Central Northern Region: Trew Bore, Elkedra Station, Dec 1986, Strong 947 (DNA); 5 mi les [c. 8 km] W of Tarlton Downs Homestead, Feb 1968, Latz 156 (AD, BRI, DNA, MEL, NSW); Plenty Highway, 72 km E of Arthur R„ May 1988, Thomson 2433 (DNA). Central Southern Region: sandy flat on western side of Hay R., c. 14 km SSE of Mt Winnecke, Jul 1982, Purdie 2323 (CANB, DNA); Lake Caroline, Oct 1986, Leach 1039 (BRI). Queensland. Gregory North District: sandplain at mouth of Toko Gorge, Toko Range, Jul 1982, Purdie 2285 (BRI, CANB); levee adjacent to Burke R., 2 km S of Boulia, Sep 1978, Purdie 1328 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus elderi is not a common species over its range from the Davenport Ranges, Northern Territory eastwards to Boulia, in western Queensland (Map 1). It is recorded as growing in low to tall open Acacia shrubland or open eucalypt woodland communities, on red sandy soils on flats or ridges. Phenology : Flowers have been collected in February, May, July and from September to December, fruits in May, July and from September to December. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Typification: In the protologue of Corchorus elderi , Mueller (1887) cited a collection made by Lieut. Dittrich from a region north of the MacDonnell Ranges. Three sheets (two at MEL [MEL223671; MEL223672] and one sheet at AD [AD95836005]) of Dittrich’s collection from this area have been located. The MEL sheet marked MEL223672 is here chosen as the lectotype as it is the better preserved of the three specimens seen. 7. Corchorus incanus Halford sp. nov. similis C. walcottii et C. lanifloro. Ab utroque pilis conspicuis simplicibus glandularibus deficientibus differt. Addite ab illo lobis calycis persistentibus in fructibus, pilis longioribus (3-5 non usque 1.5 mm longis) in fructibus et in pagina abaxiali sepalium differt. Corchorus incanus confunderi potest variantia albiflora C. crozophorifolii autem ab illo annulo glabro pubescente distinguendus. Typus: Western Australia. Fortescue District: Great Northern Highway-Shellborough track, c. 35 km NNW of Goldsworthy, 6 August 1977, I.R. Telford 6524 & G. Butler (holo: CANB; iso: BRI, PERTH, distribuendi). Shrub to 1 m high, sometimes viscid; stems much branched. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of mostly stellate hairs but dendritic-stellate and simple hairs also occasionally present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 2 mm across; stipes red-brown to white, straight or tortuous, up to 0.8 mm long; rays soft, white, spreading, up to 1.5 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 1.5 mm long; stipes red-brown, tortuous; rays soft, white, up to 0.8 mm long. Simple hairs glandular, white, flexuous, up to 0.5 mm long. Leaves with petioles 15-30 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 8-20 mm long; lamina ovate to very broadly ovate, 3-8.5 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, l:w ratio 1.2-1.6:1, concolorous or slightly discolorous; base rounded or slightly cordate; margin serrate; apex rounded to obtuse. Inflorescences umbellate, 4-7-flowered, leaf- opposed, solitary at nodes; peduncles 7-25 mm long; pedicels 2-10 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts filiform-linear; 8-25 mm Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 593 long. Flower buds broadly ellipsoid, 7-10 mm across; apex obtuse with 5 spreading caudae to 8 mm long. Sepals 5, persistent, narrowly elliptic, 8-16 mm long, 1-5 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of mostly dendritic-stellate hairs but stellate hairs also present, the largest hairs c. 3 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-villose proximally, glabrous distally; apex caudate, 3-6 mm long. Petals 5; la min a obovate, 6-9 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 1 mm long, with stellate- pubescent margins. Androgynophore 0.1-0.3 mm long; annulus entire, 0.2-0.4 mm long, glabrous or rarely with scattered hairs. Stamens 100-120; filaments 4-6 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary subglobose, 1-2 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose; 4 or 5- locular, with 10-24 ovules in each locule; style 2-6 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical or ovoid, 8-17 mm long, 5-10 mm across, 1.6-2.5 times longer than wide, not conspicuously constricted between seeds, + circular in transverse section, 4 or 5-valved; apex obtuse; indumentum dense, of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs, the largest hairs c. 5 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, 2-3 mm long. Affinities: Corchorus incanus resembles C. walcottii and C. laniflorus but differs from both by lacking conspicuous simple glandular hairs. In addition, C. incanus differs from C. walcottii by having persistent sepals and longer hairs on the fruits and the abaxial surface of the sepals (3-5 mm long compared with 1.5 mm long). Corchorus incanus may be confused with the white form of C. crozophorifolius but it can be distinguished from that by its more or less glabrous rather than densely hairy annulus. Corchorus incanus can be confused with C. lasiocarpus but differs from that by its relative shorter leaves and narrower fruits. Etymology: The specific epithet alludes to the overall greyish-white appearance of the whole plant; Latin incanus quite grey, hoary. Notes: This species occurs in the north-west of Western Australia, from Hamersley Range, near Wittenoom northwards to Port Hedland and Broome with an isolated record from the Rudall River on the south eastern edge of the Great Sandy Desert. Two subspecies are recognised here. Indumentum on branchlet dense with stellate hairs mostly < 1 mm across; plants generally growing on sandy soils on sandhills, plains and along watercourses. 7a. C. incanus subsp. incanus Indumentum on branchlets moderately dense with stellate hairs mostly 1-2 mm across; plants growing on stony soils along watercourses and in gorges. 7b. C. incanus subsp. lithophilus 7a. Corchorus incanus Halford subsp. incanus Shrub to 1 m high, sometimes viscid. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 1.5 mm across; stipes straight or tortuous, up to 0.8 mm long; rays up to 1.5 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 1.5 mm long; rays up to 0.8 mm long. Leaves with petioles 15-25 mm long; lamina broadly ovate to very broadly ovate, somet im es ovate, 3.5-8.5 cm long, 2.5-7 cm wide. Inflorescences 5-7-flowered; peduncles 7-25 mm long; pedicels 2-10 mm long; bracts 8-12 mm long. Sepals 12-16 mm long, 1-3 mm wide. Petals obovate, 6-9 mm long, 4-5 mm wide. Fruits subcylindrical or ovoid, 8-15 mm long, 5-10 mm across; dendritic-stellate hairs c. 5 mm long. Fig. 4. Selected specimens (from 23 examined): Western Australia. Damper District: 1 mile [c. 1 .6 km] N of Broome, May 1971, Maconochie 1174 (CANB, DNA, MEL, NSW, PERTH); 407 km from Port Hedland (PO.) along Great Northern Highway towards Broome, Apr 1992, Telford 11587 (BRI); 7.5 km SW of the 80 Mile Beach turnoff, Sep 1986, Chinnock 6941 (AD); Nalgi Station, 80 Mile Beach, June 1941, Burbidge 1261 (PERTH); 2 km E of Nita Downs Homestead, Oct 1984, Foulkes 37 (PERTH); 86 km NE of Sandfire roadhouse, Great Northern Highway, Sep 1978, Beauglehole 59257 & Erroy 2957 (DNA); 124 miles [c. 200 km] SW of Anna Plains, SW of Broome, Aug 1965, Beauglehole ACB11326 (MEL, PERTH). Fortescue District: Port Hedland, Feb 1983, Rose 2 (PERTH); Poondarrah Siding, Port Hedland-Marble Bar railway, May 1941, Burbidge 662 (PERTH); Finucane Island, Mar 1981, Carr B4 (PERTH); Shellborough track, c. 35 km NNW of Goldsworthy, Aug 1977, Telford & Butler 6524 (PERTH); Pier Creek, Warralong Station, May 1941, Burbidge 738 (PERTH); Warralong Station, between Shaw and Coongan 594 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Fig. 4. Corchorus incanus subsp. incanus. A. branchlet with flowers and fruit, x 0.6. B. fruit, x 2. C. ventral view of sepal, x 4. A-C from Telford 6524 & Butler (BRI). Del. W. Smith. Rivers, Jun 1941, Burbidge 1217 (PERTH). Keartland District: nearRudallR.,May 1971 ,George 10780(CANB, PERTH); Rudall R., Aug 1971, Wilson 10303 (PERTH). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus incanus subsp. incanus occurs from Port Hedland to Broome with an isolated record from Rudall River on the south-eastern edge of the Great Sandy Desert (Map 7). It is recorded as growing in low open shrubland or low open woodland communities, on sandy or rarely clayey sandy soils, on sandhills, plains or along watercourses. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in February and from April to September, fruits in June and from August and September. 7b. Corchorus incanus subsp. lithophilus Halford subsp. nov. a subspeciebus ceteris plantis plerumque viscidis, indumento pilorum stellatorum grossiorum differt. Crescit in solis saxosis circum flumina in tempus et saltus in comparatione in solis arenosis in clivis sabulosis et planitiis. Corchorus incanus subsp. lithophilus confunderi potest C. incano subsp. lasiocarpo foliis ovatis usque late ovatis non anguste ovatis usque ovatis marginibus grossiore serratis, fructibus minoribus (13-17 x 6-7 mm non 15-20 x 12-16 mm) distinguendus. Typus: Western Australia. Fortescue District: Hamersley Range NP, Kalamina Gorge, below car park, 19 Aug 1977, W.R. Barker 1994 (holo: AD). Corchorus lithophilus Halford ms, Paczkowska & Chapman (2000). Corchorus saxicola Halford ms, Paczkowska & Chapman (2000). Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 595 Fig. 5. Corchorus incanus subsp. lithophilus. A. branchlet with flower buds and flowers, x 0.6. B. fruit, x 2. C. ventral view of sepal, x 4. D. dendritic-stellate hair, x 24. A from Craven 7548 (CANB); B-D from Barker 1994 (AD). Del. W. Smith. Shrub to 1 m high, usually conspicuously viscid. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 2 mm across; stipes straight, up to 1 mm long; rays up to 2 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 2 mm long; rays up to 1.5 mm long. Leaves with petioles 10-35 mm long; lamina ovate to broadly ovate, 3-8 cm long, 2-5.5 cm wide. Inflorescences 4-6-flowered; peduncles 8-10 mm long; pedicels 7-10 mm long; bracts 10-25 mm long. Sepals 8-16 mm long, 2-5 mm wide. Petals obovate to broadly obovate, 7-8 mm long, 5-7 mm wide. Fruits subcylindrical, 13-17 mm long, 6-7 mm across; dendritic-stellate hairs c. 3 mm long. Fig. 5. Additional specimens : Western Australia. Fortescue District: near racecourse, Wittenoom, Oct 1963, Lullfitz L2758 (PERTH); Wittenoom, Aug/Sep 1957, Elliott s.n. [PERTH1522574] (PERTH); near Wittenoom, Aug 1967, Gittins 1480 (NSW, PERTH); Hamersley Range, near Wittenoom Gorge, May 1958, Burbidge 6001 (PERTH), Wittenoom Gorge, Sep 1969, Brooker 2218a (PERTH); Hamersley Range NP, Fig Tree Soak, c. 10 km by road SW into Yampire Gorge from Wittenoom-Roy Hill road, Aug 1977, Barker 1966 (AD) c. 17 km E of Wittenoom on Roy Hill to Wittenoom road, Aug 1996, Mitchell PRP1463 (BRI); 15 km E of Wittenoom on the Roy Hill road, Sep 1982, Craven 7548 (CANB, MEL, PERTH). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus incanus subsp. lithophilus occurs in the Hamersley Range, near Wittenoom (Map 6). It is recorded as growing in hummock grassland communities on stony soils and along watercourses in low open woodland communities. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in May and from August to October, fruits in August. Affinities : Corchorus incanus subsp. lithophilus differs from the other subspecies by having a sparser indumentum of coarser stellate hairs and its plants are usually conspicuously 596 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) sticky. Its habitat differs also as it grows in stony soils around creeks and gorges rather than sandy soils on sandhills, plains or along watercourses. Corchorus incanus subsp. lithophilus may be confused with C. lasiocarpus subsp. lasiocarpus but can be distinguished from that by its ovate to broadly ovate rather than narrowly ovate to ovate leaves, coarser serrated leaf margins and smaller fruit (13-17 x 6-7 mm compared with 15-20 x 12-16 mm). Etymology : The subspecific epithet refers to the rocky habitat; Greek lithos stone, philus loving, fond. 8. Corchorus laniflorus Rye, Nuytsia 9(3): 416 (1994). Type: Western Australia. Fortescue District: Red Hill, 20 October 1941, C.A. Gardner 6348 (holo: PERTH n.v.\ iso: CANB n.v.). Compact shrub to 1(—1.2) m high; ste m s much branched, spreading. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, dense, woolly, comprised of mostly stellate and simple hairs but dendritic-stellate hairs also occasionally present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 2 mm across; stipes red-brown, tortuous, up to 0.7 mm long; rays soft, white, up to 2 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 5 mm long; stipes up to 3 mm long; rays soft, white, 1-2.5 mm long. Simple hairs glandular, dull yellow to red- brown, flexuous, up to 1.5 mm long. Leaves with petioles 8-15(-30) mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 7-17 mm long; la min a ovate to very broadly ovate, 1.5-5 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, l:w ratio 1.1-1.7:1, concolorous or slightly discolorous; base rounded or slightly cordate; margin serrate or dentate-serrate; apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences umbellate, 5 or 6-flowered, leaf-opposed, solitary at nodes; peduncles 10-14 mm long; pedicels 5-9 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts filiform-linear, 6-10 mm long. Flower buds globose, 5-12 mm across; apex obtuse with 5 spreading caudae to 4 mm long. Sepals 5, persistent, narrowly obovate-elliptic, 10-15 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; abaxial surface with a very dense indumentum of dendritic-stellate and simple hairs, the largest hairs up to 5 mm long; adaxial surface densely stellate hairy or ± glabrous; apex caudate, 4-6 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate to very broadly obovate, 6-10 mm long, 5-9 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 1 mm long, stellate-pubescent on abaxial surface, with ciliate margins. Androgynophore 0.4-0.5 mm long; annulus undulate, up to 0.4 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 80-100; filaments 3-4 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary subglobose, c. 1.5 mm across, densely stellate- tomentose, 3 or 4(rarely 5)-locular, with 6-8 ovules in each locule; style 3-5 mm long. Fruits narrowly ellipsoid, 7-9 mm long, 3-4 mm across, 2.2-2.5 times longer than wide, not conspicuously constricted between seeds, circular in transverse section, 3 or 4(rarely 5)- valved; apex acute or rounded; indumentum dense, of mostly stellate and glandular hairs but dendritic-stellate hairs occasionally present, the largest hairs up to 0.8 mm long. Seeds obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Fig. 6. Selected specimens (from 19 examined): Western Australia. Fortescue District: South Fortescue, Jul 1977, Pfeiffer 21 (PERTH); Red Hill Station, Aug 1970, Beard 6166 (PERTH); Python Pool, foot of Mt Herbert, Oct 1941, Gardner 6287 (PERTH); 16 km WNW of Mt York, Mar 1984, Newbey 10002 (PERTH); Nullagine road, S of Mt Edgar Station, Jun 1941, Burbidge 1183 (PERTH); Cranks Well on the North West Coastal Highway, Oct 1975, Weber 4873 (AD, PERTH); Nanutarra, Ashburton R., May 1905, Morrison s.n. [PERTH 1525204] (PERTH); Uaroo Station, Jul 1964, Beard 3605 (PERTH); 44 km from Duck Creek along the Mt Stewart-Duck Creek track, Jun 1976, Mitchell 76/118 (PERTH); 3 mile [c. 5 km] N of Roy Hill, Aug 1963, Beard 2801 (PERTH). Ashburton District: 345 km N of Carnarvon, Jul 1976, Stacey 453 (PERTH); Towera Station, Aug 1981, Cranfield 1760 (PERTH); c. 15 km NW of Lyndon Homestead, Sep 1975, Weber (AD, BRI). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus laniflorus is confined to the Pilbara region, Western Australia, from Lyndon Station eastwards to Mt Edgar Station (Map 4). It is recorded as growing on sandy soils on spinifex plains and stony soils on hills or other rocky localities sometimes associated with sandstone. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in March and from June to October, fruits in June, September and October. Notes: Corchorus laniflorus, C. parviflorus and C. walcottii all have conspicuous simple glandular hairs present amongst the dense stellate indumentum on the stems, leaves and inflorescences. Corchorus laniflorus is most closely related to C. parviflorus but differs from that by having generally larger flowers and Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 597 Fig. 6. Corchorus laniflorus. A. branchlet with flower buds and fruit, x 1. B. fruit with persistent sepals removed, x 3. C. ventral view of sepal, x 6. D. cross-section of sepal, x 12. E. dendritic-stellate hair, x 24. F. simple glandular hair, x 24. A from Weber 4873 (AD); B-F from Gardner 6287 (PERTH). Del. W. Smith. fruits, and a thicker and denser indumentum. Corchorus laniflorus is distinguishable from C. walcottii by having a thicker indumentum on the stems and leaves, persistent sepals that enclose the fruit and shorter hairs on the fruit. Corchorus laniflorus resembles C. sericeus in having persistent sepals that enclose the fruit, but differs from that in having conspicuous simple glandular hairs, larger flowers and fruits and a thicker and softer indumentum on most parts. The collections, Forest [MEL227128], Burbidge 5881 (PERTH), Burbidge 5961 (PERTH) and Mitchell PRP275 (BRI) from Abydos and Woodstock Stations south of Port Hedland, resemble C. laniflorus but differ from the typical form of this species by their smaller flowers, lack of conspicuous simple glandular hairs and narrowly ovate to ovate leaves. These specimens are somewhat similar to C. sericeus subsp. densiflorus from north-eastern Northern Territory. However, they differ from C. sericeus subsp. densiflorus in having a denser indumentum and larger flowers. These collections may represent a distinct species but further collections and study are required. 598 9. Corchorus lasiocarpus Halford sp. nov. similis C. walcottii et C. lanifloro autem ab utroque pills conspicuis simplicibus glandularibus deficientibus differt et ab illo sepalis angustioribus (1-3 mm latis non 3-5 mm latis) persistentibus in fructibus, pilis longioribus (3 mm longis non 1.5 mm longis) in fructibus et in pagina abaxiali sepalarum et ab hoc fructibus majoribus (8-20 x 5-16 mm non 7-9 x 3-4 mm) differt. Typus: Western Australia. Fortescue District: Hamersley Range near Wittenoom Gorge, 7 May 1958, N.T. Burbidge 6005 (holo: PERTH; iso CANB). Compact to open shrub to 1 m high, sometimes viscid; stems much branched, spreading. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of mostly stellate hairs but dendritic- stellate and simple hairs also occasionally present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 2 mm across; stipes red-brown or white, straight or tortuous, up to 0.8 mm long; rays firm to pliable, white, spreading, up to 2 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 2.4 mm long; rays firm to pliable, up to 1.5 mm long. Simple hairs glandular, white, flexuous, up to 0.5 mm long. Leaves with petioles 7-25 mm long; stipules subulate-linear; 2-10 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate to ovate or narrowly oblong to oblong, 2-6 cm long, 0.4-3 cm wide, l:w ratio 1.8—3.5:1, concolorous; base rounded; margin serrate to dentate-serrate; apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences umbellate, 3-6- flowered, leaf-opposed, solitary at nodes; peduncles 4-25 mm long; pedicels 4-10 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts filiform-linear, 5-15 mm long. Flower buds ellipsoid, 5-10 mm across; apex obtuse with 5 spreading caudae to 5 mm long. Sepals 5, persistent, narrowly obovate-elliptic, 9-15 mm long, 1-3 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate and dendritic- stellate hairs, the largest hairs up to 3 mm long; Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) adaxial surface stellate-villose proximally, glabrous distally; apex caudate, up to 6 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate to broadly obovate, 6-10 mm long, 5-8 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.7-1 mm long, with ciliate margins. Androgynophore 0.1-0.3 mm long; annulus entire or sometimes sinuate, 0.2-0.4 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 95-140; filaments 4-6 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary subglobose or ellipsoid, 1.6-3 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose, 4 or 5(rarely 3)- locular, with 10-24 ovules in each locule; style 3-6 mm long. Fruits narrowly ellipsoid to broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, 8-20 mm long, 5-16 mm across, 1.2-2.5 t im es longer than wide, not conspicuously constricted between seeds, + circular in transverse section, 4 or 5 (rarely 3)-valved; apex acute to rounded; indumentum dense, of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs up to 5 mm long. Seeds obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Affinities’. Corchorus lasiocarpus resembles C. walcottii and C. laniflorus but differs from both by lacking conspicuous simple glandular hairs. In addition, C. lasiocarpus differs from C. walcottii by having narrower sepals (1-3 mm across compared with 3-5 mm across) that are persistent and longer hairs on the abaxial surface of the sepals (3 mm long compared with 1.5 mm long). Corchorus lasiocarpus differs from C. laniflorus by having larger fruit (8-20 x 5-16 mm compared with 7-9 x 3-4 mm). Corchorus lasiocarpus can be confused with C. incanus. For differences from C. incanus refer to ‘Affinities’ section under that species. Etymology : The specific epithet refers to the woolly appearance of this species fruit; Greek lasios , hairy, woolly and karpos fruit. Notes: Corchorus lasiocarpus is confined to the north-west of Western Australia. The species as circumscribed here exhibits variation in numerous characters including leaf and fruit size, and the length of dendritic-stellate hairs. Two subspecies are formally recognised here. Fruits 15-20 mm long; dendritic-stellate hairs on fruit up to 5 mm long . 9a. C. lasiocarpus subsp. lasiocarpus Fruits 8-12 mm long; dendritic-stellate hairs on fruit up to 2 mm long . 9b. C. lasiocarpus subsp. parvus Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 599 Fig. 7. Corchorus lasiocarpus subsp. lasiocarpus. A. branchlet with fruit, x 1. B. fruit, x 2. C. ventral view of sepal, x 4. A- C from Royce 1707 (PERTH). Del. W. Smith. 9a. Corchorus lasiocarpus Halford subsp. lasiocarpus Spreading shrub to 1 m high. Petioles 10-25 mm long. Leaf lamina narrowly ovate to ovate, 3.5-6 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, l:w ratio 1.8-2:1. Inflorescences 3-6-flowered; peduncles 8-25 mm long; pedicels 5-10 mm long. Flower buds 7-10 mm across. Sepals 12-15 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; apex caudate, up to 6 mm long. Petals obovate to broadly obovate, 8-10 mm long, 6-8 mm wide. Stamens 130-140; filaments 5-6 mm long. Ovary subglobose, 2-3 mm across, style 5-6 mm long. Fruits narrowly to broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, 15-20 mm long, 12-16 mm across; dendritic-stellate hairs up to 5 mm long. Fig. 7. Selected specimens (from 20 examined): Western Australia. Fortescue District: between Woodstock Station and Hamersley Range (Tablelands), May 1958, Burbidge 5989 (PERTH); 116 miles [c. 187 km] S of Port Hedland, on Wittenoom road, Aug 1960, George 1091 (PERTH); 4 km SW of Two Sisters, c. 145 km SE of Shay Gap, Jul 1984, Newbey 10528 (PERTH); 18 km SSWof Two Sisters, c. 160 km SE of Shay Gap, Jul 1984, Newbey 10477 (PERTH); 142 miles [c. 228 km] S of Port Hedland, on Wittenoom road, Aug 1960, George 1073 (PERTH); 11 miles [c. 18 km] E of Wittenoom, Aug 1960, George 1008 (PERTH); Yampire Gorge, Hamersley Range, Aug 1959, Gardner 12274 (PERTH); Dale Gorge, Hamersley Range, Aug 1960, George 1046 (PERTH); Stag Arrow Creek, Little Sandy Desert, Apr 1979, Mitchell 451 (DNA, PERTH); 1 mile [c. 1.6 km] N of Stag Arrow Creek, May 1947, Royce 1707 (PERTH); 20 mi les [c. 32 km] N [of] Christmas Creek on R.P.F., May 1947, Royce 1772 (PERTH); off main road from Paraburdoo to Tom Price, 1 km along pipeline access track, Paraburdoo, Sep 1984, Wurm 1496 (PERTH). Keartland District: Little Sandy Desert, Apr 1979, Mitchell 687 (DNA, PERTH). 600 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Fig. 8. Corchorus lasiocarpus subsp. parvus. A. branchlet with flower buds and fruit, x 1.5. B. fruit, x 3. C. ventral view of sepal, x 6. D. cross-section of sepal, x 24. E. dendritic-stellate hair, x 36. A-E from Gardner 6390 (PERTH). Del. W. Smith. Distribution and habitat’.Corchorus lasiocarpus subsp. lasiocarpus occurs from Tom Price eastwards to the Two Sisters on the western edge of the Great Sandy Desert (Map 8). It is recorded as growing in hummock grassland and open shrubland communities, on sandy, stony or gravelly soils along watercourses. Phenology : Flowers have been collected in April, May, December and from July to September, fruits in April, May, August and December. 9b. Corchorus lasiocarpus subsp. parvus Halford subsp. nov. a C. lasiocarpo subsp. lasiocarpo fructibus minoribus (8-12 Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 601 x 5-7 mm non 15-20 x 12-16 mm), foliis minoribus (2-5.5 x 0.4-2.5 cm non 3.5- 6 x 1.5-3 cm) pilis stellato-dendriticis minoribus (usque 2 mm longis non usque 5 mm longis) vestitis distinguendus. Typus: Western Australia. Fortescue District: Yathalla Well, near Mt Rica, Hamersley Range, 22 Oct 1941, C.A. Gardner 6390 (holo: PERTH). Open to compact shrub to 0.8 m high. Petioles 7-15 mm long. Leaf lamina narrowly ovate or narrowly oblong to oblong, 2-5.5 cm long, 0.4-2.5 cm wide, l:w ratio 2.1-3.5:1. Inflorescences 3 or 4-flowered; peduncles 4-17 mm long; pedicels 4-7 mm long. Flower buds 5-8 mm across. Sepals 9-12 mm long, 1-3 mm wide; apex caudate, up to 3 mm long. Petals obovate, 6-8 mm long, 5-6 mm wide. Stamens c. 95; filaments 4-5 mm long. Ovary ellipsoid, 1.6-2 mm across; style 3-5 mm long. Fruits narrowly ellipsoid, 8—12 mm long, 5-7 mm across; dendritic-stellate hairs up to 2 mm long. Fig. 8. Selected specimens (from 14 examined): Western Australia. Fortescue District: near Robe R., Aug 1970, Beard 6144 (PERTH); Hamersley Range-Bulgeeda to Pyrton, Aug 1963, Cole WA5040 (PERTH); Hamersley Range, Aug 1963, Cole WA5094 (PERTH); flats E of East Prongs, Tom Price, Jul 1980, [Atkins] HI-707 (PERTH); 6 mi les [c. 10km] E of Mt Brockman, Aug 1970, Demarz 2467 (PERTH); Marandoo, Mar 1980, Atkins HI-659 (PERTH); 0.5 km E of Packsaddle, Feb 1987, Mollemans 2279 (AD, PERTH); 2 km W of the Governor on the Packsaddle-West Angeles road, 23 km from PS., Feb 1987, Mollemans 2216 (AD, PERTH). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus lasiocarpus subsp. parvus is confined to the Hamersley Range from near Mt Rica south-east to Mt Bruce (Map 9). It is recorded as growing in hummock grassland and tree steppe communities, on stony slopes and plains. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in February, March and from July to October, fruits in March. Affinities: Corchorus lasiocarpus subsp. parvus can be distinguished from C. lasiocarpus subsp. lasiocarpus by its smaller fruit (8-12 x 5-7 mm compared with 15-20 x 12—16 mm), smaller leaves (2-5.5 x 0.4-2.5 cm compared with 3.5-6 x 1.5-3 cm) and shorter dendritic-stellate hairs on the fruit (up to 2 mm long compared with up to 5 mm long). Etymology: The specific epithet is in reference to the overall smaller dimensions of this subspecies; Latin parvus little. 10. Corchorus leptocarpus A.Cunn. ex Benth., FI. Austral. 1:278 (1863). Type: [Western Australia.] Water Island, NW coast, [Sep 1820,] A. Cunningham [No. 247] (holo: K; iso: MEL [MEL227288], CANB). Shrub to 2 m high; ste ms sparingly to much branched, erect; young shoots with ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.4 mm across; stipes red- brown, straight, up to 0.2 mm long; rays firm, white or somet im es ferruginous, up to 0.2 mm long. Leaves with petioles 8-13 mm long; stipules narrowly triangular to subulate-linear, 3- 5 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate to ovate, 6-10 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, l:w ratio 2.5-3:1, discolorous; base rounded or slightly cordate; margin serrulate or crenate; apex obtuse or rarely acute. Inflorescences umbellate, 3-6- flowered, leaf-opposed or lateral, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 1-4 mm long; pedicels 5-7 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, recurved to erect in fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 2-3 mm long. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 4- 5 mm across, longitudinally ridged; apex obtuse with 5 erect to spreading caudae to 2 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 12-14 mm long, c. 3 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.2 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent proximally, glabrous distally; apex acuminate-caudate, up to 2 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate to broadly obovate, 8-10 mm long, c. 7 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 1 mm long, stellate-pubescent on margins. Androgynophore c. 0.4 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.4 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 80-90; filaments 7-9 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, c. 0.9 mm across, densely stellate-puberulous, 3 (rarely 4)-locular, with 44-48 ovules in each locule; style 6-7 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 20-60 mm long, 2-3 mm across, 7-20 times longer than wide, ± straight to slightly curved or if on recurved pedicels then fruit abruptly bent near base so that the fruit is perpendicular with the apex 602 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) pointing upwards, slightly to markedly constricted between seeds, circular in transverse section, 3(rarely 4)-valved; apex attenuate, 2- 4 mm long; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs; stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long, 0.4 mm across. Seeds compressed obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Additional specimens : Western Australia. Gardner District: 6 km SW of Crystal Head, Port Warrender, Admiralty Gulf, Jan 1982, Farrell 979 (PERTH); Boomerang Bay on W side of Bigge Island, Bonaparte Archipelago, May 1987, Kenneally 10018 (BRI, PERTH); E side of Mindjau Creek, Port Warrender, Admiralty Gulf, Jan 1982, Kenneally 7771 (PERTH); Hunter R„ West Kimberley, May 1987, Kenneally 9946 (PERTH); Pirn Hill, SE of West Bay, May 1984, Willis s.n. [MEL1599281] (MEL); Osborne Island (south east island), Bonaparte Archipelago, Jun 1973, Wilson 11095 (PERTH). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus leptocarpus occurs on the islands and in coastal areas of the Kimberley, Western Australia, from Bigge Island, Bonaparte Archipelago eastwards to West Bay (Map 6). It is recorded as growing on soils derived from sandstone, along drainage lines and in shallow depressions in flat country. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in May, fruits in May and June. Notes: Corchorus leptocarpus is similar to C. sidoides in that it has narrow cylindrical fruits that are slightly to markedly constricted between the seeds. However, C. leptocarpus differs from C. sidoides by having larger flowers (sepals 12-14 mm long compared with 3- 9 mm long; petals c. 10 x 7 mm compared with 2-7 x 0.5-4 mm), larger leaves (6-10 x 2-4 cm compared with 0.6-9 x 0.2-3 cm), and erect rather than spreading to pendulous fruit. Corchorus leptocarpus is most closely related to C. sublatus and C. subargentus. For features distinguishing C. leptocarpus from C. sublatus and C. subargentus see ‘Affinities’ under those species. 11. Corchorus mitchellensis Halford, sp. nov. affinis C. leptocarpo autem floribus minoribus (sepalis 6-7 x c. 2 mm et petalis 6x3 mm non sepalis 12-14 mm x c. 3 mm et petalis 8-10 x. c. 7 mm), pilis stellatis majoribus (usque 1.3 mm diam. non usque 0.4 mm diam.) in fructibus differt. Typus: Western Australia. Gardner District: Mitchell Falls, Mitchell Plateau, 30 May 1992, D. Halford Q1433 (holo; PERTH; iso: BRI, DNA, MEL, distribuendi). Shrub to 1 m high; stems sparingly to much branched, erect; young shoots with ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white or ferruginous, moderately dense to dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 1.5 mm across; stipes white, straight, c. 0.1 mm long; rays firm, white or ferruginous, up to 0.7 mm long. Leaves with petioles 6-10 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 1-2 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate to ovate, 3.5-8 cmlong, 1-2.5 cm wide, l:w ratio 3.1—3.5:1, discolorous; base rounded; margin serrate to serrulate; apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences umbellate 3-6-flowered, leaf-opposed, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 1-2 mm long; pedicels 1-2 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, recurved in fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 1-2 mm long. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 3-4 mm across; apex obtuse with 5 erect caudae to 0.7 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 6-7 mm long, c. 2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a moderately dense to dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.7 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent proximally, glabrous distally; apex acuminate- caudate, up to 1 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, c. 6 mm long, c. 3 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 0.8 mm long, stellate-pubescent on margins. Androgynophore c. 0.4 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.4 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 60-70; filaments 3-4 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, c. 0.8 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose, 3-locular, with 20-24 ovules in each locule; style c. 4 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 20-40 mm long, 3-4 mm across, 7-10 times longer than wide, curved, circular in transverse section, slightly constricted between seeds, 3-valved; apex acute to obtuse, orientated upward; indumentum dense, of stellate hairs; stellate hairs up to 1 mm long, 1.3 mm across. Seeds compressed obovoid or columnar, 1-3 mm long. Fig. 9. Additional specimens : Western Australia. Gardner District: Mitchell Falls, Feb 1980, Done 120 (DNA); Mitchell Falls, Mitchell Plateau, May 1992, Halford Q1433a (BRI). Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 603 Fig. 9. Corchorus mitchellensis. A. branchlet with flower buds, x 1.5. B. fruit, x 2. C. ventral view of sepal, x 8. A from Done 120 (DNA); B, C from Halford Q1443 (BRI). Del. W. Smith. Distribution and habitat : Corchorus mitchellensis is known only from sandstone country around Mitchell Falls, Mitchell Plateau, Kimberley, Western Australia (Map 4). It is recorded as growing in shrubland and low open woodland communities on sandy or gravelly soils along drainage lines in dissected sandstone hills. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in February, fruits in May. Affinities: Corchorus mitchellensis is related to C. leptocarpus but differs from that by having smaller flowers (sepals 6-7 x c. 2 mm, petals c. 6 x 3 mm compared with sepals 12-14 x c. 3 mm, petals 8-10 x c. 7 mm) and larger stellate hairs on the fruit (hairs up to 1.3 mm across compared with 0.4 mm for C. leptocarpus ). Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the name Mitchell, plus the suffix -ensis indicating place of origin, alluding to the Mitchell Plateau from where this species is known. 12. Corchorus obclavatus Halford, sp. nov. quoad collocationem et formam et magnitudinem fructuum C. pumilionis autem statura altiore et forma 604 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) magnitudineque foliis differt (vide tabulam 2 pro differentiis). Corchorus obclavatus quoad habitus C. sidoidi subsp. rostrisepalo et C. sublato similis autem ab utroque fructibus brevioribus (4-9 mm longis nec 20-55 mm longis in C. sidoide subsp. rostrisepalo nec 20-50 mm in C. sublato ), obclavatis non ± cylindricis differt. Addite C. obclavatus a C. sublato fructibus pendulis non erectis differt. Typus: Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: Jim Jim Falls, Kakadu NP, 20 April 1992, D. Halford Q1150 (holo: DNA; iso: BRI, MEL, distribuendi). Shrub to 2 m high; stems sparingly to much branched, erect; young shoots with ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts, grey-white, dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.7 mm across; stipes red-brown, straight, up to 0.2 mm long; rays pliable, white or ferruginous, up to 0.5 mm long. Leaves with petioles 4-15 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 2-5 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate, 3-9 cm long, 0.7-2 cm wide, l:w ratio 3.6-6:1, discolorous; base rounded or slightly cordate; margin serrulate to crenulate; apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences umbellate, 4-7-flowered, leaf- opposed, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 1-2 mm long; pedicels 1-2 mm long, erect to spreading in flower, recurved in fruit; bracts subulate-linear to filiform, 2-3 mm long. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 2-3 mm across; apex obtuse with 4 spreading caudae to 0.7 mm long. Sepals 4, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 4-6 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm long; adaxial surface glabrous; apex acuminate, up to 0.7 mm long. Petals 4; lamina narrowly obovate, 4-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 0.5 mm long, stellate- pubescent on margins. Androgynophore 0.2-0.3 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 20-35; filaments 2-3 mm long; anthers c. 0.4 mm long. Ovary ovoid, 0.5-0.6 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose, 2-locular, with 2-4 ovules in each locule; style c. 3 mm long. Fruits obclavate, 4-9 mm long, 1- 2 mm across, 2-5 times longer than wide, pendulous, straight, circular in transverse section, slightly constricted between seeds, 2- valved; apex attenuate, 1-4 mm long; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid or columnar, 1-2 mm long. Fig. 10. Aditonalspecimens: Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: 12 km E of Mudginberri Homestead, Kakadu NP, Jan 1991, Russell-Smith 8409 &Brock (BRI); Jim Jim Falls, Kakadu NP, Apr 1992, Halford Q1151 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus obclavatus is restricted to the sandstone taluses and escarpments of Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory (Map 1). It is recorded as growing on sandy soils in open woodland communities near vine thicket margins. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in January and April, fruits in April. Affinities: Corchorus obclavatus is similar in fruit orientation, shape and size to C. pumilio but differs from that by its taller stature, and leaf shape and size. These differences are summarized in Table 1. Corchorus obclavatus is similar in habit to C. sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus and C. sublatus but can be distinguished from these by having shorter fruit (4-9 mm long compared with 20-55 mm long for C. sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus and 20-55 mm long for C. sublatus ) which are obclavate Table 1. Morphological comparison of Corchorus obclavatus and C. pumilio. Character C. obclavatus C. pumilio habit erect shrub to 2 m high spreading shrub to 0.4 m high leaf shape narrowly ovate oblong, oblong-elliptic or narrowly elliptic leaf size (cm) 3-9 x 0.7-2 0.6-3.5 x 0.4-1.4 Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 605 Fig. 10. Corchorus obclavatus. A. branchlet with fruit, x 1. B. fruit, x 4. C. ventral view of sepal, x 8. A-C from Halford Q1150 (BRI). Del. W. Smith. 606 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) rather than ± cylindrical. In addition, C. obclavatus differs from C. sublatus by having pendulous rather than erect fruit. Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the shape of the mature fruit; Latin ob- prefix reversed-, clavatus club shape, ie the club- shaped fruit is attached by the thicker end. 13. Corchorus parviflorus (Benth.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 383 (1928); Corchorus parviflorus (Benth.) Domin var. parviflorus , Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 383 (1928); Corchorus walcottii var. parviflorus Benth., FI. Austral. 1: 279 (1863). Type: [Western Australia.] Nichol Bay, 1862, F. Gregory, (lecto: MEL [MEL223669]); isolecto: K n.v.,fide B. Rye, Nuytsia 9(3): 418 (1994); ?isolecto: MEL [MEL1599091]). Corchorus parviflorus var. gracilescens Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 383 (1928). Type: [Western Australia.] between the Ashburton and De Gray Rivers, E. Clement (syn: K); [Western Australia.] Mons Cupri, Whim Creek, W.A. Michell (syn: K). Corchorus parviflorus var. ovatus Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 383 (1928). type: [Western Australia.] between the Ashburton and De Gray Rivers, E. Clement (holo: K). Shrub to 1(-1.6) mhigh; stems much branched, spreading to erect. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of mostly stellate hairs but simple hairs also present. Stellate hairs sessile or sometimes stipitate, up to 1 mm across; stipes red-brown, straight, up to 0.2 mm long; rays soft, white, up to 0.2 mm long. Simple hairs glandular, dull yellow to red- brown, flexuous, up to 1.5 mm long. Leaves with petioles (3-)10-20(-35) mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 6-8 mm long; lamina ovate to broadly ovate or elliptic to broadly elliptic, (1-) 1.5-4 cm long, (0.5-) 1-3 cm wide, 1: w ratio 1.1-2:1, concolorous; base rounded or slightly cordate; margin serrulate; apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences umbellate, 3-8- flowered, leaf-opposed, solitary at nodes; peduncles (2-)6-13 mm long; pedicels 2-5 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts filiform-linear, 3-4 mm long. Flower buds ellipsoid, 3-4 mm across, apex obtuse with 5 spreading caudae to 1 mm long. Sepals 5, persistent, narrowly obovate-elliptic, 4-7 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate and simple hairs, the largest hairs up to 1.5 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-villose proximally, glabrous distally; apex acuminate-caudate, up to 1 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, 3-6 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.5-0.7 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent on margins. Androgynophore 0.2-0.4 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 43-73; filaments 2-4 mm long; anthers c. 0.4 mm long. Ovary globose, 1.5-2 mm across, densely stellate-villose, 3 or 4-locular, with 8-10 ovules in each locule; style 3-4 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 4-12 mm long, 2-3 mm across, 2-4 times longer than wide, spreading, straight, circular in transverse section, not conspicuously constricted between seeds, 3 or 4-valved; apex attenuate, 1-5 mm long; indumentum dense, of mostly stellate hairs but a few simple hairs also present, largest hairs up to 0.5 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Fig. 11. Selected specimens (from 17 examined): Western Australia. Fortescue District: North West Coastal Highway, c.15 kmbyroadWSW ofmain turnoff toDampier, Aug 1977, Jackson 3033 (AD); Deep Hills runoff gully near Bullgarra Cell, Karratha, Sep 1985, Glennon 220 (PERTH); Point Samson, Jul 1981, Craig 214 (PERTH); 65 km N of Roeboume, Jul 1976, Stacey CIS463 (PERTH); Roeboume, Oct 1941, Gardner 6329 (PERTH); 15.8 km N of Taiga, Sep 1986, Chinnock 6985 (AD); Soda Creek, Black Hills, Eginbah Station, Coongan, Jun 1941, Burbidge 998 (PERTH); 38 km NNW of Abydos, Jul-Aug 1987, Ingleby HW15 (PERTH); Abydos Station, S of Port Hedland, Sep 1961, Richardson 14 (PERTH); Woodstock Station, May 1958, Burbidge 5972 (AD, PERTH); c. 160 km S of Port Hedland towards Wittenoom, Apr 1977, Pullen 10.911 (CANB); near Marble Bar, Sep 1968, Blockley s.n. (PERTH); Mt Edgar, Feb-Mar 1938, Stewart 394 (PERTH); Hamersley Range, Aug 1932, Gardner s.n. [PERTH1522108] (PERTH)); head of Nullagine R., 54 km S of Nullagine along Great Northern Highway, Jun 1977, Telford & Butler 5921 (CANB). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus parviflorus is confined to the Pilbara region, Western Australia, from Karratha eastwards to Mt Edgar Station (Map 1). It is recorded as growing in hummock grassland and low open Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 607 Fig. 11. Corchorusparviflorus. A. branchlet with flowers and fruit, x 2. B. fruit with persistent sepals, x 4. C. ventral view of sepal, x 8. D. cross-section of sepal, x 24. E. stellate hair, x 48. F. simple glandular hair, x 24. A-F from Jackson 3033 (AD). Del. W. Smith. woodland communities, on stony or sandy soils on hillslopes and plains. It is also recorded occasionally along watercourses. Phenology : Flowers have been collected from March to October, fruits in April and from August to October. Notes: Corchorus parviflorus , C. laniflorus and C. walcottii all have conspicuous simple glandular hairs present amongst the dense stellate indumentum on the stems, leaves and inflorescences. Corchorus parviflorus is most closely related to C. laniflorus. For a discussion on the differences between these species see ‘Notes’ under C. laniflorus. Corchorus parviflorus is distinguishable from C. walcottii by having persistent sepals and generally smaller leaves, flowers and fruits. 14. Corchorus puberulus Halford sp. nov. similis C. leptocarpo autem fructibus latioribus (3-4 mm latis non 2-3 mm latis) minus quam 10 plo longioribus quam latis inter semina non constrictis differt. Corchorus puberulus floribus ex sepalis 9-15 x 2-3 mm, petalis 9-10 x 4-7 mm filamentis staminalibus 4-6 mm 608 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) longis, stylo 4-6 mm compositis, pedunculis 5-7 mm longis, foliis 2-5 cm latis praeditus maxime arete cognatus C. aulacocarpo qui ex flores minore, sepalis 6-9 x 1-2 mm, petalis 6-7 x 2-4 mm, stylo 2-4 mm longo compositos, pedunculos breviores 2-3 mm longos, interdum folia angustioria 0.8-2.5 cm lata habet. Typus: Western Australia. Fitzgerald District: W end of Cockatoo Island airstrip, W Kimberley, 6 November 1985, P.J. White 27 (holo: PERTH). Shrub to 1.5 m high; stems sparingly to much branched, erect. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, dense, comprised of mostly stellate hairs but with a few dendritic-stellate hairs also present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.2 mm across; stipes red-brown, straight, up to 0.2 mm long; rays pliable, white, up to 0.2 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm long; stipes red-brown; rays pliable, white, up to 0.2 mm long. Leaves with petioles 7-17 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 4-5 mm long; lamina ovate, 4.5-10 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, l:w ratio 2-2.9:1, discolorous; adaxial surface sparsely to moderately stellate hairy; abaxial surface moderately to densely stellate hairy; base rounded; margin serrate to serrulate; apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences umbellate, 3-7-flowered, leaf-opposed or lateral, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 5-7 mm long; pedicels 5-8 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, recurved to erect in fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 2-3 mm long. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 4-5 mm across, longitudinally ridged; apex obtuse with 5 erect caudae to 2 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 9-15 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent proximally, glabrous distally; apex caudate, up to 4 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate to broadly obovate, 9-10 mm long, 4-7 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 1 mm long, stellate-pubescent on margins. Androgynophore 0.4-0.7 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 60-75; filaments 4-6 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, c. 1.5 mm across, densely stellate-puberulous, 4(rarely 3 or 5)-locular, with 40-44 ovules in each locule; style 4-6 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 10-30 mm long, 3- 4 mm across, 3-8 times longer than wide, erect, straight or slightly curved or if on recurved pedicels then fruit abruptly bent near base so that the fruit is perpendicular with the apex pointing upwards, 4(rarely 3 or 5)-sided, obtusely angled in transverse section, not constricted between seeds, 4(rarely 3 or 5)- valved; apex acute to obtuse; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs; stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm long, 0.2 mm across. Seeds compressed obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Fig. 12. Additional specimens: Western Australia. Gardner District: 5.2 km SE of Mount Lochee, Jun 1987, Kenneally 10451 & Hyland (PERTH). Fitzgerald District: Koolan Island, near Acacia Ore Body in central part of island, Jun 1985, Fryxell 4595 etal. (CANB, MEL); Crocodile Creek, Yampi Peninsula, W Kimberley Coast, May 1987, Kenneally 10117 (PERTH); Silver Gull Creek at spring, c. 14 km SE of Cockatoo Island, Apr 1983, Fryxell & Craven 3865 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL); 26 km W of Rankin Island, Collier Bay, W Kimberley Coast, Jun 1987, Kenneally s.n. & Hyland (PERTH) Distribution and habitat : Corchorus puberulus occurs on the islands and in the coastal areas of the Kimberley, Western Australia, from Cockatoo Island, Buccaneer Archipelago eastwards to Mt Lochee (Map 4). It is recorded as growing on the edge of vine thickets on soils derived from sandstone and in eucalypt woodland communities along dry creeks. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in April, fruits in April and June. Affinities: Corchorus puberulus is similar to C. leptocarpus but differs from that by having broader fruits (3-4 mm across compared with 2-3 mm across) which are < 10 t im es as long as wide, trigonous or tetragonous in transverse section and are not constricted between the seeds. Corchorus puberulus is most closely related to C. aulacocarpus but differs from that by having larger flowers (sepals 9-15 x 2-3 mm, petals 9-10 x 4-7 mm, staminal filaments 4- 6 mm long mm long, style 4-6 mm long compared with sepals 6-9 x 1-2 mm, petals 6-7 x 2-4 mm, staminal filaments 3-4 mm long, style 2-4 mm long), longer peduncles (5-7 mm long compared with 2-3 long) and generally broader leaves (2-5 cm wide compared with 0.8-2.5 cm wide). Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 609 Fig. 12. Corchoruspuberulus. A. branchlet with flowers, x 1.5. B. fruit, x 3. C. ventral view of sepal, x 4. A from White 27 (PERTH); B, C from Fryxell et ol. 4595 (CANB). Del. W. Smith. Etymology : The epithet alludes to the somewhat dense cover of short, fine, soft hairs on most plant parts; Latin puberulus minutely pubescent. 15. Corchorus pumilio R.Br. ex Benth., FI. Austral. 1: 277 (1863). Type: [Northern Territory.] Carpentaria island r[Burney Island] No 32 desc., [19 Jan 1803,] R. Brown (lecto, here chosen: K; ?isolecto: BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW). Shrub to 0.4 m high; stems much branched, spreading; young shoots with greyish white or rarely ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, sparse to moderately dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 1.2 mm across; stipes white, straight, up to 0.1 mm long; rays firm, white, up to 1 mm long. Leaves with petioles l-6(-25) mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 2-5 mm long; lamina oblong, 610 oblong-elliptic or rarely narrowly elliptic, 0.6-3.5 cm long, 0.4-1.4 cm wide, l:w ratio 1.5-3:1, concolorous; base cuneate to obtuse; margin serrulate to serrate; apex rounded or rarely acute rarely. Inflorescences umbellate, 3-6-flowered, leaf-opposed or lateral, 1 or 2 per node; peduncles c. 1 mm long; pedicels 1- 3 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, recurved in fruit; bracts filiform-linear, 1-3 mm long. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 1-2 mm across; apex acuminate with 4 or 5 erect caudae to 0.5 mm long. Sepals 4 or 5, not persistent, linear to narrowly obovate, 3-6 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide; abaxial surface with a moderately dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface stellate- pubescent proximally, glabrous distally; apex acuminate, up to 0.5 mm long. Petals 4 or 5; lamina narrowly obovate to obovate, 2-5 mm long, 0.5-2 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.3-0.5 mm long, stellate-pubescent on adaxial surface and margins. Androgynophore 0.1-0.3 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.1 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 5-15(-20); filaments 2-4 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary cylindrical or subglobose, 0.2-0.4 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose, 2(rarely 3)-locular, with 2- 6 ovules in each locule; style 2-3 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 3-10(-14) mm long, 1-2 mm across, 1.5-7 times longer than wide, spreading to pendulous, straight, slightly curved or twisted, circular in transverse section, slightly or markedly constricted between seeds, 2(rarely 3)-valved; apex attenuate, 1-2 mm long; indumentum dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.7 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, 1-2 mm long. Selected specimens (from 58 examined): Western Australia. Gardner District: c. 10 km SE of shore of King George R., 5 km W of shore of Timor Sea, Jun 1985, Fryxell 4821 et al. (CANB, MEL, PERTH); headwaters of Packsaddle Creek, Northern Carr Boyd Ranges, Mar 1978, Hartley 14359 (CANB, DNA). Fitzgerald District: creek entering an inlet of Talbot Bay, 23 km SE of Cockatoo Island, Apr 1983 Fryxell & Carven 3884 (AD, CANB); opposite Bold Bluff along Milliwindi [Milliewindie] track, Leopold Range, Apr 1988, Cranfield 6384 (PERTH). Dampier District: One Arm Point, N Dampier Peninsula, Mar 1989, Carter 362 (BRI, DNA, PERTH). Canning District: Godfrey Tank, Southesk Tablelands, Apr 1979, George 15452 (AD, DNA, PERTH). Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: Roper Bar road, 80 km E of Stuart Highway, Apr 1992, Halford Q1090 (BRI); 45 km SSW of Legune Station, Mar 1989, Russell-Smith 7561 & Brock (DNA); 500 m N of Larrimah, Stuart Highway, Apr 1992, Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Halford Q1196 (BRI); 144 miles [c. 232 km] E of Stuart Highway on Borroloola road, Jun 1971, Dunlop 2180 (AD, CANB, DNA, MEL). Victoria River Region: Jasper Gorge, Jul 1974, Carr 2833 8c Beauglehole 46612 (MEL). Central Southern Region: Simpsons Gap NP, Apr 1974, Latz 4885 (DNA). Queensland. Cook District: Fanneys Creek, 86 km W of Georgetown, E of Gilbert R., Apr 1992, Halford Q973 (BRI); Turtle Rock area, SE of Laura, Jan 1993, Bean 5503 & Forster (BRI). Burke District: Settlement Creek, Feb 1923, Brass 257 (BRI, CANB); c. 35 km Wof Cloncurry on Cloncurry-Mt Isa road, Mar 1977, Schmid AS 179 (BRI); 20 km S of Mt Isa on road to Boulia, Jun 1991, Halford Q454 (BRI). North Kennedy District: Marble Creek mesa, SE of Greenvale, Apr 1991, Bean 2940 (BRI). South Kennedy District: slopes of Mt Hope, Apr 1992, Thompson & Simon BUC446 (AD, BRI, DNA, NSW). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus pumilio is widespread across northern Australia from the Kimberley, Western Australia to north¬ eastern Queensland (Map 2). It is recorded as growing in open woodland and hummock grassland communities, on shallow rocky, stony or sandy soils, on hills, ridges and rocky outcrops. Phenology: Flowers and fruits have been collected from February to August and in November. Typification: In the protologue of Corchorus pumilio, Bentham (1863) cited two collections “islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown” and “Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller”. Seven sheets of probable type material of Corchorus pumilio have been located. Six sheets of the R. Brown collections have been located (two from K and one each at BRI CANB, MEL, NSW) and one sheet of the F. Mueller collection “Tableland between the Victoria River and Sturts Creek, Feb 1856” located at K with the name C. pumilio in red pencil in Bentham’s hand. The sheet at Kew of R. Brown’s collection labelled “Corchorus No. 32 desc. Carpentaria island r” is chosen here as lectotype, because it is part of the original material and has mature fruit. Whether the other R. Brown sheets (MEL, BRI, CANB, K, NSW) are all from the same collection as the lectotype or separate collections has not been ascertained. Notes: Corchorus pumilio is confused with C. sidoides but is distinguished from that by having shorter fruit, smaller flowers, generally fewer stamens in each flower and a sparser indumentum on the leaves and stems. Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 611 The typical widespread form of C. pumilio is a slender herbaceous shrub, generally green in appearance with a sparse to moderately dense, coarse white indumentum on all parts. The collections Carr 3784 & Beauglehole 47562 (PERTH)(Geikie Gorge NP) and Hartley 14344 (CANB, DNA, PERTH)(Carr Boyd Ranges) from the Kimberley, Western Australia have a more robust habit than the typical form of C. pumilio and have a ferruginous indumentum on the young shoots. These collections may represent a distinct species but further collections and study are required. 16. Corchorus sericeus Ewart & O.B. Davies, FI. N. Terr. 178 (1918). Type: Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: Borroloola, 9 Oct 1911, G. F. Hill (holo: MEL [MEL223676]; iso: DNA, NSW). Spindly or compact shrub to 1.5 m high; stems sparingly to much branched, spreading to erect. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of mostly stellate hairs but dendritic- stellate and simple hairs also present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 1.2 mm across; stipes red-brown or white, straight or tortuous, up to 0.2 mm long; rays soft to pliable, white or rarely ferruginous, up to 0.6 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 1.5 mm long; stipes white or red-brown, tortuous; rays pliable, white, up to 0.6 mm long. Simple hairs glandular, white, flexuous, up to 0.2 mm long. Leaves with petioles 4-15(-20) mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 2-10 mm long; lamina narrowly to broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, 1.5-7.5 cm long, 0.6-3 cm wide, l:w ratio 2-3:1, discolorous or concolorous; base obtuse to rounded or rarely cordate; margin serrulate; apex acute to rounded. Inflorescences umbellate or racemose, 3-10-flowered, leaf-opposed, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 1-10 mm long; pedicels 1-7 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 2-10 mm long. Flower buds ellipsoid, 2-5 mm across; apex obtuse with 5 spreading caudae to 5 mm long. Sepals 5, persistent, narrowly obovate-elliptic, 4-14 mm long, 1-3 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs, the largest hairs up to 1 mm long; adaxial surface villose proximally, glabrous distally; apex caudate, up to 5 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, 3-7 mm long, 1-5 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.4-1 mm long, sparsely pubescent. Androgynophore 0.1-0.3 mm long; annulus entire, 0.2-0.4 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 25-80; filaments 2-5 mm long; anthers c. 0.3. Ovary globose, 0.7-2 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose, 3(rarely 4)-locular, with 2-8 ovules in each locule; style 2-5 mm long. Fruits globose, 2-4 mm across, circular in transverse section, not constricted between seeds, 3(rarely 4)-valved; apex rounded rarely obtuse; indumentum dense of stellate hairs up to 0.7 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Notes: Corchorus sericeus is most closely related to C. laniflorus but differs from that in having smaller flowers and fruits, and generally shorter and coarser indumentum on most parts. Corchorus sericeus as recognised here, occurs from the Devils Marbles, Northern Territory eastwards to Georgetown, Queensland. Two subspecies are recognised and can be distinguished using the following key. Spindly shrubs to 1.5 m high; stems erect; primary stem unbranched for at least 10 to 20 cm above ground level; inflorescences racemose, 7-10- flowered; peduncles 4-15 mm long. 16a. C. sericeus subsp. sericeus Open to compact shrubs to 1 m high; stems spreading; primary stem branched at ground level; inflorescences umbellate, up to 5-flowered; peduncles up to 2 mm long . 