oo Sai sehabhetestt ease eth eater ee et or Tits Geen _ —— = = “ ~ acpeeateien ie Sas ~~ — oe (+ BULLETIN OF TBE \ORAR}- — WD Os -MUSEUM Of NATU = « ‘ AYS ae "aye Pes i ; ie i, i\\\\ AS PA Vis TAD pctaneelitljpeieapent-spinastanipusinrpnininneet es EDITOR, J. A. ALLEN. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1913. FOR SALE AT THE MUSEUM. ~ American Museum of Natural History. Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. President. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. Pirst Vice-President. Second Vice-President. CLEVELAND H. DODGE. J. P. MORGAN, Treasurer. Secretary. CHARLES LANIER. ADRIAN ISELIN, Jr. EX-OFFICIO. THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. THE COMPTROLLER OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS. ELECTIVE. ALBERT 8. BICKMORE. WALTER B. JAMES. ‘GEORGE 8. BOWDOIN. A. D. JUILLIARD. FREDERICK F. BREWSTER. SETH LOW. JOSEPH H. CHOATE. OGDEN MILLS. THOMAS DeWITT CUYLER. PERCY R. PYNE. JAMES DOUGLAS. WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER. MADISON GRANT. JOHN B. TREVOR. ANSON W. HARD. FELIX M. WARBURG. ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES. GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. Director. Assistant-Secretary. FREDERIC A. LUCAS. GEORGE H. SHERWOOD. Assistant-Treasurer. THE UNITED STATES TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK. iii Tt Scientific Staff. DIRECTOR. Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D. GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALHZONTOLOGY. Epmunp Otis Hovey, Ph.D., Curator. Cuestrer A. Reeps, Ph.D., Assistant Curator. MINERALOGY. L. P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator. Georce F. Kunz, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Gems. INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator. Roy W. Miner, A.B., Assistant Curator. Frank E, Lutz, Ph.D., Assistant Curator. L. P. Graracar, A.M., Curator of Mollusca. Joun A. GrossBeck, Assistant. A. J. Murcuuer, Assistant. Wiiuiam Morton WHEELER, Ph.D., Hono Curator of Social Insects. Aaron L. Treapweiu, Ph.D., a tor of Annulata. Cuartes W. Lene, B.S., Honorary Curator of Coleoptera. ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY. Basurorp Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus. Louis Hussaxor, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Fishes. Joun T. Nicnoxs, A.B., Assistant Curator of Recent Fishes. Mary Cyntuis Dickerson, B.S., Associate Curator of Herpetology. MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY. J. A. Atten, Ph.D., Curator. Frank M. Cuarman, Sc.D., Curator of Ornithology. Roy C. Anprews, A.M., Assistant Curator of Mammalogy. W. DeW. Miter, Assistant Curator of Ornithology. iv VERTEBRATE PALHZONTOLOGY. x Farrteyy Osnory, Se.D., LL.D., D.Sc., Curator Emeritus. al Pde D. MartrHew, Ph.D., Curator. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. Ratepx W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator. PUBLIC HEALTH. Ph Sicdis ‘Asarte' Wenscow, MLA; Carabir. Israet J. Kuicuer, B.S., Assistant. WOODS AND FORESTRY. Mary Cyrnrata Dickerson, B.S., Curator. _ BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. Ratreu W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator. Ipa Ricuarpson Hoop, A.B., Assistant Librarian. PUBLIC EDUCATION. Aubert 8. Bickmore, Ph.D., LL.D., Curator Emeritus. . Georce H. Curator. Suerwoop, A.M., G. Ge yee Assistant Curator. Aones Roeser VavuaHan, Assistant. ne an) Soy ae Oe es ee ee | Arr. I.— Mammals of northern Malheur County, Oregon. By H. E. PONT. Ce eeeee A INE PRP Ga 2b te ou Aldiels sb sé cen aes II.— Notes on the Embryos of several species of Rays, with remarks on the northward summer Migration of certain tropical forms observed on the coast of North Carolina. By Russett J. Cotes. (Plate III, and two text figures.) III.— Insects of Florida. By Cuartes W. JoHNSON............. IV.— Tyrannosaurus, restoration and model of the skeleton. By _ Henry Farrrrerp Osporn. (Plates IV—VI.)............ V.— New Acarina. By H. E. Ewrne. (Plates VII and VIII, Serr nenn en. s, oe dad eee ee VI.— Review of the Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon, with a description of additional material collected there. By R. W.Ssuretpr. (Plates IX—XLIII.)............ VII.— Notes on Teleosts collected by Roy C. Andrews in Japan, with descriptions of two new species. By Joun Treap- WELL Nicuots. (Three text figures.)................ = VIII.— Echinoderms from Lower California, with descriptions of new g species. By Husert Lyman Criark. (Plates XLIV-— pt RES G Soak be Selle Giada Neds ade waded den 7, IX.— Two new Fossorial Hymenoptera. By NaTHaNn BANKs..... x X.— Ants collected in the West Indies. By Wiit1am Morton a SEND vas WOSUNAe 6 sku wawesbe eee cae Ubabiccacavecgsc a XI.— Descriptions of four new Palwozoic Fishes from North America. By L. Hussaxor. (Plate XLVII, and two XII.— Descriptions of new species of Monkeys of the genera Senio- cebus and Aotus from Colombia,8.A. By D.G. Exuior. . XIII.— New and rare Spiders from within fifty miles of New York City. By J. H. Emerton. (Plate XLVIII, and one text CPO ah. o Sade CEU eb Ualb adele csbNl ees. ctece’ XIV.— Eomoropus, an American Eocene Chaliocthere. By Henry Farrrrecp Osporn. (Eleven text figures.)............. vil WS a ee ee ee ey ee eee ee © SS ee ee eS ee A. Pes re . ee Ny PM wee. S8 91 179 185 Contents. XV.— A new Phytosaur from the Palisades near New York. By Frrepricu von Huene. (Plates XLIX and L, and four- thee Coth Beene) 6 oda os 65 ks 05.0 cine dxeninas ote eeu XVI.— Further studies of Fossil Birds with descriptions of new and extinct species. By R. W. Suuretpr. (Plates LI-LIX.) XVII.— A Zalambdodont Insectivore from the Basal Eocene. By W. D. Marruew. (Plates LX and LXI, and six text TOE ess nik 8 hah oo oe Divas de dks s hen nnn XVIII.— The Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda in the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, New York. By Frrep- RICH VON Huene. (Fifty-seven text figures.)........... XIX.— The Skeleton of Saurolophus, a Crested Duck-billed Dino- saur from the Edmonton Cretaceous. By Barnum Brown. (Plates XLII and XLIII, and one text figure.) xXxX.— A new Trachodont Dinosaur, Hypacrosaurus, from the Ed- monton Cretaceous of Alberta. By Barnum Brown. (ies tat Gente) 66k. 5 aos 50). . oie XXI.— Lower Eocene Titanotheres. Genera Lambdotherium, Eoti- tanops. By Henry Farrriretp Osporn. (Nine text DY is Bes Sie HAW RATA NRE ee XXII.— The Skull of Bathyopsis, Wind River Uintathere. By Henry FarrrietpD Osporn. (Plates LXIV—LXVI, and four text Gen io siaeks aks. Reetian Wags 58 KGS a XXIII.— New American Philanthide. By Naruan Banks. (Plate ROWER. scot is ods Se ADEs Sewn eae ee XXIV.— Mammals collected in Korea. By J. A. Atuen and Roy C. XXV.— Notes on Equus capensis Broom. By R. Broom. (One text GE ae Sk ess TR RARE OS nares 9 Oca XXVI.— On some new gepera and species of Dicynodont Reptiles, with notes on a few others. By R. Broom. (Nineteen text GON Bei ae oinKidsd dca so. 9 x RU eh ce G ME na. 3 9 conn XXVII.— On the origin of the Cheiropterygium. By R. Broom. (Six CORR TOG 55 obi. Se epee 1a ede, sd pe XXVIII.— On evidence of a mammal-like dental succession in the Cyno- dont Reptiles. By R. Broom. (One text figure.)....... XXIX.— New Mammals from Colombia and Ecuador. By J. A. Autun. . (Sixteen -text.:figures.)... 2.005055. ee cece XXX.— Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera from British Guiana. By Cuar.es T. Brues and C. H. Ricuarpson. (Rive text figures.) ...... 2... ..heke el. ... eee i XXXI.— The Trachea of Ogmorhinus, with notes on other soft parts. By Rosert Cusaman Murpny. (One text figure.)..... XXXII.— On the squamosal and related bones in the Mosasaurs and Lizards. By R. Broom. (Two text figures.)........... XXXIII.— On the Structure and Affinities of Bolosaurus. By R. Broom. (Piwe.tuct Tiguan) :..). oi ii wees is. Siew «sd ee XXXxIV.— Glaucophane from eastern Pennsylvania. By ELeanora F. Daas. (Five text figures.)... .. 20. ctaicses ss se ceeeee Paae. 307 315 387 395 407 417 517 Contents. ix _ Paae. XXXV.— On the Cotylosaurian genus Pantylus Cope. By R. Broom. IN er ol as vos cpa sanetadenaece 527 XXXVI.— Revision of the Melanomys group of American Muride. By eM, 5 CEPR Ba WEEE), goss oc i co sacaaeactun'e 533 XXXVII.— On some new carnivorous Therapsids. By R.Broom. (Four EERE EEG ne nee (td 557 XXXVIII.— Studies on the Permian Temnospondylous Stegocephalians of North America. By R. Broom. (Twenty-one text 8 Ee fr By To asp) Dac Oo.) OR a ne a ae Pa 563 XXXIX.— New South American Muride. By J. A. ALLEN........... 597 XL.— A new Pleisiosaur, Leurospondylus, from the Edmonton Cre- taceous of Alberta. By Barnum Brown. (Seven text figures.) XLI.— A new Slug from the Himalaya Mountains. By T. D. A. Cocxerett. (Seven text figures.).................... 617 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF AUTHOR’S SEPARATES. The edition of author’s separates is 300 copies, of which about 100 are mailed on the date of issue, and the others placed on sale in the Library. Art. I, March 7, 1913. Art. XXII, Sept. 2, 1913. “ TI, “ 7, 1913. “ XXIII, “ 9, 1913. “ WII, “ 24, 1913. “ XXIV, “J, 1912. “ TV, —- April_‘11, 1913. “ XXV, “ 43, 1913. “ y, May 31, 1913. “ XXVI, “ 13, 1913. “VI, July ‘9, 1913. “ XXVH, “ 93, 1913. “ VII, « 9, 1913. “ XXVIII, “ 23, 1913. WE“. 9, 2018. “ XXIX, “ 25, 1913. “ IX, “ 9, 1913. “ XXX, Oct. 7, 1913. “ X, “ 9, 1918. “ XXXI, “ 7, 1913. “ XI, “ 44, 1913. “ XXXII, “ 7, 1913. “XI, “ 14,1913. “ XXXII, “ 7, 1913. “ XIII, Aug. 1, 1913. “ XXXIV, “ 13, 1913. “ XIV, July 25, 1913. “ XXXV, “« 95, 1913. “ XV, Aug. = 19, 1913. “ XXXVI, Nov. 17, 1913. “ Xvi, “. 4,101. “ XXXVI, “ 17, 1013. “ XVII, July 25, 1913. “ XXXVIII, “ 26, 1913. “ XVIII, Sept. 23, 1913. “ XXXIX, Dec. 3, 1913. “ XIX, Aug. 19, 1913. “ XL, 7. @.teae. 7 “ 49, 1913. “ XLI, “ 12, 1913. “ XXI, Sept. 2, 1913. x Illustrations. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. I.— View of Ironside, Malheur Co., Oregon. II.— Brachylagus idahoensis and favorite haunts. III.— Aetobatus narinari and embryos. IV-VI.— Tyrannosaurus group. VII-VIII.— New Acarina. IX-XLIII.— Fossil fauna of the desert region of Oregon. XLIV.— Zoroaster platyacanthus and Pedicellaster hyperonicus spp. nov. XLV.— Diopederma axiologum gen. et sp. n., and Ophiura oligopera sp. nov. XLVI.— Urechinus reticulatus sp. n. XLVII.— New Palxozoic Fishes. XLVIII.— Spiders from vicinity of New York City. XLIX.— Rutiodon carolinensis Emmons. L.— Rutiodon manhatianensis sp. nov. LI-LIV.— Diatryma ajax and Diatryma gigantea. ' LV.— Fossil birds (various species). LVI.— Bonasa sp.? LVII.— Indetermined Gallinaceous Bird. LVIII.— Meleagris gallopavo and Palwophasianus meleagroides sp. nov. LIX.— Meleagris gallopavo. LX-—LXI.— Paleoryctes puercensis sp. nov. -LXII-LXIII.— Saurolophus osborni Brown (type). LXIV-LXVI.— Bathyopsis (?) fissidens. LXVII.— New American Philanthide. LXVIII.— Skulls of species of Melanomys. : af O'S, TUM a> hu ks xe'cie n'a ccs paces a toe os bss vi naa Rhyncholopus robustus, dorsal view...............0cccccecececccnceesees Oribata maxima, ventral view of mouth-parts...............0.0.. cece ceeeee Telranchus telarivs, MOWAT 6. bees elec cbecsidcaeae Margaropus annulatus, capitulum of male, and dorsal view of body.......... Dermacentor occidentalis, stigmal plate of male.................0ccceeceees Oribaig illincisensis, Gorsel View: ooo. Se See Gamasus magnicornubus, palpi... ... 20.66. ee ls eS Uropoda pennsylvanica, ventral view of part of body of female.............. Tyrogiyphus lintneri, venttal view. ... 2.0.06 dneecesesccccscbetan Netadres notadvec, Gdtanl Wie ss 260 5 o)o v5 a ic hos Wa hee vk nce iis af Selasbodenta. Dee te acs) the PAGE a See cea Cae bee Ae 307 Palacoryctes puercensis, side view of skull and jaws JET Bo Sa ae 309 palatal view of type skull. ........5........02..0005 310 Palaictops bicuspis, upper teeth... . - Rene ig UEC EEIL a ae Tiny sia s v0.0 311 Didelphodus absaroke, crown view of upper teeth and side view of lower teeth 311 Upper molar tooth construction in Chrysospalar, Petamagale, Paleoryctes, Didelphodus, Palaictops, and Tritemnédon..... 0.2666. occ ee ees 312 Eryops megacephalus, forepart of eal tbls chieihd «bases Wide ie eae aadw ils 318 NN eu aad aw old's < oan vecsisiee. ds c's bees 318 iss + ESE SEED TS, SE Pe 319 ” e Fae ROE be hem ackwtee SiR aco Pe 320 ” » SN I OE ND oo ches uas couwidaweensce 321 7 . longitudinal sections of braincase................... 321 _ Lysorophus tricarinatus, lower jaw and suspensorium. ... . . ee ee ae. 322 xii Illustrations. Paae Lysorophus wicartnatus, dkwull-tope.:..sos< 0 vids catevdnbatese terete 323 7 PT er trs et or ree 324 < ” waderside of teal i..5:5:5::) fi.6 aceas Ae 325 Gymnarthrus witloughbes, GKUIMAOGM. . ois. vce dts bien oebee de valeaeeeeae 327 4 SL € -:| SeT eeEe re 328 1 as COMI 65s ee vie hs bias 0 vv doen ons eae 329 " - wnderuidoe Of GUE... aks ie cclccies's i coven ¥en 330 Demectes mnolaria, GenTPAGi 6 sii io oo us og von ced den's eave ee 332 pie 8) ly: UY re ery s3oc eae 333 « @pelarte, right aide of skal. 2.25.5... cee sie Seed 334 = cross section through the quadrate and cross section of lower end of the squamosal end of the quadrate............5..+eseceesceees 334 ?Nothodon lentus, occiput viewed from above and from the inside......... 335 Diadectes molaris, skulls showing openings in the temporal region. .......... 336 = wdereide of aloull -. 6... ics scceds cle eeae ave ea wae 337 . phassttines, back of alcull. .... 1... 5s 0sse os cue bedeeee chee 339 ** basisphenoid from below and rear view of same ................ 339 ~ - “Q¥agment-of beainonse......5 6.2.5 .) Lycognathus ferox, side view of skull. . 2.2.0.2... ccccecavccccccccccccsces » 557 Scymnognathus angusticeps, side view of skull.................000cceeceee - 658 és minor, side view of snout............... Seb eek ae . Ictidorhinus martinsi, side view of skull..................00ceceeececes .. 660 Cricolus crassidiscus Cope, skull... 2.0000). SAP at eee 565 List of New Names. xv Pace == ee restoration of two dorsal vertebre............... 566 Seer MeMMNMOONS CONS, FEMS MIE. 6... ec cee ccc c ee cneseeeeecse 567 Trimerorhachis insignis Cope, upper view of skull......................4. 569 a sd AEE WAN in 3s occ ensues andpnuda 570 ” = a MD at oom Bale cin ww won £5) Ga tmmes 572 “ “ « basioranial region, et0............2eccscece 573 5 oe s eS obtain Laws ciuss yess visieahde neue 575 aes . oP MOE On WOU OID 6 og oo sc iicaie ne apes 577 F ~ ae I re Lia lila Bio'e aces « dion oid 6 aca wkd 578 Bryops megacephalus Cope, skull.................6..ecece eee cece eeeeee 579 e % ARIS SIS ISS ed tel a 581 - ee Sg NETS Se ee a 583 e ae ET I i a oe wa ees ece eee 585 é" ~ “transverse section of braincase................ 586 * « ** transverse sections through the sphenethnoid and ee Naw pelea g ms ail 588 Dicynodon sp., section across the skull. .......... 20.62.02 cece cece ee ee eee 589 Eryops megacephalus Cope, mandible...................0.20-20eeeeeeees 590 NR ME Pus ahha a's us os bavi ba te dibinw bled phivauce- 591 ” 4 fn ee ee GE WED... was ao shaigwhe e'seuieeae vss 591 Zatrachys microphthalmus Cope, skull. ...... 2... 2.2.6... cece cece eee eee 593 Leurospondylus ultimus, vertebral column, side view....................-- 607 S re “vertebral centra side, dorsal and anterior end views 608 ; . ar ee Mh MONO oe sid culdadile see's +dbeeane 611 = “ belt humerus and left femur... .. 5. 60 icine cas cesae 612 = ec. cass phils keede seus cena. 613 - ne i ee se Die ees bua 614 Anadenus beebei Cockerell, structural details.....................--.-05- 618 LIST OF GENERA, SUBGENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES DESCRIBED OR RENAMED IN THIS VOLUME. GENERA AND SUBGENERA. Pace es aloe « bin'v pd vine bea ENS ad cee SWe'e wis ove 51 etree LTE IG Sina cp ls csecad wed du yulenes baie vedeus ares 206 NE Se ae DO Re gO i a 230 ds ivan cos sce u eee eee dhe ho evae Rade cues 237 eS a 9 5 ot wy tiny MAD ME ERR e UEC O's bord no bUnvevdedwers 264 ESE ASR RS 2 oe aE See ere 291 er Ue eee Udten wed becdie beatae’ Seeees 301 eg a ok ou vic ed o¥ be ud baa vedvenes 309 xvi List of New Names. Pace. Cdlocdetes Bemee o.oo vice occas lees icc vccece cess veub eee sen Baeatene -TEOGIA. busi icc cece ccine nse cccsocs cvevies bs ping Gina 441 Eidiolation THTOGOR . . usg vic cos n vice c biace cc Cocco ccc vues see patel tein 453 ee er rr rere... Parophionellus Brues and Richardson... ..........60+ceeeveeeeeeeneees . 495 Promicrogaster Brues and Richardson...............000eececeeeeceeeees . 499 Se ER ‘cena ee De Per ere cide Hetidoribines Tree; .. 6 ooh ccc ccc cccccscccsensceen dee Sean . 560 Temrospondafiue Brown. 2... cs. occ s ccc cccccccsccnssees see sean oe Specips AND SUBSPECIES. Eutamias amenus propinquus Anthony. ..........6..000eeeeeeeenes owe 6 Onychomys leucogaster fuscogriseus Anthony... ..........000eceeeeeeeeaees ll Microtus (Lagurus) curtatus artemisia Anthony. ..............-..++ee0000 14 Pachyrina pruinosa Johnson... ...........0-.00ceeceeeeneees ee onde ae Tipula subsluta Johnson... .... 2.0.2.6. 0800cesee cess cwuuus eens Senn 42 Peuyohoda annulipes Johnson.............:ss0ccneccceebesuh ous ee aii 43 @-* equamesa Johnaon.. ....... 5. < <6. esas cnt enaie ee eee 43 Nemotelus quadrinotatus Johnson... .........00cc cece cece cceeceeeseeees 50 Euryneurasoma slossone Johnson... .. 1.2.0.0. ccc cce csc cencecsencucess 51 Chrysops vittatus var. floridanus Johnson... .........00000 eee eeeeeteeeeees 52 Bpogoctylum slocsone: JohNGON. «¢ i... 2... ose dees teh ech adaeae hye hee 55 = grossbecké Johnson... ....0..s+«sessuetanavesnu ohhh eee 56 - occidentalie Johnaom . «.. 5 55 6s. jad onnaeedee ) 4a 56 Leplogaster floridensie Johnson... ......0cciscacccssatbevectasecsssauenn 60 Pegomyia gopheri Jobingon. ....... 2... sean e an ene 77 Trigonometropus reticulatus Johnson... .........00 cece cece cece eeeeeeeee 81 Chatopsis hendeli Johnson............0cctenncevencctsned ees eh sae aeunee 83 Chiliea similis Johnston :.;..... 6.6520. 0s00 sepa eeaae esa sale 85 Phortica hirtifrons Johnson................+05: Te ey Sued oie wd 4b re aa 88 Bdella robustirostris Ewing...............0..000000 55 0 kb Vee 112 * tesodjate Ewing. .... 6.055. een as bp iuisheroucce > woth a Meare aan 112 « muscorum var. minnesotensis Ewing...............+000000: oa eee 113 Matus loricis Towing. . ...... «00-0: 00s. sce ae oaeees babs cea oe 113 Trambicula splendens Ewing. ..... 2.5... s0a0csceksee bieu ctu shw eee 113 emaeus bifurcus Ewing. ........... 00.0. usuibaksasibe sacs eee 114 Macrocheles tridentifer Ewing... .... 0050 .0ccecccdcevsccctslvseue sae 114 Padicinum guthriei Ewing... ..........2.0c0cs0% bie mbes cle « eee 115, Sroecius tumidus Eiwing....... 2... 6css0ceceeneibee tebenae cae ees Palope minnesotensie Eewing...... 2.2.2.2 5sccssensebubect ven c sees auanan 116 Gribate carticis Ewing... ..... 2.0.5 00ccccveens cece seumlee sions tana 117 ~~ @@lécie owing... 26.20.02 c cc ccidevedcuncus onamweaee aden 117 © Famipers TOWING. «6... . «sos ove 0c ow tg cece eee 118 " <@innesdionsie Yowing...........:.scvcssacaceaeee cee 118 xviii List of New Names. Pace Bolitanope major Odor... .occcsccecesccvccsvcy tess meedes uh ev hues ewe 412 Lambdotherium priscum Oeborn... i... .ccccsccccceccccnctevssensveruses 413 Philanthus heFmoetls Banks. 6 cicc isc eccccvevccvcvcvecsssgvavectsnsernee 421 sy dnvignaieie Teme .. i 5s ccc cccecacetsssseseseray any h eee 421 as carolinensis Bans cic ccc ew cvcncvcceegqe¥s ts remit yaeneee 422 5 eS ere 422 * Sennttg TROURG si. cic cc ek vnc escecsvesevces+onsa¥s 422 Corctria GrOndle Bate. oi. ccciccc ccc aceccscetccvcd tosuesenenhia aa aam 423 Dre Te 423 Covearie anlarte Banks su... ci theese ec acettecesda eee anne 424 Oe ein Tem one os ie ie occ oo von voe'v one nse bely aya one 424 ~ giramontonsie Banks. .. . 5... 00s ciccdccccce de tace ene een 425 Ochotona (Pika) coreanus Allen and Andrews...........00000eeeeeeeercees 429 Meles melanogenys Allen and Andrews..............+.seeeeeeeeeeecseees 433 Bodwelope longus BHOOWA : 665 i cc cece ev ccecesssessnet ens wiee een 441 Disynodon whatist Broom... .. 5.0.6 ces ccvcvewceccegusesnse emer anemme 443 ” platgcebe BOOM... .... ccc esc sinukteene eu eo ob ewule seen 444 z Sclidepe Broom. .. .... 6. covve avn eds euwhs OS ee pas ee 446 - sueechope Broom... : .. 6.66. cceccscess bade eis see aen tense ann 446 2 tilorhinus BOOM... .....06 00:00 «900 b ub des Own ple nea etn ae ane 448 * Hesope Brot.) .:... . « .sveus oss oy. 06 ccnp ee ates eee 450 Jeonttope BROOM. ....5 . 0s voce cevsle see W kaw See De bk hea e nn 451 “5 planus Broom: . 6... se éeusciys ope bs 0 oben Oh et ree areee nn 452 Diiciotion galeope Broom. .... 6... ices vcr ss vs sce ee ease ee Oe 453. Beaydope longiceps Broown .. 555.5 sviw ooo vt nce cdewadtawets sa euy epee 455 Bmydorhynchus palustris Broom... ... 2.0 ..ccesedcudeusae vases s neweannee 456. Chobepue florencia Allen... 2.5.6.6 6. 06a sce eye we dpe dewels eye ce yoink eee 469 v3 agquatinus Allen... 6... 6.6. ied pe ee ae Ng a ee ee ait thn oe 4 =.) | Oe Se Ae ae Cay oe 2 = i ae ae ae = — a91a) Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 9 and by the 20th of the month, excessively so. By the 1st of August they ___ have begun to hole up and the next ten days sees them all stowed away until the next spring. Occasionally one comes out on a bright sunny day ___ and basks before the entrance of his burrow. The ranchers have declared eternal warfare on this species and shoot, trap, and poison them, from the _ time they come out until they go in again. So prolific are they, however, _ that if a truce is declared for one season, the middle of the next finds the 2 fields teeming with busy squirrels. 8. Gallospermophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus (Merriam). GoLpEN-NECK SPpERMOPHILE; “Bic TrwBeR CureMuUNK.” fe A series of nine specimens of Callospermophilus was taken near Ironside, | which seems most referable to true chrysodeirus. In cranial characters the Tronside series is fairly typical; and the coloration of pelage, on the whole, is as in chrysodeirus, but with rather less orange or golden in the mantle. From the description of Callospermophilus trepidus Taylor (Univ. Cal. ‘ Publ. i in Zool., Vol. 5, p. 283), no characters could be drawn to warrant placing the eastern Oregon specimens under C. trepidus, although the range of the latter is in a district very similar to that about Ironside. _ This handsome squirrel was fairly common back among the timbered hills, where it frequented log-strewn spots and rocky out-croppings. I found it in such localities on August 7, September 2 and September 10, the latter date being exceedingly late for one of the Callospermophilus group to be above ground in this latitude. From previous experience with this 3 group, I have found them early hibernators, going into winter quarters about August 1. On September 10, I secured five specimens and saw several more, which would seem to indicate delay in hibernating, unless this is the regular habit for the species in this locality. These animals were very shy and were secured only by careful stalking. When alarmed they ran to their burrows and did not stop until they were at the bottom of them. = 9. Marmota flaviventer,fsubsp. (Aud. & Bach.). YELLOW-BELLIED Woopcuuck; “Grounp-Hoa.”’ Marmots are found in the rocks which crop out along some of the ridge rests about Ironside. ‘These animals were in hibernation at the time when L collected there and so none were secured. 10 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXI1, 10. Castor canadensis canadensis Kuhl. CANADA BEAVER. The beaver have held their own along Willow Creek and to-day their — dams and evidences of their work can be seen at every bend. The ranchers, in general, believe in their protection; and, freed from molestation, the few that were left on the creek, when active trapping for their fur ceased some years ago, have increased to quite a respectable number. The whole valley of the creek shows the results of beaver work. The soil, in places, indicates conditions that only generations of beaver dams produce by in- undation; and most of the creek bottoms are moist from sub-irrigation induced by beaver work. The ranchers consider these animals an important asset to their holdings; so much so, in fact, that when stock is occasionally lost through becoming bogged down and drowning in some dam, they do not — molest the beavers, but charge up the loss to accident. For the beaver is responsible for the heavy hay crops in the creek valley through his system of sub-irrigation. His dams raise the level of the waters and his burrows, dug deep into the banks, provide a ready outlet into the fields for the back- water. In most cases, the water does not appear in the meadows as surface moisture, but may be found at varying depths of several inches. The value of this has been demonstrated by the former uncertainty of hay crops — when the beaver were scarce; and by the increase in yield as the beaver multiplied and their work became a greater factor. An interesting modification in food habits, due to the cultivation of the creek meadows, was noted. The beaver were found to have numbers of well defined paths into the alfalfa; and every morning, mud and water along these attested to their constant use. The alfalfa would be cleared away for some distance from the creek bank by the time the meadow was ready for cutting. After the field was mowed, the beaver brought in bundles ef the cut hay and used it even when it was fairly dry. A few cut willows were generally to be seen floating in the dead water at each dam. Very rarely were beaver houses noted; these animals seemed to prefer living in holes in the bank, with the entrances under water. 11. Mus musculus musculus” Linn. House Mouse. This little cosmopolitan is not uncommon at Ironside, for I have taken it at haystacks in the meadows and also out in the sage-brush where I was. trapping for Perognathus. Both localities were some distance from dwellings. Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. ll be ie is Goyehe heh leucogaster fuscogriseus subsp. nov. ; |. an pe) Gray Scorpion Mouse. Ply No. 33544, 9 ad., Ironside, Malheur Co., Oregon, altitude 4000 feet, August 20, 1912; coll. H. E. ‘Anthony. ___ Most like 0. 1. brevicaudus but differing markedly from it in color, the buffy of wdus being replaced by dark gray washed with dark brown. The type has the color of upper parts dark gray with intermixture of dark brown and slate colored hairs, the brown strongest on top of head and along the indistinct dorsal area. Orbi- _ tal ring, spot just above nostrils, and a small patch in front of eye and at base of _ whiskers, with short black hairs. Subauricular tufts white, conspicuous, and in - _ marked contrast with the upper anterior half of ear which is brownish black. Fur _ of underparts clear white, with slatey under fur. Tail bicolor, with contrast between _ the grizzled gray of upper part and the clear white of the under surface fairly sharp. Distal third of tail white, unicolor. Faint medial stripe of darker gray on upper ‘surface of tail. Color of four other adults as in the type, with a little variation in intensity of the dusky wash. _ Immature pelage uniform slate gray on upper parts with less contrast between the weak black of the upper ear and the grayish white of the subauricular tufts. ‘ Little black about face. Bicolor quality of tail scarcely developed. _____ Aspecimen in transition from immature to adult stage (No. 33538) has head and neck of the slate gray of the immature pelage, meeting the adult phase on the back im an irregular line. Posterior two thirds of upper surface brownish gray with slight vinaceous cast in some lights. _ Cranial characters as in O. 1. brevicauda. Skull of same size as brevicauda with nasals averaging rather more convex laterally at anterior end. _ Measurements of type (in flesh): Length, 140; tail, 34; hind foot, 20. Average of ten specimens from type locality: Length, 129.9; tail, 34.6; hind foot 19.8. = This mouse is represented by a series of ten skins with skulls, all from __ Tronside, and of this series five are mature animals. None have the molars worn to any great extent, the type, which is evidently the oldest, having _ the sharp points and angles fairly well rounded by wear. _ The transition from the immature to the adult stage is well marked, both in pelage and skull, leaving little doubt of the maturity of five of the series, a doubt which might have arisen from the fact that the teeth show little wear. _ ‘The relationship of this form to O. 1. brevicaudus is readily apparent, _ but the striking difference in color of the pelage warrants the establishment of anew subspecies. ____ The scorpion mouse was taken sparingly in suitable localities at Iron- _ gide. A sage-covered slope was found to be such a spot, and here traps set _ at the old badger holes, at the burrows made by small rodents, and beneath __ @lumps of sage would take an occasional Onychomys. Evidence of their 12 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, presence would be sometimes shown in the condition of Perognathus and Peromyscus caught in the traps during the night. This mouse with his carnivorous propensities would dine off the victim and only a mangled fragment would be left in the trap. As the other mice, notably Microtus and Peromyscus, at times become addicted to this habit it was not pos- sible to tell how much of this work could be attributed to Onychomys. 13. Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (LeConte). Sonora Wutre-FooteD Mouse. The Peromyscus collected about Ironside have a rather puzzling status. The series, 75 specimens, is large enough to include a number of - and ages. No typical characteristics of any one subspecies could be con- sistently followed out, but the strongest affiliations seem to be with sonorien- sis, with a marked tendency, however, towards m. artemisiea. Only two specimens were taken in the adjacent mountain district, so there is in- sufficient material to determine the form there; but it is quite likely that the mountain subspecies is artemisie, or possibly m. gambeli, and that the Ironside series is from the meeting ground of the mountain mouse with the desert sonoriensis. This would produce a variety of intergrades. Sonorien- sis taken by me in southern Malheur County presented much more typical characteristics. Also artemisi@ has been taken to the north of Ironside in Baker County, where its relationships showed a tendency toward gambeli. Thus the possibilities are presented for a mixture of characters, a fact which the series substantiates. The white-footed mouse is the commonest of the rodents of this region. Everywhere, from the dry sage-brush lands where desert conditions prevail in the summer, to the luxurious vegetation of the creek bottom where willows and lush grass concealed them, this mouse was the commonest of the trapped mammals. Individuals in all stages of pelage and age were taken. Pink, short-haired baby mice were found August 20. This mouse with its omnivorous appetite was taken readily on either grain or meat baits. 14. Neotoma cinerea occidentalis (Baird). WeEsTERN BusnHy-TAILED Woop Rar. The wood rats taken at Ironside are occidentalis with but little tendeney toward intergradation with true cinerea. Wood rats are quite common about Ironside. Every rocky ledge has its 5 _ Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 13 : the animal: als take up their abode about the ranch buildings. i caqpreially, the rats from localities which are near to ranches sonal Geog rama On account of their mis- us habits, they are great pests and are trapped and shot whenever sion offers. During the month of July, at my father’s ranch, he had ; od fi ly twenty-five wood rats out of one barn. On my arrival, I ies Stephing lob spicier sith tock fitted more: The barn ordinary size and the rats were taken in unbaited traps set along the sebaage ecb of theo takeir being young of the year: The habits seating aeagaadaealiomian but differ little from 15. Microtus nanus canescens Bailey. Gray Meapow Mouss. species of Microtus were taken along Willow Creek. ¥ Representa- of the series were sent to Mr. Vernon Bailey of the U. S. Biological , who kindly identified them for me. The shorter-tailed specimens ce | as fairly typical M. n. canescens. This form was rather in the 16. Microtus mordax mordax (Merriam). CANTANKEROUS MEADow Movuse. e long-tailed Microtus of the series Mr. Bailey has referred to M. of which it is fairly typical. This form, which ordinarily prefers i and higher Transition zones, has evidently used the convenient y of Willow Creek to invade the lower zone sage-brush country. ih siordhs and nanus canescens were taken in the same trap on different s and probably use the same runways to a certain extent. However, that nanus canescens, in general, affects the meadowlands and fields lering the creek, while mordaz is restricted to the willow thickets and . growths of grass, nettles, ete., which immediately line the cold creek ers. The greater part of a good-sized series of Microtus from along ow Creek are mordaz. mice were quite abundant in the hay meadows and the moist sk bottoms. Here their runways were plainly discernable and traps set 14 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXTIj in them yielded a fair number of specimens. As is usually the case with this genus, all sizes and ages of these mice were taken. During the haying, great numbers of meadow mice are driven out into the stubble by the mower and rake, and a good idea of their abundance may be then obtained. At this time, when the short stubble affords poor chances for concealment, the meadow mice are preyed upon by a formidable array of enemies. Hawks, owls, weasels, coyotes and skunks are the most energetic of these. Swainson’s, the western red-tail, the sharp-shinned, Cooper’s, and the marsh hawk, work the meadows by day; while at dusk, the long-eared and great horned owls turn their fierce eyes in quest of Microtus. In one instance, the long-eared owl was seen by day, watching from a fence post for one last mouse before he retreated for the day. At this season, from the Ist of August until the end of harvesting (about the lst of October) the coyotes are frequently seen hunting the short stubble for these mice. Weasels and skunks were noted on several occasions in localities that showed their fondness for meadow mice. Large flocks of crows work over the meadows at this time of year, primarily after grasshoppers, but probably pick up a number of mice in the short stubble. Ravens also were seen in a number of instances, watching from fence posts, and an opportunity to catch meadow mice would surely not be passed by. Despite this continual war of ex- termination, meadow mice are one of the surest crops of the district. 17. Microtus (Lagurus) curtatus artemisiz subsp. nov. SaGe-BrusH Meapow Movse. Type No. 33547, 9 ad., Ironside, Malheur Co., Oregon, altitude 4000 ft., August 9, 1912; coll. H. E. Anthony. Very similar to M. curtatus, but averaging smaller; color about as in curtatus. The type is in the light gray pelage. Upperparts pale gray with light irregular wash of bistre brown on crown andrump. Base of tail and lower rump buffy. Transition from upper to lower parts gradual. Ears blackish with a few buffy hairs at base. Underparts silvery white. Tail faintly bicolor, color of back above, buffy white beneath. Two other specimens (33548 and 33549) about as in the type but color of the upperparts with stronger buffy brown wash and with buffy ear edgings. No. 33549 has white of the underparts suffused with buff. Skull nearly the same size as curtatus, larger than in M. pauperrimus. Bulle inflated, fully as large as in curtatus, much larger than in pauperrimus. Superior outline of skull nearly flat, with little evidence of the concavity, postorbitally, of pauperrimus. Molars large, with pattern as in all the species of the subgenus. Compared with skulls of curtatus (U. 8. Biol. Surv. Nos. 41018 @ and 40441 9, Mt. Magruder, Nevada) the Ironside skulls are slightly shorter but of approximately Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 15 Width of the upper molar series fully as great as in late approaching the width in M. pallidus (Biol. Sur. 110803, Glenullin, Dak.). Width of the lower molar series greater than in curtatus. Audital bulle relatively larger, actually as large as in curtatus. Interpterygoid ssa averaging wider posteriorly in curtatus. Parietals averaging more convex “later ios Un the Ironside specimens giving the brain-case a rounded, inflated appear- ance. Hamular process of mandible as in curtatus. same characters which separate curtatus from pallidus will separate M. c. mis Tacs policies. Compared with skulls of pauperrimus (Nat. Mus. 78535, 78543, 148169, from elope, Ore. and Lily, Colo.) the most striking difference is in the size of the audital which are much larger in the Ironside skulls. The mastoid breadth is greater _ The relations of the Ironside series with the other forms of the subgenus are clearly shown in cranial characteristics. Although the series comprises | only three skins with skulls, the characters set forth above are constant. _ As the external appearance of all the species of Lagurus is very similar the Tronside skins might be matched by skins of any of the other forms. A glance at the skulls, however, immediately places their relationship with “i curtatus. From curtatus, however, sufficient differences have been noted . to justify making a subspecies of the new form. No opportunity for com- paring with M. (Lagurus) intermedius Taylor (Univ. of Calif. Pub. Zool. Vol. VII, p. 263) was had; but, as this form is described as having smaller Y - bullee and narrower rostrum, among other distinctions, than curtatus, it , cannot’ conflict. 3 The: range of M. curiatus is the Transition zone of the lower mountains of western Nevada and adjacent parts of California, the altitude given on the skins loaned by the Biological Survey being 8200 feet. The Ironside specimens were all taken at a little under 4000 feet, on dry, sage-covered flats where upper Sonoran conditions prevail. As country of similar _ character to that about Ironside extends to the southward until the western _ Nevada habitat of curtatus is reached, it seems safe to assume that somewhere between the two regions intergradation takes place. This pale gray mouse was found but sparingly. Traps set at fresh appearing burrows among the sage-brush yielded but three specimens; _ several more were taken but were destroyed while in the trap by other mice. _ This mouse was taken on several occasions during the day. No signs of _Tunways were noted, as practically no grass grew about the bases of the sage-brush. I am inclined to think that this mouse lives in small, isolated colonies and is rather rare, as a special effort to extend the series taken _ tesulted in failure. On August 9, a rattlesnake was killed which had one of _ these short-tailed mice in its stomach. 4 ‘a a 16 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, _ Comparative Measurements of Microtus curtatus, M.c. artemisie, and M. pauperimus. | Tall Ss ere BH so 33548 |127 | 26/17 |22.9 |6.75|/14 |12 |6 (8.1 6.2 | 50.22 as 33549 |120 | 1917 | 21.75/62 |14 |12 |5.7 |7.5 | 6.2 | 46.5 Averages of a, q M.c.artemisia | 12°°3| 23 |17 | 22.38) 6.48) 14.06) 12.26) 5.9 7 arr 4 Averages of d | SE. Guilds 141 | 27 | 17.6) 23.2*| 6.53| 14.5 | 12.6 |6 8.1 | 6.38) 51.51 Averages of M. pauperrimus 115 | 20 | .16) 20.74) 5.8 | 13.22) 11.22) 5.62) 7.4 | 5.83) 43.14 18. Fiber zibethicus osoyoosensis Lord. Rocky Mountain Muskrat. Muskrats are quite common along Willow Creek, where they use to a. — greater or less extent the ponds built up by Castor. Their runways were found in several localities running back from the ponds into the lo: g meadow grass and into the alfalfa fields. This species was noted several times. swimming about during the day, but attempts to secure specimens failed because the wounded animal succeeded in diving and losing itself in the tangle of submerged brush which characterizes Willow Creek. These animals are hunted in the winter for their fur and many are secured. The- great horned owls probably catch a number of rats, as owls were seen watch- ing the beaver ponds from some point of vantage in the willows. | 19. Thomomys fuscus fisheri Merriam. FisHer’s Pocket GOPHER. A series of gophers taken along Willow Creek is nearest fisheri, but furnishes many points of intergradation with true fuscus. In coloration 1 Averages of skin measurements taken from North Am. Fauna No. 17, Revision of Ameri can Voles of the Genus Microtus, by Vernon Bailey. ? Averages of cranial measurements from two skulls from type locality (Biol. Surv. Nos. 40441, 41018) and from measurements of one skull in above revision. * Averages of cranial measurements from four adult skulls from Oregon localities. Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 17 : decal n fisheri (U. S. Biol. Surv. Nos. 24297, Umatilla, 4, Sierra Valley, Cal.;. and 80719, Cottonwood Range, ) quite closely; while others more nearly resemble typical fuscus . Surv. Nos. 90595, Wallowa Mts., Oregon; 23674 and 23537, Mts., Idaho). The skulls are most like fisheri, having the are, flr ing zygomatic arch. wees dC ereck: bottom suitable conditions of soil and vegetation prevail. The dryer, sage- benches and flats do not furnish much forage and here their mounds ely seen, but in the meadows by the creek their mounds are very 4 On account of their small size, these animals are very difficult and the traps are more often sprung and plugged with earth than il. Most of their work is done evenings and early mornings; only 20. Perognathus parvus parvus (Peale). OreGon Pocket Movse. M ee er © Pvenatber sgroce in ell essen- tial par ; with the description of parrus (Osgood: N. A. Fauna No. Se Gtk chine of parus loaned by the U. S. Biol. Surv. (Nos. 57107 nd 91816, the Dalles, Oregon, type locality). All of the specimens are in oe Some of the skins have a "y toward the buffy phase as represented by the Survey skins. The See Uicuislia teuiral inthe cantexn Ocegom specimens. Se eae mice are fairly common throughout the flats where sage-brush ws. They do not seem to make the burrows or trails which characterize genus farther south; but evidently use to a certain extent holes already A few fresh looking burrows were found in among the brush, placed that the base of the brush effectually concealed them. Rolled oats oved an attractive bait and invariably the trapped animal had its cheek hes filled with the oats. 21. Zapus princeps princeps Allen. . Rocky Mountain Jumpinc Mouse. » specimens of Zapus were taken at Ironside. The Ironside mouse decidedly not typical princeps and shows a strong tendency toward ps oregonus, but its closer affinities seem to be with princeps. In 18 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, coloration, the eastern Oregon Zapus has the ochraceous lateral coloration of oregonus replaced by yellowish. The tail is distinctly bicolor. The skulls of the Ironside series are very near princeps. The first upper pre- molar is small, never functional in any of the skulls and in one (No. 33622) is completely missing, no trace of an alveolus being apparent. The audital bulle are as in princeps and the upper and lower toothrows divaricate posteriorly, perceptibly more than in p. oregonus. ‘ Jumping mice were found to be rather more common than species of this genus are wont to be. A series of nine specimens was taken in the tall grass and willows along the creek. Although the animals were in good condition, they lacked the heavy layer of fat beneath the skin which is assumed for hibernation, as a rule, about this time of year (August to September). It is not improbable that in this locality he for the good weather continues until late. 22. Erethizon epixanthum epixanthum Brandi. WESTERN PoRCUPINE. No specimens of this animal were taken, but remains of one were found in a rocky ledge. In winter they are not uncommon in the willows along Willow Creek. 23. Lepus campestris townsendi Bachman. Townsenp’s Hare; “Wauite-ratLep Jack Rapsir.” Specimens taken at Ironside prove practically typical in pelage and cranial characteristics. White-tailed jacks, as this species is known to the visiomenid are quite abundant in northern Malheur County. During the summer months, these rabbits stay along the higher foothills and thus are seldom seen. The few that remain in the lower country where the black-tail, L. californicus wallawalla, range, generally choose a different character of feeding ground. The white-tails prefer the open flats and the rye-grass fields or stubble, after haying, and lie very close when one approaches. The black-tail prefers sage-brush and seldom allows a close approach. Besides the differ- ence in build of the two species and the dissimilarity in tail pattern, the gaits of the two forms, when aroused from cover, serve to distinguish them as far as they can be seen. Townsendi runs with a halting, one-sided lope, looking back over the shoulder; while wallawalla runs smoothly and evenly Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 19 aa stops to look ba Townsendi when thoroughly frightened, ins a burst of speed far in excess of the powers of wallawalla. In winter, n these rabbits are white, they come down from the hills to feed about ‘stacks. On moonlight nights the ranchers hunt them here and can kill ten or a dozen in an evening. At this season their flesh is often 24. Lepus californicus wallawalla Merriam. AL WALLA Jack Rassrr; “ Brack-rarep Jack Rassrr.” tailed jack rabbits from Ironside are referable to the above form. may be considered typical, as may also the cranial characters, some tendency toward intergradation with c. deserticola is shown : ar tas wodital hulle: and jogs *k-t are the most abundant of the Leporidee at Ironside, their s being far in excess of the other three species combined. They rywhere over the sage-brush hills and their destruction of crops 1 one of the worst enemies of the ranchman. One of their most us habits is browsing on the young fruit trees when first set out. ed rabbit proof fence affords little protection from this species, for go anywhere its head can enter, a small space between the yielding ready entrance. i rabbit, as well as the other three species of the Leporide found in regi : 1, suffers greatly from parasites. Without exception, every sit shot had from one to half a dozen worms just under the skin, ranging from the diameter ofa gain of rice to a full half inch Ticks in 1 = numbers were also found. he ara part of the rabbits seen during the late summer months young of the year, about three-quarters grown. They were rather ad curious, but the adults were quite shy and suspicious. 25. Sylvilagus nuttalli nuttalli (Bachman). Nutra.u’s Corron-tal.. r all practical purposes the series of Sylvilagus taken at Ironside be considered topotypes. The supposed type locality, the mouth : ¢ Malheur River, is approximately fifty miles to the northeast, with » character of the intervening country the same as that of Ironside. ‘The -imen: talien bear out the description given in Nelson’s Revision (N. A. 20 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII], Fauna No. 29). Nelson in his revision gives the vertical range of nuttalli as up to 3000 feet (J. c., p. 201). But it reaches 4000 feet at Ironside and has been noted, not uncommonly, among the foothills almost to 5000 feet; thus placing a large part of its range in northern Malheur County at 4000 feet and above. Cotton-tails are fairly common about Ironside. They frequent brushy draws and spots affording rather more cover than the open sage-flats. The adults are rather shy and, when once started, generally run until they have reason to believe themselves safe. The younger animals at times are ridiculously tame and merely keep out from underfoot. This species rarely enters a burrow, when started from cover, unless hard pressed. 26. Brachylagus idahoensis (Merriam). Ipano Piemy Rassit; “Bruse Rapsir.” The series of Brachylagus collected at Ironside may be considered fairly typical idahoensis. The series, ten in number, includes both immature and adult pelages, as well as the mid-summer and fall phases. Between these extremes are specimens showing gradation from one to the other, a range so wide that the extremes suggest different races. Since my return from Eastern Oregon, five specimens of Brachylagus idahoensis, collected at Ironside, by A. W. Anthony, from November 18 to December 17, 1912, have been received at the Museum. These skins are undoubtedly in the winter pelage but differ so markedly from what was supposed before to be the winter pelage (specimens taken September 8), that a comparison of the different pelages as represented in the Ironside series seems called for. The summer pelage, as in the Ironside series, is fairly constant when one takes into consideration the different stages of wear. The upper parts, in the adult, are a grizzled brownish gray with more or less blackish hairs according to the state of wear. In worn summer pelage the black is lost and the dorsal region has a stronger brownish tinge. This is due to the fact that the hairs of the upper parts have several distinct colors throughout their length. The blackish hairs of the early summer are black only on the tips. Just beneath the black is a short band of gray, while following the gray is a band of rufous or vinaceous. The basal half or two-thirds of the hair is slate gray. A slight intermixture of hairs light gray for their entire length is found in the summer skins. Two specimens collected August 10, are taken as summer examples. The different stages of wear in this pelage, as the different colored tips to the hairs disappear, produce a phase that Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 21 with considerable black in the upper parts and ends with these parts ra monotone of gray with a wash of rufous along the dorsal line. is has assumed a full, heavy pelage of much longer, iiier hair than that ich makes up the summer coat. The upper parts, posterior to the rufous ok patch, have a pronounced vinaceous tinge that makes the animal look rely different. In this pelage the long hairs have tips of vinaceous gray, ‘gray becoming purer and lighter toward the base, with a suggestion of a band of blackish, followed by a band several millimeters wide "of brownish buff and with the basal two-thirds bluish slate. A few of the hairs have blackish tips, especially in the mid-dorsal region. The two _ specimens of Sept. 8 have this pelage except for the head and ears back to the shoulders. A specimen taken November 18 has this same pelage com- i plete, and differs from the September skins in having a sightly less orange _ mape. A specimen taken November 26 differs in having more black-tipped __ hairs and practically no vinaceous tinging of the gray hairs, giving upper ; - parts with clear gray and black intermixture. By the middle of December fading has brought about another change in a color. A specimen with the label bearing the date of December 13, has nearly all the blackish hair tips gone from the upper parts and the vinaceous east so weakened that it appears as a buff. A specimen taken December 17 is much the same, but has perhaps a lighter appearance. A specimen of December 14 presents the maximum fading and consequently the most striking appearance. This skin is almost a clear silver gray and in life _ must have served the animal as a protective color on the snow. The long ___ hairs have everywhere faded to clear gray and only the slightest suggestion __ of buff remains. The head is gray and as the ears fully cover the orange __ yellow nape the whole upper surface of the body is silver gray. The feet __ have retained their orange coloration and there ‘is an indefinite band of ____ brownish black along the anterior border of the ear. Except for difference in the length of the hair the only changes in the pelage of the under parts _ from summer to winter is that the winter specimens have the white clearer and with less buffy or orange washings. Taken all together the winter pelage when it has reached its lightest _ phase is a most peculiar one, and would seem to most resemble the transi- tion pelage of the varying hares when the white coat of winter prevails over _ the summer coat. __ The Idaho pygmy rabbit, rarest of the Leporide in the United States, __ is a not uncommon species about Ironside. I first noted it in September, 1911, when I secured five specimens: later, August to September, 1912, I _ took ten more. A special effort was made to ascertain something of the habits of this little known rabbit and the following facts were noted. re ei j a ve a 22 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. XXXII, This rabbit seemed to be quite generally distributed throughout the district, where it is recognized by ranchers as being distinct from the cotton- tail. It has a decided preference for little draws and flats where the sage- brush grows thickly, and where rabbit-brush (Chrysothamnus) occurs in extensive patches. In fact, the best way to hunt this animal was to look for the bright yellow of Chrysothamnus and then work that vicinity. Very rarely could one be found at any distance from rabbit-brush. This may have been only a coincidence, for spots where the rabbit-brush grows are generally more luxuriant in vegetation than adjacent localities, but it remains a fact that a dozen rabbits were seen in places as described above to every one that could be found out on the sparsely brushed flats and hills. It was mere accident if one idahoensis was found where the low sage grew and conditions suited the other species of the Leporide, but one might be reasonably sure of seeing several in any extensive.growth of rabbit-brush and tall sage. Here they appeared to colonize and as many as eight or ten were seen in a forenoon, on several occasions. On account of the thick growth and the animal’s habit of circling about under cover an- accurate count of the inhabitants of such a locality was difficult to obtain. The pygmy did not seem to be as wild as the Sylvilagus nuttalli often found in the same spot. Jdahoensis would start from under a bush and in a series of leisurely hops or short runs, if not too greatly alarmed, melt away into the thick cover. Careful following on the trail would discover a ball of brownish fur at the foot of some clump, with eyes watching the back trail and nervous ears on the alert. Cautious movements would permit approach to within ten or twelve feet. In fact, one great drawback in securing speci- mens was this close proximity of the animals. In the thick growth they affect, the hunter does not see one until it has started from under his very feet, where it is manifestly impossible to shoot it; and, before it has reached a distance where it would not be uselessly mangled, the animal has inter- posed brush between itself and the danger. Pursuit only brings a repeti- tion of this or finds the rabbit motionless at ridiculously close range. The social instinct might, at first glance, appear to be rather more developed in Brachylagus than in the other Leporide of the region because of this habit of preference for restricted areas, and observations seem to bear this out. Not infrequently two of the animals were put out from the same clump of brush, and it was generally noted that the residents of each particular area would be found more or less congregated at one part of their chosen district. This was not due to conditions of food supply, evidently, for the next visit might discover them at the. opposite end. When one rabbit was seen, more often than not, others would scurry out too, before any great distance was traversed. Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 23 Merriam in his remarks on the species when he described it, 1 the fact that idahoensis runs differently from the other rabbits. i paint was well borne out by my observations. The pygmy runs more 7 in a scurrying manner like a ground squirrel, keeping close to the ground aged leaping as Sylvilagus is wont to do. When moving at their e these animals would progress in short hops but when speed was their desire they scuttled low to earth. The statement however, made in the a paper, that idahoensis is almost exclusively nocturnal, was not sub- tiated, as far as I could note, nor did I get the impression that this bit was in the habit of using badger holes for their homes to an extent iat would make them difficult to find in the day time. I could be as rea- sonably certain of seeing Brachylagus in the day time as I could be of finding ES - Sylvilagus, and the same feeding habits and hours seem to apply to the one as to the other. As an instance of their being abroad in the day time, Se feeding, several were shot in fairly open spots where the nature of the sur- _ roundings made their dwelling in old badger holes a necessity; and each time the animal was seen at the entrance to the burrow, but far enough outside to show that he had just run up to the burrow from his feeding quarters, on the approach of danger. Where their favorite conditions prevail, none were seen at burrows, and I think that here the thick brush affords ample protection and the surface form answers all the requirements f 9 a home, at least during the summer. In such a spot, rabbits when seen were always started from under the brush and rarely did I drive one to a _ burrow, as the animal would double and turn and seek to hide in the brush, a proceeding he would not be apt to resort to if he had a burrow near by in which he was accustomed to seek refuge. But, when he lacked the cover hide in, as did a few which were seen in more open localities, his one idea was to escape down the first old badger hole he could find, precisely what ‘one would expect Sylvilagus to do under the same circumstances. Once _or twice, the rabbits of a Chrysothamnus patch, three or four in number, were found at the very outskirts of the cover and made for the deeper brush when I alarmed them. This was in the late forenoon and it would ‘appear that the animals were feeding and had not yet retired to the denser eover for the mid-day. Young cotton-tails and black-tail rabbits were often seen in the same thick cover with Brachylagus, but so distinctive was the pygmy that, if one good glimpse was obtained, no doubt as to identity could exist. B. idahoen- ‘8i8 appears in life to be quite bluish-gray or rufous brown, accordingly as the animal has changed its pelage, and its apparent lack of a tail sets it apart from the young S. nuttalli with his twinkling tuft of cotton. Young of idahoensis were seen fairly often, and nearly full-grown speci- 24 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, mens were secured. Most of those noted ranged from two thirds grown to the mature of the year. One was seen however about the size of a man’s fist August 21 but was lost in thick brush before it could be secured. At no time was B. idahoensis heard to utter a sound. 27. Felis ruffa Giildenstedt, subsp.? Bos-cat. Wild cats are not uncommon in the rocky breaks about Ironside. One quite frequently hears of their being killed there, : 28. Canis lestes Merriam. Coyote. Coyotes are very abundant in Malheur County. In favored localities they could be seen almost daily but were extremely wild and suspicious. Their chosen hunting grounds were the wide meadows and hayfields, where one could see them catching mice and grasshoppers. The one specimen secured was shot at daybreak, near a haystack, where in company with another of his kind he had been digging in the moist earth, presumably for Microtus. Coyotes catch a great many of the chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and sheep of the ranchers and are shot whenever opportunity offers. 29. Vulpes macrourus Baird. LONG-TAILED Fox. Foxes occur in this region, but none were noted. 30. Ursus altifrontalis Filiot. AMERICAN BLACK BEar. A bear was seen at the base of Ironside Mountain during my stay at Ironside. 31. Taxidea americana neglecta Mearns. CALIFORNIA BADGER. Badgers are very common in Malheur County and their burrows are to be seen everywhere. One was seen at the mouth of a freshly dug burrow, ee — BS Anthony, Mammals of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 25 | 32. Mephitis ‘jishlenielia major (Howell). Great Bastin SKUNK. nk was seen on two different occasions in a meadow along Willow 33. Spilogale phenax latifrons Merriam. BROAD-HEADED SporreD SKUNK; “ POLE-caAT.” 34. Lutreola vision energumenus (Bangs). NorTHWESTERN Minx. . “Mink are not infrequently seen along Willow Creek. I saw one in a yeaver pond, August 20, seemingly in pursuit of a muskrat. My notes his method follow: “The dam made a large, still pool grown up about most of the margin willows. Large clumps of dead willows were in the pond and low rank iss on the side I approached. Heard something drop off into the water n I came up, and marked the animal’s progress through the shallow, ss encumbered water by the movement of the grass tops. Presently m my right (the first animal had made off to the left), about two minutes sr, a slight noise disclosed the approach of something. It came following : low, grass overhung bank to within six or eight feet of me, the vegetation hiding it. Then the animal came ashore and darted yet closer through the - grass, the movement of the tops showed quick, hurried motion below. Back then, the way it had come, and the hasty glimpse I secured showed a fine emink. All of his movements seemed so quick and businesslike I think must have been trailing some animal, probably a muskrat, for their Tows and runways were quite plentiful in this vicinity.” Beyond a doubt, the first animal I heard, was the muskrat, which would have been caught had I not taken his place; for the mink came 26 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. XXXII, straight to where I stood, in his blood-thirsty quest. Although I waited some minutes for a shot, expecting him to appear farther down the bank, I never saw him again. 35. Mustela arizonensis (Mearns). Arizona WEASEL; Mountatn WEASEL. Two fine weasels were secured during my stay at Ironside. One was shot while watching a haying crew from between the rails of a fence, and the other was secured out among the sage-brush. Still another was shot at the mouth of a ground squirrel’s burrow, but fell back into the hole and escaped. 36. Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird. WANDERING SHREW. The shrews collected about Ironside are vagrans approaching 0. dobsont. A strong resemblance to ragrans is found in cranial characters, in the size of the teeth, width of the palate, and in pigmentation; while a tendency towards v. dobsoni is indicated by the size of the third upper unicuspid. In external measurements, the series is nearest dobsoni. Shrews were taken in traps set in Microtus runways in the high grass and rank vegetation along Willow Creek. They seemed to be not uncommon and were taken on baits of rolled oats as well as by meat bait. But few were taken in the day time, the greater number being caught at night. Needless to say, shrews were not taken away from the moist creek bottom. Where Sorex was taken, the creek runs through the sage-brush country, upper Sonoran stretches where one could hardly expect this higher zone shrew. However, Willow Creek brings down into this district a good many of the mountain species, as its banks are lined with thick willow groves and smaller trees (alders, beeches, etc.), thus forming practically a con- tinuous strip of high Transition zone but a few yards wide, from the tim- bered mountain slopes well out into upper Sonoran regions. 37. Myotis lucifugus longicrus (7 rue). TrueE’s Bart. At Ironside but few bats were noted. On several occasions one or two were seen at dusk along the creek and in the orchard. One specimen was secured. als of Northern Malheur Co., Oregon. 27 at ‘ Brown Bat. or twice at dusk lying about in orchards or along Willow or Be cma tay es ‘also rendered through the U. S. Biological Survey by Mr. w who loaned specimens of forms not well represented in the n ine ad A. ieee anid br Mr. E. W. Nelson who ‘my winter specimens of Brachylague idahoensis with the series (1 ‘d 908) 90URySIP-prlul OY} UI Yoo MOTT “4 OF) An yy IN . PSU] juaseid oy} JO SIsBq OY} UOJ Tory popOo][OO B1OM STBUILUBUT Oty juiod WoIyM Ivou puv ye ‘mnoFaI¢) * ‘| 44V%d “IIXXX “TOA » ‘* Bouietin A. M. NSH. Vou. XXXII, Prare I. - FAVORITE HAUNT OF Brachylagus idahoensis IN FOREGROUND. x” ie Brachylagus idahoensis. 59.7,35 le II.— NOTES ON THE EMBRYOS OF SEVERAL ‘SPECIES F RAYS, WITH REMARKS ON THE NORTHWARD SUMMER RATION OF CERTAIN TROPICAL FORMS OBSERVED | ON THE COAST OF NORTH CAROLINA.' By Russet J. Coes. -Puate III. ES tis femme, collected for the American M a of Natural History at Cape Lookout, North Carolina, in the sumr nmer of 1912. I also comment briefly on the embryos of two other specie ee ee Cas & Se ee eae and discuss the north- ‘ | obtaining them, although the mother fish were in several species rl; y common. In the summer of 1912, after having examined a number e seine. In these ala whieh I several times observed from a boat, » ray would lift the lead line of the seine. This would account for the ther small catch of fish in a seine entangling a large ray. The young, if pable of swimming, probably also escape in the same way. To counteract this, I at first used a second seine immediately back of the first, with the _ idea of catching any fish and young that escaped from the first; but the results were not satisfactory and at best would have been incomplete, since xt uded eggs, and embryos incapable of swimming, would sink to the m and be lost. I then devised a different method of saving the young Dita fost: As the seine containing a ray was being drawn into »w water, I would jump in, and striking the ray with a knife in the on back of the head, so as to stun it, would hold on to the handle of knife with one hand and close the vent with the other. I would then 41 am indebted to Dr. L. Hussakof, of the American Museum séMetaret History. 1 a ce in the preparation of this paper. 30 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, drag the specimen to shore or be dragged in with it in the seine. On releas- ing the vent, the young would emerge on the sand. By this method, I collected the embryos of Aetobatus narinari and Rhinoptera bonasus de- scribed in this paper. The method is sometimes dangerous, especially with very large rays. For instance, in the case of an Aetobatus narinari 7 feet, Fig. 1.— Aectobatus narinari (Euphrasen); female. 7 ft. 7 in. in diameter. 7 inches in diameter, the seine broke and the ray almost pulled me under as I was struggling with her in deeper water. This ray (Fig. 1) emitted a loud, harsh sound while struggling in the water. She was finally dragged to the beach, but on examination appeared to have expelled her embryos. Embryo of Aetobatus narinari.— Of this species I captured five females and three males. Only one, a7 ft. 2 in. ray, contained embryos; another (the 7 ft. 7 in. ray referred to above) had apparently expelled her embryos before she was brought to shore. Embryos of this species are very rare. I am informed by Dr. E. W. Gudger, who is preparing an extended paper on the natural history of this ray, that the only reference to an embryo is by Klunzinger,' who mentions the fact that “the foetus of Actobatus nari- nari {taken in the Red Sea] is 12 em. wide.” In 1910, I recorded having seen a ray of this species giving birth to four young.” The embryo here described was obtained from the specimen 7 feet, 2 inches in diameter referred to above. The ray was seized after the seine had been dragged into shallow water and the vent was closed; it was wounded to lessen its resistance, and the writer and the fish were dragged together in the seine to the beach. This ray gave birth to four young at 1 Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres. Verhand. K. K. Zool. Botan. Gesell. Wien, XXI, p. 686. ? Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, p. 340. ee i SS — es eS 6 1913.) Coles, Notes on Rays observed on the Coast of North Carolina. 3l intervals of a few seconds between the birth of each. They were alive, each rolled up lengthwise; they quickly unfolded, but died in a few minutes. Judging from their immature condition, they would have reached somewhat larger size before birth. The ray and the four embryos are illustrated in Plate III. It will be noted from the figures that this specimen shows a Fig. 2— Embryo of Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen). have a northw ard s summer migration. In 1 Two specimens, caught two miles southwest of the bight of Cape Lookout. 2 One specimen, caught three miles southwest of the bight; all others caught in the bight. * So confident had I become of the date of appearance of this species that, at my suggestion, Dr. Maud L. Menten of Western Reserve University, who was engaged in studying the electric apparatus of this ray, arrived a day or two before my first capture of this species, which occurred promptly on the date anticipated. The results of this study will shortly be published by Dr. Menten. or Beas eves ms Cot f Nth Corton 35 fr. iene xd that the dates of its arrival and disappearance coincided at ss iasene of Makels olfersi at Cape Lookout, N.C. | Total number | First specimen | Last specimen _ caught caught caught $°> | klyt "| “Joyo 14 | td 620 rt. gS “ 71 “ce 29 I received word that they had been seen on July 15 at > eico thine peaanbaag end agmngliee * a aay, * - a ee ‘ 3! re “7 ee ebay n’ss is Pg Per 7 4 ty 1 * 4 , * z ‘ ’ E A =" ae “a ‘ ees : eae Se ‘ , " t i eee Ay ae * rr eR gud wee Lies A at A : t . ‘ ey foe ay 1 : : i wa ~* a Far: = f6 Peaks 4 3 : ’ . ® - % & Pye is ee > ayo ti SSO Sas ger bial iby hes = er hey aero ae eS Pen ad 6 Pe § qs ‘ - 4 P tthe me < 1 \ - » f swe ae ktm a : Paar, OTE hae Se, ES anes ~ | ‘ ita mays s ae i : Pers Pe Ne 7 eet ao * Dan a. ees ‘alien ae ;. tees iG a 2H wine 4 re Aas of Hie Sey Tee rh er aie Mek oT ee i soil so ear" chen ie f - 5 " 4 igcinks Riceelesient serie ees bate t ‘ ras ee PN chapel ee yest ta: * < eT E oapeay te gins * isk Wee SE et Bets: * e ee 4 * > = np tony Re Mae. Beal “ % $¢ Bouretrn A. M. N. H. Vou XXXII, Prare Il. bo ABTOBATUS NARINARI AND EMBRYOS. a Actobatus narinari (Euphrasen); female, 7 ft. 2 in. in diameter, and the four a embryos to which she gave birth at intervals of a few seconds, on the beach. Cape Lookout, N. Carolina. Fig. 1.— Seen from the side. Fig. 2.— From in front. Fig. 3. From below. Note the unusual coloration consisting of ocelli instead of white spots, shown in figure 1. 59.57,7 (75.9) Article III.— INSECTS OF FLORIDA. I. DIPTERA. By CuHarLes W. JoHNSON. 4 ot Ke Pie 1895 the writer prepared a list of the Diptera of Florida,! based chiefly =! on material collected while living in St. Augustine, 1880-88, a collecting trip in March, 1891, and again in 1894, a collection made by Mrs. Annie F Z 2 ‘Trumbull Slosson, the collection of Mr. Charles Robertson, and the collec- ee tion of the U. S. National Museum. The list contained about 450 deter- Since that time Mrs. Slosson has continued collecting during her winter tis: thus securing a number of new and interesting species, many of which ____were determined by the late D. W. Coquillett. The American Museum of Natural History has sent several expeditions to the State and much valuable material was obtained by Dr. Frank E. Lutz and Mr. John A. Grossbeck. ge Mr. Millard C. Van Duzee in the Spring of 1908 added many interesting _ species and data. To Messrs. Wm. T. Davis, C. H. T. Townsend, J. Chester Bradley, C. P. Whitney and Philip Laurent I am also indebted for a num- ner of additional species and data. In this list I have tried to give sufficient synonymy ‘a notes so that where I have corrected the previous list the names of the two can always _ be correlated notwithstanding the great changes that have taken place in the nomenclature. To keep abreast of the changes which are constantly being made, I have been obliged to discard many of the genera used in Aldrich’s catalogue. While I do not favor radical changes in a faunal list, it does not seem desirable to longer perpetuate names that we know will have to be changed, and the sooner these older names are adopted, the better it will be for dipterology. There are also many other names (barring those in Meigen’s first paper), that probably should have been changed, viz. Rhagio for Leptis, Anthrax for Spogostylum, Villa for Anthrax of authors, Ficherax for Eraz, etc., but many of these changes are too radical for a paper of this kind, and further discussion seems necessary before they are finally adopted. The author has endeavored wherever possible, to verify doubtful deter- | minations and records, but in some families it has been impossible to do so, owing to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient material. The present list contains 845 species. As many of the species in the 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. ‘Bel, Philadelphia, 1895, pp. 303-340. 37 38 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, previous list were determined only generically it represents about double the number of named species. It may be of interest here to make some com- parisons as to the relative abundance of species in a given area and also an approximate idea as to their geographical distribution according to life zones. Considering the area of Florida (58,680 sq. m.), compared with that of New Jersey (7,576 sq. m.) where the insect fauna has been carefully studied, and where over 1600 species of Diptera ' have been recorded, the 840 species of Florida seem somewhat meager. The natural inference would be that there has been less collecting in Florida, and while this is true to some extent, there has been, nevertheless a great deal of very careful collecting done there. We must therefore consider what other reasons there may be for this great discrepancy in the relative number of species. It is well known that the species of certain families, while predominating in more northern latitudes, become less plentiful as we approach the tropics. This is true of the families Tipulide, Mycetophilidee, Cecidomyide, Empi- dide, Anthomyide, Scatophagide, Sciomyzide, etc., while other families, including the Culicid, Strationyide, Tabanide, Bombilide, Asilidee, Orta- lide, etc., are about equally abundant in the warmer, and in the more tem- perate regions. Other families like the Syrphidze and Tachinide that are conspicuous and abundant in both regions are, however, more numerous in the upper austral and transition zones. Species of the family Nemestrinide have not been recorded in the Atlantic coast States outside of Florida, while five families, represented by numerous species in the more northern States, have not as yet been found in Florida. The following table comparing the number of species known at present in a given family in the two States, shows the above facts more clearly :-— Florida New Jersey Tiptide ss HAS, SI SOU 6.0.5 are one 135 DRI sii cious Co ees ee tee th POPC LEST ee” 2 pa, NON Nea RB arepareinpay 7? Be ons hells 5s cena 5 an 6 Chironomide........ 22.24... GE eis w tnt hvac) gk a 83 Sess sowed w a cee ont SEs crepe skn sec a 40 CUED socks pe cucamcys Meese AES o.oo 5 Mycetophilade................ Se sels. oy i 53 a ee ‘er ee ee 105 NEI RS Coa ree Bea Fein bhi 0:0 ace sin c.0 pa 14 ae ano awe vpareas 1... binge «sapsues oe eee 5 WIE snes nck bc ccna Wakes Lo. ops =a hae 3 Btratiomiyide@. -... see cece OTs. ole che ede 5 oC 30 t Insects of New Jersey, By John B. Smith, Annual Report New Jersey State Museum, 1909 (1910), pp. 703-814. ee ae Johnson, Insects of Florida. 39 _ Florida New Jersey ea a ak a SEM ee 75 See eon eGuide ehie ENG pace chk dakb diescloaucnss 21 Doe ORS Sate adie RCS es dceieetle td dcde desadee e's we eeeeereereereer ee eeee ish Mi ick Sei onwe. BERS SES a ! EE Se ae ee, Spee AE ee SES): IT ee eee ae ee 4G eee eee ee es ete ook ee Awe eee eee eee eee ee ey ed ee ee) & ee eRe RWS aie a abe te Wagle CEOS wig iw 5s Seta ales cach way ae ate Saitt GMs vids Kano b Uaberaleiduasirote 19 ee EL eae aaah he ans otc iota te 7 ESE EE eh NE ena Damm NGS eat, Vac sg PRC ois core hts ae tw a vuake > Went ee e e eee re ee . Vaseresroeresseccees eee ee Me eec teeter A a yc vscd ee esti kes crees Bees eee cere reeieeeeee eS a ee es oe SY, Selle Nard Medi aie Re tad etal 5 4 29 Divo dectopiasbacaven ste eee eee eee Soa TAT ec Oh venusta var. perplexa Brues. Tick Island, May 12 aC ) _ Dohrniphora incisuralis Loew. Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). t oc fasciata Fall. Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). __Aphiocheta epierm Brues. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Rockledge * x hh: nigriceps Loew. Biscayne Bay and Jacksonville (Mrs. 66 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXTI, Aphiocheta rufipes Meig. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Aphiocheta scalaris Loew. Biscayne Bay, Feb. (Mrs. Slosson); Orlando (Chittenden). Aphiocheta subpicta Malloch. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Aphiocheta minor Zett. (A. minuta Aldr.) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). PIPUNCULID&. Pipunculus albiseta Cress. Belleaire (Mrs. Slosson). Pipunculus constrictus Banks. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Pipunculus houghi Kertz. (P. lateralis Walk. (not Maeq.) + P. femorata Cress.) St. Augustine (Prothecus lateralis of my previous list.) ‘ Pipunculus insularis Cress. Jacksonville. Pipunculus biscaynei Cress. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Pipunculus nigripes Loew. Biscayne Bay and Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Pipunculus subvirescens Loew. Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Pipunculus subnitens ? Cress. Jacksonville. SYRPHID. Microdon fulgens Wied. St. Augustine, pupe found in decayed pine logs (C. W. J.); Suwannee, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Marco, Apr. 20, and Deep Lake, Apr. 15. Microdon fuscipennis Macg. Georgiana, July 17 (Whitfeld). Microdon globosus Fabr. Crescent city, Apr. 21; Titusville, Nov. 8. Microdon limbus Will. Jacksonville, Apr. (Mrs. Slosson). Microdon pachystylum Will. St. Augustine (C. W. J.). Microdon scitulus Will. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Microdon tristis Loew. Biscayne Bay, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Microdon baliopterus Loew. (Omegasyrphus baliopterus.) Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). Microdon coarctatus Loew. (Omegasyrphus coarctatus.) Orlando, Mar. 16 (Robertson). Chrysogaster nitida Wied. St. Augustine Mar. 15, and Tick Isl., May 12 (C. W. J.); Orlando, May 16 (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Feb. 14 (Robertson). Johnson, Insects of Florida. 