16b. C. sericeus subsp. densiflorus 16a. Corchorus sericeus Ewart & O.B. Davies subsp. sericeus Erect spindly shrub up to 1.5 m high. Primary stem unbranched for at least 10 to 20 cm above ground level. Leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, acute to obtuse at apex. Inflorescences racemose, 7-10-flowered; peduncles 4-15 mm long. Indumentum on abaxial surface of sepals comprised of mostly stellate hairs. 612 Selected specimens (from 23 examined): Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: White Islet, May 1977, McKey 181 (AD, DNA, MEL); 2 km East Lake Eames, Vanderlin Island, Sir Edward Pellew Group, Jul 1988, Thomson 2489 (BRI); Favenc Range, c. 160 km from Borroloola on the road to Daly Waters, May 1974, Pullen 9316 (CANB, DNA); near McArthur R„ May 1947, Blake 17762 (BRI, MEL). Barkly Tablelands Region: Kilgour Gorge, Mallapunyah Station, May 1984, Thomson 629 (DNA); 30 miles [c. 48 km] S of McArthur River Station, Jul 1948, Perry 1692 (CANB, DNA, MEL); 4 miles [c. 6 km] N of Wollogorang Station, Jun 1948, Perry 1175 (BRI, CANB, DNA); Wollogorang Station, Jun 1974, Henshall 423 (CANB, DNA); 15 km SW of Calvert Hills Station, on road to Barkly Highway, Jun 1991, Halford Q585 (BRI). Queensland. Burke District: Buchanan Creek W of “Westmoreland” near the Queensland/Northem Territory border, May 1974, Pullen 9206 (BRI, CANB, DNA); 3 miles [c. 5 km] W of Westmoreland Station, Jun 1948, Perry 1350 (CANB, DNA). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus sericeus subsp. sericeus occurs in the subcoastal areas around the Gulf of Carpentaria from Favenc Range, Northern Territory to Westmoreland Station in north-west Queensland (Map 8). It is recorded as growing in open woodland communities, on shallow sandy or gravelly soils on sandstone or quartzite ridges. It is also recorded on alluvial loams along watercourses. Phenology: Flowers have been collected from April to July, fruits from April to June. Notes: The collection Craven 3911 (BRI, CANB, DNA) from the Mac Arthur River area, Northern Territory has atypically long racemose inflorescences and the whole plant is generally more hairy than in the typical form of C. sericeus subsp. sericeus. 16b. Corchorus sericeus subsp. densiflorus (Benth.) Halford comb. nov. & stat. nov. Corchorus walcottii var. densiflorus Benth, FI. Austral. 1: 279 (1863), ‘densiflora’. Type: Gulf of Carpentaria, [without date,] F. Mueller (lecto, here chosen: K (left hand element); isolecto: MEL [MEL227034]). Open to compact shrub to 1 m high. Primary stem branched at ground level. Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate or elliptic-ovate, obtuse to rounded rarely acute at apex. Inflorescences umbellate, up to 5-flowered; peduncles up to 2 mm long. Indumentum on abaxial surface of sepals comprised of stellate and dendritic- stellate hairs. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Selected specimens (from 47 examined): Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: Upper Wearyan R., Jan 1989, Russell-Smith 7004 & Lucas (DNA). Barkly Tablelands Region: 4 km S [of] Spear Waterhole, Wollogorang, Jan 1989, Russell-Smith 6851 & Lucas (DNA);4kmWofNo. 16 Bore, Benmara Station, May 1984, Strong 160 (DNA); 3 km N of No. 19 Bore, Benmara Station, May 1984, Low 17 (DNA); 10 miles [c. 16 km] NE of Alexandria Station, Jun 1948, Perry 1487 (AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, PERTH); 69 km N of Tennant Creek on Stuart Highway, Jun 1991, Halford Q537 (BRI); Gibsons Creek, 35 miles [c. 56 km] N of Tennant Creek, Jul 1968, Must 195 (AD, BRI, CANB, MEL). Central Northern Region: Devils Marbles, Mar 1955, Chippendale 937 (BRI, DNA). Queensland. Cook District: Blue Hills, “Mount Surprise”, 49 km from Mount Surprise township, Mar 1988, Champion 350 (BRI); on Gulf Development Road, near bridge, 1 km E of Georgetown, Apr 1990, Batianoff9 00402a & Smith (BRI). Burke District: Lawn Hill NP, “Island Stack”, Jul 1985, Williams 85070 (BRI); Bang Bang Jumpup to N of Donors Hill, Apr 1974, Pullen 8911 (BRI, CANB, DNA); 28.5 km from Mary Kathleen-Barkly Highway junction on traverse to Mt MacNamara, May 1975, Can & Cole 9221 (BRI, CANB); Cloncurry, Aug 1930, Blake 12649 (BRI); 5 kmN of Barkly Highway on road to Lake Julius, Jun 1991, Halford Q511 (BRI); 3 miles [c. 5 km] SE of Cloncurry township, Mar 1954, Lazarides 4411 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, PERTH). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus sericeus subsp. densiflorus occurs from the Devils Marbles, Northern Territory eastwards to Georgetown, Queensland and from Sir Edward Pellew Group, Northern Territory southwards to Burnham Station, Queensland (Map 9). It is recorded as growing in shrubland and open woodland communities, mostly on shallow sandy or stony soils, on rocky hills or plains but also rarely on heavy alluvial soils along drainage lines. Phenology : Flowers have been collected from January to November, fruits from March to July. Notes: The distinguishing characters of this subspecies are indicated in the key above. The size of flowers and leaves, and the thickness of indumentum on the abaxial surface of the sepals varies greatly in this subspecies as circumscribed here. The variation appears to be continuous with no clear gaps that would allow the subdivision of this taxon based on any of these characters. 17. Corchorus sidoides F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 9 (1862). Type: [Northern Territory.] Victoria River, May 1856, F. Mueller (lecto, here chosen: MEL [MEL220812]). Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 613 Shrub to 1.5 m high; stems much branched, procumbent to erect; young shoots with grey- white or ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels, and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to very dense or rarely sparse, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 1.8 mm across; stipes white or ferruginous, straight, up to 0.3 mm long; rays firm to pliable, white or ferruginous, up to 1 mm long. Leaves with petioles 1-20 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 1-8 mm long; lamina narrowly oblong, oblong-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, ovate-elliptic, narrowly ovate to ovate or narrowly obovate, 0.6-9 cm long, 0.2-3 cm wide, l:w ratio 2-3.5:1, concolorous or discolorous; base obtuse, rounded or attenuate; margin dentate-serrate or serrate to serrulate; apex acute to rounded. Inflorescences umbellate, 4-7-flowered, leaf-opposed or lateral, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 0.5-5 mm long; pedicels 1-5 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, recurved in fruit; bracts subulate-linear to filiform-linear; 0.7-3 mm long. Flower buds obovoid to obovoid- ellipsoid, 1-3 mm across, sometimes longitudinally ridged; apex obtuse to acuminate-caudate with 4 or 5 erect caudae to 1 mm long. Sepals 5(rarely 4), not persistent, narrowly obovate, 3-9 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a moderately dense to very dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface glabrous or stellate- puberulous to stellate-villose proximally; apex acute or acuminate-caudate, up to 1.5 mm long. Petals 5, rarely 4; lamina narrowly obovate to obovate, 2-7 mm long, 0.5-4 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.5-0.8 mm long, stellate- pubescent on margins. Androgynophore 0.1-0.4 mm long; annulus entire or sinuate, 0.1-0.4 mm long, glabrous. Stamens (16-)20-50; filaments 2-5 mm long; anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, 0.5-1 mm across, densely stellate-puberulous or densely stellate- villose, 2 or 3-locular, with 6-24 ovules in each locule; style 1-4 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical (5-) 18-60 mm long, 1-3 mm across, mostly 6-20 times longer than wide, spreading or pendulous, straight, curved or very much twisted, circular in transverse section, slightly or markedly constricted between seeds, 2 or 3- valved; apex attenuate up to 4 mm long, orientated downward; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs up to 1 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, 1.5-3 mm long. Chromosome n = 6, 8 and 7; 2n = 14 (Basak 1958). Typification: In the protologue of Corchorus sidoides, Mueller (1862) did not cite any particular collection but stated “In locis sterilioribus secus flumen Victoriae frequens” [frequent in barren places along the Victoria River]. Three sheets [MEL220811, MEL220812, MEL227306] on loan to BRI from MEL have been located that are labelled C. sidoides and have Mueller as the collector with the locality of collection as Victoria River. The collection of this material would have occurred during the Gregory expedition (1855— 1857) to northern Australia and predates the publication of the name C. sidoides. The MEL sheet marked MEL220812 is selected as lectotype of the name Corchorus sidoides F.Muell. as it agrees with the protologue and is the more complete collection. Notes: Corchorus sidoides is the most widespread and common Corchorus species across northern Australia. It is characterised by having generally a spreading habit, relatively long pendulous subcylindrical fruits, a stellate indumentum on the fruit, sepals that are not persistent and leaves that are mostly oblong, oblong-elliptic or ovate-elliptic in outline. It is most closely related to C. carnarvonensis, C .congener, C.pumilio and C. tomentellus. For differences from these species refer to ‘Affinities’ and ‘Notes’ under each species. Corchorus sidoides is morphologically variable, particularly in degree of fruit distortion, shape and size of leaves and size of stellate hairs. The types of both C. vermicularis and C. rostrisepalus fall within the variation of C. sidoides as circumscribed here. The extreme forms within this species differ considerably, but due to the difficulty in assigning material to one or other forms I have used the rank of subspecies to recognise these forms rather than maintaining the previously recognised species. Three subspecies are recognised and can be distinguished using the following key. 614 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) 1. Stems erect; indumentum on young shoots and buds ferruginous; hairs fine, < 0.4 mm across; leaves narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptic, 3.5-9 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide; fruits straight or slightly curved, prominently constricted between seeds. 17c. C. sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus Stems procumbent or spreading horizontally or if erect then other characters not as above. 2 2. Fruits 2-valved rarely 3-valved, dark purplish-red rarely brown, 1-1.5 mm across, weakly or strongly twisted; leaf laminae narrowly oblong or narrowly oblong-elliptic rarely narrowly obovate, 0.6-3.5(-4) cm long, 0.2-1 (-1.5) cm wide; stellate hairs white, up to 0.5 mm across. . 17b. C. sidoides subsp. vermicularis Fruits mostly 3-valved occasionally 2-valved, pale-green to brown, 1-2.5 mm across, straight, curved or weakly twisted; leaf laminae ovate- elliptic or narrowly ovate to ovate, occasionally narrowly oblong-elliptic or narrowly oblong, 2-6 cm long, 0.8-2.5 cm wide; stellate hairs white or ferruginous, up to 2 mm across. 17a. C. sidoides subsp. sidoides 17a. Corchorus sidoides F.Muell. subsp. sidoides Compact shrub to 0.9 m high; stems much branched, spreading, rarely erect. Indumentum on young shoots and buds grey- white. Stellate hairs up to 2 mm across, sessile or stalked; stalks white or ferruginous, up to 0.3 mm long; rays white, up to 1 mm long, pliable to stiff. Leaves with petioles (2-)4-20 mm long; lamina narrowly oblong-elliptic, ovate-elliptic, narrowly ovate to ovate or narrowly obovate, 2-6 cm long, 0.8-2.5 cm wide, concolorous or discolorous; adaxial and abaxial surfaces moderately dense to very dense stellate hairy; base rounded; margin serrate; apex acute to obtuse or rounded. Flower buds obovoid, 2-3 mm across; apex acute with 5 erect caudae to 0.5 mm long. Sepals 5, narrowly obovate, (3-)4-8(-9) mm long, 1-2 mm wide; apex acute or acuminate-caudate, 0.5-1.5 mm long; abaxial surface with moderately dense to very dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface glabrous or stellate-villose proximally. Stamens (16-)20-50. Fruits (5-) 18-60 mm long, 1-3 mm across, pale-green to brown, straight, curved or rarely weakly twisted, weakly to strongly constricted between the seeds, 3(occasionally 2)-valved; apex attenuate up to 3 mm long; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long. Chromosome No. 2n= 14 (Dattaeta/. 1966) Selected specimens (from 167 examined ): Western Australia. Gardner District: Ivanhoe Station, Ord R., Jun 1944, Gardner 7409 (PERTH). Dampier District: Gogo, May 1951, Gardner 10254 (PERTH). Fitzgerald District: Sandy River Gorge, Leopold Gorge, Apr 1988, Cranfield 6570 (PERTH). Fortescue District. 19.9 km S ofWittenoom turnoff on the Great Northern Highway, Sep 1986, Chinnock 7015 (AD); 9 km SW of Mt Cecelia, c. 90 km SE of Shay Gap, Jul 1984, Newbey 10553 (CANB, PERTH). Canning District: Little Sandy Desert, May 1979, Mitchell 921 (AD, DNA); head of Breaden Valley, Southesk Tablelands, Apr 1979, George 15504 (DNA, PERTH). Keartland District: Rudall R. area, Aug 1971, Wilson 10585 (MEL, PERTH). Carnegie District: 39 miles [c. 63 km] W of Jupiter Well, Jul 1967, George 9087 (PERTH). Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: c. 2 km S of Larrimah on Stuart Highway, May 1985, Fryxell 4429 et al. (DNA, MEL). Victoria River Region: Bullita Station, Gregory NP, Feb 1986, Wightman 2565 & Clark (DNA); Pinkerton Range, Mar 1989, Dunlop 8121 & Leach (DNA, MEL); 20.8 miles [c. 33 km] W [of] Inverway, May 1959, Chippendale 5945 (CANB, DNA, PERTH). Central Northern Region: Native Gap, 71 miles [c. 114 km] N of Alice Springs, Jan 1969, Nelson 1828 (AD, BRI, DNA, MEL). Central Southern Region: 8 miles [c. 13 km] SE of Aileron, Mar 1955, Winkworth 863 (MEL); Harts Range, 10 km S of Harts Range Police Station, Oct 1977, Noble 21 (CANB); base of breakaway - upper talus slope, Ruby Gap, Jul 1982 Purdie 2386 (CANB); Stokes Creek, Oct 1981, Latz 8916 (DNA). Queensland. Burke District: 10 km SW of Mt Isa on the road to Dajarra, Jun 1991, Halford Q520 (BRI). Gregory North District: Warlus VI, Site R13, Mt Datson (ENE of Boulia), Sep 1977, Purdie 1026 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus sidoides subsp. sidoides is widespread across northern Australia from the Pilbara, Western Australia through the Northern Territory to north-western Queensland (Map 3). It is recorded as growing in hummock grassland, open woodland and open forest communities, on sandy, loamy, Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 615 gravelly or clay soils, on sand dunes, plains and hills. Phenology: Flowers and fruits have been collected throughout the year. Notes : A number of collections from around the Arnhem Land escarpment (eg. Martensz & Schodde AE701 (BRI, CANB, MEL), Dunlop 4571 (DNA), Telford & Wrigleyl 589 (CANB), Wightman 1382 & Craven (BRI) and Halford Q1116 (BRI)) have shorter fruit than typical (5-10 mm long) and a ferruginous indumentum on the young shoots and flower buds. The collections from near Kununurra (.Pullen 10.879 (CANB) and Mackenzie 710209-6 (CANB) are typical in leaf size and indumentum but have shorter fruit than typically found in the species. The collection Pullen 10.764 (BRI, CANB) has a fairly erect habit to 1.5 m high with the lower stem free of branches and has generally smaller flowers and fruits than typical, growing on red earths in shrub- grassland. Further collection and fieldwork may show that a number of these entities warrant formal recognition at specific or subspecific rank. 17b. Corchorus sidoides subsp. vermicularis (F.Muell.) Halford comb. nov. & stat. nov. Corchorus vermicularis F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 10 (1862). Type: [Western Australia/ Northern Territory.] Head of Sturts Creek, Feb 1856, F. Mueller (holo: MEF [MEF220810]). Scorpia simplicifolia Ewart & A.H.K.Petrie, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ser. 2, 38 (1926). Type: Northern Territory. Wycliffe, June 1924, A.J. Ewart (holo: MEF [MEF227302]). Diffuse shrub to 0.5 m high; stems much branched, spreading. Indumentum on young shoots and buds grey-white. Stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm across, sessile or stalked; stalk white or reddish-brown, up to 0.1 mm long; rays white, up to 0.3 mm long, stiff. Feaves with petioles 1—5(—10) mm long; lamina narrowly oblong, oblong-elliptic or rarely narrowly obovate, 0.6-3.5(-4) cm long, 0.2-1 (-1.5) cm wide, concolorous; adaxial surface sparsely to densely stellate hairy or rarely glabrous; abaxial surface sparsely to densely stellate hairy; base obtuse to rounded or rarely attenuate; margin serrate or dentate-serrate; apex obtuse to rounded or rarely acute. Flower buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 1-2 mm across; apex obtuse with 4 or 5 erect caudae to 0.2 mm long. Sepals 5, rarely 4, narrowly obovate, 4-7 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; apex acuminate c. 0.7 mm long; abaxial surface with moderately dense to dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface puberulous proximally, glabrous distally. Stamens 20-30(-40). Fruits 20-35 mm long, 1-2 mm across, dark purplish-red or rarely brown, weakly to strongly twisted, strongly constricted between the seeds, 2(rarely 3)- valved; apex attenuate up to 4 mm long; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm long. Selected specimens (from 67 examined): Western Australia. Dampier District: St Mary’s School, Broome, Apr 1987, Foulkes 13 (CANB, PERTH); Munkajarra [Munkayarra], 20 km S of Derby, Apr 1983, Fryxell 3848 (CANB, MEL, PERTH); 9 km SE of Frazier Downs Station, Jul 1987, Ingleby JV28 (PERTH), c. 1225 km on Northwest Coastal Highway, Aug 1971, Ashby 3034 (AD); oldFitzroy R. crossing, Apr 1988, Cranfield 6414 (CANB, PERTH). Canning District: N of Dragon Tree Soak, Great Sandy Desert, Aug 1977, George 14768 (CANB, PERTH); just S of Tobin Lake, Great Sandy Desert, May 1979, George 15649 (CANB, DNA, PERTH). Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: 75 km E of Stuart Highway along Carpentaria Highway, Apr 1992, Halford Q1073 (BRI). Barkly Tablelands Region: 8 miles [c. 13 km] S of old Highland Plains, Jul 1976, Henry 253 (AD, DNA, MEL); 30 km N of Tennant Creek, Stuart Highway, Apr 1992, Halford Q1201 (BRI). Northern Central Region: Sangsters Bore, Tanami Desert, Sep 1978, Henshall 2277 (DNA); 2 km W of Lake Surprise, Tanami Desert, Jun 1985, Latz 10072 (DNA); 77 mil es [c. 124 km] WSW [of] The Granites, Aug 1970, Dunlop 1812 (CANB, DNA); CentralMt Stuart, Jul 1974,Latz 5571 (BRI, CANB). Queensland. Cook District: site EU293, Barwidgee Homestead, E of Branch Creek, Feb 1992, Godwin C3718 (AD, BRI, DNA); 22 km E of Croydon, Apr 1992, Halford Q986 (BRI). Burke District: between Doomadgee Aboriginal Station and old “Corinda” outstation, May 1974, Pullen 9077 (CANB, DNA). Gregory North District: Oban Station, about 62 miles [c. 100 km] SW of Mt Isa, Woodend Bore, Dec 1947, Everist 3342 (BRI, CANB). Mitchell District: near Lochnagar, Nov 1935, Blake 10302 (BRI, CANB). South Kennedy District: 27.5 km W of St Anns Homestead, Jun 1992, Thompson & Sharpe BUC838 (BRI). 616 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Distribution and habitat : Corchorus sidoides subsp. vermicularis is widespread across northern Australia from the Pilbara, Western Australia, through the Northern Territory to the north-east coast of Queensland (Map 5). It is recorded as growing on sandy, loamy or gravelly soils, in hummock grassland, shrubland, open woodland and open forest communities, on plains, sand dunes and hills. Phenology: Flowers and fruits have been collected throughout the year. Notes: Generally a smaller more diffuse shrub than the other subspecies with slender stems, smaller leaves and twisted fruit. In the Kimberley region this subspecies grades into small leaf forms of C. sidoides subsp. sidoides. 17c. Corchorus sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus (Domin) Halford comb. nov. & stat. nov. Corchorus rostrisepalus Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 383 (1928). Type: [Northern Territory.] Carpentaria Island g, [Vanderlin Island, 15 Dec 1802,] R. Brown (lecto, here chosen: K; ?isolecto: BRI, CANB, MEL). Shrub to 1 m high; stems sparingly to much branched, erect. Indumentum on young shoots and buds ferruginous. Stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm across, sessile or stalked; stalks white or reddish-brown, up to 0.2 mm long; rays white or ferruginous, up to 0.2 mm long, pliable. Leaves with petioles 3-13 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptic, 3.5-9 cm long, (0.5-) 1.5-3 cm wide, discolorous; adaxial and abaxial surfaces moderately dense to dense or rarely sparsely stellate hairy; base obtuse or attenuate; margin serrate to serrulate; apex obtuse or acute. Flower buds obovoid, 2-3 mm across, longitudinally ridged distally; apex acuminate with 5 erect caudae to 1 mm long. Sepals 5, narrowly obovate, 5-6 mm long, c. 2 mm wide; apex acuminate-caudate up to 1 mm long; abaxial surface with moderately dense to dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.2 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent proximally, glabrous distally. Stamens 30-35. Fruits 20-55 mm long, 1-2 mm across, pale- green to brown, straight or slightly curved, prominently constricted between seeds, 2(rarely 3)-valved; apex attenuate up to 4 mm long; indumentum moderately dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.2 mm long. Selected specimens (from 15 examined): Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: 17 miles [c. 27 km] NNE [of] Mainoru, Jun 1972, Byrnes 2613 (DNA); South Bay, Bickerton Island, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Jun 1948, Specht 605 (AD, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW); Groote Eylandt, 4 km W [of] Umbakumba, Jul 1987, Russell-Smith 2738 & Lucas (DNA); Hemple Bay, Groote Eylandt, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Apr 1948, Specht 283 (AD, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW); Angurugu, Groote Eylandt, May 1972, Levitt [DNA 4462] (DNA); Nitmiluk Gorge NP, Feb 1990, Evans 2938 (DNA, CANB, MEL); Katherine Gorge [Nitmiluk] NP, Mar 1971, Dunlop & Byrnes 2157 (CANB, DNA, MEL); 12 miles [c. 19 km] NE of Katherine, Jan 1965, Wilson 79 (CANB, DNA); mouth of Rosie Creek, Lorella, Jan 1989, Russell-Smith 6752 & Lucas (BRI, DNA). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus occurs in north-eastern Northern Territory from near Katherine eastward to the islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria (Map 5). It is recorded as growing in open woodland and open forest communities, on shallow rocky soils on hills or sandy soils on alluvial flats. Phenology: Flowers have been collected June, July and from December to April, fruits in December, January and from March to June. Notes: Corchorus sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus has a more erect habit, and generally a finer indumentum on its leaves and stems than the other subspecies of Corchorus sidoides. Typification: In the protologue of C. rostrisepalus, Domin (1928) referred to ‘ Carpentaria Islands, R. Brown als C. vermicularis'. There are three sheets at K of original Brown material from the Carpentaria Islands. The sheet with the small label with the information ‘Corchorus vermicularis No. 45 desc. Carpentaria Island g’ in Browns handwriting is here selected as lectotype. There are a number of possible duplicates of this material at a number of institutions (BRI, MEL, CANB) that have varying label details. Whether these other R. Brown sheets are all from the same collection as the lectotype or separate collections has not been ascertained. 18. Corchorus subargentus* Halford sp. nov. quoad staturam et formam foliorum C. sidoidi subsp. rostrisepalo et C. obclavato similis autem ab utroque fructibus erectis * should be subargenteus ' (PDB 2005) Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 617 non pendulis differt. Corchorus subargenteus maxime arete affinis C. sublato et C. leptocarpo\ ab illo floribus majoribus (sepalis 10-11 mm longis, petalis 8-10 mm longis, filamentis staminalibus 5-6 mm longis, stylo 5-6 mm longo comparitis sepalis 7-9 mm longis, petalis 4-6 mm longis, filamentis staminalibus 3-4 mm longis, stylo 2-3 mm longo), indumentum caulium foliorumque (10-11 mm longis non 12-14 mm longis) petalis angustioribus (2-3 mm latis non c. 7 mm latis), filamentis staminalibus brevioribus (5-6 mm longis non 7-9 mm longis) differt. Typus: Queensland. North Kennedy: 13 km along Laroona road, off Paluma to Ewan road, 19°11\ 145°55\ 15 April 1996, PI. Forster PIF18983 & T. Ryan (holo: BRI; iso: MEL, distribuendi). Shrub to 2 m high; stems sparingly to much branched, erect; young shoots with silvery-grey or ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts silvery-grey, dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.6 mm across; stipes white or red-brown, straight, up to 0.2 mm long; rays pliable, white or ferruginous, up to 0.4 mm long. Leaves with petioles 5-7 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 2-3 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate, 3-8 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, l:w ratio 3-5.3:1, discolorous; base rounded; margin serrulate; apex rounded. Inflorescences umbellate or racemose, 5-7-flowered, leaf-opposed or lateral, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 7-15 mm long; pedicels 2-7 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, erect in fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 2-4 mm long. Flower-buds obovoid-ellipsoid, 3-4 mm across, slightly longitudinally ridged; apex acute with 5 spreading caudae up to 1 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 10-11 mm long, c. 2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent proximally, glabrous distally; apex caudate, up to 2 mm long. Petals 5; lamina narrowly obovate, 8-10 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 0.7 mm long, stellate- pubescent on margins. Androgynophore c. 0.2 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.1 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 60-70; filaments 5-6 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, 0.9-1 mm across, densely stellate-puberulous, 3-locular, with 34-38 ovules in each locule; style 5-6 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 20-50 mm long, 2-2.5 mm across, 7-20 times longer than wide, + circular in transverse section, erect , ± straight, slightly constricted between seeds, 3-valved; apex attenuate, 1-2 mm long, orientated upward; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.1 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid or columnar; 1-3 mm long. Fig. 13. Additional specimens : Queensland. North Kennedy District: 2.8 km S of Running River on Ewan-Laroona road, Feb 1996, Camming 7548 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Corchorus subargentus is confined to north-eastern Queensland where it is known only from the Running River area, approximately 90 km W of Townsville (Map 3). It is recorded as growing in eucalypt woodland with Triodia sp. in the understorey, on sandy soils on granite-quartz ridges. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in February and April, fruits in April. Affinities: Corchorus subargentus is similar in stature and leaf size to C. sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus and C. obclavatus. Corchorus subargentus differs from both of these by having erect rather than pendulous fruit. Corchorus subargentus is most closely related to C. subulatus and C. leptocarpus. It differs from C. sublatus by having larger flowers (sepals 10-11 mm long, petals 8-10 mm long, staminal filaments 5-6 mm long, style 5-6 mm long compared with sepals 7-9 mm long, petals 4-6 mm long, staminal filaments 3-4 mm long, style 2-3 mm long), slightly coarser indumentum on the stems and leaves, and longer and stouter peduncles (7-15 mm long compared with 2-5 mm long). Corchorus subargentus differs from C. leptocarpus by having a more slender stature and shorter sepals (10-11 mm long compared with 12-14 mm long), narrower petals (2-3 mm wide compared with c. 7 mm wide) and shorter staminal filaments (5-6 mm long compared with 7-9 mm long). 618 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Fig. 13. Corchorus subargentus. A. branchlet with flower buds and fruit, x 1. B. fruit, x 1.5. C. ventral view of sepal, x 4. A & B from ForsterPTF 18983 (BRI); C from Cumming 7548 (BRI). Del. W. Smith. Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 619 Etymology: The specific epithet is from the Latin sub- somewhat, argentea, silvery, and is in reference to the appearance of the foliage of this species. 19. Corchorus sublatus Halford sp. nov. quoad staturam et amplitudinem foliorum C. sidoidi subsp. rostrisepalo et C. obclavato similis autem autem ab utroque fructibus erectis non pendulis differt. Per charactereum eius fructuum C. sublatus , C. leptocarpo et C. subargenteo similis. Ab eis C. sublatus floribus minoribus fructibus angustioribus differt (vide tabulam 1 pro comparationibus). Addite C. sublatus a subargenteo indumento tenuiore pedunculis brevioribus (2-5 mm longis non 7-15 mm longis) differt. Typus: Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: Baroalba Spring, Kakadu NP, 16 April 1992, D. Halford Q1114 (holo: DNA; iso: BRI, L, MEL, distribuendi). Shrub to 1.5 m high; stems sparingly to much branched, erect; young shoots with grey-white or ferruginous indumentum. Indumentum on branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.2 mm across; stipes white, straight, up to 0.2 mm long; rays pliable, white or ferruginous, up to 0.1 mm long. Leaves petioles 5-15 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 3-5 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate or rarely narrowly oblong, 3-11 cm long, 0.7-2.5 cm wide, l:w ratio 4-5.5:1, discolorous; base rounded or rarely attenuate; margin serrulate; apex acute. Inflorescences umbellate, 6-8- flowered, leaf-opposed or lateral, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 2-5 mm long; pedicels 2-5 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, spreading to recurved in fruit; bracts subulate- linear, 3-5 mm long. Flower-buds obovoid- ellipsoid, 4-5 mm across, longitudinally ridged; apex acute with 5 spreading caudae up to 2 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 7-9 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a moderately dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent proximally, glabrous distally; apex caudate, up to 3 mm long. Petals 5; lamina narrowly obovate to obovate, 4-6 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.7-1 mm long, stellate-pubescent on margins. Androgynophore 0.3-0.6 mm long; annulus sinuate or entire, 0.2-0.3 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 40-60; filaments 3-4 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, 0.7-0.8 mm across, densely stellate-puberulous, 3-locular, with 20-26 ovules in each locule; style 2-3 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 20-50 mm long, 1-2 mm across, 10-25 t im es longer than wide, erect, straight or if on recurved pedicels then abruptly bent near base so that the fruit is perpendicular with the apex pointing upwards, circular in transverse section, slightly constricted between seeds, 3-valved; apex attenuate, 1-2 mm long; indumentum moderately dense to dense of stellate hairs up to 0.2 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid or columnar; 1-3 mm long. Fig. 14. Selected specimens (from 8 examined): Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: Kakadu NP, Baroalba Springs, May 1983, Fryxell & Craven 4270 (CANB, DNA); Baroalba Spring, Kakadu NP, Apr 1992, Halford Q1131 (BRI); near mouth of Sawcut Gorge, 28.5 km SSE of Jabiru East, Jun 1980, Craven 6279 (CANB); c. 7 miles [c. 11 km] W of Mt Gilruth, Mar 1973, Lazarides 7951 (BRI, CANB, DNA, NSW); 1 km upstream from Twin Falls, Mar 1988, Fensham 880 (DNA). Table 2. Morphological comparison of Corchorus sublatus , C. subargentus and C. leptocarpus. Characters C. sublatus C. subargentus C. leptocarpus sepals (mm) 7-9 x 1-2 10-11 x c. 2 12-14 x c. 3 petals (mm) 4-6 x 2-4 8-10 x 2-3 8-10 x c. 7 fruits width (mm) 1-2 2-3 2-3 620 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Fig. 14 . Corchorus sublatus. A. branchlet with flowers, x 1. B. fruit, x 3. C. ventral view of sepal, x 6. A from Halford Q1114 (BRI); B, C from Halford Q1112 (BRI). Del. W. Smith. Distribution and habitat : Corchorus sublatus is confined to Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, from Mt Gilruth southwards to Twin Falls (Map 6). It is recorded as growing in heathland, woodland and open forest communities on sandy soils on talus slopes or on gravelly soils on sandstone plateaus. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in March and April, fruits from April to June. Affinities: Corchorus sublatus is similar in stature and leaf size to C. sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus and C. obclavatus. Corchorus sublatus differs from both of these by having erect rather than pendulous fruit. In this character C. sublatus resembles C. leptocarpus and C. subargentus. Corchorus sublatus differs Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 621 from both of these species by having smaller flowers and narrower fruits (see Table 2 for comparison). In addition, C. sublatus differs from C. subargentus by having a finer indumentum and shorter peduncles (2-5 mm long compared with 7-15 mm long). Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the orientation of the fruit; Latin sublatus raised aloft. 20. Corchorus tectus Halford sp. nov. a C. sericeio foliis anguste oblongis usque oblongis distinguenda. Typus: Western Australia. Fortescue District: 53 miles [c. 85 km] S of Roebourne on Wittenoom road, 3 March 1962, A.S. George 3488 (holo: PERTH). Open shrub to 70 m high; stems much branched, spreading. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of mostly stellate hairs but dendritic-stellate hairs also present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 1 mm across; stipes red-brown or white, straight or tortuous, up to 0.2 mm long; rays soft to pliable, white, up to 0.6 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; stipes white or red- brown, tortuous; rays pliable, white, up to 0.6 mm long. Leaves with petioles 7-15 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 1-3 mm long; la min a narrowly oblong to oblong, 2-4.5 cm long, 0.6-1.5 cm wide, l:w ratio 2.8-3.5:1, discolorous or concolorous; base obtuse to rounded or rarely cordate; margin crenulate; apex acute to rounded. Inflorescences umbellate or racemose, 4-8-flowered, leaf-opposed, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 1—10 mm long; pedicels 1-7 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 2-5 mm long. Flower buds ellipsoid, 2-4 mm across; apex obtuse with 5 spreading caudae to 2 mm long. Sepals 5, persistent, narrowly obovate-elliptic, 5-6.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide; abaxial surface with a dense indumentum of stellate and dendritic-stellate hairs, the largest hairs up to 1 mm long; adaxial surface villose proximally, glabrous distally; apex caudate, up to 2 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, 5-7 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.7-0.8 mm long, sparsely pubescent. Androgynophore 0.1-0.3 mm long; annulus entire, 0.2-0.4 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 45-95; filaments 2.5-5.5 mm long; anthers c. 0.5. Ovary globose, 1.5-2 mm across, densely stellate-tomentose, 3-locular, with 2-8 ovules in each locule; style 3-5 mm long. Fruits globose, 2-4 mm across, circular in transverse section, not constricted between seeds, 3- valved; apex rounded rarely obtuse; indumentum dense of stellate hairs up to 0.7 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, 1.2-1.8 mm long. Fig. 15. Selected specimens (from 11 examined): Western Australia. Fortescue District: Robe R., between Onslow and Roebourne, Aug 1966, Butler 20 (PERTH); Fortescue R., Jun 1878, Forrest s.n. [MEL227315] (MEL); Fortescue R., 1895, Cusack s.n. [MEL560600] (MEL); Roebourne, 1897, Cusack s.n. [MEL1599108] (MEL); 3km NE of Three Peak Hills, Pannawonica road, Mar 1984, Newbey 9889 (PERTH); Hamersley Range, Aug 1958, Ride s.n. [PERTH 1524739] (PERTH); Hamersley Range, Ride s.n. [PERTH 1524690] (PERTH). Fig. 15. Corchorus tectus. A. branchlet with flowers, x 1. B. fruit with persistent sepals removed, x 6. C. ventral view of sepal, x 6. Afrom van Leeuwen 4376 (BRI); B, C from Bui ter 20 (BRI). Del. W. Smith. 622 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Distribution and habitat : Corchorus tectus occurs in north-western Western Australia, from Robe River eastward to near Millstream Station (Map 7). It is recorded as growing in open shrubland communities on gravelly soils along watercourses. Phenology : Flowers have been collected in March, June, August and September, fruits in March and August. Affinities'. Corchorus tectus is similar to C. sericeus but differs from that by having narrowly oblong to oblong leaves. Etymology: The specific epithet is from Latin tectus, meaning ‘covered’, in reference to the persistent calyx lobes that cover the fruit of this species. 21. Corchorus tomentellus F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 10 (1862). Type: [Queensland.] Mackenzie River, [without date,] E Mueller s.n. [lecto, here chosen: MEL [MEL220813]). Shrub to 0.3 m high; stems much branched, spreading. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense, comprised of stellate hairs. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 0.7 mm across; stipes red- brown, straight, up to 0.3 mm long; rays firm, white, up to 0.5 mm long. Leaves with petioles 3-5 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 1-3 mm long; lamina ovate, 1.5-3.5 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide, l:w ratio 1.3-2.2:1, discolorous; base rounded; margin serrate; apex acute to obtuse. Inflorescences umbellate, 2 or 3-flowered, leaf- opposed, solitary at upper nodes; peduncles 1-2 mm long; pedicels 2-4 mm long, spreading to erect in flower, recurved in fruit; bracts subulate-linear, 1-3 mm long. Flower buds ellipsoid, 2-3 mm across, apex acute. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate, 6-7 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; abaxial surface with a moderately dense indumentum of stellate hairs up to 0.5 mm long; adaxial surface stellate- pubescent proximally, glabrous distally; apex acute to acuminate, up to 0.4 mm long. Petals 5; lamina obovate, 5-7 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, glabrous; claw c. 0.7 mm long, stellate- pubescent on abaxial surface and margins. Androgynophore 0.3-0.4 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 50-60; filaments 2-4 mm long; anthers 2-4 mm long. Ovary cylindrical; c. 0.8 mm across, densely stellate-puberulous, 2 or 3- locular, with c. 26 ovules in each locule; style c. 3 mm long. Fruits subcylindrical, 15-65 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm across, 7-35 times longer than wide, pendulous, straight or slightly curved, circular in transverse section, markedly constricted between seeds, 2 or 3-valved; apex acute or attenuate, 1-3 mm long, orientated downward; indumentum moderately dense to dense, of stellate hairs up to 0.4 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Selected specimens (from 18 examined): Queensland. South Kennedy District: tributary of Hazelwood Creek near pipeline, Apr 1978, Byrnes & Clarkson 3779 (BRI). Leichhardt District: near Lake Elphinstone, Jan 1993, Fensham 441 (BRI) Carborough Range, 1 kmNW of Lake Elphinstone outlet, Telford 11125 & Rudd (BRI); telecom road, 14 km E of Comet, Bean 7520 & Forster (BRI); South Blackwater Mine, Laleham, Jan 1986, Thompson s.n. [AQ399040] (BRI); South Blackwater Mine, Dec 1990, Thompson 10 (BRI); Brigalow Research Station, 30 km NW of Theodore, Apr 1977, Johnson 3517 & Batianoff( BRI); Brigalow Research Station, 32 km NW of Theodore, Jul 1970, Johnson 2890 (BRI); ‘Humboldt’, 45 km NE of Rolleston, Bean 9573 (BRI); near ‘Moorooloo’, E of Springsure, Bean 14172 (BRI). Burnett District: “Narayen”, Mundubbera, Feb 1967, TothillN325 (BRI); “Narayen” about 30miles [c. 48 km] W of Mundubbera, Feb 1968, Tothill N443 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus tomentellus occurs in subcoastal areas of central and southern Queensland from near Nebo southward to Mundubbera (Map 3). It is recorded as growing in shrubland, eucalypt woodland and eucalypt open forest communities on sandy soils or in brigalow open forest communities on clay soils. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in April, October and from December to March, fruits in April, July, October and from December to March. Typification: In the protologue of Corchorus tomentellus, Mueller (1862) did not cite any particular collection but stated “In graminosis herbidis ad flumina Dawson et MacKenzie”. A single collection [MEL220813] (Mackenzie River, trop. Austr.) which can be considered part of the original material that Mueller used to draw up his description of this species has been located at MEL. The collection has flowers Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 623 and is chosen as the lectotype to Mueller’s name C. tomentellus. Notes: Corchorus tomentellus is closely related to C. sidoides but can be distinguished from that by its generally sparser indumentum on most parts, relatively broader and shorter leaves and generally narrower fruit. 22. Corchorus walcottii F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 9 (1862); Corchorus walcottii F.Muell. var. walcottii, Benth., FI. Austral. 1: 279 (1863). Type: [Western Australia.] Hearson Island, P. Walcott (lecto, here chosen: MEL [MEL223678]). Corchorus sp. Burrup (G.Craig 235), Paczkowska & Chapman (2000). Shrub to 1.5 m high; stems much branched, spreading. Indumentum on young shoots, branchlets, leaves, stipules, peduncles, pedicels and bracts grey-white, moderately dense to dense, comprised of mostly stellate hairs but simple and dendritic-stellate hairs also present. Stellate hairs sessile or stipitate, up to 1.5 mm across; stipes, white, straight, up to 0.5 mm long; rays soft, white, up to 1.5 mm long. Dendritic-stellate hairs up to 2 mm long; stipes white or red-brown, tortuous; rays soft, white, up to 0.5 mm long. Simple hairs glandular, dull yellow, flexuous, 1-4 mm long. Leaves with petioles 7-30 mm long; stipules subulate-linear, 4-25 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate to broadly ovate, 3-9 cm long, 2.5-6 cm wide, l:w ratio 1.2-2.5:1, concolorous; base rounded or slightly cordate; margin serrate; apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences umbellate, 3-5- flowered, leaf-opposed, solitary at nodes; peduncles 5-25 mm long; pedicels 5-20 mm long, spreading to erect in flower and fruit; bracts narrowly ovate, 2-17 mm long. Flower- buds globose, 7-10 mm across; apex obtuse usually with 5 spreading caudae up to 2 mm long. Sepals 5, not persistent, narrowly obovate- elliptic, 8-18 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; abaxial surface with a very dense indumentum of mostly stellate and simple hairs but dendritic- stellate hairs occasionally present, the largest hairs up to 1.5 mm long; adaxial surface stellate hairy over whole surface or restricted to the proximal third; apex acute, acuminate or caudate, 1-4 mm long. Petals 5; la min a obovate to broadly obovate, 7-13 mm long, 6-10 mm wide, glabrous; claw 0.3-1 mm long, stellate pubescent on abaxial surface and margins. Androgynophore c. 0.2 mm long; annulus entire, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 80-180; filaments 3-7 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary subglobose or shortly pentagonal- cylindrical, c. 1.8 mm across, densely stellate- tomentose, 5-locular, with 24-26 ovules in each locule; style 3-7 mm long. Fruits narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid or subcylindrical, 7-25 mm long, 3-9 mm across, 2-5 t im es longer than wide, straight or slightly curved, circular in transverse section, not constricted between seeds, 4 or 5-valved; apex rounded; indumentum dense of dendritic-stellate and a few simple glandular hairs, the largest hairs up to 2 mm long. Seeds compressed obovoid, c. 2 mm long. Fig. 16. Chromosome No. 2n = 14 (Islam & Qaiyum 1961; Datta et al. 1966). Selected specimens (from 35 examined ): Western Australia. Fortescue District: 2 km S of landing strip, Barrow Island, May 1964, Goodall 1520 (PERTH); Sholl Island, Oct 1949, Seventy s.n. [PERTH1521519] (PERTH); Dolphin Island, Dampier Archipelago, Jun 1962, Royce 7169 (PERTH); Dampier turnoff (south), Nov 1979, Demarz 2864 (PERTH); North West Coastal Highway, c. 15 km by road WSW of main turnoff to Dampier, c. 8 km by road ENE of Karratha Homestead turnoff, Aug 1977, Jackson 3034 (AD); 5 km NE of George R. crossing of North West Coastal Highway, 42 km from Roebourne, Aug 1977, Telford 6547 (CANB); Karratha, Jul 1981, Craig 235 (PERTH); Pt Samson, Jul 1981, Craig 212 (PERTH); Woodstock Station, (S of Port Hedland), May 1958, Burbidge 5974 (AD, PERTH); Woodstock Station, Apr 1958, Burbidge 5811 (AD, PERTH); 90 km N of Nullagine, Great Northern Highway, May 1979, Mitchell 1245 (PERTH). Northern Territory. Central Northern Region: Mongrel Downs, Apr 1971, Dunlop 2105 (AD, BRI, MEL); S of Mongrel Downs Station, Aug 1976, Latz 8211 (DNA, MEL); Tanami Desert, 8 km NE of Sangsters Bore, Sep 1978, Henshall 2276 (AD, DNA); 42 miles [c. 68 km] NW of Chilla Well, Jul 1970, Dunlop (DNA). Central Southern Region: 8.4 km E of W. A. Border on Kintore road, Apr 1988, Leach 1950 (CANB); Mt Liebig, 168 miles [c. 269 km] W of Alice Springs, Jul 1966, Willis s.n. (DNA, MEL); Mt Liebig, north side, + 210 km WNW of Alice Springs, Jun 1974, Carr 2368 & Beauglehole 46147 (MEL); + 6.4 km NNW of Mt Zeil, Jul 1968, Beauglehole 27181 (MEL). Distribution and habitat : Corchorus walcottii has a disjunct distribution. It occurs in the Pilbara region, Western Australia, from Barrow Island to near Marble Bar, and in central Australia from the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory southwards to Mt Agnes in the north-west of South Australia (Map 2). It is recorded as growing in hummock grassland, shrubland and low open woodland communities, on sandy or loamy soils Fig. 16. Corchorus walcottii. A. branchlet with flower and fruit, x 1. B. fruit, x 02. C. ventral view of sepal, x 6. D. cross- section of sepal, x 12. E. dendritic-stellate hair, x 24. F. simple glandular hair, x 48. G. simple glandular hair, x 24. A-F from Telford 6547 (CANB); G from Burbidge 5811 (PERTH). Del. W. Smith. sometimes associated with limestone, on plains and hills. It is also recorded on coastal dunes. Phenology : Flowers have been collected in March, April, June, July, September and November, fruits in March, April, June and November. Typification : In the protologue of Corchorus walcottii, Mueller (1862) cited two collections “in collibus altioribus rupestribus prope Nickol Bay et in Hearson island. P. Walcott” The two collections referred to by Mueller in his protologue were located amongst material on loan to BRI from MEL “elevated rocky hills, Nichol Bay [MEL223677] and “growing on top of rocky sandstone hill, Hearson island” [MEL223678]. The specimen collected from Hearson Island is selected as lectotype as it is the better preserved specimen with flowers and fruits attached. Affinities: Corchorus walcottii, C. parviflorus and C. laniflorus have conspicuous simple glandular hairs present amongst the dense stellate indumentum on the stems, leaves and inflorescences. Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 625 For differences with C. parviflorus and C. laniflorus refer to ‘Notes’ under those species. Notes: Corchorus walcottii as treated here is a variable species. The central Australian populations are somewhat different in having a shorter indumentum on the leaves from the typical form of this species from the Pilbara. There is another form on the islands off the Pilbara coast that has smaller leaves and flowers than the typical form, but it intergrades with the typical material of this species. Excluded names Corchorus allenii F.Muell., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. ser.2 6: 462 (1892). Type: near Prince Regent River; Bradshaw & Allen (holo: MEL) = Helicteres sp. (Sterculiaceae) Corchorus longipes Tate, Transactions of the Royal Society of S.A. 22: 119 (1898). type: Mt Lyndhurst Run near Farina, S.A., 1898, Max Koch s.n. (holo: AD) = Gilesia biniflora F.Muell. (Sterculiaceae). Corchorus pachyphyllus Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, 12: 166 (1937). type citation: [Western Australia.] Gascoyne, nordlich bei Carnarvon, c. 25 miles ii. d. M. Sandige Hiigel mit lichtem Gebusch, L. Diels 3718; n.v. The type of this species has apparently been destroyed in Berlin during the Second World War and I have been unable to locate any material that may be considered an isotype. The description and discussion in Burret’s protologue for this species is lengthy but it has not been possible to say to which known species it is referable. Corchorus rothii F.Muell., Second Systematic Census of Australian Plants. 30 (1889), nom. illeg. Type: based on Triumfetta pilosa Roth. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Gordon Guymer, Director of BRI, for making working space and facilities at BRI available to me, the directors and curators of AD, CANB, DNA, K, MEL, NSW, P and PERTH for the loan of their holdings for study at BRI. The following persons provided assistance and they are thanked sincerely for their efforts; Laurie Jessup and Greg Leach for assistance while they were Australian Botanical Liaison Officer at K, Will Smith (BRI) for the illustrations and maps and Les Pedley for the translation of the diagnoses into Latin. This work was supported by grants from the Australian Biological Resource Study, Environment Australia in 1991, 1992 and 1994, which are gratefully acknowledged. References Basak, S.L. (1958). Variations in the haploid chromosome number of Corchorus sidoides F.Muell. (Family Tiliaceae). Current Science 27(3): 101. Baillon, H.E. (1866). Du genre Nettoa et des caracteres qui separent les Bixacees des Tilacees. Adansonia 6: 238-242. Bentham, G. (1863). Tiliaceae. Flora Australiensis 1: 267-282. London: Reeve & Co. Datta, R. M., Panda, B.S., Roy, K. Bose, M.M. & De, T.K. (1966). Cytotaxonomic studies of different Corchorus (Jute) species. 1. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 79(939): 467-473. Domin, K. (1928). Tiliaceae. In Beitrage zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens. Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 383-384. Halford, D.A. (1995). Notes on Tiliaceae in Australia, 2. A revision of the simple-haired species of the genus Corchorus L. Austrobaileya 4: 297-320. Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, N.H. & Barnett, L.C. (1990). Index Herbariorum. Part 1. The Herbaria of the World. 8 th edn. New York: New York Botanic Gardens. Islam, A.S. & Qaiyum, F. (1961). Chromosome numbers in the genus Corchorus. Current Science 30(11): 433. Mueller, F. (1862). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 3: 8-11. Melbourne: Victorian Government. Mueller, F. (1887). Description of a new Corchorus from Central Australia. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 9: 58-59. 626 Paczkowska, G. & Chapman, A.R. (2000). The Western Australia flora: a descriptive catalogue. Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia (Inc.), the Western Australia Herbarium, CALM and the Botanic Garden and Parks Authority. Index to Scientific Names Names in bold type are accepted names and those in light are synonyms, etc. The numbers refer to the number of the species accepted in the above taxonomic treatment. ‘Excl.’ refers to a name listed under Excluded names. Corchorus allenii F.Muell. Excl. Corchorus aulacocarpus Halford. 1 Corchorus carnarvonensis Halford. 2 Corchorus congener Halford. 3 Corchorus crassifolius Domin. 4 Corchorus crozophorifolius (Baill.) Burret. 4 Corchorus elachocarpus F.Muell. 5 Corchorus elderi F.Muell. 6 Corchorus incanus Halford. 7 Corchorus incanus Halford subsp. incanus . 7a Corchorus incanus subsp. lithophilus Halford. 7b Corchorus interstans Halford ms. 3 Corchorus laniflorus Rye . 8 Corchorus lasiocarpus Halford. 9 Corchorus lasiocarpus Halford subsp. lasiocarpus .. 9a Corchorus lasiocarpus subsp. parvus Halford. 9b Corchorus leptocarpus A.Cunn. ex Benth. 10 Corchorus lithophilus Halford ms . 7b Corchorus longipes Tate. Excl. Corchorus mitchellensis Halford. 11 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 581-629 (2004) Corchorus obclavatus Halford. 12 Corchorus pachyphyllus Burret. Excl. Corchorusparviflorus (Benth.) Domin. 13 Corchorus parviflorus (Benth.) Domin var. parviflorus 13 Corchorus parviflorus var. gracilescens Domin .... 13 Corchorus parviflorus var. ovatus Domin. 13 Corchorus puberulus Halford. 14 Corchorus pumilio R.Br. ex Benth. 15 Corchorus rostrisepalus Domin. 17c Corchorus rothii F.Muell. Excl. Corchorus saxicola Halford ms. 7b Corchorus sericeus Ewart & O.B.Davies. 16 Corchorus sericeus Ewart & O.B.Davies subsp. sericeus . 16a Corchorus sericeus subsp. densiflorus (Benth.) Halford . 16b Corchorus sidoides F.Muell. 17 Corchorus sidoides F.Muell. subsp. sidoides . 17a Corchorus sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus (Domin) Halford . 17c Corchorus sidoides subsp. vermicularis (F.Muell.) Halford . 17b Corchorus sp. Burrup (GCraig 235) . 22 Corchorus subargentus Halford. 18 Corchorus sublatus Halford. 19 Corchorus tectus Halford. 20 Corchorus tomentellus F.Muell. 21 Corchorus vermicularis F.Muell. 17b Corchorus walcottii F.Muell. 22 Corchorus walcottii F.Muell. var. walcottii . 22 Corchorus walcottii var. densiflorus Benth. 16b Corchorus walcottii var. parviflorus Benth. 13 Nettoa crozophorifolia Baill. 4 Scorpia simplicifolia Ewart & A.H.K.Petrie. 17b Map I. Distribution of Corchorus spp. C. parviflorus * , C. crozophorifolius * , C. elderi A, , C. obclavatus ♦ . Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 627 Ma p 2, Distribution of Corchorus spp, C. walcottii • , C. /jwmi/io ♦ . Map 3. Distribution of Corchorus spp, C. sidoides subsp. sidoides ★ , C. carnarvonensis • f C. fomenfellusA , C. subargentus ♦ . Map 4, Distribution of Corchorus spp, C, lanijlorus ★ , C, pufrera/us • ,C. mitchellensis ♦ , C. aulacocarpus A . Map 5. Distribution of Corc/rc»r(/,s spp. C. sidoides subsp. vermicularis-k , C. sidoides subsp. rostrisepalus • . Map 6. Distribution of Corehorus spp. C elachocarpus ★ . C incanus subsp. liihaphilusA , C. leptocarpus • G sublatus ♦ Map 7. Distribution of Corehorus spp. C. incanus subsp. incanus • . C. congener it. C. tectus A . Halford, Notes on Tiliaceae 4, Corchorus 629 Map 8. Distribution of Corchorus spp. C. iasiocarpus subsp. iasiocarpus ★ , C. sericeus subsp. sericeus • . Map 9, Distribution of Corchorus spp. C. iasiocarpus subsp. parvus A , C. sericeus subsp. densiflorus • . Stictocardia Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae) in Queensland R.W. Johnson Summary Johnson, R.W. (2004). Stictocardia Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae) in Queensland. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 631- 637. Two species of Stictocardia are recognised from Queensland. A new combination S. queenslandica (Domin) R.W.Johnson, based on Argyreia queenslandica Domin, is made. A key to identify both species is provided, together with descriptions, distribution maps and illustrations of certain diagnostic characters. Keywords: Convolvulaceae, Stictocardia, Queensland, Australia R.W. Johnson, Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland, 4066, Australia Introduction The genus Stictocardia was described by Hallier (1893) to include three species, one of which was Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f. A few specimens of S. tiliifolia had been collected from the Rockhampton and Rockingham Bay regions of Queensland in the late 1880’s when they were identified as Ipomoea grandiflora Lam. (Mueller, 1889; Bailey, 1901). It was not until Ooststroom (1943) that the transfer of this taxon to Stictocardia was recognised in Australia. In 1928 Domin described Argyreia queenslandica from a flowering specimen he collected near Mungana in 1910. He ascribed the species to the genus Argyreia. At that time he recognised two other species of Argyreia as occurring in Australia. A. soutteri (F.M.Bailey) Domin, which he transferred from the genus Lettsomia, is now known only from the type collection and now presumed extinct, while A. nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer, an introduced species, is widely naturalised in north Queensland. In recent years, fruiting material of Argyreia queenslandica has been collected from the type locality and surrounding areas. The presence of minute black glands on the underside of the leaves and the enlarged calyx which completely encloses the fruit, clearly requires the transfer of this species to the genus Stictocardia. Accepted for publication 15 March 2004 Classification Stictocardia is regarded as a member of the tribe Argyreieae (Hallier 1893; Austin & Demis sew 1997). The only other members of this tribe in Australia are the introduced Argyreia nervosa and the enigmatic A. soutteri. Taxonomy Stictocardia Hallier f., in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 18: 159 (1893); Ooststr., Blumea 5: 346, fig. 1, g-h (1943); FI. Males., ser. 1, 4(4): 491 (1953). Type: Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f. (“tiliaefolia”), based on Convolvulus tiliifolia Desr. (“tiliaefolia”). Annual to woody perennial with trailing and twining stems. Cotyledons bilobed, with the lobes ovate-oblong, diverging and greatly exceeding the base. Leaves ovate or orbicular, mainly cordate at the base, the lower surface with many minute glands. Inflorescence axillary, cymose, 1-many flowered; bracts deciduous. Sepals 5, subequal, elliptic or orbicular, obtuse to emarginate, subcoriaceous, often with thinner margin, much accrescent in fruit. Corolla red or purple, large, funnel- shaped, the midpetaline bands often somewhat pilose outside or at the distal end and with minute glands like the leaves. Stamens and style included. Filaments inserted near the corolla base; pollen grains spheroidal and polypantoporate with a spinulose surface. Ovary glabrous, 4-celled, each cell with 1 ovule; style 1, stigma biglobular. Fruit much 632 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 631-637 (2004) enclosed by the much-enlarged calyx, globular, dissepiments with 2 transverse wings at the surface of the fruit, dehiscing irregularly between the wings exposing 4 pubescent seeds. Distribution : Stictocardia is a pantropical genus of 10 species (Austin & Eich 2001). The species occur primarily in the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia with only S. tiliifolia extending into tropical America as an introduction (Austin & Demissew 1997). Stictocardia tiliifolia has been recorded from tropical Australia (Johnson 1983), though Austin & Eich (2001) in their synopsis did not cite any records from Australia. A second species in the genus, described originally as Argyreia queenslandica, is endemic to north¬ eastern Australia. Etymology : The generic name is derived from the Greek, stiktos for dotted, and kardia for heart-shaped, referring to the broadly ovate, cordate leaves dotted with glands on the lower side, a feature characteristic of the genus. Key to species of Stictocardia in Queensland 1. Outer sepals at flowering 1-1.5 cm long, to 2.5 cm at fruiting; petal segments 6-7.5 cm long. 1. S. queenslandica 2. Outer sepals at flowering 1.5-2.2 cm long, to 4.5 cm at fruiting; petal segments 8-10.5 cm long. 2. S. tiliifolia 1. Stictocardia queenslandica (Domin) R.W.Johnson, comb. nov. Argyreia queenslandica Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 1087 (1928). Type: Queensland: Nord- Queensland: am fusse eines Karsthugels bei Mungana, Domin II. 1910 (holo: PR; photo BRI). Annual or perennial with trailing and twining stems; cotyledons deeply bi-lobed (Fig. 1); stems terete, herbaceous, sparsely hairy to ± glabrous, with short, spreading to ± appressed, tubercle-based hairs, 0.1-0.2 mm long. Leaves petiolate; petiole 2-15 cm long, slightly channelled above, hairy as for stem, 0.6-1.4 times as long as the blade; blade simple, broadly ovate, occasionally ovate- to oblong-elliptic, often shortly acuminate, 8-18 cm long, 6-15 cm wide with a L:W ratio of 1.1 to 1.4, apex narrowly obtuse, mucronate, base cordate often with an oblong sinus, 15-25% of the blade length, discolorous, darker green above, the underside covered with dark green to black glandular pits, sparsely hairy to iglabrous, occasionally moderately hairy on both sides, hairs short, weakly erect to ascending, 0.1-0.2 mm long, midrib with 6-8 secondary veins per side. Inflorescence axillary, cymose, usually simple, occasionally compound, bearing 1-2, rarely 3 flowers, occasionally with 2 inflorescences per axil, often with glandular pits on peduncles, pedicels and sepals; peduncle terete, stout, 0.4-2.0 cm long, extending to 3.0 cm at fruiting, glabrous to very sparsely hairy; bracts opposite to sub-opposite, herbaceous, oblong, 2.5-4 mm long, 1-1.8 mm wide, apex rounded to barely acute, ciliate, face + glabrous, with a raised midrib, abscissing when in bud or early flowering; pedicels terete, thicker than the peduncle, flattened and dilated and becoming angular upwards, 0.7-1.2 cm long, extending to 1.7 cm at fruiting, glabrous or with an occasional hair. Sepals concave, thick, ifleshy, with a narrow hyaline margin, becoming leathery and enclosing the capsule at fruiting; outer sepals broadly ovate to ovate- orbicular, 1.0-1.5 cm long, 1.4-2.0 cm wide, expanding to 2.5 cm x 3.5 cm at fruiting, apex obtuse, base truncate to slightly cordate, glabrous except for some short marginal and ciliate hairs; inner sepals orbicular to ovate or oblong-orbicular, 1.2-1.6 cm long, 1.0-1.6 cm wide, expanding to 2.5 cm x 2.7 cm at fruiting (Fig. 3A), apex obtuse to rounded, emarginate, base + rounded to truncate, glabrous. Corolla funnel-shaped, limb purple to reddish-purple with darker purple inner throat and midpetaline bands, 5.5-6.5 cm long, tube to base of flare 2.0-3.5 cm long, limb 4.5-6 cm diameter, tube at base of flare 0.9-1.3 cm diameter, glabrous except for a few hairs on the midpetaline band towards the limb and a fringe of slender, somewhat sinuate, ciliate hairs, 0.2-0.75 mm long, lining the rim each side of the midpetaline Johnson, Stictocardia in Queensland 633 Fig. 1 . Cotyledons of Stictocardia queenslandica from glasshouse specimen grown from Clarkson 3789. band; petal segments 6.0-7.5 cm long, 2.5-3.7 cm wide at the limb, distally rounded- triangular, sometimes emarginate. Stamens 5, fused for 9-12 mm from the base of the corolla tube, fused area not raised; filaments terete above, flattened and dilated downwards, unequal in length, 1.3-2.1 cm long, densely hairy from just below the point of insertion for 2-5 mm along the filament, hairs reddish- purple, cylindrical, sinuate with small clear club-shaped to cylindrical terminal cells, up to 1.25 mm long; anthers lanceolate, sagittate, 4.0-4.8 mm long, 1.2-1.6 mm wide, apex rounded to truncate, basal lobes rounded, 0.6-0.9 mm long, splitting lengthwise at maturity; pollen globular, spinulose. Ovary ovoid, constricted in the upper part, quadrangular in cross-section, glabrous, 4- celled, with 1 ovule per cell, disk prominent, donut-shaped, 5-lobed, 0.4-0.7 mm high, yellowish; style 2.5-3.0 cm long, unbranched, glabrous, bearing a capitate to almost 2-lobed stigma, 2.3-2.4 mm x 1.75-2.0 mm in cross- section, with laterally compressed conical tubercles bearing short hair-like protuberances. Capsule ovoid to depressed globular-ovoid, rounded-quadrangular in cross section, with thin papery walls, 1.0-1.5 cm high, 1.0-1.7 cm diameter, glabrous, 4-celled, septa persistent at maturity with distal, transverse wings, irregularly dehiscing longitudinally between the wings. Seeds 4, ^-globular-ovoid, olive- brown to black, 7.5-9 mm long, 6 -8 mm wide, moderately to densely pubescent, with short erect to ascending golden brown hairs, 0.1-0.2 mm long somewhat matted, with longer hairs to 1 mm densely clustered on the inner margin of the hilum. Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: 16km E of Rookwood Creek, c. 16km W of Chillagoe, Mar 1980, Clarkson 3025 (BRI); c. 1km towards Chillagoe from Mungana railway siding, Jun 1981, Clarkson 3789 (BRI); Royal Arch Tower, c. 5km SW of Chillagoe, Mar 1987, Clarkson 6837 & McDonald (BRI, MBA, QRS, K); The Archways, c. 15km NW of Chillagoe, May 1987, Clarkson 6860 & McDonald (BRI, MBA); 2 km SE of Rookwood Homestead, c. 6km NW of Mungana, Jun 1983, Conn & De Campo 1347 (MEL, BRI, MBA); NPR 98, Royal Archway Cave, Mungana, Apr 2000, Ford 02382 (QRS, BRI); Wrotham Park - Mungana road, 8km NW of Mungana, Apr 1980, Johnson 4043 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : It is endemic to Australia and is restricted to a small area in the Chillagoe-Mungana area (Map 1). It appears to be confined to limestone outcrops and grows in deciduous vine thickets. 634 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 631-637 (2004) Phenology: Flowers have been recorded from March to June with fruiting occurring soon after flowering. Fruit have been recorded from April to November. Etymology: The specific epithet refers to Queensland, the state of Australia in which it was discovered. Notes: It resembles Stictocardia discolor Ooststr., based on the description given by Ooststroom (1943), which is known only from one collection from Timor. Both S. queenslandica and S. discolor have shorter sepals and corollas than S. tiliifolia. However S. discolor appears to have shorter sepals and longer and more slender peduncles and pedicels than S. queenslandica. In addition, S. discolor is characterised by a red coloration on the lower leaf surface. Conservation status: This species is listed as Rare under Queensland Government legislation. 2. Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. 18: 159 (1893) (“tiliaefolia”); Ooststr. Blumea 5: 346. (1943); Ooststr. FI. Males, ser. 1, 4: 491. (1953); Rivea tiliaefolia (Desr.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 407 (1834); Argyreia tiliaefolia (Desr. ) Wight, leones PI. Ind. Or. 4(2): 121. 1358. (1848); Convolvulus tiliaefolius Desr., in Lam. Encycl. Meth., Bot 3: 544 (1792). Type: Mauritius, Commerson (P, not seen). Ipomoea grandiflora Lam., Tabl. Encycl. I: 467 (1791). Woody perennial liana with twining stems; stems terete, herbaceous, moderately hairy with short, weakly ascending, tubercle-based hairs, 0.1-0.4 mm long, becoming woody, reddish- purple in colour, distinctly lenticular and glabrous at the base. Leaves petiolate; petiole 2.5-10 cm long, slightly channelled in the upper half, hairy as for the stem, 0.3-0.9 times as long as the blade; blade simple, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong to almost orbicular, often shortly and abruptly acuminate, (6-) 8-18 cm long, 6-14 cm wide with a L:W ratio of 0.9-1.4, apex acute, occasionally rounded to emarginate, mucronate, base cordate with a broad rounded sinus, 15-27% of the blade length, discolorous, darker green above, the underside covered with dark green to black glandular pits, moderately to sparsely hairy on both sides, hairs short, erect to ascending, 0.1-0.4 mm long, midrib with 6-9 secondary veins per side. Inflorescence axillary, cymose, usually simple, occasionally compound, bearing 1, rarely 2 or 3 flowers, often with glandular pits on peduncles, pedicels and sepals; peduncle terete, stout, 1.5-6.5 cm long, moderately hairy with short sinuate, erect to ascending matted hairs, 0.1-0.4 mm long,; bracts opposite to subopposite, herbaceous, oblong, concave, 4.5- 8 mm long, 2.8-4 mm wide, apex rounded, emarginate, mucronulate, sparsely to moderately hairy, occasionally ± glabrous, abscissing when in bud or early flowering; pedicels terete, stout, slightly dilated and angular upwards, 1.0-2.0 cm long, moderately hairy, glabrescent. Sepals concave, thick, ifleshy, with a narrow hyaline margin, becoming leathery with distinct longitudinal and reticulate venation and enclosing the capsule at fruiting; outer sepals broadly ovate to orbicular or + reniform, 1.5-2.0 (-2.2) cm long, 2.0-2.5 cm wide, expanding to 4.5 cm x 5 cm at fruiting (Fig. 3B.), apex rounded, ± emarginate, base rounded to shallowly cordate, moderately to sparsely hairy, glabrescent; inner sepals broadly elliptic to orbicular or obovate- orbicular, slightly smaller than the outer, 1.3-1.8 (-2.0) cm long and wide at flowering and expanding at fruiting, apex rounded, emarginate, base + rounded to truncate, glabrous. Corolla funnel-shaped, limb purple with darker violet-purple inner throat and midpetaline bands, (6.5-) 7.0-8.5 cm long, tube to base of flare 3-4 cm long, limb 6-9 cm diameter, tube at base of flare 1.5-2 cm diameter, ± glabrous or with scattered hairs on the midpetaline band towards the tip and a fringe of slender, somewhat sinuate, ciliate hairs 0.2-0.75 mm long lining the rim each side of the midpetaline band; petal segments 7.5- 10.5 cm long, 3.5-5 cm wide at the limb, distally rounded, emarginate. Stamens 5, fused for 10-13 mm from the base of the corolla tube, fused area not raised; filaments terete above, slightly flattened and dilated downwards, unequal in length, (2.7-) 3.5-4.5 cm long, densely hairy from about the point of insertion for 4-8 mm along the filament, hairs reddish- purple, dense, cylindrical, sinuate with short, Johnson, Stictocardia in Queensland 635 clear, globular to club-shaped terminal cells, to 1.2 mm long; anthers lanceolate, sagittate, 5.0-6.5 mm long, 1.7-2.5 mm wide, apex rounded, bluntly apiculate, basal lobes rounded, 1.0-1.4 mm long, splitting lengthwise at maturity; pollen globular, spinulose (Fig. 2.). Ovary ovoid, constricted in the upper part, rounded quadrangular in cross-section, glabrous, 4-celled with 1 ovule per cell, disk prominent, donut-shaped, 5-lobed, 0.6-1.0 mm high, golden-yellow; style 4.0-5.7 cm long, unbranched, glabrous, bearing a bi-globular stigma, 2.5-3.0 mm x 1.5-1.8 mm in cross- section, covered in distinct tubercles bearing short hair-like protuberances. Capsule ovoid, rounded-quadrangular in cross section, 1.5-2 cm high, 1.6-2 cm diameter, glabrous, 4 celled, septa persistent at maturity with distal, transverse wings, irregularly dehiscing longitudinally between the wings. Seeds 4, ^-globular-ovoid, 8-11 mm long and 6-8 mm wide, brown, densely pubescent with short erect to ascending brown hairs, 0.1-0.2 mm long, somewhat matted with longer hairs to 1 mm densely clustered around the hilum. Selected specimens examined : Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf Region: Goromuru River, c. 7 km SE of mouth, 27 Apr 1996, Cowie 6659 & Bokarra (DNA, BRI); Arafura Swamp area near Raminging, Sep 1998, Cowie & Mangion 7963 (DNA, BRI); Arnhem Land, Bennet Bay, Nov 1987 Dunlop 7350 (DNA, BRI); 9 km SW of West Alhgator Head, Kakadu, Jun 1988, Russell-Smith 5612 & Lucas. (DNA, BRI); 11 km E Channel Point, Nov 1988, Russell- Smith 6406 & (BRI, DNA). Queensland. Cook District: Low Isles, May 1963, Cribb BRIU2839 (BRI). North Kennedy District: Mount Bertha, Gloucester Island, 21 Mar 1994, Batianoff 9403318 & Dillewaard (BRI); nr Port Denison, 1887, Birch s.n. (MEL 95501); Cromarty, Mar 1935, Blake 8318 (BRI); Rockingham Bay, s.d., Dallachy, (MEL95476); Ayr, s.d., Michael 1526 (BRI); Harvey Range, Oct 1929, Pollock s.n. (BRI); Long Island, Jul 1935, White 12157 (BRI). Port Curtis District: Howard Point, Middle Percy Island, Oct 1989, Batianoff 11706, Champion, Thompson & Dillewaard (BRI); Rockhampton, s.d., Dietrich (MEL 95502). Moreton District: Burleigh Heads, Mt Burleigh National Park, 1972, Catherine (BRI). Distribution and habitat : It is widespread throughout the old world tropics from central and southern Africa through south-east Asia to Australia and islands in the west Pacific Ocean and is naturalised in tropical America. It has been recorded along the coast of northern and north-eastern Australia from east of Darwin to Burleigh Heads, SE of Brisbane (Map 1). It grows mainly in coastal vine forests; occasionally in coastal eucalypt open forests. Phenology: Flowers have been recorded from March to July and fruit from July to November. Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the shape of the leaves which resemble those of the Linden or lime tree ( Tilia spp.) Conservation status: This species is currently not considered to be rare or endangered. References Austin, D.L. & Demissew, S. (1997). Unique fruits and generic status of Stictocardia (Convolvulaceae). Kew Bulletin 52: 161-169. Austin, D.L. & Eich, E. (2001). Synopsis of Stictocardia with another Madagascan species, S. mojangensis (Convolvulaceae). Willdenowia 31:79-85. Bailey, F. M. (1901). The Queensland Flora. Part IV. Brisbane: H. J. Diddams & Co. Domin, K. (1928). Argyreia. Beitrage zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens. Bibliotheca Botanica 89(6): 1087. Hallier, H. (1893). Convolvulaceae Africanae. Botanische Jahrbuecherfuer Systematik 18: 81-160. Johnson, R.W. (1983). Convolvulaceae, in R.D Morley & H.R. Toelken (eds), Flowering Plants of Australia, pp 259-261. Adelaide: Rigby Publishers. Mueller, F. (1889). Second Systematic Census of Australian Plants. Part 1, Vasculares. Melbourne: Government Printer. Mabberley, D.J. (1997). The Plant-Book. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oostroom, S.J. van (1943). The Convolvulaceae of Malaysia IV, XIX. Stictocardia Hall. f. Blumea 5: 346-352. -(1953). Convolvulaceae. In FI. Males., Ser. 1, 4: 388-512. Djakarta: Noordhoof-Kolff n.v. 636 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 631-637 (2004) Map 1. Distribution of □ Stictocardia queenslandica and • S. tilt (folia. Fig. 2. Pollen grain of Stictocardia tiliifolia from Dunlop 2782 (AD). Johnson, Stictocardia in Queensland 637 Fig. 3. Fruiting calyx of A. Stictocardia queenslandica - (glasshouse specimen ( Calway BRI-AQ378863), grown from seed of Clarkson 3789 x 1.5) and B. S. tiliifolia - C Pollock s.n. (BRI-AQ 277029) x 1.5) The taxonomy and ecology of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter (Solanaceae) in Queensland and far north-eastern New South Wales, Australia A.R. Bean Summary Bean, A.R. (2004), The taxonomy and ecology of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter (Solanaceae) in Queensland and far north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Austrobaileya 6(4): 639-816. 90 species (82 indigenous and 8 naturalised) of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum are recorded for Queensland and far north-eastern New South Wales (north of 29°S latitude), with 50 species endemic. 29 species and one subspecies are described as new and illustrated (S. ammophilum, S. argopetalum, S. cocosoides, S. crebrispinum, S. ditrichum, S. dryanderense, S. dumicola, S. dysprosium, S. eminens, S. fervens, S. francisii, S. galbinum, S. graniticum, S. hapalum, S. innoxium, S. intonsum, S. johnsonianum, S. jucunclum, S. latens, S. longissimum, S. lythrocarpum, S. mentiens, S. parvifolium subsp. tropicum, S. pusillum, S. rixosum, S. senticosum, S. stenopterum, S. ultimum, S. versicolor and S. vicinum ); six species are reinstated ( S. angustum Domin, S. erassitomentosum Domin, S. defensum F.Muell., S. magnifolium F.Muell., S. mitchellianum Domin and S. shirleyanum Domin) and three are reduced to synonymy ( S. cleistogamum Symon, S. dallachii Benth. and S. seitheae Symon). S. dianthophorum Dunal is accepted, but known only from the holotype. S. centrale and S. yirrkalense are newly recorded as native to Queensland, and S. incanum is newly recorded as naturalised. Lectotypes are chosen for S. defensum and S. dunalianum, and a replacement lectotype chosen for S. sturtianum. All Australian species are classified into (mostly pre-existing) informal taxonomic groups. Distribution maps and notes on distribution are given for all taxa. Other biogeographical data (based on degrees of latitude and longitude) are provided, both at species and group level. Indumentum characters (particularly those of the stellate hairs) have been used extensively to elucidate the taxonomy of the group. Ecological requirements of various Solanum species and the reasons for their infrequent or transient occurrence are discussed. The use of Solanum fruits as food is reviewed. Identification keys (dichotomous and multi-access) are provided for all Queensland species. The conservation status of all indigenous taxa is assessed. Keywords: Solanum, Solanum subg. Leptostemonum, new species, taxonomy, ecology, biogeography, conservation status, Queensland, New South Wales, Australia, keys, DELTA, identification, indumentum, stellate hairs. A.R. Bean, Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia Introduction Solanum is the fourth largest Angiosperm genus in the Queensland flora. An interrogation of the Queensland Herbarium database in July 2003 returned 73 accepted and formally named indigenous Solanum species. Only Acacia (305 spp.), Eucalyptus (188 spp.), and Cyperus (112 spp.), had more species. Five subgenera of Solanum (using the classification of D’Arcy (1972)) are represented in Queensland, either as natives or naturalisations: S. subg. Archaesolanum - the ‘Kangaroo Apples’, quick growing shrubs without stellate hairs or prickles, leaves often deeply lobed {S. aviculare, S. vescum)\ Accepted for publication 2 February 2004 S. subg. Brevantherum - comprising the ‘Wild Tobaccos’, large shrubs with stellate hairs and corymbose inflorescences (S. mauritianum, S. erianthum, S. abutiloides ); S. subg. Leptostemonum - the subject of this paper, and comprising the majority of taxa; S. subg. Potatoe - the ‘Potato Creepers’, vines with deeply lobed leaves ( S. laxum, S. seaforthianum, S. triflorum)\ S. subg. Solanum - comprising the ‘Blackberry Nightshades’ or ‘Black Nightshades’, small shrubs with umbel-like inflorescences (S. americanum, S. chenopodioides, S. nigrum, S. opacum, S. physalifolium, S. villosum), and two species from S. sect. Geminata (Knapp 640 2002) - S. spirale, a tall rainforest shrub with globose or ellipsoidal orange fruits, and the small shrub S. pseudocapsicum (Jerusalem Cherry). Solanum subg. Leptostemonum consists of about 500 species distributed throughout the warmer parts of the world, but with centres of diversity in the South American tropics and subtropics, central east Africa, New Guinea and Australia. Distinguishing morphological characters for the subgenus include the attenuate anthers, stellate indumentum, and the presence of prickles (Whalen 1984). They may be briefly described as the “prickly” Solanum species. The few species that lack prickles invariably possess stellate indumentum, and the few species that lack stellate indumentum invariably possess prickles. Significant contributions to the taxonomy and knowledge of Queensland members of the subgenus have been made by Brown (1810), Mueller (1861), Bentham (1868), Domin (1929), Symon(1971,1981,1995), Ross (1986) and Bean (2001, 2002b). A reappraisal of Queensland species is necessary for several reasons. Some previously synonymised species (particularly those described by Karel Domin) deserve to be re¬ instated; additional taxa have been discovered or recognised; extra information on distribution, morphology or ecology has become available for many species; and some nomenclatural changes are necessary. The inclusion of a small portion of New South Wales (north of 29° S) in this study means that the biogeographic data are more meaningful. The ensuing discussion relates entirely to the members of S. subg. Leptostemonum occurring in Queensland and far northeastern New South Wales. Morphology and terminology Habit : Habit varies from completely prostrate shrubs to small trees attaining 9 metres in height ( S. viridifolium ). Most are shrubs 0.5- 1.5 metres high. Habit is discussed further in the Ecology section below. Juvenile plants: These are plants that have not yet reached reproductive age, or are bearing Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) their first flowers. Their leaves are called juvenile leaves. The juvenile leaves are generally larger, pricklier and more deeply lobed than those occurring on adult (flowering and fruiting) plants. The stems of juvenile plants of any given species are usually more densely prickly than on adult plants. Juvenile growth may also be found on vigorous shoots arising from the lower parts of sexually mature plants, or the shoots arising from a cut stem. For species exceeding 1 metre in height at maturity, juvenile characters have been assessed, where possible, on plants 20-30 cm high. For smaller species, particularly the herbaceous resprouters, the juvenile stage is either absent or of very short duration, and hence is only rarely described. Sympodia: Each inflorescence in Solanum is developmentally terminal, but is quickly exceeded by subsequent vegetative growth (Child 1979). Each lateral vegetative shoot is termed a sympodial unit. The sympodia are usually difoliate i.e. there are two leaves between successive inflorescences. These leaves may arise from the same position on the stem (geminate) or not (disjunct). Bark: In most species, the bark is unremarkable and rather non-descript. It is smooth, green to dark brown, and often bears raised lenticels. However, in two species ( S . furfuraceum and S. sporadotrichum ), the bark is conspicuously furrowed and corky, especially on the large stems. In these species, corky outgrowths are usually visible even on (the thicker stems of) herbarium specimens. Corky stems (less obvious than the above) are also found on S. versicolor, S. francisii and S. erassitomentosum. Large stems: Those more than 30 cm from the growing point, and including the trunks of small trees. Branchlets: Stems less than 30 cm from the growing point {i.e. those usually present on herbarium specimens). In most species, they appear to the naked eye smooth and terete, but in a few species (notably S. quadriloculatum ), they are conspicuously ridged. Adult leaves: Leaves that are found adjacent to, or distal from, the inflorescences. Many Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 641 species have entire adult leaves, but in others, the adult leaves are variously lobed. A “lobing index” is used in this paper, which is the length of the lobe halfway along the lamina divided by the parallel length of the adjacent sinus (f/e in Fig. 1). The index is 1 for an entire leaf; leaves with an index >2 are considered to be deeply lobed. While the leaf size of a species can vary considerably depending on prevailing environmental conditions, the lobing index is relatively constant. In a few species, leaves can be pseudo-pinnate (derived from deeply lobed leaves where the proximal lobes are divided right to the midrib). At least some of the adult leaves of all Queensland Solanum species are bilaterally asymmetrical, and this is manifested most conspicuously at the lamina base. In this paper, such a leaf base is described as oblique. Obliqueness is given both in absolute terms (the length “b” on Fig. 1) and as a percentage of lamina length (100 x b/(a+b) on Fig. 1). Petiole length is measured in absolute terms (the length “c” on Fig. 1) and as a percentage of lamina length (100 x c/(a+b) on Fig. 1). Both are useful for discriminating some taxa. In a few species, the petioles are winged, the wings consisting of a narrow strip of green tissue on either side of the petiole throughout its length. Inflorescence: Solanum inflorescences are ebracteate scorpioid cymes, but often appearing racemose, with a single axis bearing several pedicellate flowers. A few species ( e.g. S. chrysotrichum ) have a much-branched inflorescence, resembling a panicle. In some species, particularly those allied to S. densevestitum, the inflorescence comprises a single flower, or sometimes 2-3 flowers all arising from the branchlet without any common peduncle (pseudo-umbellate). The ‘racemose’ inflorescence may also lack a common peduncle, with the basal flower emerging very close to the branchlet, and subsequent flowers borne on a rachis. Sex expression : Many species are andromonoecious, that is, their inflorescences comprise some bisexual flowers (towards the base) and some male flowers, where the style is much reduced in length and is non-functional (Whalen 1984). A style can be inferred to be functional when it protrudes beyond the top of the anthers. Another large group of species bear only bisexual flowers. One Queensland species (S. carduiforme ) is dioecious (Symon 1981). Flowers : Solanum flowers are largely pentamerous, but tetramery (where there are 4 calyx lobes, four corolla lobes and four stamens) is found in several groups or species. For most species, only occasional tetramerous flowers occur, but in some species (e.g. S. viridifolium) approximately half of the flowers are tetramerous, while in a few species (e.g. S. ammophilum ) all flowers appear to be tetramerous. The calyx comprises a fused basal section or “tube”, and free lobes. The calyx tube is somewhat invariate in shape, but the shape of the calyx lobes is often somewhat diagnostic. The calyx invariably grows between anthesis and fruiting, but in many species this growth is minimal and the lobes fail to extend to half the length of the mature fruit (not accrescent). In other species, either the calyx lobes grow until they extend beyond the fruit, or the calyx tube grows to completely envelop the mature fruit (accrescent). Prickliness of the calyx is correlated with both sex expression and accrescence. In some Queensland species (mostly naturalised species such as S. linnaeanum, but also S. stupefactum ), the calyx of the basal bisexual flowers is much more prickly than that of the distal male flowers. In species with a strongly accrescent calyx, the calyx is always prickly. The pedicels generally lengthen between anthesis and fruit maturation, and hence measurements are provided for both stages. Corolla shape, size, and sometimes colour, are useful in identifying Solanum species. The shape is dependent on the amount of “interpetalar” tissue present (the tissue connecting the individual lobes of the corolla). Species with little or no interpetalar tissue have deeply lobed corollas; species with abundant interpetalar tissue have rotate or pentagonal corollas. In most Queensland species, the corolla is mauve to purple, but in a few it is white, while one naturalised species (S. rostratum ) has a yellow corolla. All 642 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of leaves showing the measurements used. Queensland species (except S. pugiunculiferum ) have stellate hairs on the outer surface of the corolla, but relatively few have hairs on the inner surface, and hence this character is useful. Each stamen comprises a short filament and a relatively long, attenuate, yellow anther. The anthers are very similar throughout the subgenus, although anther length can be diagnostic. The style is most often erect, emerging between the stamens, but some species have a sigmoid or eccentric style that is strongly bent just above the ovary, so that it does not touch the anthers at all. The stigma is for most species unremarkable, being entire or obscurely lobed. However, in a few species belonging to the S. dioicum group, the stigma is conspicuously forked, with each fork up to 5 mm long. The ovary is a rather uniform structure, but the indumentum pattern on the surface is very useful. Fruits and seeds: Mature fruits are very valuable for species identification and classification (Nee 1986; Symon 1987). Each species has a characteristic fruit size, shape, colour, exocarp thickness and placentation pattern, and related species usually have si mil ar fruit characteristics. Unfortunately, dried fruits preserved on herbarium specimens are totally unsuitable for determining most of the characters mentioned, even colour. Collectors rarely mention fruit colour, and when they do, there is no guarantee that the fruits they observed were mature. Hence fresh fruits or fruits preserved in alcohol and good collector’s notes are essential for the accurate assessment of fruiting characters. Such collections are very infrequent, and much is still to be learned. Fruit maturity is indicated in the field either by a distinct colour change (usually from green to red), or by their becoming relatively soft and easily detached from the plant. About 21 of the Queensland species (belonging to Groups 5, 9A & 13) have bright red succulent fruits with a thin exocarp, e.g. S. stelligerum. The three species of Group 13A similarly have succulent fruits with a thin exocarp, but are black in colour. All these species have inflorescences in which usually all flowers are bisexual. Many other species (of Groups 22-28) have fruits with a thicker exocarp that remain pale green (often with some darker green variegation) at maturity, or sometimes becoming greenish-white or pale yellow. This fruit type is correlated with a weakly or strongly andromonoecious inflorescence. A small number of species have fruits which do not fit either of these types e.g. S. vicinum has a large deep-purple fruit about the size of a plum; S. stupe)actum has a bright- orange hairy fruit. Fruit shape is globular for most species, but distinctly oblate for S. echinatum, and distinctly ellipsoidal for S. innoxium and S. gympiense. Placentation is a character that varies widely between species (Nee 1986). The “standard” placentation pattern for Solanaceae is a 2-locular fruit with axile placentas, but many Queensland taxa have 1-locular fruits, and a few have 3- or 4-locular fruits. The degree of development of the placenta also varies greatly. Seed morphology is rather similar throughout, and all species have seeds that are Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 643 Fig. 2. Pedicel of S. torvurn , showing mixture of gland-tipped finger hairs and stellate hairs (Wilson GWW 123) lenticular and orbicular to somewhat reniform in outline. Differences in colour are useful in discriminating some species. Most species have pale (white to pale yellow) seeds, but a few species have quite dark seeds (brown to black). Trichomes : Trichome morphology is extremely useful in Solanum taxonomy (Roe 1971; Seithe 1979; Whalen et al. 1981; Seithe & Sullivan 1990), but has been only superficially utilised by taxonomists dealing with Australian species. Comprehensive trichome descriptions are provided in this paper, as trichomes have proven to be consistent in form and size for each plant part for each species, and hence exceedingly useful for distinguishing taxa. There is often a bewildering array of trichome constructions present on a single species. For example, the pattern observed on the branchlets is usually different from that observed on the upper leaf surface, and that pattern is different from that of the lower leaf surface etc. Hence, for the comparisons to be useful, indumentum must be described separately for each plant part. In this paper, five plant parts have been chosen for which indumentum is described in detail: branchlets, leaf upper surface, leaf lower surface, pedicel/ calyx, and ovary/style. Some trichome terminology follows Roe (1971). The trichome types used here are adapted from Seithe (1979), who recognised several kinds of trichomes, belonging to two distinct classes. Type 1 hairs include Finger hairs and all forms of Stellate hairs, while Type 2 hairs are very short gland-tipped trichomes, relatively uniform in appearance (see below). 1. Finger hairs (Seithe 1979; Seithe & Anderson 1982) - uniseriate unbranched hairs consisting of more than one cell, and usually 0.5-5 mm long. This hair type is found on several Queensland species (Fig. 2, 3). Seithe (1979) has shown that they are ontologically related to stellate hairs, and that the latter are derived from finger hairs. In a few Queensland species, the developmental process can be observed directly e.g. finger hairs with tiny protuberances near the base; or stellate hairs with very short lateral rays and very long 644 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Fig. 3. Branchlet of S. ditrichum, showing abundant finger hairs (Forster 11564 & Leiper) central ray. In other species, finger hairs may be present as ‘protostellae’ (see below). However in most cases, the finger and stellate hair types are readily distinguishable. The finger hairs may have a unicellular glandular tip. 2. Stellate hairs (Roe 1971; Seithe 1979) - made up of a multiseriate stalk (sometimes obscure or absent) bearing varying numbers of unicellular, acicular lateral rays and (usually) with an erect uniseriate central ray or midpoint (Whalen 1984) (Fig. 2, 4-10). Stellate hairs are a feature of nearly all species in the subgenus (and the subgenus comprises the majority of Solarium species in Australia). The morphological characteristics of stellate hairs (size, form, colour, density, number of lateral rays, and relative length of central ray) are all very useful for taxonomic purposes, in that the indumentum pattern for each plant part within a species has proven to be remarkably consistent. (a) Developmental forms of stellate hairs In many species, all hairs growing adjacent to each other are more or less the same size and shape. In other species, it appears that the development of the stellate indumentum of the leaves (and probably other organs) “switches off’ before all the hairs have reached optimum development, resulting in stellae of differing sizes and developments being found in close proximity. In this paper, stellate hairs that have not reached their optimum development are termed “protostellae”. These protostellae are smaller in size than ordinary stellae, and have fewer lateral rays, and they are interspersed with the ordinary stellae (Fig 5,10). Protostellae are usually mentioned only for the upper leaf surface, though they may be present on other parts of the plant. (b) Diameter The average width of the stellate hair projected at right angles to the subtending surface. The absolute distance between stellae is measured from centre to centre. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 645 Fig. 4. Calyx of S. longissimum, showing developing prickles with complete stellate hair at the apex (Bean 5617 & Forster) (c) Density Leaf indumentum density is measured on fully expanded adult leaves. In the species descriptions, the following terminology is used for stellate hair density: very dense - ordinary stellae overlapping, multi-layered, the subtending surface not visible with hand lens (Fig. 8); dense - ordinary stellae overlapping, 0.1- 0.5 diameter apart (centre to centre), 1 or 2 layers only, the subtending surface visible with hand lens; moderate - ordinary stellae just overlapping, 0.5-1 diameter apart (centre to centre) (Fig. 7); sparse - ordinary stellae 1-2 diameters apart (centre to centre) (Fig. 5); very sparse - ordinary stellae > 2 diameters apart (centre to centre) (Fig. 10). Hence for “very dense”, “dense” and “moderate”, the stellae are overlapping; for “sparse” and “very sparse”, they do not touch each other. Stellate hair density is certainly quite variable for a species. Observations in the field and herbarium show that relatively large leaves that have developed under mesic conditions tend to have more widely spaced hairs than on small leaves developed under xeric conditions. It is hypothesised that the number of stellate hairs per leaf is fixed for each genotype, and that density is determined by environmental conditions. (d) Orientation of lateral rays If the lateral rays of the stellate hair are all in one plane, like the spokes of a wheel, they are described as “porrect” (Roe 1971) (Fig. 4,6-10). Sometimes the lateral rays are all placed at 30-60 degrees from the central ray. In this case, the lateral rays (usually 8 or fewer) are described here as “ascending” (Fig. 5). If the lateral rays (usually 8-16) are placed at various angles with respect to the central ray, the hair is described as “multiradiate” (Roe 1971). 646 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Fig. 5. Stellate hair pattern on the upper leaf surface of S.furfuraceum, showing ascending lateral rays (Bean 15928) (e) Central ray The ratio of the central ray length compared to the average lateral ray length is reported. In some species, the central ray of the stellate hair possesses a unicellular glandular tip (Seithe 1979) (Fig. 3). (f) Stalk length Often, stellate hairs are sessile, i.e. there is no stalk below the lateral rays. In all other cases, the stalk length is reported. Summary of stellate hair patterns observed in Queensland species a) Relative diameter: In general, stellae from the upper leaf surface have a smaller diameter than elsewhere on the plant. Those from the lower leaf surface, branchlets, calyx and style are usually about the same size. b) Absolute diameter : The broadest stellae are possessed by S. densevestitum (up to 1.8 mm across). Other species with very broad stellae are S. crebrispinum, S. quadriloculatum, S. stenopterum, S. chippendalei and S. stupefactum. Species with the smallest stellae include S. corifolium, S. mentiens, S. francisii, S. macoorai, S. elachophyllum and S. sturtianum, whose stellae are frequently less than 0.2 mm across. c) Lateral rays: Many species have 8, 7 or 8, or 6-8 lateral rays on each stellate hair. Some species have many more lateral rays. S. elaeagnifolium branchlet stellae have 15-18 lateral rays. Other species with 13 or more lateral rays are S. ammophilum, S. cinereum, S. dianthophorum, S. dryanderense, S. elachophyllum, S. oligacanthum, S. sturtianum (Fig. 8) and S. yirrkalense. Species with very few lateral rays include S. cookii, S. coracinum, S. densevestitum, S. dumicola, S. francisii, S. latens, S. pusillum and S. rostratum. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 647 Fig. 6. Upper leaf surface of S. pusillum, showing stellate hairs and Type 2 hairs (Bean 2604) d) Central ray: Five species have branchlet stellae lacking a central ray: S. corifolium, S. dimorphispinum, S. lacunarium, S. mentiens and S. sturtianum. In most species, the central ray is about equal in length to the lateral rays or a little longer. Several species have branchlet stellae where the central ray is very short (< 0.5 times the length of the lateral rays); S. amblymerum, S. ammophilum, S. chrysotrichum, S. defensum, S. elachophyllum, S. elaeagnifolium, S. inaequilaterum, S. limitare, S. macoorai, S. torvum. At the other extreme are species where the central ray is 5-10 times the length of the laterals, giving the indumentum a shaggy or velvety appearance. These include S. cookii, S. densevestitum, S. fervens, S. hapalum, S. innoxium, S. johnsonianum, S. lasiocarpum, S. magnifolium, S. serpens, S. stelligerum. The variation in the central ray ratio shows no consistent pattern within a species. In other words, the ratio on the branchlets may differ somewhat from the ratio of the lower leaf or the calyx, but it is not consistently longer or shorter on any of these plant parts. While the ratio is usually about the same within a species, a few species have widely different ratios on different plant parts e.g. S. torvum 0.1- 0.3 vs. 0.8-2; S. latens 0.5-1 vs. 1.5-3; S. lasiocarpum 0.8-1.5 vs. 4-10; S. gympiense 1-2 vs. 2-4; S. ditrichum 0.7-1.5 vs. 2-3. Type 2 hairs are very short trichomes (<0.1 mm long) occurring in Solanaceae, normally with one stalk cell, and a transparent multicellular glandular head (Seithe & Sullivan 1990). They have also been called ‘capitate- glandular trichomes’ (Whalen et al. 1981), ‘multicellular glands’ (Seithe 1979; Seithe & Anderson 1982) or ‘stipitate glands’ (Merrill & Perry 1949; Bean 2001). They are present, though often inconspicuous, on many species, particularly on the ovary and vegetative 648 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Fig. 7. Stellate hair pattern on the upper leaf surface of S. galbinum (Thomas 1817 &Thompson) growing points (Fig. 6). Seithe (1979) has shown that they are not developmentally related to Type 1 hairs. A variant of the Type 2 hair has been observed on the ovary of S. ammophilum. These hairs are about 0.1 mm long, have a relatively short stalk and a long ellipsoidal gland, distinctly opaque and white in colour. The glandular portion obviously secretes a great deal of mucilage, as the fruits and the inner surface of the calyx in S. ammophilum are quite sticky. Apart from this variant, Type 2 hairs seem quite uniform in morphology, though this may be merely a function of the difficulty in observing such a small structure. Prickles in Solanum are rigid, shiny, sharply pointed structures. They are a feature of almost all species of the subgenus, and may be found on the large stems, branchlets, petioles, laminae, peduncles, pedicels, calyx, and (rarely) the corolla. Their size, shape, distribution and relative abundance is often diagnostic for a species. They are straight, acicular and spreading in the vast majority of Australian native species, but in many naturalised species, they are broad-based and often recurved. Acicular prickles are defined (for the purposes of this paper) as those that are more than 7 times longer than wide. The fact that the prickles are derived from the lignified stalks of stellate hairs becomes obvious in a few species ( e.g. S. longissimum ), where uniseriate lateral rays are mounted near the apex of the prickles (Fig. 4). Branchlet prickle density (number of prickles per decimetre (dm)) has been assessed on adult branchlets, 1-2 decimetres from the growing point. Sometimes prickles bear indumentum i.e. scattered complete stellate hairs or Type 2 hairs laterally attached to the lower half of the prickle, and this can be diagnostic. In most species, prickles can be found on the leaf lamina. Usually there are more prickles present on the upper surface, or roughly equal numbers on both surfaces. The few exceptional species (where prickles are more numerous on the lower surface) are S. capsicoides, S. chrysotrichum, S. papaverifolium, S. semiarmatum and S. torvum. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 649 Fig. 8. Lower leaf surface of S. sturtianum ; stellae sessile, without a central ray, and with 13-16 lateral rays (Anderson 5070) Materials and methods Herbarium specimens have been borrowed from AD, BH, BM, CANB, DNA, K, MEL, NSW, PERTH, PR, and QRS. Most measurements have been made from dried herbarium material, but material preserved in alcohol has been used for measurements on the flowers and particularly the fruits. Where preserved material was not available, flowers were rehydrated in boiling water, but dried fruits could not be reconstituted, and hence measurements of the exocarp and placenta were not attempted. Leaf dimensions have been derived from the larger leaves present on each specimen. Branchlet indumentum has been assessed from non- abraded stems 10-20 cm from the growing point of flowering or fruiting herbarium specimens. Whenever possible, the author has examined species in the field, for the purpose of learning about the habitat, ecology, flower and fruit colour, flower sex ratio, and to collect spirit material for later study. Comprehensive morphological descriptions of all native and currently naturalised species are provided, derived from a DELTA (DEscriptive Language for TAxonomy) (Dallwitz, Paine & Zurcher 1993) dataset of 91 taxa and 153 characters. Data were entered using the DELTA Editor (Dallwitz, Paine & Zurcher 1999), and interactive keys have been produced using Intkey (Dallwitz, Paine & Zurcher 1995; Dallwitz, Paine & Zurcher 2000). Specimen citations have been arranged according to the Queensland Pastoral districts, and then chronologically under each district. Species doubtfully or formerly naturalised in Queensland are treated briefly at the end of this paper. Ecology of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum There is very little literature relating to the ecology of Australian species of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum. Floyd (1966) studied an area of eucalypt forest near Coffs Harbour in New South Wales. He recorded the species which 650 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Fig. 9. Petiole of S. echinatum, showing a long-stalked stellate hair (Alcock 11285) germinated in a glasshouse from soil samples taken at an unburnt site, and compared the species with those recorded in the field (at the soil sampling site) two months after a fire. He found that four Solanum spp. were common at the burnt field site, but that “[seeds] were virtually absent from the soil before the fire”. He attributed this difference to bird dispersal of seeds following the fire. However, the methodology does not indicate that the soil from the unburnt site was closely examined to discover what types of seeds were present, so the author may have only presumed that the soil held no Solanum seeds. Bird dispersal of so many seeds in such a short period, onto a bare and burnt site seems very unlikely. A more likely scenario is that the seeds were already in the soil (gradually dispersed over the years), and that fire broke the dormancy of the seeds. In the absence of other published data, I offer the following observations and comments on the Queensland members in the hope that they will stimulate formal study. These observations stem from a desire to understand why many species are so reclusive and transitory. 1. Life Form Various life-forms have been observed for Queensland species: (a) herbaceous resprouters - where the above¬ ground portion dies each year, but the root or rhizome is persistent e.g. S. adenophorum, S. angustum, S. limitare, S. multiglochidiatum, S. papaverifolium, S. stenopterum, S. versicolor. These species are leafy for only 3-6 months a year. This term is synonymous with the often-used ‘herbaceous perennial’. It would seem that no Queensland species is truly annual in habit. (b) perennials - where the above-ground part of the plant lives for several years, normally not perishing after the first flowering and fruiting. Perennials can be subdivided into two sub-types: (i) stoloniferous perennials (only three species; S. acanthodapis, S. serpens and S. mentiens ), ground-hugging trailing shrubs that root frequently at the nodes. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 651 Fig. 10. Upper leaf surface of 5. linnaeanum, showing stellae at various developmental stages (Forster 28894) (ii) rhizomatous perennials (very common type), which form clusters of seemingly separate individuals. These colonies are clonal, being connected by an extensive system of horizontal roots just below the soil surface, and may extend in size from one to hundreds of square metres. Species in this category include S. corifolium, S. densevestitum, S. ellipticum, S. ferocissimum, S. stelligerum, and S. stupefactum. In some larger and longer- lived species occurring in mesic environments e.g. S.francisii, S. inaequilaterum, S. nobile, S. semiarmatum, and S. viridifolium, regeneration may be largely from seed. 2. Major habitats (a) evergreen notophyll rainforest (with no eucalypt forest nearby). These species exploit canopy gaps, where there is enough light to allow flower and fruit development. Fire is absent. S. acanthodapis, S. cookii, S. corifolium, S. dimorphispinum, S. dryanderense, S. eminens, S. francisii, S. hamulosum, S. inaequilaterum, S. lasiocarpum, S. macoorai, S. mentiens, S. nobile, S. rixosum, S. semiarmatum, S. serpens, S. sporadotrichum, S. vicinum, S. viridifolium, (b) margins of evergreen notophyll rainforest, or eucalypt forest with rainforest understorey (often described as “wet sclerophyll”) on basaltic or other fine¬ grained soils. Fire occurs infrequently. S. cookii, S. densevestitum, S. dimorphispinum, S. ditrichum, S. eminens, S. hapalum, S. intonsum, S. latens, S. limitare, S. macoorai, S. magnifolium, S. nobile, S. parvifolium subsp. tropicum, 652 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) S. rixosLim, S. semiarmatum, S. shirleyanum, S. sporadotrichum, S. stelligerum, S. stupefactum, S. tetrathecum, S. vicinum, S. viridifolium. (c) semi-evergreen vine thicket or brigalow (.Acacia harpophylla ) or Belah (Casuarina cristata ) dominated communities on cracking clays. Fire is normally absent. S. adenophorum, S. coracinum, S. dissectum, S. dumicola, S. elachophyllum, S. ellipticum, S. esuriale, S.jurfuraceum, S. johnsonianum, S. latens, S. mitchellianum, S. multiglochidiatum, S. parvifolium subsp. parvifolium, S. sporadotrichum, S. stenopterum, S. tetrathecum. (d) semi-deciduous vine forest on quaternary sand deposits, laterite or granite hills (Cape York Peninsula). Fire is normally absent. S. defensum, S. discolor, S. dunalianum, S. dysprosium, S. fervens, S. yirrkalense. (e) shrubby eucalypt woodland, remote from rainforest or vine thicket. Fire occurs frequently. S. amblymerum, S. angustum, S. carduiforme, S. chippendalei, S. cinereum, S. coracinum, S. crassitomentosum, S. crebrispinum, S. echinatum, S. ellipticum, S. ferocissimum, S. jurfuraceum, S. galbinum, S. graniticum, S. gympiense, S. intonsum, S. jucundum, S. limitare, S. longissimum, S. mitchellianum, S. multi glochidiatum, S. nemophilum, S. parvifolium subsp. parvifolium, S. quadriloculatum, S. senticosum, S. stelligerum, S. tetrathecum, S. ultimum. (f) lancewood communities (dominated by Acacia catenulata, A. shirleyi, A. burrowii, A. sparsiflora or A. blakei ) on lateritised Cainozoic duricrusts associated with low mesas or scarps. Soil may be red earth, brown loam, or skeletal on plateau margins. Fire occurs infrequently. S. argopetalum, S. cocosoides, S. ellipticum, S. galbinum, S. innoxium, S. jucundum, S. latens, S. lythrocarpum, S. pusillum, S. ultimum. (g) red earths in mulga ( Acacia aneura ) dominated communities. S. centrale, S. ellipticum, S. ferocissimum, S. quadriloculatum, S. sturtianum, S. versicolor. (h) grassland or open woodland on heavy cracking clays. S. esuriale, S. lacunarium, S. papaverifolium, S. stenopterum. (i) shrublands in arid zone. S. ammophilum, S. chenopodinum, S. oligacanthum, S. sturtianum. (j) saline littoral zone. S. pugiunculiferum. (k) degraded land (where frequent and/or gross disturbance has allowed exotic species to partially or completely replace the native flora). S. capsicoides, S. chrysotrichum, S. elaeagnifolium, S. incanum, S. linnaeanum, S. rostratum, S. sisymbriifolium, S. torvum. Species from the arid and semi-arid zones frequently occur underneath trees, which may reflect the preferential deposition of seeds by birds, or some requirement for protection from the sun during the middle of the day, or relief from grass competition. No species occurs in heathlands, mangroves or swamps. 3. Likelihood The likelihood of encountering species of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum increases as you move from: - low-nutrient soil to high-nutrient soil - woodland to closed forest/rainforest - low altitude to high altitude - poorly drained sites to well drained sites - frosty areas to frost-free areas Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum In other words, there are few (or no) species in woodland with sandy soil at low altitude, and (potentially) numerous species on basaltic soil in rainforest at high altitude. 4. Response to disturbance Most (perhaps all?) species can be classified as pioneer species. They are promoted by disturbance events, which may be grouped into three main types: a) Fire : No species has a lignotuber, hence above ground parts are killed by moderate intensity fires, but on the other hand, most species are rhizomatous. Fire encourages seed germination, promotes regeneration from rhizomes and removes competition for light and nutrients. Absence of fire for a long period may see the decline or local extinction of Solanum spp. b) Cyclone : For those species that grow in dense rainforest environments, they must rely on severe storms and cyclones (in the absence of land-clearing activities) to open the tree canopy and allow sufficient light for them to grow and reproduce, and thereby maintain the soil seedbank. c) Mechanical : Mechanical disturbance of the soil can have the same effect as fire i.e. promoting the seed germination and/or regeneration from rhizomes. This type of disturbance is usually man-induced e.g. roadworks, quarries, logging etc. In suitable recently disturbed sites, solanums may occur in large numbers. The numbers then gradually dwindle until, after a few years, none is left. Hence, Solanum spp. (perennials as well as herbaceous resprouters) often cannot be relocated at (uncleared) sites where they were recorded only a few years before. Native Solanum species do not fare very well in company with other shrubs, forbs or graminoids. They are easily out-competed by a dense sward of grass or by clumps of shrubs. They are not favoured by frequent disturbance e.g. soil tilling, as there is insufficient time for seed production or re-establishment of rhizome networks. In summary, indigenous species in Solanum subg. Leptostemonum are favoured by 653 infrequent major disturbance (cyclonic, mechanical or fire), provided that such disturbance does not stimulate the proliferation of exotic weeds. Conservation Status In general, native Solanum species appear to be in decline. Some species from rainforest- margins eg. S. ditrichum , S. rixosum, can no longer be found in many districts where they were recorded in the early 1900’s. Rainforest margins are the preferred habitat of the pernicious weed Lantana camara. It seems clear that this exotic shrub has caused serious decline in the populations of many Solanum species treated in this paper. The Brigalow communities of central Queensland have been so reduced by land clearance, that some species, e.g. S. dissectum, S. adenophorum, and S. johnsonianum, are now endangered or critically endangered. Remaining populations are threatened by aggressive weeds such as Panicum maximum, Parthenium hysterophorus, and deliberately introduced pasture grasses, especially Cenchrus ciliaris. All species have been assessed against the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN. 2001). With regard to ‘mature individuals’, I have followed the IUCN recommendation that “reproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals, except where such units are unable to survive alone (e.g. corals)”, and that where population size fluctuates, “use a lower estimate”. Both of these recommendations have implications for the Solanum assessments. In Solanum subg. Leptostemonum , clones are the rule rather than the exception, and fluctuations in population size occur in most (if not all) species. However, I have not interpreted these fluctuations as “extreme”, as this would have invoked Criteria Blc(iv) and/or B2c(iv) and C2b. This would result in many ‘stable’ taxa (having no apparent threat) being recognised as threatened. Species assessments have been done on an Australia-wide basis. Overseas occurrences have not been considered. For some species, a herbarium collection during the last 10-15 years has been accepted as a current location, even though experience 654 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) has shown that solanums can only rarely be found at old collection sites. Sometimes the species may still be present (as seed or rhizomes) and sometimes it has disappeared altogether. Of the 82 indigenous taxa treated in this paper, 2 have been assessed as “Critically Endangered”, 8 as “Endangered” and 14 as “Vulnerable”. Solanum as food Solarium fruits were an important source of food for Australian Aborigines, particularly in the arid areas. Their importance in the arid zone was due to a number of factors - they are readily available and collectable and visibly obvious; they can be stored for later use, and most species can be eaten without preparation (Peterson 1979). Several species were used consistently by aborigines in arid Australia. Solanum centrale may be eaten when ripe or ground into a paste and moulded into balls which keep indefinitely. S. chippendalei is edible, but only after removal of the bitter seeds and placenta. They may then be eaten fresh, or dried-out and stored on skewers. Dried fruits can be reconstituted in water before consumption. S. ellipticum is reported to be an important species which can be eaten fresh. S. esuriale can also be eaten fresh, or stored as above (Peterson 1979, Latz 1995). Other arid zone species are strongly poisonous, e.g. S. quadriloculatum (Everist 1974, Latz 1995), and were avoided by all aboriginal groups. Other species given by Everist ( loc. cit.) as definitely poisonous, at least to livestock, are S. elaeagnifolium, S. linnaeanum and S. sturtianum. Several other species were suspected to be poisonous. Solanum appears to have been of much less importance as a food in coastal areas, because of their lesser frequency and the many other food sources available in these areas. However, S. stelligerum fruits were reported by Lampert & Saunders (1973) to be edible. S. hapalum fruits likewise are edible (R. Fensham pers. comm.). Cytology Randell & Symon (1976) undertook extensive chromosome counts of Australian Solanum spp. They found that n = 12 or 24 for all members of S. subg. Leptostemonum. No other numbers have been reported. Hybrids Naturally occurring hybrids appear to be rare in Solanum subg. Leptostemonum , at least in Australia. Symon (1981) made no mention of hybridisation. I have personally seen only one instance of a presumed interspecific hybrid in the field. In an area where Solanum latens and S. nemophilum were both common, there was a small colony of plants displaying traits intermediate between these two species, viz. leaf size, indumentum density, stem prickliness, and stellate hair size (voucher material at BRI; AQ 772057). Classification With about 500 species world-wide, Solanum subg. Leptostemonum has a diverse membership, and classifying them has and will present difficulties. The conspectus by Whalen (1984) has provided an excellent framework for the whole subgenus, and a basis for future work. He presented 33 informal taxonomic groups for the subgenus, arranged in systematic order. By his own admission, his knowledge of the Old World taxa was limited, and so it is perhaps not surprising that I have made many amendments to his classification for taxa occurring in Queensland. This has entailed the shifting of many species to a more appropriate group, and the creation of new groups where Whalen broadly circumscribed them (especially the S. ellipticum group). The native Australian species are here classified into 15 informal groups, compared to the 8 groups recognised by Whalen (loc. cit.), but the average Australian group size is only now comparable to the average group size for New World taxa in Whalen (loc. cit.). I have retained Whalen’s group numbers except for Group 6 (S. macoorai group), where the “type” species was obviously misplaced. New groups have been slotted in with the addition of letters e.g. 13A. These are not intended to represent “subgroups”, but rather are equal in rank to Whalen’s established groups. 