67 — sata Macg. Inverness, Feb. 8-12 (Robertson). australis Johns. St. Augustine, Mar. 15. Included under ilchella in my previous list. ‘Pipi: pulchella Will. Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay, Feb. (Mrs. tibialis Fall. St. Augustine, May 21, and Palatka, May 19 clavata Fabr. St. Augustine, May 21 (C. W. J.); Lake Worth 1] Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Crescent City (Hubbard); Orlando, . 17; Lakeland, Nov. 7 (Davis); Jacksonville, Nov. 3; Ft. Myers, zy ‘16, id Tevernred: Mar. 26 os ths dresden’ | us Sayre Say. St. oe — 15, May 20 _ Ocyptamus scuteliates Loew. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). _ Syrphus americanus Wied. Jacksonville, Apr. 15, Biscayne Bay, tlantic Beach, and Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); Orlando, Feb. 21, and inverness, Feb. 12 (Robertson). _Allograpta obliqua Say. Inverness, Feb. 12, Mar. 21 (Robertson); yne Bay, Feb. (Mrs. Slosson); Punta Gorda, Nov. 11; Pablo Beach, . 4. _ Philhelius emarginatus Say. (Xanthogramma emarginata.) “ Flor- “ida, Apr. 20” (Riley). _ Toxomerus boscii Macg. (Mesogramma boscii.) St. Augustine, May 20 (C. W. J.); Orlando, Mar. 15, and Inverness, Feb. 29 (Robertson); akeland, Nov. 10; Crescent City, Apr. 25; Clearwater, Apr. 29; Jackson- i‘ , May 9. es parvulus Loew. ~(Mesogramma parvula.) St. Augustine, 20 (C. W. J.); Lake Mary, Mar. (Griffith); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. son). ‘ Toxomerus marginatus Say. (Mesogramma marginata.) St. Augus- ne, May 20, and De Funia Spk., Mar. 1 (C. W. J.); Lake Worth, Mar. Slosson); Orlando, Feb. 21, and Inverness, Mar. 9 (Robertson); onville, Nov. 3. 68 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Toxomerus planiventris Loew. (Mesogramma planiventris.) Cres- cent City, Apr., and Clearwater, May 1; Titusville, Nov. 8; Lakeland, Nov. 10; Punta Gorda, Nov. 11; La Belle, Nov. 14. Toxomerus politus Say. (Mesogramma polita.) St. Augustine, and Georgetown, May 9 (C. W. J.); Jacksonville, Nov. 3 (Davis); Titusville, Nov. 8. Toxomerus subannulatus Loew. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Toxomerus duplicatus Wied. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Volucella abdominalis Wied. Chokoloskee. é Volucella esuriens Fabr. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Georgiana (Whitfeld); Biscayne Bay, Jan., Apr., and Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson); Key West (U. S. N. M.); Sanibel Isl.; Marco, Apr. 17 (Davis); Tortugas Islands, June 23 (R. C. Osburn). pe Volucella eugenia Will. ‘“ Florida” (Williston). Volucella fasciata Macg. Inverness, Feb. 3, Mar. 24 (iteeation); Lakeland, Mar. 29 (Davis). Volucella pusilla Macg. St. Augustine, Mar. 15, May 21 (C. w. J.); Ft. Myers, Mar. 31 (Davis); Newberry, Nov. 18. Volucella obesa Fabr. Chokoloskee. Volucella pallens Wied. St. Augustine, Mar. 15, Georgiana; Lake Worth, and Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Feb. 12 (Robert- son); South Bay, Lake Okeechobee, May 2 (Davis). Volucella vesiculosa Fabr. Inverness, Mar. 19 (Robertson). Eristalis albifrons Wied. St. Augustine (F. H. Genung); Orlando, Feb. 21 (Robertson); Lake Worth; Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Georgiana (Whitfeld); Miami, Feb. 18 (P. Laurent); Chokoloskee; Everglade, Apr. 7; Lakeland, May 6 (Davis). Eristalis dimidiatus Wied. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Punta Gorda, Nov. 16 (Davis); Newberry, Nov. 18. Eristalis transversus Wied. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. Ww. J.); Inverness, Mar. 14 (Robertson). Eristalis vinetarum Fabr. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); Punta Gorda, Nov. 16 (Davis). Meromacrus acutus Fabr. (M. crucigerus Wied.) St. Augustine, and Juniper Creek, May 15 (C. W. J.); Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Chokoloskee, May; Lakeland, May 6 (Dayis). _ Meromacrus ruficrus Wied. Chokoloskee; Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Tropidia albistylum Macg. Lake Worth, and Charlotte Habis (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Feb. 5 (Robertson). Helophilus divisus Loew. Orlando, Feb. 22 (Robertadael; a 1913) Johnson, Insects of Florida. 69 _—- Helophilus-similis Macy. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Inverness, Feb. 12 (Robertson); Lake Worth, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson); Titusville, Nov. os Mallota cimbiciformis Fall. Inverness, Feb. 12 (Robertson). ___‘Xylota analis Will. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Charlotte Harbor, ___ Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Referred in error to X. ejuncida in my previous list. K= _ Kylie pigra Fabr. “Florida” (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness Feb. 8, " Milesia vingitionsis Drury. (M. ornata Fabr.) St. Augustine, Jacksonville, May 22, and Juniper Creek, May 15 (C. W. J.); Inverness a Mar. 12, Apr. 5 (Robertson); Ormond and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); gy Georgiana (Whitfeld); Everglade, Apr. 7, Lakeland, May 6 (Davis). Spilomyia hamifera Loew. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Inverness, Mar. 6 (Robertson). _ Ceriodes abbreviata Loew. (Ceria abbreviata.) “ Florida” (Willis- tn’ Ceriodes signifera Loew. (Ceria signifera.) Inverness, Feb. 12, 14 Ceriodes willistonii Kahl. “ Florida.” CONOPID. _ Conops brachyrhyncus Macg. St. Augustine. -Conops bulbirostris Loew. St. Augustine. Conops excisus Wied. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Crescent City, July 2 (Hubbard); Inverness, Mar. 18 (Robertson); Charlotte Harbor and Pensacola, Mar. and April (Mrs. Slosson); Marco, Apr. 21 (Davis). Physocephala castanoptera Loew. St. Augustine. _ Physocephala sagittaria Say. Inverness, Feb. 8 (Robertson); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Physocephala tibialis Say. Biscayne Bay, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Zodion fulvifrons Say. Lake Worth and Ormond, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Zodion nanellum Loew. Inverness, Feb. 9 (Robertson). ‘Stylogaster biannulata Say. Tallahassee, Aug. 8 (A. P. Morse). Dalmannia vitiosa Cog. Inverness, Mar. 25 (Robertson). OESTRID. Cuterebra americana Fabr. “ Florida,” April 5, 1895 (J. Akhurst). Cuterebra buccata Fabr. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Chokoloskee _ (E. G, Cove). 70 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Cuterebra fontinella Clark. (C. cuniculi? of my previous list.) St. Augustine. TACHINIDA. Trichopoda lanipes Fabr. (2) (7. formosa Wied, o.) St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Miami, May 26 (Laurent); Biscayne Bay, and Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson); Punta Rossa, Apr. 3. Trichopoda cilipes Wied. “Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Enterprise Apr. 16 (Laurent). Trichopoda pennipes Fabr. (7. ciliata and pyrrhogaster Wied.) St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Charlotte Harbor, and Jacksonville, Apr. (Mrs. Slosson); Georgiana, July (Whitfeld); Lakeland, May 6 (Davis). Trichopoda plumipes Fabr. (7. histrio. Walk. and T. trifasciata Loew.) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Mar. 18 (Robertson). The genera Galactomyia and Polistomyia Towns. seem to be based on characters too slight for permanency. Myophasia atra Desv. Clytia atra Desv. Myodaires, 288, 1830. Tachina aenea Meigen Auss. Zweifl., II, 298, 1830, not Meigen 1824, Orlando; Jacksonville, Nov. 3; Crescent City, Apr. 21; Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). Myophasia metallica Towns. (Phasioclista metallica and Clista americana Towns.) St. Augustine, May 21 (C. W. J.); Orlando and Inverness, Mar. 15-22 (Robertson); Ft. Myers, Nov. 19. Myophasia globosa Towns. (Loewia globosa.) Inverness, Mar. 3-20 (Robertson); Jacksonville, May 9. The synonymy given by authors under Myophasia enca Wied (1830), is a very good example of the evils of the genus making craze, in which species and the rules of nomenclature are ignored, while in attempting to unravel intricacies, characters of specific value have gone down with the genera. A large series shows apparently three or four good species, but the genera are hopeless, as they are based on variable or secondary sexual characters. | Hyperecteina demylus Wall. (Masicera demylus.) “ Florida” (Mrs. Slosson). Hyperecteina polita Cog. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Paradmontia brevis Cog. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Chetophleps rostrata Cog. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Hypostena floridensis Zowns. (Tachinophyto floridensis and De- 1913.] Johnson, Insects of Florida. 71 geeria leucocyela- of my previous list.) St. Augustine, Mar. 21, Tick Isl., May 12 (C. W. J.); Jacksonville, bred from Schizocerus (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Mar. 27 (Robertson); LaBelle, Nov. 14. Hypostena indecisa Towns. (Pseudomyothyria indecisa.) Inverness, Mar. 3-5 (Robertson). Hypostena maculosa Cog. St. Augustine. Hypostena nitens Cog. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Hypostena setinervis Coy. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Hypostena vanderwulpi Zowns. (Myothyria vanderwulpi.) Inver- ness, Feb. 12 (Robertson). Phasmophaga meridionalis Zowns. (Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., II, 244, 1909). ‘“‘ Reared at Cutler, Florida, from Anisomorpha buprestoides, May 29, 1908.” (Townsend.) Leskia analis Say. (Myobia depile Coq.) Juniper Creek, May 15 (C. W. J.); Jacksonville (Ashmead). Leskia thecata Cog. Jacksonville, Nov. 3; Clearwater, Apr. 30. Leskiomima tenera Wied. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Gstrophasia bilimekii B. & B. (Phasiopteryx bilimekii.) Georgiana (U. S. Nat. Mus.). Gstrophasia clausa B. & B. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Ormond (Mrs. Slosson); Lake Mary, Mar. (Griffith). Gstrophasia punctata Cog. (Clytomyia punctata.) Charlotte Harbor; Jacksonville, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Cestrophasia signifera |. d. Wulp. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Xanthomelanodes atripennis Say. (Xanthomelana atripennis.) St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Inverness, Feb. 11 (Robertson). Beskia wlops Wall. St. Petersburg, Aug. 12 (J. C. Bradley). This is placed in the genus Ocypterosipha by Townsend. While the third antennal joint in B. cornuta B. & B. is somewhat narrower than in this species, the making or retaining of genera on such slight characters seems deplorable. Epigrymyia floridensis owns. (Siphophyto floridensis.) Inverness, Mar. 1-29 (Robertson). Epigrymyia robertsonii TZowns. (Siphoclytia robertsonii.) Inver- ness, Mar. 13-27 (Robertson). Siphona geniculata DeGeer. (Siphona illinoisensis Towns.) In- verness, Feb. 12, Mar. 22 (Robertson). Plagiprospherysa floridensis Zowns. Inverness, Feb. 12, Mar, 21 (Robertson). Chetoglossa picticornis Towns. Inverness, Feb. 16-Apr. 4 (Robert- son). ~J bo Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Chetoglossa viole Towns. (C. nigripalpis Towns.) Inverness, Feb. 16—Mar. 26 (Robertson). Pachyophthalmus floridensis Towns. (P. trypoxylonis Towns., Sarcomacronychia floridensis Towns.) Inverness, Mar. 1-19 (Robertson) ; Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). Pachyophthalmus signatus Meig. “ Florida” (Coquillett). Senotainia rubriventris Macg. (Miltogramma decisa Towns.) Jacksonville; Inverness, Mar. 10-16 (Robertson); Everglade, Apr. 5. Senotainia trilineata V.d.Wulp. (Miltogramma argentifrons Towns. M. cinerescens Towns.) Orlando, Mar. 16, and Inverness, Feb. 16—Mar. 20 (Robertson); Punta Gorda, Nov. 16; Ft. Meyer, Nov. 15. Biomyia aurigera Cog. (Masiphya aurigera.) “Florida” (Mrs. Slosson). Biomyia brasiliana B. & B. (Tachinomyia floridensis sgreajes St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Siphosturmia rostrata Cog. “ Florida” (Coquillett). Belvosia bifasciata Fabr. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Spe Belvosia slossonz Cog. Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). Aphria ocypterata Jowns. “ Florida’’ (Mrs. Slosson). Ocyptera caroline Desv. (0. euchenor Walk.) Inverness, Mas! 18 (Robertson). Nemorea smithi V.d. Wulp. (Arthrochaeta smithi.) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). . Carcelia dorsalis Cog. (Evxorista dorsalis.) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Carcelia flavirostris Vd. Wulp. (Evxorista flavirostris.) Ft. George (Coquillett). Carcelia pyste Wall. (Ezxorista pyste.) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Phorocera claripennis Macg. (Phorocera edwardsii Will.) Inverness, Mar: 13 (Robertson); Crescent City. ; Phorocera tachinomoides Zowns. Miami (Townsend); Lake Mary, Mar. (Griffith). Phorocera melobosis Wall:. (Tachina ‘melobosis.) “ Florida” (Walker). Oxynops serratus Jowns. (Jour. N. Y. Entom. Soc., XX, 110, 1912.) Biscayne Bay, Miami, Nov. 30 (Mrs. Townsend). The adult has not been described. Frontina aletiz Riley. Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). Frontina armigera Cog. (Achetoneura armigera.) Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). : — ea aS - a = 1013 * Johnson, Insects of Florida. 73 | Frontina rube Sachi isi (Achetoneura rubentis.) Jacksonville (Ash- : amen Worth, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Miami, Oct. 25 __ Frontina irrequieta Walk. Jacksonville (Coquillett). _ Phasiopsis floridana Towns. (Jour. N. Y. Entom. Soc., XX, 108, 1912.) Biscayne Bay, Miami, Nov. 4-29 (Townsend). The adult has - not been described. - Sturmia albifrons Wall. Centerville (Coquillett). _ Sturmia australis Cog. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). -—s« Sturmia distincta Wied. (Masicera protoparcis Towns.) Inverness, Mar. 20 (Robertson). _ §Sturmia fraudulenta V.d. Wulp. “Florida ” (Coquillett). ‘Sturmia strigata V.d. Wulp. Jacksonville (Coquillett). _ Masicera pulverea Cog. “ Florida” (Coquillett). A _--Masicera sodalis V.d.Wulp. Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). _-~—-s Acemyia dentata Cog. Georgetown, May 10 (C. W. J.); Biscayne - Pseudocheta argentifrons Cog. Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). | _Exorista mella Walk. (Tachina mella Walk.; T. orgyie Towns.; -T. orgyiarum Towns.) “ Florida ” (Mrs. Slosson). _--—sC~WPlagiops littoralis Towns. (Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., IV, 140, 1911, and Jour. N. Y. Entom. soc., XX, 107, 1912.) Ocean Beach, Miami, __- Noy. 9 to 22 (Townsend). The adult has not been described. We ear- nestly hope that Mr. Townsend will live long enough and will be able to straighten out his genera and species based on “eggs and dissection of uterus.” The making of genera and species in this manner cannot be too strongly condemned. 5 Blepharipeza leucophrys Wied. ( Thysanomyia inermis of the former list.) Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). _ Winthemia quadripustulata Fabr. (Carcelia lucania Kirk.) St. _ Augustine and Georgetown, May 10 (C. W. J.); Lakeland, Mar. 28. Paradidyma singularis Towns. (Atrophopoda singularis.) Inverness, _ Mar. 1 (Robertson); Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). _ Atrophopalpusangusticornis Zowns. Inverness, Mar. 3-19 ae son); Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). a Hilarella polita Towns. (Gymnoprosopa polita and G. argentifrons - Towns.) Inverness, Mar. 1-22 (Robertson); Enterprise, Apr. 15 (Castle and Laurent). re Brachycoma intermedia 7owns. (Sarcotachinella intermedia.) Char- lotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson); St. Petersburg, Apr. 10. Cnephalomyia floridana Towns. (Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. IV, 74 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, 144, 1911 and Jour. N. Y. Entom. Soc., XX, 113, 1912.) Miami, and White Springs, Oct., Noy. (Townsend). The adult has not been described. Gonia crassicornis Fabr. Punta Gorda, Nov. 17. Gonia pallens Wied. (G. angusta Macq.) “ So. Florida” (Townsend). Gonia senilis Will. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Spallanzania bucephala Meig. (S. hebes Rond., not Fallen; S. panza Snow.) St. Augustine. Spallanzania hesperidarum Will. (Acroglossa hesperidarum.) In- verness, Mar. 10-22 (Robertson). me Trichophora ruficauda )’. d. Wulp. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Cuphocera californiensis Macg. Lake Worth (Coquillett). Archytas aterrima Desv. (Jurinia smaragdina Macq.) St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Feb. 8, Mar. 22 (Robertson); Sanford, May 7. Archytas hystrix Fabr. (Jurinia hystrix asiit Archytas. -boscii: Desv.) St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Lake Worth, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Ft. Myers, Apr. 1 (Davis). Archytas lateralis Macg. St. Augustine (C. W. Z di South Bay, Lake Okeechobee, Apr. 29. Jurinia adjusta V. d. Wulp. (J. metallica Coq. non Desy.), Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); Jacksonville, Apr. 22, and Miami, Mar. 3 (Laurent). DEXIID. Prosenoides flavipes Cog. Lake Worth, Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); La Belle, Nov. 14. Gymnodexia zonata Cog. Jacksonville, May 22 (C. W. J.). Megaparia opaca Cog. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Dexia triangularis V.d. Wulp. (Gymnodexia triangularis.) Juniper Creek, May 15, and Blountstown, pupa collected under decaying bark, Mar. 6, imago emerged Apr. 21 (C. W. J.). Dexia vertebrata Say. (Leptoda vertebrata.) Ormond, and Tein (Mrs. Slosson). Dexia abzoe Wali. Enterprise (U. S. Nat. Mus.). Dexia genuina |’. d. Wulp. Jacksonville (U. S. Nat. Mus.). Ptilodexia tibialis Desv. Crescent City, Apr. 21. Euantha liturata Olive. (EF. dives Wied.) St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Crescent City, Apr. 21. Theresia tandrec Desv. Jacksonville, May 22 (C. W. J.). Epidexia filamentosa Jowns. (Jour. N. Y. Entom. Soc., XX, 112, a Johnson, Insects of Florida. 75 ! N12). On-flowers and leaves of the dwarf Emodea littoralis at Ocean across Biscayne Bay from Miami, Nov. 9 to 15, 1908 (Townsend). SARCOPHAGID. _ _Microchetina cinerea V’. d. Wulp. Ormond (Mrs.'Slosson). , Sarcophaga #gra Wall:. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). __. Sarcophaga assidus Walk. St. Augustine, Mar. and Palatka, May 19 _ (C. W. J.); Jacksonville and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Titusville, BS. Nov. 8; Jacksonville, Nov. 3. _ $arcophaga anxia Walk. “ Florida” (Mrs. Slosson). _ Sarcophaga cimbicis Zowns. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). ae ee fulvipes Macg. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Biscayne Bay sh e ayein the adsigste descriptions there seems to be no definite character ae 40 separate the S. fulvipes Macq., 1843, from the S. fulvipes Walk., 1856. ‘The specimens, which are males, agree best with Macquart’s description. _--—s«s Sarcophaga incerta Wall. Miami, Oct. 22-Nov. 14 (Townsend). Sarcophaga plinthopyga Wied. Miami, Dec. 2 (Townsend). Sarcophaga sarracenie Riley. Ormond and Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). _ Helicobia helicis Towns. Jacksonville, Charlotte Harbor, and Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); Crescent City, Apr. 21; Everglade, Apr. 15; Lake- land, Nov. 10; Ft. Myers, Nov. 13. _ Helicobia quadrisetosa Cog. Jacksonville. Sarcophagula imbecilla V. d. Wulp. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); _ Miami, Nov. 5, Titusville, Nov. 8, Lakeland, Nov. 10, and Punta Gorda, Nov. 15. oa Sarothromyia femoralis Schiner. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); Miami, Nov. 8 (Townsend); St. Augustine (C. W. J.). _ Johnsonia elegans (og. St. Augustine. MUSCID. Chrysomyia macellaria Fabr. (Compsomyia macellaria.) The _ Serew-worm. Common. St. Augustine; Orlando; Inverness, Mar. 10-16; Punta Gorda; Ft. Myers, Nov. 16; Lakeland; Pablo Beach, Nov. 4; _ Sanford, Apr. 27; Clearwater, May 5. 76 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Chrysomyia certima Walk. “ Probably the same as Orthellia corni- cina”’ (Aldrich). . Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. St. Augustine. Calliphora viridescens Desv. St. Augustine (C. W. J.). Lucilia cesar Linné. St. Augustine. Lucilia pilatei Hough. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Jacksonville, Nov. 3, Punta Gorda, Nov. 16. Lucilia sericata Meig. Orlando, Mar. 16 (Robertson); Jacksonville Apr. (Mrs. Slosson). Orthellia cornicina Fabr. (Pseudopyrellia cornicina.) St. Augustine (C, W. J.); Ormond, Apr., and Orlando, Mar. 16 (Robertson). Musca domestica Linné. Common house fly, St. Augustine and Volusia, May 16 (C. W. J.); Inverness (Robertson). Synthesiomyia brasiliana B.& B. In acave, Citrus Co. (Hubbard); Charlotte Harbor, Lake Worth, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Stomoxys calcitrans Linné. Stable fly. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Hematobia irritans Linné. (H. serrata Desv.) Horn fly, “On cow, Everglade Apr. 10, 1912 ” (Davis). ANTHOMYID. Ophyra enescens Wied. St. Augustine, Mar. and Volusia, May 14, Juniper Creek, May 15 (C. W. J.); Charlotte Harbor and Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Ophyra argentina Bigot. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Ophyra leucostoma Wied. Jacksonville, Apr. — Fannia leucosticta Mcig. (Homalomyia brevis Rond.) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Fannia canicularis Linné. (Homalomyia canicularis:) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Fannia femorata Loew. (Homalomyia femorata.) St. Johns River, May. ‘These were bred in large numbers from dead fresh water mollusea. Biscayne Bay, Feb. and Lake Worth, Jan. (Mrs. Slosson); Newberry, Nov. 19; Punta Gorda, Nov. 15 (Davis). Hyetodesia sp. Jacksonville, May 9. Limnophora arcuata Stein. De Funiak Springs, Mar. 1 (C. W. J.). Limnophora discreta Stein. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Lomnophora narona Waller. (Anthomyia narona Walk.; Leu- comelina garrula Giglio Tos.) St. Augustine, May 20 (C. W. J.); Char- Johnson, Insects of Florida. 77 eF te Harbor (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Feb. 29 (Robertson); Crescent ty, Apr. 21; Everglade, Apr. 6. Pegomyia gopheri sp. n. male: Face and sides of the front white, frontal vitta wide, bright orange yellow, al triangle blackish; upper half of the occiput black, grayish pollinose, lower aif and cheeks white, a row of bristles extending from the vertex along the occipital bits ‘and angle of the cheeks to the vibrisse; frontal orbital bristles five, the two ee the middle one deflected and the two lower ones in- antennz, palpi and proboscis reddish. Thorax black, grayish pollinose; u rs ee en Ot ec eens Leeroce the meer eura, pteropleura and sternopleura, yellow, the remainder of the pleura and the a black, grayish pollinose; two humeral, one post-humeral. one pre-sutural, 5 Gessocenteals; a row of four smaller prescutellar bristles are present, also on ogi rh of se ch rain mesopleural row th or five bristles; sternopleural three; four small bristles above the fore cox, two on the propleura and two on the mesopleura. Scutellum yellow, with (sy Page agi lpia het two smaller discal bristles and numerous black hairs are also present. Abdomen brownish, with an blackish, dorsal line, narrowly interrupted by the yellowish posterior ‘margin of the segments; the entire abdomen covered with fine black hairs, larger and _ more bristle-like on the sides and posterior margins of the second and third segments; fourth segment with six marginal macrochzte and the fifth segment with four apical — and two subapical macrocheete. Legs yellow, with black hair; anterior femora with = extensor and flexor rows of bristles even, and from eight to nine in number; on and posterior femora the bristles are irregular, the middle femora with Taee sar the base, one bristle near the apex in front, two near the apex behind, and _ two on the under side near the middle; posterior femora with a rew of about ten extensor bristles, the underside with about two bristles near the apex, three near the middle (the two lower ones diverging) and one near the base; anterior tibia with three spurs and two bristles, the lower one near the middle; the middle tibia with six i: Ses ied fatness posterior in wit of the tibia from the apex and one . one third from the base; posterior tibia with six spurs and five bristles arranged similar to those on the middle tibia; metatarsi with a prominent bristle below near the Base. Halteres and alule yellow. Wings yellowish hyaline, cross veins slightly _ elouded, costal bristles and spur prominent. Length 6.5 mm, De Funiak Springs, Apr. 7, in the U. 8. National Museum. Para- s from Crescent City, Mar. 23, Clearwater, June 27, 1894, and De Funiak Springs . 7 (Hubbard), and Keene (Coquillet), are in the U. 8. National Museum and the 8 collection. = | During a visit to Washington in 1894, Mr. H. G. Hubbard gave me a ‘specimen of an Anthomyid from Crescent City, Fla., bred from the excre- ‘ment taken from the burrow of a large land tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), _ popularly known in Florida as the “Gopher.” The other insects asso- 78 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, ciated with this fly were described by Mr. Hubbard in ‘ Insect Life,’ Vol. VI, p. 302, 1894, with additional notes in 1895 (Proe. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. III, p. 299). In the latter paper he refers to the above species as follows: ‘“ A new fly, a species of Hylemyia, family Anthomyide, will be described by Mr. Coquillet. Its larva lives upon the dung of the gopher and the imagos, which I had previously overlooked, prove to be quite abundant in each of the localities which I have investigated.” Later I sent the specimen to Mr. Coquillett who returned it under No. 14 as “ Hylemyia gopheri Coq. ms. 9 I have not seen a oc.” The fact that he had only the one sex for study probably deterred him from deseribing the species. I should also hesitate to describe it were it not for the fact that the species is practically lost as it stands, and will continue so unless described. This faunal paper also presents an appropriate rae to again call attention to this interesting species. Eremomyia cylindrica Stein. Jacksonville, Nov. 3. Phorbia fusciceps Zett. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Orlando, Mar. (Robertson); Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); Jacksonville, Nov. 3. Phyllogaster cordyluroides Stein. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); St. Petersburg, Apr. 28. Caricea antica Walk. (C. insignis Stein.) St. Augustine, May 20, and Drayton Island, May 9 (C. W. J.); Inverness, Feb. (Robertson; Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Crescent City, Apr. 19, Sanford, May 7, and Clearwater, May 1; Punta Gorda, Nov. 11, and Jacksonville, Nov. 3. Cenosia lata Walk. (C. canescens Stein.) Lake Worth (Mrs. Slos- son); St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Jacksonville, May 18; Lakeland, Novy. 10, and Punta Gorda, Nov. 17. : Cenosia antennalis Stein. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Cenosia nivea Loew. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Inverness, Feb. (Robertson). Cenosia solita Walk. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). Ceenosia ovata Stein. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); Jacksonville, Apr. 18. This is the C. fuscopunctata of my previous list, as determined by Coquillett. The C. fuscopunctata of Mac- quart is a more northern species with pale slender palpi and yellow antenne. Cenosia steinin.n. This is the C. flavipes Stein, 1897, not Williston, 1896. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Crescent City, Apr. 20, and Sandford, May 7; Jacksonville May 9, and Lakeland, Nov. 10. Dexiopsis lacteipennis Zett. St. Augustine, Mar. 15. Schenomyza chrysostoma Loew. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Schenomyza dorsalis Loew. De Funiak Springs, Mar. 1 (C. W. J.). Johnson, Insects of Florida. 79 Stein. St. Augustine, Mar. 15, and Georgetown 1 (C. W. J.). a sis] 3 ulginosa Fall. St. Augustine, Mar. 15, and Georgetown, May C.V V.J.); Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). ‘ucellia marina Macg. (F. fucorum of authors, not Fallen.) St. , Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Charlotte Harbor, Feb., and Lake Worth on). SCATOPHAGID 2. capillata Loew. (Cleigastra capillata.) St. Augustine. CLUSIODID&. os flavipes Will. (Heteroneura flavipes.) Lake Worth (Mrs. HELEOMYZID2. a Loew. Atlantic Beach and Jacksonville, Apr. (Mrs. iis: Caguillett (Typespecies of N. Amer. Genera, p. 550), eae ST aeia toe aidenvm of Heleomyea Fall, 1810. Heleomyza of ee eens 1830. BORBORID. el fontinalis Fallen. (Limosina fontinalis.) St. Augustine, Mar. (C. W. J.); Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson); Lakeland, Nov. 10. _ Leptocera crassimana Haliday. Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay . Leptocera venalicis 0. S. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). ... This fly is referred to by Mr. Hubbard in his paper on iditional notes on the insect guests of the Florida land Tortoise ” (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. IIT, 299, 1895) as follows: “ There is also another m ‘nh +h smaller fly, which Mr. Coquillett pronounces a Limosina, family widae, the thread-like larva of which is always common in the dung idehithe gopher holes, but the imagos have not hitherto been bred.” _ Borborus sp. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). 80 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, SCIOMYZIDE. Sciomyza nana Fall. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Ormond, Jan., Jacksonville, Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Sciomyza grisescens Meig. (S. humilis Loew). St. Augustine, Mar. 15, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Placed in the genus Ditenia by European authors. Sciomyza pubera Loew. St. Augustine, Mar. 15. Tetanocera umbrarum Linné. (7. pictipes Loew.) Jacksonville, Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Tetanocera spinicornis Loew. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Ormond, Jan. (Mrs. Slosson); Jacksonville. SAPROMYZIDA. Lonchea glaberrina Wied. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Lonchea cerulea Walk. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Lonchea polita Say. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Camptoprosopella verticalis Loew. (Pachycerina verticalis Loew. and Pachycerina clavipennis Coq.) St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Biscayne Bay; Fort Myers, Nov. 13; Newberry, Nov. 19; Tampa, May 2. Lauxania cineracea Cog. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Lauxania cylindricornis Fabr. Ft. Myers, Nov. 13. Lauxania facialis Cog. Lake Worth, and Jacksonville, Apr. (Mrs. Slosson). Lauxania gracilipes Loew. Jacksonville, Nov. 3. Lauxania latipennis Cog. Georgetown, May 16 (C. W. J.); Jackson- ville (Mrs. Slosson). Lauxania lutea (og. Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Miami. Lauxania muscaria Loew. La Belle, Nov. 14. Lauxania flavida Wied. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Lauxania opaca Loew. Juniper Creek, May 15. Lauxania trivittata Loew. St. Augustine. Sapromyza compedita Loew. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Sapromyza connexa Say. (S. bispinosa Loew.) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Sapromyza resinosa Wied. “Florida,” collected by Mrs. Slosson (Coquillett). Johnson, Insects of Florida. 81 pnw Cog. Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. sordida Wied. Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. yza umbrosa Loew. Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). ‘a valida Waller. hila valida Walk., Trans. Ent. Soc. London, N. Ser. IV, 232, 1857. wyza macula Loew, Cent., X, 82, 1872. ine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Biscayne Bay and Ft. Worth (Mrs. nor ous vittatus Loew. Jacksonville; Lakeland, Nov. 10; : Nov. 3 (Van Duzee). Trigonometopus reticulatus sp. n. cian is Sete ‘abe ob thn Sauk Uae Ms teen of the | reddish ; the first and second joint of the antenne brown, the third joint ee ore = ed arista white. Thorax and scutellum grayish nose with rows of four dorso-central bristles; scutellum with four marginal tles. Abdomen grayish pollinose and thickly covered with minute dots of black, = ig Legs brownish, posterior femora blackish, grayish pollinose, tarsi yel- ong peat knobs brownish. Wings a whitish hyaline, reticulated ws Pes > ay ORTALID. Pyrgota filiola Loew. Ormond, Apr. (Mrs. Slosson). Pyrgota undata Wied. Jacksonville; St. Marys, Apr. _ Pyrgota valida Harris. Ft. Myers, Apr. 26 (Davis). * _Amphitenephes pulla Wied. (A. pertusus Loew.) Georgetown, May W. J.); Ormond (Mrs. Slosson); St. Petersburg, Apr. 28; Marco, . 20. lll metallica Van der Wulp. (R. flavimanus Loew.) Sanford, ay 6. 82 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Rivellia floridana Johns. Drayton Isl., Lake George, May 9 (C. W. J.). Rivellia pallida Loew. St. Augustine, May 20 (C. W. J.); Georgiana (Whitfeld). Rivellia quadrifasciata Macg. Volusia and Drayton Isl., May 9-11 (C. W. J.); Ormond, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Rivellia variabilis Loew. Drayton Isl., Juniper Creek and Volusia, May 9-11 (C. W. J.); Ormond and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Clear- water, Apr. 24; St. Petersburg, Apr. 28; Everglade, Apr. 25. Senopterina varia Cog. (Stenopterina bicolor Johns.) Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); St. Augustine (C. W. J.). Camptoneura picta Fabr. St. Augustine, May 20 (C. W. J.); Cedar Keys, Feb. 14, Lake Worth, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Crescent City, Apr. 23. Tephronota narytia Walk. (Trypeta narytia Walk., 1849, Hermia ruficeps V. d. Wulp., 1867, and. Tephronota humilis Loew, 1878). St. Augustine, Mar. 15, Georgetown, May 9, and Lake Worth, Mar. Ces. Slosson); Orlando, Mar. 16 (Robertson). Tetanops luridipennis Loew. Jacksonville, May 9. Acrostica fulvipes Cog. Charlotte Harbor (U.S. N. M.). Euxesta abdominalis Loew. Atlantic Beach, and Biscayne Bay, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Euxesta annone Fabr. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Lake Worth, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Euxesta basalis Walk. Lake Worth, Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Euxesta nitidiventris Loew. Charlotte Harbor, Mar., Ormond, Lake Worth, and Biscayne Bay, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Euxesta notata Wied. Jacksonville; Inverness, Feb. 10 (Robertson). Euxesta quaternaria Loew. Lake Worth, on cocoanut palm, and Biscayne Bay, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson). Euxesta scoriacea Loew. Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson); Ever- glade, Apr. 9. Euxesta spoliata Loew. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Euxesta tenuissima Hend. Jacksonville, Apr. 18. Euxesta thome Loew. Ft. Myer, Nov. 18; Lemon City, on pine apple, Apr. 26. Chetopsis #nea Wied. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). Chetopsis fulvifrons Macg. St. Augustine, and Volusia, May 11 (C. W. J.); Jacksonville, Apr. 18. Johnson, Insects of Florida. 83 Chetopsis satealie Hehe St. Augustine, May 20 (C. W. J.); Or- hetops a Loew. Miami, Nov. 5; South Bay, Lake Okee- e, May 2 (Davis). Chetopsis tenuis Loew. (Stenomyia tenuis.) Jacksonville (Mrs. following table, taken from the manuscript of a paper on the Ortalide in course of preparation, may aid in defining more clearly our y pes of the genus Chetopsis. Two of the species have not been recorded fr ida, although one of them will undoubtedly be found there. Dai Glnck bande. .20)0000..0)22..90 1 OR... 2. lings with two black bands, the apical band occupying all of the wing beyond © posterior cross vein; body slender...............60.0sseeseeseeeeeees 5. ing with only the small apical band distinct............. apicalis Johnson. femora and tibie black; marginal cell between the middle and apical bands tirel ly black. _ (Canada to New Jersey.)......-......+.+.+++. massyla Walk. e middle and apical bands more or less ae CO pee he 3. do ne tak SER ETRE Ee OSES Ly S| Ce 4. men with the first and second segments yellowish Moran Shree debilis Loew. Frontal orbital bristles 5 to 6 in number, two pairs of small frontal bristles present; on band of the wing extending beyond the fifth a ryateerpae vein 2 enea W ied. vein... ac tN ns Ne ales. sig bce w's wien s Mb fulvifrons Macq. i 5. aa black; the middle hyaline band of the wing indistinct, and want- ___ ing behind the fifth longitudinal vein......................4-. tenuis Loew. _ Front red, with small orbital and frontal bristles; the middle, whitish, hyaline band of the wing distinct, broad, and extending to the posterior margin; length _ 55mm. (Tifton, Ga., Sept. 1; Dacosta, N. J., July 3)...........- hendeli sp. n. _ Bumetopiella varipes Loew. (Eumetopia varipes.) Biscayne Bay, . and Mar. (Mrs. Slosson); Titusville, Nov. 8. _ Cyrtometopa ferruginea Macg. Crescent City, Apr. TRYPETID. _ Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerst. Miami (U.S. Nat. Mus.). peaprephs acidusa Walk. (Acrotara? acidusa.) “ Florida,’ in *n Sacken’s Catalogue, 1878. illesrephe electa Say. “ Florida” (Osten Sacken). Gdaspis polita Loew. Jacksonville, Apr. Gdaspis setigera Cog. Atlantic Beach (Mrs. Slosson). S4 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Aciura insecta Loew. Lake Worth, Jan., and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Key Largo, Nov. 6; Miami, Nov. 5; Estero; Everglade, Apr. 15. Carphotricha culta Wied. St. Augustine, May, on thistle (C. W. J.); Ormond, Apr. (Mrs. Slosson); Jacksonville, Apr. Eurosta solidaginis Fitch. Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Eurosta fenestrata Snow. St. Augustine (C. W. J.). Neaspilota achillew Johns. Pebbly Beach, Jacksonville, May 9. Neaspilota signifer Coy. Pebbly Beach, Jacksonville, May 9. Neaspilota vernonie Loew. Inverness, Mar. 19 (Robertson). Ensina picciola Bigot. (FE. humilis Loew.) Jacksonville, Nov. 3; Lake Worth; Miami, Nov. 5; Key Largo, Nov. 6; Key West, Nov. 6, Everglade, Apr. 6 (Davis). Tephritis fucata Fabr. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Jacksonville; Newberry, Nov. 19; Estero. Tephritis picturata Snow. “ Florida” (Snow). Euaresta bella Loew. Drayton Isl., May 9, and Tick Isl., May 12 (C. W. J.); Pebbly Beach, Jacksonville, May 9, and Estero. Euaresta mexicana Wied. Biscayne Bay, Mar., and Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). ee hi Urellia abstersa Loew. Key West, Feb. 3; Newberry, Nov. 19. Urellia mevarna Walk. Biscayne Bay, and Lake Worth, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Mar. 9-22 (Robertson); Jacksonville, Nov. 3. MICROPEZIDE. Micropeza producta Walk. Jacksonville, Apr. Colobata antennipes Say. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Colobata fasciata Fabr. Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Everglade, Apr., “ In sugar trap ” (Davis). Colobata lasciva Fabr. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 and Juniper Creek, May 15 (C. W. J.); Jacksonville, Apr.;. Atlantic Beach, Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Crescent City (Hubbard); Ft. Myers, Nov. 13; Sanford, May 7. Colobata nebulosa Loew. St. Augustine, and Juniper Creek, May 15 (C. W. J.); Charlotte Harbor, Feb., and Atlantic Beach (Mrs. Slosson). Colobata varipes Johnson. Jacksonville, May 22. a ee Johnson, Insects of Florida. 85 nt SEPSID2. oul “iepals insularis Will. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). a Ron vicaria Walker. St. Augustine and Inverness, Feb. 10 (Robert- PSILID. Chiliza similis sp. n. # edie: Head reddish, face and cheeks light yellow; ocelli, two small spots cy below the antennz and two larger spots in the oral opening, black; antennz yellowish 7 “the second joint dark brown. Thorax reddish, shining, thinly covered with whitish _ hairs and finely punctate. Abdomen reddish, with a black lateral margin; covered __ with fine whitish hairs and minute punctures. Legs yellow, base of the femora and eS Coxe whitish. Halteres white. Wings hyaline. Length, 6 mm. One specimen, Belleair, Mrs. Slosson. 3 : This species resembles Chiliza apicalis Loew, but lacks the conspicuous apical clouding on the wings and the broad black stripe on the pleura. EPHYDRID. Dicheta brevicauda Loew. St. Augustine. ___ Dichwtafurcata Cog. Biscayne Bay, and Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). _ Notiphila carinata Loew. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Or- _mond (Mrs. Slosson). _ Notiphila scalaris Loew. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Notiphila erythrocera Loew. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); St. Misetne (C. W. J.). Paralimna appendiculata Loew. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Crescent City (Van Duzee); Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Paralimna decipiens Loew. Crescent City, Titusville; Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Mossillus nana Walk.? (Ephydra nana Walk.) Punta Gordon (Davis); Ormond, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). 86 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Gastrops nebulosus Cog. Atlantic Beach, Biscayne Bay, and Bel- leair (Mrs. Slosson). Psilopa aciculata Loew. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Psilopa flavida Cog. Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). Psilopa similis Cog. Biscayne Bay. Psilopa atrimanus Loew. Miami, Nov. 5. Psilopa pulchripes Loew. Lakeland. Discocerina leucoprocta Loew. Atlantic Beach, and Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Discocerina parva Loew. Atlantic Beach, Biscayne Bay, and Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Hydrella atroglauca Cog. Lake Worth and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Hydrella hypoleuca Loew. Jacksonville, Lake Worth, and mapa dei Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Hydrella scapularis Loew. -Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Nostima slossonz Cog. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Philygria picta Fall. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Ochthera cuprilineata Will. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Ochthera exsculpta Loew. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Inverness, Mar. (Robertson). Ochthera rapax Loew. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Ochthera tuberculata Loew. St. Augustine, Mar. 15 (C. W. J.). Brachydeutera argentata Wall. (B.dimidiata Loew.) Lake Worth and Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). Parydra quadrituberculata Loew. Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). Parydra pinguis, Walk. St. Augustine. Ephydra austrina Cog. Ser (Coquillett); Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Ephydra pilicornis Cog. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Ephydra subopaca Loew. Charlotte Harbor, Feb. (Mrs. Slosson). Scatella lugens Loew. Ormond, Biscayne Bay, and Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Caenia spinosa Loew. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). Caenia virida Hine. Everglade (Van Duzee). Lepocheta slossone Cog. Punta Gorda, and Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). Johnson, Insects of Florida. 87 OSCINID. a americana Fitch. St. Augustine. abdominalis Cog. Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). _ Chlorops assimilis Macg. (C. trivialis Loew.) St. Augustine .V W. 3); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson); Newberry, Nov. 10. hlorops grata Loew. St. Augustine. | : melanocera Loew. Jacksonville. ‘ D1 pubescens Loew. St. Augustine (C. W.J.); Orlando, 16 (Robertson) ; Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). _ Chlorops unicolor Loew. Jacksonville, Apr. (Mrs. Slosson). (Anthracophaga) sanguinolenta Loew. Lake Worth lates capax Cog. “Florida” (U. S. Nat. Mus.). E sconvexus Loew. St. Augustine, Mar. (C. W. J.); Biscayne ‘ne Slosson); Runnymede. Larve in burrows in sugar cane (Coquil- ; Hippelates stramineus Loew. Belleair (Mrs. Slosson). Crassiseta costata Loew. St. mean Mar. Ritecsiacts attenuate Ads. Ciel (Mrs. Slosson). opgeenien formosa Loew. Ormond (Mrs. Slosson). i frontalis Cog. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). teste nigricornis Loew. Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson). Gaurax anchora Loew. Rockledge, Feb. 6. Gaurax ephippium Zett. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). _ Siphonella cinerea Loew. Charlotte Harbor, Jacksonville, and Bis- ne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). 88 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Oscinis carbonaria Loew. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Oscinis coxendix Fitch. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). Oscinis dorsata Loew. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Oscinis pallipes Loew. Jacksonville, bred from a plant of artichoke (Ashmead). Oscinis soror Macg. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). DROSOPHILIDE. Sigaloéssa flaveola Cog. Biscayne Bay, Feb. (Mrs. Slosson). Leucophenga quadrimaculata Walk. (Drosophila quadrimaculata Walk.) Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Leucophenga vittata Cog. (Drosophila vittata Cog.) Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Drosophila adusta Loew. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). : Drosophila ampelophila Loew. St. Augustine (C. W. J.); Ormond, Jacksonville, Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Drosophila busckii Cog. Jacksonville, Apr. (Mrs. Slosson). Drosophila guttifera Walk. ‘“ Florida” (Walker). Drosophila maculosa Cog. Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson). Drosophila pronemis Will. Atlantic Beach (Mrs. Slosson). Drosophila repleta Wollaston. (D. punctulata Loew, D. adspersa Mik.) St. Augustine, Mar. (C. W. J.); Ormond, Jacksonville and Lake Worth (Mrs. Slosson); Key West. Drosophila slossonz Cog. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Phortica hirtifrons sp. n. Female: Head dull yellow, front quite thickly and evenly covered with short black hairs; two fronto-orbital bristles on the extreme upper part of the front, the lower one deflected and the upper one reflected;. three vertical bristles on each side, the two outer ones reflected, the inner one slightly inflected, the two ocellar bristles slightly deflected; antennz yellow, margins of the third joint and the arista brown. Thorax dull yellow, quite thickly and evenly covered with short black hairs; two humeral, one notopleural, one supraalar, two interalar, one doisocentral, one post- acrostical, one postalar and two sternopleural bristles. Scutellum yellow glabrous, with four marginal bristles. Abdomen brown (the basal third yellowish) and evenly covered with short black hairs. Legs yellow, with fine blackish hairs. Halteres yellow. Wings brownish hyaline. Length, 4 mm. Two specimens, Crescent City, Apr. 21, 1908 (M. C. Van Duzee). Holotype ‘in the American Museum of Natural History. Falpein. Teco Florida. 89 ‘ yollinosa Will. Biscayne Bay and Lake Worth (Mrs. F iata Gorda, Nov: 11. GEOMYZID&. E Spltcchros ornata Johnson. (Heterochroa ornata.) Drayton Island, a ay 9 (C. Ww. J.); Biscayne Bay, Mar. (Mrs. Slosson); Crescent City, AGROMYZIDZ. omyza eneiventris Fall. Biscayne Bay and Lake Worth (Mrs. |; Titusville, Nov. 8; Miami, Nov. 5; Key Largo, Nov. 6. myza jucunda v. d. Wulp. Georgetown, May 9 (C. W. J.); ¢ Bay (Mrs. Slosson). omyza melampyga Loew. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Agromyza neptis Loew. “Fla.” (Coquillett). Agromyza setosa Locw. Palatka, May 19. Agromyza terminalis (og. Welaka, May 9. Agromyza trifolii Burgess. Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Agromyza viridula Cog. Titusville, Nov. 6. eee m-nigrum Zett. Biscayne Bay and Fort Worth ‘Milichiella arcuata Loew. (Lobioptera arcuata.) Ormond and scayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Milichiella lacteipennis Loew. (Lobioptera lacteipennis.) Char- tte Harbor and Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). ee Pholeomyia indecora Loew. (Lobioptera indecora.) Jacksonville and Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). _ Pholeomyia robertsoni (og. Inverness (Robertson). ____ Leucopis bella Loew. Horse Landing, St. Johns River, May 17 _«C. W. J.); Crescent City (Hubbard); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). _ Leucopis nigricornis Egger. “ Florida’ (Coquillett). Acrometopa punctata Cog. Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson). 90 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII. HIPPOBOSCIDE. Ornithomyia anchineuria Speiser. (0. pallida Say, 1823, not Latreille 1811.) This species is found on reed birds and red-winged black- birds. Ornithoctona erythrocephala Leach. St. Augustine. Olfersia americana Leach. St. Augustine on screech owl (C. W. J.); Miami, Mar. 23 (Laurent). Olfersia albipennis Say. St. Augustine, Nov. 8, 1887, on the white heron (C. W. J.); Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson). Olfersia sp. St. Augustine, on the chuck-will’ cuties Pseudolfersia maculata Cog. St. Augustine, on the fish hawk. STREBLID. Trichobius major Cog. Gum cave, Citrus Co., on bats (H. G. Hub- bard). NYCTERIBIID. Nycteribia bellardi Rond. Crescent City (Hubbard). Found on bats. | 56.81.9T .— TYRANNOSAURUS, RESTORATION AND MODEL OF THE SKELETON.' By Henry Farrrrecp Osporn. Puiates IV-VI. previous contributions’ the structure of Tyrannosaurus has been cribed; in the present paper a restoration model is published; on the two skeletons secured by Mr. Barnum Brown in the Upper ; of Montana. mounting of these two skeletons presents mechanical problems of difficulty. The size and weight of the various parts are enormous. t of the head in the standing position reaches from 18 to 20 feet ground; the knee joint alone reaches 6 feet above the ground. les are massive; the pelvis, femur and skull are extremely heavy. with Brontosaurus and with other large dinosaurs proves that ossible to design a metallic frame in the right pose in advance of ng the parts. Even a scale restoration model of the animal as a does not obviate the difficulty. in preparing to mount Tyrannosaurus for exhibition a new Bs ond mines ts ml prepare a scale model of every bone man of the artistic staff of the Department of Vertebrate Palx- yy of the Museum, who has prepared two very exact models to a sixth scale, representing our two skeletons of Tyrannosaurus rex, which mately are of exactly the same size. A series of three experiments by Christman on the pose of Tyrannosaurus, under the direction of the jor and Curator Matthew, were not satisfactory. The advice of Mr. nond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles in the New York Zodlogical 1 Fourth contribution by the author on Tyrannosaurus. _ # Tyrannosaurus and Other Cretaceous Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. t., Vol. XXI, Art. xiv, Oct. 4, 1905, pp. 259-265. “i. urus, Upper Cretaceous Carnivorous Dinosaur (Second Communication). 9 soy ‘Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, Art. xvi, July 30, 1906, pp. 281-296. Editorial ‘Nature, Vol. 74, No. 1921, Aug. 23, 1906, p. 416. and Allosaurus. Contributions No. 3.) 91 92 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol.XXXII. Park, was sought and we thus obtained the fourth pose, which is shown in — | the photographs published herewith. The fourth pose or study, for the proposed full sized mount, is that of two reptiles of the same size attracted to the same prey. One reptile is crouching over its prey (which is represented by a portion of a skeleton). The object of this depressed pose is to bring the perfectly preserved skull and pelvis very near the ground within easy reach of the visiting observer. — The second reptile is advancing, and attains very nearly the full height of the animal. The general effect of this group is the best that can be had and is very realistic, particularly the crouching figure. A fifth study will . embody some further changes. The upright figure is not well balanced — and will be more effective with the feet closer together, the legs straighter and the body more erect. These reptiles have a series of strong abdominal ribs not shown in the models. The fourth position places the pelvis in an almost impossible position as will be noted from the ischium and pubis. The lateral view (Plate IV) of this fourth pose represents the animals just prior to the convulsive single spring and tooth grip which distinguishes __ the combat of reptile from that of all mammals, according to Mr. Ditmars. — The rear view of the standing skeleton (Plate V) displays the peculiarly avian structure of the iliac junction with the sacral plate, characteristic of these very highly specialized dinosaurs, also the marked reduction of the upper end of the median metatarsal bone, which formerly was believed to be peculiar to Ornithomimus. The only portion of the skeleton of these remarkable animals as here restored which does not rest on actual knowledge is the manus, which is entirely restored. ‘Opis BYF 4YV payBorIpul SUOJO[OXs jeusu0 jo WYPoFY “O7is PBINywU |IXIS UO ‘su0jo}oys porppour oy} WoO1y a ‘MGIA GGIG + ‘dNOUur) SAUNAVSONNVHAL, Betretix A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Prate V. ——— Ee 1sft 549Cm we ae Tyrannosaurus Group. Rear View or Erecr SKELETON. From the reduced models. Height of original skeletons indicated at side. Buireti~x A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII[, Prare VI TYRANNOSAURUS Group. REAR View or CroUCHING SKELETON From the reduced model. Height of original skeletons indicated at side soit | Article V.— NEW ACARINA. 2AL CONSIDERATIONS anp Descriptions or New Species FROM MINNESOTA, WISCONSIN, AND MICHIGAN. By H. E. Ewrna. Puates VII anp VIII. CONTENTS AND OUTLINE. = P P 93 i ‘ i OF and Development 95 and Terminology 98 RP : % 106 of New Species... 111 ‘ a 121 PREFACE. er here presented constitutes the first of a series to be published ig chiefly with the acarid fauna of North America; and, as the title the series will treat entirely of new material. In order that the be more uniform, more complete, and hence more helpful, the es will be used in the writing of the different parts. Each part with the fauna of some particular geographical district. There mn with each description the locality, situation, and the name of or, for each record made of the species. Keys will be published re re than one species are described in a single genus. Each de- ption will be accompanied with either comparisons or with the naming th sageniad related described species; and finally, extensive illustra- ans collectors. Thus far several specialists working in other eenewods have sent the writer an abundance of material col- id from many places in North America. Special mention should be of the following: Dr. J. W. Folsom, assistant professor in the Uni- ity of Illinois; Mr. C. A. Hart, systematic entomologist of the Illinois | te | Aboratory of Natural History; Mr. J. Douglas Hood, now with the ureau of Biological Survey. U. S. Department of Agriculture; Mr. James tek, Messrs. R. D. and Hugh Glasgow, students at the University of O4 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Illinois; Mr. J. E. Guthrie, assistant professor in the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts; Mr. R. L. Webster, assistant ento- mologist, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station; Mr. C. R. Crosby, assistant professor in Cornell University; and Dr. A. O. Gross, recently a fellow at Harvard University. | In closing bis prefatory remarks the writer would like to add that he realizes that a heavy burden has been shouldered in undertaking such a series, but hopes that the work can be carried on until much, if not the most, of our acarid fauna is made known to science. INTRODUCTION. Of the various orders which go to make up the class Arachnida none is richer in number of species or individuals than the order Acarina; yet concerning the life of these much yet remains to be learned. In this group are found species so minute that they are microscopic, yet others that are much too large to be mounted on microscope slides. The order includes the small, dark, hard-shelled beetle mites; the soft bodied cheese mites; the long-beaked snout mites; the bright, velvety harvest mites; and the brilliantly colored water mites. Among the mites of economic importance are the red spiders, which attack cultivated plants; the gall mites, which by their ravages cause the distortion of the leaves of trees, ete.; the ticks, several of which are now known to be carriers of deadly protozoan diseases; the itch mites, which cause the “scab” of sheep and swine and the “scaly leg” of poultry; the Dermanysside, or mite lice, of birds and chickens. Not all the families which are of economic importance are detrimental, however; some are beneficial. Among these are the predaceous mites which destroy the eggs and young of some of our worst scale insects, and others which attack flies, aphids, ete. To sucha class belong the Bdellide, Eupodide, many of the Gamaside, Cheyletide, etc. Just how many species of Acarina there are in North America, it can only be very roughly estimated. At present considerably over 600 species have been described, but almost all of these have been collected in a hap- hazard way from the eastern part of the United States. These 600 species probably do not represent much more than one half the total number exist- ing in this area, so that it is safe to say that an estimation of 1,000 species for that part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains is none too high. Concerning the rest of the fauna, in the past, we have had too few data to make any reliable estimate. Recently, however, the writer has come into possession of large collections from the Pacific Coast. An examination of these has shown that the Pacific Coast fauna is about as ss ee A i Ewing, New Acarina. 95 | s that of the eastern United States, and that in a large ty ‘of cases the species are new. From this we should expect almost cies from that part of the United States west of the Rocky Moun- ot: to that of New York, as has been revealed by Banks's work on s from Ontario. Judging from our knowledge of the tropical en done in these parts. If the writer were to make an estimate of al number of species in North America, he would certainly place it at r, , usually the smaller part, is called the cephalothorax; the posterior, “the larger part, is called the abdomen. The cephalothorax and the a are broadly united, and i in some instances it is impossible to tell a feten the spiders end some of the other Arechnids. j Cephalothorax. The cephalothorax is large, and contains besides the h-parts and the two front pairs of legs, various sense organs, including eyes and various kinds of tactile bristles. Internally it contains the \, cesophagus, crop, tracheal trunks, salivary glands, and the large eles controlling the mouth-parts and legs. - The abdomen may be either spherical, oblong-oval, or ectangular. It has various superior, lateral, and inferior structures which . ce described in the next chapter. Although in some species the abdo- nen is densely clothed with hairs or plumose bristles, yet in other species Be sahrows and quite shiny. It is still a question as to whether the Sag bears the last two pairs of legs. In many families, the e for example, it apparently does. og These vary greatly i in shape and number of segments. Except the Eriophyide, four pairs are always present in the adult. The number Segments found in a single leg varies from three to seven. In many of genera, especially in the parasitic groups, the legs have become adapted 96 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, as clasping structures. In the Hydrachnide, the legs aie adapted for swimming. Various tarsal appendages are present, which will be described later. INTERNAL Srructures. The internal organs found in the Acarina are very similar to those found in some of the other arachnid groups. As a whole they are simple, though this is not always true. They are compact, in conformity with the general shape of the body. Respiratory System. The respiratory system when present consists of either a branched, tubular tracheal system opening through a few stigmata, as found in insects, or of an unbranched tubular system with each trachea ending in a minute air sac. Several families have no trachee. Digestive System. The digestive system is the largest and most important of all the systems of internal organs found in the Acarina. It consists first of a sucking pharynx with walls more or less chitinized. Behind the pharynx is the cesophagus, a long, non-muscular, non-chitinous tube, which passes from the pharynx to the ventriculus, or stomach. Sometimes the posterior part of the cesophagus is enlarged into a crop, as in insects. The ventriculus is a very large, sac-like structure, which may bear from one to three pairs of pouches, or ceca, similar to those found in spiders or Phalangidea; but these pouches are not so prominent as they are in these other arachnids. Behind the ventriculus comes the small intestine, and ‘at its junction with the large intestine, or the rectum, are situated the Malpighian vessels. The Malpighian vessels are not always present, however. The large intestine, or rectum, is the last region of the digestive tube. It is muscular and usually without secreting cells. Excretory System. As has been mentioned, Malpighian vessels are present in some of the Acarina. These vessels are two in number, and are large in diameter as compared with those of insects. Their function has been demonstrated to be excretory, at least in part. Besides the Malpighian vessels there is in some of the Acarina an excretory organ which opens at the supposed anus. In such cases the intestine ends blindly and in part surrounds this excretory structure. Large, lateral hypodermal glands, which secrete a liquid substance have been demonstrated. Their function may be excretory. Reproductive Organs of the Male. The male reproductive organs are very large. The most notable feature in regard to the male reproductive system is the frequent presence of enormous accessory glands, the functions of which in most cases are not known. ‘The testes, usually two in number, are large and often are fused together; the vasa deferentia lead from the testes to the penis. The penis varies enormously in shape and structure in the different families. It may be fleshy and protrusible in much the same __. Ewing, New Acarina, 97 met —_ ne as the ovipositor; or it may be hard and chitinous, and lance- or ive Organs of the Female. The reproductive organs of the le consis “gr the ovaries, oviducts, oviducal glands, and the ovipositor. ¢ va ries are rather large and essentially paired. The oviducts are 1s, convoluted structures which convey the ova to the ovipositor. ore is present in some instances a large oviducal gland which apparently etes much of the yolk of the egg. The ovipositor when present may be ry long. In repose it lies within the body, but is protrusible, and often | ae at its distal end. srvous System. The nervous system consists of large supra- and sub- jophageal ganglia which may be fused, and of numerous nerves which in te from this central mass. These nerves are distributed largely to the ss, the palpi, and the sense organs. y other organs, the functions of which are more or less doubtful, are bf inside the body, and besides, much of the internal space is taken up yy oF sewrertl striated muscles which move the legs, mouth-parts, digestive, and reproductive organs. Z Devetorment. The following stages, or instars, are recognized in the elopment of practically all the Acarina: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. ‘some instances there may be two nymphal instars, and in others three. zg eggs may be laid before the larva hatches, or the mother may give birth to living larvee, or the larval stage apparently may be passed within t e body of the mother. és a The Egg. The eggs of mites are rather large as a rule in proportion to the ‘size of the female, They are generally either spherical or oblong-oval, and “os furnished with spines or hooks. In number, the eggs laid by ngle female may vary from 3 or 4 to as many as 10,000 according to the up or species. ‘os Larva. The larva has only six legs. As a rule the form of the larva ests that of the adult. In many instances the larve of free-living ipa nts are parasitic. ‘a r The Nymph. The nymph has four pairs of legs. It is not always easy, hi r, to distinguish the nymph from the adult. As a rule it is considera- : ‘smaller, and generally differs from the adult in having no external genitalia. Some nymphs are different from the adults in coloration. Such : the case in the egen of many of the Osibasoides. ric Fi nymphs 98 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. _[Vol. XXXII, the tritonymph. These nymphs are usually much alike, however, and sometimes are very similar to the adult. The Adult. When there is a marked metamorphosis of the nymph it is easy to distinguish the adult, after one knows the life history of a single species in the group. In other cases it is very hard to tell the nymphs from the adults. In the case of the female the presence of a mature ovum, which can usually be seen through the walls of the body, will show that the specimen is adult. The presence of the external genitalia also is a sign of maturity. When none of these characters are available, much can be told from the size, coloration, and texture of the integument, provided one is already acquainted with some of the members of the group to which the new individual belongs. The adults are as a rule larger and better armed than the nymphs. There is frequently a great difference between the sexes in size, form, etc., though in some groups the sexes are alike. As regards numbers, the two sexes appear to be about equal. EXTERNAL ANATOMY AND TERMINOLOGY. In order to make this work more complete, more understandable, and more accessible to the general student of entomology, short descriptions and figures of the most important external structures used in systematic work on the Acarina are given. A large number of these structures are found - only in single families or in a few cases only in certain important genera. Capitulum. The anterior portion of the cephalothorax containing the mouth-parts — and a few other structures, when this portion is constricted off from the rest of the cephalothorax is termed the capitulum. It is present in only the Ixodide and Tarsonemide. (See Fig. 3, A and C). Cephalothoraz. Movuts-parts (Fig. 2). The anterior ventral appendages of the cephalo- thorax which have the functions of touch, taste, and mastication. Chelicere (chel., Figs. 1, 2, and 6). The most anterior paired appendages of the cephalothorax; typically chelate in form, frequently retractile, and used in grasping, tearing, cutting, and chewing. Stylet (sty., Fig. 2). One or both of the arms of one of the chelicerse when they have become modified into needle-like piercing structures. Apophyses (apo., Fig. 3, A). Processes on the tips of the chelicers in the ticks. . Mazille (max., Fig. 2, A). The fused second pair of body appendages. _-< ~~ Ewing, New Acarina. 99 ary Lip (maz. l., Fig. 2, A). The free projecting antero-lateral Palp i (p., Figs. 1, 2 A,3A and C, ete.). The segmented appendages jc maxi ; p | Claw (p. cl., Fig.1). A ge claw at the end of the palpus, ir Sieloged on either the last 1 he next to the last segment. Thumb of Palpus (p.th., Fig. 1). ‘he modified last segment of the alpus which opposes the next to st segment. The superior of the cephalothorax va development of special Bea (e., Fi. 1). Paired struc- ures, either single or double, sisting each of a transparent nea and a pigmented sense- more often they are Fig. 1. ‘Rhyncholophus robustus Banks; dorsal c view. chel., ERE, er., dorsal groove, or ‘ing ae ee teak — above the mouth- i e., eye; l. 1., leg I; 1. 2., leg IT; U. 3., leg 1. 4., leg IV: p.. palpus; p. el., palpal claw: th., palpal thumb. _ Dorsal Groove, or Crista (er., Fig. 1). A chitinous rod present on the edian line in the upper wall of the cephalothorax. Its function is to mish attachment to the powerful muscles of the mouth-parts. _ Seutum (se., Fig. 3, C). A hard, corneous shield present in the Ixodide the dorsal part of the cephalothorax. Lamella@ (lam., Fig. 4). Paired blade-like expansions of the chitinous t of the dorsal wall of the cephalothorax. Found only in Sclero- _ Translamella (not figured). A chitinous bar or blade joining the lamellae at their anterior ends. - oes SRDS = oe wesd Fig. 2. A.— Oribata mazima Ewing; ventral view. of mouth-parts. maz., maxilla; mar. L, maxillary lip; p., palpus. B.— Tetranychue telariue’y ~ parts as seen from above. coro geamumemleny aty., stylets. Fig. 3. A.— Margaropus annulatus (Say); capitulum of male as seen apo., apopbyses; cap., capitulum; hypost., hypostome; p., palpus. B.— occidentalis Neum.; stigmal plate of male. C.— Margaropus annulatus (Say); of body. abd., soft part of abdomen showing beyond edge of scutum; cap., capitulw coxa of leg I; ec. l. 2., coxa of leg IT; c. l. 3., coxa of leg IIT; c. l. 4.. conn marginal festoons; p., palpus; sc., scutum. Being, New Acarina. 101 aie 4). A pir of large dorsal pores on the dorsal, \ --*- {4 ro Oribata illinoisensis Ewing: dorsal view. abd., abdomen; antlat. A., antero- a: I. h., Iameltar hair: op es leg I; 1. 2., leg IT; 1. 3., leg IIT; L. 4, leg IV; prey “pecudo- a: "pata. 0», pseudostigmatic organ; pterom., pteromorpha; tar. c., tarsal claws; tectop., ‘ > sseaiomi hairs (antlat. h., Fig. 4). A pair of rather prominent sete, ally strongly curved and pectinate, situated at the sides of the rostrum. esent only in the beetle mites. Inrenior Structures (Figs. 3, 5, 6, ete.). But few structures are found the inferior surface of the cephalothorax. Epimera (epim., Fig. 6). These are chitinous bars, present in pairs on the ventral surface of the cephalothorax, and usually fused more or less at 102 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, the median line so as to form a skeletal support for the body and a means of attachment for the legs and the muscles which move them. : Hypostome (hypost., Fig. 3, A). A chitinous ventral projection, extends ing forward below the chelicere. Tectopedia (tectop., Fig. 4). One or more pairs of curved chitinous pro- jections, each of which arises near the coxa. of a leg and extends more or less around it. Found only in the beetle mites. Genital Opening (Figs. 5, B and 8, B). A small opening for the male or female genital apparatus. Found on the ventral wall of the cephalothorax in some in- stances, as in some of the Gamaside. Camerostome (camst., Fig. 5, B). A large body-opening at the antero-ventral - part of the cephalothorax, through which _ extends the oral tube and the first pair of legs. Present in the Uropodidee. Abdomen. Superior Srructures (Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 7). Very few structures are found on the upper side of the abdomen in the : Acarina. Fig. 5. A.— Gamasus magnicor- Bristles (br., Fig. 7). The arrangement. nutus Ewing; palpi and anterior part : é of cephalothorax. ceph., cephalotho- and shape of the bristles on the dorsal rax; epis., epistome; p., palpus. side of the abdomen are of special impor- B.— Uropoda pennsylvanica Berlese; ; r ventral view of central part of body of tance. These bristles may be simple, female. camst., camerostome; ¢.l. 1., sing] i i sin pectinate, doubly pectinate, plu- coxa of leg I; c. 1. 2., coxa of leg II; By si . y : pl c. l. $., coxa of leg IIT; c. 1. 4., coxa of mose, or foliaceous. leg IV: epig., epigynum; peritr., Dorsal Anus (d. a., Fig. 7). In a few peritreme; st. pl., sternal plate; st., e 3 - stigma. species, for example some of the itch mites and some of the harvest mites, the anus is dorsal. It is then very near the posterior margin of the body. LaTERAL Structures (Figs. 4, 8, ete.). The lateral structures of the abdomen are numerous and of considerable systematic importance. Pteromorphe (pterom., Fig. 4). Chitinous wing-like expansions peli: sides of the abdomen. Found only in the Oribatide. Excretory Tubes (Fig. 8, A). Tubular integumentary processes toil the sides of the abdomen which are in connection with hypodermal 7 Only present in a few of the beetle mites. _.Ewing, New Acarina. 103 erit eme (peritr., Fig. 5, B). The chitinous structure enclosing one s of the trachez. Present only in the Peritremata. (st, Fig. 5, B). The external tracheal opening. l Plate (Fig. 3, B). The chitinous plate which surrounds the Fig. 6. Tyroolyphus lintneri Osb.; ventral view. a., anus; a.s., anal suckers; c., cog pgguamra ew ae seg rod O-, ace or patella; g.a., genital Se eit Fostcons (mar. fest., Fig. 3, C). A row of similar lobes, or estoon: formed at the posterior margin of the body by corrugations of the _ Inventor Structures (Figs. 6 and 8). Most of the inferior structures f the abdomen are related to the genital or the anal opening. _ Epimera (epim., Fig. 6). Chitinous supporting rods, or bands, for the ss. ‘The posterior pair or the two last pairs may be present on the ventral | ide of the abdomen. _ Genital Opening (Figs. 5, B and 8, B). The opening through which the genital organs or their products may be respectively protruded or emitted. 104 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Genital Suckers (g. s., Fig. 6). Suckers situated near the genital opening. Used for adhesion during copulation. Phas a Genital Covers (gen. c., Fig. 8, B). Chitinous folding plates which close — the genital opening. Present only in the beetle mites. Sighted Genital Spines (gen. sp., Fig. 8, B). Spines situated around the genital opening. Function unknown, Anus (a., Fig. 6). The posterior opening of the ali- * mentary canal. © he Anal Suckers (a. 8., Fig. 6). Adhesive suckers situ- ated near the anus. ze Anal Covers (a. ¢., Fig. 8, B). Chitinous folding plates which close the anal opening. Present only in the beetle mites. Anal Plate (not figured). A large chitinous plate, or sclerite, surrounding the anus. Present notably in Fig. 7. Notedres notedres (M6gn.) dorsal view. ‘ b., body, without demarcation between cephalothorax the Gamaside. and abdomen; 6r., bristles; d. a., dorsal anus; 1. 1., Sternal Plate (st. pl., Fig. eae ie iC Se pat = 5, B.A ange. hitnous plate on the ventral wall of the cephalothorax. It may or may not be perforated by the genital aperture. Epigynum (epig., Fig. 5, B). A chitinous plate which folds down over the opening for the female reproductive organs. | Legs. There are four pairs of legs in all adult mites excepting the Eriophyidee. In general the legs consist of from five to seven segments. ore Coxa (c., Fig. 6). This is the most proximal of the segments. It is generally free, short, and stout; and is sometimes almost hidden inside of a large acetabulum. ae Trochanter (Not figured). This segment may or may not be present. | It is a short, stout segment situated next to the coxa. Hite Ewing, New Acarina. 105 Fig. 6). The largest segment of the leg. It is the second the body in legs of five segments, and the third segment in Patella (g., Fig. 6). This is the smallest segment of the leg, st which the bend of the leg is greatest. It is the next segment i an ete a portion of the lateral part of abdomen show- the excretory tubes. B.— Nothrus quadripilus Ewing; ventral view of a large a. c., anal covers; gen. c.. genital covers; gen. sp., genital spines. | (t, Fig. 6). The penultimate segment. Long, usually stouter tal than at the proximal! end, and frequently bearing a long tactile Fig. 9. A.— Tetranychus telarius L.; tip of tarsus of leg 1. ad. h., adhesive hairs; tar., is; ¢. ¢., tarsal claw, showing it four-cleft. B.— Nofophallus dorsalis Banks; inside view listal end of tarsus of leg I. pui., pulvillus, or caruncle; tor. ¢., tarsal claws. C.— Erio- } ulmi Garman; tarsus of leg 1. fh., feather-hatr. - Tareus (tar., Fig. 6). The last segment; nearly always provided at its tiated end with claws, sometimes with a pulvillus, and other appendages. 106 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Tarsal Claws (tar. c., Figs. 4, 9). At the tip of the tarsus there are usually one or two claws; if there is only one claw, it may be two-, three-, or four-cleft. Pulvillus, or Caruncle (pul., Fig. 9, B). A pad, or sucker-like appendage, found at the tip of the tarsus. It is usually situated between two tarsal claws. . Adhesive Hairs (ad. h., Fig. 9, A). Prominent hair-like appendages at. the tip of the tarsus in the family Tetranychide supposed to be related i in some way to the spinning habit. “ Feather-hair” (fh., Fig. 9, C). A feather-like appendage P the tip of the tarsus in Eriophyide. oe ge es Tarsal Suckers (tar. s., Fig. 7). Partial vacuum suckers found usually at the tips of the tarsi and on stalks, although in a few cases they are e sessile: on the sides of the tarsi. CLASSIFICATION. In 1909 the writer published a classification of the higher groups of the Acarina,!' and took up the consideration of such work in some detail. Since that time several interesting new species have been described which throw a great deal of light upon the natural arrangement of the various genera. and higher groups within the order. Berlese, especially, has added many such species to the fauna of the world. Also a considerable advance has. been made in the study of morphological characters of the older forms and especially the characters of larvee. For these reasons it is now possible to make some definite advances in the classification of the group. The follow- ing classification is suggested which divides the order into six well defined suborders and three of these again into eight sections. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUBORDERS AND SECTIONS OF THE ACARINA. I 1. Adults with only four legs, body vermiform; very minute acarids which cause various discolorations and malformations of leaves of plants Suborder TETRAPODA. I2. Adults always with eight legs, body seldom vermiform. Il 1. Without trachex; palpi small, usually of only three segments, and fused. more or less to the base of the lip; legs supported by epimera Suborder ATRACHEATA. III 1. Body vermiform, legs rudimentary, and composed of only three segments; living in the hair-follicles of mammals. Section Brachypoda,.. 1A dusbnaeiata and 4 Biological Study of the Acarina of Illinois. University of Illinois - Bulletin, Vol. VII, No. 14. University Studies, Vol. III, No. 6, pp. 387-401. eN é ee a eal atic ox the betty vous _ the rostrum; mouth-parts rudimentary, and situated on a cephalic papilla. Abdomen frequently segmented Section Heterostigmata. 