655 Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum Informal taxonomic groups for Australian Solanum subg. Leptostemonum , adapted from Whalen (1984). Notes: All accepted Australian species are listed. Queensland and north-eastern N.S.W. taxa are listed in roman script; non-Queensland taxa are given in italics. Naturalised species are denoted by an asterisk. Group 5 Group 9A Group 13 Group 13 A Group 14 Group 22 Group 23 Group 25 Group 25A Group 27 Group 27A Group 27B Group 27C Group 27D Group 27E Group 28 Group 29 Group 33 Ungrouped S. dunalianum group; S. dunalianum, S. tetrandrum, S. viridifolium. S. densevestitum group; S. densevestitum, S. gympiense, S. hapalum, S. innoxium, S. johnsonianum, S. nemophilum, S. ultimum. S. ferocissimum group; S. chenopodinum, S. corifolium, S. defensum, S. discolor, S. dissectum, S. dryanderense, S. dysprosium, S. ferocissimum, S. fervens, S. inaequilaterum, S. latens, S. lythrocarpum, S. mentiens, S. parvifolium, S. shirleyanum, S. stelligerum, S. yirrkalense. S. semiarmatum group; S. coracinum, S. mitchellianum, S. semiarmatum. S. torvum group; S. chrysotrichum*, S. torvum*. S. quitoense group; S. lasiocarpum. S. mammosum group; S. capsicoides*. S. hystrix group; S. adenophomm, S. campanulatum, S. cookii, S. ditrichum, S. eardleyae, S. eremophilum, S. graniticum, S. hoplopetalum, S. hystrix, S. lacunarium, S. multiglochidiatum, S. oligandrum, S. papaverifolium, S. petrophilum, S. prinophyllum, S. pungetium, S. pusillum, S. stenoptemm, S. vicinum. S. pugiunculiferum group; S. pugiunculiferum S. ellipticum group; S. angustum, S. argopetalum, S. crebrispinum, S. crassitomentosum, S. dianthophorum, S. ellipticum, S. horridum, S. quadriloculatum, S. senticosum, S. terraneum. S. hamulosum group; S. dimorphispinum, S. eminens, S. hamulosum. S. macoorai group; S. acanthodapis, S. amblymemm, S. armourense, S. brownii, S. celatum, S. centrale, S. cinereum, S. cocosoides, S. curvicuspe, S. dumicola, S. francisii, S. furfuraceum, S. galbinum, S. intonsum, S. jucundum, S. limitare, S. macoorai, S. magnifolium, S. neoanglicum, S. nobile, S. rixosum, S. serpens, S. silvestre, S. sporadotrichum, S. tetrathecum. S. esuriale group; ammophilum, S. coactiliferum, S. elachophyllum, S. elaeagnifolium*, S. esuriale, S. hesperium, S. karsense, S. nummularium, S. oldfieldii, S. oligacanthum, S. orbiculatum, S. plicatile, S. sturtianum, S. versicolor. S. lasiophyllum group; S. ashbyae, S. gabrielae, S. gilesii, S. lachnophyllum, S. lasiophyllum. S. echinatum group; S. echinatum, S. longissimum, S. lucani. S. dioicum group; S. asymmetriphyllum, S. beaugleholei, S. carduiforme, S. cataphractum, S. chippendalei, S. clarkiae, S. cunninghamii, S. dioicum, S. diversiflorum, S. ebumeum, S. heteropodium, S. leopoldense, S. melanospermum, S. oedipus, S. petraeum, S. phlomoides, S. tudununggae, S. vansittartense. S. incanum group; S. incanum*, S. linnaeanum*, S. marginatum *, S. stupefactum. S. rostratum group; S. rostratum*. S. sisymbriifolium* Biogeography With 82 indigenous species, 50 of these endemic, Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales is the centre of diversity for Solanum subg. Leptostemonum in Australia, and has perhaps a higher concentration of species than anywhere else in the Old World. Fig. 11 shows the number of native species occurring in each lxl degree square. The highest diversity of 16 spp. is recorded for a square straddling the Queensland-New South Wales border, extending from Warwick in the west to Kyogle in the east, and from Cunningham’s Gap almost to Tenterfield. This square contains large areas of rainforest, and 656 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) o o o' 0 0 h! o/i o o 10 0 0 1 4 1 2 0 0 0 2 2 8 6 3 1 1 0 5 3 4 4 20 °4 3 4 3 9 -■ - * 1 * 3 2 0 3 ,3 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 3 8 ^ 0 2 0 o 0 0 4 2 4 6 0 fi 8 5 X 1 2 2 .3 2.2 0 0 2 2 ® s 8 l 3 * * * * \jP 1 2 2 3 i 6 -g-ffi/.?. 8 4 J 1 2.2 s i 1 4 3 Ifimsh 11 3 4 “"r—/*\ / 140 145 150 Fig. 11 . Number of indigenous species of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum recorded for each 1° x 1° square in Queensland and far north-eastern New South Wales north of 29° S latitude, based on herbarium records. includes the highest mountain in southern Queensland (Mt Superbus, 1381 metres). The adjoining square to the east boasts 10 native species, even though half of the square is ocean. This square includes Lamington N.P., Mt Warning, Byron Bay and Lismore. Along a 5 km stretch of road near the Lamington N.P., I have recorded 8 native species (S. corifolium, S. ditrichum, S. inaequilaterum, S. limitare, S. rixosum, S. semiarmatum, S. serpens, S. stelligerum ), which must surely be the richest area for Solanum subg. Leptostemonum in Australia. The next most diverse square (13 spp.) surrounds the town of Biloela. It includes the Kroombit Tops area, Coominglah S.F., the Callide Range and, to the west and north of Biloela, some small remnants of Brigalow forest. All are important havens for Solanum. The three next most diverse squares (with 12, 12, and 11 spp.) are all in the far southeast of Queensland, and all contain areas of high altitude rainforest, of which the most notable is the Bunya Mountains. There are 6 spp. at the Bunya Mountains. Away from the southeast quarter of the state, the highest diversity (9 spp.) is found in the square that includes Nebo, Mirani, Dipperu N.P. and Eungella. The Eungella N.P. is an area of high altitude rainforest containing an endemic species (S. francisii ), while Dipperu N.P. and adjacent uncleared areas are dominated by Brigalow forest. The critically endangered S. adenophorum has been recorded from Dipperu N.P. Further north, the square that includes the Atherton Tableland has 9 spp., and the Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 657 . 2 /2,° t 2 r j 0 £ j o 'o ' ixo ? 0 0 3 b "G- T 0 9 /1 0 0 , 1 0 0 3 5)1 0 1 3 3 4 ( 2 ^ J 3 0 1 3 11 4 5 2 0 0 0225X0 110 4 2 4 3 5> 1 2OO4233 V ’ 21 ° * 1 3 5 k 10 1 2 3 3 0 ^.1 12 2 2 1 3 10 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 JT xm® 4 4 6 #26/ 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 ft f 7 4 /* j 0 NO 145 150 Fig. 12. Number of informal groups of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum present in each 1° x 1° square in Queensland and far north-eastern New South Wales north of 29° S latitude, based on herbarium records (includes only those groups that contain indigenous species). square immediately to its north has 8 spp. Both of these squares have large areas of rainforest, much of it at high altitudes. In general, as one moves further from the coast, the species diversity decreases, strongly correlated with the decreasing rainfall, but even in the far southwest of Queensland, some species occur, e.g. S. oligacanthum, S. sturtianum. In the arid parts of the state, the highest diversity (6 spp.) is achieved in the square surrounding Mt Isa. Two of Queensland’s biogeographic regions (Thackway & Cres swell 1995) have a very depauperate Solanum flora. The “Gulf Plains”, a bioregion characterised by extensive marine plains, alluvial clay plains and areas of sandy outwash, apparently has no species at all, except for S. pugiunculiferum near the coast. The “Cape York Peninsula” biogeographic region has solanums only in rainforest areas; the extensive Eucalyptus and Melaleuca woodlands are apparently Solanum- free zones. Fig. 12 shows the distribution of informal groups (see Classification section, above) across Queensland and northeastern New South Wales. The highest diversity per square is 7 groups, known from four squares (Duaringa area, Eungella-Nebo area, Kingaroy-Bunya Mtns area, Dalby-Toowoomba-Milmerran area). This level of group diversity exceeds all other parts of the Old World, based on Whalen (1984), but is still less diverse than some areas in South America. 658 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Table 1. The most widespread taxa in Queensland, based on the number of l°x 1° squares in which they are found. Species Number of 1° x 1° squares S. ellipticum 72 S. esuriale 55 S. ferocissimum 25 S. parvifolium subsp. parvifolium 24 S. stelligerum 17 S. mitchellianum 17 S. jucundum 17 S. viridifolium 15 S. nemophilum 13 S. galbinum 13 S. furfuraceum 12 S. corifolium 12 S. chippendalei 10 S. quadriloculatum 10 Taxonomy Key to informal taxonomic groups of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum (as listed above) 1. Mature fruits with juicy mesocarp, exocarp thin, bright red or black; fruits relatively small (mostly <12 mm diameter). 2 Mature fruits with mesocarp dry to moist but not juicy, exocarp thick, often green to yellow, occasionally orange or purple, rarely red; fruits larger (mostly >12 mm diameter). 5 2. Some or all inflorescences branched. 3 All inflorescences unbranched or pseudo-umbellate. 4 3. Mature fruits black; branchlets very prickly; leaves with stellate hairs; flowers 5-merous. 13A. S. semiarmatum group Mature fruits red; branchlets without prickles; fully expanded leaves glabrous; flowers 4 or 5-merous. 5. S. dunalianum group 4. Plants completely without prickles; calyx lobes elliptic, exceeding mature fruits; inflorescences pseudo-umbellate, without common peduncle . 9A. S. densevestitum group Plants at least sparsely prickly, calyx lobes various, but not elliptic and not exceeding mature fruits; common peduncle present. 13. S. ferocissimum group 5. Inflorescences with dimorphic flowers (1 or more very prickly bisexual flowers at base with several less-prickly smaller male flowers beyond, or plants dioecious). 6 Inflorescences with flowers all of similar size and prickliness, although functionally male flowers may be frequent 7 Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 659 6. Inflorescence with few distal male flowers; fruiting calyx not markedly accrescent, not enclosing fruit; style with indumentum. 29. S. incanum group Inflorescence with numerous male flowers on long rachis; fruiting calyx accrescent, tube often enclosing fruit; style glabrous. 28. S. dioicum group 7. Calyx prickles absent, or with 1-5 per flower. 8 Calyx moderately to densely prickly (10-200 per flower). 12 8. Stellate hairs absent from stems, leaves and calyx; corolla radius 4-5 mm; anthers 1.5-2 mm long. 25A. S. pugiunculiferum group Stellate hairs present; corolla radius 7-20 mm; anthers 3-9 mm long. 9 9. Prickles on branchlets 1-4 times longer than broad, recurved. 10 Prickles on branchlets 5-20 times longer than broad, straight. 11 10. Inflorescence branched; plants shrubby. 14. S. torvum group Inflorescence unbranched; plants vine-like, scrambling. 27A. S. hamulosum group 11. Stellae with 8 or fewer lateral rays; leaves mostly green on the upper surface . 27B. S. macoorai group Many stellae with more than 8 rays; leaves usually with dense indumentum on both sides. 27C. S. esuriale group 12. Leaves with finger hairs only. 23. S. mammosum group Leaves with stellate hairs, finger hairs sometimes also present. 13 13. Fruits completely enclosed by accrescent calyx. 14 Fruits readily visible, calyx not accrescent . 15 14. All anthers similar; leaves entire or with shallow lobes. 27E. S. echinatum group One anther much longer than the other four; leaves deeply lobed . 33. S. rostratum group 15. Leaves + entire, upper surface moderately to very densely hairy; perennial shrubs; finger hairs rarely present; petioles not winged. 27. S. ellipticum group Leaves shallowly to deeply lobed, upper surface glabrous or sparsely hairy; herbaceous resprouters; finger hairs frequently present; petioles frequently winged. 25. S. hystrix group Dichotomous key to the Queensland species of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum Notes: i.) This key is designed for the identification of dried herbarium specimens. Although macroscopic characters have been used wherever possible, microscopic examination of the stellate hairs will be necessary in some instances. Neither open flowers nor mature fruits are required to successfully operate this key, but frequently some fertile material with intact calyces will be needed. ii) ‘leaves’ are adult leaves unless otherwise stated; similarly ‘branchlets’ are adult branchlets iii. ) leaf lobing index = length of lobe halfway along lamina divided by parallel length of adjacent sinus (Fig. 1). Used to quantify degree of lobing; entire leaves have an index of 1, deeply lobed leaves have an index >2. iv. ) the fruit diameters and colours given apply to fresh mature fruits v. ) finger hairs - uniseriate unbranched (simple) hairs consisting of more than one cell, and usually 0.5-5 mm long. vi. ) Type 2 hairs - very short trichomes (<0.1 660 mm long), normally with one stalk cell, and a transparent multicellular glandular head. vii.) stellate hair density very dense - stellae overlapping, multi¬ layers, subtending surface not visible with hand lens dense - stellae overlapping, 0.1-0.5 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) diameters apart, subtending surface visible moderate - stellae overlapping, 0.5-1 diameter apart, centre to centre sparse - stellae not overlapping, 1-2 diameters apart, centre to centre very sparse - stellae not overlapping, > 2 diameters apart, centre to centre. 1. Leaf margins with 2 or more pairs of deep lobes (lobing index >2) OR leaf base hastate . 2 Leaf margins entire or shallowly lobed throughout (lobing index 1-2). 23 2. Some or all leaves with hastate base. 3 Leaves deeply lobed throughout, never hastate. 6 3. Stellae of lower leaf surface with central ray 1.5-3 times as long as laterals . . 21. S. latens Stellae of lower leaf surface with central ray 0-1 times as long as laterals. 4 4. Corolla rotate, mature fruits green, 11-16 mm diameter; pedicels 0.8- 0.9 mm thick at anthesis. 73. S. amblymerum Corolla deeply lobed, mature fruits red, 6-9 mm diameter; pedicels 0.2- 0.7 mm thick at anthesis. 5 5. Lamina 1.1-2.6 cm wide at midpoint; branchlet prickles broad-based (4-7 times longer than wide); fruiting pedicels 8-12 mm long. 24. S. chenopodinum Lamina 0.2-0.7 cm wide at midpoint; branchlet prickles acicular (9-13 times longer than wide); fruiting pedicels 13—16 mm long. 20. S. ferocissimum 6. Stellate hairs completely lacking from branchlets and leaves. 7 At least some stellate hairs present on branchlets or leaves. 11 7. Finger hairs present on leaves. 8 Finger hairs absent from leaves (Type 2 hairs sometimes present). 9 8. Finger hairs gland-tipped. 39. S. adenophorum Finger hairs not gland-tipped. 33. *S. capsicoides 9. Calyx with 12-40 prickles; petioles 2.1-3.4 cm long. 38. S. papaverifolium Calyx unarmed or with 1-4 prickles; petioles 0.3-1.2 cm long. 10 10. Calyx with 1-4 prickles; leaf prickles broad-based; fruiting pedicel 5-8 mm long; Bk & Co. 44. S. pugiunculiferum Calyx without prickles; leaf prickles acicular; fruiting pedicels 10-19 mm long; Pc & Le . 22. S. dissectum 11. Upper leaf surface stellae dense to very dense. 12 Upper leaf surface stellae absent or very sparse to moderate. 13 12. Branchlet stellae 0.25-0.5 mm diameter; prickles 6-70 on lower leaf surface; fruiting calyx tube accrescent, enclosing fruit; dioecious species .85. S. carduiforme Branchlet stellae 0.8-1.3 mm diameter; prickles 0-5 on lower leaf surface; fruiting calyx tube not accrescent, lobes shorter than mature fruit .. 84. S. chippendalei Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 661 13. Fruits completely enclosed by prickly calyx; corolla yellow; style sigmoid .89. *S. rostratum Fruiting calyx tube not accrescent; corolla white to purple; style erect. 14 14. Branchlets with 350-1400 prickles per dm; mature fruits black. 15 Branchlets sparsely to moderately prickly (2-60 prickles per dm); mature fruits green, yellow or red. 16 15. Lower leaf surface green; calyx without prickles. 27. S. coracinum Lower leaf surface white to yellowish; calyx with up to 25 short prickles 29. S. semiarmatum 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 . 21 . 22 . 23. 24. 25. 26. Lower leaf surface very densely stellate-hairy. 17 Lower leaf surface sparsely to moderately stellate-hairy. 19 Calyx prickles absent or 1-5; lower leaf surface with 0-2 prickles. 71. S. nobile Calyx prickles 15-65; lower leaf surface with 6-45 prickles. 18 Branchlet stellae sparse, central ray absent; branchlet prickles 5-9 times longer than wide; mature fruits 12-15 mm diameter. 43. S. lacunarium Branchlet stellae dense to very dense, central ray present; branchlet prickles 11-16 times longer than wide; mature fruits 17-28 mm diameter. 70. S. cinereum Finger hairs present on lower leaf surface. 90. *S. sisymbriifolium No finger hairs on lower leaf surface. 20 Branchlet prickles broad-based, 2-4 times longer than wide. 88. *S. linnaeanum Branchlet prickles acicular, 10-16 times longer than wide . 21 Lamina 1.2-2.6 cm long; petiole 0.15-0.45 cm long. 41. S. graniticum Lamina 3-7 cm long; petiole 0.5-1.8 cm long. 22 Upper and lower leaf surfaces and calyx with Type 2 hairs; corolla white; pedicels 3-6 mm long at anthesis. 40. S. pusillum Type 2 hairs absent; corolla purple; pedicels 21-38 mm long at anthesis . 42. S. stenopterum Calyx prickles present on some or all flowers/fruits of inflorescence. 24 Calyx prickles absent from all flowers/fruits. 50 Finger hairs present on branchlets. 25 Finger hairs absent from branchlets. 27 Stellate hairs absent from branchlets and leaves. 33. *S. capsicoides Stellate hairs present on branchlets and lower leaf surface. 26 Stellate hairs frequent on upper leaf surface, Type 2 hairs absent; calyx stellae central ray 1-1.5 times as long as laterals; mature fruits 21-26 mm diameter. 34. S. ditrichum Stellate hairs absent from upper leaf surface, Type 2 hairs present; calyx stellae absent or central ray 4-6 times as long as laterals; mature fruits 11-13 mm diameter . 35. S. cookii 27. Branchlet prickles curved, 2-3 times longer than broad . . Branchlet prickles straight, 5-20 times longer than broad 87. *S. incanum . 28 662 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) 28. Fruiting calyx tube accrescent, covering fruit. 29 Fruiting calyx tube not accrescent, and lobes not exceeding mature fruit. 30 29. Branchlet prickles 200-660 per dm; petioles 25-55% of lamina length; calyx lobes 3-6 mm long at anthesis; fruiting pedicels 10-18 mm long 82. S. echinatum Branchlet prickles 3-80 per dm; petioles 65-115% of lamina length; calyx lobes 1-2.5 mm long at anthesis; fruiting pedicels 20-30 mm long . 83. S. longissimum 30. Branchlet stellae with central ray 2-4 times as long as laterals; Type 2 hairs present on branchlets and upper leaf surface; fruits densely hairy .86. S. stupefactum Branchlet stellae with central ray 0-1.8 times as long as laterals; Type 2 hairs absent; fruits glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. 31 31. Stellae of upper leaf surface very sparse to moderate (rarely absent). 32 Stellae of upper leaf surface dense to very dense. 43 32. Leaves 2.8-10 cm wide . 33 Leaves 0.4-2.7 cm wide. 39 33. Calyx prickles 0-11 . 34 Calyx prickles 12-100. 37 34. Leaves 6.5-10 cm wide; Type 2 hairs present on calyx. 64. S. francisii Leaves 2.8-5.2 cm wide; Type 2 hairs absent from calyx. 35 35. Plants erect; leaf lobing index 1.7-2. 71. S. nobile Plants prostrate or procumbent; leaf lobing index 1-1.4. 36 36. Upper leaf surface green, stellae very sparse or confined to midrib; calyx prickles 0-2. 60. S. acanthodapis Upper leaf surface grey-green, stellae density moderate; calyx prickles 5-11. 45. S. ellipticum 37. Upper leaf surface with 2-20 prickles, stellae 0.1-0.5 mm apart; lower leaf surface white or yellowish, stellae 0.05-0.3 mm apart. 45. S. ellipticum Upper leaf surface with 100-400 prickles, stellae 0.6-2.5 mm apart; lower leaf surface green, stellae 0.3-2.2 mm apart. 38 38. Leaves entire or obscurely lobed, apex obtuse; common peduncle 17-27 mm long; mature fruits yellowish-green or green; Nk & Co. 36. S. multiglochidiatum Leaves with distinct acute lobes, apex acute; common peduncle 0-8 mm long; mature fruits purple; Wb, Mo & Dd. 37. S. vicinum 39. Branchlet stellae sparse; pedicels 21-38 mm long at anthesis; petioles winged; stellae of lower leaf surface 0.8-3 mm apart. 42. S. stenopterum Branchlet stellae dense to very dense; pedicels 3-20 mm long at anthesis; petioles not winged; stellae of lower leaf surface 0.05-0.7 mm apart. 40 40. Leaves 1.6-2.9 times longer than broad . 41 Leaves 3-14 times longer than broad . 42 41. Leaves ± entire, 3.5-14 cm long. Leaves conspicuously lobed, 1.2-2.6 cm long . 45. S. ellipticum 41. S. graniticum Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 663 42. Leaves 1.5-4 cm long, lower surface stellae sparse to dense; Co.51. S. angustum Leaves 7-10.5 cm long, lower surface stellae very dense; Mo, Dd, Bn .... 72. S. limitare 43. Calyx of basal flower(s) within an inflorescence larger and more prickly, and pedicel(s) thicker, compared to calyces and pedicels of distal flowers . 84. S. chippendalei Each inflorescence with all flowers/fruits having calyces all about the same size and prickliness, and pedicels all about the same thickness. 44 44. Leaves linear to lanceolate (1/b ratio 3.8-14). 45 Leaves ovate to broadly ovate (1/b ratio 1.6-2.9). 46 45. Branchlet stellae 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, lateral rays 15-18; calyx stellae with 13-20 lateral rays; anthers 7-9 mm long; seeds brown to black .78. *S. elaeagnifolium Branchlet stellae 0.7-0.9 mm diameter, lateral rays 8-12; calyx stellae with 6-9 lateral rays; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; seeds pale yellow. 77. S. esuriale 46. Branchlet prickles absent; calyx prickles 1-4.46. S. dianthophorum Branchlet prickles present; calyx prickles 5-70. 47 47. Plants erect, 0.3-0.6 m high; calyx prickles 40-70. 48 Plants prostrate or sprawling, 0.1-0.3 m high; calyx prickles 5-40(-50). 49 48. Leaf base cuneate; lower leaf surface rusty; calyx stellae 0.4-0.6 mm diameter.48. S. senticosum Leaf base obtuse or cordate; lower leaf surface yellowish; calyx stellae 0.7-0.9 mm diameter.47. S. crebrispinum 49. Calyx prickles stout, rigid; branchlets terete; inflorescence 1-9 flowered, rachis prickles present; stalks of stellae on upper leaf surface 0-0.3 mm long.45. S. ellipticum Calyx prickles flimsy, scarcely rigid; branchlets ridged; inflorescence 9-15 flowered, rachis prickles absent; stalks of stellae on upper leaf surface 0-1.0 mm long. 49. S. quadriloculatum 50. Leaves linear to lanceolate (1/b ratio 3.3-15). 51 Leaves ovate, broadly ovate, elliptical or orbicular (1/b ratio 0.8-3.2). 76 51. Leaf upper surface stellae dense to very dense. 52 Leaf upper surface stellae absent or density very sparse to moderate. 59 52. Calyx lobes elliptical, exceeding mature fruits; central ray of stellae (upper leaf surface) 3-6 times as long as laterals. 5. S. innoxium Calyx lobes deltate to attenuate, not exceeding mature fruits; central ray of stellae (upper leaf surface) absent or up to 1.7 times as long as laterals. 53 53. Finger hairs present on calyx and upper leaf surface; bark corky.76. S. versicolor Finger hairs absent from plant; bark not corky. 54 54. Type 2 hairs present on branchlets and lower leaf surface; flowers 4-merous.79. S. ammophilum Type 2 hairs absent; flowers 5-merous. 55 55. Upper leaf surface with stellae 0.4-0.7 mm diameter. 56 Upper leaf surface with stellae 0.15-0.4 mm diameter. 57 664 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) 56. Branchlet stellae 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, lateral rays 15-18; calyx stellae with 13-20 lateral rays; anthers 7-9 mm long; seeds brown to black .78. *S. elaeagnifolium Branchlet stellae 0.7-0.9 mm diameter, lateral rays 8-12; calyx stellae with 6-9 lateral rays; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; seeds pale yellow. 77. S. esuriale 57. All stellate hairs lacking a central ray; lower leaf surface stellae with 13-16 lateral rays.80. S. sturtianum All stellate hairs with an obvious central ray; lower leaf surface stellae with 7-9 lateral rays. 58 58. Branchlet stellae porrect, central ray 0.3-0.7 times as long as laterals; branchlet prickles 0.5-6 mm long; calyx stellae sessile or stalks to 0.1 mm long. 61. S. intonsum Branchlet stellae porrect to multiradiate, central ray 1-1.5 times as long as laterals; branchlet prickles 6-10 mm long; calyx stellae with stalks 0.1-0.4 mm long.68. S. jucundum 59. Fruiting pedicels 5-13 mm long. 60 Fruiting pedicels 13-33 mm long. 67 60. Calyx lobes elliptic, exceeding mature fruit . 61 Calyx lobes deltate, rostrate or attenuate, never exceeding mature fruit. 62 61. Upper leaf surface stellae moderate to dense; branchlet stellae 0.25-0.4 mm diameter, central ray 3-4 times as long as laterals; Dd & Ma. 5. S. innoxium Upper leaf surface stellae very sparse to sparse; branchlet stellae 0.6-0.9 mm diameter, central ray 0.4-0.8 times as long as laterals; Mi & Bk. 6. S. ultimum 62. Upper leaf surface stellae 0.05-0.4 mm apart (moderate density) . 63 Upper leaf surface stellae 0.4-5 mm apart (very sparse to sparse). 66 63. Leaves linear, 0.3-0.6 cm wide. 74. S. galbinum Leaves linear to ovate, 0.7-6.5 cm wide. 64 64. Upper leaf surface stellae with lateral rays ascending; inner surface of corolla sparsely stellate-hairy. 61. S. intonsum Upper leaf surface stellae with lateral rays porrect; inner surface of corolla glabrous. 65 65. Stellae of upper leaf surface 0.4-0.7 mm across, lateral rays 6-12, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals; common peduncle 14-36 mm long .. 77. S. esuriale Stellae of upper leaf surface 0.15-0.3 mm across, lateral rays 13-15, central ray absent; common peduncle 3-5 mm long.80. S. sturtianum 66. Upper leaf surface stellae 0.1-0.2 mm diameter and 0.4-0.7 mm apart; mature fruits 11-16 mm diameter, green.73. S. amblymerum Upper leaf surface stellae 0.3-0.5 mm diameter and 0.8-5 mm apart; mature fruits 6-8 mm diameter, red. 19a. S. parvifolium subsp. parvifolium 67. Stellate hairs absent from fully expanded leaves. 23. S. lythrocarpum Stellate hairs present on fully expanded leaves. 68 68. Lower leaf surface stellae with central ray 1.5-6 times as long as laterals. 69 Lower leaf surface stellae with central ray 0-1 times as long as laterals. 71 665 Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 69. Leaves 0.3-0.8 cm wide; lower surface green, with stellae 0.3-2 mm apart .. 21. S. latens Leaves 0.9-4.5 cm wide; lower surface white, yellowish or rusty, with stellae 0.05-0.2 mm apart. 70 70. Petioles 3-7% length of lamina; pedicels 4-7 mm long at anthesis; leaves often with shallow lobes; Cape York Peninsula. 10. S. fervens Petioles 11-16% length of lamina; pedicels 8-15 mm long at anthesis; leaves entire; Nk, Pc, Wb, Dd, Bn, Mo .18. S. stelligerum 71. Branchlet stellae 0.7-0.9 mm diameter; common peduncle 14-36 mm long 77. S. esuriale Branchlet stellae 0.2-0.6 mm diameter; common peduncle 0-7 mm long. 72 72. Upper leaf surface grey-green; herbaceous resprouter; mature fruits green . 72. S. limitare Upper leaf surface green; perennial shrubs; mature fruits red. 73 73. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, stellae absent from upper surface; mature fruits 10-14 mm diameter; Cape York peninsula only. 13. S. discolor Leaves linear to narrow-lanceolate; stellae very sparse to moderate on upper surface; mature fruits 5-9 mm diameter; never on Cape York peninsula. 74 74. Seeds 3.0-3.6 mm long; prickles present on both leaf surfaces.20. S. ferocissimum Seeds 1.9-2.4 mm long; prickles absent from leaves. 75 75. Leaves 2.3-7 x 0.5-1.5 cm, Type 2 hairs absent; style 3.8-6.5 mm long; flowers all bisexual. 19a. S. parvifolium subsp. parvifolium Leaves 7-13.7 x 1.3-3.6 cm, Type 2 hairs present; style 6.5-9.0 mm long; male flowers present in the inflorescence. 19b. S. parvifolium subsp. tropicum 76. Upper leaf surface with moderate to very dense stellate indumentum. 77 Upper leaf surface glabrous or stellate indumentum very sparse to sparse. 97 77. Calyx lobes elliptic, exceeding mature fruit; branchlet prickles absent. 78 Calyx lobes deltate, rostrate, hemispherical or attenuate, not exceeding mature fruit; branchlet prickles absent or present. 83 78. Stellae of branchlets, upper and lower leaf surface, and calyx all sessile. 79 At least some stellae on branchlets, leaves and calyx with conspicuous stalks (i.e. stalks at least 0.2 mm long, and up to 2 mm long). 81 79. Leaves broadly ovate; petioles 30-55% of lamina length; subshrub 0.1-0.25 m high. 4. S. johnsonianum Leaves lanceolate to ovate; petioles 11-25% of lamina length; shrubs 0.3-1 m high . 80 80. Leaves 2.3-3.5 cm wide; mature fruits globular, 5-6.5 mm diameter; Mo .. 3. S. hapalum Leaves 0.8-2 cm wide; mature fruits ellipsoidal, 3-4.5 mm diameter; Ma, Dd 5. S. innoxium 81. Some stellae of branchlets, leaves and calyx with gland-tipped central ray; leaves usually slightly lobed; ovary glabrous. 9. S. gympiense No stellae with gland-tipped central ray; leaves entire; ovary with stellate or Type 2 hairs. 82 82. Stellae of upper leaf surface with 4-6 lateral rays, central ray 3-6 times as long as laterals, stalks absent. 7. S. densevestitum Stellae of upper leaf surface with 7 or 8 lateral rays, central ray 0.7-1.8 times as long as laterals, stalks 0.1-0.3 mm long.8. S. nemophilum 666 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) 83. Leaves 0.8-1.7 times longer than broad Leaves 1.7-3.2 times longer than broad 84. Lamina 1-2.5 cm long, petioles 0.1-0.3 cm long; stellae of upper surface with 12-16 lateral rays.81. S. oligacanthum Lamina 3.5-35 cm long, petioles 0.9-7.2 cm long; stellae of upper surface with 4-10 lateral rays. 85 85. Stellae of upper leaf surface with central ray 4-10 times as long as laterals; mature fruits conspicuously tomentose, 25-35 mm diameter.32. S. lasiocarpum Stellae of upper leaf surface with central ray 0.8-3 times as long as laterals; mature fruits glabrous, 8-17 mm diameter. 86 86. Branchlet prickles straight, acicular, 10-17 times longer than broad; inflorescence unbranched or flowers solitary, 1-4 flowered. 52. S. argopetalum Branchlet prickles curved, broad-based, 1.5-3 times longer than broad; inflorescence branched, 13-65 flowered . 87 87. Finger hairs absent from calyx and pedicels; new growth rusty .... 30. *S.chrysotrichum Finger hairs present on calyx and pedicels; new growth white or grey .... 31. *S. torvum 88. Leaves 0.5-1.5 cm long.75. S. elachophyllum Leaves 2.5-16.5 cm long. 89 89. Branchlet prickles 0-20 per dm. 90 Branchlet prickles 21-1400 per dm. 95 90. Calyx with Type 2 hairs or finger hairs (as well as stellate hairs); bark corky. 91 Calyx with stellate hairs only; bark not corky, non-descript. 92 91. Calyx with stellate hairs and Type 2 hairs; shrub 1-3 m high. 62. S. furfuraceum Calyx with stellate hairs and finger hairs; subshrub 0.1-0.3 m high.76. S. versicolor 92. Subshrubs 0.3-0.6 m high, herbaceous resprouters. 69. S. centrale Shrubs 0.6-2 m high, perennials. 93 93. Stellae stalks (branchlets and calyx) up to 2.2 mm long; corolla rotate; common peduncle 15-33 mm long. 67. S. cocosoides Stellae stalks (branchlets and calyx) up to 0.4 mm long; corolla shallowly or deeply lobed; common peduncle 0-12 mm long. 94 94. Type 2 hairs absent from upper leaf surface; branchlet stellae with porrect lateral rays; stellae of lower leaf surface 0.4-0.6 mm diameter. 61. S. intonsum Type 2 hairs present on upper leaf surface; branchlet stellae with lateral rays porrect, ascending, or multiradiate; stellae of lower leaf surface 0.2-0.4 mm diameter.68. S. jucundum 95. Branchlet prickles broad, recurved, 1-2.5 times longer than broad .... 54. S. hamulosum Branchlet prickles acicular, straight, 10-20 times longer than broad. 96 96. Inflorescence 1 or 2 flowered; branchlet prickles 30-160 per dm; prickles absent from leaves.50. S. crassitomentosum Inflorescence 7-25 flowered; branchlet prickles 240-1400 per dm; prickles present on both leaf surfaces.28. S. mitchellianum 75. S. elachophyllum . 98 97. Leaves 0.5-1.5 x 0.3-0.7 cm Leaves 2.5-26 x 0.9-19 cm . Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 667 98. Plants prostrate, stoloniferous, rooting at the nodes. 99 Plants erect or sprawling, but not prostrate or stoloniferous. 101 99. Stellae of lower leaf surface lacking a central ray; mature fruits red. 15. S. mentiens Stellae of lower leaf surface with clearly visible central ray; fruits green to yellowish-green. 100 100. Stellae of branchlets with central ray 0.5-1.5 times as long as laterals; upper leaf surface with 20-60 prickles; prickles present on lower leaf surface.60. S. acanthodapis Stellae of branchlets with central ray 4-9 times as long as laterals; upper leaf surface with 0-8 prickles; lower leaf surface without prickles.59. S. serpens 101. Calyx lobes elliptic and exceeding mature fruit; large stems without prickles. 6. S. ultimum Calyx lobes deltate, rostrate or attenuate, not exceeding mature fruit; at least large stems with some prickles. 102 102. Calyx and pedicel with finger hairs. 103 Finger hairs absent from calyx and pedicel. 105 103. Leaves 1.1-1.5 times longer than broad, lower surface white. 31. *S. torvum Leaves 1.9-2.7 times longer than broad, lower surface green. 104 104. Calyx lobes 2-3.5 mm long at anthesis; fruiting pedicels c. 15 mm long; lower leaf surface with 11-17 prickles; Co. 25. S. dysprosium Calyx lobes 4-9 mm long at anthesis; fruiting pedicels 26-38 mm long; lower leaf surface with 0-9 prickles; Mo. 26. S. inaequilaterum 105. Stellate hairs absent from petioles and lower surface of fully expanded leaves; inflorescences mostly branched; branchlet prickles absent. 106 Stellate hairs present on petioles or lower surface of fully expanded leaves; inflorescences mostly unbranched; branchlet prickles usually present. 107 106. Petioles 7-10% of lamina length; common peduncle 5-8 mm long; calyx densely stellate-hairy, stellae with central ray deflexed; style 7-8 mm long . 1. S. dunalianum Petioles 17-30% of lamina length; common peduncle 12-23 mm long; calyx sparsely stellate-hairy, stellae with central ray erect; style 4.5- 5.5 mm long. 2. S. viridifolium 107. Branchlet prickles present, curved, broad-based, 1-5 times longer than broad. 108 Branchlet prickles absent or present (and then straight, 6-20 times longer than broad). 110 108. Leaves 9-19 cm wide; branchlet stellae on thick stalks 0.1-1 mm long; inflorescence 3 or 4 branched (paniculate).30. *S. chrysotrichum Leaves 4.5-7.5 cm wide; branchlet stellae sessile or with short thready stalks; inflorescences pseudo-racemose. 109 109. Leaves 1.9-2.5 times longer than broad, entire or with obtuse lobes; stellae of branchlets and lower leaf surface lacking a central ray... . 53. S. dimorphispinum Leaves 1.4-1.8 times longer than broad, with acute lobes; stellae of branchlets and lower leaf surface with central ray 0.3-0.6 times as long as laterals. 55. S. eminens 668 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) 110. Branchlets with corky outgrowths, large stems very corky.Ill Branchlets without corky outgrowths, large stems not corky . 112 111. No finger hairs on upper leaf surface; stellae of lower leaf surface with central ray 0.3-0.7 times as long as laterals; leaves consistently lobed . 63. S. sporadotrichum Finger hairs present on upper leaf surface; stellae of lower leaf surface with central ray 1-2 times as long as laterals; leaves usually entire 62. S. furfuraceum 112. All stellae on lower leaf surface stalked (stalks 0.15-0.6 mm long). 113 Some or all stellae on lower leaf surface sessile. 114 113. Stellae on upper leaf surface absent or confined to midrib; mature fruits red, 6-7 mm diameter. 17. S. dryanderense Stellae distributed throughout upper leaf surface; mature fruits yellowish- green to green, 19-24 mm diameter. 58. S. rixosum 114. Stellae of lower leaf surface with central ray absent or up to 0.6 times as long as laterals. 115 Stellae of lower leaf surface with central ray 0.7-6 times as long as laterals. 119 115. Lower leaf surface white to yellowish, stellae dense to very dense. 116 Lower leaf surface green, stellae very sparse to moderate. 118 116. Stellae of lower leaf surface without a central ray. 14. S. corifolium Stellae of lower leaf surface with central ray 0.1-0.5 times as long as laterals. 117 117. Lower leaf surface stellae very dense, c. 0.05 mm apart. 13. S. discolor Lower leaf surface stellae dense, 0.1-0.3 mm apart. 11. S. yirrkalense 118. Petioles 0.6-1 cm long; stellae absent from upper leaf surface, 0.4-0.6 mm diameter on lower surface; pedicels 0.15-0.25 mm thick at anthesis; Cape York. 12. S. defensum Petioles 1.4-2.6 cm long; stellae present on upper leaf surface, 0.2-0.3 mm diameter on lower surface; pedicels 0.4-0.7 mm thick at anthesis; Wet Tropics. 56. S. macoorai 119. Branchlet prickles 30-1400 per dm; petiole prickles present. 120 Branchlet prickles 0-25 per dm; petioles without prickles. 121 120. Branchlet prickles 240-1400 per dm; lamina base obtuse to cordate; inflorescence 7-25 flowered; mature fruits black, 8-9 mm diameter .28. S. mitchellianum Branchlet prickles 30-70 per dm; lamina base cuneate; inflorescence 1-3 flowered; mature fruits green, 16-19 mm diameter. 65. S. dumicola 121. Some leaves shallowly lobed. 122 All leaves entire . 123 122. Petioles 0.4-0.8 cm long; calyx lobes 0.5-1.2 mm long at anthesis; mature fruits red, 9-12 mm diameter. 10. S. fervens Petioles 1-3.5 cm long; calyx lobes 3-4 mm long at anthesis; mature fruits yellowish-green to yellow, 20-27 mm diameter. 57. S. magnifolium Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 669 123. Pedicels 0.8-1.3 mm thick at midpoint; inner surface of corolla stellate- hairy; fruits 4-locular.66. S. tetrathecum Pedicels 0.2-0.7 mm thick at midpoint; inner surface of corolla glabrous; fruits 1-locular. 124 124. Stellae of lower leaf surface all sessile, stellae 0.1-0.3 mm apart; mature fruits 3.5-6 mm diameter; petioles 5-12% of lamina length.16. S. shirleyanum Lower leaf surface with some long-stalked stellae (to 0.6 mm long), stellae 0.05-0.1 mm apart; mature fruits 6.5-9 mm diameter; petioles 11-16% of lamina length .18. S. stelligerum Synoptic key to Solanum subg. Leptostemonum , using characters applicable to live material Notes on the use of this key: Look through the list of characters and character states below. Choose applicable character states that are not commonly occurring. For example, if your specimen has orange fruits, then fruit colour will be a good character to use, because only 5 species have orange fruits. Write down all the numbers adjacent to the first character state you chose. Choose a second character, decide on the correct state, and write down the numbers adjacent to that state. Circle the numbers that are common to the two lists. Select a third character, decide on the correct state, and write down the numbers adjacent to that state. Circle the numbers that are common to all three lists. Continue in this way until you reach a single number, and then match that number with the species name in the list appearing directly below the key. Character Character State Taxa possessing that state Habit herbaceous resprouter 34-36, 38^16, 49, 51, 52, 66, 69, 72, 76-79, 81, 89 prostrate stoloniferous 15, 59, 60 rhizomatous shrub 1-14, 16-33, 45-50, 53, 56-58, 61-64, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73-75, 80-90 vine or shrubby vine 46, 53-55 Bark corky 50, 62, 63, 76 non-descript most species Prickles, large stems absent 1, 3-9, 46 curved, broad based (1-4 times longer than wide) 24, 30, 31, 53-55, 87, 90 straight, broad based (4-7 times longer than wide) 2, 16, 24, 31, 32, 43, 44, 61, 64, 67, 68, 71, 78-80, 83, 88-90 Straight, acicular (7-20 times longer than wide) 10-14, 15-23, 25-29, 32^15, 47, 49-52, 56-58, 60, 62-66, 68-78,81-86, 89 Adult leaves (length-breadth ratio) 0.8-1.7 4, 7, 9, 15, 22, 24, 27-29, 30-39, 40, 41, 44^15, 47, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60, 63, 65,70,71,75,81-83, 86-90 1.8-3 1-18, 22, 24-26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 36-43, 45-51, 53-71, 75, 76, 82-86, 88-90 3.1-26 1, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 17-19, 20, 21, 23, 42, 51, 56, 61, 66, 68, 72-74, 76-80, 84 670 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Lower leaf surface (density of stellate hairs) absent very sparse sparse moderate dense very dense 1,2, 22, 23, 27, 33,38,39,44 12,21,27, 35,37,42, 56 12, 20, 21, 26, 34-37, 40-42, 51, 56, 60, 75, 88 12, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30, 34-36, 40^12, 51, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 75, 88-90 3, 4, 6-11, 16-18, 20, 24, 29-32, 36, 45, 47, 48, 50-52, 54, 55, 57-63, 65, 66, 75-77, 79, 82-84, 86, 87, 89 3-6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 18-20, 24, 28, 29, 32, 43, 45-50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 67-74, 76-82, 84, 85 Corolla colour white 2, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 26, 30-33, 36, 39, 40, 45, 50, 52, 64, 74, 76, 90 yellow 89 mauve or purple most species Mature fruit colour (or predominant colour) red 1-24, 26, 56, 90 black 27-29 green to yellowish-green 30, 31, 34, 35, 38—41, 45, 47-52, 54, 57-68, 70, 71-77, 79, 84 yellow 44, 53, 57,80,81,87, 88 orange 32, 33, 55-56, 86 brown 44, 80-83 purple 37 Mature fruit diameter (fresh) 3-9.0 mm 1-10, 14, 16-25, 27, 28, 44, 46, 80, 81, 89 9.1-13.0 mm 10, 12-15, 23, 26, 29, 31, 35, 42-46, 48, 54, 63, 66, 73-81, 89 13.1-16.0 mm 11-13, 30, 31, 36, 39—41, 43, 45, 47-52, 54, 59-62, 64-68, 72-75, 77, 78, 82, 90 16.1—45 mm 12, 31-34, 36, 37, 45, 49-51, 53, 55-58, 60-62, 64-67, 70-72, 82, 84-88, 90 Calyx prickle number zero most species 1-35 29, 33, 35, 38-46, 49, 51, 60, 64, 70-72, 77, 78, 83-88, 90 36-600 34, 36-38, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 70, 82-85, 88, 90 Seed colour (fresh) white to pale yellow most species brown to black 27, 28, 32, 50, 66-68, 70, 75, 78, 80-82, 84, 86-89 Distribution (Pastoral district) Mo or Wb or NE NSW 3, 7-9, 14-16, 18, 26, 29-31, 33, 34, 37, 45, 58-60, 66, 72, 73, 78, 86, 88, 89 Dd 5, 8, 14, 18-21, 27-29, 34, 37, 38, 42, 45, 58, 66, 68, 70-73, 77, 78, 86, 89, 90 Bn or Pc 2, 4, 8, 9, 14, 18, 19, 21-23, 28, 30, 31, 33, 42, 45, 46, 58, 62, 66, 68, 72, 77, 78, 86, 87, 89 Le or Sk 2, 4, 7-9, 19-22, 27, 28, 31, 33, 39^11, 45, 47, 62-65, 67, 68, 74, 75, 77, 88 Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 671 Nk 2, 14, 17-19, 31, 35, 36, 41, 45, 50, 54, 56, 57, 62, 63, 74, 77 Co 1, 2, 10-14, 19, 25, 31-33, 35, 36, 44, 45, 51,53,54-57,61,74, 83, 85 Ma, Wa, Gs, Gn, Mi or Bk 5, 6, 9, 19, 20, 24, 28, 31, 43^15, 48-50, 52, 62, 65, 67-69, 74, 76, 77, 79-85 01. S. dunalianum 02. S. viridifolium 03. S. hapalum 04. S. johnsonianum 05. S. innoxium 06. S. ultimum 07. S. densevestitum 08. S. nemophilum 09. S. gympiense 10 . S.fervens 11 . S. yirrkalense 12 . S. defensum 13 . S. discolor 14 . S. corifolium 15 . S. mentiens 16 . S. shirleyanurn 17 . S. dryanderense 18 . S. stelligerum 19 . S. parvifolium 20 . S. ferocissimum 21 . S. latens 22 . S. dissectum 23 . S. lythrocarpum 24 . S. chenopodinum 25 . S. dysprosium 26 . S. inaequilaterum 27 . S. coracinum 28 . S. mitchellianum 29 . S. semiarmatum 30 . S. chrysotrichum 31 . S. torvum 32 . S. lasiocarpum 33 . S. capsicoides 34 . S. ditrichum 35 . S. cookii 36 . S. multiglochidiatum 37 . S. vicinum 38 . S. papaverifolium 39 . S. adenophorum 40 . S. pusillum 41 . S. graniticum 42 . S. stenopterum 43 . S. lacunarium 44 . S. pugiunculiferum 45 . S. ellipticum 46 . S. dianthophorum 47 . S. crebrispinum 48 . S. senticosum 49 . S. quadriloculatum 50 . S. crassitomentosum 51 . S. angustum 52 . S. argopetalum 53 . S. dimorphispinum 54 . S. hamulosum 55 . S. eminens 56 . S. macoorai 57 . S. magnifolium 58 . S. rixosum 59 . S. serpens 60 . S. acanthodapis 61 . S. intonsum 62 . S. furfuraceum 63 . S. sporadotrichum 64 . S.francisii 65 . S. dumicola 66 . S. tetrathecum 67 . S. cocosoides 68 . S. jucundum 69 . S. centrale 70 . S. cinereum 71 . S. nobile 72 . S. limitare 73 . S. amblymerum 1A . S. galbinum 75 . S. elachophyllum 76 . S. versicolor 77 . S. esuriale 78 . S. elaeagnifolium 79 . S. ammophilum 80 . S. sturtianum 81 . S. oligacanthum 82 . S. echinatum 83 . S. longissimum 84 . S. chippendalei 85 . S. carduiforme 86 . S. stupefactum 87 . S. incanum 88 . S. linnaeanum 89 . S. rostratum 90 . S. sisymbriifolium 672 Solanum subg. Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 68 (1919); S. sect. Leptostemonum Dunal in A.DC., Prodr. 13(1): 183 (1852). Type: S. mammosum L., lecto ,fide D’Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 59: 270 (1973). Herbaceous resprouters, perennial vines, shrubs, or small trees. Prickles usually present on stems and petioles, sometimes on leaves and calyces, rarely on corolla, but in a very few species absent altogether. Stellate hairs usually present on many parts of the plant, rarely absent. Leaves often having two distinct ontogenetic stages. Juvenile leaves larger, more deeply lobed and more prickly. Adult leaves usually two per sympodial unit (in Queensland), entire or variously lobed, the base oblique on all or some leaves. Inflorescence cymose, often appearing racemose or paniculate, or reduced to a single flower. All flowers bisexual, or distal flowers functionally male (andromonoecious), or rarely dioecious. Flowers actinomorphic (in Queensland), mostly 5-merous, some species always or predominantly 4-merous. Calyx fused, often accresent in fruit. Corolla lobes fused, variously lobed. Stamens equal in size and shape (in Queensland); anthers attenuate, yellow, glabrous (in Queensland), dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary 1-4-locular, the placenta variously lobed. Fruit a juicy or mucilaginous (rarely dry) berry; stone cells absent. Seeds lenticular, subreniform, the testa with fine reticulated ornamentation. About 500 species, throughout the world, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Group 5 (S. dunalianum group) of Whalen (1984) Large shrubs or small trees (100%); adult leaves entire (100%); branchlet prickles absent (100%); Stem prickles sparse, broad-based (100%); stellate hairs present only on young vegetative growth and inflorescences (100%); flowers all bisexual (100%); flowers often 4- merous (100%); mature fruits red, juicy, succulent, 1-locular, <9 mm diameter, exocarp <0.5 mm thick (100%); inflorescences 2-3- branched (83%). c. 15 species extending from Malesia to the western Pacific. 3 species indigenous to Australia, 2 species indigenous to Queensland. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) The species allied to S. vaccinioides (all endemic to New Caledonia) were included in this group by Whalen {loc. cit.). However they seem to have little in common with S. dunalianum and related species. 1. Solanum dunalianum Gaudich. in Freyc., Voyage Uranie 448 (1829), t. 58 (1828). Type: Moluccas, Pisang, [December 1818], C. Gaudichaud-Beaupre s.n. (lecto: P), here designated. Illustration : Symon (1981: 119) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 2-4 m high. Leaves (in outline) ovate, entire; la min a c. 35 x 15 cm, without prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets brown; prickles absent; stellae absent or sparse, 0.25-0.35 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7-9, porrect; central ray 0.4-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves elliptical or ovate, entire; la min a 13-23 cm long, 4.3-7.5 cm wide, 2.8-3.1 t im es longer than broad, apex acute, base cuneate, oblique part 0-15 mm long, obliqueness index 0-9 percent; petioles 1-1.8 cm long, 7-10% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, 2-branched, common peduncle 5-8 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 15-25-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 4 or 5-merous; pedicels 4-7 mm long at anthesis, markedly thicker distally, 0.4-0.7 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-2 mm long, lobes deltate, 0.3-1 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae sparse to very dense, yellow or white, 0.15-0.25 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 7-9, central ray 0.6-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 7-9 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface sparsely stellate-hairy; anthers 4.5-5.5 mm long; ovary glabrous; functional style 7-8 mm long, erect, with stellate hairs only, stellae 0.25-0.3 mm across, lateral rays 8-11, central ray 0.5-0.8 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 3-13 per Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum inflorescence, globular, 8-9 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); mesocarp juicy, succulent; pedicels 8-16 mm long in fruit, 0.8-1 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2-2.7 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: Embley River, 10 mi les [16 km] S of Weipa, Aug 1974, Swan 141 (AD, BRI, CANB); Weipa South, behind old airstrip, Jul 1980, Tucker AM762 (BRI); Possum Scrub, Jun 1994, Forster PIF15276 & Tucker (AD, BRI). Distribution and habitat: In Queensland, Solanum dunalianum is known only from the vicinity of Weipa on Cape York Peninsula (Map 1). Also known from Malesia (New Guinea and some nearby islands). Queensland specimens are recorded from the edges of semi-deciduous rainforest, on ‘red lateritic ridges’. Phenology: Both flowers and mature fruits have been recorded for June, July and August. Notes: S. dunalianum is close to S. viridifolium, but S. dunalianum in Australia has young leaves and petioles with stellate hairs (vs. glabrous for S. viridifolium,)', petioles 7-10% of lamina length (vs. 15-30% for S. viridifolium)', common peduncle 5-8 mm long (vs. 12-23 mm long for S. viridifolium ); pedicels and calyx densely to very densely stellate hairy (vs. glabrous or sparsely stellate-hairy); central ray of stellae deflexed (vs. erect) and style 7-8 mm long (vs. 4.5-5.5 mm for S. viridifolium). There are two sheets of S. dunalianum at P that were collected by Charles Gaudichaud- Beaupre. The sheet with 5 leaves and the prickly stem, with the label saying “Solanum dunalianum, Aquartia Dl, lie Pisang, C.G.” is chosen as lectotype, as that specimen more closely matches the protologue. I am uncertain about the correct application of the name S. dunalianum. The Australian species is perhaps referable to S. torricellense Bitter, but further taxonomic study is required. Conservation status: Currently listed as “Vulnerable” under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act, 1992. S. dunalianum is known from only 3 locations, none of which is in a conservation reserve. Applying the IUCN criteria (IUCN. 2001), the existing category of “Vulnerable” is endorsed (VU Cl). 673 2. Solanum viridifolium Dunal in A.DC., Prodr. 13(1): 73 (1852). Type: [Queensland. Cook District:] near Cape Grafton, 9 June 1770, J. Banks & D. Solander (holo: BM). S. viride R.Br., Prodr. 445 (1810), nom. illeg., non GForst. ex Spreng. (1807). Illustration : Symon (1981: 123), as S. viride Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 1.5-9 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 0-10 prickles per dm, 1-3 mm long; leaves (in outline) ovate, entire; lamina 9-14 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, without prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets brown or green; prickles absent (but large stems prickly); stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, entire; lamina 5-18.5 cm long, 2-6.5 cm wide, 2.1- 2.9 times longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, oblique part 0-8 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 1.2- 3.8 cm long, 15-30% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo- racemose or 2-3-branched, common peduncle 12-23 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 12-60- flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 4 or 5- merous; pedicels 5-13 mm long at anthesis, markedly thicker distally, 0.4-0.7 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, lobes elliptic or deltate, 0.5-1.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae sparse, white, 0.2-0.3 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 4-8, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white, mauve or purple, 6-11 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface sparsely to densely stellate-hairy; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 4.5-5.5 mm long, erect, glabrous or with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae c. 0.3 mm across, lateral rays 4-6, central ray 1.5-2 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 3-13 per inflorescence, globular, 5.5-7.5 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not 674 apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.1-0.3 mm thick; pedicels 11-17 mm long in fruit, 0.6-0.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2-3 mm long. Specimens examined : New Guinea. Sabi, lower Wassi Kussa River, Jun 1973, Henty NGF 49646 (A, BRI, CANB, L); near Kunini village, Daru district, May 1986, Simaga 768 (CANB). Queensland. Cook District: Boolally, Upper Barron R., Jun 1899, J.F. Bailey s.n. (BRI); S.F. 185 Danbulla, Sep 1929, Doggrell A12 (BRI); Mt Spurgeon, Sep 1936, White 10719 (BRI); Etty Bay, Dec 1941, White 11734 (BRI); Brown’s Creek, Pascoe River, Jul 1948, Brass 19589 (BRI, CANB); Ha mm ond Island, Jul 1974, Heatwole 303 (BRI); Halloran’s Hill, Atherton, Aug 1975, Stocker 1420 (BRI, QRS); T.R.14, Mcllwraith Range-Leo Ckroad, Sep 1975, Hyland 8431 (BRI, CANB, QRS); Thursday Island, May 1977, Paton 10 (CANB); S.F. 194, Baldy Mountain S.F., Oct 1987, Foreman 1649 (AD, BRI, CANB, NSW, QRS); Garraway Hill, 12° 42’S 143° 08’E, Jul 1993, Forster PIF13540 & Tucker (AD, BRI, MEL, QRS); Mt Misery, S of Cooktown, Sep 2000, McDonald KRM593 & Hines (BRI). North Kennedy District: Dunk Island, undated, Banfield s.n. (BRI); S bank of Tully River, Feb 1965, Everist 7795 (BRI); Edmund Kennedy N.P., near Cardwell, Dec 1991, Bean 3858 (AD, BRI); Kirrama Range, 18.5 km from Kennedy, Dec 1993, Forster PIF14314 (BRI). South Kennedy District: Mackay, Oct 1887, Griffith s.n. (BRI); S.F.. 652 Cauley, Jul 1974, Hyland 7382 (CANB); Mt Blackwood, Mar 1987, Thompson 80 (BRI); Crediton S.F., S ofEungellaN.P., Nov 1990 ,Bean 2545 (BRI). Port Curtis District: Bobby Range road, S.F.67 Bulburin, E of Builyan, Mar 1995, Bean 8444 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum viridifolium is distributed along the coast of Queensland, north from about Monto (Map 1). It also extends to southern New Guinea. It inhabits notophyll rainforests in high rainfall areas, especially at altitudes above 300 metres, but also on the lowlands. A very common and widespread species. Phenology: Flowers and fruits may be found at any time of the year. Notes: Young plants of S. viridifolium are frequently monopodial until about 1.5 metres in height. Adult plants somet im es have short broad-based prickles on the large stems, although the flowering branchlets are invariably unarmed. One specimen label ( Gray 2156) records a plant 9 metres high and 15 cm diameter at breast height. This is the tallest recorded Solanum in Australia. Robert Brown collected this species on or near Curtis Island (near Gladstone) in 1802. It has never been recorded near Gladstone since then. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Conservation status: Widespread. Not considered at risk. Group 9A (S. densevestitum group), here defined; related to Group 9 ( S. jubae group) of Whalen (1984). Calyx lobes elliptical, exceeding mature fruits (100%); large stems without prickles (100%); branchlet prickles absent (100%); calyx prickles absent (100%); corolla inner surface glabrous (100%); mature fruits red, juicy, succulent, 1-locular, <9 mm diameter, exocarp <0.5 mm thick (100%); seeds pale yellow, 2-3 mm long (100%); adult leaves entire (93%); inflorescence with all flowers bisexual (93%); inflorescence solitary or pseudo-umbellate (71%); upper leaf surface stellae with central ray 2-9 times as long as laterals (71%). 7 species endemic to Australia; 7 species occurring in Queensland. Solanum densevestitum and its allies form a very distinctive group. They appear to be closely related to Whalen’s Group 9, the African Solanum jubae group, because of “the absence of prickles, stellae with long central rays, umbel-like inflorescence, ovate or obovate calyx lobes, and the succulent red fruits” (Whalen 1984: 227-8). 3. Solanum hapalum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex usque ad 1 m altus, aculeis carens; folia integra, ovata, indumento coacto; stellae sessiles, radio centrali longo, in pagina inferiore folii 0.4-0.5 mm diametro; fructus globulares succosi et laete rubri maturitate; lobi calycis elliptici, fructus superantes. Typus: New South Wales. North Coast: 2.3 km along Dingo Range road, Clouds Creek State Forest, north of Dorrigo, 9 September 2000, A.R. Bean 16862 (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso: MEL, NE, NSW) Illustration: Symon (1981: 143), as S. densevestitum. Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.5-1 m high. Juvenile branchlets without prickles; entire or shallowly-lobed. Adult stem prickles absent. Adult branchlets yellow or brown; prickles absent; stellae very dense, 0.3-0.4 mm Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 675 Fig. 13. Solanum hapalum. A. flowering branchlet x 1. B. flower x 3. C. style and ovary x 6. D. ovary showing Type 2 hairs x 20. E. stellate hair from upper leaf surface x 60. F. mature fruit x 2. G. transverse section of fruit x 6. all from Bean 16854. diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 3-7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, entire; lamina 4.5-7 cm long, 2.3-3.5 cm wide, 1.9-2.5 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 1-4 mm long, obliqueness index 2-6 percent; petioles 0.8-1.7 cm long, 17-25% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface grey-green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae density moderate to dense, 0.15-0.3 mm apart, 0.25-0.4 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 4-9 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.1-0.2 mm apart, 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 3-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo- umbellate, common peduncle absent; 1-3- flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5- merous; pedicels 2-7 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.6-0.7 mm thick at mid¬ point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, lobes elliptic, 4.5-8 mm long; prickles 676 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) absent at anthesis; stellae very dense, transparent, 0.3-0.5 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 3-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 7-12 mm long, shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4-5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5-8 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes exceeding mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 5-6.5 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.2-0.4 mm thick; pedicels 8-11 mm long in fruit, 0.7-1 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.2-2.5 mm long. Fig. 13. Specimens examined : Queensland. Moreton District: Mt Lindesay, Oct 1921, White 1121 (BRI); Border road 4 km S of the sawmill on Burnett Ck, close to N.S.W. border, Apr 1973, Sharpe 447 (BRI); Mt Barney, south slopes, Oct 1992, Forster 11857 et al. (AD, BRI). New South Wales. Northern Tablelands: 30 miles [48 km] NE of Glen Innes, Gibraltar S.F., Apr 1956, Constable (NSW); Gibraltar Range N.R, 68 km E of Glen Innes, Oct 1969, Coveny 2243a (NSW); Surface Hill, ESE of Tenterfield, Jan 1975, Moriarty 1640 (BRI, CANB). North Coast: F.R. 121 Raleigh, Bellinger R., Apr 1910, Swain 157 (NSW); Coffs Harbour, Jun 1911, Boorman (BRI, NSW); Taree, Apr 1951, Noonan (NSW); 3 miles [5 km] W of Drake, Girard S.F., Apr 1956, Constable s.n. (NSW); North Obelisk, 2 km SW of Urbenville, Dec 1977, Haegi 1539 (BRI, NSW); 0.4 km W along Dennis Road, Ingalba S.F., 27 km NW of Kempsey, Dec 1998, Lepschi 4021 & Connors (CANB, NSW); Forbes Forest road, NW of Wauchope, Nov 1999, Bean 15702 (BRI, NSW); Welsh’s Road, Clouds Creek S.F., N of Dorrigo, Sep 2000, Bean 16854 (BRI, NSW); Blacksmiths Shop road, Dalmorton S.F., SW of Grafton, Jan 2001, Bean 17252 (BRI). South Coast: Long Beach, Batemans Bay, Apr 1990, Hancock (AD, CANB, NSW); Blairs Road, Square Head, Batemans Bay, Jan 1995, Rees 300 (CANB); Eurobodalla Regional Botanic Gardens, Dec 1999, Booth 2511 (AD, BRI, NSW). Cultivated: Waite Institute ex Little Smoky, N.S.W., Dec 1967, Symon 4701 (AD, BRI, NSW). Distribution and habitat: Solanum hapalum extends from the extreme south-east of Queensland (Mt Barney, Mt Ballow, Mt Lindesay) to around Port Macquarie in New South Wales (Map 1), and with a disjunct occurrence near Batemans Bay. It grows on rainforest margins or in “wet sclerophyll” eucalypt forest, preferring disturbed areas such as roadsides or recently logged sites. Phenology: Flowers and fruits are recorded for most months of the year. Notes: S. hapalum is related to S. densevestitum, but differing by the smaller stellate hairs on all plant parts, the stellate hairs sessile on the lower leaf surface (stalks up to 0.5 mm long for S. densevestitum), the branchlet stellate hairs sessile or almost so, and with 7 or 8 lateral rays (stalks conspicuous, to 2 mm long, and with 4-6 lateral rays for S. densevestitum) and the ovary with Type 2 hairs only (Type 2 hairs and stellate hairs for S. densevestitum ). Conservation status: Widespread. Not considered at risk. Etymology: from the Latin hapalus, meaning ‘soft to the touch’, in reference to the soft, felty leaves and stems. 4. Solanum johnsonianum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Subfrutex usque ad 0.25 m altus, aculeis carens; folia integra late ovata, indumento coacto; stellae sessiles, radio centrali longo, in pagina superiore folii 0.25-0.35 mm diametro; fructus globulares, 5.5-8 mm diametro, succosi et laete rubri maturitate; lobi calycis elliptici, fructus superantes. Typus: Queensland. Leichhardt District: “Nirvana”, c. 15 km WNW of Banana, 18 April 2003, A.R. Bean 20165 (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso: CANB, MEL, NSW, distribuendi ). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.15-0.3 m high. Juvenile branchlets without prickles; leaves (in outline) broadly ovate, shallowly- lobed, with 2 pairs of lobes; lamina 4.5-5.5 cm long, 3.3-3.8 cm wide, without prickles on upper surface. Adult stem prickles absent. Adult branchlets grey to rusty or brown; prickles absent; stellae very dense, 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7-9, porrect; central ray 3-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves broadly ovate, entire; lamina 2.5-6 cm long, 1.3-4.3 cm wide, 1.4-2 times longer than broad, apex obtuse, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-1 mm long, obliqueness index 0-3 percent; petioles 0.9-2.8 cm long, 30-55% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae dense, 0.15-0.25 mm apart, 0.25-0.35 mm across, Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 677 QUEENSLAND H EH BARIUM (BRI) Brisbane Australia QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI) Ffcrs □wki'»U«S ^ Selanum 90s 1490 58m S)» (<.S!5W| Oipfirn HSS.HBSSI.IiSfiHB |W“4S4E3SFS| "■ m Tir-raKi', S 15ten WNW el BmAS. OS»n folWi ^ Euc^lJluS BvsWana, AeWs hjFSS^ylU. 'Min uftSaraiorny *1 Si^cra jjar>iltoT 3 > Mr* ndafthjfl, flat, E 46 W 1 &>£ Small vwixly luMUylr SOcnl Wall, pndUot aSHjnl- Pmite fcnGM Ha. jplants rtiiMAifliflui with I'wmarsu? rtciaa in cfca* pnKwmv OesmoiHi aii«. ai*sy* unainiMUi wuffi plants SplnldiiXilalil BRi , Queensland Herbarium (BRI) faLr>7y#f t f Sofanam joA/sso/t/'aitvm, 0*. A A. £&u* Oiw ) ^ 2<x>3 Fig. 14. Holotype of Solanum johnsonianum. 678 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) sessile; lateral rays 7-9, porrect; central ray 3- 5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface greenish-white or white; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.1-0.2 mm apart, 0.3-0.6 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 2-5 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra- axillary, solitary or pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-2 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 1 or 2-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5- merous; pedicels 4-7 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, c. 0.7 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-3 mm long, lobes elliptic, 4-6.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae very dense, yellow, 0.3-0.4 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 3-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped or gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 6- 11 mm long, rotate or shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3-4 mm long; ovary glabrous, or with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5-6.5 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes exceeding mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 5.5-8 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.3-0.5 mm thick; pedicels 10-16 mm long in fruit, 0.8-0.9 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.2-2.8 mm long. Fig. 14. Specimens examined : Queensland. Leichhardt District: ‘(Tottenham’, c. 10 miles [16 km] NW of Banana, May 1960, Johnson 1708, 1709 (BRI); ‘The Rhyddings’, c. 38 km SW of Moura, Aug 1962, Johnson 2473 (BRI); site of Brigalow Research Station, 20 miles [32 km] NW of Theodore, Apr 1963, Johnson 2621 (BRI, CANB); c. 4 miles [6 km] E of Moura, Mar 1967, Henderson 223 (BRI). Port Curtis District: Orange Creek, c. 20 miles [32 km] NW of Biloela, Jun 1959, Johnson 854 (BRI); 1.6 km along Hibbs Road, N of Jambin, Apr 2003, Bean 20225 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanum johnsonianum is endemic to Queensland. It extends from north-west of Theodore to north of Biloela (Map 3), a distance of around 100 kilometres. All specimens were found in communities dominated or co-dominated by Acacia harpophylla (Brigalow), on heavy cracking clay soils. In some cases, the specimen labels say “recently burnt” or “recently cleared Brigalow scrub”. Phenology : Flowers recorded for March, May, June and August; mature fruits recorded for April and May. Notes: S. johnsonianum is distinguished from S. nemophilum by the branchlet stellae with a central ray 3-5 times longer than the lateral rays (0.7-1.2 times for S. nemophilum ), central ray similarly much longer on other plant parts, stellae 0.25-0.35 mm diameter on upper leaf surface (0.4-0.7 mm for S. nemophilum ), upper leaf surface lacking Type 2 hairs and stellae without stalks (Type 2 hairs present, stellae stalks 0.1-0.3 mm long for S. nemophilum). S. johnsonianum is also closely related to S. innoxium. It differs from the latter by the broader leaves (1.4-2 times longer than wide), the longer petioles (9-28 mm long), the greater petiole/lamina ratio (30-55%), the larger stellae on the lower leaf surface (0.3-0.6 mm diameter) and the calyx stellae with the central ray often gland-tipped. Conservation status: Solanum johnsonianum can no longer be found at most of the localities cited above. It is currently known from 3 locations, including the Brigalow Research Station, where the species is under threat from abnormally intensive grazing by wallabies. The other two populations are threatened by weeds (pasture grasses) and land clearance. No population is protected within a conservation reserve. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Endangered” is recommended (EN A3c; B lab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v); Cl). Etymology: Named for Robert W. Johnson, former Director of the Queensland Herbarium, and an assiduous collector of solanums, including almost all the specimens of this species. 5. Solanum innoxium A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex usque ad 0.6 m altus, aculeis carens; folia integra, lanceolata, indumento coacto; stellae sessiles, radio centrali radiis lateralibus 3-5plo longiore, in pagina superiore folii 0.2-0.25 mm diametro; fructus ellipsoidales, 3-4.5 mm diametro, succosi et laete rubri maturitate; calycis lobi elliptici, fructus superantes. Typus: Queensland. Maranoa District: slopes of Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 679 Fig. 15. Solanum innoxium. A. flowering branchlet x 1.5. B. style and ovary x 6. D. ovary showing Type 2 hairs x 12. D. mature fruit still attached x 4. E. mature fruit, detached x 5. F. transverse section of fruit x 8. A, Pedley 792; B-C, Bean 17775; D-F , Bean 18367. Thomby Range, ‘Glen Fosslyn’, SE of Surat, 31 August 2001, A.R. Bean 17775 (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso: MEL, NSW). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.3-0.6 m high. Leaves (in outline) lanceolate, entire; without prickles on upper surface. Adult stem prickles absent. Adult branchlets yellow or brown; prickles absent; stellae very dense, 0.25-0.4 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 3-4 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves lanceolate or ovate, entire; la min a 2.5-7 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide, 2.6-4.2 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-2 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 0.4-0.8 cm long, 11-19% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface grey-green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae density moderate to dense, 0.1-0.15 mm apart, 0.2-0.3 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 3-6 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; 680 finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles absent; stellae very dense, 0.05-0.1 mm apart, 0.25-0.4 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 3-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle absent; 1 or 2-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 4 or 5-merous; pedicels 5-11 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.7-0.8 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, lobes elliptic, 4-5.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae very dense, transparent, 0.25-0.4 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 2.5-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve or purple, 7-9 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3-4.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only, or with stellate and Type 2 hairs; functional style 4-5 mm long, erect, glabrous or with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae 0.2-0.25 mm across, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray c. 1 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes exceeding mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, ellipsoidal, 3-4.5 mm diameter, red, with a few scattered Type 2 hairs, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.2-0.3 mm thick; pedicels 7-11 mm long in fruit, 0.7-0.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.2-2.3 mm long. Fig. 15. Specimens examined : Queensland. Maranoa District: E of Combididan Farm, ‘Cypress Downs’ [NE of Yuleba], Sep 1961, Jones 166 (BRI); ‘Boxleigh’, S of Surat, Aug 2001, Bean 17762 (BRI, MEL, NSW); Thomby Range, SW of Glenmorgan, Jan2002, Bean 18367 (BRI); ‘Silver Springs’, S of Surat, Jan 2002, Bean 18374 (BRI). Darling Downs District: ‘Calala’, c. 10 miles [16 km] E of Meandarra, Jun 1960, Johnson 1620A(BRI); ‘Woodlands’, 5 mi les [8 km] SW of Westmar, Jul 1961, Pedley 792 (BRI, CANB); Hannaford, 42 km W of Tara, Apr 1963, T.J. McDonald 63 (BRI, CANB). Distribution and habitat : Solanum innoxium is endemic to Queensland, where it extends from near Yuleba to Westmar (Map 3). Habitat varies from ridges dominated by Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi ) or Bendee (Acacia catenulata ), to Eucalyptus populnea woodland, and one record from an Acacia harpophylla Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) community. Soils also vary from shallow stony loams, to red-brown clay loams, or heavy grey clays. Phenology : Flowers are recorded for January, and from June to September; mature fruits recorded for January and April. Notes: S. innoxium is allied to S. nemophilum but differs by the lanceolate leaves, the stellae of the upper leaf surface 0.2-0.3 mm diameter (0.4-0.7 mm for S. nemophilum), the branchlet stellae with the central ray 3-4 times longer than the lateral rays (0.7-1.2 times for S. nemophilum ), the stellae on the lower leaf surface sessile or with stalks to 0.1 mm long (stalks 0.2-0.4 mm for S. nemophilum ), style 4-5 mm long (5.5-8 mm long for 5. nemophilum) and the ellipsoidal fruits (globular for S. nemophilum ). S. innoxium differs from S. hapalum by the shorter and narrower leaves, shorter petioles, smaller stellae on the lower leaf surface, shorter style, the relatively long Type 2 hairs on the ovary, and the ellipsoidal fruits. Conservation status: Solanum innoxium is currently known from 3 locations. It does not occur in a conservation reserve. It is threatened by land clearance and weeds. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Vulnerable” is recommended (VU A3ce; Cl). Etymology: From the Latin innoxius, meaning ‘harmless’. This is in reference to the lack of prickles on plants of this species. 6. Solanum ultimum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex usque ad 0.6 m altus, aculeis carens; folia integra, ovata; stellae sessiles, radio centrali radiis lateralibus 0.4-lplo longiore, in pagina inferiore folii 0.4-0.6 mm diametro, in pagina superiore folii indumento absente usque ad moderate denso; fructus globulares, 6-9 mm diametro, succosi et laete rubri maturitate; calycis lobi elliptici, fructus superantes. Typus: Queensland. Burke District: 3 km by road south then west of ‘Warang’ homestead site, White Mountains National Park, 11 April 2000, M.B. Thomas 1572 & E.J. Thompson (holo: BRI; iso: DNA, NSW). 681 Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum Fig. 16. Solanum ultimum. A. flowering branchlet x 1. B. style and ovary x 6. C. ovary showing Type 2 hairs x 20. D. stellate hair from upper leaf surface x 60. E. mature fruit x 2. all from Cottam AZI 1520. 682 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Solanum nemophilum var. brachycarpum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 585 (1929). Type: Queensland. North Kennedy District: near Pentland, March 1910, K. Domin (holo: PR). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.3-0.6 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult stem prickles absent. Adult branchlets white, grey or yellow; prickles absent; stellae very dense, 0.6-0.9 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 7-9, porrect; central ray 0.4-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves lanceolate or ovate, entire; lamina 4-6 cm long, 1.1-2.3 cm wide, 2.7-3.6 t im es longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-1.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-2 percent; petioles 0.7-1.4 cm long, 16-23% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae very sparse to sparse, 0.4-4 mm apart, 0.25-0.4 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.1-0.2 mm apart, 0.4-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 8-9, porrect; central ray 0.2-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle absent; 1-3-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 4 or 5-merous; pedicels 5-9 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout or markedly thicker distally, 0.9-1 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 0.5-1.5 mm long, lobes elliptic, 4-6 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae dense to very dense, white, 0.4-0.5 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long, lateral rays 8-9, central ray 0.4-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 7-9 mm long, shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-4.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5.5-7 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes exceeding mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 6-9 mm diameter, red; mesocarp juicy, succulent; pedicels 7-12 mm long in fruit, 1.5-1.9 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.4-2.7 mm long. Fig. 16. Specimens examined : Queensland. Burke District: White Mountains N.P., near ‘Warang’, Mar 2000, Wannan 1624 (BRI, NSW); 0.5 km W of ‘Warang’ HS site, White Mountains N.R, Apr 2000, Thomas 1803 & Thompson (BRI). Mitchell District: ‘Narbethong’ SE of Barcaldine, Jun 1997, Cottam AZI1517 (BRI); ‘Narbethong’, SE of Barcaldine, Dec 1997, Milson AZI1537 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanum ultimum is endemic to Queensland. It is known from the White Mountains National Park and from near Barcaldine (Map 3). It grows on red sandy soil with Corymbia sp., Eucalyptus persistens or Melaleuca tamariscina. Phenology: Flowers are recorded for April, June and December; mature fruits in April and December. Notes: S. ultimum differs from S. nemophilum by the indumentum of the upper leaf surface absent to sparse (indumentum moderately dense to dense for S. nemophilum ), upper leaf surface with stellate hairs sessile and Type 2 hairs absent (stellate hairs with stalks 0.1-0.3 mm long and Type 2 hairs present for S. nemophilum ), calyx stellate hairs with a central ray 0.4-0.8 times length of lateral rays (0.8-1.2 times for S. nemophilum ), and the larger seeds. S. ultimum differs from all other species in the S. densevestitum group by the upper leaf surface with the stellate indumentum absent or at most moderately dense, and by the stellae with a comparatively short central ray on all plant parts. Conservation status: Data deficient. Etymology: From the Fatin ultimus, meaning ‘most distant’. This refers to the geographical remoteness from the eastern Australian coast, where its relatives are located. 7. Solanum densevestitum F. Muell. ex Benth., FI. Austral. 4: 456 (1868). Type: Queensland. ‘Brisbane River’, December 1856, F. Mueller (lecto: MEF [MEF12200]), fide Symon (1981). Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.4-0.9 m high. Juvenile branchlets without prickles; leaves (in outline) broadly ovate, shallowly- lobed, with 2-3 pairs of lobes; lamina c. 9x6 cm, without prickles on upper surface. Adult stem prickles absent. Adult branchlets grey; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.7-1.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-2 mm long; lateral rays 4-6, porrect; central ray 1.5-4 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate or broadly ovate, entire; lamina 5-10 cm long, 2.6-5.5 cm wide, 1.6-2 times longer than broad, apex acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 0.9-3.4 cm long, 17-35% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae dense, 0.2-0.4 mm apart, 0.5-1.1 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-6, porrect; central ray 3-6 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellae dense, 0.1-0.3 mm apart, 0.7-1.6 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.5 mm long; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 2-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle 0-4 mm long; 1-3-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 4-9 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.5-0.6 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-2.5 mm long, lobes elliptic, 6-10 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae dense, transparent, 0.8-1.8 mm across, stalks 0-0.9 mm long, lateral rays 4 or 5, central ray 1.5-3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 10-13 mm long, shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4-5.5 mm long; ovary with stellate and Type 2 hairs; functional style 6-7.5 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes exceeding mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, c. 7 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; pedicels 9-12 mm long in fruit; seeds pale yellow, 2-2.2 mm long. Felty Nightshade. 683 Selected specimens : Queensland. South Kennedy District: S of Massey Creek, Eungella N.P., Sep 1991, Bean 3682 (BRI); Eungella Range, Schumanns Road, c. 1.1 km E of Swampy Ridge, Jun 1995, Pollock 233 (BRI). Burnett District: 14 km ESE of Elgin Yale, Jan 1991, Pedley 5596 (BRI). Wide Bay District: Lagoon Pocket via Gympie, Aug 1930, Lowe s.n. (BRI); Elanda Point, near Lake Cootharaba, Jun 1986, Sandercoe C996 & Milne (BRI); S.F.639 Wrattens, Apr 1996, Forster 19136 & Leiper (AD, BRI); Booloumba Creek road, SW of Kenilworth, Aug 1999, Bean 15246 (BRI, NSW); S.F.256 Imbil, Mitchell L.A., Mar 2003, Forster PIF29294 et al. (BRI, MEL, NE, NSW). Moreton District: Enoggera, Mar 1912, White s.n. (BRI); Blackall Range, Dec 1918, White s.n. (BRI); near Samford, on House Mtn, Feb 1945, Blake 15506 (BRI); Bruce Hwy, Caboolture, Jun 1960, Williamson s.n. (BRI); Benarkin S.F. near Blackbutt, Jul 1974, Moriarty 1542 (BRI, CANB); Maiala Reserve, near Mt Glorious, Jun 1989, Symon 14881 (AD, BRI); Mt Perserverance S.F.757, Jul 1996, Stephens ESK28 & Dowling (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum densevestitum is endemic to Queensland. From the north-western outskirts of Brisbane to Gympie and west to Gallangowan, plus a remarkable outlier at Eungella, west of Mackay (Map 2). It inhabits dense eucalypt forest with a shrubby understorey of rainforest species, often in areas that have been disturbed e.g. by roadworks. Phenology: Flowers are recorded for all months of the year; mature fruits are recorded between April and August. Notes: Solanum densevestitum differs from all other related species by the stellae on upper leaf surface being sessile, with only 4 or 5 (rarely 6) lateral rays; the long-stalked stellae of the branchlets (stalks up to 2.0 mm long); and the leaf lower surface green. The collections cited by Bentham in the protologue belong to three species; S. densevestitum (as to lectotype), the recently named S. stupefactum Symon, and S. hapalum (described in this paper). The description given in the protologue was clearly derived from a combination of these taxa. The isolectotype cited by Symon (1981) is a mixed specimen. There are three specimens on the sheet; the lowermost piece is S. densevestitum , as to lectotype; the upper two pieces are S. stupefactum Symon. The locality of “Tweed River district” given for a collection by E. Betche in April 1896 684 (held at NSW) must be regarded with considerable suspicion, as there have been no subsequent collections from there or anywhere nearby. Typical specimens of S. densevestitum and S. nemophilum are readily distinguished by the stellae of the upper leaf surface (stalk length and lateral ray number). However, collections from the Benarkin - Yarraman area appear to be morphologically intermediate and difficult to assign to either species. Juvenile leaves of S. densevestitum are frequently lobed, in a similar fashion to adult leaves of S. gympiense. Conservation status: Moderately widespread. Not considered at risk. 8. Solanum nemophilum F.Muell., Fragm. 2: 161 (1861); S. nemophilum var. nemophilum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 584 (1929); S. nemophilum var. typicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 584 (1929), nom. inval. Type: [Queensland. Leichhardt District:] ‘between Mackenzie and Dawson Rivers’, November 1856, F. Mueller (lecto: MEL; isolecto: K, photo seen). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.3-0.6 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 0-5 prickles per dm, 2-3 mm long; leaves (in outline) ovate, entire; lamina c. 4x2 cm, with 0-4 prickles on upper surface. Adult stem prickles absent. Adult branchlets white or grey; prickles absent; stellae very dense, 0.3-1 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.6 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.7-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, entire; lamina 2.5-7 cm long, 1.2-2.8 cm wide, 1.8-3 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 0.4-1.4 cm long, 15-35% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface grey-green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae dense, 0.1-0.3 mm apart, 0.4-0.7 mm across, stalks 0.1-0.3 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.7-1.8 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Lower leaf surface green or yellowish; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.05-0.15 mm apart, 0.5-0.7 mm diameter, stalks 0.2-0.4 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle 0-3 mm long; 3-5-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 4 or 5-merous; pedicels 4-7 mm long at anthesis, same thic kn ess throughout, 0.9-1 mm thick at mid¬ point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, lobes elliptic, 2.5-7 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae very dense, white, 0.4-1 mm across, stalks 0-0.25 mm long, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 0.8-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 7-10 mm long, rotate or shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3-4 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5.5-8 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes exceeding mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, 4.5-9 mm diameter, red, glabrous or with a few scattered Type 2 hairs, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.2-0.25 mm thick; pedicels 6-11 mm long in fruit, 0.8-1.2 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2-2.3 mm long. Selected specimens examined : Queensland. Leichhardt District: Duaringa, Mar 1909, Maiden (NSW); Blackdown Tableland, c. 35 km SE of Blackwater, Sep 1971, Henderson H1094 et al. (BRI, CANB); top of Carnarvon Range, N of Injune, Sep 2003, Bean 20760 (BRI). Port Curtis District: S.F.69 Dawes Range, SE of Biloela, Dec 1999, Bean 15933 (BRI). Burnett District: c. 14 km NNE of Eidsvold, Oct 1993, Lepschi & Slee 1215 (AD, BRI, CANB); c. 9.2 km NE of Durong on slopes above Hardy Creek, Jul 1998, Pollock ABP715 & Dean (BRI); Schellbachs road, Kingaroy, Mar 1999, Haskard 17 (AD, BRI); Hurdle Gully road, Coominglah S.F., W of Monto, Jan 2000, Bean 15934 (BRI). Darling Downs District: 6 miles [10 km] S of Warwick on Stanthorpe road, Nov 1946, Everist & Webb 1258 (BRI); 25 miles [40 km] WNW of Dalby on road to Kogan, Oct 1969, Everist s.n. (BRI); Amiens, 10 miles [16 km] NW of Stanthorpe, Jul 1974, Swan 71 (BRI); Centenary road, W of Goombungee, May 1997, Bean 12000 (BRI); S.F. 197 Diamondy, 32 km NE of Jandowae, Mar 1999, Forster PEF24090 & Booth (AD, BRI, MEL); Bony Mountain, 14 km SW of Allora, Aug 1999, Bean 15259 (BRI); Wondul Range N.P., SWofMilmerran,Nov 1999, Bean 15888 (BRI). Moreton District: Tarampa, undated, Bailey (BRI); Falls Creek, 4.5 km NW of West Haldon, May 1987, Forster 2940 & Bird (BRI); Scanlon scrub, Mount Berryman, 15 km SW of Laidley, Aug 1990, Bird (BRI); near High Camp, 11 km SE of Cooyar, Feb 2000, Bean 16048 (BRI). Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum Distribution and habitat: Solanum nemophilum is endemic to Queensland. Widespread in subcoastal areas of Queensland from Duaringa to Boonah and Warwick, and west to Kogan and Miles (Map 4). It grows in shrubby eucalypt woodland in loamy soils. Phenology: Flowers and fruits may be borne at any time of the year. Notes: S. nemophilum is distinguished from other species of this group by the relatively long-stalked stellae on both leaf surfaces, and the stellae with a central ray more or less equal in length to the lateral rays. A Scortechini specimen of S. nemophilum at BRI, reputedly from Roma, should be disregarded, as there have been no collections of this species from the Maranoa district over the last century. Conservation status : Widespread. Not considered at risk. 9. Solanum gympiense Symon, Austrobaileya 4: 433 (1995). Type: Queensland. Wide Bay District: Gundiah, 21 June 1927, C.T. White 3527 (holo: BRI). Solanum sp. 2 in Ross (1986) Illustration: Symon (1995: 434) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.2-0.5 m high. Leaves (in outline) broadly ovate, shallowly-lobed, with 3 or 4 pairs of lobes; lamina c. 6x4 cm, without prickles on upper surface. Adult stem prickles absent. Adult branchlets yellow or brown or green; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.5-1 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.8 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect or ascending; central ray 1-2 t im es as long as laterals, gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate or broadly ovate, entire or shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3-5 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 1-1.2; lamina 4—10 cm long, 2.2-5.5 cm wide, 1.4-1.9 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 0.8-2.3 cm long, 17-30% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green or grey-green; prickles absent; 685 stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae dense, 0.2-0.3 mm apart, 0.5-0.9 mm across, stalks 0-0.15 mm long; lateral rays 5-10, porrect or ascending; central ray 2-4 times as long as laterals, gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.1-0.25 mm apart, 0.8-1.3 mm diameter, stalks 0.1-0.5 mm long; lateral rays 5-11, porrect or ascending; central ray 0.8-2 times as long as laterals, gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo- racemose, co mm on peduncle 4-21 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 3-7-flowered, weakly andromonoecious or with all flowers bisexual and 4 or 5-merous; pedicels 7-12 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.7-1.2 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-3 mm long, lobes elliptic, 2.5-9 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae very dense, transparent, 0.7-1 mm across, stalks 0-0.7 mm long, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 1-3 times as long as laterals, gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve or purple, 11-15 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4.5-6 mm long; ovary glabrous; functional style 6-11 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only or with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae c. 0.5 mm across, lateral rays c. 7, central ray c. 1.5 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes exceeding mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1-4 per inflorescence, ellipsoidal, 4.5-7 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.2-0.3 mm thick; pedicels 7-15 mm long in fruit, 1.2-1.6 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.7-2.9 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Leichhardt District: crest of Carnarvon Range, Mar 1960, Johnson 1451 (BRI). Port Curtis District: Rosedale, Mar 1931, Dovey K5 (BRI). Maranoa District: ‘Claravale’, May 1962, Johnson 2440 (BRI); The Tombs, Maranoa River, c. 110 km NW of Injune, Jun 1977, Crisp 3113 (AD, BRI, CANB); 1.5 km SW of ‘Kilmorey’ HS, May 1982, Neldner & Thomas 627, 633 (BRI). Wide Bay District: Woondum, Oct 1917, Moore (BRI); Gundiah, Jun 1927, White 3528 (BRI); c. 6 miles [10 km] NW of Tiaro, Apr 1959, Ridley s.n. (BRI); 8 km SSW of Howard, Jan 1987, Forster 2855 (AD, BRI); Clifton Range, S.F. 676,11 kmN of Brooweena, Apr 1992, Forster PIF9694 (BRI); Veteran S.F., N of Gympie, Oct 1993, Bean 6706 (BRI); S.F.832, Cordalba S.F., c. 19.5 km SE of Gin Gin, Nov 1995, Sparshott KMS660 (BRI); S.F. 1294 Parish 686 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) of Doongul, c. 27 km S of Childers, May 1996, Sparshott KMS837 & Shewell (AD, BRI); c. 3 km SE of Fairlies Knob, Seaview Range, May 2000, Phillips 391 (BRI); S.F.940,10 km SW of Bauple, Mar 2002, Bean 18555 (A, BRI, CANB, K, MEF, MO, PRE). Distribution and habitat: Solanum gympiense is endemic to Queensland where it extends along the coast from Woondum (near Gympie) to Rosedale (west of Bundaberg), with disjunct occurrences in the Carnarvon Range north of Injune (Map 5). It grows in shrubby eucalypt forest in sandy to loamy soil. Phenology: Flowers and fruits have been recorded for almost every month of the year. Notes: S. gympiense is distingushed from other species in the group by the stellae with gland- tipped central rays on most plant parts, and the adult leaves usually lobed. Conservation status: Widespread. Not considered at risk. Group 13 (S. ferocissimum group) of Whalen (1984) Perennial shrubs (100%); calyx and pedicel prickles absent, calyx lobes not elliptic (100%); large stems with prickles (100%); prickles acicular (100%); upper leaf surface green; fruits globular, red, juicy, 1-locular (100%); fruiting calyx less than half length of mature fruit (97%); inflorescence not branched (97%); corolla inner surface glabrous (93%); fruit exocarp <1 mm thick (93%); adult leaves entire or shallowly lobed (88%); fruits <12 mm diameter (80%); branchlet prickles present (77%); Type 2 hairs absent from branchlets (77%); average petiole length 12% of lamina length. 17 species endemic to Australia; 17 species occurring in Queensland. 10. Solanum fervens A.R.Bean sp. nov. Fructus erectus, aculeos aciculares sparse distributes gerens; folia integra vel non profunde lobata, lanceolata, supra glabra, subtus dense stellato-tomentosa; stellae radio centrali radiis lateralibus 3-6plo longiore; ovarium stellato-pubescens; exocarpium fructuum maturorum c. 0.8 mm crassum. Typus: Queensland. Cook District: eastern bank of Jardine River mouth, 1 September 1985, J.R. Clarkson 6219 (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso: AD, MBA, QRS). Solanum sp. (Bamaga V. Scarth-Johnson 1117) in Henderson (2002) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 1-2 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets yellow or brown; prickles 3-20 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 3-5 mm long, 13-16 times longer than wide; stellae dense to very dense, 0.3-0.4 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 2-6 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves lanceolate or ovate, entire or shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3 or 4 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 1-1.2; lamina 7.5-14 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide, 2.5-5.2 t im es longer than broad, apex acute, base cuneate, oblique part 0-4 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 0.4-0.8 cm long, 3-7% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface yellowish or rusty; prickles absent; stellae dense, 0.1-0.2 mm apart, 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 3-7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo- racemose, common peduncle 0-3 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 7-20-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 4-7 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.25-0.4 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-2 mm long, lobes deltate, 0.5-1.2 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae dense to very dense, yellow or white, 0.2-0.3 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 5-7, central ray 2-3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 5-7 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3-4.5 mm long; ovary with stellate hairs only; functional style 5-7 mm long, erect, with stellate hairs only, stellae 0.2-0.4 mm across, lateral rays 5-7, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1-3 per inflorescence, globular, 9-12 mm diameter, red, 1-locular Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 687 Fig. 17. Solanum fervens . A. flowering branchlet x 0.6. B. style and ovary x 6. C. ovary showing stellate hairs x 30. D. stellate hair from lower leaf surface x 60. E. mature fruit x 2. F. transverse section of fruit x 3. A-D, Forster 8968; E-F, Clarkson 6219. 688 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp c. 0.8 mm thick; pedicels 15-23 mm long in fruit, 0.5-0.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3-3.5 mm long. Fig. 17. Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: N of Olive River, Cape York Peninsula, Sep 1974, Webb & Tracey 13480 (BRI, QRS); tributary of Escape River, Jun 1978, Clarkson 2086 (BRI); Red Island Point, Bamaga, Sep 1980, Scarth-Johnson 1117A (BRI); 3 km NW of Bolt Head, Temple Bay, Jul 1991, Forster PIF8968 (AD, BRI, DNA, QRS); 15 km N of Middle Peak road junction, Mar 1992, Johnson 5114 (BRI); 0.4 km west of Sach Waterhole, c. 14 km NNW of Ussher Point, Jul 1992, Clarkson 9679 & Neldner (AD, BRI, MBA); Bolt Head, Jun 1996, Gray 6842, 6875 (BRI, QRS). Distribution and habitat : Solanum fervens is endemic to Queensland. Confined to the Cape York Peninsula, from the Bamaga area to Bolt Head and Temple Bay (Map 2). It grows on siliceous sand dunes in semi-deciduous vine- forest. Phenology: Flowers have been recorded in March, June and July; mature fruits in March, June and September. Notes: S. fervens is closely related to S. discolor, but differs by the dense indumentum on the leaf underside (very dense for S. discolor ), the stellate hairs of the calyx and leaf underside having a much longer central ray, the longer hypanthium, the stellate pubescent ovary (glabrous for S. discolor ), and the exocarp c. 0.8 mm thick (0.4-0.5 mm thick for S. discolor ). Conservation status: Not considered at risk. Etymology: From the Latin fervens, meaning “burning, boiling, hot”. This is in reference to the high temperatures experienced by the species in the extreme north of Australia. 11. Solanum yirrkalense Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 137 (1981), as ‘yirrkalensis’. Type: Northern Territory. Yirrkala Gardens, 27 February 1976, D. Hinz 7633 (holo: DNA ex NT; iso: BRI, CANB, DNA). Illustration: Symon (1981: 139) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.5-1.5 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets brown; prickles 3-10 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-5 mm long, 10-15 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.2-0.3 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 8-13, porrect or multiradiate; central ray absent or present, 0-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, entire or shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3-5 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 1-1.4; lamina 7.5-13 cm long, 3.5-6 cm wide, 2-3 times longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-2 percent; petioles 0.5-2.2 cm long, 5-17% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-7, straight, acicular, 3-5 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface greenish-white; prickles absent; stellae dense, 0.1-0.3 mm apart, 0.3-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.1-0.5 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence leaf-opposed, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 3-12 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 5-35-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 6-10 mm long at anthesis, same thic kn ess throughout, 0.3-0.4 mm thick at mid¬ point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-2.5 mm long, lobes deltate or attenuate, 1-3 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae moderate to dense, transparent, 0.2-0.3 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 5-8, central ray 1-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white or mauve, 6-8 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; ovary glabrous; functional style 4.5-5 mm long, erect, glabrous or with stellate hairs only, stellae 0.2-0.25 mm across, lateral rays 8-9, central ray 0.7-1.5 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 14-16 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp c. 0.7 mm thick; pedicels 17-24 mm long in fruit, 0.6-0.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3.5-3.9 mm long. Bean, Taxonomy of Solarium subg. Leptostemonum Specimens examined : New Guinea. Bioto, Jul-Aug 1918, White 581 (BRI). Northern Territory. Dalywoi Bay, Gove, Feb 1988, Russell-Smith 4933 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); Rocky Bay, Yirrkala, Mar 1988, Russell-Smith 5167 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); 1.5 km NW of Yirrkala, Nov 1989, Forster PIF5976 (BRI, DNA). Queensland. Cook District: Newcastle Bay, 2.5 miles [4 km] S of Somerset, May 1948, Brass 18720 (BRI, CANB); Bamaga district, Galloways Creek area, undated, Webb & Tracey 6075 (BRI); upstream of Hann Ck, Jul 1986, Hind 4542 et al. (NSW); Jardine River N.P., 11 km NNW of the Eliot Creek-Jardine River confluence, 38.1 km S of Bamaga, Oct 1993, Fell DGF3647 & Dibella (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanum yirrkalense is known from the northernmost part of Queensland, around Bamaga (Map 4). It also grows near Gove in north-eastern Northern Territory, and is known from a single New Guinean specimen. It inhabits coastal vine thickets on sand dunes. Phenology: Flowers have been collected in February and July-August; mature fruits in March, May and November. Notes: S. yirrkalense differs from S. discolor by the mostly broader leaves with longer petioles, the dense indumentum on the lower leaf surface (vs. very dense for S. discolor ), the central ray on the calyx stellae 1-1.5 times as long as laterals (vs. 0.5-1 times for S. discolor ), inflorescence common peduncle 3-12 mm long (vs. 0-2 mm long for S. discolor ). Conservation status: Not considered at risk. 12. Solanum defensum F.Muell., Fragm. 5: 193 (1866). Type: Queensland. Cook District: Cape York Peninsula, undated, E. Daemel (lecto: MEL [MEL12284]), here chosen. Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 1-2.5 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 25-30 prickles per dm, 6-9 mm long; leaves (in outline) elliptical, shallowly-lobed, with 4-6 pairs of lobes; lamina 8-13 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide, with 10-20 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets brown; prickles 1-10 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 4-9 mm long, 13-18 t im es longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.25-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray absent or present, 0-0.4 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, entire or shallowly lobed 689 throughout; lobes 3-6 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 1-1.4; lamina 7-14.5 cm long, 2.3-5 cm wide, 2.1-3.2 times longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-2.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-2 percent; petioles 0.6-1 cm long, 6-10% length of lamina, prickles absent or present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-10, straight, acicular, 5-8 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 0-4, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae very sparse to moderate, 0.5-1.7 mm apart, 0.4-0.6 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.2-0.6 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-4 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 5-13-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 4-8 mm long at anthesis, markedly thicker distally, 0.15-0.25 mm thick at mid¬ point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-3 mm long, lobes rostrate, 0.2-1 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae moderate to dense, transparent, 0.25-0.3 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 0-0.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white, mauve or purple, 5-8 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface sparsely to densely stellate-hairy; anthers 3-4.5 mm long; ovary with stellate hairs only; functional style 3.5-4.5 mm long, erect, with stellate hairs only, stellae c. 0.25 mm across, lateral rays 7-10, central ray 0-1 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 13-17 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta in cross-section sessile, elliptical; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 1.2-1.7 mm thick; pedicels 17-28 mm long in fruit, 0.6-0.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3.8-4.3 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: Leo Creek, Upper Nesbit River, Aug 1948, Brass 19947 (BRI); Table Range, Dead Horse Creek, Oct 1973, Dockrill 760 690 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) (QRS); Mcllwraith Range, Sep 1974, Hyland 7643, 7658 (BRI, QRS); Lockerbie Scrub, Bamaga, Sep 1974, Webb & Tracey 13481 (CANB, QRS); ‘Temple Bay’yards, Sep 1976, Hyland 8964 (QRS); northern slopes Mt Tozer, Nov 1977, Webb & Tracey 13479 (BRI); near Ginger Mick’s Mine, 2 km S of Punsand Bay, Feb 1990, Forster PIF6403 (BRI); 2.2 km from Captain Billy Landing hut, on the Heathlands road, Mar 1992, Johnson 5023 (BRI); Claudie Falls, 2.5 km NE of Mt Tozer, Iron Range N.P., May 1992, Fell DF2614 & Jensen (BRI, QRS); Turrel Hill, 10 km WNW of Nesbit River mouth, 51.6 km N of ‘Silver Plains’ HS., Aug 1993, Fell DGF3398 etal. (BRI, CANB); 1.5 kmENEof Lamond Hill, 8.5 km NNW of Lockhart River community, Mar 1994, FV//DGF4139 & Stanton (BRI); Round Mountain, Embley Range, ‘Silver Plains’, Jul 1997, Forster PIF21350 et al. (AD, BRI, QRS). Distribution and habitat : Solanum defensum is endemic to Queensland; extending from the tip of Cape York Peninsula to the Mcllwraith Range near Coen (Map 5). It grows in notophyll rainforest, in hilly terrain with infertile soils derived from metamorphic or granitic rocks. Phenology : Flowers and fruits may be found at any time of the year. Notes: S. defensum is related to S. discolor , S. yirrkalense and S. fervens, but differs from all these species by the green lower leaf surface (stellate hairs absent to sparse), the central ray of the stellae on the calyx only 0-0.5 times as long as laterals, and the thicker fruiting exocarp. Sterile specimens of S. defensum are readily confused with S. macoorai. These species are however allopatric. Conservation status: Not considered at risk. 13. Solanum discolor R.Br., Prodr. 445 (1810). Type: [Queensland.] ‘Coen River’ [Pennefather River], Carpentaria, 7 November 1802, R. Brown (lecto: BM). Illustration: Symon (1981: 141) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.5-2 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets yellow or brown; prickles absent or present, 0-10 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 2-6 mm long, 10-16 t im es longer than wide; stellae very dense, 0.25-0.4 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.2-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves lanceolate, elliptical or ovate, entire or shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3-6 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 1-1.3; lamina 7-10 cm long, 1.6-4.5 cm wide, 2.3-4.3 times longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 0.4-0.9 cm long, 4-10% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-7, straight, acicular, 3-5 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only or present on mid vein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles absent; stellae very dense, c. 0.05 mm apart, 0.3-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 8-9, porrect; central ray 0.1-0.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence leaf-opposed or supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-2 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 7-20-flowered, strongly or weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 2-9 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.2-0.4 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 0.5-1.5 mm long, lobes deltate, 0.5-2 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae dense to very dense, white, 0.25-0.4 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 6-8, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 3-7 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 2.5-4 mm long; ovary glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 10-14 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.4-0.5 mm thick; pedicels 13-18 mm long in fruit, 0.5-0.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.6-3.6 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: between Rocky River and Massey Creek, Sep 1973, Stocker 1072 (BRI); Mapoon, S of Cullen Point, Port Musgrave, Feb 1981, Morton AM 1075 (BRI); S bank of Pennefather River, Aug 1983, Clarkson 4914 (BRI); 0.7 km W of Bolt Head, Jul 1990, Clarkson 8806 & Neldner (BRI); 3.5 km NNE of Massey Ck crossing, ‘Silver Plains’ station, Jul 1993 , Forster PIF13614 et al. (BRI); 6 km W of the Rocky River mouth, 36.2 km ENE of Coen, ‘Silver Plains’ holding, Aug 1993, Fell DGF3479 et al. (BRI, MEL); ‘Silver Plains’, S of Scrubby Creek and W of Colmer Point, Jun 1995, Forster Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum PIF17061 (AD, BRI, MEL, QRS); Bolt Head, Jun 1996, Gray 6857 (BRI); Temple Bay, Bolt Head, Jun 1996, Forster PIF19359 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanum discolor is endemic to Queensland, occurring on both the east and west coast of Cape York Peninsula, as far north as Mapoon and as far south as ‘Silver Plains’ (Map 7). It occurs in depauperate vine thicket, sometimes with emergent Araucaria cunninghamii, on stranded sand dunes. Phenology: Flowers are recorded for February, June, July and August; mature fruits from June to September. Notes: S. discolor was in the past more broadly circumscribed to include S. corifolium F.Muell., but it differs clearly from that species. See notes under S. corifolium. Conservation status: Not considered at risk. 14. Solanum corifolium F.Muell., Fragm. 2: 166 (1861). Type: [Queensland.] Araucaria Ranges, Burnett River, Bunya Bunya Ranges, December 1856, F. Mueller (lecto: MEL [MEL 11617]; isolecto: K), fide Symon (1981). Illustration: Symon (1981: 136) Sprawling or erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.6-3 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 15-25 prickles per dm; leaves (in outline) ovate, shallowly-lobed, with 2-3 pairs of lobes; lamina 9-11 cm long, 3.5-4.5 cm wide, with 0-20 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets yellow; prickles 4-30 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 3-7 mm long, 12-16 t im es longer than wide; stellae dense to very dense, 0.15-0.25 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, entire or shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 2-3 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 1-1.2; lamina 4.5-10.5 cm long, 1.9-5 cm wide, 2-2.9 times longer than broad, apex acute, base cuneate, oblique part 0-1.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-2 percent; petioles 0.3-1.1 cm long, 6-14% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-15, straight, acicular, 3-6 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent, or confined to 691 midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles 0-5, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae very dense, c. 0.05 mm apart, 0.15-0.25 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect, central ray absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra- axillary, pseudo-umbellate or pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-3 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 3-10-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 6-21 mm long at anthesis, same thic kn ess throughout, 0.3-0.5 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-2.5 mm long, lobes deltate or rostrate, 1.5-3 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae moderate to dense, 0.15-0.25 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 6-8, central ray absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white or mauve, 8-10 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4-5.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5.5-7 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only or with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae c. 0.2 mm across, lateral rays 6-7, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 7-12 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.2-0.7 mm thick; pedicels 10-22 mm long in fruit, 0.6-0.9 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.8-3.7 mm long. Selected specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: S.F.607, Bridle L.A., Dec 1973, Dansie s.n. (QRS). North Kennedy District: razorback range NW of Mt Dryander, Jul 1974, Swan 75 (BRI); Paluma Holding, May 1982, Dansie AFO 05151 (QRS); North Gregory, property of D. & R. Clarke, adjacent to Dryander S.F., Jul 1997, Champion 1484 & Cali (BRI). Port Curtis District: Callide Valley, Apr 1937, White 11210 (BRI); ‘Green Horizons’, 8.4 km from Rules Beach Rd along Fingerfield Rd, c. 60 km NW of Bundaberg, Oct 1992, Geckeler et al. 49 (CANB); S.F.69, SE of Thangool, Mar 1996, Bean 10126 (BRI, MEL). Burnett District: Eidsvold, undated, Bancroft s.n. (BRI); Bunya Mountains S.F., Mar 1959, Thorne 20043a (BRI); Fontainea Scrub, Gurgeena Plateau, S.F. 172, Feb 1994, Forster PIF14805 (AD, BRI). Wide Bay District: base of Guyra Mount, below Mt Bauple N.P., Feb 1988, Forster PIF3535 (BRI); Mt Glastonbury, S.F.242, Dec 1991, Forster PEF9277 & Sharpe (BRI, MEL). Darling Downs District: ‘Sunnyvale’, Bell, Mar 1927, Langford s.n. (BRI); S.F. 197 Diamondy, 32 km NE of Jandowae, Mar 1999, Forster PIF24098 & Booth (BRI, MEL, QRS). Moreton District: 692 Mt Glorious, May 1923, White 1953 (BRI); Binna Burra, Lamington N.P., Apr 1959, Thome 20408 (BRI); S.F.289, Yarraman, Feb 1972, Moriarty 879 (BRI); P al m Grove N.P, Tamborine Mountain, Jul 1983, Guymer 1868 & McDonald (AD, BRI, GUAM); Nineteen L.A., T.R.209, Mt Brisbane, Jun 1990, Forster PIF6862 et al. (BRI, L, MEL, QRS); Murray Grey Drive, Dulong, W of Nambour, Jan 2000, Bean 16004 (BRI); Wilkie’s Scrub, Wongawallan, 7 km W of Coomera, Jul 2001, Bean 17691 (BRI). New South Wales. North Coast. Richmond River, anno 1876, Fawcett s. n. (NSW). Distribution and habitat: Solanum corifolium is common in south-eastern Queensland as far north as Bundaberg and Biloela, and with disjunct occurrences near Proserpine, Ingham and Mareeba. There is an old record from far north-eastern New South Wales (Map 7). It grows in Araucarian or other mixed notophyll rainforest, in hilly to mountainous terrain. Phenology: Flowers are recorded from November to March; the exception is a flowering record from north Queensland in July {Champion 1484 & Cali); mature fruits are recorded between January and July. Notes: S. corifolium is closely related to S. discolor, but differs by the branchlet stellae only 0.15-0.25 mm across (0.25-0.4 mm for S. discolor), central ray of branchlet stellae lacking (0.2-0.8 times as long as laterals for S. discolor), all flowers bisexual (some flowers male for S. discolor), corolla 8-10 mm radius (3-7 mm for S. discolor), anthers 4-5.5 mm long (2.5-4 mm long for S. discolor), ovary with Type 2 hairs (glabrous for S. discolor), and the mostly smaller fruits. Conservation status: Widespread. Not considered at risk. 15. Solanum mentiens A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex prostratus caulibus longis serpentibus ad nodos radicantibus; folia ovata 1.5-2.2plo longiora quam latiora, glabra et atrovirentia supra, densissime pilosa subtus, apice acuto; stellae omnes radio centrali carentes; inflorescentia floribus aliquibus functionale maribus; fructus maturitate laete rubra, exocarpio 0.8-1.0 mm crasso. Typus: Queensland. Moreton District: Bahr’s Scrub, 5 km SSW of Beenleigh, J. Davidson property, 19 December 2001, P.I. Forster 28047 & G. Leiper (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso: A, K, L, MEL, NSW). Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Solanum discolor var. procumbens C.T.White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 55: 71 (1944). Type: Queensland. Moreton District: Upper Teviot, undated, B. Scortechini (holo: MEL). Prostrate, stoloniferous perennial shrub, c. 0.1 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets yellow or brown; prickles absent or present, 0-10 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 2-7 mm long, 8-10 times longer than wide; stellae dense to very dense, 0.15-0.2 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves elliptical or ovate, entire; lamina 5-7.5 cm long, 2.7-4 cm wide, 1.5-2.2 t im es longer than broad, apex obtuse, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-3.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-6 percent; petioles 0.5-1.1 cm long, 7-20% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-3, straight, acicular, 2-5 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles absent; stellae very dense, c. 0.05 mm apart, 0.2-0.3 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra- axillary, solitary or pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-3 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 1-6-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 6-18 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.3-0.5 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 2-4 mm long, lobes elliptic or deltate, 1-3 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae moderate, transparent, 0.15-0.25 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 6-8, central ray absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white, 7-12 mm long, shallowly or deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4.5-5.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5.5-7 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1-3 per inflorescence, globular, 10-12 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta in cross-section sessile, semi-circular to elliptical; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp 0.8-1 mm thick; pedicels 22-25 mm long in fruit, 0.8-1 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.4-3.2 mm long. Fig. 18. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 693 QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI> iFkas Queensland Whwtan Solanum QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (ERI) Brisbane Australia ag 553713 fbAoT/Pe 0ljeensliln ' i Herbarium (BRI) SoLasm. Menftets /t. st P® 1 ' S?. /f, CWt/dWZcajt CaftP.LFWHH PIFJKHI laoetMOi L*rp*r.6.; SmuanSB* 153a ion W* [ACDK] Deptftni iM.MBJZiBaHHSj l9$C-1S*»2t Aft lOfra Barn sen*. 5 tom SSW SC eaanfcdh J OavH™ prapirty. ft'das^aan vuw&niSl 6 ft *S SS 6 . E5«xnfc*ffl, prwlrafc buib. leftting |U>) Homo; kiwn wtule; friif aemt-maio Uoci^wsy M<wnan Spits HflinItJil BRI. 0 *L £p latiMMb Dvp. FJ5l>NSWAItL ■ May t* clml xi Wbtebon Numbet AQ 5»T1 J tAiabiv* PJR*t> Fig. 18. Holotype of Solanum mentiens. 694 Specimens examined : Queensland. Moreton District: near Canungra,May 1917, White s.n. (BRI); end of French’s Creek road, c. 12 km SW of Boonah, Jul 1984, Bird s.n. (BRI); Bahr’s Scrub, near Beenleigh, Jan 2000, Leiper s.n. (BRI); Bahr’s Scrub, 5 km SW of Beenleigh, Feb 2001 ,Bean 17370 (BRI, MEL); Bahr’s Scrub, 6 km SW of Beenleigh, Feb 2002, Bean 18513 (BRI); slopes of Mt French, W of Boonah, Apr 2003, Bean 20144 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanum mentiens is endemic to Queensland. Confined to the Boonah and Beenleigh areas in far southeastern Queensland (Map 5). It inhabits Araucarian notophyll vineforest. Phenology: Flowers are recorded for December, January and February; fruits for February and July. Notes: This species is very distinct in the field due to its ground-hugging prostrate habit. It produces long trailing stems that strike roots frequently at the nodes. The lack of a central ray on any stellae immediately distinguishes S. mentiens from the other two species with the same habit ( S. serpens and S. acanthodapis). Solanum mentiens is closely related to S. corifolium, but differs by the prostrate stoloniferous habit, leaves 1.5-2.2 times longer than broad (2.0-2.9 times for S. corifolium ); leaf apex obtuse (acute for S. corifolium ); inflorescence with some flowers functionally male (all bisexual in S. corifolium ); placenta sessile, semicircular to elliptical (not apparent in S. corifolium ); and exocarp 0.8-1.0 mm thick (0.2-0.7 mm for S. corifolium ). The locality of “Upper Teviot” given by Scortechini for his specimen refers to the Teviot Brook, which flows through the town of Boonah. Conservation status: S. mentiens is currently known from 3 locations. Weeds or land clearance threaten all populations. One population may be just within the Mt French National Park. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Endangered” is recommended (EN Blab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); Cl). Etymology: From the Latin mentiens , meaning ‘imitating’. This refers to its similarity to S. corifolium. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) 16. Solanum shirleyanum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 578 (1929). Type: Queensland. Moreton District: Tamborine Mountain, March 1910, K. Domin s.n. (holo: PR (2 sheets)). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.6-1.8 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 1-20 prickles per dm; leaves (in outline) lanceolate or elliptical or ovate, entire or shallowly-lobed, with 2-3 pairs of lobes; lamina 9-10 cm long, 3-4.2 cm wide, with 2-8 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets yellow or brown; prickles absent or present, 0-6 per decimetre, straight, acicular or broad-based, 2-5 mm long, 6- 12 times longer than wide; stellae dense to very dense, 0.25-0.4 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.5-3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves elliptical or ovate, entire; lamina 4-11 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, 2-3 times longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, rarely obtuse; base cuneate, oblique part 0-3.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-3 percent; petioles 0.25-1.3 cm long, 5-12% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-5, straight, acicular, 4-6 mm long, prickles absent or present on mid vein only; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse, 0.8-4 mm apart, 0.3-0.4 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 1-2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green or greenish-white; prickles absent; stellae dense, 0.1-0.3 mm apart, 0.3-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 1-4 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle absent; 2-9-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 7- 17 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.2-0.3 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 2-3 mm long, lobes elliptic, 0.3-1 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae sparse to moderate, transparent, 0.15-0.25 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 5-7, central ray 1-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent or present. Corolla mauve, 7-9 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-4.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 5.5-7 mm long, erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 3.5-6 mm diameter, red, glabrous or with a few scattered Type 2 hairs, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.1-0.2 mm thick; pedicels 13-21 mm long in fruit, 0.4-0.7 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.6-3 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Wide Bay District: Gympie, undated, Kenny (BRI); Peters Ck valley, Conondale Range S.F., above Funnel Hut site, Oct 1982, McDonald 3627 (BRI); Goods Rd, S.F.274 Conondale, Feb 1991, McDonald 4720 (BRI); Lenthalls Dam scrub, S.F.1294, Oct 1995, Forster PIF17915 (BRI); S.F.783, 4 km NW of Montville, May 2001, Forster PIF27114 (BRI). Moreton District: Maroochie, Oct 1874, Bailey (BRI); Mt Tamborine, 1888, Simmonds s.n. (BRI); Palmwoods, May 1907, White s.n. (BRI); Currumbin, 1912, O’Brien (BRI); eastern foothills of Darlington Range, Upper Ormeau Rd, off Pacific Hwy, Apr 1984, Williams 84028 (BRI); Bahr’s Scrub, 5 km SW of Beenleigh, Feb 2001, Bean 17371 (BRI, NSW); Armitage Creek road, Canungra Army Reserve, 7 km SE of Canungra, Feb 2001, Bean 17382 (BRI); Rosins Lookout Conservation Park, Beechmont, Jul 2001, Forster PIF27494 etal. (BRI). New South Wales. North Coast: Tyalgum Ridge, Macpherson Range, c. 25 kmWNW of Murwillumbah, Dec 1977, Haegi 1529 (NSW); 1.1 km along South Chowan road, Nullum S.F., S of Murwillumbah, Apr 2001, Bean 17558 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanum shirleyanum occurs in high rainfall areas of southeastern Queensland, and extends to near Murwillumbah in N.S.W. (Map 6). It grows on the margins of notophyll rainforest where Eucalyptus grandis is often prominent. Soils are infertile, and associated species may include Caldcluvia paniculosa and Callicoma serratifolia. It occurs at relatively low altitudes, although reaching 560 metres in the Conondale Ranges. Phenology: Flowers are recorded for October, February and April; mature fruits in February, April, May and July. Notes: It is related to both S. stelligerum and S. corifolium, and Domin considered that it was a hybrid between these two species. However, my fieldwork has shown that S. shirleyanum should be regarded as a species in its own right. It forms populations uniform in morphology, flowers and fruits freely, and can occur in areas geographically remote from the postulated parents. It differs from S. corifolium by the smaller flowers and fruits, more slender corolla lobes, 695 and leaf stellae with conspicuous central rays. It differs from S. stelligerum by the shorter petioles, leaves with stellae all sessile and having shorter central rays, smaller fruits, larger seeds and glabrous style. Conservation status: Moderately widespread. Not considered at risk. 17. Solanum dryanderense A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex; aculei ramuli praesentes sed sparse distributi; folia integra ovata, petiolus longitudine 4-11% laminae aequans, supra viridia glabra, subtus pilis stellatis petiolis 0.15-0.25 mm longis, apice acuto usque acuminato; aculei calycis absentes; fructus maturitate rubri, seminibus 3.5-4 mm longis. Typus: Queensland. North Kennedy District: c. 15 km N of Proserpine, near crest of ridge leading to east summit of Mt Dryander, 21 July 1974, R.J. Henderson H2214, V. Moriarty & J. Swan (holo: BRI). Solanum sp. (Mt Dryander G.P. Guymer 1743) in Henderson (2002). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 1-3 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets grey or brown; prickles absent or present, 0-10 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 2-6 mm long, 10-18 times longer than wide; stellae very dense, 0.4-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.2 mm long; lateral rays 6-13, porrect or multiradiate; central ray 0.7-2 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, entire; lamina 5-10 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, 2.1-3.2 times longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-1 mm long, obliqueness index 0-2 percent; petioles 0.2-1.1 cm long, 4-11% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-2, straight, acicular, 1-6 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface yellowish; prickles absent; stellae dense, 0.1-0.25 mm apart, 0.4-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0.15-0.25 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.7-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo- umbellate, common peduncle 0-1 mm long; 1 or 2-flowered, flowers 5-merous; pedicels c. 9 696 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) [aonwimmj mm w* p mM HO«A Of |Jjpai5tJlia) TOETH KE KPEO * BHTIic t 20 i“> iss 3-' 1 *" 575 ™ : aoaifiraoa. . "" R«J« Henderson II22X4 21 Ail 1074 V. Itariarty & 7. Siron So iamb. discolor R.Er. I h— | a*- W 1| * | ~-1 I solan, riraiffi - '" Ml “ " ■* l ' w “~‘ T —*"■»*» * I Ca IS tan H o£ Jraaipinn. north easterly fating slope near crest of ridge loading ta easterly peak of Ht* Dtyanrler* Altitude approsinato* Tropical closod forest, srcy sandy loss soil in oilght break in over¬ head canopy* arect shrub with nproadieg canopy* 111794 ffat&jypg Queonsrans Herbarium (Bfli) So/vjttrun titty 4 -7 duitAtie /4. A, if aiv Dst /t S. tmit/ticrzoo# Oueensland Herbarium (Bfll) .■ToZ+aaf - y (ftt '741 ) /f-S, Stas Dais aiFC^K-SL AND HER BA R ID hi 2:3229 BRISBANE : Fig. 19. Holotype of Solatium dryanderense. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.4-0.5 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx prickles absent at anthesis; stellae moderate, transparent, c. 0.4 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long, lateral rays 6-8, central ray 0.7-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. 6-7 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers c. 5 mm long; functional style c. 6 mm long, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, 6-7 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); mesocarp juicy, succulent; pedicels 15-20 mm long in fruit, 0.5-0.6 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3.5-4 mm long. Fig. 19. Specimens examined : Queensland. North Kennedy District: upper Dryander Creek, Mt Dryander, NE of Proserpine, Oct 1969, Webb & Tracey 8354 (BRI); c. 15 km N of Proserpine, on mountain spur closely parallel to Mt Dryander Range, Jul 1974 , Henderson H2178Aeta/. (BRI); c. (5 kmN of Proserpine, on steep SW slopes of Mt Dryander, Jul 1974, Henderson H2216 et al. (BRI); Mt Dryander, Jul 1974, Swan 77 (BRI); Mt Dryander, Jul 1974, Swan 82 (BRI); headwaters of Box Creek, in vicinity of The Bloodwoods, Mt Dryander, May 1982, Guymer 1743 (BRI); ridge above Vine Creek, Mt Dryander, N of Proserpine, May 1992, McDonald 5098 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum dryanderense is endemic to Queensland. Known only from Mt Dryander, north of Proserpine (Map 4). Most collections have been made between 400 and 600 metres altitude, with one collection given as 200 metres altitude. It inhabits sunny breaks in notophyll rainforest on steep ridges. Phenology : Very little fertile material is available. A single flower was collected in July, and mature fruits have been collected in May and July. Notes: S. dryanderense is closely related to S. shirleyanum, but differs by the larger stellae of the calyx and branchlets, the stellae of the lower leaf surface with stalks 0.15-0.25 mm long (sessile for S. shirleyanum ), calyx stellae c. 0.4 mm diameter (0.15-0.25 mm daimeter for S. shirleyanum ) and seeds 3.5-4 mm long (2.6-3 mm long for S. shirleyanum ). Conservation status: S. dryanderense is known only from Mt Dryander near Proserpine, where it is protected within a National Park. Applying 697 the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Vulnerable” is recommended (VU Dl+2). Etymology: The epithet refers to Mt Dryander near Proserpine, the only known locality for the species. 18. Solanum stelligerum Sm., Exot. Bot. 2: 57, t. 88 (1805). Solanum stelligerum var. stelligerum Benth., FI. Austral. 451 (1868) Type: New South Wales. Port Jackson, 1792, J. White (holo: LINN, n.v., microfiche 365.13) Solanum lucorum Domin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 130 (1913). Solanum stelligerum var. lucorum F. Muell. ex Benth. FI. Austral. 451 (1868). Type: [Queensland.] Araucaria Ranges, Burnett River, December 1856, F. Mueller (holo: K; iso: MEL [MEL 14113]). Illustration: Symon (1981: 129) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.8-2.5 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 20-60 prickles per dm; leaves (in outline) lanceolate, shallowly-lobed, with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes; lamina 4-7 cm long, 1.3-2.4 cm wide, with 1-5 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets yellow or brown; prickles absent or present, 0-10 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 6-10 mm long, 14-18 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to very dense, 0.3-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.4 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 1-4 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent or sparse. Adult leaves lanceolate or ovate, entire; lamina 2.5-13 cm long, 0.9—4.5 cm wide, 1.8-3.5 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 0.4-1.8 cm long, 11-16% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-3, straight, acicular, 6-9 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae absent from surface to sparse, 0.5-1.5 mm apart, 0.3-0.8 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 1.5-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.05-0.1 mm apart, 0.3-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.6 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 1.5-4 698 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo- racemose, common peduncle 1-2 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 1-5-flowered, weakly andromonoecious or with all flowers bisexual, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 8-15 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout or markedly thicker distally, 0.4-0.6 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-3 mm long, lobes deltate or rostrate, 0.5-3 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae very dense, yellow or white, 0.25-0.4 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 1-4 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent, or present. Corolla white, mauve or purple, 6-12 mm long, shallowly or deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4-5.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only, or with stellate and Type 2 hairs; functional style 5.5-8 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only or with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae 0.25-0.4 mm across, lateral rays 6-7, central ray 1-3 t im es as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1-4 per inflorescence, globular, 6.5-9 mm diameter, red, glabrous or with a few scattered stellate hairs, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.25-0.5 mm thick; pedicels 14-21 mm long in fruit, 0.6-0.7 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 1.9-2.2 mm long. Devil’s Needles. Selected specimens examined : Queensland. North Kennedy District: Selheim, 25 km E of Charters Towers, Mar 1988, Collins MPA44 (BRI); ‘Fanning River’, c. 25 km NW of Mingela, Aug 1989, Fell FAN83 & Cumming (BRI). Port Curtis District: Marmor near Rockhampton, Mar 1920, Francis (BRI); Mt Morgan, Jul 1938, Goy 327 (BRI); western slopes of Mt Farcom Range, near Yarwun, May 1971, Webb & Tracey 10592A(BRI, CANB); MtEtna, Oct 1976, Hyland 9099 (QRS); Burnett Range, 0.5 km NW of Mt Fort William, May 1977, Crisp 2701 (AD, BRI, CANB); Kroombit Tableland, c. 60 km SW of Gladstone, Jun 1977, Crisp 2850 (AD, BRI, CANB); S.F.69, SE of Thangool, Jun 1996, Bean 10432 (BRI, MEF). Burnett District: 2.5 km from Proston on road to weir, May 1996, Bean 10287 (BRI, MEF); c. 5 km due ENE of Ceratodus railway junction, E of the Burnett River, Apr 1997, Pollock ABP575 (BRI); MtBlandy, 4 km W of Mingo Crossing, Mar 1999, Forster PIF24152 & Booth (AD, BRI, QRS); Bunya Mountains, 1.8 km along Nanango road, Jun 2001, Bean 17676 (BRI); Hoggs Rd, Tingoora, N of Kingaroy, Nov 2001, Bean 18103 (BRI, MEL). Wide Bay District: Kin Kin, Mar 1916, Francis & White (BRI); near bank of Kolan River, about N of Gin Gin, Apr 1945, Blake 15519 & Webb (BRI); Yerra, 15 miles [24 km] W of Maryborough, Jan 1954, Cross (BRI); south of Anderson road, 10 km W of Cooroy, Nov 1993, Bean 7064 (BRI); Pine Creek scrub, 1 km E of Electra, Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Oct 1996, Forster PIF 20049 &Leiper (BRI, MEL). Darling Downs District: Cunningham’s Gap, Main Range, Jul 1930, White 6867 (BRI); The Head, near border fence, Jun 1980, Williams 80067 (BRI); behind Greenwood churchyard, N of Oakey, Oct 1998, Fensham 3505 (BRI); May Road, W of Clifton, Jan 2002, Bean 18357 (BRI, CANB). Moreton District: scrub below Enoggera Dam, Aug 1874, Bailey s.n. (BRI); Benarkin S.F., Blackbutt, Aug 1967, Henderson H293 (BRI); Falls Creek, 4.5 km NW of West Haldon, May 1987, Forster PIF2933 & Bird (BRI); Mt Davidson, 5 km S of Withcott, Jul 1990, Forster PIF6903 & Bird (BRI, MEL, QRS); S.F.258 Mt Binga, 11 km SE of Cooyar, Feb 2000, Bean 16058 (BRI, MEL); Back Creek road, Canungra Army Reserve, 5 km SE of Canungra, Feb 2001, Bean 17380 (BRI). New South Wales. North Coast: Lismore, Jul 1894, Baeuerlen 1261 (AD, BRI, CANB, MO, NSW); Mt Warning, Tweed River, Aug 1916, Boorman (AD, BRI, NSW); Branch Road, Dalmorton S.F., SW of Grafton, Jan 2001, Bean 17257 (BRI); 2.5 km along Carnham Road, Fine Flower, NW of Grafton, Feb 2001 ,Bean 17335 (BRI, MEL, NSW). Distribution and habitat : Solanum stelligerum is a widespread species ranging from Bodalla in southern New South Wales to Rockhampton in Queensland, with a disjunct occurrence near Charters Towers (Map 8). It inhabits margins of notophyll rainforest or shrubby eucalypt open-forest, on many soil types and at low to high altitudes. It is the most commonly encountered native species in eastern coastal Australia. Phenology: Flowers and fruits may be found at any time of the year. Notes: Most closely related to S. parvifolium subsp. parvifolium , but differs by the broader leaves (1.8-3.5 times longer than wide), stellae on all plant parts with a long central ray (1-5 t im es as long as laterals), the presence of long- stalked stellae (to 0.6 mm long) on the lower leaf surface, the rusty tomentum at least on the veins of the lower leaf surface, and the shallowly lobed juvenile leaves (entire for S. parvifolium subsp. parvifolium). Conservation status: Widespread. Not considered at risk. 19. Solanum parvifolium R.Br., Prodr. 446 (1810). Type: [Queensland. Port Curtis District:] Broadsound, 18 September 1802, R. Brown [Bennett No. 2673] (lecto: BM; isolecto: K),fide Symon (1981). Solanum accedens Domin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 130-1 (1913). Type: Queensland. Rockhampton, undated, J. Dallachy s.n. (holo: K). Two subspecies are recognised, and are distinguished by the following key: Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 699 Leaves 2.5-7 x 0.5-1.5 cm, Type 2 hairs absent; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; style 3.5-6.5 mm long; flowers all bisexual .... 5. parvifolium subsp. parvifolium Leaves 7.5-13.5 x 1.3-3.5 cm, Type 2 hairs present; ovary either without indumentum or with both stellate hairs and Type 2 hairs; style 7.0-9.0 mm long; male flowers consistently present in the inflorescence. S. parvifolium subsp. tropicum 19a. Solanum parvifolium subsp. parvifolium Illustration : Symon (1981: 131) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.5-1.2 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets grey or brown; prickles 1-20 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 0.5-7 mm long, 10-18 t im es longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.2-0.4 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.2-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs sparse. Adult leaves linear or narrow lanceolate, entire; lamina 2.5-7 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, 3.7-7.5 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 0.2-0.9 cm long, 7-16% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse, 0.8-5 mm apart, 0.3-0.5 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.8-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles absent; stellae very dense, c. 0.05 mm apart, 0.2-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 7-9, porrect; central ray 0.2-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-4 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 1-8-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 7-13 mm long at anthesis, same thic kn ess throughout, 0.4-0.7 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-3 mm long, lobes deltate, 1-3 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae dense, yellow or white, 0.25-0.4 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 0.2-1 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 7-9 mm long, shallowly or deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 3.5-6.5 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only or with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae 0.3-0.4 mm across, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray c. 0.3 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1-6 per inflorescence, globular, 6-8 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; pedicels 11-27 mm long in fruit, 0.5-0.7 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 1.9-2.3 mm long. Selected specimens examined : Queensland. North Kennedy District: 14 km E of ‘Mt Cooper’ HS, Jun 1992, Thompson CHA141 & Sharpe (AD, BISH, BRI). Mitchell District: base of Great Dividing Range on W side, Sep 1984, O’Keeffe 600 (BRI). South Kennedy District: Alpha, Sep 1959, Macartney (BRI); ‘Strathmore’, 14 mi les [23 km] W of Collinsville, May 1960, Johnson 1804 (BRI). Leichhardt District: Moura-Baralaba road, c. 8 miles [13 km] from Baralaba, May 1960, Johnson 1701 (BRI); DipperuN.R, c. 24 km S of Nebo, Sep 1971, McDonald 152 (BRI); Yatton Ck, on Sarina-Marlborough road, c. 93 km from Marlborough, Jul 1974, Moriarty 1543 (BRI, CANB); Dry Creek valley, Ka Ka Mundi section, Carnarvon N.R, Aug 1990, McDonald 4615 & Bean (BRI); Melaleuca creek scrub, ‘Rookwood’, Apr 1991, Forster PIF7937 & McDonald (BRI, QRS); ‘Moorang’, 30.7 km ENE of Taroom, Nov 1996, Halford Q3110 & Dowling (BRI); Cannondale scrub, Expedition N.R, Amphitheatre section, Nov 1998, Forster PIF23841 & Booth (BRI, MEL, QRS); 20 km S of Injune, Dec 1999, McDonald KRM165 (BRI). Port Curtis District: Ogmore, Sep 1943, Blake 15312 (BRI); regional experiment Station, Biloela, Feb 1957, Daniels 30 (BRI); c. 29 km SW of Ridgelands, Fitzroy Shire, Apr 1990, Anderson 4847 (BRI); 15 km NE of Biloela, 3 km N of Callide Dam, lul 1992, Thompson BIL7 (AD, BRI, NSW); near Gumigil Mine, Marlborough, Dec 1998, Batianoff 981227 et al. (BRI). Warrego District: 13 km NE of ‘Etona’, lul 1977, Purdie 734D (BRI). Maranoa District: Combabula S.F., 28 km NE of Yuleba, lul 1990, Warrian CMW518 (BRI); ‘Wombil Downs’ station, c. 40 km NW of Dirranbandi, Dec 1999, Franks AJF9911046 (BRI); Surat-Yuleba road, c. 17 km from Surat, Apr 2001, Bean 17649 & Pedley (BRI, PRE). Darling Downs District: Brookvale Park, 8 km from Oakey, lun 1993, Alcock 11265 (AD, BRI, CANB, K, MO); 14 km N of Goondiwindi, towards Moonie, Feb 1996, Bean 9904 (BRI); 2.0 km S of ‘Wyaga’,NE of Goondiwindi, Nov 1999, Bean 15873 (BRI, MEL, MO, NSW); 7.8 km N of Miles, Oct 2000, McDonald KRM249 (BRI). New South Wales. Northwestern Slopes: Boronga Nature Reserve, 14.4 km E of Boomi, Sep 2001, Bean 17890 (BRI, MEL, NSW); 13.7 km E of North Star, 700 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Sep 2001, Bean 17902 (BRI). North West Plains: 8 miles [13km] from Collarenebri, ontheroadtoWalgett, Nov 1967, McGillivray 2803 (NSW); Watervale Reserve, 16 miles [26 km] N of Moree, Oct 1968, McBarron 15727 (BRI, NSW); ‘Warivan’, 7.4 km S of North Star on road to Warialda, Sep 1988, Moore 8833 (CANB). Distribution and habitat : Solanumparvifolium ssp. parvifolium is widespread from the north¬ western plains of N.S.W. to Charters Towers in Queensland (Map 6). It grows in Brigalow scrubs, vine thickets and in shrubby eucalypt woodland, on a variety of soils. Phenology: Flowers and fruits may be found at any time of the year. Notes: Most closely related to S. stelligerum, and apparently intergrading with it in the Rockhampton area, and also in the Bunya Mtns-Warwick area. S. parvifolium ssp. parvifolium differs by its narrower leaves, 3.7-7.5 times longer than broad (vs. 1.8-3.5 times for S. stelligerum ), tomentum not rusty (vs. at least some rusty coloured stellae on leaf undersides for S. stelligerum ) and with stellae central ray (leaf undersides) 0.2-1 times as long as laterals (vs. 1.5-4 times as long as laterals for S. stelligerum ), and the lack of long-stalked stellae on midrib of leaf undersides. Conservation status : Widespread. Not considered at risk. 19b. Solanum parvifolium subsp. tropicum A.R.Bean subsp. nov. affinis S. parvifolio sens. str. sed foliis longioribus latioribusque, in pagina superiore folii pilis Type 2 et indumento stellato induta, stylo longiore et praesentia constante florum masculorum in inflorescentia differens. Typus: Queensland. North Kennedy District: Herberton water Supply Weir, Wild River head, Moomin area, 25 April 2002, PI. Forster 28670 (holo: BRI (2 sheets + spirit); iso: AD, K, L, MEL, MO, NSW). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.6-1.5 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets grey or brown or green; prickles 1-20 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 4-7 mm long, 8-18 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.3-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.2 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.1-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves linear or narrow lanceolate, entire; lamina 7.5-13.5 cm long, 1.3-3.5 cm wide, 3.3-7 times longer than broad, apex acute, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-2 mm long, obliqueness index 0-3 percent; petioles 0.7-1.3 cm long, 7-13% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse to moderate density, 0.3-3 mm apart, 0.3-0.5 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.7-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present throughout, 0.1-1.5 mm apart. Lower leaf surface white; prickles absent; stellae very dense, c. 0.05 mm apart, 0.4-0.6 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.3-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra- axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-6 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 2-6- flowered, strongly or weakly andromonoecious, flowers 4 or 5-merous; pedicels 14-24 mm long at anthesis, markedly thicker distally, 0.4-0.8 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-3 mm long, lobes attenuate, 2-3.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae dense to very dense, yellow or brown or rusty, 0.3-0.5 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 0.5-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 9-15 mm long, rotate or shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4.5-6.5 mm long; ovary glabrous, or with stellate and Type 2 hairs; functional style 7-9 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only or with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae c. 0.4 mm across, central ray c. 0.5 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, 5-7 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp c. 0.3 mm thick; pedicels 26-33 mm long in fruit, 0.5-1 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2-2.4 mm long. Fig. 20. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 701 QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI) Ifd Km HMSSffl «l |,*ODM] (is SKSIMflejWWE f?9SS.3M?«l HlHwlsn Si*** War, WlH Sms' hart. tteomn <i»l 7*1 open rofHf at Mfoa&usnnii wryteu. Eucalyptus portuwisa & S>«c*ip* gtomut V* an grante Sufrs**u& to SOom taJL stef* pWUM *1 along atom to base, WaofMJipto; Mt amafl, brighUwi safl*ta*hy 2 arm item QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM i.BFin Brisbane Australia 556990 , Queensland Herbarium (BREL /ilMflTW 0 f Sb/e*um pnrr//t>/iu*i iy>. 7hyHO/*i A. cm. sf. Qtnfeer Zeo3 Fig. 20. Holotype of Solanum parvifolium subsp. tropicum. 702 Specimens examined: Queensland. Cook District: track to Wallum Trig, Atherton Tablelands, Sep 1977, Powell 672 & Armstrong (BRI, NSW); Turkey Scrub, ‘Whitewater’, Jan 1993, Fensham 345 (BRI); Mt Baldy S.F., SW of Atherton, Apr 2002, Bean 18869 & McDonald (BRI). North Kennedy District: MtFox, Sep 1949, Clemens s.n. (BRI); 41 km from ‘Reedy Brook’ towards ‘Mt Fox’, Aug 1972, Gittins 2508 (BRI); ‘Jervoise’ Holding, May 1979, Hyland 9931 (BRI, QRS); Forty Mile scrub N.R, 60 km SSW of Mt Garnet, Jan 1990, Batianoff 900133 & Smith (BRI); Mt Abbot, 50 km W of Bowen, Mar 1992, Bean 4220 (BRI); Mt Moti, Bluewater Range, WNW of Townsville, May 1996, Cumming 14700 (BRI); Hugh Nelson Range, SE of Herberton, Jan 1998, Jago 4641 & Wannan (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanumparvifolium ssp. tropicum is endemic to Queensland. Extends from Mt Abbot (near Bowen) to Atherton, and west to Forty Mile Scrub N.P. and Jervoise Holding (Map 6). It inhabits rainforest margins or “wet sclerophyH” forest with shrubby understorey. Phenology : Flowers are recorded from January to April and for September; mature fruits for January and August. Notes : Typical S. parvifolium ssp. tropicum differs from S. parvifolium s. str. by the longer and broader leaves, the upper leaf surface with Type 2 hairs, the longer pedicels, the ovary either glabrous or with both stellate hairs and Type 2 hairs, the longer style and the presence of male flowers in the inflorescence. Some collections, notably from the Forty Mile Scrub, are morphologically somewhat intermediate between the subspecies. Conservation status : Widespread. Not considered at risk. Etymology : From the Fatin tropicus, meaning tropical. This refers to the distribution of the subspecies. 20. Solanum ferocissimum Findl. in T.Mitch., Three Exped. Australia 2: 58 (1838); S. ferocissimum var. ferocissimum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 580 (1929).iype: New South Wales, near Burradorgang, 28 April 1836, T.L. Mitchell (holo: CGE; iso: K, MEF). Solanum leptophyllum F.Muell., Fragm. 2: 164 (1861). Types: between Mackenzie and Dawson Rivers, F. Mueller (syn: ?MEF, n.v.); Castlereagh River, E. Bowman (syn: ?MEF, n.v.); ad oppidulum Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Warwick, H. Beckler (syn: ?K, n.v.); Barrier Range, H. Beckler (syn: ?K, n.v.); Mt Murchison, J. Dallachy (syn: K, MEF). Solanum ferocissimum var. rectispinum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 580 (1929). Types: Dividing Range near Jericho, Queensland, Mar 1910, K. Domin (syn: PR, n.v.); Peels Range, New South Wales, undated, Frazer (syn: BM, K, OXF, fide Symon (1981)); Peels Range, New South Wales, undated, A. Cunningham (syn: BM, fide Symon (1981)). Illustrations : Cunningham et al. (1981: 594); Symon (1981: 133) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.4-1.5 m high. Juvenile branchlets with c. 20 prickles per dm; leaves (in outline) linear or linear- hastate, with basal lobes only; lamina 7-12 cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide. Adult branchlets white, grey or brown; prickles 15-60 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 2-10 mm long, 9-13 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to very dense, 0.25-0.4 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray absent or present, 0-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves linear, entire or with obtuse basal lobes only; lamina 3-7.5 cm long, 0.2-0.7 cm wide, 9-26 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate or hastate, oblique part 0-1 mm long, obliqueness index 0-2 percent; petioles 0.4-1 cm long, 8-20% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 2-6, straight, acicular, 2-9 mm long, prickles present on midvein only; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse to sparse, 0.4-0.8 mm apart, 0.25-0.35 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 0-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green to white or yellowish; prickles 0-4, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only; stellae sparse to very dense, 0.05-0.7 mm apart, 0.2-0.7 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0-0.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo- racemose, common peduncle 0-7 mm long, Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum rachis prickles absent; 2-10-flowered, strongly or weakly andromonoecious or with all flowers bisexual, flowers 4 or 5-merous; pedicels 6-13 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.2-0.4 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, lobes deltate or rostrate, 0.7-1.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae moderate to very dense, yellow, 0.3-0.5 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white or mauve, 6-12 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5.5 mm long; ovary glabrous, or with stellate and Type 2 hairs; functional style 4.5-6.5 mm long, erect, glabrous or with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae c. 0.4 mm across, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1-4 per inflorescence, globular, 6-9 mm diameter, red, glabrous or with a few scattered Type 2 hairs, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp c. 0.1 mm thick; pedicels 13-16 mm long in fruit, 0.5-0.6 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3-3.6 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Burke District: Southern Roads, 20 km N of Mt Isa, Dec 1996, Barrs SB93 (BRI). Gregory North District: S of Selwyn, May 1963, Gittins 700 (BRI). Mitchell District: ‘Oxenhope’ on the Alroy road, c. 130 km SSW of Longreach, Apr 1989, Emmott 285 (BRI); Blacks Palace, 80 km S of Jericho, May 1989, Cheffins 377 (BRI). Leichhardt District: c. 9 km SW of Anakie, Sep 1984, Anderson 3816 (BRI); Telecom road, 14 km E of Comet, Mar 1994, Bean 7524 & Forster (BRI). WarregoDistrict: ‘GilruthPlains’, Cunnamulla,Apr 1963, McKee 10347 (BRI); 19 km S of Charleville along road to Wyandra, Mar 1976, Purdie 215 & Boy land (BRI); 15.1 km S of Corona Creek, on Quilpie-Adavale road, Aug 1990, Prendergast HDP283 (BRI); Monks Tank road, Idalia N.P, Feb 2000, Nicholls SN010 (BRI). Maranoa District: ‘Boa t man’ Station, Mar 1947, Everist 2780 (BRI); ‘Glade Villa’, S of Roma, Aug 1990, Warrian CMW543 (BRI, NSW); c. 41 km along Shirlo road, NW of Bollon, Mar 2001, Bean 17540 (BRI, MEL); near ‘Boxleigh’, c. 60 km NE of St George, Apr 2001, Bean 17641 & Pedley (BRI, MO). Darling Downs District: Myall Park, 4 m il es [6 km] NW of Glenmorgan, Apr 1960, Johnson 1605 (BRI); 5 miles [8 km] W of Westmar, Jul 1961, Pedley 788 (BRI); ‘Coomrith’ area near Meandarra, Jul 1969, Webb & Tracey 8298 (BRI); Yelarbon, around cemetery, c. 1 km from P.O., Oct 1983, Canning 5821 & Rimes (BRI, CANB, NSW); 2.0 km S of ‘Wyaga’, NE of Goondiwindi, Nov 1999, Bean 15868 (AD, BRI, MEL, NSW). 703 Distribution and habitat: Solanum ferocissimum is distributed throughout much of inland Queensland south of about 20° latitude (Map 9), and extending well into New South Wales and Northern Territory. Also recorded by Symon (1981) for Western Australia. It inhabits stony ridges or flats, on red earths or loamy soil, in woodlands often dominated by Eucalyptus populnea, E. melanophloia or Acacia aneura. Phenology : Flowers and fruits may be found at any time of the year, probably in response to rainfall. Notes: S. ferocissimum is close to S. parvifolium ssp. parvifolium, but differs by the often sparse, sessile indumentum; leaves linear in shape, frequently with a pair of basal leaf lobes, with prickles along the midrib on both surfaces; and by the seeds 3.0-3.6 mm long (1.9-2.3 mm long for S. parvifolium ssp. parvifolium ). Ross (1986) suggested that S. ferocissimum is doubtfully distinct from S. parvifolium. While it is true that some collections are taxonomically difficult, the great majority of collections may be easily determined. Conservation status : Widespread. Not considered at risk. 21. Solanum latens A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex parvus; aculei in ramulis frequentes, aciculares; folia adulta parva, 4.7-7plo longiora quam latiora, saepe lobata, aliquando integra; pili stellati in superficiebus ambabus folii sessiles, radio centrali radiis lateralibus 1.5-3plo longiore; corolla profunde lobata; calyx aculeis carens; fructus maturitate rubri, seminibus 1.6-2.3 mm longis. Typus: Queensland. Burnett District: Conservation Gully, ‘Narayen’, W of Mundubbera, 16 December 2001, A.R. Bean 18292 (holo: BRI (2 sheets + spirit); iso: AD, MEL, NSW). Solanum sp. (Kingaroy A.R. Bean 17428) on BRI database Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.4-1.1 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 35-50 prickles per dm, 3-6 mm long; leaves (in outline) linear- hastate, shallowly to deeply lobed, with 1 or 2 704 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Fig. 21. Solanum latens. A. fruiting branchlet x 1.2. B. style and ovary x 6. C. ovary showing Type 2 hairs x 30. D. stellate hair from upper leaf surface x 60. E. mature fruit and pedicel x 3. F. transverse section of fruit x 6. A, D-F, Bean 17432; B- C ,Bean 18295. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum pairs of lobes; lamina 2.5-4.5 cm long, 0.5-1.3 cm wide, with 9-16 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets green; prickles 15-30 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 5-9 mm long, 13-18 times longer than wide; stellae sparse, 0.25-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 4-7, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs sparse. Adult leaves narrow lanceolate or lanceolate, entire or shallowly lobed throughout or with basal lobes only; lobes 1 or 2 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 1-1.2; lamina 1.5-4.5 cm long, 0.3-0.8 cm wide, 4.5-7.5 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate or hastate, oblique part 0-2.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-6 percent; petioles 0.3-0.6 cm long, 8-16% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surf ace green; prickles 2-6, straight, acicular, 4-6 mm long, prickles present on midvein only; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse to sparse, 0.8-2.5 mm apart, 0.35-0.5 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-7, porrect; central ray 1.5-3 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 0-3, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only; stellae very sparse to moderate, 0.3-2 mm apart, 0.3-0.7 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 1.5-3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra- axillary, solitary or pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle 0-2 mm long; 1-3-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 8-18 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, c. 0.3 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent or present. Calyx tube 1.5-2 mm long, lobes attenuate, 1.5-2.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae sparse to moderate, transparent, 0.2-0.4 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 6-8, central ray 0.8-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 6-8 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3-4.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 4-6 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, 4-6.5 mm diameter, red, glabrous or with a few scattered Type 2 hairs, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); 705 placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.2-0.3 mm thick; pedicels 14-24 mm long in fruit, 0.5-0.6 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 1.6-2.3 mm long. Fig. 21. Specimens examined : Queensland. Leichhardt District: ‘Kooralbyn’, c. 25 km S of Duaringa, Feb 2003, Bean 19985 (BRI, CANB, MO). Burnett District: Kingaroy, Apr 1947, Smith 3004 (BRI); c. 14 km NNE of Eidsvold, Oct 1993, Lepschi & Slee 1216 (BRI, CANB); Semgreen Road, SSE of Kingaroy, Mar 2001, Bean 17428 (BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW); Goodger Gully Rd, SSE of Kingaroy, Mar 2001, Bean 17432 (BRI, NSW); Kunioon West, S of Kingaroy, Nov 2001, Bean 18121 (BRI); Valley Dam paddock, ‘Narayen’, W of Mundubbera, Dec 2001, Bean 18295 (BRI, MEL, NSW); S.F.227, c. 30 km E of Cracow, Jul 2002, Bean 19129 (B, BRI, CANB, L, MEL); S.F.132 Allies Creek, c. 55 km S of Mundubbera, Nov 2002, Bean 19610 (BRI, MEL). Darling Downs District: Burraburri Creek, 16 km W of Durong, May 1992, Forster PIF9857 (AD, BRI); 3.8 km NE of Warra, on Marnhull road, Feb 2003, Bean 19961 (BRI, NSW). Distribution and habitat: Solanum latens is endemic to Queensland. It is confined to subcoastal south-eastern Queensland, extending from Duaringa to Warra, and near Kingaroy. (Map 9). It occurs as an understorey plant in Brigalow-Belah communities, or in microphyll vine forest, or in Eucalyptus or Acacia dominated woodland on tertiary-aged plateaux. Phenology: Flowers are recorded for February, May, November and December; mature fruits in May and December Notes: Closely related to S. ferocissimum, but differing by the smaller and broader leaves; juvenile leaves often with 2 pairs of lobes; upper and lower leaf stellae with central ray 1.5-3 times as long as laterals (0-1 times for S. ferocissimum)', the 1-3 flowered inflo rescences (2-10 flowered for S. ferocissimum ); and the seeds 1.6-2.3 mm long (3.0-3.6 mm for S. ferocissimum). Conservation status: Moderately widespread. Not considered at risk. Etymology: From the Latin latens meaning ‘secret’ or ‘hidden’. This is a reference to the late recognition of the species, with most collections being in the last decade. 22. Solanum dissectum Symon, Austrobaileya 4:432-3 (1995). Type: Queensland. Port Curtis District: west of Thangool, 2 July 1959, R. W. Johnson 858 (holo: BRI; iso: BRI). 706 Illustration : Symon (1995: 432) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.3-0.8 m high. Juvenile branchlets with c. 7 prickles per dm, 7-10 mm long; leaves (in outline) ovate, deeply lobed, with 2-5 pairs of lobes; lamina 5.5- 7 cm long, 3-4 cm wide, with 2-3 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets grey or brown; prickles 3-10 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 4-11 mm long, 9-13 times longer than wide; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate or broadly ovate, deeply lobed throughout; lobes 2-4 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 7-22; lamina 2-5.5 cm long, 0.9-2.5 cm wide, 1.5- 2.9 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-1.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 0.3-1.2 cm long, 12-25% length of lamina, prickles absent or present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-4, straight, acicular, 1- 7 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only; stellate hairs absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present only in vein depressions. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 0-4, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-2 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 2- 5-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5- merous; pedicels 6-8 mm long at anthesis, markedly thicker distally, 0.4-0.5 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, lobes rostrate, 1-2.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 6-9 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 2.5-4 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 4-6.5 mm long, erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, 7-9 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.2-0.3 mm thick; pedicels 10-19 mm long in fruit, 0.5-1 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3-4.1 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Leichhardt District: McCrae property, 50 miles [80 km] S of Duaringa, Jul 1966, Everist & McDonald 3 (BRI); Portion 2, Parish of Capayan, Banana Shire, Feb 1989, Philips s.n. (BRI); ‘Nirvana’, c. 15 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) km WNW of Banana, Apr 2003, Bean 20167 (BRI). Port Curtis District: c. 6 miles [10 km] W of Biloela, Jul 1959, Johnson 870 (BRI); Biloela near roadside, Sep 1966, Stevens s.n. (BRI); c. 22kmS of Dululu, Sep 1989, Clamfield4116 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum dissectum is endemic to Queensland, and recorded from the Biloela-Banana-Baralaba area (Map 11). It occurs in association with brigalow ( Acacia harpophylla ), and sometimes Eucalyptus thozetiana, on heavy cracking-clay soil. Phenology : Poorly known. Flowers are recorded for September; mature fruits in February, April and July. Notes: S. dissectum is a very distinct species with no very close relatives. It is probably closest to S. lythrocarpum (see notes under that species). It is also close to S.ferocissimum, but it differs from that species by the total lack of stellate hairs and the deeply lobed adult leaves. Conservation status: S. dissectum is currently known from a total of 17 mature individuals at one locality, and this locality is not protected within a conservation reserve. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Critically Endangered” is recommended (CR A3ce; Blab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); Cl+2a(i,ii); D). Three specimen labels include comments indicating the probable imminent demise of that population of S. dissectum viz . “cleared Brigalow scrub”, “pulled Acacia harpophylla regrowth”, “recently burnt, pulled brigalow suckers”. Major threats are continuing land clearance, and invasion of habitat by exotic species of grass, introduced as cattle fodder. This species is undoubtedly the one closest to extinction in Queensland. 23. Solanum lythrocarpum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex parvus, aculei in ramulis praesentes sed sparsi; folia integra, angusto-lanceolata, utrinque laete viridia; pili Type-2 in ramulis folii lamina calyceque; pili stellati in foliis et calyce sparsissimus; aculei calycis absentes; styli 5.7-6.8 mm longi; fructus maturitate rubra. Typus: Queensland. Burnett District: east of Scrubby Dam, Coominglah State Forest, near Monto, 11 December 1998, A.R. Bean 14430 (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso: AD, MEF, NSW). Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 707 Fig. 22. Solanum lythrocarpum.A. flowering and fruiting branchlet x 1. B. flower showing style and anthers x 3. C. flower showing hypanthium and calyx lobes x 3. D. ovary and style x 6. E. mature fruit and pedicel x 2. F. transverse section of fruit x 3. A, Bean 10389; B-D, Bean 14430; E-F, Bean 15936. 708 Solanum sp. (Coominglah A.R. Bean 10389) in Henderson (2002). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.3-0.9 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets brown; prickles absent or present, 0-6 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 0.5-5 mm long, 7-10 times longer than wide; stellae absent or sparse, 0.2-0.3 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 4—8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs sparse to dense. Adult leaves narrow lanceolate or lanceolate, entire; lamina 5-9.5 cm long, 1.1-1.5 cm wide, 4.7-7 times longer than broad, apex acute, base cuneate, oblique part 0-2.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-3 percent; petioles 0.9-2.1 cm long, 11-23% length of lamina, prickles absent or present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-4, straight, acicular, 3-7 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only; stellate hairs absent, or confined to midrib; ordinary stellae absent from surface; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present throughout, 0.1-0.5 mm apart. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 0-3, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence leaf-opposed, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-7 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 3-8-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 4 or 5-merous; pedicels 9-24 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout or markedly thicker distally, 0.4-0.7 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-2.5 mm long, lobes attenuate, 2-6 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae absent to sparse, white, 0.15-0.3 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 4-8, central ray 0-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present. Corolla purple, 7-11 mm long, shallowly or deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3-5 mm long; ovary glabrous, or with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5.5-7 mm long, erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1-4 per inflorescence, globular, 8-11 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.4-0.5 mm thick; pedicels 18-24 mm long in fruit, 0.6-0.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3-3.7 mm long. Fig. 22. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Specimens examined : Queensland. Burnett District: Sixteen Mile L.A., Coominglah S.F., south-west of Monto, Mar 1996, Bean 10155 (BRI); W edge of Bogdanoff L.A., Coominglah S.F., south-west of Monto, Jun 1996, Bean 10389 (BRI, NSW, MEL); northern boundary of S.F. 132, S of Mundubbera, Nov 2002, Bean 19627 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum lythrocarpum is endemic to Queensland. It is known from two small areas near the towns of Monto and Mundubbera (Map 10). It grows on lateritised plateaux in ironbark -Acacia blakei forest with a dense shrubby understorey including some rainforest species. Associated species include Croton insularis, Phebalium nottii, Bertya opponens and Philotheca ciliata. Phenology: Flowers are recorded for June and December; mature fruits recorded for March, November and December. Notes: S. lythrocarpum is related to S. dissectum, but differs by the entire adult leaves (deeply lobed for S. dissectum)', the presence of Type 2 hairs on the branchlets, leaf lamina and calyx (absent for S. dissectum ); the presence of stellate hairs on leaves and calyx (absent for S. dissectum ) and the fruiting pedicels 10-19 mm long (18-24 mm long for S. dissectum ). Conservation status: S. lythrocarpum known from two localities, neither of which is within a conservation reserve. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Vulnerable” is recommended (VU Dl+2). In the Coominglah State Forest, less than 300 plants are known; 30-40 plants occur at the Mundubbera site. Etymology: From the Greek ‘ lythron ’ meaning blood, and ‘ carpos ’ (fruit), in reference to the bright-red colour of the mature fruits. 24. Solanum chenopodinum F.Muell., Fragm. 2: 165 (1861). Type: New South Wales. “Mount Murchison and Darling”, undated, J. Dallachy s.n. (lecto: MEF [MEF 11705], fide Symon 1981). Illustrations: Cunningham et al. (1981: 594); Symon (1981: 149) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.4-1 m high. Juvenile branchlets with c. 7 prickles per dm, c. 6 mm long; leaves (in outline) hastate, Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum shallowly-lobed or with basal lobes only, with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes; lamina 8-11.5 cm long, 4.5-6 cm wide, without prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets white or grey or yellow; prickles absent or present, 0-10 per decimetre, straight or curved, broad-based, 2-7 mm long, 4-7 times longer than wide; stellae very dense, 0.2-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.2 mm long; lateral rays 7-10, porrect or ascending; central ray present, 0.2-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate or triangular, with obtuse basal lobes only; lamina 2.5-6.5 cm long, 1.1-2.6 cm wide, 1.4-3 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate, obtuse, cordate or hastate, oblique part 0-4 mm long, obliqueness index 0-10 percent; petioles 0.5-2 cm long, 15-35% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse to sparse, 0.4-0.7 mm apart, 0.2-0.4 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 5-10, porrect; central ray 0.7-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles absent; stellae dense to very dense, 0.05-0.1 mm apart, 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 8-13, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo- racemose, common peduncle 0-10 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 6-20-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 4-6 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.5-0.7 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-2 mm long, lobes deltate, 1-2.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae dense to very dense, white, 0.25-0.4 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long, lateral rays 8-10, central ray 0.7-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve or purple, 5-8 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-4.5 mm long; ovary glabrous; functional style 5.5-7 mm long, erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than or more than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1-11 per inflorescence, globular, 7-8 mm diameter, red; mesocarp juicy, succulent; pedicels 8-12 mm long in fruit, 0.7-1 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3.5-3.8 mm long. 709 Specimens examined : Queensland. Gregory North District: ‘Currawilla’, Jun 1947, Everist 4025 (BRI); Spring Creek, 11 km S of ‘Warra’, Jun 1978, Purdie 1243 (BRI); Simpson Desert, c. 20 km NW of Pulchera Waterhole, Aug 1978, Jahnke 1310 (BRI); Warracoola Waterhole, DiamantinaN.R,Apr 1995, Mitchell 95\ (BRI); near Mistake Hut dam, Bladensberg N.R, S of Winton, Mar 1998, Forster PIF22228 & Booth (BRI). Gregory South District: Nockatunga, Jun 1936, Blake 11880 (BRI); Murungeri waterhole, ‘NappaMerrie’ Station, Jun 1988, Conrick 2325 (AD, BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanum chenopodinum is found in arid to semi-arid areas of south-west Queensland (Map 11). Also occurs widely in low rainfall parts of New South Wales, South Australia and Northern Territory. It occurs in shrubland on flats or watercourses on sandy or clayey soil. Phenology: Flowers are recorded in March, June and August; mature fruits from March to June. Notes: This species and S. ferocissimum are the only red-fruited Solanum species that occur in arid parts of Australia. Both species may have a hastate leaf base, but S. chenopodinum differs by the much broader leaves without prickles on the upper surface, the broad-based prickles on the branchlets, and the shorter fruiting pedicels. Conservation status: Data deficient. 25. Solanum dysprosium A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex; aculei ramuli leviter vel distincte recurvi; ramuli classibus duabus pilorum stellatorum, longitudine radii centralis differentibus; folia adulta 4 vel 5 paribus loborum non profundorum, petiolis aculeos gerentibus et longitudine 19-33% laminae aequantibus; stellae in pagina inferiore folii 0.5-0.8 mm diametro; digiti apicibus glandularibus in calyce praesentes. Typus: Queensland. Cook District: Cape Melville National Park, western slopes, 26 November 2001, K.R. McDonald 1026 & H. Hines (holo: BRI). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, c. 0.75 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets mauve or brown; prickles 25-50 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 3-8 mm long, 9-12 times longer than wide; stellae sparse, 0.25-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 710 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Fig. 23. Holotype of Solanum dysprosium. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 4-8, porrect; central ray absent or present, 0-4 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs sparse. Adult leaves ovate, shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 4 or 5 on each side, acute, lobing index 1.3- 1.6; lamina 7-10.5 cm long, 3.5-5 cm wide, 1.9-2.2 t im es longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, base obtuse, oblique part 0-5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-6 percent; petioles 1.3-3.5 cm long, 20-35% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 30-50, straight, acicular, 2-8 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae sparse, 0.5-0.8 mm apart, 0.25-0.5 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4 or 5, porrect; central ray 0.5-3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 11-17, straight, acicular, present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae moderate, 0.4-0.8 mm apart, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 4-6, porrect; central ray 0-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo- racemose, common peduncle 17-35 mm long, rachis prickles present; 12-15-flowered, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 8-11 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.3-0.6 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 2-2.5 mm long, lobes attenuate, 2-3.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae sparse, transparent, 0.15-0.2 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 4 or 5, central ray 1-2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs abundant; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 10-14 mm long, shallowly or deeply lobed; anthers 5-5.8 mm long; functional style erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, c. 7 mm diameter; pedicels c. 15 mm long in fruit, c. 0.7 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.5-3 mm long. Fig. 23. Specimen examined : Queensland. Cook District: Cape Melville N.P., western slopes, Nov. 2001, McDonald 1026 & Hines (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum dysprosium is endemic to Queensland. Confined to Cape Melville on Cape York Peninsula (Map 9), it grows on the edge of a granite boulder-field, adjacent to vine thicket. 