2. Trachee sometimes absent but when present opening at the ace- tabula of the legs; cephalothorax with two large dorsal pores, termed pseudo stigmata, from each of which projects a specialized seta called the pseudo stigmatic organ. Po IV 1. Without tracher; cephalothorax hinged to the abdomen, and meee capable of being folded down over the ventral surface of the | Wwe With trachee, though they are often rudimentary; cephalo- thorax immovably fused with the abdomen; integument ¥ “Trachew opening through four stigmata situated on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. Abdomen segmented. ..Suborder NOTOSTIGMATA. _ Tracheew opening at the base of the chelicere. Abdomen not seg- Se Sy Ee ee Suborder PROSTIGMATA. a Trachee often wanting; legs frequently provided with hairs . adapted for swimming. Aquatic Acarina. . - Section Hydracerina. Ne nok pended with ewimming baire. Terrestrial Acarina. V1. Last segment of palpus forming a distinct thumb, or finger, to the preceding segment which ends in a claw Section Dactylognatha.' Iv2. Last segment of palpus never forming a thumb, or finger, to the preceding segment; legs never with swollen tarsi. Very EG 1s oe ca cetnncant nes Section Adactylognatha.‘ __ A C\assirication or THE Famiiies AND SUPERFAMILIES OF ACARINA. Suborder TETRAPODA. s only a single family; with the characters of the suborder Fam. Eriophyide. 1 Epimera + ata. _ *From erepos = other + tracheata. * From é4crvAos = thumb, or finger, + yvé@os = jaw, or mouth. ‘Froma = not + dactylognatha. 108 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Suborder ATRACHEATA. Section Brachypoda. Contains .only a single family. ............0.0cccseceeeceecs Fam. Demodecide. Section Epimerata. I1. Skin with fine parallel folds; tarsi sometimes without claws; tarsal suckers when present stalked. Parasitic in all the developing stages Superfam. SaARcoprorpBa. II 1. Without any specialized apparatus for clasping the hairs of mammals. III 1. Small soft-bodied forms living in the skin of vera or upon insects. IV 1. Inhabiting the living tissues of vertebrates. V1. Vulva longitudinal. Parasitic in the cell tissues of birds. Fam. Cyloleichide. V2. Vulva transverse. stoi hev free. Usually on mam- WAM. Sei vc vhs ed oe ceria ees Fam. Sarcoptide. IV 2. Parasitic on insects... ......660.0008% ve OMe Canestrinide. III 2. Living as commensals in the feathers of birds. Sexual isn sometimes very pronounced................. Fam. Analgeside. II 2. Either the under lip or some of the legs modified into clasping organs, which are used for holding on to the hairs of mammals Fam. i 12. Skin without fine parallel folds; tarsi without stalked suckers; in the adult wtdibe. SAVER NUNN sooo onc sc chs ono vaso eum Fam. Tyroglyphide. — Suborder HETEROTRACHEATA. Section Heterostigmata. I1. Hind legs of the female ending in long hairs; migratory nymphs sometimes Pp 12. Hind legs of the female ending i in claws and sucker. Females very prolific, often many times their normal size when pregnant....Fam. Pediculoidide. Section Ginglymosoma. Qaly.one family. included... oo ccctes yp etacee eke re eceeee Fam. Hoplodermide. — : Section Scleroderma. I1. Abdomen usually segmented; integument thin and but little chitinized. Internal organs rather simple.................... Fam. Hypochthonide. 12. Abdomen never segmented; integument well chitinized. Internal organs better developed. IL 1. Abdomen without pteromorphe; trachee usually large and without terminal air ence... 2.6 ooh te eek eee ee ee Fam. Nothride. II 2. Abdomen with pteromorphe; trachee small but ending in minute air BOOBs 5 os eel Gens v's 6a 04S beg eae eeee Fam. Oribatide. Suborder PERITREMATA. I1. Peritreme usually present, long, tubular; hypostome small, without recurved teeth; integument wholly or partially chitinized but not usually leathery Superfam. GAMASOIDEA. a discal pate; ba ee Sai ens ceacat tooth: ne DES ft A FEA ren Superfam. IxoporeEa. s Suborder NOTOSTIGMATA. ly containing a single genus of four species... ... Fam. Opilioacaride. 's situated on a distinct beak. Marine forms. .Fam. Halacaride. 's not situated on a beak. Fresh water forms. .. Fam. Hydrachnide. Peer ving vertically Fra scneed ito tro croms. IV 1. Chelicere not styliform, but each bearing a falcate appendage | at its apex; cephalothorax small, not on the same plane with > aes the abdomen. Eyes frequently stalked. ...Fam. Trombidiide. rug Chelicere styliform; cephalothorax large, on the same plane TI12. Palpl very small. Legs slender; tarsi never swollen. Body _-—s Sparsely clothed with hairs. Spinning glands usually present ie Fam. Tetranychide. 112. Cox contiguous; arranged radially. ‘TIL 1. Legs I and II without processes or spines; integument without shields Fam. Erythracaride. III 2. Legs I and II with processes bearing large spines; integument with Re ee NS i ong Fam. Caculide Last segment of palpus a short papilla bearing large claws or pectinate sets; penultimate segment with a very large, stout claw. Palpi stout, moving Oey ae ea sc Code ohh cates ceke doce Fam. Cheyletida. 110 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Section Adactylognatha. 11. Palpi raptorial or ending in long bristles, in which case they are geniculate; cephalothorax with four long tactile bristles above......... Fam. Bdellide. I2. Palpi not raptorial or geniculate. Legs often very long. Acarina with very agile movements, often sideways or backwards........... Fam. Eupodide. Thus the whole order is divided into six suborders instead of two as given in the writer’s classification in 1909. The reasons for this are several, but only a few will be considered here. First, the old suborder VERMIFORMIA, including the Eriophyide and the Demodecide, is unnatural, for these groups certainly have had very different origins, and their resemblances are only superficial. The work of several acarologists and an extended investigation by the writer himself into the phylogeny of the Demodecide have convinced him that the mites of this family are only an offshoot of the older sarcoptid stem; while the Eriophyide had an entirely different origin, and may have come from the same stem as the red spiders, Tetranychide, as suggested by Oudemans. Second, the division of the RosustirorMi, the other suborder given, into eight divisions of equal rank is hardly satisfactory; for after a more extended study some of these divi- sions have been found to have sufficiently well defined limits and to have characters of such importance as to entitle them to a higher rank than that which was given them. Others, for the opposite reasons, should be assigned an inferior rank. Hence the old groups ATRACHEATA, PERITRE- MATA, NorosTiGMATA, and ProstiGMaTA used in the writer’s previous classification have been raised to the rank of suborders; while the groups Bracuypopa, HetTerostTigMATA, GINGLYMOSOMA, SCLERODERMA, and Hypracarina have been given as sections under their respective sub- orders. Of course the six suborders as given in the present classification do not have equal rank, and this very fact is clearly shown in the key to the suborders and sections; yet for the sake of simplicity they are given as such. No doubt the suborders Terrapopa and NoTosTIGMATA are more clearly defined than the other four. The reasons for reducing the rank of the other groups are as follows. As has already been stated the affinities of Bracnypopa with Sarcoptoidea are clear; hence it would seem better to place the two groups together as sections under ATracHEATA. The group Hererosticmata, although raised to the rank of a suborder by Berlese and by Warburton, does not appear to deserve to be so raised because it is not a well defined group, and shows strong affinities with the old family Oribatide. The two groups formerly created by the writer, GincLymMosoma and ScLERODERMA, have recently been shown to be closely related by Berlese’s discovery of several __-—~"~ Ewing, New Acarina. lll which form connecting links between them. For these reasons the er groups HererosticMata, GrncLyMosoma, and ScLERODERMA ald be reduced in relative rank; and are here given as sections under a order, HeTEROTRACHEATA. There never has been any good reason er as they are now known to be very closely related to the harvest mites. ale be placed with the latter under the suborder ProsticMata. gard to the families and superfamilies, no changes have been intro- in this classification, though I would like to suggest that the two ) Trombidiidee and Erythreide have so many of their characters eta that it may prove better in the future to unite the two. How- ie charscier of their cheliceree these two families are quite distinct. 1 closing my remarks upon the classification I might add that very tly Oudemans has suggested some radical changes and readjustments rank of some of the divisions of the Acarina, but it appears to me n most of these instances he has given entirely too much weight to le characters rather than to the consideration of all the characters which of systematic value. In a few of these instances these changes are based observations or study of some rare and exotic forms, and doubtless pepeal. The writer prefers in a work of this kind, however, to be er , and to err, if need be, in favor of our older judgments rather I ‘pass upon newly formed ones before an abundance of evidence has Description oF New SPECIES. In this paper seventeen new species and two new varieties are described. hese seventeen new species are distributed into twelve different genera. n one of these genera, Oribata, five new species are described, in another, two new species are described, in each of the remaining ten genera » species is described. Genus Bdella Latreille. Two new species and one new variety are described in this genus. The }new species may be separated by the following key. _ Integument of the body tessellated; beak about four times as long as thick B. tessellata n. sp. 12. Integument of the body not tessellated; beak about twice as long as thick B. robustirostris n. sp. 112 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Bdella tessellata new species. (Plate VII, Figs. 1 and 2.) A rather large red species. Body red, darker at the posterior end; palpi red but — lighter than the body; legs pale, pinkish, sometimes red. Integument of body tessellated, that is broken up into many small polygonal areas. These areas, irregu- lar, red, granular, of about the same size over the whole upper surface of the body. Total length of palpi about the same as that of the beak; second segment more than two thirds as long as the beak; third segment subequal to the fourth in length; distal segment broadened at the tip, about one and a half times as long as segments: three and four combined. Distal segment of palpus bearing five bristles; outer tactile bristle at its tip about as long as beak; inner tactile bristle about three fourths as long as the outer. On the outer margin of the distal segment slightly in front of the middle of the same is situated a bristle about as long as the segment itself; two other smaller and less important bristles are found not far from this one, one in front of it and one on the underside of the segment. Anterior pair of eyes situated about their diameter from the posterior pair. Shoulder bristles on abdomen about as as tibia of leg I. Tibi of last pair of legs extending beyond the posterior margins of the abdomen by their whole length. Total length of the body including hgerco 1.32 mm.; width, 0.54 mm. & From Portage, Wisconsin; under an old piece of wood which was » ie on the ground; by the writer. Several specimens obtained. This species is quite distinct voce the 2 other American species of the genus on account of the tessellated nature of the integument. Bdella robustirostris new species. (Plate VII, Fig. 3.) A rather small, stout species; reddish brown, with legs and palpi paler. Total length of palpi about one and a half times that of the beak; second segment of palpus about one half as long as beak; third segment of palpus about one and a half times as long as the fourth; distal segment somewhat broadened as you pass from the — proximal to the distal end, slightly longer than three and four combined. Outer tactile bristles of palpus about as long as beak; inner tactile bristle about three fourths as long as the outer. A smaller bristle about one half as long as the distal segment itself, is situated on the outer margin of the segment at about one third the length of the segment from its distal end. Not far from this bristle is a smaller insignificant _ one. Beak short, stout, not more than one half as long as the body. Tibie of © last pair of legs extending beyond the posterior margin of the abdomen by their entire length. Total length of body including beak, 0.70 mm.; width, 0.34 mm. From Portage, Wisconsin; under a stone which was lying on hm by the writer. This species is quite easily separated from the other American species on account of its short robust beak. According to palpal characters it appears to be more nearly related to B. depressa Ewing than to any other species. __~—~Bwing, New Acarina. ! 113 imilar to B. muscorum Ewing in nearly all respects, but smaller, not so ighly colored, and with shorter tactile bristles on the palpus. Outer _ tactile bristle of distal segment of palpus about one and a half times as long as the segment itself; inner tactile bristle about two thirds as long as From Minnesota; by J. E. Guthrie. Genus Sciris Hermann. Scirus laricis new species. (Plate VII, Fig. 4.) SEIN tiio of palpus longer than broad, broader at its distal end than at its proxi- mal end; segment three as broad as long, with a large spur, or spine, on its inner distal aspect, otherwise without hairs or spines; segment four with but a single stout bristle, or spine, which is situated on its inner side a little beyond the middle Ase Reema distal segment with a long spine which is situated on its inside _ and slightly below the middle of the segment. Anterior pair of legs extending to __ the tip of the palpi. Posterior pair of legs extending beyond the posterior margin __ of the abdomen by the length of their tarsi. Length of body including beak, 0.44 mm; width 0.20 mm. From Portage, Wisconsin; under the bark of Larix laricina; by the ae Related to S. setirostris Herm., but differing from it in having a much 1 _ stouter spur on the third palpal segment, in having shorter palpi, etc. The palpi in S. setirostris Herm. extend beyond the tip of the beak by the full length of the last two segments while in this species only about one half of the fourth segment extends beyond the beak. Genus Trombicula Berlese. Trombicula splendens new species. (Plate VII, Fig. 5.) ___. A beautiful medium-sized species, well clothed with prominent plumose hairs _ which give it a splendid echinate appearance. Palpi somewhat longer than the first two segments of leg I; thumb of palpus cylindrical, not swollen, extending to the tip or from tnenurnnah nwa edhacaghaag sande i: s the tip of the abdomen; tarsi not swollen. Total _ length including beak, 1.04 mm.; width, 0.96 mm. 114 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, From Portage, Wisconsin; under stones; by the writer. Only a few individuals found. This beautiful species is the first of the genus to be recorded from our country. Genus Gamasus Latreille. Gamasus bifurcus new species. (Plate VII, Fig. 6.) Male. A rather small pale species. Palpi extending beyond tip of mandibles by about one third their length. Upper arm of the chelicera somewhat sword-shaped, with two, sharp, triangular, cusp-like teeth on its lower aspect. Abdomen sparsely clothed with small, simple bristles. A prominent pair of stout, straight shoulder bristles also is present. Femur of leg II of male, two thirds as broad-as long, with a single large, bifurcate horn situated on its inside slightly proximad to the middle of the segment; arms of this horn unequal; genual, or middle segment, somewhat swollen on the inside from which portion projects a rather small spur; no other spurs present on this segment; tibia almost twice as long as broad, and with but a single spur which is situated on the inside near the middle; tarsus normal, not in the form of a claw. First pair of legs about as long as the body; tarsus about one and a thieet times as long as tibia. Length, 0.76 mm.; width, 0.40 mm. Female. Very similar to the male exneyt that the upper arms of the pay and the second pair of legs are normal. The two sexes are nearly equal in size. From Minnesota; by J. E. Guthrie. Several specimens of this species were obtained. The species is sepa- rated from all others of the genus by the very characteristic, bifureate tubercle on the inner side of the femur of leg IT of the male. Genus Macrocheles Latreille. Macrocheles tridentifer new species. (Plate VII, Fig. 7.) Male. A small, pale, yellowish species. Palpi slightly over one half as long as the front pair of legs. Chelicer long, stout; chelx longer than tibia of leg I. Abdo- men broadest behind the last pair of legs, evenly rounded behind, sparsely clothed with short simple bristles; shoulder bristles straight, stout, as long as tibia of leg II. Anterior pair of legs longer than the body; tarsus almost twice as long as tibia; tibia subequal to genual; genual slightly shorter than femur. Second pair of legs enlarged, curved somewhat, about two thirds as long as the first pair of legs; femur almost as broad as long, with a very large tubercle, or horn, on its inside; horn curved, with a tooth on its inner margin; genual without tubercles, or spurs, somewhat longer than broad; tibia about as long as genual but not so broad, without spurs; tarsus about one and a half times as long as tibia. Length, 0.72 mm.; width, 0.38 mm. Female. Very similar to the male except for the second pair of legs which are normal. Hypostome very large, consisting of three large lance-like projections which are united at their bases. The two outer projections of hypostome about one half as long as the palpi, the middle one slightly shorter. — a —— er 1913.) Ewing, New Acarina. 115 q _ From Minnesota; in greenhouse; by J. E. Guthrie. _ Described from two males and one female. The very large trifid ei of the female at once separates this species from the others a ‘which we have of the genus. : i ip im, ; Genus Podocinum Berlese. : ae Podocinum guthriei new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 8.) Betis. yellowish species; body clothed with a few very small simple hairs. ee oe Palpi extending to the distal ends of the femora of the first pair of legs. Body two thirds as broad as long and broadest behind the cox of the posterior pair of legs. Anterior pair of legs fully one and a half times as long as the body; trochanter of leg I almost as broad as long, with a small bristle situated on its inner margin; femur apparently divided into two segments by a transverse - suture near its base; genual slightly shorter than the femur; tibia about one and a -third-times as long as the genual; tarsus shorter than the tibia. Leg II slightly over one half as long as leg I; tibia and genual subequal; tarsus over twice as long as tibia. Posterior pair of legs extending beyond the posterior margin of the body by the whole length of the tarsus and one half the length of the tibia. Total length of body, 0.58 mm.; width, 0.38 mm. _ From Minnesota; by J. E. Guthrie. ~ Described from three specimens. Genus Uroseius Berlese. Uroseius tumidus new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 9.) A large, stout, light brown species with small appendages. Chelicerz large, stout, when protruded extending much beyond the palpi. Palpi about one half as long as the anterior pair of legs, with several prominent hairs at their tips. Body almost as broad as long, sparsely clothed with simple, curved bristles, or sete, which are especially prominent on the sides. Epigynum two thirds as broad as long, rounded in front, extending from between the posterior coxw to the posterior margins of the cox of the second pair of legs. Femur of leg I about three times as long as broad; _genual slightly over one half as long as femur; tibia slightly longer than genual; tarsus longer than tibia, clothed with several long hairs at its tip. Second pair of legs similar but stouter than the first. The last two pairs of legs are hidden when the arachnid is viewed from above. Length, 1.18 mm.; width, 0.92 mm. From Minnesota; by J. E. Guthrie. Only a single individual, a female, obtained. This is a mature female with several developing eggs in her body. The great size of the body as compared with that of the appendages is the most striking feature of the species. This is the first species of the genus to be described from our country. 116 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Genus Pelops C. L. Koch. Pelops minnesotensis new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 10.) Chestnut brown, legs paler; integument rough. Cephalothorax short. True lamelle present, extending almost to the tip of cephalothorax. Pseudostigmatic organs clavate, slightly pectinate, directed forward. Abdomen almost as broad as long, evenly rounded behind; dorsum not pitted, hairless. Genital covers, rectangu- lar, smaller than anal covers, situated their length in front of the latter. Anal covers triangular, situated two thirds their length from the posterior margin of the ventral plate. Anterior pair of legs about two thirds as long as the abdomen; tarsus longer than tibia; tibia one and a third times as long as the genual. Tarsus and tibia of posterior pair of legs subequal; tip of tarsus extending to the level of the posterior margin of abdomen. All the legs bear a few stout, pectinate spines. Ungues hetero- dactyle. Length, 0.40 mm.; width, 0.30 mm. From Jordan, Minnesota; by J. E. Guthrie. From Shakopee, Minne- sota; on weeds at the edge of a slough; by J. E. Guthrie. From near Lake Keuka, New York; in leaf mold; by C. R. Crosby. Described from many specimens. This species is at once separated from almost all others of the genus by the absence of hairs on the dorsum of the abdomen. P. bifurcatus Ewing also has no hairs on the dorsum of abdomen, but in this latter species there is present at the anterior margin of the abdomen a pair of large flattened, bifurcate sete, a character which is absent in P. minnesotensis n. sp. Genus Oribata Latreille. The five species described in this genus may be separated by the follow- ing key. I1. Pteromorphe long, rounded in front, and extending far beyond the anterior margin of the abdomen. II 1. Head of pseudostigmatic organ, long, straight, almost rod-like yet becom- ing larger as you pass from its base to its tip............ O. salicis n. sp. II 2. Head of pseudostigmatic organ subcapitate, almost as broad as long; pedicel very long and recurved................2000.: O. corticis n. sp. 12. Pteromorphe short, truncated anteriorly, and not extending beyond the an- terior margin of the abdomen. Il 1. Translamella absent. III 1. Integument-of body smooth, shiny; dorsum of abdomen hairless O. minnesotensis n. sp. III 2. Integument of body pitted; dorsum of abdomen clothed with short, stout, almost straight, pectinate sete. O. juniperi n. sp. 15:2..> Translamella present... «sss isisnan chops eekeues nen O. boletorum n. sp. 1913.) Ewing, New Acarina. 117 Light chestnut brown; integument smooth. Lamelle without cusps, very low, ‘situated near the sides of the cephalothorax, slightly over two thirds as long as the same; ses hla spiro aaa Translamella absent. Inter- lamella to the median line. Pseudostigmatic ogi slightly pectinate, almost rod-like, slightly enlarged as you pass from its base to its tip, recurved at its base. Pteromorphe rounded in front, extending two thirds the distance to the tip of the “ rostrum; integument of pteromorphe showing radiating folds but these folds are not egg ventrally pteromorphe not emarginate. Abdomen oblong, dorsum oa ; no light or dark spots showing through the integument; at the posterior end of the abdomen on the ventral aspect is a pair of moderate bristles. Genital covers about twice their length in front of the anal covers. Femur of leg I without any chitinous expansion; femur of leg II without cusp-like projection. Ungues heterodactyle. Posterior pair of legs extending to about the tip of the abdomen. — width, 0.46 mm. _ From Baldwin, Michigan; under rotting willow bark; by J. D. Hood. _ This species was found in association with the following, 0. corticis n. sp., but differs from it in having long, almost rod-like pseudostigmatic organs instead of the subcapitate pseudostigmatic organs as are found in 0. corticis. The pteromorphz also are not so pointed anteriorly in this species as they - are in O. corticis. Oribata corticis new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 12.) Light chestnut brown, legs paler; integument smooth. Lamelle without cusps, very low, situated at the sides of the cephalothorax, slightly over two thirds as long as the same; lamellar hairs slightly longer than the lamella. No translamella pres- _ ent. Interlamellar hairs divergent, about as long as the lamellar hairs. Pseudo- stigmatic organ with a long recurved pedicel and a subcapitate head. Pteromorphe _ somewhat pointed in front and extending about two thirds the distance to the tip of the rostrum; integument of the pteromorphe showing radiating folds; ventral margin of pteromorphe not emarginate. Abdomen oblong, dorsum hairless, with no spots showing through the integument; no bristles found at the posterior end of _ the abdomen on the ventral aspect. Genital covers about twice their length in front of the anal covers. Femur of leg I without any chitinous expansion; femur of leg II _ Without cusp-like projection. Ungues heterodactyle. Length, 0.70 mm.; width, 040 mm. From Baldwin, Michigan; under rotting willow bark; by J. D. Hood. _ Similar in nearly all respects to O. salicis n. sp., but differing from it so markedly in the form of the pseudostigmata, as well as in the shape of the _ anterior margin of the pteromorphe, that it should be regarded as a distinct Species. It is also closely related to O. depressa Banks, but is distinct from _ Banks’ species because of the absence of the two pairs of large sete on the 118 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, posterior ventral aspect of the abdomen, and in being larger than this latter species. Oribata minnesotensis new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 13.) Body chestnut brown; legs paler. Lamelle three fourths as long as the cepha- lothorax, broadest at their bases, free for the anterior one third of their length; lamellar hairs, straight, pectinate, about two thirds as long as the lamella. Trans- lamella absent. Interlamellar hairs slightly curved, pectinate, converging, about one and a half times as long as the lamellar hairs and situated very close to the bases of the lamellw. Pseudostigmatic organ slightly clavate, recurved at the base; head slightly pectinate. Abdomen globose; dorsum hairless, without light or dark spots. Posterior end of abdomen without four long, simple bristles toward the ventral aspect. Pteromorphz short, truncated anteriorly, not extending beyond the anterior margin of the abdomen; integument of pteromorphe almost smooth, with- out wrinkles; ventral margins of pteromorphe not emarginate. Genital covers rectangular, slightly broader in front than behind, situated at least one and a half times their length in front of the anal covers. Femur of leg I without chitinous expansion. Femur of leg II also without a cusp-like expansion. Ungues almost homodactyle. Length, 0.74 mm.; width, 0.42 mm. From Red Wing, Minnesota; under bark and chips on lowland; by J. E. Guthrie. I can find no close affinities of this species. In my collection it goes next to my O. albida. Oribata juniperi new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 14.) Uniform light chestnut brown; integument pitted; pits small, shallow, and rather uniform in size. Lamelle without cusps, broadest in the middle, about one half as long as the cephalothorax; lamellar hairs curved, pectinate, somewhat longer than the lamellz. Translamella absent. Interlamellar hairs straight, pectinate, shorter than the lamellar hairs. Pseudostigmatie organ short, slightly recurved, capitate, pectinate. Abdomen subglobose; dorsum with stout, slightly curved, pectinate sete; no light or dark spots showing on the abdomen. Posterior end of the abdomen without four long simple bristles situated toward the ventral aspect. Pteromorphe triangular, truncated anteriorly, not extending beyond the anterior margin of abdomen; integument of pteromorphe not wrinkled; ventral margin not emarginate. Genital covers a little more than their length in front of the anal covers. Femur of leg I with a small chitinous expansion, but not in the form of a cusp. Femur of leg II with a small chitinous expansion on its inner side, but it is not in the form of a cusp. Ungues homodactyle. Length, 0.46 mm.; width, 0.30 mm. From Portage, Wisconsin; shaken from Juniperus nana and Quercus alba; by the writer. Described from three specimens no one of which showed all the charac- ters sufficiently well to be selected as a type. This species is related to O. banksi Ewing, but is easily separated from O. banksi Ewing by its smaller _--—~Ewing, New Acarina. 119 and stouter hairs on the notogaster, as ‘well as in the character of e = pio tie organs. Oribata boletorum new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 15.) Light chestnut brown, legs much paler than the body. Lamelle each with a free end, or cusp, which is bifurcate; lamellar hair situated between these ty © points of the free end of the lamella. Translamella present, blade-like, about ‘two thirds as broad as one of the lamelle. Interlamellar hairs straight, pectinate, situated close to the bases of the lamell, distinctly longer than the lamellar hairs. _ Pseudostigmatic organ very short, simple, subcapitate, directed forward and inward. ___ Pteromorphe short, truncated anteriorly, not extending beyond the anterior margin _ of abdomen, integument of pteromorphe not wrinkled. Abdomen globose; dorsum __ with prominent, straight, stout, pectinate hairs. Posterior end of abdomen without ' four long, simple bristles toward the ventral aspect. Notogaster without any large light spots showing through the integument. Genital covers rectangular, situated i one and a half times their length in front of the anal covers. Femur of leg I with a small chitinous expansion on its inner side; expansion not in the form of a cusp. Femur of leg II with a similar expansion which is not cusp-like. Ungues hetero- dactyle. Length, 0.62 mm.; width, 0.44 mm. From Jordan, Minnesota; on decaying mushrooms; by J. E. Guthrie. Four specimens at hand during the description; but chiefly one, the type, was used. This species is very distinct, and I can find no closely _ related species. It appears to belong next to my 0. figurata according to natural arrangement, but differs from this species in many ways, one of which is in having rather prominent hairs on the dorsum of the abdomen, whereas 0. figurata has no hairs on the dorsum. } Genus Oribatella Banks. a Oribatella ‘achipteroides new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 16.) Dark reddish brown; integument smooth. Lamelle very large and similar in ____ Bhape to the common type found in Achipteria; each ending in a prominent cusp and _____ @ach bearing on its anterior inner corner the lamellar hair. Lamellar hair stout, ___—s ¢urved, pectinate, as long as the greatest width of the lamella. Interlamellar hairs _* two thirds as long as the lamell«, curved, situated at the base of the lamellae. Pseu- __ dostigmatic organs clavo-lanceolate, curved strongly inward and forward, tip of head slightly pectinate. Abdomen oblong, hairless; dorsum with three pairs of oval light spots. Pteromorphe truncated anteriorly and without any cusp-like projection from the anterior margin, anterior ventral corner of pteromorphe not ending in a cusp. Genital covers, almost semidisc-shaped, but little over one half as long as anal covers, and situated about twice their length in front of the latter. Ungues of tarsi tridactyle; dactyles unequal. Length, 0.54 mm.; width, 0.38 mm. 120 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, From Red Wing, Minnesota; under bark and chips on lowland; by J. E. Guthrie. This species is entirely different from all the other species of Oribatella, but does not have the type of pteromorph found in Achipteria. Perhaps it should be made the type of a new genus, but for the present I place it in Oribatella. Genus Notaspis Hermann. Notaspis pyristigma Ewing, variety fusca new variety. Similar to NV. pyristigma Ewing but of a dark reddish brown color. In this variety the interlamellar hairs are very stout and are longer than the lamelle; while in the type of the species the interlamellar hairs are very slender and shorter than the lamelle. Pseudostigmatic organs more strongly capitate than in the type. Both the lamelle and the translamella are broader than they are in the type, and there is an absence of rudi- mentary lamellar cusps. From Portage, Wisconsin; under a stone lying on the ground; by the writer. Genus Lucoppia Berlese. Lucoppia boletorum new species. (Plate VIII, Fig. 17.) Uniform light yellowish brown; integument uneven but not pitted. Lamellz consisting of low, inconspicuous, chitinous ridges which are slightly less than one half as long as the cephalothorax. No bars on the cephalothorax between the lamelle. Lamellar hairs pectinate, slightly curved, about as long as the lamelle. Interlamel- lar hairs similar to lamellar hairs but longer, many times as long as pseudostigmatic organ. Translamella absent. Pseudostigmatic organ with a very short, straight pedicel and a subglobose, simple head. Abdomen subspherical; dorsum sparsely clothed with slightly pectinate, curved, stout sete. Genital covers smaller than the anal covers, situated about twice their length from the latter. Anal covers situated less than one half their length from the posterior margin of ventral plate. Anterior pair of legs extending one half their length beyond the tip of the rostrum; tarsus and tibia subequal in length. Total length of the body, 0.60 mm.; width, 0.38 mm. From Jordan, Minnesota; on decaying mushrooms; by J. E. Guthrie. Similar to L. pilosus (Banks), but with the abdomen almost circular in outline when viewed from above, also with shorter lamellar hairs than those of Banks’ species. Genus Dameus C. L. Koch. Dameus globifer new species. (Plate VIII, Figs. 18 and 19.) Chestnut brown; legs paler than the body. Cephalothorax two thirds as long as the abdomen. Pseudostigmatic organ long, stout, slightly pectinated, setiform. _~~Bwing, New Acarina. 121 ene ented 0 eng, stout, simple seta. Abdo- ; seta on notogaster stout, simple, curved. From the anterior end ngth in front of the latter. etdbias tinned caore ne sas 1G ate longlh = a the posterior margin of ventral plate. All of the segments of the legs with a ol .. ae he eee re ee others. _Femora of legs with a hair. tee tre. sy uh «son ine, tactile bristle at its distal end. — width, 0.50 mm. lar to D. sufflecus Mich, but the hairs or setae on i the inate of the ( are different, being curved and about twice as long as those of s. There are other differences between the two species. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Puate VII. Bdella tessellata n. sp. Dorsal view, X 36. ee = oe A section of the integument from the dorsal part Puate VIII. Podocinum guthriei n. sp. Dorsal view, X 36. . Uroseius tumidus n. sp. Epigynum of female, < 140. Pelops minnesotensis n. sp. Dorsal view, X 100. . Oribata salicis n. sp. Tarsus and tibia of leg I, X 240. Oribata corticis n. sp. Genital covers and tips of epimera II and III, Oribata minnesolensis n. sp. Pseudostigma and pseudostigmatic organ, Oribata juniperi n. sp. Pseudostigma and pseudostigmatic organ, X . Lvucoppia boletorum n. sp. Dorsal view, X 60. Damaus globifer n. sp. Dorsal view, x 34. . Dameus globifer n. sp. Seta from posterior end of abdomen, X 120. abet eS Birk ee ae ere s we Fit i | sana Pt) a i siblued 17 7 ih 51 ; RS ie Peeiuhranttiae” te. 7. AG Es - . ” Re ttt a wy F ia ae ee ty Te a Bei eo be ahi che Gt ast ees Pty po i 8 IS te green ee. Pn. etapa Ai re RR Ta te : Paha eee a x’ 7 ap Mat 2 Pa Wx + P = » & - 4 ° 4, % * ae 2 ie . ‘ Ap = RR AL ~ : Ss Sie y Ya EN Ty = Nyy Spam OU AGERE: 03 Seiad Mahe Pea Se : jul Vou. XXXII, Puare Vit. te Be H. E. Ewina ad nat. del. New Acartna — Ewina. yu Vou. XXXI, Prare VIII. del. OLE. Ewrno ad nat. New Acartmna — Ewina. a ee 56.82(79.5) Article VI— REVIEW OF THE FOSSIL FAUNA OF THE DESERT REGION OF OREGON, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ADDI- oa TIONAL MATERIAL COLLECTED THERE. By R. W. Suuretpr. . Piates IX to XLIII. -in August, 1912, there was placed in my hands by the Department ification and description, a small collection of vertebrate fossils col- ed by J. C. Russell (season of 1882) and W. Day (season of 1883) of the ited States Geological Survey, at Christmas Lake, Oregon (near Button’s ch). A superficial examination of this material convinced me of the fact that ly fulfill such a task, it would be necessary to have before me for n, not only all the material upon which a previous paper of mine Desert Region, as well as any other material of the kind, either vertebrate invertebrate, which, in any way, might assist in the matter of identifica- 1 or otherwise illumine the subject. Both of these requirements have n fulfilled, as far as possible, to the extent of the demand. In this connection I am indebted to Mr. Charles W. Gilmore, of the sartment of Vertebrate Paleontology of the United States. National iseum, for transmitting me the above material of the Department for cription and a preliminary examination of the mammal fossils. I have ecially to thank Mr. J. W. Gidley, the curator in charge of the mammals nd fish of the same Department, for his several examinations of the fossils ‘the mammals and some other forms described in the present paper; for is references of the different species, and for other courtesies and assistance many occasions in connection with this work while in the course of , | am very much indebted to Dr. F. A. Lucas, Director of the _ 'Shufeldt, R. W. A Study of the Fossil Avifauna of the Equus Beds of the Oregon ‘Desert. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IX, Pls. XV-XVII, Phila., Oct., 1892, pp. 389-425. See also abstract of this paper which preceded it in ‘American Naturalist’ (Vol. XXV z 207, Sept.. 1891, pp. 818-821; and ‘The Auk’ (Vol. VIII. No. 4. N. Y., Oct. 1891, 123 124 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, American Museum of Natural History of New York City, for his approving of my request for the use of all the material upon which my previous publi- cations were based, collected by Cope and Condon in the Desert Region of Oregon, and particularly to Doctors E. O. Hovey and W. D. Matthew of the Paleontological Department of that institution for their favorable recommendations and trouble in directing the shipment of the aforesaid valuable fossils to me from their museum to my home in Washington, and for other favors. I am also in this connection greatly indebted to the United States National Museum for the unlimited use of the collection of skeletons of birds of that institution, and in particular to Dr. Chas. W. Richmond of the Department of Birds and his assistant, Mr. J. H. Riley, for the most valuable assistance in the matter in hand, as well as to Mr. Paul Bartsch, of the Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, for his having identi- fied specimens of shells from the Cope collection of ager: Oregon fossils belonging to the American Museum. There were two of these specimens,— one each of Carinifer newberryt and Spherium transversum, both from Fossil Lake. As there were no other shells, and as these are still abundant in the existing fauna of the region, it will not be necessary to mention them again in the present connection. To Mr. Barton A. Bean, in charge of the Department of Fishes at the U. S. National Museum, I am indebted for assistance in connection with my examination of existing fishes in the collections of that institution, for comparison with such fossils of those forms as were discovered in the Oregon desert region, fragments of the bones of which were found among the specimens of the collections referred to above. These will be commented upon further on in the present paper. For the identifications of all the bones and fragments of bones figured in the Plates, I am wholly responsible. At the present writing, then, I have before me a small collection of fossils from the U. S. National Museum; all the material of the Cope and Condon collections previously described by me, and the skeletons of many existing vertebrata found in the collections of the U. S. National Museum. The character and number of fossils in the collection from the American Museum have already been described in my Academy memoir. As far as birds are concerned, it is altogether the largest amount of material repre- senting Pleistocene birds in this country. The lot recently turned over to me by the U.S. National Museum — coming, as it does, from nearly the same locality — contains fossils resembling them in all particulars. Unfortu- nately, however, they are few in number and very fragmentary, though none the less interesting and important. Most of them are fossil bones of birds, while the rest are of mammals and fish; and, in most instances, the 1913] ———Shufeldt, Fossit- Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 125 s of any of the groups are represented in the Cope and Condon ‘ion by a far greater number and variety; so, practically, they will be 1 in connection with them. Tue U. S. Nationa Museum CoL.ection. _ This colleton I have illustrated by means of Plates IX and X, the first g figures 1 to 16, and the latter figures 17 to 35. At as time I first examined Professor Cope’s collection, which, as a Se constitutes the material to be reéxamined further on in this paper, it having come into the possession of the American Museum of Natural History, I met with fragments of bones in it, which led me to believe ___ that they belonged to the well-known Sage Cock (Centrocercus wrophasianus) of the Western Plains. This suspicion was confirmed after a moment’s inspection of the fossils handed over to me by the Paleontological Depart- ment of the U. S. National Museum; for it contained a number of fossil ____ bones of Centrocercus, several of which were quite perfect, and may all easily have belonged to the same bird (see Figs. 1, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12 and 13, _ Plate IX); while another belonged to a larger individual, and probably to - anoldmale. (Fig.9, Plate IX.) These will be more fully described further on in this paper, when I take up all the fossil material representing this Species of grouse. _____ As stated in my Philadelphia Academy memoir, the Snow Goose (Chen g _hyperboreus) was an abundant species on the Pleistocene Lakes of Oregon, __ and its fossil remains are abundant in this collection (p. 409). Various fossil bones, representing this species, are figured on Plate XVI, and there is a more or less perfect head of a humerus of this goose in the collection ___ belonging to the U. S. National Museum (Fig. 2, Plate IX). This collection also contains fragmentary remains of two other anserine forms, namely the _ Condon’s extinct goose (Anser condoni) (Fig. 3, Plate IX), and the Anser ___ hypsibatus of Cope,— another extinct species. These two geese will be ____ touched upon more fully further on in this paper (Plate I, Figs. 3 and 5). ___- Grebes, of at least three genera, flourished on these Pleistocene Lakes of Oregon, and they are critically considered in their proper place beyond. Fossil bones of some of the species are present in the material belonging to the National Museum, (see Figs. 8, 10, 14, 15 of Plate IX, and Figs. 32-35 of Plate X), and the descriptions of these will be incorporated with others on another page. Very recently, the U. S. National Museum has had added to its col- _ leetions a fine skeleton (No. 223756) of the Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus 126 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, histrionicus), and this has been loaned me for my work in the present contribution. ‘Twenty years ago, when I first examined this collection, a skeleton of this species was not at hand; and consequently, as in so many other instances, I could not state positively with respect to some of the anserine fossils I examined. That there are bones which belonged to Harlequin Ducks in the collection, however, can now be announced with certainty. Even in this small collection belonging to the Smithsonian Institution, there is a left coracoid of Histrionicus, and I show it in Fig. 16 of Plate IX. It corresponds exactly with that bone as we find it in the shoulder girdle of this species of duck as it occurs at the present day. (See Plate XXX, Figs. 360-363.) There are a few fossil bones of fish in this collection, especially vertebrae and palatine bones (Plate X, Figs. 17-21, and Fig. 23). Up to the present time, I have not been able to refer these, or to name them, if belonging to extinct species. This, too, is a matter I shall touch upon later on in this paper, as a far greater number of these bones are to be found in the collec- tion belonging to the American Museum. This also applies to the few mammal bones we find here, which, as may be seen by referting to Plate X (Figs. 24-31), chiefly belonged to representatives of the Canid@ and large . hares of the genus Lepus. In my Philadelphia Academy memoir I refer, to some extent, to the mammalian fauna of these ancient lakes, and further on in the present contribution, the subject will be completed, in so far as my studies have carried me. FURTHER STUDIES OF THE COPE AND CONDON COLLECTIONS, NOW COMPRIS- ING A PART OF THE PALZONTOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE. AMERICAN Museum or NaTuraL History. PISCES. As will be noted, under the figures of Plate XI at the close of this memoir, very little could be accomplished with respect to the fossil bones of such fishes as were collected at Silver and Fossil Lakes. There were not many brought back by the several collectors, and such material as there is, is fragmentary and broken up. Cope pointed out, as I state in my Philadelphia Academy paper, that there were but two fishes represented, namely: Salmo purpuratus and Myloleucus formosus, the latter now being known as Rutilus symmetricus (Baird and Girard); and both of these are found in the existing icthyfauna. Many of the bits of fossil fish bones were sufficiently perfect for me to name Shufeldt, Foseit~“Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 127 ee | me in any case —if not the fish to which it belonged. This I in- - did, as will be appreciated by a study of Plate XI. Personally I of the opinion that there were, in Pleistocene time, a good many more s of fish in those lakes than the two above named ones, as the fossils a to indicate this. I compared some of the vertebra, opercular bones s with such skeletal material as I had at hand, but was unable to e bat. any definite conclusions with respect to references. We very ch need, at the National Museum, a good working collection of fish as for the use of students. Unfortunately, there is no such collection, : a large part of what there is in that line is worthless. se, Bice the fossils now under consideration, there were found a number yeculiar spine-like bones which could not be, and have not up to this ng been, identified. At first I took them to be the weapon-spines a n the pectoral fins of most cat-fishes,— a view I promptly abandoned. Thre » of these spines are figured on Plate XI (Figs. 40-42); they vary - hat in form and size; are asymmetrical, and do not possess, at their rticular ends, ‘the complicated joint of the large pectoral-fin spines of ertain Nematognathi. These have likewise been examined by Mr. Gidley, on Bean and William Palmer, and none of these authorities were able Steady incised out in my previous ork that the “ Basset also are pare, , but one species has thus far been taken in the region, and that a tree- ; fro (Ayla regilla). It is abundant on the shores of Silver Lake, though it does not resort to the timber. But two lizards have thus far been reported, latter is frequently seen sunning itself on the bare volcanic rock of the __ lake-shores. Only two snakes occur in this arid region,— the rattle-snake, iown as Crotalus confluentus leconti and Eutenia sirtalis parietalis.” (p. ). Some of these forms are now, I believe, known under different sientific names, owing to the many nomenclatural changes which have aken place during recent years. On account of their small size and perish- able nature, it is not surprising that the collectors failed to find the fossil bones of such animals as hylas, swifts, or even rattle-snakes. Some very small mammal and bird bones were found, however, as will be seen by re- -ferring to Figs. 66 and 536 on the Plates. 128 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, AVES. PYGOPODEs. Various species of Grebes, belonging to several genera, were among the most abundant bird-forms inhabiting the ancient lakes of Oregon. Con- siderable attention was devoted to these in my Philadelphia Academy memoir; and, at the time that this appeared, I was satisfied there were at least five pygopodine species, represented in the collection by an abundant lot of various fossil bones. These were Aichmophorus occidentalis, Colymbus holbelli; possibly — and very probably —C. auritus; C. n. californicus, and Podilymbus podiceps. Since then, Colymbus auritus has been established beyond all doubt, in as much as a skeleton of that bird has been added to the collections of the U.S. National Museum (No. 17273) since my first examinations were made (Plate XX XVIII, Figs. 441, 448). This was the principal trouble at the time I prepared my paper for the Philadelphia Academy: there were so few skeletons of existing birds available; and, indeed, at this writing, the grebes in the U. S. National Museum are very poorly represented. Strange as it may seem, that great national institution has not in its collections, at the present time (Nov. 13, 1912) any part of a skeleton of the existing Western — Grebe (4ichmophorus occidentalis). Up to this date, I have had to depend upon the long bones of the limbs of a specimen of this bird, which was prepared by Professor Cope and myself,— someone having collected the specimen for him. In general it may be said that there are several considerations we must ever have in mind, when we come to study, identify and refer the fossil bones of birds, and it is doubtless true of all animals; I mean the considerations of sex, of age, and of time. This is particularly essential with respect to the American species of Grebes, for the reason that the characters of the bones are wonderfully similar, and the correct ascertaining of the species is made the more difficult, not only for this reason, but for the fact that, in one or two instances, the species — as in the case of Aichmophorus occidentalis and Colymbus holbelli — are so much of a size. If, when the sexes of any particular species become fully adult, they agree with respect to size, that simplifies matters very much; but if, on the other hand, the female for example is markedly smaller than the male — both being adult — then a factor for comparison is at once introduced into our work. Still more difficult do correct references become when the bones are all mixed up, and there are present those of another species of only slightly smaller proportions, in which species the sexes — when adult — Shufeldt, Fossit-Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 129 fer with respect to size. For example, the tarso-metatarsus of an os eraengpergragt the general characters being al- tishable — might be, in all particulars, quite like the tarso- bik an sdult male Colymbus holbelli. In other words, there would o do oubt whatever about picking out the bones belonging to the adult . the Western Grebe; but we would be confronted with an entirely nt proposition, when we came to distinguish between the female rn Grebes and the male Holbcell’s Grebes. And so on, too, for other _ This is not all, however; for here comes in the second consideration,— 1a of age. Grebes, as in the case of many other kinds of birds, do not their full growth for several years; and about the second or third Pt , the long bones of the skeleton, for example, are not as large or as long ‘the adult, while at the same time they are indistinguishable in other spects. Therefore, as another difficulty to contend with, we may, for aple, mistake the tarso-metatarsus of a subadult male Achmophorus entalis for an adult male Colymbus holbelli; or, as may be readily eciated, they may also be confused in other respects,— that is in regard these two species of Grebes. inally comes in our third consideration, and that is the matter of time. ese bones of our fossil grebes are many thousand years old. It is quite possible that either Zchmophorus occidentalis of Colymbus holballi became larger or smaller between the Pleistocene period and the present time; that _ is to say, the Pleistocene Western Grebe, for example, may have been either ger or a smaller species than the race now in existence, which descended tly from the former. This also applies to Holbcell’s Grebe and others. Slaitesioe. i the Western Grebe were a smaller bird in Pleistocene time — in this day we find a series of tarso-metatarsi, for example, representing ‘the characters being the same, it would be difficult to distinguish the tar tata: of an adult male Western Grebe of the fossil form, from the 1¢ bone of an adult female of the existing race; while the tarso-metatarsus of an adult male of the existing race would be larger and longer than the responding bone in fossil individuals of that species, for the reason that e species itself became larger as it descended by generations from the size, Echmophorus occidentalis and Colymbus holbelli, of the Oregon ssert Region of Pleistocene, were no bigger or no smaller than their p existing descendants of the present day. In other words, they e about the same, respectively, in the matter of proportions. This, then, does away with any difficulty arising in the matter of time; but it does not 130 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, do away with the questions of sex and age,— the characters being practi- cally the same; we can still be led into error for the reasons I have pointed out above. Everything else being equal, we are often assisted in making a correct reference — with respect to these Grebes as well as in the case of other birds — when the point hinges on the question of age; but this only applies to fossils of the kind now being considered. I refer to the bones in fully adult species which are very smooth, black and shiny. In younger birds they are, according to their youngness, slightly rough, gray and dull. Of course in much younger specimens this is better marked, and we then have the condition of the epiphyses of the long bones to assist us. These may be coéssified with the shaft in a particular case, or in “chicks” they may have dropped off and been lost altogether. These points are all very important, and must be borne well in mind when describing such fossils as theonesnow being considered. There is another point to remember in considering the fossil long bones of Zchmophorus occidentalis. I said in regard to it, in my Philadelphia Academy paper “Within certain limits, the long bones vary somewhat in length, but the majority of the specimens are typical. I found no humerus quite as large as that bone in the existing species; but there are not so very many examples of it in the collection, and probably no larger ones were secured. In the fossil bird, too, the distal margin of the ulnar crest — or that border bounding the fossa wherein the pneumatic foramina are found in other birds possessing pneumatic humeri — is rather fuller than it is in the humerus of the existing species. This very slight difference appears to be constant.” (p. 396). Now, although I said in that paper, in the next paragraph, with respect to Colymbus holbelli, that it was found to be quite abundantly represented “by its fossil remains, it appears to be identical with the existing species bearing that name. It is a notably smaller species than 4. occidentalis, and its fossil remains are easily distinguished from it.” (Joc. cit., p. 396). At this date, I may say that in making those references, in the case of the two grebes in question, size alone was considered, and the important items of sex and age ignored. So it would be quite possible for one to mistake any of the principal long bones of the limbs of the female 42. occidentalis for a male C. holbelli, both being adult, and everything else being equal. I have no skeleton of Colymbus holbelli at hand. Ornithological authorities seem to find no differences in the lengths on adult male and female grebes of any of our North American species. If the case of Achmophorus occidentalis, the length is usually given as 24 to 29 inches; the now not recognized Clark’s Grebe (dich. clarkii) 22 inches. Colymbus holbelli 18 to 20 and a half inches; C. auritus 12.5 to 15.25 inches and C. nigricollis californicus 9 to 10.5 inches. : J L___Shafelat,-Foewit Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 131 To some extent this may simplify matters, with respect to making correct : ences, in the case of fossil long bones of grebes; while, on the other % nd, the marked variations in these bones themselves render such refer- _ ences very puzzling. “eae os birds, turkeys (Meleagride) are good examples of these great erences in the lengths of the long bones due to age, sex, and other condi- or This fact I have already pointed out in another connection.’ There are, in this collection, several hundred fossil bones of the larger ecies of Grebes. In their general characters, the majority of these bones agree very closely with the corresponding ones in such a form as 4ichmo- phorus occidentalis, and only slight departures are seen in others. Some idea may be gained of their number, when I state that I find more than seventy coracoids of the larger species of grebes, and over fifty femora. There are no skulls beyond a few fragmentary pieces, and a few portions of mandibles. There are over fifty pieces representing the sacrums and the codssified dorsal vertebre of these grebes. Only the anterior parts of a few Ta sternums are present; some cervical vertebra; scapule; many long bones of i tig limbs, and so on. ____ Figs. 68 to 90 inclusive of Plate XII of this paper, give a very good _ idea of the proportional variations in size of these grebes’ coracoids. Such _ bones as are figured in Figs. 70, 71, 73, 80, and others, are, without any . doubt whatever, from Achmophorus occidentalis (fossil) ;. but in such cases ’ q p Ge Figs. 76, 79, 88, 89 and 90, we have quite a different question presented us. All these latter are too short and small for old, adult, male specimens of _ Aichmophorus occidentalis; but any one of them may belong to females or _ subadults of either sex of that species, and we would have no way of de- termining the point with certainty in any case. This for the reason that there were several species of grebes on those ancient lakes of Oregon, and we find the fossil bones of all of them in this collection. So that such a grebe’s coracoid, as is shown in Figs. 79 or 88 for example, may have be- - longed to a specimen of Holbeell’s Grebe (Colymbus holballi) or to some other As stated above, I did not find any humerus of these larger grebes — and of 4ichmophorus occidentalis in particular — that had attained quite the size of that bone of any existing species to which it may have belonged: _ This is well shown in the case of the Western Grebe (4. occidentalis) in - Plate XIII. Fig. 91 gives the humerus of the last-named bird, from a speci- _ men prepared by Cope and myself. It will be noted that it is longer than 7 my other humerus on the Plate, and I may say in the collection. The as ‘Shufeldt, R. W. On Fossil Bird-Bones Obtained by Expeditions of the University of a Pennsylvania from the Bone Caves of Tennessee. Amer. Nat., July, 1897, pp. 645-650. 132 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, humeri shown in Figs. 94, 97 and 100, show very well the greater develop- ment of the ulnar crest, as compared with that feature in the humerus of an existing specimen (Fig. 91). One or two of these humeri are very considerably shorter than the one shown in Fig. 91; and, as they are very dark or dull black and smooth, I take it that they belonged to specimens of Colymbus holbelli. Figs. 94, 95 and 96 of Plate XIII are humeri, which, had they been perfect, would, beyond any doubt, have been fully the size of the bone shown in Fig. 91; but then their ulnar crests would have been different and more prominently pro- duced. What has been stated with respect to the humerus will also apply to the other long bones of the pectoral limb. Many of the avian une in the collection are broken, while many others are very perfect. For a grebe’s ulna, I selected the one shown in Fig. 116 of Plate XIV, and compared it with one of 2. occidentalis, as set forth in the Explanation of Plates beyond. Both the ulna and radius in average birds have many characters in com- mon; and, as they vary considerably for sex, age and other causes, I have used them with extreme caution in making references on these accounts. However, the ulna shown in Fig. 116 is from an adult, and more than likely belonged to a C. holbelli. Only a few of the two carpal bones occur in the collection; I made no attempt to refer them, and for very obvious reasons. This also applies to phalangeal joints of manus. With respect to the carpo-metacarpus, we have a very different proposi- tion. This long bone in a grebe is very distinctive, as will be appreciated by a study of those presented in Plate XIV, Figs. 103 to 110 inclusive. These bones are referred to quite fully in the Explanation of Plates at the end of this paper. At first glance, the bone shown in Fig. 102, Plate XIV, was thought to be from a grebe; but a more careful study of it revealed the fact that it came from some medium-sized Heron, and it has all the characters — - as far as they have been preserved — of an Ardea, though possibly it may have belonged to a Botawrus. Unfortunately, I have no long bones of the limbs of that genus before me. Figs. 111 to 128 inclusive of Plate XIV give various other bones of the skeletons of grebes for study; and, in the case of the vertebra, it will be noted how perfectly some of them have been preserved. The superior mandibles, presented in Figs. 111 and 113, clearly show how these grebes varied in size. ¢ Perhaps no Plate, in the present paper, better explains what I have endeavored to make clear in the last few paragraphs than Plate XV. The twenty figures included upon it are all femora of grebes, taken natural size on anterior and posterior views. There is no question in my mind but what 1 13.) ——__ Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 133 ie : = a ‘iebonee shown in Figs. 129, 130 and 140 on this Plate belonged to speci- mens of Aichmophorus occidentalis; more than likely some of the others did, r all the others did, for that matter. The chances are, however, that such mora as are here shown in Figs. 138, 143, 144, 148 and others, belonged to eral individuals of Colymbus holballi. There can really be no certainty — absolute certainty — on this point, however, as we see from the Plate, that between such a big femur as the one shown in Fig. 140, and the small e in Fig. 144, there is a complete gradation of others, each varying by ly a millimeter or more. Therefore, in so far as the femur is concerned — dging from the material at hand — it would appear to be impossible to say, in such a series, exactly where one species began and the other left off. iis matter will be touched upon again further on in this paper. _ Coming to the tibio-tarsus of these grebes, we are met by the same _ problem that confronted us in the other bones of the skeleton. This I have Diy iiebvored to demonstrate by the Figures presented on Plates XVI and a ‘Xvil. If we allow that the tibio-tarsus shown in Fig. 152 be that of a _. subadult 42. occidentalis,— and I believe it to have belonged to an individ- ual of that species,— then all the bones on Plate XVI were of this Western 5 Grebe. With the exception of the one shown in Fig. 155, they are all fossil. _ The several ways in which the tibio-tarsus varies — or did vary in the aaeaerot 4. occidentalis, during Pleistocene time in Oregon, indeed where- ever the species occurred during that epoch — are well shown in Figs. 156- 176 of Plate XVII. This is a valuable character display, and worthy of thought and close study. ‘There are upwards of sixty tarso-metatarsi of the larger species of grebes in this collection, and some three or four in the lot belonging to the U. S. ___ National Museum. All these I have studied and compared with especial are; for not only are they very instructive, but they shed considerable light on the variations to be found in these bones of the species to which ____ they belonged. Moreover, Mr. L. H. Miller has likewise written on this subject, and described a fossil extinct grebe from Fossil Lake, Oregon, which he has named A’chmophorus lucasi.1 When Mr. Miller described this extinct grebe, the material at hand for the purpose consisted of six __ femora and four tarso-metatarsi (“tarsi”), and he arrived at his conclusions ____ by the very uncertain test of averages (p. 86) —i. e., the averages based on ___ the lengths of the long bones employed in making the species. _____ Thave shown above, that in the case of any of these long bones (either fossil or recent species) of grebes, they vary in their ih with inepeck to a? ¥ a 1 Miller, Loye Holmes. Additions to the Avifauna of the Pleistocene “Deposite at Fossil Lake, Oregon. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univer. Cal. Pub. Vol. 6. No. 4, pp. 79-87. (Issued Feb. 4, 1911). 134 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, sex, age, species, etc. For example, we might have fifty femora or tarso- metatarsi to examine,— all. of the larger species of grebes (fossil) from Fossil Lake. In lengths, they may run all the way from 70 to 80 milli- meters; were they all confined to one species — and when that species became adult its tarso-metatarsus always measured 80 mm. — then the taking of averages would be of distinct value in determining new species. But this is not the case; for we have at least two species of big fossil grebes from the locality in question, and we may have, for example, a tarso-meta- tarsus of an adult Achmophorus occidentalis measure 80 mm.; or every five or six of them out of the fifty, including a few females of the same species, measure 77.5 mm.; a few of Colymbus holbelli adult males also measure 77.5 mm.; and a lot of subadults of both species ranging in length between 70 and 75mm. In other words, we have gradation in lengths in a long bone - of two species to take the average of the same, with the view of establishing a third species. Such data, based on such material — everything else being equal — is useless, and for this reason I did not take averages of the lengths, in the case of the long series of these bones I have at hand at this writing. Mr. Miller gives the length of the femur of chmophorus occidentalis — the existing species — as 43.8 mm. I take the femur here shown in Fig. 130 of Plate XV to be a fossil femur of this species, and it has an extreme length of 50 mm.! while the one shown in Fig. 138 of the same Plate has a length of but 42 mm. There are various measurements with respect to the lengths of these bones between these extremes, as they are shown on Plate VII. The gradations are very perfect and gradual. Twenty years ago, when I first examined these fossil bones, I took all the smaller ones to belong to Colymbus holbelli, and all the longest ones to 42. occidentalis. In other words, femora, exactly like the ones figured by Mr. Miller as belonging to his 4. lucasi, I described as belonging to 42. occidentalis. Were that bone perfect, it is precisely such a femur as the ones I exhibit in Figs. 131, 132, 133 and others of Plate XV of the present paper, and they are femora of Aichmo- phorus occidentalis. Still more deceptive, unreliable and unfortunate are the data obtained through the application of length-averages when we employ the tarso- metatarsus for this, and expect to establish new extinct species thereby. This is well shown in Plate X VIII of the present paper. On it, I have repro- duced Mr. Miller’s figure of the tarso-metatarsus of his Aichmophorus lucasi, exactly the same length (74.6 mm.), Fig. 183. Next to it, I present the photograph (Fig. 182) of a fossil tarso-metatarsus of a grebe from Fossil Lake, which is precisely like the one Mr. Miller figures (Fig. 183),— even to the imperfection present at the distal end. It measures in length, from ) 1018) __Shufeldt;~Foseit Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 135 the “intercotylar tuberosity to external trochlea,” 74.6 mm., and is con- _ sidered by me to be the tarso-metatarsus of either a female 2. occidentalis or a male C. holballi (adults),— most probably the latter. Figure 181 in _ this Plate X is from a recent specimen of 4’. occidentalis, and has a length _ of 79 mm.; Mr. Miller states that the tarso-metatarsus in recent specimens re of 4. occidentalis has an average length of only 70 mm. ‘The tarso-metatarsi of Plate X VIII, seen in Figs. 185-190 inclusive, appear to have all belonged to specimens of . occidentalis, although the shafts are _ thicker, from side to side, in some than they are in others. (Compare 186 and 188 in this matter.) All this being true, it would be interesting to ___ know to what species of grebes the fossil tarso-metatarsi belonged, shown in 3 Figs. 178, 179 and 184 of my Plate XVIII of the present paper. The bone _ shown in Fig. 178 has a length of only 69 mm.; while in the one shown in Fig. 184, it equals 86.5 mm.,— a difference of 17.5 mm. The bone shown in Fig. 177, is an extremely heavy and thick one, as compared with the one shown in Fig. 189. _--——s Among all the phalanges of pes, shown in Plate XIX, it is not difficult to __ pick out a number which belonged to different species of grebes,— as, for example, the characteristic joints shown in v and f’ and others. In my Philadelphia Academy memoir, it was set forth that the fossil remains of Colymbus auritus probably occurred in the Oregon Desert Region fauna, during the Pleistocene; and that Colymbus nigricollis cali- & fornicus and Podilymbus podiceps certainly did, as fossil bones of these two ___ Species were met with in the Cope collection. During the present examina- _ tion, I have been enabled to examine the skeleton of an adult &* Colymbus __ auritus (No. 17273, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); and, in comparing some of its ___ bones with certain fossil ones in the collection now before me, I find that a number of the latter can, with certainty, be referred to this grebe. Among ____ these, there are two tarso-metatarsi which certainly belonged to specimens _. of a species so close to Colymbus auritus that there can be no doubt as to their identity. It is very remarkable that such a number of the fossil bones, of so many of the avian species of the Pleistocene period, agree so __well —in all particulars — with the corresponding bones in the skeletons of their several representatives of modern time,— that is, in our recent birds. = As previously stated, a number of fossil bones, representing Colymbus __nigricollis californicus and Podilymbus podiceps, are to be found in the eollection. (See Figs. 443-447, 450-456, 463, Plate XXXVIII, and Figs. 457-462, Plate XX XVIII); these have all been carefully recompared with the corresponding bones in skeletons of recent birds of the same species. After setting aside all of the fossil material in this collection, representing 4. occidentalis, Colymbus holbelli, C. auritus, C. n. californicus and Podi- 136 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, lymbus podiceps, 1 still find some fossil bones of grebes that cannot he referred to any of these species, and they therefore represent new species of the North American Pygopodes. Descriptions of New Species of Extinct North American Pygopodes. Colymbus parvus, n. sp. (Figs. 474-477, 481-483, Pl. XX XIX.) This was a true grebe, considerably smaller than either Aichmophorus occidentalis or Colymbus holbelli, and notably larger than either Colymbus nigricollis californicus or Colymbus dominicus. Its remains are represented in this collection by at least nine (9) fossil bones, all of which are sufficiently perfect for the purpose of making a correct reference. Seven of these bones are figured on Plate XX XVIII of this paper, they being two humeri, two tarso-metatarsi, and three coracoids. Beyond their relatively small size, there is nothing peculiar about any of these bones,— all being wholly pygopodine in character. The tarso-metatarsus has a length of 56. mm. (approx.) (Fig. 477). The three coracoids shown are much worn, and very pale in color. The characteristic anterior sternal facet, in all of these coracoids, is very indistinct, as may be observed from the Figures; and this leads me to believe that these three coracoids may have belonged to some other species of water bird, notwithstanding the fact that all their other characters point to a grebe’s coracoid. If, however, the aforesaid facets prove to be not present, I would say that these bones did not belong to a grebe, and should therefore be set aside. In this connection I would say, that in the collection there are two other coracoids, small in size, and typically grebe in character, which I can, without hesitation, say belonged to the present new extinct species. Both of these are black in color, from adult individuals, nearly perfect, and one rather larger than the other. The longer one measures, in extreme height (from highest point on summit to apex of outer, lower angle) 41 mm., and the shorter one, on the same line, 39 mm. Podilymbus magnus, n. sp. (Figs. 439, 440, 449, 461, 462. Plate XX XVIII.) Represented in the collection by two tarso-metatarsi and a coracoid,— all three bones being more or less perfect. Either of these tarso-metatarsi present identically the same characters as are found in the corresponding bone of a specimen of Podilymbus podiceps “is, ___Shufeldt; Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 137 . Wo. 17272, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), with this exception that they are very ‘; larger, as well as longer. In Podilymbus magnus, the tarso- us measured 44 mm. in length, while in P. podiceps it measures but um. Both of these bones of P. magnus (lefts) are given in Plate XXVIII (Figs. 439, 440) to show their agreement. It is not at all likely " t they belonged to the same individual. They are compared with the 30-7 of C. auritus, in that they may not be confounded with that - This is also done in the case of the coracoids (Plate XX XVIII, Figs. 1); and it will be observed that the coracoid of P. magnus is notably sr than the coracoid in Podilymbus podiceps. In the latter species 7 it has an average height of 30.5 mm. (measured from highest point 3 ‘on summit to apex of lower, outer angle); while in P. magnus, this same line i res 34. mm. Fossil coracoids of Podilymbus podiceps, agreeing in all tic with those bones in recent birds of that species, are shown in gs. 461, 462 of Plate XX XVIII, and these are there to compare with Fig. . The shaft of the coracoid of P. magnus is longer and slenderer than > shaft of the coracoid in P. podiceps,— actually, as well as relatively. _ Plate XXXVIII (Figs. 439-463) presents numerous fossil bones of the r American grebes, and these can be duly compared, by any student the subject, with the corresponding bones as they occur in our smaller species of the existing avifauna. Up to the present writing, there have been no species of Loons (Urina- id) or Auks (Alcidz) found in the collection; and, as to the Lariformes, were all treated with sufficient detail in my Philadelphia Academy i Me foesil remains of Albatrosses (Diomedeide) have thus far come into hands of science from that region, and this likewise applies to the 4 _ Among the Steganopodes — apart from what little was found of a fossil n— the principal bird noted was Phalacrocorax macropus, Cope’s wiiis) STEGANOPODES. Phalacrocorax macropus Cope. (Figs. 259-288, Plates XII-XV. Fig. 486, Plate XX XIX.) In my Philadelphia Academy memoir, I present the place of original description of this large, extinct cormorant,' first made known to science 1 Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of the Terr., Vol. IV, No. 2 (1878), pp. 386, 387. 138 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, by Cope. I also give the number and names of the bones representing it in the collection, and their condition. There is, too, a Table presented in that contribution, in which is given comparative measurements of certain bones of P. macropus and P. carbo. Some of these bones I briefly ’ describe and state that “In the main, the characters presented on the part of its skeleton (P. macropus) agree with those Cormorants now retained in the subgenus Phalacrocorax, rather than with the Urile group.” (pp. 400, 401.) The present reéxamination of the material tends to confirm this latter opinion; and, as the fossil bones of P. macropus have never been illustrated, I have devoted four Plates and many figures to them in the pa paper. (Plates XX—X XIII.) In comparing some of these with the corresponding ones of a skeleton of Phalacrocorax auritus, it was not with the view of giving the impression that the extinct form was most nearly related to that cormorant; but rather that I found the skeleton of P. auritus most convenient to use for the purpose. (No. 19262, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) Upon comparison, I find the osteological characters of P. macropus agree better with the corresponding ones in a skeleton of P. urile at hand (No. 18982, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) than with any other form. The tarso-metatarsus shown in Plate XIV as Fig. 283, is the same bone as shown in Plate XXIII on side view (Fig. 288), where it is compared with the corresponding bone in the pelvic limb of P. auritus. It will be noted, that the morphology of the hypotarsus in these two forms is somewhat different, especially in the matter of the delicate, spine-like process extend- ing downward on the thickened posterior margin of it, in the case of P. auritus, which feature is lacking in P. macropus as well as in P. urile and P. pelagicus. LIMICOLZ. Beyond what has already been set forth in my Philadelphia Academy memoir, I have nothing to add to the description there given of the smaller species of “Shore-birds.”” Upon making a final attempt to ascertain to what species the few bones of them in the collection belonged, I found it was almost, or quite impossible, todo so. The recent species are very numerous; and, in a good proportion of them, the Jong bones of the limbs closely resemble each other,— and it is only the fossil long bones that we have. Such a task would be very much like correctly referring a mixed lot of fossil ulne of the genus Dendroica to the proper species. To start with, we had nothing else to go by, in the way of fossil bones, and did not even know that the ones we had were those of the Warblers of that genus. 3] Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 139 FULICARLE. (Fig. 480, Plate XXXIX.) __ Inmy previous publication in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy, ve quite fully all I had discovered with respect to the genus Fulica, and e presence of F. americana and the extinct species F. minor Shuf. in the ma of Oregon during Pleistocene time. There is nothing to add to ecount, which will, in any way, render it more useful to the vertebrate VALIAN. igs. 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11-13, Plate IX. Figs. 472, 473, Plate XXXIX.) my former paper, cited several times above, it was shown that this tion contained fossil bones which belonged to Tympanuchus pallidi- uctus, Pediocates p. columbianus, and such extinct forms as P. lucasi uf .P. nanus Shuf., and Paleoteétrix gilli Shuf.; but no mention is made of a ng found any remains of Centrocercus apiakdidinus. There were, ever, a number of bones which evidently belonged to some large, ullinac species not then recognized. As fossils, they were different or n the hiss; they appeared as though they had been taken from some roleanic formation, and a matrix had adhered to a number of them. Be is it may, they were not referred to Centrocercus. \ the small lot from the National Museum was submitted to me to the Sage Cock, without even having those of recent specimens d for comparison. Then a small lot of fossil bones from Fossil Lake, n, Which had belonged to the Cope collection, but which I had never n. before was sent me by Dr. Matthew of the American Museum of oe: In this lot there were also some bones of Centrocercus |! mus. So that, taken altogether, the number of fossil bones of _ this species, which I have examined in these several lots, is more than 4 oe to establish the fact that that grouse was an abundant species in the E Desert Region during Pleistocene time, and that in the skeleton at st, they agreed exactly with their descendants of present time. This ll be appreciated by examining the numerous figures I present on Plates and XLI of the present paper. 140 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, . ANSERES. (Numerous Figures and many Plates.) In my previous papers I have already demonstrated the presence of a large number of anserine fowls during Pleistocene time in the Oregon Desert Region. Their fossil bones were found in abundance at Fossil and Silver Lakes and elsewhere. The Mergansers, Ducks, Geese and Swans were far too numerous to list in this place; but their names appear in the recapitulation at the end of this paper. Besides Lophodytes eucullatus — the well-known hooded merganser — there were no fewer than ten species of ducks in that ancient fauna, of which fossil remains were found,— de- monstrating in each case that the species still exists in our presen dey avifauna. Owing to the greater variety of bird skeletons in the Collection of U. 8. National Museum, I am enabled to considerably augment this assemblage by still other species in the present paper. In Fig. 403 of Plate XXXII, there is given a right carpo-mataoegias which I have carefully compared with the corresponding bone in the skele- tons of Mergus americanus. It completely agrees with these in its general characters, and departs from them only in the matter of length, being a trifle shorter. Possibly, and I think very probably, it belonged to a female of this species, as the female Mergus americanus is considerably smaller than the male. This carpo-matacarpus is very much larger than the corre- sponding bone in a Canvas-back or a Mallard. Mergansers of the genus Mergus possess a very characteristic femur, which, everything else being equal, is invariably shorter and thicker than that bone as we find it among the Anatine. This is well exemplified in the proximal moiety of the fossil femur of Mergus serrator shown in Fig. 364 of Plate XXX. This bone agrees exactly with the corresponding part of a femur of a recent Mergus serrator,— a skeleton of which is to be found in the Collections of U. S. National Museum (No. 16626). With this specimen before us, there is no question but what this merganser was to be found — though perhaps not abundantly —in the ancient avifauna of Oregon. Indeed, I am of the opinion that the Mergine were comparatively rare during the Pleistocene time in North America, or else their fossil remains would be more plentiful along with all the other Anatide found at Fossil and Silver Lakes. There is another part of a fossil femur of a species of Mergus seen in Fig. 398 of Plate XX XI; but the imperfections present in it preclude the possi- bility of making a correct reference for it. Figures of such bones, however, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 141 presented, in that we may — in the event of obtaining additional | from these ancient lakes of Oregon — have illustrations before us : has already been obtained from those localities, and in this way stance in making diagnoses. -all the pedal phalanges figured on Plate XIX, there are doubtless a number which belonged to different species of ducks found at Fossil and when our museum collections contain specimens of all the of both sexes and various ages, of North American Anatide, the will be able to readily identify these fossil toe-joints from the ‘shown upon this Plate. At the present time, and in the absence of aterial, such a task could give satisfactory results only in a com- ely few instances; and there would always be a doubt attached to se, due to the fact that our material was not complete. . Ducks m the genus Marila were fairly represented in the Pleistocene a a under consideration; for example, there is, in this collection, a coracoid apparently representing Marila americana,— the Redhead. bone is figured on Plate XX XI, Fig. 384. In several respects, however, closely resembles the coracoid in a small or medium-sized Branta — anta bernicla glaucogastra for example — especially in the more tuberous c of the bone, and the wider valley between the summit and scapular wess. The facets at the sternal end are somewhat different,— all of ch inclines me to believe that, eventually, this bone may be found to re belonged to some of the smaller brants of the genus Branta. If this ies about, it still remains for some one to discover fossil bones, at those ent lakes, representing the Redhead (M. americana). Passing to the Canvas-back (Marila valisineria), the fossils at hand, | g that species, leave no doubt whatever as to its presence in the f wna in the Pleistocene of Oregon. These: are thoroughly illustrated the several figures on Plate XXX. They are there duly compared with corresponding bones in a skeleton of a recent specimen (No. 16245, . U.S. Nat. Mus.), and in every instance they are completely identical; other words, there have been no appreciable skeletal changes in the case Marila valisineria since the Pleistocene in North America. The carpo- lacarpus, in both fossil and recent specimens, has a length of 51.5 mm., 1 the femur 49. mm. What there is of the fragment of the tarso-meta- sus, shown in Fig. 377, is likewise distinctly M. valisineria, and identical h that portion of the bone as seen in Fig. 378 of Plate XXX. As to Marila marila and M. collaris, their being represented in the ¢ollection by fossil bones, depends entirely upon the fact as to whether the ulna, given in Fig. 388, Plate XX XI, belonged to one or the other of those = and not to Marila affinis. With respect to the latter duck, how- 142 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, — ever, there is not the slightest doubt but what the fossil coracoid shown in Fig. 392 of Plate XX XI, belonged to an individual of that species. It agrees in every particular with the corresponding bone in a skeleton of a recent specimen (No. 18605, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). The fossil bone is not quite perfect, being slightly chipped at the outer sternal angle, resulting in the loss there of a small, upturned apophysis, seen in Fig. 393. In each case, the straight line, passing from the highest point on the summit of the bone to the apex of the inner sternal angle below, measures 45.5 mm. So well do these two coracoids agree (Fig. 392, 393) that the minute ridges on the posterior sternal moiety, indicating the insertion of the fibres of the sub- clavius muscle, are almost identical in the two bones.! When I first examined the material composing this collection, I had at hand no skeleton of a recent specimen of the Buffle-head duck (Chari- tonetta albeola); but since then, the National Museum has acquired one (No. 16627), and I have it before me at the present writing. Fossil bones, which I formerly suspected as having belonged to this species (Figs. 366-369, Plate XXX), have been compared by me with this skeleton, and I can now announce that the former are of Charitonetta albeola, and this species can be added to the long list of Anatid@ that flourished on these lakes during the Pleistocene period. There are four fossil carpo-metacarpi of C. albeola in the collection, and the perfect ones (2), as well as the one of the existing specimen, have each a length of 33. mm. As in the case of these carpo-metacarpi, the proximal end of a humerus (fossil) of this duck is, in every way, identical with that part of the bone in recent specimens. (Fig. 366, 367.) Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) I can now state with cer- tainty were to be found in the ancient avifauna of Oregon here being con- sidered. The fossils representing this species, however, are few; but such as they are, they agree exactly with the corresponding bones in the skeletons of adults of this duck now existing. There is a fossil coracoid of a Harlequin duck (H. histrionicus) in the Collection of the U. S. National Museum (Plate IX, Fig. 16), and it agrees, character for character, as well as in the matter of size, with the correspond- ing bone in a skeleton of an existing specimen. (No. 223756, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) The counterpart of this bone is to be found in the present collection (Fig. 360, Plate XXX), and this has also been compared with the bone in a recent skeleton. Any of these coracoids —be the specimen a fossil] or a recent one — measure in a straight line, from the highest point on n the head of the bone to its internal angle below, 39. mm. Shufeldt, R. Ww. The Myology of the Raven, p. 31, fig. 8, and p. 94. London, 1890. ¥ 3013) _— Shufeldt, Fossit-Pauna of the Desert Region of oie, 143 mf ty _ Among fossil coracoids of birds, the commonest imperfection consists in __ the breaking off of more or less of the outer sternal angle. This considerably alters the appearance of the bone, but does not destroy its usefulness for the _ purpose of diagnosis nearly so much as one would suppose. The head of a fossil humerus, which belonged to an Histrionicus histrioni- 3 -eus in this collection (Fig. 362), is contrasted with the same part of that a bone from a recent individual (Fig. 363); and from this comparison, one nay see how much the bones of the long-departed birds of this species of hose ancient lakes, agreed with harlequins of the present-day avifauna. ___ Osteologically, there is no difference, however much they may have differed e in plumages or in other respects. nie My reéxamination of the material in this collection has resulted in still _ another interesting discovery, and adds still another duck to the list. This _ is none other than Steller’s Eider (Polysticta stelleri); and, from the many fossil bones I find of this species in the collection, it must have been very numerous during the Pleistocene in this region. There are no fewer than _ fourteen (14) fossil coracoids of this duck at hand, together with three (3) proximal moieties of humeri; an imperfect carpo-metacarpus (Fig. 374), and a femur, which I am inclined to believe belonged to some other species ___ of duck (Fig. 380). However, several of the coracoids are absolutely 3 ; =, peidect, and any one of the fourteen agrees exactly with a coracoid of an ____ adult specimen of this eider of the present time. This likewise applies to the humerus; so that, osteologically, Polysticta stelleri has undergone no ____ change since the Pleistocene period in North America. (Figs. 370, 371, q _ Plate XXX.) 4 a In commenting upon my Philadelphia Academy memoir, Mr. L. H. _ Miller, in his above cited paper (p. 86), makes the following statement with _ respect to the Ruddy Duck (Erismatura jamaicensis), to wit: it “seems to have been rare in the Pleistocene fauna of the Fossil Lake region. It is not mentioned in Schuffeldt’s [sic] report on the extensive collections examined by him.” _ On page 406 of the “report” he refers to, I say: “Anas strepera and Erismatura rubida may also have figured in former times along with the other fossil forms we have been examining.” It would appear that Mr. Miller found a perfect fossil tarsus of this species. Quite a number of fossil bones in this collection belonged to skeletons of — Saagmageonag which came from Fossil Lake, Oregon. For example the humerus on Plate XLII, Fig. 540, which lacks its head, belonged to a _ duck of that species, as did possibly also the two femora in the same Plate, _ shown as Figs. 550, 553. Either of the latter is almost perfect, as is 4 Dither fone, of this duck, shown in Fig. 397 of Plate XXXI. These 144 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, femora, with the exception of the bone shown in Fig. 397, are somewhat slenderer, and with smaller heads than in the femur in the skeleton of a recent specimen (No. 11220, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), while the excepted one agrees with the latter exactly in all particulars, and belonged to a Ruddy Duck. Although I state, in the Explanation of Plates beyond, that the comacala shown in Fig. 390 of Plate XX XI (fossil) belonged to this species, I entertain some doubt on that point; for, while it comes very close to that of the recent specimen (Fig. 391), there are some differences, as for example, the greater width of the valley between the head of the bone (in the fossil one) and the scapular process below it (precoracoid process of Gadow). This is a radical difference; and if the coracoid in Fig. 390 belonged to a Ruddy duck, the bird has changed considerably, osteologically, since the Pleisto- cene period. I am more inclined to believe that the coracoid shown in Fig. 390 belonged to some other species of duck, and this for the reason that the femora shown in Figs. 396 and 397 are identically alike. This brings us to a consideration of the tarso-metatarsi figured in Figs. 394 and 395 of Plate XXXI. Figure 395 is from a recent specimen (No. 11220, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), the same which furnished the coracoid (Fig. 391) and the femur (Fig. 396), while Fig. 394 is fossil. These two bones are identical in characters, differing only a trifle in lengths. The fossil one, Fig. 394, has a length of 34.5 mm., and the recent one, Fig. 395, a millimeter more, or 35.5 mm._ I am inclined to think that the one shown in Fig. 394 came from a female Ruddy Duck, which will account for its smaller size. There is no question, however, but that it belonged to a specimen of Erismatura jamaicensis, and would of itself be sufficient evidence of the presence of that species at Fossil Lake during the Pleistocene period. Indeed, it was upon a “ perfect tarsus” that Mr. Miller established this fact. (Geol. Bull. Univ. Cal. Vol. 6. 1911, p. 86.) ANSERINZ AND CYGNIN. (Numerous Figures and Plates.) On Plate XXIV are presented some interesting figures of fossil bones of the Snow Goose (Chen hyperboreus), and of the White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons gambeli). These are sufficiently described in my Philadelphia Academy memoir (pp. 408, 409), but are now figured for the first time. Carpo-metacarpi of several species of existing and extinct geese are also presented on Plate X XV, and these, arrayed as they are, are very valuable for the purposes of comparison. All of these have been more or less fully | Shufldt, Foon Faina of the Desert Region of Oregon. 145 i ed, either by Cope or myself, but never heretofore illustrated as they this Plate. In Fig. 305 will be noted a peculiar pathological excre- a the extremity of the pollex metacarpal. This occurs not only in : fossil sp pec mens, but is found in the same locality on the carpo-matacarpi of -exi ng ones. This applies particularly to Swans and Geese, but it is likewise found in the same place among the larger Raptores. Many years ago, I more or less fully described this interesting feature.! It is shown to some extent on the bone given in Fig. 304; and, in the case of an existing at hand, this enlargement is of very considerable size atin te Z us, No. 19384, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). - In that we may compare the fossil and recent scapule@ of these Snow sii E Blue Geese, I have presented, on Plate XXVI, several figures to that end. oe . 306 and 307, for example, we find the anterior portions of the - scapula (fossil of Chen cwrulescens; and in Fig. 312, on the same Plate, a of an existing specimen of this Blue Goose. It will be observed that he; are identical in all particulars. The gneumatic foramen, on the dorsal » of the extreme anterior end, is characteristic of the scapule in Geese, but is absent in Swans, both recent and extinct. (See Figs. 309, 310.) As we would expect, the scapula of Chen h. nivalis is larger than in C. _ ewrulescens, as the bird itself is larger, and this is well seen in Fig. 308, which is a part of a fossil scapula of a Greater Snow Goose. Still another - fossil one of this species is given in Fig. 314. Curiously enough, most of the larger scapule in this collection (fossils) have been broken in two,— the hinder portion mage egy been lost in every instance. ayn on Plate XXXVI (Figs. 426, 427), the same is done ‘ith respect » femora of the birds. Such comparisons show very well that, although inthe rs of bones great difference in size is exhibited, the corresponding a ters in all are essentially the same. And, when we come to consider ‘a moment the differences in such bones, due to individual variation, , age, and time,— what an easy matter it is, in the case of large collec- a * like the present one, to find material upon which to base new and extinct species. _Anser condoni, and the fossil material representing it, has been so fully and illustrated in my Academy memoir that it would be quite to add anything in regard to it here. (See Plate IX, Fig. 3.) As “T Shufeiae, R. W. Notes on Paleopathology. Pop. Sel. Monthy, Vol. XLU, No. 5, E new York, Mar., 1893, pp. 679-684. Attention is invited to Fig. 2. of that contribution. _ (Compare with Fig. 422, Pi. XXVII of the present paper; it is the same bone. Fig. 2, how- _ @ver, in the ‘Popular Science Monthty' article should be corrected so as to read anco mal for “outer aspect,” and Olor matthewi for Olor paloregonus.) 146 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, to Anser albifrons gambeli, Cope has long ago established its presence in the avifauna of the Pleistocene of Oregon, and all that is required with respect to this goose here, is to illustrate the fossil bones from which he made his references.'_ This I have accomplished through numerous figures on the Plates; for example, in Plate XXIV, fossil bones of this, the White- fronted Goose, are compared with the corresponding ones of Chen hyper- boreus; and with respect to Anser a. gambeli, the bones here used were Cope’s types. Again, in Plate XXXII (Figs. 408-411), we have a femur, two coracoids, and a part of a carpo-metacarpus of this goose shown,— all natural size, and agreeing in all respects with the corresponding bones in the skeletons of recent examples, with which I have compared them. Already it has been pointed out, in my previous writings, that the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) was an abundant species on the waters of the lakes of central Oregon during the Pleistocene period. Numbers of its fossil bones, from both adult and subadult individuals of both sexes, form a part of the collection here being considered. Being above medium size, they are, almost without exception, in a fragmentary condition; for, with fossils like these, of the birds from Fossil Lake, it is the big bones which get broken up, and not those of the smaller species. For example, the long bones of an adult Green-winged Teal (Nettion carolinense) are the ones we find unbroken, as compared with those of the Swans, larger Brant geese, etc. This seems to hold particularly true of the humerus. Fossil bones, fragmentary and otherwise, of the Canada Goose (B. canadensis) are grouped on Plate XX VIII of this paper, and they give an ex- cellent idea as to how we find them at Fossil Lake. Fig. 334 exhibits very well the codssified excrescence on the pollex metacarpal described in a previous paragraph. There might have been some little doubt attached to the proximal part of the tarso-metatarsus shown in Fig. 343; but this doubt was dispelled in a way that sometimes — though very rarely — happens. At first I was inclined to believe that it belonged to a Branta hypsibata Cope, and it was not until the Plate was entirely finished that I discovered that this piece belonged with the part shown in Fig. 340,— not the least particle having been lost; the two parts were mixed up with all the rest of the collection. By the merest chance, I found they fitted together, and when so fitted, the line of fracture cannot be discerned, while it was at once evident that the bone belonged to a Branta canadensis. As to the toe-joint in Fig. 342, I may say that it agrees exactly with the Cope, E.D. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terrs., 1878, IV, p. 389. “oa ___ Shufeldt;-Foseil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 147 nit phalanx of the mid-anterior toe of the left foot of a specimen of the _ existing Branta canadensis. It is viewed upon dorsal aspect; and, in order ; ‘ascertain to which foot this joint belongs, one should hold the bone with e dorsal surface toward one. When in this position, the apophysis for _ ligamentary attachment is on the outer side of the bone; so that if it is on r “the left outer side, it belongs to the left foot, and vice versa for the right. _ Other figures for Branta canadensis occur on Plate XX XIII, Fig. 415; Plate 3 , Fig. 418, and Plate XXXVI, Fig. 428. f hace are several bones, or fragments of bones, in this collection, which 4 ¥ Mikeaed to representatives of the genus Branta, that are not only from fully adult individuals, but from Geese smaller than the Canada Goose. Among these, I do not reckon either B. hypsibata or B. propinqua. Some of these _ may have belonged to Branta c. hutchinsi and others to B. c. minima; but, _ unfortunately, no skeletons of recent specimens of these two species are at hand; so this matter must remain in doubt until the aforesaid material for - bom pep is available. ____ The distal moiety of the humerus shown in Fig. 414, Plate XX XIII, I am Ss ite ventident must have belonged to an individual of the goose we now _ designate as B. c. hutchinsi; while the tibio-tarsus on the same Plate shown in Fig. 412 — although smaller than the one from a recent specimen (Fig. _ 413) —I believe to have belonged to a Canada Goose (B. canadensis). _____ There is good ground for believing that the little Cackling Goose (Branta _ minima) was also represented in this ancient avifauna of the Oregon Desert __ Region, and in support of this we find a few Brant’s fossil bones in the collection like the femur and humerus figured on Plate XX XVIII (Figs. 464 _ and 465), both of which belonged to a true Brant, and one considerably 3 smaller than Branta propinqua Shuf. Other fossil Brant bones I refer to Branta bernicla — or more properly, a perhaps, to the goose we now designate as B. b. glaucogastra — and the collection contains coracoids of such a species (Plate XXXII, Figs. 400-402, _ 404). These I have compared with coracoids belonging to skeletons of Brant in the Collections of the U. S. National Museum, and these examina- tions have convinced me of the correctness of these references. They are. shorter and otherwise smaller than the corresponding coracoids of = 17613 and 17616 (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), but agree exactly with them _ in characters. It is well known that they vary in the matter of size, both for: age and somewhat for sex, and we must make due allowance for this. ___ Nearly thirty-five years ago, Cope described the extinct goose, Branta a oe written by him Branta — The reference was made 'Cope,E.D. Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., VI, No. 2, 1878, p. 387. 148 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. i (Vol. XXX, upon a single bone, a right tarso-metatarsus, and this bone is shown in Fig. 320 of Plate XXVII of the present paper. It is imperfect, to the extent of having the hypotarsus almost entirely broken off, as well as the posterior parts of the distal trochle. This now long-extinct species was apparently about the size of Branta canadensis; but the bones of the skeleton were stouter and of different proportions. The extreme length of this bone is 90mm. The length of the tarso-metatarsus shown in Fig. 319 equals 88 mm. ; and I am very much inclined to believe it belonged to a subadult individual of Branta canadensis. As will be noted, it is a much slenderer bone than the one shown in Fig. 320. In the recent Canada goose (B. canadensis, adult, No. 17980, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), this bone has an extreme length of 93.5 mm., and a transverse width, at the middle of its shaft, of 8 mm.— this being only 6 mm. in the bone shown in Fig. 319. With these propor- tions as a guide, I have selected fossil bones of geese (Branta) out of this collection which, apparently, did not belong to Branta canadensis, and referred all such to Branta hypsibata of Cope. Examples of these bones are well shown in Plate X XVII of this paper." Some interesting fragments of bones are to be seen in Figs. 324, 326 and 327 of Plate XXVII. They are parts of lower mandibles of some large an- serine bird, and of a species that is now extinct. These pieces are all from the same species; all from adult individuals, and taken upon their outer aspects. They represent similar pieces in the collection, but the three here shown are typical. Each piece extends from just anterior to the splenial vacuity to the symphysis — or rather the symphysial portion of the dentary —all having been broken in a similar manner. These mandibles are altogether too large for the biggest of Canada Geese (B. canadensis), or, indeed, for any of our existing Swans (Olor), with examples of all of which I have compared them. However, they are distinctly goose (Anser) and not swan (Olor). In my opinion, they each and all belonged to different adult individuals of Anser condoni, and to that extinct anserine I here refer them. Branta propinqua Shuf. was fully dwelt upon in my Philadelphia Academy memoir on pages 407 and 408, and a drawing of the type humerus of this now extinct Brant was given on Pl. XV (Fig. 17) of that contribu- tion. I have nothing to add to that account here, and I will complete my history of that species with a number of illustrations of the fossil bones representing it. Plate X XIX of this paper is devoted to the purpose, and the humerus there shown in Fig. 350, is the same bone as cited above, while all the others appear for the first time. Their characters and measurements are recorded in the Academy memoir. * Compare Figs. 319, 320, Plate X XVII with Fig. 340, Plate XXVIII. Fig. 341, Plate XXVIII with Fiz. 330, Plate XXVII, and other similar coniparisons of the ‘corresponding bones. , Ae. — a 1913.) ___Shufeldt, Foseit Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 149 CYGNINZ. as aes have for a long time been recognized. ny years ago, when Professor Cope placed this collection in my lind “ip ptic and publication, he had already referred the fossil bones of a ed ‘in his paper on the subject.! He based this new species on the oe ery of “four tarso-metatarsi, two of which are nearly perfect,” of which he gave full measurements in his above cited account. He claimed t Olor paloregonus was a species rather larger than our existing Olor cinator, but somewhat smaller than Olor americanus. These “four _ tarso-me i” were sent to me along with the other material, and I was told SE dicativass' thes fossil bones represented Olor paloregonus in the _ collection, including what was subsequently submitted to me as belonging 2 to Professor Thomas Condon, which consisted of an “ imperfect humerus’”’ By and other bones. All of this material is now before me for revision, includ- a. ing © more extensive collection of skeletons of existing species of Cygnine. se ~ Professor Cope did not recognize the presence of any of our recent species of Swans in the Pleistocene fossils, nor any other species of existing _ Swans beyond his Olor paloregonus, and this opinion I have never for an _ instant questioned. Indeed, I went still further; for I carefully measured __ all the other fossil swan bones, which had been placed in my hands as be- longing to Olor paloregonus, and published those measurements in my — > hepa mg Academy memoir (p. 409). These measurements are as ‘Length of humerus (restoration from two individuals). pace wuhau Ces uiew se 290 mm , I aN i ON a al cil atle wp 255 “ a LT RP NE CPT OIE PT OE 141 “ (ag eel AR (ESTE ce tha, papa atncig ee aetii 59“ oa eh ee ee alec s canta tatacte in” 4 ce _ Now this material, taken collectively, not only contains the fossil 7 remains of Olor paloregonus of Cope,—a perfectly good extinct species q ‘aaa will stand,— but also the fossil bones of another eine extinct shisha =3 wee ee a ' Ibidem, pp. 388, 389. (Cygnus paloregonus.) 150 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, which will be referred to below; and, finally, fossil bones representing both of our existing North American species of the Cygnina,— that is, Olor - americanus and Olor buccinator. All of this will at once be recognized through the aid of the Plates, Figures and other data, which I shall now proceed to present. First, as to the material representing Olor paloregonus Cope; it consists of the following fossil bones: Nineteen vertebra (all to a few being cervicals); and, as an example of them, the nineteenth cervical vertebra is here figured (Plate XXXV, Fig. 425). Parts of the shoulder girdle (os furcula); these are correctly described and figured in my above cited paper, published by the Philadelphia Acad- emy, on Plate XVI (Figs. 18, 21 and 25). Anterior portions of two scapula, the more perfect one being given in Plate XXVI, Fig. 310 of the present paper. : One coracoid, nearly perfect (Plate XXXIV, Fig. 420), and three other coracoids. Length 97 mm. The same bone as given in list. Four fragments representing the sternum. The humerus (Condon collection), listed above as measuring 290 mm., and referred to in my former paper. Five fragments of five other humeri. Three fragments of radii (one proximal end, and two distal extremities). (The ulna listed above as measuring 255 mm. is an ulna of Olor buccinator. See Plate XXVI, Fig. 317, as compared with Fig. 318). One almost perfect carpo-metacarpus (here shown in Fig. 421 of Plate XXXV), and fragments of four other carpo-metacarpi. Length 157 mm. The one in the above list belongs to another species of Swan. Proximal phalanx of the index digit of the right pectoral limb. (Plate XXVI, Fig. 316.) Length 56 mm. (not 59 as in above list). A nearly perfect femur (Plate XXXVI, Fig. 431), and a fragment of another. Length 110 mm. Fragments of three tibio-tarsi and the proximal end of a fibula. Of the tibio-tarsi, one very imperfect anterior part, and nearly perfect examples of anterior and posterior extremities. The collection contains five (instead of four) tarso-metatarsi of Swans; and the four described by Cope as belonging to Olor paloregonus, do not belong to that extinct swan, but are fossil tarso-metatarsi representing two recent forms, namely: Olor americanus and Olor buccinator, as will be appreciated by a study of the Figures (433-438) of Plate XX XVII given ~ beyond. Three of the four tarso-metatarsi mentioned by Cope, are given in that Plate (Figs. 435, 436 and 438); while another (with imperfect extremities) is not given. This (the fourth one) evidently belonged to an 1913), Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 151 Olor paloregonus. The fifth— (not figured), is another important one; _ for, beyond all doubt, it represents a tarso-metatarsus of Olor paloregonus.' ot _ Seven phalanges of pes in the collection are hereby referred to Olor 4 . They are more or less perfect, and their great size may be a appreciated by referring to Fig. 257 of Plate XIX of this paper. It is the _ joint listed above, and measures — as there correctly stated — 67 mm. ____ In addition to five vertebra (three cervicals and two dorsals), an imper- fect upper portion of a tarso-matatarsus, and the upper and lower extremi- ties of two femora, Olor buccinator is represented in the collection by the _ fossil bones seen in the Plates and Figures of this paper. (Plate XVIII, _ Fig. 317; Plate XX XVII, Figs. 433, 435, 436.) These several bones agree __ with the corresponding ones of recent specimens of this Swan, with which I : have compared them. — Olor americanus is represented by a single tarso-metatarsus, here shown in Fig. 438 of Plate XX XVII. It presents all the characters in agreement with that bone in a recent specimen (No. 18571, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). ____ It is very considerably smaller than the tarso-metatarsus in O. buccinator. _ After setting aside all of the fossil bones in this collection, belonging to the Cygnine, of the Oregon Desert Region, I find still left a number of fossil bones belonging to another extinct Swan, which was considerably smaller than Olor paloregonus of Cope, and larger, by far, than Olor buccinator. This Swan has heretofore not been described, and I propose that it be known as Olor matthewi, naming it for Doctor William Diller Matthew of the American Museum of Natural History. Olor matthewi n. sp. Fossil bones, representing this extinct Swan of the Pleistocene of Oregon, are in the Collections of the American Museum of Natural History of New York City. These bones consist of two carpo-matacarpi, for adult individuals and each nearly perfect, and of two scapula, the anterior portion only of each. A carpo-metacarpus of O. matthewi is here shown in Plate XXXV, 1 It is imperfect, being only the anterior portion of the proximal two-thirds of the bone; but it is ample to show that it belonged to a Swan much larger than any of the existing spe- cies. The transverse diameter of the summit of this tarso-metatarsus of O. paloregonus measures 2S mm.,—-.a measurement that never exceeds 26 mm. in O. buccinator, whether fossil or recent. In the tarso-metatareus shown in Fig. 432 (Plate XX XVIJI), the same diameter measures only 26 mm. Where Professor Cope got that specimen, I am not informed; nor can I say, at this writing, to what species of recent Swan it belongs. It is numbered on the shaft 8033. so it is evidently a borrowed specimen. The osteological catalogue (Birds) of the U. 8. National Museum gives no definite information on the subject. Possibly it may be the tarso-metatareus of some large foreign Swan; in any event, it is smaller than the (tarso- metatarsus of Olor paloregonus. 