711 Notes: Closely related to S. inaequilaterum, but differing by the smaller leaves, petioles 20-35% of lamina length, and bearing prickles (petioles 10-22%, without prickles for S. inaequilaterum ), stellae on lower leaf surface 0.5-0.8 mm diameter (0.3-0.5 mm diameter for S. inaequilaterum ), common peduncle present (absent for S. inaequilaterum ), calyx lobes 2-3.5 mm long (4-9 mm for S. inaequilaterum). Conservation status: Data deficient. Etymology: from the Greek dysprositos, meaning hard to get at. This is a reference to the difficulty in accessing the Cape Melville area, where the species is endemic. 26. Solanum inaequilaterum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 581-582 (1929). Type: Queensland. Moreton District: Beechmont, March 1910, K. Domin s.n. (holo: ?PR), n.v. Illustration: Symon (1981: 244) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 1-3.5 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 120-400 prickles per dm, 1.5-6 mm long; leaves (in outline) elliptical or ovate, deeply lobed, with 2-4 pairs of lobes; lamina 16-24 cm long, 9-14 cm wide, with 100-150 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets mauve or brown; prickles 5-55 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 2-9 mm long, 10-14 times longer than wide; stellae sparse, 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray absent or present, 0-0.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3-5 on each side, acute, lobing index 1.1-1.8; lamina 9.5-19 cm long, 3.5-7.5 cm wide, 2.3-2.7 t im es longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-18 mm long, obliqueness index 0-9 percent; petioles 1.1-2.2 cm long, 10-22% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 8-40, straight, acicular, 3-11 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae very sparse to sparse, 0.8-1.4 mm apart, 0.4-0.5 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower 712 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) leaf surface green; prickles 0-9, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae sparse to moderate, 0.5-1.3 mm apart, 0.3-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 4—8, porrect; central ray 0.3-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo- racemose, common peduncle absent, rachis prickles absent; 4-13-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 7-24 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout or markedly thicker distally, 0.5-1 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-3 mm long, lobes attenuate, 4-9 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae sparse to moderate, yellow, 0.15-0.25 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 5-8, central ray 0.5-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs present; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white or purple, 8-15 mm long, shallowly or deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4.5-6 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 7.5-8.5 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits I- 4 per inflorescence, globular or ellipsoidal, II- 13 mm diameter, red, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.4-0.5 mm thick; pedicels 26-38 mm long in fruit, 0.6-2 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.6-3.4 mm long. Gin’s Whiskers. Specimens examined : Queensland. Moreton District: Roberts Plateau, Lamington N.P., May 1929, White 6074 (BRI); Levers Plateau, Apr 1972, Henderson H1286 (BRI); beside track at Mt Nothofagus, Sep 1973, Lander 336 (BRI, NSW); 0.5 km along Duck Creek road, near O’Reilly Guest House, Dec 1999, Bean 15896 (AD, BRI, MEL, NSW); near Best of All Lookout, Springbrook, Mar 2000, Forster PIF25385 & Booth (A, BRI, MEL, QRS). New South Wales. North Coast: Coopers Creek, viaMullumbimby, Aug 1936, White 10456 (BRI); Victoria Park, 5 miles [8 km] S of Alstonville, Feb 1971, O’Hara & Coveny 3491 (BRI, NSW); summit of Mt Nardi, NE of Nimbin, Feb 2000, Bean 16021 (BRI, NSW); Big Scrub Flora Reserve, c. 20 km N of Lismore, Dec 2000, Bean 17073 (BRI); off Dingo Flat road, Clouds Creek S.F., N of Donigo, Jan 2001, Bean 17264 (BRI, NSW). Distribution and habitat : Solanum inaequilaterum extends from Springbrook and Lamington National Park in Queensland, to Dorrigo in N.S.W. (Map 11). It grows in notophyll rainforest in high rainfall areas. Altitude is often above 750 metres. It is one of the few species that will flower and fruit under very low-light conditions. Phenology: Flowers are recorded from November to April; fruits may be found throughout the year. Notes: Closely related to S. dysprosium (see Notes under that species). Less closely related to S. semiarmatum, with which it shares the deeply lobed juvenile leaves, dense prickles on stems of juvenile plants, and the succulent 1- locular fruit. In 1920, Georg Bitter made the combination Lycianthes inaequilatera (Rusby) Bitter for a Bolivian species, based on Bassovia inaequilatera Rusby in Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 90 (1896). He included the notation “Solanum inaequilaterum Rusby in sched.”, but that combination was never actually published. Since S. inaequilaterum Rusby is a nomen nudum, it follows that S. inaequilaterum Domin is a legitimate name. The type of S. inaequilaterum was sought from PR, but not received. Symon (1981) stated that he had not seen the type. It is possible that the type is missing, but the designation of a neotype is not warranted until further searches are made. The application of the name is not in doubt, as the species is well described in the protologue. Conservation status: Not considered at risk. Group 13A (S. semiarmatum group), here defined; related to Group 13 ( S. ferocissimum group) of Whalen (1984). Mature fruits globular, black, juicy, 1-locular, <12 mm diameter, exocarp <0.5 mm thick (100%); Type 2 hairs present on branchlets (100%); inflorescences with flowers all bisexual (100%); branchlet prickles abundant (240-1400 per decimetre), acicular (100%); mixture of unbranched and branched inflorescences (100%); corolla inner surface glabrous (100%); fruiting calyx less than half length of mature fruit (100%); adult leaves deeply or shallowly lobed (83%). Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 3 species endemic to Australia; 3 species in Queensland. 27. Solanum coracinum Symon, Austrobaileya 4: 429-30 (1995). Type: Queensland. Darling Downs District: c. 22 km east of Yuleba, on road to Miles, 17 November 1975, R.J. Henderson 2381 (holo: BRI; iso: AD). Solanum sp. 3 in Ross (1986) Illustration : Symon (1995: 430) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.7-1.5 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets green; prickles 350-800 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-10 mm long, 14-18 t im es longer than wide; stellae absent or sparse, 0.3-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 4-6, porrect; central ray 0.4-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs sparse. Adult leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply lobed throughout; lobes 3-5 on each side, acute, lobing index 2-25; lamina 5-11.5 cm long, 3.5-10 cm wide, 1.1-1.5 times longer than broad, apex acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-7 mm long, obliqueness index 0-9 percent; petioles 2-3.4 cm long, 25-35% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 15-100, straight, acicular, 1-10 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse, 0.9-7.5 mm apart, 0.3-0.45 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 0.4-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 10-30, straight, acicular, present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae absent or very sparse, 0.8-3.2 mm apart, 0.45-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.4-0.8 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose or 2-branched, common peduncle 18-39 mm long, rachis prickles present; 14-30-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 4-8 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.3-0.4 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1.5-2.5 mm long, lobes deltate or rostrate, 1.5-3 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae moderate, transparent, 0.25-0.4 mm across, sessile, lateral 713 rays 6-8, central ray 0.7-1.3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present. Corolla purple, 7-9 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4-5.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only, or with stellate and Type 2 hairs; functional style 4.5-6.5 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 3-9 per inflorescence, globular, 6-9 mm diameter, black, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.15-0.3 mm thick; pedicels 4-10 mm long in fruit, 0.5-0.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, brown or black, 2.1-2.8 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Leichhardt District: 19 kmW ofWandoan, Aug 1999, Cooks.n. (BRI). Darling Downs District: ‘Palardo’, May 1934, Blake 5866 (BRI); 10 miles [16 km] E of Texas, Jun 1951, Everist 2539 & Webb (BRI); ‘Shellboume’, c. 20 miles [32 km] NE of Miles, May 1960, Johnson 1630 (BRI); E of Combididan Farm, ‘Cypress Downs’, Sep 1961, Jones 164 (BRI); ‘Benandre’, 23 miles [37 km] SE of Texas, Apr 1962, Pedley 988 (BRI); 20 km W of Milmerran, Feb 1984, Stower (BRI); Houston-Gillespie Dam road, N of Grays Gate, Dec 1999, Menkins DDP8 (BRI); 2.6 km E of Arcot, ENE of Texas, May 2000, Bean 16657 (BRI, NSW); Road 105, 7 km S of Milmerran, May 2003, Bean 20305 (BRI); Road 59, SE of Milmerran, May 2003, Bean 20333 (BRI); Distribution and habitat : Solanum coracinum is endemic to Queensland, extending from Wandoan to Texas (Map 10), but not yet recorded for New South Wales. It inhabits open forest dominated by brigalow or belah, or shrubby eucalypt woodland with Callitris. Soils may be sandy-loams to clays. Phenology: Flowers are recorded from February to May and from August to December; mature fruits recorded from April, May, June and December. Notes: S. coracinum is closely related to S. mitchellianum, differing by the glabrous to sparsely pubescent branchlets and leaf undersides, the deeply lobed leaves with more prickles on the upper surface, and the stellae of the lower leaf surface with a shorter central ray. Three specimens (Bean 17776, Thomby Range; Beasley s.n.. Chinchilla; and Fensham 2877, NNW of Miles) appear to represent intergrades between it and S. mitchellianum. S. mitchellianum occurs to the east, west and north of the geographical range of S. coracinum. 714 Conservation status: S. coracinum is known from seven localities, none of which is within a conservation reserve. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Vulnerable” is recommended (VU A4ce; Blab(iii)+2ab(iii)). 28. Solanum mitchellianum Domin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 131 (1913). T^pe: Subtropical New Holland, anno 1846, T. Mitchell (lecto: K; isolecto: BM, L), fide Symon (1981). Illustration: Symon (1981: 127), as S. semiarmatum. Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.5-1.8 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 240-1400 prickles per dm; leaves (in outline) ovate, deeply lobed, with 3 or 4 pairs of lobes; lamina c. 11.5 x 8 cm, with c. 40 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets terete or ridged, green; prickles 240-1400 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-10 mm long, 14-20 times longer than wide; stellae dense, 0.4-0.7 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.15 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs sparse. Adult leaves ovate, entire or shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3 or 4 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 1-1.9; lamina 5.5-10.5 cm long, 1.8-6.5 cm wide, 1.5-3 times longer than broad, apex acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-3.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 1.1-2.8 cm long, 18-30% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 8- 20, straight, acicular, 1-8 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse to moderate density, 1-3 mm apart, 0.25-0.7 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 0.8-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present only in vein depressions. Lower leaf surface white; prickles 2-10, straight, acicular, present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae very dense, c. 0.05 mm apart, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.3 mm long; lateral rays 7-9, porrect; central ray 1-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo- racemose or 2-3-branched, common peduncle 21-40 mm long, rachis prickles present; 7-25- Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5- merous; pedicels 3-6 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout or markedly thicker distally, 0.3-0.6 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent or present. Calyx tube 0.5-1.5 mm long, lobes hemispherical, deltate or attenuate, 2-3.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae moderate to dense, transparent, 0.25-0.5 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 5-8, central ray 0.8-1.2 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 7-10 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5.5 mm long; ovary glabrous or with stellate hairs only; functional style 6.5-8.5 mm long, erect, glabrous or with stellate hairs only, stellae c. 0.4 mm across, lateral rays c. 8, central ray c. 1 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 7-17 per inflorescence, globular, 8-9 mm diameter, black, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.1-0.2 mm thick; pedicels 8-10 mm long in fruit, 0.8-0.9 mm thick at mid¬ point; seeds brown to black, 1.8-2.4 mm long. Selected specimens examined : Queensland. Leichhardt District: Moolyamba Gorge, Carnarvon Ranges, Sep 1940, White 11361 (BRI); ‘Rosedale’ near Baralaba, Sep 1959, Johnson 917 (BRI); Pegunny North, c. 55 km W of Moura, May 1962, Johnson 2289 (BRI); Injune-Rolleston road, c. 77 km from Injune, Sep \91A,Moriarty 1558 (BRI, CANB); Little St Peter, lOmiles [16km] N of Springsure, Sep 1985, O’Keeffe 783 (BRI); Nathan Gorge, SW of Cracow, Aug 1990, Forster PIF7188 (BRI, MEL); Bunbuncundoo Spring, Ka Ka Mundi N.P., Sep 1993, Purdie 4339 (BRI, CANB); Auburn Range S.F., Jun 1996, Bean 10338 (BRI, MEL, NSW); 14.8 km along Arcturus Road, NE of Springsure, Oct 1998, Bean 14009 (BRI); Expedition N.P., Amphitheatre section, Nov 1998, Forster PIF23862 & Booth (AD, BRI, K, MEL, NSW, QRS); Zamia Creek, Palmgrove N.P, Sep 2000, Forster PIF26109 et al. (AD, BRI, MEL); Brigalow Research Station, SW of Moura, Dec 2001, Bean 18256 (BRI, MEL). Port Curtis District: Callide Valley, Apr 1937, White 11184 (BRI). Warrego District: ‘Carnarvon’ Station, Mar 2001, Fensham 4225 (BRI). Maranoa District: Kenniff Lookout, c. 80 km SW of Rolleston, Jun 1977, Crisp 3084 (AD, BRI, CANB); ‘Stanhope Downs’, c. 44 km by road NW of Roma on Orallo Road, Dec 1997, Thomas 1267 (BRI). Burnett District: Dingo Trap track, ‘Narayen’, Dec 1973, Leach N1496 (BRI); Monogorilby, Mundubbera shire, Jan 1982, Forster 1105 (BRI). Darling Downs District: Chinchilla, Jul 1912, Beasley 3 (BRI); ‘Wyaga’, Goondiwindi district, Sep 1919, White s.n. (BRI); Cooranga North, Apr 1925, White 2490 (BRI); ‘Calala’, c. 10 miles [16 km] E of Meandarra, Apr 1960, Johnson 1620 (BRI); 2.5 km SSW of Gladfield, Jun 1986, Forster PIF2474 et al. (BRI). New South Wales. North West Slopes: 7 miles [ 11 km] from Crooble on Warialda road, Sep 1950, Roe 258 (CANB); 7.5 km NW of North Star, Sep 1988, Moore 8689 Bean, Taxonomy of Solarium subg. Leptostemonum (BRI, CANB); ‘Warivan’, 7.4 km from North Star on road to Warialda, Sep 1988, Moore 8835 (CANB). Distribution and habitat : Solanum mitchellianum extends from Springsure and Blackwater in Queensland to Warialda in New South Wales (Map 12). It inhabits semi¬ evergreen vine thickets, brigalow-belah communities or shrubby eucalypt woodlands often with rock outcrops. Phenology : Flowers are recorded for all months of the year; mature fruits are recorded between September and April. Notes: Closely related to S. semiarmatum , and for many years included in synonymy with it. S. mitchellianum is however amply different by virtue of the shallowly lobed or entire adult leaves, stellae on the lower leaf surface sessile or with stalks <0.3 mm long, ovary glabrous or with stellae only (with Type 2 hairs only for S. semiarmatum ), styles glabrous or with stellae (with Type 2 hairs only for S. semiarmatum ), and calyx prickles absent (present for S. semiarmatum). It is also close to S. coracinum (see notes under that species). Conservation status: Widespread. Not considered at risk. 29. Solanum semiarmatum F.Muell., Fragm. 2: 163 (1861). Type: New South Wales. North Coast: Clarence River, undated, H. Beckler (holo: MEL [MEL12130]; iso: K, NSW). Illustration: Symon (1981: 126) Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 1.5-3 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 600-1400 prickles per dm, 0.5-7 mm long; leaves (in outline) ovate, deeply lobed, with 4 or 5 pairs of lobes; lamina c. 16 x 10 cm, with c. 70 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets green; prickles 600-1400 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-13 mm long, 15-20 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, stalks 0-1.5 mm long; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs sparse. Adult leaves ovate or broadly ovate, deeply lobed throughout; lobes 3 or 4 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 2-7; lamina 7-17 cm long, 3.5-10 cm wide, 1.5-1.9 times longer than broad, apex acute, 715 base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 1.5-8 mm long, obliqueness index 2-7 percent; petioles 1.7-4.5 cm long, 20-40% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 7-70, straight, acicular, 1-10 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae sparse or moderate density, 0.4-0.8 mm apart, 0.15-0.4 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-6, ascending; central ray 0.7-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs present, 0.1-0.8 mm apart, not gland-tipped, 0.1-0.15 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles 35-200, straight, acicular, present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae dense to very dense, 0.05-0.1 mm apart, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, stalks 0-2.5 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 1-2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose or 2-branched or 3-branched, common peduncle 7-30 mm long, rachis prickles present; 10-30-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 3- 10 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.5-0.7 mm thick at mid-point, prickles present. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, lobes deltate or attenuate, 1-3 mm long; prickles absent or present at anthesis, 0-25 per flower, 0.5-2 mm long; stellae dense, transparent, 0.6-0.8 mm across, stalks 0-1.2 mm long, lateral rays 5-7, central ray 1-1.7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present. Corolla purple, 10-12 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 7-9 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles 0.5-3 mm long. Mature fruits 4- 9 per inflorescence, globular, 10-12 mm diameter, black, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp juicy, succulent; exocarp 0.1-0.2 mm thick; pedicels 8-14 mm long in fruit, 1.2-1.4 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2-2.8 mm long. Gin’s Whiskers. Selected specimens examined: Queensland. Darling Downs District: Wilsons Peak, May 1933, Michael s.n. (BRI); 6 km from Mt Colliery towards Gambubal S.F., E of Warwick, Apr 1999, Bean 14802 (BRI, MEL); Killarney- The Head road, 7.1 km NE of Queen Mary Falls, Jan 2002, Bean 18332 (BRI, MEL, NSW). Moreton District: Mt Mistake, Jun 1887, Simmonds (BRI); Mt Lindesay, Oct 1921, 716 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) White s.n. (BRI); Beech Mountain, Apr 1923, White 1927 (BRI); Roberts Plateau, Lamington N.P., May 1929, White 6072 (BRI); Levers Plateau, c. 90 km SSW of Brisbane, Apr 1972, Henderson H1298 (BRI); 3.3 km along Duck Creek Road, near O’Reilly’s Guest House, Mar 2001 , Bean 17388 (BRI). New South Wales. North Coast: Toonumbar S.F., c. 26 km NW of Kyogle, Feb 1972, Henderson H1260A & Parham (BRI); lower slopes ofMtLindesay, 7 miles [11 km] ENE of Woodenbong, Sep 1972, Coveny 4544 & Rodd (BRI, NSW); Old Grevillea-Bundgeam road, 25 km NW of Kyogle, Dec 1977, Haegi 1538 (BRI, NSW). Distribution and habitat : Solanum semiarmatum is found along the “scenic rim” of south-eastern Queensland, from Lamington N.P. to Mt Mistake, and adjacent areas of New South Wales south to Kyogle (Map 10). It inhabits open areas within or on the margins of tall notophyll rainforest, at altitudes generally above 800 metres. Phenology : Flowers are recorded from September to May; mature fruits are recorded from January to May. Notes: Closely related to S. mitchellianum (see notes under that species). Conservation status : Not considered at risk. Group 14 (S. torvum group) of Whalen (1984) Large shrubs; prickles broad-based, sparse on large stems and branchlets (100%); adult leaves entire or shallowly lobed, broadly ovate, 7.5-26 cm long; upper leaf surface without prickles, protostellae present (100%); inflorescence 2-many branched, with 15-65 flowers (100%); calyx prickles absent (100%); corolla deeply lobed, white (100%); ovary with Type 2 hairs only (100%); mature fruits yellowish-green (100%). About 50 species, mainly in montane areas of the neotropics, but with a few species in Malesia; 2 species naturalised in Queensland. 30. *Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl., Linnaea 19: 304 (1847). Type: near Las Trojes, Mexico, 1825-31, C.J.W. Schiede 81 (holo: HAL, fide Welman (2003)), n.v. [5. hispidum auct. non Persoon] Illustrations: Symon(1981:114), as S. hispidum; Welman (2003: 6). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 1.5-4 m high. Juvenile branchlets with c. 15 prickles per dm, 3-6 mm long; leaves (in outline) broadly ovate, shallowly to deeply lobed, with 5 or 6 pairs of lobes; lamina 23-41 cm long, 16-40 cm wide, with 10-30 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets brown; prickles 0-20 per decimetre, curved, broad-based, 1-4 mm long, 2-3 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.5-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0.1-1 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray absent or present, 0-0.4 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves broadly ovate, shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3-5 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 1.2-2.1; lamina 12-26 cm long, 9-19 cm wide, 1.3-1.9 times longer than broad, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-12 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 2-6.3 cm long, 11-25% length of lamina, prickles absent or present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae sparse, 0.3-0.6 mm apart, 0.2-0.6 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 5-8, porrect; central ray 0.2-2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green or yellowish; prickles 0-3, straight or curved, broad-based, prickles absent or present on midvein only; stellae moderate to dense, 0.3-0.5 mm apart, 0.4-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.3 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.1-0.7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence leaf- opposed or supra-axillary, 3 or 4-branched, common peduncle 6-18 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 13-65-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 3-13 mm long at anthesis, markedly thicker distally, 0.7-0.9 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 2-4 mm long, lobes rostrate or attenuate, 4.5-10 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae dense to very dense, brown or rusty, 0.3-0.9 mm across, stalks 0-1 mm long, lateral rays 7-9, central ray 0.2-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white, 14-20 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface sparsely stellate-hairy; anthers 6-9 mm Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 10-13.5 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than or more than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 7-37 per inflorescence, globular, 14-17 mm diameter, yellowish-green, 2-3- locular; placenta in cross-section stalked, anvil¬ shaped; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp 0.5-0.8 mm thick; pedicels 11-21 mm long in fruit, 1.4-1.8 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.5-2.7 mm long. Giant Devil’s Fig. Specimens examined : Queensland. Burnett District: Tarong Power station site, 15 km S of Nanango, Nov 1996, Skillington s.n. (BRI). Wide Bay District: Conondale Range, S.F.274, Oct 1982, McDonald 3626 & Williams (BRI); Currymore, NW of Maleny, Apr 1993, Bean 6014 (BRI). Moreton District: Wooloowin-Windsor etc. (Brisbane), May 1917, White s.n. (BRI): Ferny Grove near Brisbane, Nov 1934, White s.n. (BRI); Joseph Cresent, Deception Bay, Sep 1980, Dillewaard 61 & Olsen (BRI); Samford, Sep 1984, Bunch JT1114 (BRI); Big Tree L.A., S.F.832, SE of Bellthorpe, Jun 1993, Bean 6120 (BRI); comer of Alex Rd & Attunga Lane, Mt Glorious, Oct 1997, Phillips 70 (AD, BRI); South Stradbroke Island, Jul 1998, Leipers.n. (BRI); Gold Creek road, Brookfield, W of Brisbane GPO, Feb 2000, Bean 16034 (BRI, NSW, NY); Brisbane River, Long Pocket, Indooroopilly, Sep 2000, Batianoff 200905 (BRI, DNA, NSW); Industry Drive, Caboolture, Apr 2001, Bean 17617 (BRI, MEL, PRE). New South Wales. NORTH COAST: Tuntable Creekroad, ESE of Nimbin, Sep 1994, Bean 7933 (BRI, NSW). Mexico: 15 km W of Santa Rosa, Yerz Cruz, Oct 1930, Reddick 616 (BH); San Andres, NW of San Cristobal, Feb 1931, Souviron & Erlanson 76 (BH); top of ridge between La Cumbre and Las Joyas, Jan 1979, Nee & litis 16695 (BH, NY); along highway Mex. 190,10 km SW of Motozintla, Dec 1985, Nee 32331 (BH, NY). Distribution and habitat : Solanum chrysotrichum is indigenous to southern Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama, and naturalised in many subtropical parts of the world. It is naturalised in south-eastern Queensland, and extreme north-eastern N.S.W. (Map 13). It inhabits degraded places in association with a range of other weedy species. Notes: This species has been erroneously called S. hispidum Pers. for many years, but true S. hispidum is from the Peruvian Andes, and has not been reported as a naturalised plant. Identification of Queensland material was achieved by matching with Mexican specimens identified by neotropical Solanum experts, M. Whalen and M. Nee. Phenology: Flowers and fruits may be found at any time of the year. 717 31. *Solanum torvum Sw., Prodr. 47 (1788). Type: Jamaica, undated, O. Swartz s.n. (holo: S), n.v.,fide D’Arcy (1974: 860). Solanum largiflorum C.T.White, Queensland Agric. J. 8: 170 (1917). Type: Queensland. Wide Bay District: Kin Kin, March 1916, C.T. White & W.D. Francis (syn: MEL, NSW), photos at BRI. Illustrations: Symon (1981: 115); Welman (2003: 4). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.8-2.5 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 5-15 prickles per dm, 2-5 mm long; leaves (in outline) broadly ovate, deeply lobed, with 2-4 pairs of lobes; lamina 12-18 cm long, 9-15 cm wide, with 0-9 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets brown or green; prickles absent or present, 0-5 per decimetre, straight or curved, broad-based, 3-7 mm long, 1.5-2 times longer than wide; stellae dense, 0.6-1 mm diameter, stalks 0.1-0.4 mm long; lateral rays 6-9, porrect; central ray 0.1-0.3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, entire or shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 1-3 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 1-1.3; lamina 7.5-16.5 cm long, 4-13 cm wide, 1.1-1.5 t im es longer than broad, apex acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-4 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 0.9-4.3 cm long, 15-26% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles absent; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae sparse to dense, 0.25-0.5 mm apart, 0.3-0.5 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 5-8, porrect; central ray 0.8-2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present throughout, 0.2-0.5 mm apart. Lower leaf surface white; prickles 0-3, straight, broad-based, prickles absent or present on midvein only; stellae dense, 0.1-0.3 mm apart, 0.6-1 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.4 mm long; lateral rays 8-9, porrect; central ray 0.3-0.9 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, 2-4-branched, common peduncle 2-17 mm long, rachis prickles absent; 15-50-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 718 6-10 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.6-0.8 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, lobes deltate or rostrate, 1.5-4.5 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae sparse to moderate, white, 0.2-0.5 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 6-8, central ray 0.8-1.8 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped or gland- tipped; finger hairs present; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white, 9-12 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 6-7.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 9-10.5 mm long, erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 2-15 per inflorescence, globular, 12-17 mm diameter, yellowish-green, 2-locular; placenta in cross- section stalked, anvil-shaped; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp 0.5-0.7 mm thick; pedicels 14-19 mm long in fruit, 1.8-2.4 mm thick at mid-point; seeds white or pale yellow, 2.2-2.4 mm long. Devil’s Fig. Fig. 2. Selected specimens examined’. Northern Territory. Berrimah Farm, Darwin, Feb 1981, Rankin 2582 (BRI, CANB, DNA). Queensland. Burke District: Leichhardt River, Mt Isa, Nov 1999, Stevens & Fox IDF909 (BRI). Cook District: Daintree, May 1952, Everist 5129 (BRI); Copper Lode Falls Dam area, Cairns, Dec 1972, Birch 12 (BRI); Mt Webb near ‘Standee’ HS, N of Hope Yale mission, Aug 1978, Kanis 1912 (BRI, CANB, L, MO, US); Cooktown rubbish dump, Jul 1991, Waterhouse 1881 (BRI, DNA, PERTH); Lakefield N.P., Twelve Mile area, Normanby River, Jan 1993, Forster PIF12901 & Bean (AD, BRI, QRS). North Kennedy District: Ayr, undated, Michael 1533 (BRI); Cromarty, Mar 1935, Blake 8317 (BRI); Black River, c. 14 miles [23 km] N of Townsville, May 1967, Symon 4743 (BRI); c. 15 kmN of Proserpine, western foot of Mt Dryander, Jul 1974, Henderson H2228 et al. (BRI); Fletcher Creek, 6 km N of ‘Toomba’ HS, Nov 1986, Bolton MPB740 (BRI). South Kennedy District: 17 km SE of Kuttabul on Townsville- Mackay Hwy, Sep 1981, Haegi 2059 (BRI, NSW); Newry Island, Dec 1986, Dalliston N275 (BRI); Bowen River crossing, 24 km S of Collinsville, Jun 1989, Jobson 615 (BRI, CANB, NSW). Leichhardt District: just west of Nebo, Apr 1998, Holland 1192 (BRI). Port Curtis District: Yeppoon, Jul 1974, Swarbrick 6190 (BRI); 0.9 km from Bruce Hwy, towards St Lawrence, Apr 2000, Bean 16263 (BRI); T.R.202 Colosseum Creek, Apr 2000, Forster P1F25478 & Booth (AD, BRI, MEL, QRS). Wide Bay District: Theebine, Nov 1921, White s.n. (BRI); Noosa N.P., north east comer, Aug 1985, Sharpe 3832 et al. (BRI, MEL); Ocean Park estate, Dundowran, Nov 1991, Forster PIF9177 & Smyrell (AD, BRI, MEL). Moreton District: Mt Buderim, Jan 1935, Blake 7188 & Middleton (BRI); Naim Road, Morayfield, c. 35 km N of Brisbane, Mar 2000, Bean 16108 (BRI, CANB, MEL, MO, NSW); Godfreys road, Bli Bli, c. 1 km N of Maroochy River, Mar 2000, Bean 16136 (BRI, DNA, NSW). Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Distribution and habitat : Solanum torvum is native to the West Indies, but is now naturalised in many tropical parts of the world. It is naturalised along the east coast of Queensland, especially north of the Tropic of Capricorn, and at Mt Isa (Map 15). It is recorded from the far north of the Northern Territory, but is not yet known from New South Wales. It grows on degraded sites, including roadsides, pasture and quarries. Phenology: Flowers and fruits may be found at any time of the year. Notes: Boonkerd et al. (1993) list a number of uses made for S. torvum in south-east Asia. For example, young immature fruits are eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable, and the fruits are commonly available in local markets. S. torvum is sometimes used as a disease resistant rootstock for Tomato and Eggplant. Group 22 (S. quitoense group) of Whalen (1984) Mature fruits densely stellate-tomentose, 25- 35 mm diameter; stems, branchlets and leaves prickly, calyx not prickly; branchlet stellae with lateral rays ascending or multiradiate; adult leaves large, broadly-ovate to orbicular, shallowly lobed; ovary and style with dense stellate hairs; stellae of upper leaf surface with central ray many times longer than laterals; corolla white; seeds brown to black. 12 species in the world; 1 species in Australia, 1 species indigenous to Queensland. 32. Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 222 (1813); S. ferox var. lasiocarpum (Dunal) Miq., Flora Indiae Batavae 2:647 (1856). Type: t. 35, Hortus Indicus malabaricus Vol. 2 (1680); lecto: the illustration,//^ Whalen et al. (1981). Illustration: Symon (1981: 107), as S. ferox. Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 1-2 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets grey or brown; prickles 20-350 per decimetre, straight, acicular or broad-based, 1-4 mm long, 5-10 times longer than wide; stellae dense, 0.8-1.2 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.5 mm long; lateral rays 8-10, ascending or multiradiate; central ray 0.8-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland- Bean, Taxonomy of Solarium subg. Leptostemonum tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3-8 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 1.1-1.3; lamina 10-35 cm long, 8.5-26 cm wide, 1.1-1.3 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-15 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 2.7-7.2 cm long, 18-30% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 0-120, straight, acicular or broad- based, 2-7 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae density moderate to dense, 0.2-0.4 mm apart, 0.35-0.5 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, ascending or multiradiate; central ray 4-10 t im es as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles 0-60, straight, acicular or broad-based, prickles absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae dense to very dense, 0.1-0.3 mm apart, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.4 mm long; lateral rays 8-12, ascending or multiradiate; central ray 1-2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-2 mm long, rachis prickles present; 2-10-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 4-9 mm long at anthesis, same thic kn ess throughout, 0.7-1 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube 2.5-5 mm long, lobes deltate, 2-8 mm long; prickles absent at anthesis; stellae very dense, yellow or white, 0.5-0.8 mm across, stalks 0-1 mm long, lateral rays 6-12, central ray 1-2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white, 12-18 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous or sparsely stellate-hairy; anthers 6-8.5 mm long; ovary with stellate hairs only; functional style erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles absent. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 25-35 mm diameter, orange, conspicuously tomentose; mesocarp moist but not juicy; pedicels 10-15 mm long in fruit, 0.9-1.5 mm thick at mid¬ point; seeds brown to black, 2.2-3.5 mm long. 719 Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: near Lockerbie, Dec 1980, Hyland 10946A (BRI, QRS); 22.4 km NE of Bamaga, Feb 1994, Fell DGF4064 & Stanton (BRI, MEL, QRS). Distribution and habitat : Solanum lasiocarpum is widespread from India and southern China, and throughout Indochina and Malesia. In Australia, it is known only from the Bamaga area (Map 8). It grows in notophyll rainforest. Phenology : Flowers recorded in February; fruits (maturity unknown) recorded in December. Notes: A photograph of the iconotype is shown in Whalen et al. (1981: 102). Heiser (1996) treated S. lasiocarpum as a variety of S. ferox L., but the latter differs significantly by the aculeate and accresent calyx. Conservation status: S. lasiocarpum is known only from near Bamaga, and is not protected in a conservation reserve. Its occurrence equates to a single location, using the definition provided by the IUCN (2001). Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Vulnerable” is recommended (VU Dl+2). Group 23 (S. mammosum group) of Whalen (1984) Small prickly shrubs; leaves broad, shallowly lobed; seeds 4.8-5.5 mm long; branchlets and leaves without stellate hairs but with many finger hairs; mature fruits globose, 25-45 mm diameter, orange, with dry mesocarp; corolla deeply lobed; calyx prickly; Type 2 hairs present on branchlets. About 20 species in the neotropics; 1 species naturalised in Queensland. 33. *Solanum capsicoides All., Melanges Philos. Math. Soc. Roy. Turin 5: 12 (1773). Type: cultivated at Turin, undated, C. Allioni s.n. (holo: TO), n.v., fide Welman (2003). Solanum ciliatum Lam., Tab. Encyc. Meth. Bot. 2: 21 (1794). Type: locality unknown, undated, coll, unknown (syn: P-LA, microfiche 467.18). Illustrations: Symon (1981: 102); Welman (2003: 6). 720 Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.3-1 m high. Juvenile branchlets with c. 100 prickles per dm; leaves (in outline) broadly ovate, deeply lobed, with 3 pairs of lobes; lamina c. 11 x 13 cm, with c. 10 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets brown or green; prickles 30-80 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1.5-8 mm long, 8-16 times longer than wide; stellae absent; finger hairs present, not gland-tipped, 3-6 mm long; Type 2 hairs sparse to dense. Adult leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, entire or shallowly to deeply lobed throughout; lobes 2-4 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 1-3; lamina 7.5-16.5 cm long, 6-13 cm wide, 1-1.3 times longer than broad, apex acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-6 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 3.8-6.2 cm long, 35-55% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 4-30, straight, acicular or broad-based, 3-10 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent; finger hairs present, 0.5-2 mm apart, not gland-tipped, 1-4 mm long; Type 2 hairs present only in vein depressions. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 30-50, straight, acicular or broad-based, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae absent; finger hairs present, 0.6-6 mm apart, not gland-tipped, 1.5-3 mm long or absent; Type 2 hairs present only on veins. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo- racemose, common peduncle absent, rachis prickles present; 1-5-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 8-21 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.3-0.4 mm thick at mid-point, prickles present. Calyx tube 1-3 mm long, lobes deltate, 1.5-3 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 20-30 per flower, 1.5-6 mm long; stellae absent; finger hairs present; Type 2 hairs present. Corolla white, 7-10 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4.5-6 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5.5-7 mm long, erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles 3-7 mm long. Mature fruits 1-3 per inflorescence, globular, 25-45 mm diameter, orange, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta not apparent; mesocarp dry; exocarp c. 2 mm thick; pedicels 17-28 mm long in fruit, 1-1.4 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 4.8-5.5 mm long. Devil’s Apple. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Selected specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: Malanda Falls N.P., Jun 1965, Cunningham s.n. (BRI); S.F.310, Gadgarra, c. 4 km ESE of Lake Barrine, Mar 1976, Moriarty 1995 (BRI, QRS); edge of Lake Eacham, c. 45 km SSW of Cairns, Aug 1976, Henderson H2402 (BRI); Dismal Ck, 6 km W of Kuranda, Sep 1999, Wannan 1401 et al. (BRI). South Kennedy District: 9 miles [14 km] SW of Pinnacle, Jan 1964, Mayne s.n. (BRI); Eungella, Apr 1978, Byrnes 3696 & Clarkson (BRI); Slade Point dunal system, Mar 1993, Champion 782 (BRI). Burnett District: Cherbourg, c. 6 miles [10 km] SE of Murgon, Oct 1969, coll, unknown (BRI). Wide Bay District: Sandy Ck, Biggenden- Childers road, Dec 1969, Colbran s.n. (BRI); Lake Cootharaba, side of Mill Point track, Apr 1986, Sandercoe Cl 160 & Milne (BRI); Currymore, NW of Maleny, Apr 1993, Bean 6016 (BRI, NSW). Moreton District: Virginia near Brisbane, Nov 1915, White s.n. (BRI); Myer’s Ferry, Southport, Apr 1920, Francis s.n. (BRI); 2 km S of Alstonville, Aug 1985, Reynolds & Calway s.n. (BRI); Natural Bridge N.P., Numinbah Valley, Feb 2000, Bean 16006 (BRI); North Tamborine Environmental Park, Mt Tamborine, Mar 2001, Boyle TPB185 & Phillips (BRI). New South Wales. North Coast: Kings Beach, Broken Head, Mar 1982, Hind 3039 (BRI, NSW); Tuckean Island road, W of Warded, Apr 2001 ,Bean 17577 (BRI, NSW). Distribution and habitat: Solanum capsicoides is indigenous to coastal Brazil (Whalen 1984). It is widely naturalised in coastal and subcoastal areas of Queensland and northern New South Wales (Map 14). It inhabits degraded sites, or rainforest margins, prefering moist shady areas. Phenology: Flowers and fruits may be found at any time of the year. Notes: S. capsicoides was first recorded as naturalised for Queensland by Bailey (1881), under the name S. aculeatissimum Jacq., to which it is closely related. The differences were outlined by Welman (2003). S. capsicoides completely lacks stellate hairs; the indumentum comprises finger hairs and Type 2 hairs. Group 25 (S. hystrix group) of Whalen (1984) Small plants <1 m high (100%); the leaves green on upper surface (100%); corolla inner surface glabrous (100%); seeds pale yellow (100%); adult leaves lobed (100%); calyx prickles >5 per flower (100%); inflorescence weakly to strongly andromonoecious (100%); calyx lobes not exceeding mature fruits (100%); prickles present on both upper leaf surface (100%); branchlet prickles acicular (95%); prickles present on lower leaf surface (95%); the herbaceous resprouter habit (90%); mature fruits yellow-green to green (90%); adult leaves Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum with winged petioles (50%); finger hairs on upper leaf surface (50%); style sigmoid (30%). 19 species endemic to Australia; 10 species indigenous to Queensland. 34. Solanum ditrichum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex fusus humilis; ramuli pilis digitatis abundis sed pilis stellatis raris vel absentibus; folia adulta 3-6 paribus loborum acutorum non profundorum, et usque ad 100 aculeos in superficiebus ambabus, stellis superficiei superioris radio centrali radiis lateralibus 2-3plo longiore; calyx aculeatus sed non accrescens; stylus functionalis sigmoideus; semina flaveola. Typus: New South Wales. North Coast: Branch road, Dalmorton State Forest, SW of Grafton, 7 January 2001, A.R. Bean 17255 (holo: BRI (2 sheets + spirit); iso: CANB, K, MEL, NSW). Solanum sp. (Mt Maroon P.I. Forster+ PIF11564) in Henderson (2002). Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.1-0.6 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets green; prickles 80-180 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-7 mm long, 10-17 times longer than wide; stellae sparse, 0.5-0.6 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 5-8, porrect; central ray present, 0.7-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs abundant, gland-tipped, 0.1-0.7 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate or broadly ovate, shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 3-6 on each side, acute, lobing index 1.2-1.4; lamina 6-12.5 cm long, 4.5-9.5 cm wide, 1.3-1.8 times longer than broad, apex acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 1-10 mm long, obliqueness index 2-11 percent; petioles 2-5.6 cm long, 20-50% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 15-100, straight, acicular, 2-8 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae sparse, 0.8-1.7 mm apart, 0.3-0.4 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-7, porrect; central ray 2-3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs present, 0.4-1.2 mm apart, not gland-tipped or gland-tipped, 0.1-0.6 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; 721 prickles 30-100, straight, acicular, present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae sparse to moderate, 0.4-1.5 mm apart, 0.5-0.7 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 1-1.7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs present, 0.3-1 mm apart, gland-tipped, 0.1-0.6 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 2-16 mm long, rachis prickles present; 2-5-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 5-18 mm long at anthesis, markedly thicker distally, 0.4-1 mm thick at mid-point, prickles present. Calyx tube 3-5 mm long, lobes deltate or attenuate, 4-8 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 36-70 per flower, 2-7 mm long; stellae sparse, transparent, 0.4-0.5 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 4-8, central ray 1-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs present; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 9-17 mm long, rotate, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4-5 mm long; ovary glabrous, or with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 9-10.5 mm long, sigmoid, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles 2-7 mm long. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 21-26 mm diameter, yellowish-green or pale green with dark green streaks, 2-locular; placenta in cross-section stalked, anvil-shaped; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp c. 2.5 mm thick; pedicels 15-28 mm long in fruit, 1.3-2 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.3-2.6 mm long. Fig. 3, 24. Specimens examined : Queensland. Wide Bay District: Gympie, undated, Kenny (BRI); Kin Kin, Mar 1916, Francis & White s.n. (BRI). Darling Downs District: top of Mt Mitchell, Main Range, Jul 1930, White 6881 (BRI); S.F.401, 2 km W of Mt Huntley, Oct 1992, Forster PIF11852 et at. (AD, BRI, K, L, MEL, NSW); Portion 90, Wyberba, near Girraween N.P., Sep 1993, Bean 6409 & Forster (BRI); 6 km from Mt Colliery towards Gambubal S.F., E ofWarwick, Apr 1999, Bean 14806 (BRI). Moreton District: Yandina, Mar 1891, Simmonds s.n. (BRI); Springbrook, Sep 1929, White 6244 (BRI); foot of Mt Ernest, Oct 1932, Blake 4287 (BRI); Campbell’s Folly, 4 km SW of Tylerville, Sep 1992, Forster PIF 11523 8cLeiper (AD, BRI); Mt Maroon, summit area, Sep 1992, Forster PIF 11564 & Leiper (BRI, MEL); Mt Gillies, Oct 1992, Forster PIF12076 & Reilly (AD, BRI); Duck Creek road, near O’Reilly’s Guest House, Jan 2000, Bean 15972 (BRI, NSW); Wilkies Scrub, Wongawallan, 7 km W of Coomera, Jul 2001, Bean 17689 (BRI, CANB, L, MO). New South Wales. Northern Tablelands: Gibraltar Range N.P, c. 67 km E of Glen Innes, Oct 1969, Coveny 2236 (AD, BRI, NSW); c. 12 km from Tenterfield on road to Bluff Rock, Sep 1976, Pearce 87 (NSW); c. 3 km S of 722 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BR1| North C 6 Ht Solarium *fr. |JYll Mansart P.l.Fonrt®r+ PIF11S64) QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM m) Brisbane Australia AO 493863 C4ll.AK.lfel* 17255 TiWiffH SSd 49m 44 i 15 SH S*» (AGQ 66 J (S 5 . 4 jam 67 t)MTSi 'S«w«»wb BniwURoMt. Oturaton £li» f«SSL S«flhWM! CtSfonoo Open fctisl 4f EucaJs-jiluS ssnsnotJM, E- eflSMtofs. £ vdSiWhlM f camsa. Syscsipa fftmiUtrn. LoflUoUsman ciutfertut. M»chSii<JiUafS«n«fl* SJiiutOy R**««a»l (twin# |u*i 4»™n*losw L4K4rt'* rats at W» Sjmrartwj thrjf Is Wan t>«H. hrovos dull g FBMI* pun*S. FruW mssura. nua-gwi will! d**«« fliwn t1r*si* OXUB4I a tit Sara rttlirsi it CSI dk let) stf s*«m* Cup. H 5 WMEL CAMB K ■ Ulsy l» sfiod Si «mpu1(rmiil osiSfliSh MjnlSsr AQ485SJ* [Antfirtral PflpS^ HhLQTypg Queensland Heitatium (BRl) Sofo/tm^ e&trithtm, A A. 6**^ Af. a*„io<r Zlkj 2 Fig. 24. Holotype of Solanum ditrichum. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 723 Wallangarra on main road to Tenterfield, Dec 1977, Haegi 1547 (BRI, NSW); 29 km N of Tenterfield, off the Mt Lindesay Hwy, Bungoona track to summit in Bald Rock N.R, Oct 1993, Coveny 16560 & Whalen (AD, BRI, MO, NSW). North Coast: Toonumbar S.F., c. 26 km NW of Kyogle, Feb 1972, Henderson H1265 (BRI); Mountaineer track, Chichester S.F., Dungog, Jun 1974, Swan 24 (AD, BRI); Whian Whian S.F., N of Lismore, Aug 1975, Moriarty 1707 (BRI); summit of Bald Knob, 10 km W of Woodenbong, Sep 1998, Bean 13799 (BRI); Mt Warning, Oct 1963, Johnson 2730 (BRI); Ewingar S.F., S of Tabulam, Feb 2001, Bean 17331 (BRI, NSW). Distribution and habitat : Solanum ditrichum is a widespread species extending from Dungog in New South Wales to Mt Mee in Queensland (plus historical records from Yandina, Kin Kin and Gympie) (Map 16). It grows in wet sclerophyll eucalypt forest or on rainforest margins. Phenology : Flowers and fruits are recorded for all months except May and June. Notes: S. ditrichum is closely related to S. campanulatum R.Br. It differs from S. campanulatum by having pale seeds, acute leaf lobes, calyx scarcely accresent, finger hairs very short on upper leaf surface, and the stellate hairs rare or absent on branchlets. S. campanulatum is restricted to the greater Sydney area, as far north as Denman and Scone. The mature fruits of S. ditrichum remain green to yellowish-green at maturity, although they may have some light streaking of purple at the pedicel end (R. Fensham pers. comm.) Conservation status: Widespread. Not considered at risk. Etymology: From the Greek di- meaning two or double, and -trichos meaning hair. This refers to presence of both stellate and finger hairs on the leaves of this species. 35. Solanum cookii Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 233 (1981). Type: cultivated at Waite Institute (ex Upper Lankelly Creek, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland), 25 February 1972, D.E. Symon s.n. (holo: AD; iso: BRI, CANB, K). Solanum adenophorum var. indivisum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 586 (1929). Type: Queensland. North Kennedy District: Rockingham Bay, undated, J. Dallachy (holo: K, n.v.),fide Symon (1981). Illustration: Symon (1981: 234) Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.1-0.5 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets green; prickles 30-300 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-8 mm long, 12-17 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.6-1 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.2 mm long; lateral rays 4 or 5, porrect; central ray 2-5 times as long as laterals, gland-tipped; finger hairs present, gland-tipped, 0.2-1.7 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate or broadly ovate, shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 4 or 5 on each side, acute, lobing index 1.1-1.2; lamina 5-10.5 cm long, 4-7.5 cm wide, 1.3-1.7 times longer than broad, apex acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-8 mm long, obliqueness index 0-8 percent; petioles 3.4-5.4 cm long, 40-55% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 30-145, straight, acicular, 1-7 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent; finger hairs present, 0.1-0.6 mm apart, not gland-tipped or gland-tipped, 0.2-2 mm long; Type 2 hairs present throughout, 0.1-1 mm apart. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 20-65, straight, acicular, present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae very sparse to moderate, 0.5-3 mm apart, 0.5-0.9 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.2 mm long; lateral rays 4-6, porrect; central ray 2-5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs present, 0.1-0.3 mm apart, not gland- tipped or gland-tipped, 0.1-1.4 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 18-27 mm long, rachis prickles present; 2-7-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 4-7 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.2-0.4 mm thick at mid-point, prickles present. Calyx tube 1.5-3 mm long, lobes attenuate, 7-11 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 25-35 per flower, 2.5-6 mm long; stellae absent or sparse or moderate, transparent, 0.5-0.7 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long, lateral rays 2-4, central ray 4-6 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs present; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 8-12 mm long, shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5-6 mm long, erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes more than or exceeding mature fruit, 724 prickles 2.5-6 mm long. Mature fruits 1-6 per inflorescence, globular, 11-13 mm diameter, green, 2-locular; placenta in cross-section stalked, circular to elliptical; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp 0.6-0.7 mm thick; pedicels 5-9 mm long in fruit, 0.6-1 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 1.8-2 mm long. Specimens examined: Queensland. Cook District: c. 6 miles [10 km] SW ofYungaburra, Curtain Fig site, Dec 1968, Tracey (BRI); Upper Lankelly Creek, western slopes of Mcllwraith Range, NE of Coen, Oct 1969, Webb & Tracey 8355 (BRI); S.F.144, Agapetes L.A., Dec 1979, Hyland 10174 (BRI, QRS); S.F.191, Parish of Barron, Dec 1991, Hyland 14405 (BRI, QRS); S.F.194, Parish of Western, Mar 1994, Hyland 15052 (QRS); Klondike Mine road, May 1995, Hyland 15329 (QRS); Shiptons Flat, Jun 1996, Jago 4025 & Roberts (BRI); Wongabel S.F.191, Nov 1997, Forster PEF21929 etal. (BRI, MEF, QRS). North Kennedy District: Tully Falls, Oct 1948, Fielding (QRS); Elphinstone Ck, Coldwater, 24 km W of Ingham, Jun 1972, Set on (BRI); ‘Bellview’, Evelyn, Jan 1974, Collins (BRI); Elliots Toe, Mt Elliot, Jun 1990, Camming 9965 (BRI); Keoghs Scrub, Portion 205, Parish of Herberton, Oct 1993, Gray 5717 (QRS). Distribution and habitat : Solanum cookii is endemic to Queensland. Sporadically distributed along the east coast from Coen to Townsville (Map 12). It grows on disturbed sites in microphyll or tall notophyll rainforest, or on the margin with woodland communities. Altitude is usually between 500-1100 metres, but it has occasionally been found near sea level. Phenology : Flowers are recorded from November to February, and also June; mature fruits are recorded from October to February, and also in June. Notes: S. cookii has very long finger hairs on upper leaf surface, while on the lower surface, finger hairs are mixed with stellate hairs (lateral rays often poorly developed). Conservation status: S. cookii has been collected from about 7 locations in north Queensland over the last 10-15 years. It is not currently known from a conservation reserve. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Near Threatened” is recommended. 36. Solanum multiglochidiatum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 586 (1929). Type: Queensland. Cook District: near Mungana, February 1910, K. Domin (holo: ?PR), n.v. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Illustration: Symon (1981: 232) Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.2-0.4 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets brown; prickles 140-320 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-6 mm long, 13-20 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.3-0.45 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 5-8, porrect; central ray 0.3-0.7 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, entire or shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 2 or 3 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 1-1.1; lamina 6.5-9.5 cm long, 3.4-6 cm wide, 1.1-2.1 times longer than broad, apex obtuse, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-6 mm long, obliqueness index 0-6 percent; petioles 1.2-1.7 cm long, 13-25% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 100-400, straight, acicular, 1-6 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse to sparse, 0.8-2.5 mm apart, 0.25-0.45 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 3-7, porrect; central ray 0.8-1.6 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 40-250, straight, acicular, present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae sparse to dense, 0.3-1.4 mm apart, 0.5-0.7 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 17-27 mm long, rachis prickles present; 6-10-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 8-14 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.5-0.8 mm thick at mid-point, prickles present. Calyx tube 2.5-4 mm long, lobes attenuate, 3-6 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 36-50 per flower, 1.5-4 mm long; stellae moderate to dense, transparent, 0.4-0.5 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long, lateral rays 4-8, central ray 0.8-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white or mauve, 13—18 mm long, rotate, inner surface glabrous; anthers 6.5-8.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only, or with stellate and Type 2 hairs; functional style 11-14 mm long, sigmoid, with Type 2 hairs only or with stellate and Type 2 Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum hairs, stellae 0.2-0.4 mm across, lateral rays 6-8, central ray 1-2 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than or more than half length of mature fruit, prickles 1.5-4 mm long. Mature fruits 1-6 per inflorescence, globular, 16-21 mm diameter, yellowish-green or green, 1-locular (septum absent or incomplete); placenta in cross-section sessile, elliptical; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp 0.4-0.5 mm thick; pedicels 18-23 mm long in fruit, 1.4-2 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3.3-3.5 mm long. Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District: 24 km W of Petford and c. 48 km SE of Chillagoe, May 1967, Symon 4873 (AD, BRI, CANB, K, L, NSW); Palmer River, Feb 1978, Hinton 61 (BRI); Holmes Creek, 3.5 km WNW of Mt Carbine, Jan 1984, Clarkson 5105 (AD, BRI, CANB, K, MEL, MO, QRS); 12.6 km SE of Mt Janet, 11.5 km SW of Lakeland Downs township, Jan 1986, Clarkson 6293 (AD, BRI, DNA, PERTH, QRS); 9 km SW of Lakeland Downs township, Jan 1986, Clarkson 6298 (AD, BRI); 4 km SE of Chillagoe, Jan 1996, Gray 6506 (QRS); 4.7 km from Walsh River crossing, N of Chillagoe, Mar 2000, McDonald KRM335 (BRI); 14 km W of Chillagoe, Apr 2002, Bean 18734 & McDonald (BRI). North Kennedy District: 40 Mile Scrub, [SW of Mt Garnet], Mar 1989, Sankowsky 979 & Sankowsky (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum multiglochidiatum is endemic to Queensland, extending from Lakeland Downs to Forty Mile Scrub (Map 8). It usually grows in shrubby eucalypt woodland dominated by Eucalyptus cullenii, E. leptophleba or E. dallachiana, on gently undulating terrain, in clay-loam soils. There is one record from deciduous microphyll vine thicket. Phenology: Flowers are recorded from January to March; mature fruits from January to May. Notes: The type of S. multi glochidiatum was sought from PR, but not received. Symon (1981) stated that he had not seen the type. It is possible that the type is missing, but the designation of a neotype is not warranted until further searches are made. The application of the name is not in doubt, as the species is well described in the protologue. Conservation status: S. multiglochidiatum has been collected from about 7 locations in north Queensland over the last 15 years. It is not known from a conservation reserve. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Near Threatened” is recommended. It is 725 currently listed as “Rare” under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act, 1992. 37. Solanum vicinum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex parvus, aculeis abundis in ramulis foliis calycibusque; stellae ramulorum 0.4-0.5 mm diametro; folia non profunde lobata, ovata usque late ovata, utrinque viridia; pedunculus communis in inflorescentia praesens; corolla 11-18 mmlonga; stylus functionalis sigmoideus; fructus maturitate purpureus, globularis, 24-30 mm diametro. Typus: Queensland. Darling Downs District: adjacent to Gambubal State Forest, NE of Killarney, 7 October 2000, A.R. Bean 16891 (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso: MEL, MO, NSW). [S. prinophyllum auct., non Dunal] Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.2-0.9 m high. Juvenile branchlets with 200-500 prickles per dm, 4-9 mm long; leaves (in outline) broadly ovate, shallowly-lobed, with 3-5 pairs of lobes; lamina 6-7 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, with c. 100 prickles on upper surface. Adult branchlets brown or green; prickles 90-180 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-11 mm long, 12-18 times longer than wide; stellae sparse, 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.15 mm long; lateral rays 5-8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, shallowly lobed throughout; lobes 4-6 on each side, acute, lobing index 1.4-1.9; lamina 7.5-14 cm long, 4-9.5 cm wide, 1.5- 2.1 times longer than broad, apex acute, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 1.5- 7 mm long, obliqueness index 1-8 percent; petioles 1.7-3.7 cm long, 18-30% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 100-200, straight, acicular, 3-11 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae density sparse to moderate, 0.6-1.3 mm apart, 0.4-0.5 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 0.8-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 100-200, straight, acicular, present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae very sparse to sparse, 726 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI) Flora ct Que«ii*l*rtd Oirfcng Downs QUEENSLAND HERBAHIUM (BRI) Brisbane AusifiSsi SolliiUfn prfnoptiyNum Dunal Col. A ft Bean 16W* 2801*11164 4Ss t&_44V&2JW7«29B} Adj«*nt to GanUjuMl SF. HE pr KjPamey Hotels* r*ntor*»i a&Pul 2-3 )W‘ a)?® Rod b**aHc sod SpreadS*vn* 80cm high, flowers py*»t* Hunditf* or plain SMrk. f**«y pn intg Ira-^s. 5p.nl material *1 BRI D4C Ogp MOKSWMfL ■ May bo cited as cwr.pute.-rM0 CtiflKW Humber (Artfuval Paper) (&$9/ AQ 491705 tt&L&TyfBt,/ QueansJand Haiti atium <8RI> So/enia* t'/onot#* st.A.£e*w oct Di!t tecrZoos Fig. 25. Holotype of Solanum vicinum. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 0.7-2.2 mm apart, 0.5-0.7 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-8 mm long, rachis prickles present; 3-8-flowered, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 6-15 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.3-0.7 mm thick at mid¬ point, prickles present. Calyx tube 3-4.5 mm long, lobes attenuate, 3.5-10 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 50-100 per flower, 1-8 mm long; stellae moderate, yellow or white, 0.3-0.5 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 4-7, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 11-18 mm long, rotate or shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 8-12 mm long, sigmoid, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than or more than half length of mature fruit, prickles 1-8 mm long. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 24-30 mm diameter, purple, 2-locular; placenta in cross-section stalked, anvil-shaped; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp 3-3.5 mm thick; pedicels 20-34 mm long in fruit, 1.3-2 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 1.9-2.4 mm long. Fig. 25. Specimens examined : Queensland. Wide Bay District: Peters L.A., Conondale Ranges, Dec 1990, Bean 2699 (BRI). Darling Downs District: c. 1 km ENE of Gambubal Forest Station, E of Warwick, Dec 1996, Bean 11426 (BRI); Goomburra S.F., c. E5 km W of Mt Castle Lookout carpark, NE of Warwick, Jan 2003, Bean 19929 (BRI). Moreton District: Mt Glorious, Jan 1965, Henderson H104 (BRI); D’Aguilar Range, on top of Tenison Woods Mt, Jul 1974, Swan 55 (BRI); Lewington Road, Mt Mee, Sep 1992, Symon s.n. (BRI). New South Wales. Northern Tar t. e l ands: HillgrovenearArmidale, Sep l91l,McBarron, 20291 (BRI, NSW). North Coast: Dorrigo S.F., Oct 1930, White 7809 (BRI); c. 6 miles [10 km] along Doyles River road, c. 48 miles [77 km] W of Wauchope, Oct 1951, Ford s.n. (AD, BRI, NSW); Toonumbar S.F., 21 miles [34 km] NW of Kyogle, Sep 1972, Coveny 4571 & Rodd (BRI, NSW); near Mt Boss, NW of Wauchope, Nov 1999, Bean 15712 (BRI, NSW); Welsh’s Road, Clouds Creek S.F., N of Dorrigo, Sep 2000, Bean 16855 (BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW); Bellangry S.F. lookout, NW of Wauchope, Dec 2000, Bean 17230 (BRI, NSW); Armidale - Kempsey road, 10.7 km S of Styx River, Dec 2000, Bean 17233 (BRI, NSW). Distribution and habitat : Solanum vicinum is uncommon in Queensland, known from just a few locations as far north as Conondale Ranges (Map 17). Reasonably widespread in north- 727 eastern N.S.W., as far south as Wauchope. It grows in notophyll rainforest, or on the margins of same, usually at relatively high altitude. Phenology: Flowers are recorded from September to February; mature fruits are recorded in May, September and December. Notes: Closely related to Solanum prinophyllum Dunal, and regarded by Symon (1981) as the northern form of that species. S. vicinum differs from S. prinophyllum by: branchlets with 90-180 prickles per decimetre (30-65 for S. prinophyllum ), branchlet stellae 0.4-0.5 mm diameter (0.25-0.3 mm diameter for S. prinophyllum ), shallowly-lobed leaves (lobing index of 1.4-1.9 vs. index of 2-4 for S. prinophyllum), inflorescences 3-8 flowered with common peduncle usually present and up to 8 mm long (inflorescences 1-3 flowered, common peduncle absent for S. prinophyllum ), and corolla 11-18 mm long (7-9 mm long for S. prinophyllum ). Solanum prinophyllum sens. str. is perhaps more closely related to S. pungetium R. Br. than it is to S. vicinum. S. prinophyllum and S. pungetium are not easily separable, but I have noted the following differences, based on collections from central and southern coast of N.S.W.: The leaves and branchlets of S. prinophyllum are glabrous to sparsely hairy (always moderately to densely hairy for S. pungetium)-, the stellae of the upper leaf surface in S. prinophyllum (when present) are 0.2-0.35 mm diameter, with 6-8 lateral rays and the central ray 0-0.7 times as long as laterals. In S. pungetium, the corresponding stellae are 0.35-0.5 mm diameter, with 4 or 5 lateral rays and a central ray 1-1.5 times as long as laterals; the leaves, pedicels and calyces of S. prinophyllum tend to have a greater number of prickles; S. prinophyllum leaves have 4-6 pairs of lobes, and the lobes may themselves have small lobes or angles, whereas S. pungetium leaves have 3 or 4 pairs of lobes, and the lobes are always “simple”. The few specimens I have seen from Victoria suggest that the patterns of variation are different again, and if both species are present there, they are even less distinct. While I feel sure that S. prinophyllum and S. pungetium differ sufficiently to warrant 728 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) species status for both, it will require a detailed field study to determine the exact relationships involved. The character most often used to separate S. pungetium in identification keys, namely the reduced 1 or 2 flowered inflorescence without a common peduncle, is not diagnostic. Both species can have this feature. Conservation status : Widespread. Not considered at risk. Etymology: From the Latin vicinus - near, neighbouring. This is a reference to its close affinity to S. prinophyllum. 38. Solanum papaverifolium Symon, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 95: 233-4 (1971). Type: New South Wales. ‘Maneroo’, Graman, c. 56 km north-west oflnverell, 11 June 1969, V.N. Gidley s.n. (holo: NSW; iso: AD, BRI, CANB, K, NSW). Illustration: Symon (1981: 180) Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.2-0.4 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets brown or green; prickles 15-40 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-6 mm long, 10-13 times longer than wide; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent, or sparse. Adult leaves broadly ovate, deeply lobed throughout; lobes 4-6 on each side, acute, lobing index 4-27; lamina 4-9 cm long, 2.6-6.5 cm wide, 1.4-1.8 times longer than broad, apex acute, base cuneate, oblique part 0-4 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 2.1-3.4 cm long, 25-60% length of lamina, winged, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 20-50, straight, acicular, 0.5-7 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 30-150, straight, acicular, present on mid vein and lateral veins; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence leaf-opposed, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 24-33 mm long, rachis prickles present; 3-5-flowered, strongly or weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 4-23 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.5-0.6 mm thick at mid-point, prickles present. Calyx tube 2-4 mm long, lobes deltate or attenuate, 2.5-6 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 12-40 per flower, 1-5 mm long; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present. Corolla purple, 7-11 mm long, rotate, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; ovary glabrous, or with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 4.5-6 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes more than half length of mature fruit, prickles 1-6 mm long. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, yellowish-green or green; mesocarp moist but not juicy; pedicels 28-37 mm long in fruit, 0.9-1.3 mm thick at mid-point. Specimens examined : Queensland. Darling Downs District: Jimbour, Dec 1875, Bailey (BRI); ‘Kuyura’, Dec 1931, Cadell (BRI); Dalby, Nov 1941, McMahon (BRI); ‘Yandilla’, Nov 1951, Everist s.n. (BRI); Macalister, Jan 1942, McCoy (BRI); ‘Paxton’, Pirrinuan, via Dalby, Feb 1953, Guard (BRI); Brookstead, Apr 1959, Keeley (BRI); Hermitage Regional Experimental station, Warwick, Apr 1959, Seton 8 (BRI); Branch Creek road, Dalby, Dec 1970, Mohen (BRI); ‘Kuyura’, near Jimbour, Jan 1985, Jensen (BRI); 19 km SSW of Dalby, Feb 1995, Fensham 1912 (BRI); 5 km SE of Oakey, Feb 1995, Fensham 2085 (BRI); Clifton-Leybum road, near Millbrook road turnoff, Jan 2002, Bean 18353 (BRI, MET., NSW). New South Wales. North West Slopes : Bingara, Mar 1901, McColl s. n. (NSW). North West Plains. ‘Karina’, Moree, May 1971, Strange s.n. (NSW). Distribution and habitat: Solanum papaverifolium has been recorded from between Jimbour and Warwick in Queensland (Map 19). In New South Wales, it has been found from Inverell to Quirindi and Singleton, and west to Narrabri and Moree. It grows on heavy clay soil, in grassland or open eucalypt woodland. Phenology: Flowers are recorded from October to March; mature fruits from November to April. Notes: F.M. Bailey, in 1875, was the first to collect the species in Queensland. Charles Moore had earlier collected it from “Liverpool Plains” in New South Wales. The next Queensland collection was in 1931, when a specimen was forwarded to C.T. White. He identified it as S. hystrix R.Br., a species from southern Australia, though he probably did not have access to authentic S. hystrix specimens. In 1939, while at Kew, he examined it again and determined that it was not S. hystrix, but “evidently a native”. In S. papaverifolium, the outer surface of the corolla often bears prickles. Only a few other Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum species (including S. hystrix ) display this characteristic. Conservation status : S. papaverifolium is currently known from 3 locations. It grows on soils that are utilized for agriculture. All populations are threatened by weeds, roadworks and agriculture, and none is protected in a conservation reserve. Currently listed as “Endangered” under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act, 1992. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), the existing category of “Endangered” is endorsed (EN A3ce; B2ab(iii,v); Cl). The most recent N.S.W. collection was made in 1982, from Moree. 39. Solanum adenophorum F.Muell., Fragm. 2: 162 (1861); S. adenophorum var. adenophorum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 586 (1929); S. adenophorum var. typicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 586 (1929), nom. inval. Type: [Queensland.] between the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers, 17- 20 November 1856, F. Mueller (holo: MEL). Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.15-0.3 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets grey or brown; prickles absent or present, 0-15 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 6-10 mm long, 12-17 times longer than wide; stellae absent; finger hairs present, gland- tipped, 0.4-0.8 mm long; Type 2 hairs dense. Adult leaves ovate or broadly ovate, deeply lobed throughout; lobes 3 or 4 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 2.3-5; lamina 3.5-5.5 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, 1.3-1.8 t im es longer than broad, apex obtuse, base cuneate to cordate, oblique part 0-6 mm long, obliqueness index 0-10 percent; petioles 1.2-4 cm long, 30-80% length of lamina, winged, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 6-20, straight, acicular, 3-13 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent; finger hairs present, 0.1-0.3 mm apart, gland-tipped, 0.5-0.9 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 11-25, straight, acicular, present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae absent; finger hairs present, 0.3-0.5 mm apart, gland-tipped, 0.3-0.6 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common 729 peduncle 9-26 mm long, rachis prickles present; 4- 8-flowered, strongly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 5-10 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.4-0.5 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent or present. Calyx tube 2-3 mm long, lobes deltate, 2-4.5 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 5- 20 per flower, 3-6 mm long; stellae absent; finger hairs present; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white, 8-10 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 4.5-5.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 6-7 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than or more than half length of mature fruit, prickles 1-6 mm long. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, c. 15 mm diameter, yellowish-green or green; pedicels 9-18 mm long in fruit, 0.9-1.2 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.8-3.5 mm long. Specimens examined: Queensland. South Kennedy District: Logan Downs Pty Ltd, ‘Wentworth’, 68 miles [109 km] N of Clermont, Oct 1957, Saclier 3 (BRI); 115 kmNW of Clermont, Jul 1977, Dale 148 (BRI). Leichhardt District: Blackwater Creek, anno 1871, Bowman s.n. (MEL); Marlborough-Sarina road, c. 45 miles [72 km] from Marlborough, May 1960, Johnson 1779 (BRI); Dipperu N.R, c. 24kmS ofNebo, Sep 1971, McDonald 143 (BRI); along boundary fence, Taunton N.R, Oct 1995, Brnshe JB408 et al. (BRI); Taunton N.R, Oct 1996, Porter JB836 (BRI); Red Hill section of Taunton N.P., just N of Dingo, Aug 1998, Melzer 994 & Clarke (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum adenophorum is endemic to Queensland, in the Dingo-Nebo-Clermont area, west and north¬ west of Rockhampton (Map 13). It is recorded mainly from brigalow ( Acacia harpophylla ) communities, but also from gidgee ( Acacia cambagei) woodland. Soils are deep cracking clays. Phenology: flowers recorded in October; mature fruits recorded for May, September and October. Notes: S. adenophorum has very long petioles compared to most other Australian species. The longest petioles are on the lowermost leaves, hence it seems that the petioles continue to elongate after the leaf has fully expanded. The taxon known as S. adenophorum in New South Wales (Conn 1992) and Victoria (Jeanes 1999) is referable to S. eremophilum F.Muell. (Bean 2002a). Conservation status: Currently listed as ‘Endangered’ under the Queensland Nature 730 Conservation Act, 1992. It is threatened by habitat clearance, and by introduced weeds such as Parthenium hysterophorus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Opuntia spp. and Acanthocereus tetragonus. It is currently known only from a single location, viz. Taunton N.P. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Critically Endangered” is recommended (CR B2ab(iii,v)). 40. Solanum pusillum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex prostratus vel fusus; aculei in ramulis foliis calycibusque praesentes; folia viridia, profunde lobata, in paginis superioribus stellis et digitis commixtis; petioli alati, longitudine 8-18% laminae aequantes; pili Type 2 in foliis calyce ovario styloque; inflorescentia pseudo- umbellata; corolla alba, 7-10 mm longa; fructus maturitate virides. Typus: Queensland. Leichhardt district: western road, Junee State Forest, Junee Tableland, north of Dingo, 5 October 2002, A.R. Bean 19411 (holo: BRI). Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.1-0.3 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets brown or green; prickles 10-50 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-9 mm long, 10-16 times longer than wide; stellae sparse to dense, 0.8-1.2 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 4-7, porrect; central ray 0.8-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent, or sparse. Adult leaves elliptical or ovate, deeply lobed throughout; lobes 2-4 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 2.3-4; lamina 3-5.5 cm long, 1.4-2.5 cm wide, 1.6-2.2 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-7 percent; petioles 0.8-1.8 cm long, 8-18% length of lamina, winged, prickles absent or present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 10-50, straight, acicular, 2-8 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae very sparse to sparse, 0.8-1.7 mm apart, 0.3-1.1 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 1-4, porrect or ascending; central ray 1-4 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs present, 0.5-3 mm apart, not gland-tipped, 0.8-1.3 mm long; Type 2 hairs present throughout, 0.1-0.4 mm apart. Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Lower leaf surface green, or yellowish; prickles 4-17, straight, acicular, present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae sparse to moderate, 0.2-1 mm apart, 0.7-1 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 4-7, porrect; central ray 0.8-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present throughout, 0.05-0.2 mm apart. Inflorescence supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle absent; 1-3-flowered, strongly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 3-6 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout or markedly thicker distally, 0.4-0.6 mm thick at mid-point, prickles present. Calyx tube 1.5-2 mm long, lobes deltate, 1.5-3 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 20-35 per flower, 2.5-6 mm long; stellae sparse to moderate, white, 0.7-1.1 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 4-8, central ray 1-1.5 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present. Corolla white, 7-10 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3-4 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 4-4.5 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than or more than half length of mature fruit. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, c. 15 mm diameter, green, 2-locular; placenta in cross-section sessile, semi-circular; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp 0.8-1.3 mm thick; pedicels 12-18 mm long in fruit, 0.9-1.5 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3.8-4 mm long. Fig. 6,26. Specimens examined : Queensland. Leichhardt District: Junee Tableland, N of Dingo, Nov 1990, Bean 2604 (BRI); near eastern road, Junee Tableland, N of Dingo, Oct 2002, Bean 19399 (BRI); eastern edge of S.F.236, SW of Blackwater, Nov 2002, Bean 19519 (BRI, MEL); ditto, Bean 19525 (BRI); S of Triumph Ck, c. 30 km SW of Blackwater, Nov 2002, Bean 19538 (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum pusillum is endemic to Queensland. Known from two areas in the central east of the state (Map 14). It usually grows in shallow yellowish soil on the edges of low plateaux, where the dominant species may be Acacia catenulata, Eucalyptus trachyphloia, E. tenuipes or E. exserta. Phenology : Poorly known. Flowers and fruits are recorded for October and November. Notes: Closely related to S. adenophorum, but differing by having only stellate hairs on the Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 731 Fig. 26. Solanumpusillum. A. flowering branchlet x 1. B. ovary and style x 9. C. stellate hair with 4 lateral rays, upper leaf surface x 30. D. finger hair, upper leaf surface x 30. E. stellate hair with 2 lateral rays, upper leaf surface x 30. F. mature fruit, calyx and pedicel x 2. G. transverse section of fruit x 3. all from Bean 19411. 732 branchlets and lower leaf surface, petioles 8-18% of lamina length (30-80% for S. adenophorum ), presence of Type 2 hairs on the lower leaf surface and calyx, 1-3 flowered pseudo-umbellate inflorescence (4-8 flowered and pseudo-racemose for S. adenophorum) and style 4-4.5 mm long (6-7 mm for S. adenophorum). Conservation status: S. pusillum is known to exist in 7 subpopulations, of which four are on the Junee Tableland. It does not occur in any conservation reserve. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Near Threatened” is recommended. Etymology : From the Latin pusillus meaning tiny or puny, a reference to the small size of the plant. 41. Solanum graniticum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Repullulator herbaceus prostratus vel fusus; aculei in ramulis praesentes; folia adulta 1.2-2.6 cm longa, profunde vel non profunde lobata, stellis in pagina inferiore sparse praeditis; inflorescentia 1 vel 2-flora, pedunculo communi 0-1 mm longo; pedicelli sub anthesi 9-15 mm longi; calyx aculeis 18-50 praeditus; corolla malvina, non profunde lobata; fructus maturitate virides. Typus: Queensland. North Kennedy District: Cape Gloucester, SW of Montes Resort, 17 March 1997, I.G. Champion 1419 (holo: BRI; iso: MEL). Solanum sp. (Gloucester Island G.N. Batianoff+ 9403312) in Henderson ( 2002 ). Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.15-0.3 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets yellow or brown; prickles 10-45 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 2.5-9 mm long, 10-16 times longer than wide; stellae dense, 0.25-0.5 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.3-0.7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves elliptical or ovate, shallowly to deeply lobed throughout; lobes 2 or 3 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 1.5-3; lamina 1.2-2.6 cm long, 0.6-1.3 cm wide, 1.6-2.4 times longer than broad, apex obtuse, base cuneate, oblique part 0-1 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 0.15-0.45 cm long, 13-22% length of Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 1-3, straight, acicular, 1-5 mm long, prickles present on midvein only; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse to sparse, 0.3-1 mm apart, 0.1-0.3 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 5-8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 0-2, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only; stellae sparse to moderate, 0.4-0.7 mm apart, 0.25-0.4 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1.2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence leaf-opposed or supra-axillary, solitary or pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle 0-1 mm long; 1 or 2-flowered, strongly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 9-15 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.4-0.6 mm thick at mid-point, prickles present. Calyx tube 2.5-3 mm long, lobes deltate or rostrate, 2-5.5 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 18-50 per flower, 1.5-5 mm long; stellae moderate to dense, transparent, 0.2-0.3 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 6-8, central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 9-14 mm long, shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-4.5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5.5-8.5 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than or more than half length of mature fruit, prickles 2-5 mm long. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, c. 15 mm diameter, green; mesocarp moist but not juicy; pedicels 15-27 mm long in fruit, 0.7-0.9 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 2.7-3.2 mm long. Fig. 27. Specimens examined : Queensland. North Kennedy District: ridge 1 km S of Mt Bertha, Gloucester Island, Mar 1994, Batianoff 9403312 et al. (BRI); SE Point, above Chinaman Rock, Gloucester Island, May 1994, Batianoff 940592 & Dillewaard (BRI); c. 1.5 km due E of Nelly Bay, Mar 1999, Kemp TH347 & Allison (BRI). South Kennedy District: lookout at Eungella Dam, W of Eungella, Feb 2003, Bean 20061 & Champion (BRI). Distribution and habitat: Solanum graniticum is endemic to Queensland. Found on Gloucester Island (near Bowen), and adjacent parts of the mainland, and with a disjunct occurrence at Eungella Dam (Map 16). It grows in open Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 733 QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI| Flora trf Queensland Norm Kennedy Solanum elnoreum R-Br. Co®. l e-CHamjMOfl 1419 If MAR 1997 QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM [BR!) Brisbana AusUa'ta AQ 656070 i o-T J 20’0-'S 14,B’2-'£ AH rrt. Queensland Herbarium (BRl) oopih m. fiUeryPFaf Queensland Herbarium |BRI> xj, m 4«gs^&’ ft, /■ f$0}}!2,) cape Gloucester SW d Montes Resort _ Open woodland with scattered targe shrubs on lop of rocky terrace. soii-orarUe derived-hard packed. Prickly sub shrub, stellate hales preseni. Rswe * 5 . wdhsinguVar lobes Frurt globose, pala green ™« h <*** geeen streaks, widest at baso Scarce to occasional DM. M.A.MC.Gcwan APR 1997 Sofaweae cried as compare™* afcdon nuodwr AO 656(179 [Art)** riapeh Do). Cht u Fig. 27. Holotype of Solanum graniticum. 734 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) eucalypt woodland on hillsides with shallow soil derived from granite or granodiorite. Phenology: Flowers are recorded for March; mature fruits for March and May. Notes : S. graniticum is closely related to S. pusillum, but S. graniticum differs by the relatively small leaves, petioles without wings, the lack of finger hairs and Type 2 hairs, the smaller stellae on all plant parts, the mauve, shallowly-lobed corolla, and the longer pedicels. Conservation status: S. graniticum is known from 4 locations, 3 of them in close proximity. It occurs in the Gloucester Island N.P.. Most populations are threatened by road and housing construction, weeds, and grazing. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Endangered” is recommended (EN B1 ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v); C1 +2a(i)). Etymology: The epithet refers to the granite substrate where this species is found. 42. Solanum stenopterum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Repullulator herbaceus; folia adulta lobata vel integra utrinque viridia; petioli alati; stellae in pagina superiore folii radiis lateralibus 3-5 et radio centrali comparate longo praeditae; inflorescentia 1 vel 2-flora pedunculo communi carens; pedicelli 21-28 mm longi; aculei calycis praesentes; corolla purpurea. Typus: Queensland. Darling Downs District: Warrego Highway, 10 km NW of Oakey, 13 December 2001, A.R. Bean 18190 (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso: AD, CANB, MEL, NSW). Solanum sp. (Dalby R.F. Kelsey 56) in Henderson (2002). Sprawling or erect, herbaceous resprouter, 0.2-0.4 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets green; prickles 7-15 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 2-8 mm long, 10-15 times longer than wide; stellae sparse, 0.4-1.2 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 4-8, porrect; central ray 0.7-1.4 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves linear to ovate, entire or shallowly to deeply lobed throughout; lobes 2 or 3 on each side, acute or obtuse, lobing index 1- 5; lamina 4-7 cm long, 0.5-2.6 cm wide, 2.2-12 times longer than broad, apex acute, base cuneate, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-5 percent; petioles 0.5-1.3 cm long, 10-18% length of lamina, winged, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 3-15, straight, acicular, 1-4 mm long, prickles present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs confined to midrib, or distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse to moderate density, 0.8-2.5 mm apart, 0.3-1.1 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 3-5, porrect; central ray 1-3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent or present, 1-3 mm apart, not gland-tipped, 0.6-1.2 mm long; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 1-15, straight, acicular, present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae very sparse to moderate, 0.8-3 mm apart, 0.5-1 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 4-7, porrect; central ray 1-2 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence leaf- opposed, solitary or pseudo-umbellate, common peduncle absent; 1 or 2-flowered, strongly or weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 21-38 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.5-0.7 mm thick at mid¬ point, prickles absent or present. Calyx tube 2- 3 mm long, lobes deltate, 1.5-2.5 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 5-40 per flower, 1-4 mm long; stellae sparse to dense, transparent, 0.3-0.6 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 2-6, central ray 1-3 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 14-18 mm long, shallowly lobed, inn er surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 7.5-8.5 mm long, erect, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes more than half length of mature fruit, prickles 2-4 mm long. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, c. 10 mm diameter; pedicels 21-38 mm long in fruit, c. 1.5 mm thick at mid-point. Fig. 28. Specimens examined: Queensland. Burnett District: c. 64 miles [103 km] WSW of Gayndah, Oct 1969, McPherson (BRI). Darling Downs District: c. 5 km SW of Dalby, Mar 1958, Kelsey 56 (BRI); Condamine River, 4-5 miles [6-8 km] S of Dalby, Sep 1958, Kelsey 64 (BRI); ‘Burradoo’, 50 km NE of Goondiwindi, Mar 1979, Lahey (BRI); Myall Park, Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 735 Fig. 28. Solanum stenopterum. A. flowering branchlet x 0.8. B. base of leaf showing winged petiole x 3. C. ovary and style x 6. D. ovary with Type 2 hairs x 12. E. stellate hair with 4 lateral rays, upper leaf surface x 60. F. finger hair, upper leaf surface x 60. all from Bean 18190. Glenmorgan, Dec 1984, Gordon 8887 (AD, BRI, CANB); 6 km SE of Cecil Plains, Feb 1995, Fensham 2012 (BRI); Warrego Highway, c. 7 km W of Jackson, Jan 2000, McDonald KRM262 (BRI); SE corner of Oakey Army Airfield, Dec 2001, Menkins ILM76 (BRI); 4 km E of Cecil Plains, Jan 2002, Franzmann 66 (BRI). New South Wales. Northwest Slopes: Ashford, Mar 1908, Hayes s.n. (NSW). Distribution and habitat: In Queensland, Solanum stenopterum extends from Gayndah to Moonie, and west to Glenmorgan and Yuleba (Map 15), and there is an old collection from Ashford in New South Wales. It inhabits grassland, Belah forest or Eucalyptus populnea woodland, on clayey soil. Phenology: Flowers are recorded from October to March; mature fruits recorded for March. Notes: S. stenopterum differs from S. lacunarium by the more sparsely distributed, longer and more acicular prickles; smaller leaf lobing index (sometimes entire); stellae very sparse to moderate on lower leaf surface (vs. very dense for S. lacunarium); stellae consistently with 3-5 lateral rays on upper leaf surface (vs. 7-10 lateral rays for S. lacunarium ); central ray relatively long; inflorescences comprising 1 or 2 flowers and common peduncle absent (vs. 5-7 flowers, common peduncle 26-46 mm long for S. lacunarium). In S. stenopterum , the style extends further beyond the anthers than in most other species. It very rarely sets fruit (pers. obs.; I. Menkins pers. comm.). Only 2 fruits are present 736 in the collections at BRI, and both of these are insect damaged. Conservation status: Currently listed as “Vulnerable” under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992. Solanum stenopterum is known from 5 locations, none of which is protected within a conservation reserve. It is threatened by land clearance, agricultural practices, weed encroachment, and mowing of road reserves, where most of the existing stands are located. Applying the IUCN guidelines (IUCN. 2001), a category of “Endangered” is recommended (EN A3ce; B2ab(ii,iii,v)). Etymology : From the Greek stenos meaning ‘narrow’ and pteron meaning ‘wing’. This is in reference to the proximal extension of the leaf lamina resulting in a winged petiole. 43. Solanum lacunarium F.Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 18 (1854). Type: near the junction of the rivers Darling and Murray, December 1853, F. Mueller (lecto: MEL [MEL11745]), fide Symon (1981). Illustration : Cunningham et al. (1981: 593); Symon (1981: 185). Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.2-0.4 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets grey or brown; prickles 5-35 per decimetre, straight, acicular or broad-based, 0.5-5 mm long, 5-9 times longer than wide; stellae sparse, 0.25-0.3 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 8-9, porrect; central ray absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves elliptical or ovate, deeply lobed throughout; lobes 3-5 on each side, obtuse, lobing index 5-12; lamina 2.5-6.5 cm long, 1.3-3.5 cm wide, 1.8-2.2 times longer than broad, apex obtuse, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique part 0-2 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 0.9-3.2 cm long, 35-55% length of lamina, winged, prickles present. Upper leaf surface green; prickles 35-50, straight, broad-based, 1-4 mm long, prickles present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae very sparse, 0.4-1.3 mm apart, 0.2-0.3 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 7-10, porrect; central ray 0-0.5 times as Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white; prickles 6-20, straight, broad-based, prickles present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae very dense, 0.05-0.1 mm apart, 0.3-0.4 mm diameter, sessile; lateral rays 8-9, porrect; central ray 0-0.4 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 26-46 mm long, rachis prickles present; 5-7-flowered, weakly andromonoecious, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 7-18 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.4-0.8 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent or present. Calyx tube 1.5-2.5 mm long, lobes deltate, 1-2 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 15-25 per flower, 0.5-3 mm long; stellae moderate to dense, white, 0.2-0.3 mm across, sessile, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 0-0.4 times as long as laterals, not gland- tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve or purple, 8-10 mm long, rotate, inner surface glabrous; anthers 3.5-4.5 mm long; ovary with stellate hairs only; functional style 5-7.5 mm long, erect, with stellate and Type 2 hairs, stellae 0.25-0.35 mm across, lateral rays 4-8, central ray 0-0.4 times as long as laterals. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles 1-3 mm long. Mature fruits 1-3 per inflorescence, globular or ellipsoidal, 12-15 mm diameter; pedicels 14-21 mm long in fruit, 0.9-1.1 mm thick at mid-point. Lagoon Nightshade. Specimens examined : Queensland. Maranoa District: Dirranbandi, anno 2000, Christodoulou (BRI). New South Wales. North Far Western Plains: Arrara-Lake Eliza, Oct 1912, Boorman s.n. (NSW); Gidgee Tank, Mount Wood, Tibooburra, Oct 1949, Constable 10489 (NSW); floodplain of Cuttaburra Channels, 35 km NE of Yantabulla, Nov 1979, Paijmans 3282 (CANB). Distribution and habitat : In Queensland, Solanum lacunarium is known from a single collection near Dirranbandi (Map 15). It occurs widely in semi-arid parts of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. The Queensland record was from a grassy plain with Mitchell Grass ( Astrebla spp.) and scattered Eucalyptus coolabah. Phenology: Flowers and fruits are recorded for January and October. Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum Notes: The bright orange prickles borne on the branchlets and both leaf surfaces of S. lacunarium are distinctive. Its habitat is similar to that of S. stenopterum, but S. lacunarium occurs in areas of much lower rainfall. Conservation status : Not considered at risk in an Australian context, although its occurrence in Queensland is probably very limited. Group 25B (S. pugiunculiferum group), here defined; related to Group 25 ( S . hystrix group) of Whalen (1984) Large stems hollow; stellate and finger hairs absent; prickles straight, broad-based; adult leaves deeply lobed, obliqueness index 15-24%; prickles present on both leaf surfaces; corolla 4-5 mm long; anthers 1.5-2.5 mm long; calyx with 0-4 prickles; mesocarp dry in mature fruits. 1 species endemic to Australia, and indigenous to Queensland. 44. Solanum pugiunculiferum C.T.White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 53: 225 (1942). Type: Queensland. Burke District: Settlement Creek, November 1922, L.J. Brass 244 (holo: BRI). Illustration : Symon (1981: 100) Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.2-0.6 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets grey, yellow or brown; prickles 10-200 per decimetre, straight, acicular or broad-based, 2-16 mm long, 6-8 times longer than wide; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent, or sparse. Adult leaves elliptical or ovate, deeply lobed throughout; lobes 2 or 3 on each side, acute, lobing index 2.3-10; lamina 1.6-4.5 cm long, 1.1-2.8 cm wide, 1.4-1.7 t im es longer than broad, apex acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0.5-11 mm long, obliqueness index 2-24 percent; petioles 0.5-1 cm long, 20-30% length of lamina, prickles absent or present. Upper leaf surface green or grey-green; prickles 3-10, straight, broad-based, 1-17 mm long, prickles present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs present only 737 in vein depressions. Lower leaf surface green; prickles 2-8, straight, broad-based, prickles present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 2-4 mm long, rachis prickles present; 2-5-flowered, with all flowers bisexual and 5-merous; pedicels 3-5 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.4-0.6 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent or present. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, lobes deltate, 0.5-1 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 1-4 per flower, 2-6 mm long; stellae absent; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla mauve, 4-5 mm long, rotate, inner surface glabrous; anthers 1.5-2.5 mm long; ovary glabrous; functional style 2.5-3.5 mm long, erect, glabrous. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles present, 2.5-9 mm long. Mature fruits 1-4 per inflorescence, globular, 8-11 mm diameter, brown or yellow; mesocarp dry; pedicels 5-8 mm long in fruit, 0.7-1 mm thick at mid-point; seeds pale yellow, 3-3.8 mm long. Specimens examined : Northern Territory. Red Lily Lagoon, 8 miles [13 km] E of ‘Elsey’ HS, Oct 1958, Chippendale 5064 (BRI); 3 km E of ‘Bing Bong’ HS, Sep 1985, Latz 10243 (BRI). Queensland. Burke District: Burketown, May 1919, Higgins (BRI); Normanton, May 1935, Blake 8989 (BRI); Karumba, Jun 1966, Pedley 2103 (BRI); 6 miles [10 km] SE of Burketown, Jun 1967, Symon 4998 (BRI); 1.6 km SW of Burketown, Jul 1974, Ollerenshaw & Kratzing 1373 (BRI, CANB); Denham Island, north end, just W of Momington Island, Sep 1981, Fosberg 62034 (CANB); 32 km NNE of ‘Inverleigh’ HS, duckhole, Jul 1987, Dalliston HC137 (BRI); Karumba, Sep 1998, Gunther MG107 (BRI). Cook District: Mapoon, N of Weipa, Sep 1980, Godwin A55 (BRI); c. 7 km N of ‘Inkerman’ HS, Jun 1990, NeIdner 2917 & Clarkson (AD, BRI, NSW, QRS); road from Kowanyama to ‘Topsy’, c. 16 km from ‘Topsy’, Oct 1999, Thomas & Lansdown (BRI). Distribution and habitat : In Queensland, Solanum pugiunculiferum is found around the Gulf of Carpentaria (Map 13), but it also occurs in Northern Territory and the Kimberley of Western Australia. It grows near the coast on heavy clay soils, sometimes in areas that are periodically flooded by very high tides. In the latter situation, it is associated with Sporobolus virginicus grassland. Phenology: Flowers recorded from May to September; mature fruits from May to October, plus a single record in January. 738 Notes: Solarium pugiunculiferum is a highly distinctive species, worthy of the monotypic sectional status accorded it by Symon (1981). It is totally without stellate hairs or finger hairs, it has hollow stems, very oblique leaf bases, tiny flowers (corolla 4-5 mm long) with disproportionately long filaments, and fruits that are quite dry at maturity. The often saline habitat is also very unusual for a Solarium. Solarium oligandrum Symon, recently described from tropical Western Australia (Symon 2001) does not appear to be particularly closely related to S. pugiunculiferum. White (1942) cited two collections in the protologue, without any indication of a type. However, on the Brass 244 sheet, he has written “Solanum pugiunculiferum C.T.White, Type ”. Hence the choice of a lectotype is unnecessary. Conservation status: Moderately widespread. Not considered at risk. Group 27 (S. ellipticum group) of Whalen (1984) Calyx prickly, not accrescent in fruit (100%); corolla shallowly to deeply lobed (100%); inflorescences andromonoecious, male flowers and bisexual flowers same size and prickliness (100%); branchlet stellae dense to very dense (100%); fruits green to yellowish-green, mesocarp moist but not succulent (100%); branchlets prickly (87%); adult leaves entire (87%); upper leaf suface with dense to very dense stellate hairs (71%). 10 species endemic to Australia; 8 species indigenous to Queensland. 45. Solanum ellipticum R.Br., Prodr. 446 (1810). S. ellipticum var. ellipticum Benth. FI. Austral. 4: 464 (1868); S. ellipticum f. ellipticum Wawra, Itin. Princ. S. Coburgi 100 (1883); S. ellipticum var. typicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 588 (1929), nom. inval. Type: [Queensland. Port Curtis District:] “Broadsound”, 25 September 1802, R. Brown (lecto: BM; isolecto: MPU). Solanum ellipticum var. chillagoense Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 588 (1929). T>pe: Queensland. Cook District: near Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) Chillagoe, February 1910, K. Domin (syn: PR [2 collections], photos at BRI). Solanum ellipticum f. albiflora Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 588 (1929). Type: Queensland. Cook District: near Chillagoe, February 1910, K. Domin (holo: PR?). Solanum cleistogamum Symon, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 95: 227 (1971), syn. nov. Type: Western Australia. 20 miles [32 km] north of Onslow, 1 July 1967, D.E. Symon 5418 (holo: PERTH; iso: AD, CANB, K, L). Solanum sp. (Newcastle Range D.E. Symon 4907) in Henderson (2002). [S. dianthophorum auct., non Dunal] Illustration: Cunningham et al. (1981: 592); Symon (1981: 192), as S. dianthophorum. Prostrate, herbaceous resprouter or rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.1-0.3 m high. Juvenile stage absent. Adult branchlets white to mauve or brown; prickles 10-250 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 1-8 mm long, 7-15 t im es longer than wide; stellae dense to very dense, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.3 mm long; lateral rays 7-12, porrect or ascending; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves elliptical or ovate, entire; lamina 3.5-14 cm long, 1.5-5.2 cm wide, 1.7-2.9 t im es longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate or obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-9 mm long, obliqueness index 0-6 percent; petioles 0.8^1.6 cm long, 20-65% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface grey-green or grey; prickles 2-20, straight, acicular, 1-7 mm long, prickles present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae density moderate to very dense, 0.1-0.5 mm apart, 0.4-0.7 mm across, stalks 0-0.3 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface white or yellowish; prickles 0-40, straight, acicular, absent or present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae dense to very dense, 0.05-0.3 mm apart, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum stalks 0-0.4 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra- axillary, solitary or pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0—40 mm long, rachis prickles present; 1- 9-flowered, weakly andromonoecious or with all flowers bisexual, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 4-16 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.7-0.9 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent or present. Calyx tube 1.5-3 mm long, lobes deltate or attenuate, 2-10 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 5-50 per flower, 1-5 mm long; stellae very dense, white to brown, 0.4-1 mm across, stalks CM).4 mm long, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 0.8-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla white, mauve or purple, 5-12 mm long, shallowly or deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous or sparsely stellate-hairy; anthers 3-6 mm long; ovary glabrous, or with Type 2 hairs only; functional style 5.5-10 mm long, erect or sigmoid, glabrous or with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than or more than half length of mature fruit, prickles 1-5 mm long. Mature fruits 1-5 per inflorescence, globular, 13-17 mm diameter, yellowish-green or green, 2- or 4-locular; placenta in cross-section stalked, anvil-shaped; mesocarp moist but not juicy; exocarp 0.6-2.1 mm thick; pedicels 7-19 mm long in fruit, 0.8-2.1 mm thick at mid¬ point; seeds pale yellow, 2.2-2.7 mm long. Selected specimens : Queensland. Cook District: Guguyalangi Gallery, 13 km S of Laura on the Peninsula Development road, Jun 1981, Clarkson 3669 (AD, BRI, PERTH, QRS); Royal Arch cave, Chillagoe N.P., Mar 2000, McDonald KRM337 (BRI). North Kennedy District: Mt Remarkable, near Pentland, Jun 1934, Blake 6124 (BRI); S side of Red Falls road, 42 km NW of Charters Towers, Jul 1989, Jobson 672 (BRI, MEL). Gregory North District: ‘Kamaran Downs’, 10 km NNW of Bedourie, Jun 1995, Edmunds 23 (BRI). Mitchell District: 61 km E of Barcaldine on road to Jericho, Oct 1993, Lepschi & Slee 1173 (AD, BRI, CANB); 4 km SE of ‘Lake Dunn’ HS, NE of Aramac, Feb 1994, Bean 7504 & Forster (AD, BRI, DNA). South Kennedy District: 13 miles [21 km] SW of ‘Alpha’ station, Oct 1964, Adams 1339 (BRI, CANB); 11 km NW of Belyando Crossing on edge of Gregory Development road, Jun 1992, Thompson BUC818 & Sharpe (AD, BRI). Leichhardt District: ‘Pamaroo’, 25 miles [40 km] SE of Injune, Apr 1961, Johnson 2129 (BRI); ‘Wandobah’, c. 1 km NE of Dingo, Jul 1988, Anderson 4492 (BRI). Port Curtis District: Orange Creek, c. 20 miles [32 km] NW of Biloela, Jun 1959, Johnson 857 (BRI); 4 km WSW of St Lawrence, Apr 2000, Bean 16250 (BRI, MEL). Gregory 739 South District: 10 miles [16 km] W of Betoota, Jul 1936, Blake 12184 (BRI). Warrego District: c. 11 km SW of Thargomindah, on road to Hungerford, Sep 1973, Henderson H2061 & Boyland (AD, BRI); 0.4 km W of Gee Gee Gap, Mt Moffatt N.P., Dec 1997, Bean 12905 (BRI). Maranoa District: c. 41 km along Shirlo road, NW of Bollon, Mar 2001, Bean 17543 (BRI). Burnett District: ‘Neaavie’, NE of homestead towards Barambah Creek, Aug 1996, Grimshaw PG2536 & Turpin (BRI); c. 6 km NE of Allies Creek and 7.5 km SW of ‘Weir Weir’, Jul 1998, Pollock ABP617 & Dean (BRI). Wide Bay District: Bingera, Dec 1896, J.F. Bailey (BRI). Darling Downs District: 8 km WSW of Oakey, Apr 1994, Fensham 1444 (BRI); 14 km N of Goondiwindi, towards Moonie, Feb 1996, Bean 9907 (BRI, MEL, NSW). Moreton District: Gatton, Nov 1916, Bick s.n. (BRI); 2 km ESE of Laidley, Jun 2002, Bean 19062 (BRI). New South Wales. North West Plains: 4 km SSW of ‘The Glen’ HS, c. 70 km W of Moree, Jan 1999, Wannan 1036 et al. (AD, BRI, NSW). North Far Western Plains: Urisino-Yamba station road, 30 miles [48 km] W of Wanaaring, Oct 1963, Constable 4583 (BRI, NSW); Golden Gully mining site, adjacent to Deadhorse Gully camping area, 1 kmN of Tibooburra, Sturt N.P., Sep 1989, Coveny 13598 et al. (AD, BRI, MO, NSW). Distribution and habitat : Solanum ellipticum occurs throughout Queensland, except for the north-west, Cape York Peninsula and much of the east coast (Map 18). It inhabits eucalypt woodlands, Lancewood communities, semi¬ evergreen vine thicket and Mulga woodlands. Soils vary greatly from sands to heavy clays. Phenology : Flowers and fruits are recorded for every month of the year. Notes: On the date of collection of the type of Solanum ellipticum , Robert Brown was botanising near the mouth of the Styx River, ESE of St Lawrence (Vallance et al. 2001). S. ellipticum is probably the most taxonomically difficult species in Australia. It is common and widespread, but also highly variable. There are some (ill-defined) geographical variants, while plants growing side by side in natural habitat can be quite different in morphology e.g. prickliness, leaf colour, flower colour, indumentum density. Symon (1981) highlighted its taxonomic difficulties, and my own efforts to classify its variation have largely failed. Specimens of S. cleistogamum (including the holotype) borrowed from PERTH are a very good match for material found in eastern Queensland, where the type of S. ellipticum was collected, and I do not think it is possible to 740 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) maintain the former as a distinct taxon. The Western Australian specimens do generally have longer, consistently glabrous prickles, long petioles and leaves with an obtuse apex, but there is no qualitative difference. The perceived cleistogamous habit was apparently a major factor in Symon’s decision to name S. cleistogamum. However, the occurrence of cleistogamy does not seem sufficient to warrant the recognition of a separate species. It is very difficult to assess the degree of cleistogamy in any specimen in the herbarium, nor is it easy in the field. Perhaps cleistogamy occurs throughout the range of S. ellipticum, and indeed I have observed it on occasion for S. ellipticum in Queensland. The other key morphological characters given by Symon (1981: 34) for S. cleistogamum (stems sprawling; corolla 1-1.5 cm diameter; mature berry pale yellow-green or slightly purplish) apply equally well to S. ellipticum from around its type locality. The alternative statement (which eventually leads to S. ellipticum in the key) starts with “stems erect”, but S. ellipticum is always prostrate or procumbent. Conservation status: Widespread. Not considered at risk. 46. Solanum dianthophorum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 183 (1813), nom. nov.; S. biflorum R.Br., Prodr. 445 (1810), nom. illeg., non Lour. (1790). Type: [Queensland. Port Curtis District:] “Port II”, undated [Port Clinton, 21-23 August 1802], R. Brown (holo: BM [Bennett No. 2668]). Prostrate? shrub. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets rusty or brown; prickles absent; stellae very dense, 0.4-0.5 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 8-13, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate, entire; lamina 1.5-3.5 cm long, 0.9-1.8 cm wide, 1.9-2.4 times longer than broad, apex obtuse or acute, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-1.5 mm long, obliqueness index 0-4 percent; petioles 0.4-0.85 cm long, 20-25% length of lamina, prickles absent. Upper leaf surface grey-green; prickles 0-2, straight, acicular, 0.5-1.5 mm long, prickles absent or present on midvein only; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae absent; ordinary stellae dense, 0.1-0.2 mm apart, 0.3-0.4 mm across, sessile; lateral rays 8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface yellowish; prickles absent; stellae very dense, 0.05-0.15 mm apart, 0.3-0.4 mm diameter, stalks 0-0.1 mm long; lateral rays 8, porrect; central ray 0.5-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle absent, rachis prickles absent; 2-4- flowered, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 4-5 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, c. 0.5 mm thick at mid-point, prickles absent. Calyx tube c. 1.5 mm long, lobes attenuate, c. 3 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 1-4 per flower, 0.5 mm long; stellae very dense, brown or rusty, 0.3-0.45 mm across, stalks 0-0.1 mm long, lateral rays 8, central ray 0.6-1 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla c. 7 mm long, deeply lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers c. 3.9 mm long. Fruiting calyx with lobes less than half length of mature fruit, prickles present, 0.5-1 mm long. Mature fruits 1 per inflorescence, globular, 9-10 mm diameter (maturity unknown); pedicels 7-12 mm long in fruit, 0.9-1.2 mm thick at mid¬ point. Fig. 29. Specimens examined: known only from the type. Distribution and habitat: The type collection of Solanum dianthophorum was from Port Clinton, now part of the Shoalwater Bay Military Reserve, N of Rockhampton (Map 16). Brown, on the specimen label, recorded the habitat as “ arenosus prope littus ” (sandy area near beach). Phenology: Brown’s collection, made in the month of August, bears flowers and fruits, but the state of maturity of the fruits is unknown. Notes: The type of S. biflorum R.Br. (on which S. dianthophorum is based) differs from the hundreds of available S. ellipticum specimens in several respects. These differences are: the smaller stellae on the branchlets, upper leaf surface and lower leaf surface; the leaves only 1.5-3.5 cm long (3.5-14 cm for S. ellipticum ); the lack of prickles on the branchlets and petioles; the shorter petioles; and the calyx less Bean, Taxonomy of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum 741 Fig. 29. Holotype of Solanum dianthophorum. 742 Austrobaileya 6 (4): 639-816 (2004) than half the fruit length and with 1-4 tiny prickles (calyx > half fruit length, with 5-50 stout prickles for S. ellipticum). No other collections are known which resemble this specimen. Bentham (1868) cited two other specimens for S. dianthophorum, i.e. “Bay of Inlets” Banks & Solander, and “Percy Islands” A. Cunningham, but I have not seen these. Either S. dianthophorum is a very restricted endemic, or the type represents an extreme form of S. ellipticum. A field survey around Port Clinton should clarify the matter. Conservation status : Data deficient. 47. Solanum crebrispinum A.R.Bean sp. nov. Frutex perennis erectus, ramulis teretibus aculeis 180-420 per decimetrum; folia ovata, integra; pagina superiore aculeis praedita et dense stellato-pilosa; stellae 0.8-1.2 mm diametro, pedicellis 0.1-0.9 mm longis; pagina inferior folii densissime stellato-pilosa, floccosiuscula; calyx aculeis 50-70 validissimis praeditus, stellis proximale affixis; lobi calycis attenuati; stylus functionalis tantum pilis Type-2 praeditus. Typus: Queensland. South Kennedy District: 23 km SE of ‘Teamass’ Homestead, 10 June 1992, E.J. Thompson BUC457 & P.R. Sharpe (holo: BRI; iso: AD). Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.3-0.5 m high. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult branchlets yellow or rusty; prickles 180-420 per decimetre, straight, acicular, 2-11 mm long, 11-15 times longer than wide; stellae very dense, 0.9-1.2 mm diameter, stalks 0-1 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect or ascending; central ray 1-1.7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Adult leaves ovate or broadly ovate, entire; lamina 5-9.5 cm long, 2.8-5.5 cm wide, 1.6-1.8 times longer than broad, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate, base obtuse or cordate, oblique part 0-3 mm long, obliqueness index 0-6 percent; petioles 1.1-4.4 cm long, 20-45% length of lamina, prickles present. Upper leaf surface grey-green; prickles 3-35, straight, acicular, 1-5 mm long, prickles present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellate hairs distributed throughout; protostellae present; ordinary stellae dense, 0.2-0.4 mm apart, 0.8-1.2 mm across, stalks 0.1-0.9 mm long; lateral rays 7 or 8, porrect or ascending; central ray 1-1.7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Lower leaf surface yellowish; prickles 5-20, straight, acicular, present on midvein only or present on midvein and lateral veins; stellae dense to very dense, 0.05-0.25 mm apart, 0.7-1.2 mm diameter, stalks 0-1 mm long; lateral rays 6-8, porrect or ascending; central ray 1-1.7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Inflorescence supra-axillary, pseudo-racemose, common peduncle 0-25 mm long, rachis prickles present; 3-5-flowered, flowers 5-merous; pedicels 4-6 mm long at anthesis, same thickness throughout, 0.9-1.2 mm thick at mid¬ point, prickles present. Calyx tube 1.5-2 mm long, lobes attenuate, 3-5.5 mm long; prickles present at anthesis, 50-70 per flower, 2-6 mm long; stellae very dense, yellow or white, 0.7-0.9 mm across, stalks 0-0.7 mm long, lateral rays 7 or 8, central ray 1-1.7 times as long as laterals, not gland-tipped; finger hairs absent; Type 2 hairs absent. Corolla purple, 8-10 mm long, shallowly lobed, inner surface glabrous; anthers c. 3.8 mm long; ovary with Type 2 hairs only; functional style c. 5.8 mm long, erect, with Type 2 hairs only. Fruiting calyx with lobes more than half length of mature fruit, prickles 3-6 mm long. Mature fruits 1 or 2 per inflorescence, globular, 14-16 mm diameter, yellowish-green or green; mesocarp moist but not juicy; pedicels 8-9 mm long in fruit, 1.5-1.8 mm thick at mid-point. Fig. 30. Specimens examined : Queensland. South Kennedy District: on crest of Great Dividing Range, c. 25 km NNW of ‘Yarrowmere’ HS, c. 92 km SSE of Pentland, Oct 1983, Henderson H2821 et al. (BRI); on Llanarth Back Range road, 9.4 km S of junction with Scartwater road, May 1991, Neldner 3525A & Thompson (BRI); 4 km N of ‘Moonoomoo’ in headwaters of Carmichael Creek, Apr 1992, Thompson BUC247 & Simon (BRI); 10 km W of ‘St Anns’ HS, Jun 1992, Thompson BUC454 & Sharpe (BRI). Distribution and habitat : Solanum crebrispinum is