152 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Fig. 422, where it is compared with the corresponding bone in Olor palore- gonus and Olor buccinator. It will be observed that it is intermediate in size between these two species; while, at the same time, it exhibits all the characters of a cygnine carpo-metacarpus. Attention is invited to the form and size of the projection at the head of the bone, formed by the pollex metacarpal. It projects further from the bone than does the same part in Olor paloregonus,— relatively, as well as actually. In fact, its transverse diameter in O. matthewi equals 18 mm.; while in Olor paloregonus it is but 15 mm. Judging from this and other characters, I should say that the carpo-metacarpus of Olor matthewi was more like that bone in O. buceinator, than it is like the carpo-metacarpus of Olor paloregonus. This resemblance also applies to the scapula (Plate XVIII, Figs. 309, 310), where the marked deflection outwards of the blade of the bone, a short distance from the head, as seen in Olor paloregonus, is entirely absent in Olor matthewi and Olor buccinator, and such departures may hold true with respect to other bones of the skeletons. When adult, Olor matthewi was a swan one-third larger than Olor bue- cinator, and one-third smaller than Olor paloregonus,— all these forms probably presenting very marked specific differences. PH@NICOPTERI. Cope’s Flamingo (Phenicopterus copei, Shuf.). There is nothing to be added to the account I have given of this extinct species in my Philadelphia Academy memoir on pages 410 and 411. So far as I am aware, there has been no additional material, representing this species, collected at the Fossil Lakes of Oregon. HERODIONES. BoTauRUS LENTIGINOSUS: Owing to the fact that there was no skeleton at hand of the Bittern, when I first examined this collection, its fossil bones were not recognized with sufficient certainty to pronounce upon them. Recently, however, I have had access to a number of skeletons of Botaurus, and I can now announce positively that it formed a part of the avifauna of the Pleistocene of Oregon. In Fig. 102 of Plate XIV of this paper is shown the right carpo-metacarpus of an adult Botaurus lentiginosus, where it is com- pared with a series of that bone belonging to various species of Grebes. At first, I was under the impression that this carpo-metacarpus belonged to a medium-sized Heron of some kind, as all of our smaller herons average about the same size (length 23.5 to 24.5 inches), and I so announced it. But Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 153 critically comparing it with the right carpo-metacarpus of an adult _ B. lentiginosus (No. 19255, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), I find the two bones to agree exactly in all particulars. It is a well-known fact, that of all the 4 petotiones i in this country, no species exhibits so marked differences in the ae size, for sex and age, as does this Bittern. i Sats avifauna. “ as they were inhabitants of its shores; while eagles, grouse, ia r forms were not especially so,— not any more, perhaps, than the latter At are at the present time. Yet we find there just as many fossils of such a birds — or indeed more — than we find of the aforesaid waders. This is a little strange; for the scapula of Ardea herodias, here shown on Plate XXXIX g. 466), is, in every detail, like that part of the bone as it occurred in a t individual (Fig. 467). Possibly, herons were by no means abundant | at those ancient lakes, or perhaps they may have resorted to heronries at ‘some distance from them; and when they died, they died at those heronries, and not on the shores or in the waters of the lakes in question. However this may be, the Great Blue Heron, the Bittern, and Ardea paloccidentalis _ Shuf. all were members of the northwestern part of this country during the Pleistocene period, and, osteologically, they agreed with their descendants of modern times. ACCIPITRES. AQuita curysaitros: There were two extinct eagles of the genus Aquila _ described by me, when I first examined this collection, namely: A. pliogryps and A. sodalis, and I suspected that others of the group would be met with. In this we are not disappointed, for the Golden Eagle was likewise a visitant to the shores of those ancient Oregonian lakes, as one will appreciate by examining the fossil bones we have at hand of that species. They agree with the corresponding parts of the skeleton in the recent form, and are well shown, in a comparative way, on Plate XL of the present paper in Figs. 490, 492, and 495. AquiLa HALLeETUS: Of this species of eagle I find only one fossil bone, but there is not the slightest doubt of its identity; and, although a little imperfect, it belonged to a White-headed Eagle that existed during the 154 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Pleistocene in Oregon. It is shown in Fig. 496 of Plate XL, where it is compared with the corresponding phalanx of manus from a recent individual, also with the corresponding joint in a Golden Eagle (Fig. 493), in which latter species the form of that phalanx is very different, being much shorter and broader. Such Striges and Passeriformes as occur in this collection have already been pointed out by me in my Philadelphia Academy paper, and _— are enumerated in the recapitulation of species given below. MAMMALIA, Such fossil mammal bones as are found in this collection, occur there only through accident, as it was supposed that Professor Cope removed all of that Class for his own descriptions. However, a few remained; and a still smaller number occurred in the lot of fossils submitted me by Mr. Gilmore for description. The latter are all figured on Plate X of the present paper, and all those forming a part of the American Museum of Natural History Collection are shown on Plate XI (Figs. 61-67) and on Plate XLIII. They are principally of Leporide and Canide, with a part of a tooth of a camel (Camelops). As they are all of forms described and published long ago, they stand in no need of description in this paper. Figures of them, however, will be found to be useful to the palzontologist, and for this reason I have devoted rather more than a Plate to them, while the animals they represent are sufficiently set forth in the Explanation of Plates given beyond. Notwithstanding the fact, that some twenty-five more species of birds are here added to the Pleistocene avifauna of the Oregon Desert Region, they are all simply forms which either occur in that same section of the country now, or, if not extinct, but still occurred there, they would not have caused us any surprise; and the only remarkable ones that lived upon the shores of those vast lakes, which, during the interval of many thousands of years, have almost dried up, are Cope’s Flamingo and a giant representative each for the two families of the Swans and the Geese. Recapitulation of the extinct species of Birds found in this Collection, as well as those species of the existing American Avifauna which are likewise represented by fossil material. On the one hand, this list sets forth all the species described by me in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia or elsewhere (Vol. IX, Pls. XV-XVII, Phila. Oct. 1892, pp. 389-425), and upon the other, all the new extinct forms and the references to existing species 13} st Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 155 . ‘recorded i in the present contribution. The tabulation adopted explains _ itself; while the classification employed is my own, as previously published. (The Amer. Nat., Vol. XXXVIII, Bost. 1904, pp. 833-857.) ee All the extinct species described, or existing ones referred to prior to those noticed in the present paper, are arrayed under the year 1892, while | eae fall under the year 1912. res go ag aie 1802. 1912. hae ae PyGopopEs. 1, Aehmophorus occidentalis (Lawr.). 2. Achmophorus lucasi ? L. H. Miller. 6. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn) ea 7. Colymbus parvus sp. nov. (extinct). a > 8. Podilymbus magnus sp. nov. (extinct). 2 1392. 1912. STEGANOPODES 9. Phalacrocorax macropus Cope (extinct) 10. Pelecanus exrythrochynchus ? LONGIPENNES. 11. Larus argentatus Pontop 12. Larus robustus Shufeldt 13. Larus californicus ? 14. Larus oregonus Shufeldt 15. Larus philadelphia (Ord). 16. Xema sabini (Sabine). 17. Sterna elegans ? Gambel. 18. Sterna fosteri ? Nuttall. 19. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Gmel LIMICcOL® 20. Lobipes lobatus (Linn.) FULIcARL”. Fulica americana Gmel s ! 156 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXTIy~ GALLINA. 23. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway). 24. Pediocetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord). 25. Pediocetes lucasi Shufeldt. 26. Pediocetes nanus Shufeldt. 27. Paleotetriz gilli Shufeldt. 28. Centrocercus urophsianus (Bonaparte). ANSERES. 29. Mergus americanus ? Cassin. 30. Mergus serrator Linn. 31. Mergus ?. 32. Lophodytes cucullatus Linn. 33. Anas platyrhynchos Linn. 34. Mareca americana (Gmel.). 35. Nettion carolinense (Gmel.). 36. Querquedula discors (Linn.). 37. Querquedula cyanoptera ? (Vieillot). 38. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). 39. Dajfila acuta (Linn.). 40. Aix sponsa (Linn.). 41. Marila americana ? (Eyton). . 42. Marila valisineria (Wilson). 43. Marila marila (Linn.). 44. Marila affinis ? (Eyton). 45. Marila collaris ? (Donovan). £ Clangula islandica (Gmel.). 47. Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). Harelda hyemalis (Linn.). ; 49. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.). 50. Polysticta stelleri (Pallas). 51. Erismatura jamaicensis weak ‘ 52. Chen. h. hyperboreus (Pallas). pon ae 53. Anser condoni Shufeldt. ; . —. 54. Anser albifrons gambeli Hartlaub. ; 55. Branta canadensis (Linn.). 56. Branta c. hutchinsi ? (Richardson). 57. Branta c. minima? Ridgway. - 58. Branta bernicla (Linn.). 59. Branta hypsibata (Cope). 60. Branta propinqua Shufeldt. 61. Olor paloregonus (Cope). . Olor americanus (Ord). Olor buccinator (Richardson), Olor matthewi sp. nov. FSS 158 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, EXPLANATION OF PLATES. [The figures in all the Plates are reproductions of photographs made direct from the specimens by the author.] Puate IX. [Figures 1 to 35 inclusive on Plates I and II represent material from the Paleonto- logical Collections of the U. 8. National Museum.] Fig. 1. Dorsal aspect of ninth cervical vertebra, Centrocercus urophasianus; probably 9. Nat. size. Fig. 2. Distal extremity of right humerus of Chen hyperboreus, anconal aspect. Nat. size. Fig. 3. Dorsal aspect of a cervical vertebra of Anser condoni Shuf. Nearly com- plete and natural size. This is the fifth, sixth or seventh of the cervical part of the column. Fig. 4. Left carpo-matecarpus of Centrocercus urophasianus, 2, palmar aspect; nat. size. Probably the bones shown in figures 6, 7, 11, 12 and 13 all belonged to the same individual. oR Fig. 5. Anterior aspect of the distal extremity of the right tarso-metatarsus of Branta hypsibata Cope. Nat. size and perfect as far as it goes. Fig. 6. Posterior aspect of the right tarso-metatarsus of Centrocercus urophasianus, 9. Nat. size and quite perfect. Probably belonged to the same skeleton with Figs. 4,7, 11, 12 and 13. Fig. 7. Anterior aspect of the left tarso-metatarsus of Centrocercus urophasianus, 9. Nat. size and almost perfect. Probably belonged to the same skeleton as bones shown in Figs. 4, 6, 11, 12 and 13. Fig. 8. Anterior aspect of the proximal two-thirds of the left tarso-metatarsus of Colymbus holballi. Hypotarsus imperfect. See Fig. 34, Plate X. Nat. size. Fig. 9. Proximal extremity of right carpo-metacarpus, palmar aspect, of Centro- cercus urophasianus, o'. Nearly perfect as far as it goes. Fig. 10. Anterior aspect of left tarso-metatarsus of Aichmophorus lucasi ? Miller. Nat. size and quite perfect. See Fig. 33, Plate X. Fig. 11. Anterior aspect of the sternal extremity of the right coracoid of Centro- cercus urophasianus, 9. Nat. size and perfect as far asit goes. Probably belonged to the same skeleton as the bones shown in Figures 4, 6, 7, 12 and 13. Fig. 12. Anterior view of the proximal end of the right tibio-tarsus of Centro- cercus urophasianus, 9. Nat. size and imperfect. Fig. 13. Anterior aspect of the left tibio-tarsus of Centrocercus urophasianus, 9. Nat. size and imperfect. Bones shown in Figs. 4, 6, 7, 11 and 12 and this one, all probably belonged to the same individual. Fig. 14. Anterior aspect of the distal moiety of the left tarso-metatarsus of Aich- mophorus occidentalis. Nat. size and slightly imperfect. a © Stell Peer Pomme of the Desert Region of Oregon. 159 ian Tied castes of sight Somer, of: Mehmapheres incest S adult... Nat. ‘size. ee ee Srnnemenrey Setveham © Wy: t0. 800. BE SE me Fg 22. ae or ss tarechan oft, meiarn chad rails ___ bird the size of a mallard. Nat. size, outer aspect; adult. Species not determined. ‘Fig. 23. Right palatine of a teleosteon fish, outer aspect, natural size. Belonged ie ‘to an individual fully 15 inches in length. Species not determined. & (oocdeiali 1) Nat. size, palmar aspect. Fig. 26. First rib of left side of a specimen of Canis lupus (occidentalis ?). Nat. size; posterior surface. a - Figs. 27-30. Long bones of the feet of a Lepus (sp.?). Nat. size. 4 Fig. 31. Calcaneum of a species of Lepus, left foot, dorsal aspect; nat. size ia _ Fig. 32. Inner aspect of the right femur of Achmophorus lucasi. Nook ene on Ta awaie Vic. 15, Plate IX. Nat. size. Found with the metatarsus found in Fig. 33. perfect Fig. 33. Outer aspect of the left tarso-metatarsus of 4ichmophorus lucasi Miller. Nat. size. Same bone as shown in Figure 10, Plate IX. Fig. 34. Inner aspect of the proximal two-thirds of the left tarso-metatarsus of a - Colymbus holbell. Same fragment as shown in Fig. 8, Plate IX. Nat. size. ae . 35. Inner aspect of the distal moiety of the left tarso-metatarsus of Aich- o mophorus occidentalis. Same bone as shown in Fig. 14, Plate IX. Nat. size. as 5 Puate XI. . oa car Saas co wel as om the semaining Flaten of the prearct article, illustrate the fossils in the Cope and Condon collections of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, and are reproductions of photographs made direct from the specimens by the author.] Fig. 36. Anterior portion of the operculum of a teleosteon fish; outer aspect, nat. size. Species not determined. Fig. 37. Imperfect fragment of the operculum of a teleosteon fish; outer aspect nat. size. Species not determined. * Fig. 38. Anterior or articular extremity of the right palatine of a teleosteon fish; inner aspect, nat. size. Species not determined. a Fig. 39. Fragment of a bone of a teleosteon fish (part of dentary ?). Nat. size. Figs. 40-42. Spines belonging to the skeleton of some vertebrate. Nat. size 160 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXTI, Fig. 43. Mazillary of right side of skull of a small teleosteon fish. Nat. size and almost perfect. Species not determined. Fig. 44. Anterior or articular portion of the left palatine of a teleosteon fish. nat. size, outer aspect. Apparently same species as the one to which the bone oe longed figured in Fig. 38, and an individual of the same size. Figs. 45-48. Mazillary bones of teleosteon fishes. Apparently all from the same species, though different ages. Nat. size. Fig. 45 from right side of skull; Fig. 46, left; Fig. 47, left; all outer surface. Fig. 48, right, inner surface. In every instance the free lower portion is missing, while the heads or articular extremities are more or less perfect. Fig. 49. Fragment of bone from a medium-sized teleosteon fish; apparently from the frontal of the left side, where it forms the roof of the orbit. Nat. size. Fig. 50. Fragment from the branchial arches of a teleosteon fish, nat. size. Figs. 51, 52. Actinosts (lowermost ones) from pectoral fin of a teleosteon fish. Nat. size. Species undetermined. Imperfect. Outer surfaces. Adults. Fig. 53. Portion of the right ramus of the lower mandible, outer surface, of a grebe, probably A’chmophorus occidentalis, adult. Nat. size. Fig. 54. Fragment of anterior portion of the dentary, left side, of a teleosteon fish. ; Species not determined. Nat. size. Fig. 55. Anterior, articular portion of the operculum of the left side of the skull of a teleosteon fish. Outer aspect; nat. size. Species not determined. Fig. 55.1. Fragment of anterior portion of the dentary, right side, outer surface, of a teleosteon fish. Same species and seine siséd specimen 66 the Gee See the bone in Fig. 54came. Nat.size. Species not determined. Fig. 56. Fragment of a bone from the skull of a teleosteon fish oun of frontal?). Nat. size. Figs. 57-60. Rays of pectoral fins of teleosteon fishes, all natural size and probably of the same species,— the latter being not yet determined. Fig. 57, uppermost ray, left side, outer aspect. Fig. 58, uppermost ray, right side, inner aspect; Fig. 59, a ray from upper-mid-series; (anterior portion as in the case of the other three), lower surface. Fig. 60, uppermost ray, right side, inner aspect. The enlarged anterior ends form the articulations with the actinosts. Figs. 61-64. Various ribs of a medium-sized Canid,— about the proportions of Canis latrans. Nat. size. Fig. 65. External metatarsal, right foot of a Canid. (Vulpes, sp. ?) Very slightly reduced, extreme length of bone in the specimen 64 mm. 2 Fig. 66. Left femur of a small rodent (Peromyscus?). Condyles broken off. Very slightly reduced. Fig. 67. First metatarsal, right side of a Canid (Vulpes, sp.?) In life, this bone measured in extreme length 68.5 mm. Outer aspect. Puate XII. ; Figs. 68-90. Coracoids of Grebes. Figs. 68 and 69 from right side, viewed on inner aspects. Figs. 70 to 83 inclusive, coracoids from left side, viewed on anterior aspects. Figs. 84-90 from right side, anterior views. All natural size. These coracoids belonged to specimens of A’chmophorus occidentalis and Colymbus ia of different ages and both sexes, a discussion of which is set forth in the text. Sits = a ae , 1913) i ____ Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 161 Piate XIII. _ Figs. 91-101. Humeri of Grebes. Fig. 91, a perfect humerus of the existing form of chmophorus occidentalis, from a skeleton prepared by Cope and the author. Viewed upon anconal aspect. The extreme length of this bone, measured on the ual specimen, is 12.9 cms. The humerus shown in Fig. 92 an anconal aspect, measures, in extreme length, 6 ems. A large part of the ulnar crest is broken off, otherwise the bone is quite c et. It may have belonged to a female, or to a subadult individual of either sex of Aichmophorus occidentalis, or to an individual of Colymbus holballi. This likewise applies to the humerus shown in Fig. 93, also viewed on anconal aspect, and _ which measures in extreme length 12.4 cms. In it, both the radial and ulnar crests are slightly imperfect, otherwise the specimen is complete. It is of a lightish green _ color, instead of a dull black, as in the case of Fig. 92 and Figs. 94-101. Fig. 94, aa proximal two-thirds of humerus of Achmophorus occidentalis, adult. Anconal aspect. . Radial and ulnar crests somewhat chipped off. ___ Figs. 95 and 96, proximal parts of humeri of chmophorus occidentalis. Ulnar and radial crests chipped to some extent. Anconal aspects. Figs. 97 and 101 the +d a: and very probably belonged to Colymbus holbelli. a Figs. 97-100, distal portions of humeri seen on palmar aspects, very lig aliicdd otherwise perfect safer as they go. All three are of Aichmophorus ELE Prats XIV. a Fig. 102. Right carpo-metacarpus of Botaurus lentiginosus. Adult. Imperfect. a Seen on palmar aspect, as are the bones shown in Figs. 103-110. These last are all earpo-metacarpi of Grebes. | Fig. 103. Achmophorus occidentalis, adult, prepared by Cope and the author, and from the same skeletons as the bones figured on other Plates of the present paper _ @ig. 91, Pl. XIII). The extreme length of this specimen is 5.5 cms., or the same as ___ the bones shown in Figs. 104-108 inclusive, which belonged to different individuals of _ Aichmophorus occidentalis (adults). Fig. 109 was from a female of the same species in all probability, and Fig. 110 of a specimen of Colymbus holballi, or perchance of a subadult A’chmophorus occidentalis sg Figs. 111-114. Anterior portions of superior mandibles of Grebes, seen upon superior aspects. They are slightly above natural size. Figs. 111, 112 are of _ &chmophorus occidentalis, Fig. 111 having been collected by Condon. Figs. 113, 114 are probably from adult specimens of Colymbus holballi, or, what is less likely, _ from females or subadults of the Western Grebe. -Z Fig. 115. Skull of Colymbus auritus @. Natural size, superior aspect, lower _ mandible removed. (No. 17273, Coll. U. 8. National Museum.) Shows the propor- ___ tions of the superior mandible in this Horned Grebe as compared with the fossil ones geen in Figs. 111-114. -- Figs. 116, 117. Ulne@ of Grebes,— Fig. 117 being from the pectoral limb of _ Michmophorus occidentalis prepared by Cope and the author, which measures in _ extreme length 11.7 ems. Both are viewed upon anconal aspect, and the one shown in e _ Fig. 116 measures in extreme length 10.1 cms., and probably belonged to an adult specimen of Colymbus holballi. 162 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Figs. 118-124; 126. Cervical vertebra of Grebes. Fig. 118, ventral view; Fig. 120, suboblique right lateral aspect; all of the remaining ones on direct dorsal views. and about natural size. These vertebre probably belonged to several different indi- viduals of A’chmophorus occidentalis of various ages and both sexes. Fig. 127. Fragment of the frontal region of the skull of a grebe, probably Colym- bus holballi (superior view). Anteriorly it is broken off just posterior to the lacry- mals or about half a centimeter posterior to the transverse line seen at the distal end of the superior mandible shown in Fig. 113 of this Plate, which belonged to a bird of the same species and size. Compare with the frontal region of the skull in Fig. 115. Fig. 128. Right lateral view of the codssified sacral vertebre of the anterior two- thirds of the sacrum of a Grebe. Fragmentary and imperfect. There are many of these in the collection as well as the fused part of the dorsal division of the spinal column. They belonged to A?chmophorus occidentalis and Colymbus holbelli of dif- ferent ages and both sexes. PuaTe XV. Figs. 129-148. Femora of Grebes. All of natural size. Figs. 129-138, 145-148 (inclusive) are upon anterior view. Figs. 139-144 are upon posterior view. These bones belonged to specimens of Afchmophorus occidentalis, Colymbus holballi and probably other Grebes. Comments and descriptions of them are given fully in the — text of the present paper. Figs. 129, 130 and 140 measure in extreme length 5 ems., and belonged to chmophorus occidentalis (adults). There are over 50 of such femora in the collection. Puiate XVI. Fig. 149. Distal moiety of the left tibio-tarsus of Aichmophorus occidentalis. Anterior aspect; very slightly reduced. From a fully adult individual. Fig. 150. Distal moiety of the left tibio-tarsus of Alchmophorus occidentalis. Anterior view; very slightly reduced. Osseous tendinal bridge broken out. Adult, though from a smaller bird than the one which furnished the tibio-tarsus shown in Fig. 149. Fig. 151. Right tibio-tarsus of Achmophorus occidentalis. Anterior view; very slightly reduced and nearly perfect. From a subadult specimen. Fig. 152. Left tibio-tarsus of Aichmophorus occidentalis. Anterior aspect and slightly reduced. From a bird-of-the-year. Epiphyses not fully united; distal one missing. Fig. 153. Left tibio-tarsus of Zchmophorus occidentalis. Anterior view and somewhat imperfect. Slightly reduced. From either a 9 or a subadult bird. Fig. 154. Left tibio-tarsus of Aichmophorus occidentalis. Anterior aspect and very slightly reduced. Quite perfect and belonged to a fully adult individual; probably a <. On the lower internal border of the enemial process of this bone we find an elongated enlargement which is deeply excavated, posteriorly. This character is far more conspicuous than it is in the tibio-tarsus of the existing Grebe shown in Fig. 155 of this Plate. Fig. 155. Left tibio-tarsus of Achmophorus occidentalis. Anterior aspect and very slightly reduced. Existing adult bird and probably a @. From a specimen prepared by Cope and the author. Extreme length 149.5 millimeters, the extreme length of the bone shown in Fig. 154 being 152.5 mm. 913. Ee igiadL, Poesil Faune of the-Decert. Region of Oregon. 163 Prate XVII. Fig. 156. Distal moiety of the right tibio-tarsus of 4ichmophorus occidentalis. anterior aspect. All the figures on this Plate are very slightly reduced. Ac- ength of this fragment equals 92 mm. The figures in this Plate are designed ow the variations in size and character of this bone in these large Grebes as they arred in the Pleistocene of Oregon. _ Fig. 157. Distal end of right tibio-tarsus of 4ichmophorus occidentalis. Anterior view. Reduction in size in same proportion as Fig. 156 above, and this applies to other figures in the Plate; for example, the portion of bone shown in Fig. 168 ‘measur eemeenom ton apeckweem 112.5 mam.; while in the Plate its length is 111.5 mm, a “Figs. 158, 159, 160, 162 are distal portions of the tibio-tarsus of eccidentalis, anterior views. More or less imperfect. Adults, and probably both sexes. The bone shown in Fig. 160 belonged to an old <7. : Figs. 161, 163-176. Tibio-tarsi of Aichmophorus occidentalis. Mostly direct terior views, the only exceptions being Fig. 161, which is a right lateral view, and gs. 167, 168 and 176, which are shown slightly turned to the right or left. They represent both sexes and subadults of various ages. They are all of the simal end of the bone, and more or less imperfect, but show well the variation in morphology of the cnemial prolongation of this bone in the pelvic limb in different specimens. Compare with figures of Plate VIII to determine rights and lefts. Fig. 31 shows the pit on the cnemial process described in Plate VIII. Puiate XVIII. _ (Tarso-metatarsi of Grebes, all seen upon anterior aspect with the exception of Fig. 190, which is given upon right lateral view. Designed to show the variation of —ea All are nearly natural ) ___ Figs. 177-180. Show very well the variations in lengths and other proportions of the tarso-metatarsus of the larger species of these Grebes. These, and other matters are fully discussed in the text. ‘Fig. 181. Tarso-metatarsus of a recent specimen of Aichmophorus occidentalis prepared by Cope and the author. The actual length of this bone, measured from a » highest point on the cnemial process to the lowest point on the mid-trochlea _ distally, equals 79 mm. Of all those here figured, this bone best agrees with the one I bidenciag to Aatasophores locort;—-a matear which to Gaveneed in the tax the present paper. Fig. 183. Photographic reproduction of the drawing of the tarso-metatarsus of a Grebe by Mr. L. H. Miller, of the species named by him, A’chmophorus lucasi. Taken _ the size of the original on the same negative with the other bones on this Plate. Figs. 184-190. Tarso-metatarsi of Grebes. (Descriptions given in the text.) y These bones should be compared with Figs. 9, 10, and 14 of Plate I, and with Figs. 33- 85 of Plate II of this paper. = 164 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Puiate XIX. Figs. 191, 191a-1”, 257, 258. Pedal joints of various species of birds of the fossil fauna of the Oregon Desert. All natural size, and viewed upon dorsal aspect. There are here represented grebes, ducks, geese, swans, limicoline species, diurnal raptores, owls, etc., the correct references for which can only be made by comparing with the bones of a great many existing species, only a few of which are now to be found in museum collections. Some can be easily determined; others will require great care and abundant material for comparison. ' Fig. 257 is the basal phalanx of the mid-anterior toe of an adult individual of the extinct swan, Olor paloregonus Cope. Fig. 258 may be the corresponding bone of a very young bird of the same species, and probably is. The short, thick bones usually belong to falconine species or to owls. Prats XX. Fig. 259. Right lateral view of the skull (with lower mandible attached), oceipi- tal style; and the atlas and axis vertebra of Phalacrocorax auritus (No. 19262, Coll. U. 8S. National Museum). Slightly reduced,— the extreme length of the occipital style in the specimen measures 25 mm. Fig. 260. Proximal extremity of the right-ramus of the mandible of Phalasre- corax macropus Cope. Slightly reduced; lateral aspect. Fig. 262. Superior mandible of Phalacrocorax macropus Cope, vertically divided, mid-longitudinally, showing the inner structure on lateral aspect. This fragment is of the left side of the upper mandible. PLATE XXII. [Fossil bones of the extinct Cormorant Phalacrocorax macropus Cope, all natural size.] Fig. 262. Proximal moiety of the left carpo-metacarpus. Adult. Somewhat imperfect. Fig. 263. Left carpo-metacarpus; adult. Imperfect. Fig. 264. Right carpo-metacarpus; adult. Imperfect. Fig. 265. Twelfth cervical vertebra, viewed upon oblique left lateral aspect. Adult, and almost perfect. Fig. 266. Ninth cervical vertebra, viewed upon almost direct left lateral aspect. Adult. Imperfect. ie Fig. 267. Eighth cervival vertebra, viewed upon direct left lateral aspect. Sub- ult. Fig. 268. Prorimal phalanx of index digit; palmar view. Adult, and very nearly perfect. Fig. 269. Distal end of right ulna. Superior surface. Adult. Fig. 270. Superior extremity of the right coracoid. Mesial aspect. Subadult. Imperfect. : Fig. 271. Sternal extremity of right coracoid. Anterior aspect. Subadult Imperfect. Unites accurately with the portion figured, shown in Fig. 270. =a a Se s .] __ Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 165 ae Fig. 272. Right coracoid, anterior aspect. From an adult bird. Process at infero-external angle broken off and lost, otherwise almost perfect. ___ Fig. 273. Upper extremity of right coracoid. Adult. Mesial aspect. Imper- fect. | fragile. _ Fig. 275. Distal portion of the right humerus; palmar aspect. From an adult specimen. Quite perfect as far as it goes. The characters at this extremity of the Pirate XXII. . — [Parso-metatarsi of Phalacrocoraz macropus Cope. an vidted ween watiakee n¥ “Fig. 276. Distal moiety of the bone. From a female, or a subadult bird. _ Fig. 277. Distal moiety of the bone. Adult. Very nearly perfect as far as it Fig. 278. The bone as it appears when very nearly perfect; from a specimen x hats, and probably a male _ ._ Figs. 279-281. Bones from subadult individuals, each somewhat imperfect,— ‘though the one shown in Fig. 279 is practically perfect. Figs. 282, 283. Each slightly shorter than the bone as seen in Fig. 278 (2 9? ). The specimen shown in Fig. 282 exhibits peculiar excoriations; while the one seen in Piate XXIII. - Fig. 284. Distal extremity of the left tibio-tarsus of Phalacrocorax macropus, Cope. Viewed on mesial aspect. Imperfect. Adult. Very slightly reduced. | Fig. 285. Proximal extremity of the left tibio-tarsus of Phalacrocorax macropus, _ Cope. Viewed on mesial aspect. Imperfect. Adult. Same amount of reduction as in Fig. 284, and all the other figures on this Plate. Fig. 286. Left pectoral limb of a specimen of Phalacrocorar auritus. From an adult. (No. 19262, Coll. U. 8. National Museum.) Complete and showing same amount of reduction. Viewed on mesial aspect. Extreme length of tibio-~arsus equals 1 Fig. 4 S . t tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Phalacrocoraz macropus Cope. ___ Mesial aspect. Same bone as the one shown on anterior view in Fig. 278 of Plate XII. Possibly the bones shown in Figs. 284, 285, 287 and 288 may have belonged ___ to the same individual — or perhaps to two individuals; but it is not in the least 166 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Pirate XXIV. Fig. 289. Proximal moiety of the right humerus of Chen hyperboreus; anconal aspect. Somewhat imperfect. Natural size. Adult. Fig. 290. Anconal aspect of the right humerus of a specimen of Anser albifrons gambeli. Imperfect. Natural size. Adult. Fig. 291. Anconal aspect of the left carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Anser albifrons gambeli. Natural size. Imperfect. Adult. Fig. 292. Anconal aspect of the left carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Chen hyperboreus. Natural size. Imperfect. Adult. Fig. 293. Anterior aspect of the left coracoid of a specimen of Anser albifrons gambeli. Adult. Natural size. Imperfect. Fig. 294. Anterior aspect of the left coracoid of a specimen of Chen hyperboreus. Adult. Natural size. Imperfect. Fig. 295. Anterior aspect of the left tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Anser albifrons gambeli. Adult. Natural size. Imperfect. Fig. 296. Anterior aspect of the right tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Chen hyperboreus. Adult. Natural size, very nearly perfect. PLate XXV. Fig. 297. Anconal aspect of the left carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Chen hyperboreus. Slightly reduced. Imperfect. Adult. Same bone as shown in Fig. 292 of Plate XXIV, and here reproduced for the purpose of comparison with other carpo-metacarpi. (Fossil.) Fig. 298. Palmar aspect of the left carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Branta hypsibata (Cope). Slightly reduced. Imperfect. Adult. (Fossil.) Fig. 299. Palmar aspect of the right carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Branta hypsibata (Cope). Slightly reduced. Imperfect. Adult. Fig. 300. Anconal aspect of the right carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Chen hyperboreus. Slightly reduced. Imperfect. Adult. (Fossil.) Fig. 301. Anconal aspect of the left carpo-metacarpus of Chen carulescens (No. 18613. Coll. U. S. National Museum). Adult. Same amount of reduction as in other figures of this Plate. Length 86 mm. Fig. 302. Anconal aspect of left carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Chen hyper- boreus nivalis. (No. 18611, Coll. U. 8. National Museum). Adult. Slightly re- duced. Length of this bone equals 89 mm. % Fig. 303. Anconal aspect of the left carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Anser albifrons gambeli. Adult. Imperfect. Slightly reduced. (Fossil.) Fig. 304. Anconal aspect of the right carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Branta canadensis (No. 17980, Coll. U.S. National Museum). Adult. Slightly reduced. Length of this bone equals 106 mm. The bone from a fossil specimen is shown in Fig. 305. Anconal aspect of the right carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Branta canadensis. (Cope collection.) Adult. Perfect. Slightly reduced. Length of this bone equals 107 mm. Note the ossified excrescence on the apex of the pollex metacarpal, present in both the existing and fossil bird. 913.) ____Shufeldt, Vessit' Vents of tha Desert’ Region af Oregon. 167 Puate XXVI. __ Figs. 306, 307. Anterior moieties of scapule of Chen cerulescens. Dorsal aspect. Natural size. Adults. Compare with Figures 311, 312, and note pneumatic fora- men at distal end. ‘Fig. 308. Anterior extremity of the right scapula of Chen h. nivalis, seen upon dorsal aspect. Perfect as far as it goes. Adult. Natural size. (Fossil.) _ Fig. 309. Anterior extremity of the right scapula of Olor matthewi (sp. n.). Epes, 024 epperently belonged to an adult specimen. Natural size. Fig. 310. Anterior two-thirds of the right scapula of Olor paloregonus Cope. -—_ Adult. Dorsal surface. Natural size. ~ Fig. 311. Right scapula of a specimen of Chen h. nivalis (No. 18611. Coll. __ U.S. National Museum). Dorsal aspect; natural size; adult. _ Fig. 312. Right scapula of Chen caerulescens (No. 18613, Coll. U. S. National . Dorsal surface, Natural size. Adult. - Fig. 313. (Not used). ____ Fig. 314. Anterior end of the right scapula of Chen h. nivalis. Dorsal aspect. "Adult and natural size. _—s* Fig. 315. Proximal phalanz of the index digit of the right pectoral limb of Olor ve lkiae. Anconal aspect. Adult, natural size. (No. 18509, Coll. U. S. National Museum.) Fig. 316. Proximal phalanx of the index digit of the right pectoral limb of Olor Cope. Anconal aspect. Adult; natural size. _ Fig. 317. Proximal moiety of ulna of left pectoral limb of a specimen of Olor buccinator. Anconal aspect; natural size. Adult. The distal half of this bone is in the collection. Full description in the text. (Fossil.) ‘ Fig. 318. Proximal moiety of ulna of an adult specimen of Olor buccinator in the ___ Collections of the U. 8. National Museum. (No. 18509.) Adult. Natural size. Viewed on anconal aspect, as in the case of the ulna figured in the preceding figure. Pirate XXVIII. eo) (Fossil bones of Branta hypsibata Cope, with some parts of lower mandibles of é anserine birds. All exhibit the same amount of reduction, which is very slight.] = Fig. 319. Right tarso-metatarsus. Anterior aspect. (See notes under next figure). ¥ Fig. 320. Right tarso-metatarsus, anterior aspect. (Cope’s type.) This bone is __~ considerably stouter and a trifle longer than the one shown in Fig. 319, which latter __ belonged to some other species of Branta of the Branta canadensis order. This matter ____ is taken up in the text. Both bones have the hypotarsus broken off, otherwise they e. Fig. 321. Proximal phalanx of index digit, left pectoral limb, seen on anconal aspect. Adult, and only slightly imperfect. _ ‘Fig. 322. Free extremity of the left limb of the os furcula, seen on outer aspect. _ Adult, imperfect. Fig. 323. Left humerus, palmar aspect. Adult. Head of the bone gone, and otherwise somewhat imperfect. 168 Bulletin American Museum of Natura! History. [Vol. XXXII, Figs. 324, 326, 327. Posterior and middle portion of the ramus of three anserine birds. Outer aspects. All apparently from adult birds. Their characters fully described in the text. (Fig. 325 omitted.) Fig. 328. Anterior end of a left scapula. Adult. Imperfect. Viewed “= dorsal aspect. Fig. 329. Head of humerus of a specimen of Branta hypsibata Cope. Right pectoral limb. Adult. Imperfect. Fig. 330. Right coracoid, anterior view. Adult. Somewhat imperfect. Fig. 331. Basal phalanx of left foot of a goose, and possibly belonged to a Branta hypsibata. Dorsal view. Adult and nearly perfect. Fig. 332. Distal third of the tibio-arsus of a B. hypsibata Cope. Adult. Anterior view. Imperfect. Pirate XXVIII. [Fossil bones of various specimens of Branta canadensis (Cope collection). All adult and very slightly reduced. References by the author, and carefully compared with the corresponding bones of a specimen in the Collections of the U. 8S. National Museum. (No. 17980.)] Fig. 333. Proximal moiety of carpo-metacarpus; right pectoral limb. Anconal aspect. Imperfect. Fig. 334. Carpo-metacarpus; right pectoral limb. Anconal aspect. Imperfect. Note fossilized exostosis on end of pollex metacarpal. This specimen is practically perfect. Fig. 335. Head of humerus of right pectoral limb. Anconal aspect. Fig. 336. Head of coracoid. Right side. Quite perfect as far as it goes. Posterior view. Fig. 337. Anterior portion of a left scapula. Dorsal surface. Slightly chipped. Fig. 338. Forepart of a sternum, anterior view, showing “coracoidal grooves.” Adult; imperfect. Fig. 339. Distal extremity of a right humerus. Palmar aspect. Surfaces of articular trochle abraded. Fig. 340. Distal moiety of a right tarso-metatarsus, anterior view. a sf 2 (Margins of trochle abraded.) Fig. 341. Anterior view of an imperfect, left coracoid. Adult. Fig. 342. Basal phalanx of mid-anterior toe of the left foot of a Branta cana- densis (fossil). Dorsal view. Adult. Fig. 343. Proximal extremity of a right tarso-metatarsus, seen on anterior view. Imperfect. Fig. 344. Anterior view of the fore part of a sternum, showing coracoidal grooves and part of carina. Adult. Imperfect. Figs. 345, 346. Proximal phalanges of index digits of left pectoral limbs. Palmar aspects. ‘Very slightly reduced and almost perfect,— two minute chippings baly occur on the bone shown in Fig. 346. Se ee a 4 1913.) ——_ Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 169 Pirate XXIX. [Exhibiting fossil bones of the extinct goose, Branta propinqua Shuf. All adult and natural size. (Cope collection.) Bones show slight chipping at some of the angles and margins, otherwise quite perfect, except in cases where only part of the bone is present, as in Figs. 347, 354, 355, 356, 358 ete.] ___ Fig. 347. Right limb and loop of os furcula, viewed upon mesial aspect. The _ left clavicle is broken off just beyond the arch. Fig. 348. Anterior moiety of a left scapula; dorsal surface. ‘Fig. 349. Left ulna; suboblique view of anconal surface. Length of specimen “Fig. 350. Left humerus. Adult, and almost perfect bone. _-—s«WFig. 351. Proximal phalanx, index digit, right pectoral limb,— viewed upon Fig. 352. A right coracoid; anterior surface. Adult. Fig. 353. A left coracoid; anterior surface. Adult. It is not at all likely that these two coracoids belonged to the same individual. _ Figs. 354, 355. Two metacarpals, left pectoral limbs. Adults. Imperfect. - Fig. 356. Tarso-metatarsus, right pelvic limb. Head of the bone broken off. ater view. Adult. Fig. 357. Left tarso-metatarsus, anterior view; adult. Imperfect. __ Fig. 358. Costal border of sternum. Outer aspect. Adult. Imperfect. _ Fig. 359. A right femur, seen upon anterior aspect. Adult. Natural size. Apart from two or three insignificant chippings, this bone is quite perfect. Pirate XXX. _ Figs. 360-363. Histrionicus histrionicus. Fig. 360 (fossil) right coracoid, anterior view; adult. Natural size. Imperfect. Fig. 361 is the right coracoid of a specimen of this duck in the Coll. U. 8. National Museum (No. 223756). Natural size. Fig. 362 proximal portion of a right humerus, anconal aspect; slightly chipped. Natural size; adult. Fig. 363 proximal portion of right humerus (existing birds), No. 223756, Coll. U. 8. National Museum. Adult. Natural size. Figs. 364, 365. Mergus serrator. Adults. Natural size. Fig. 364 (fossil) proximal moiety of a right femur; anterior view. Fig. 365 right femur of Mergus serrator in Coll. U. 8. Nat. Museum (No. 16626). _ Figs. 366-369 are of Charitonetta albeola. Adults. Natural size. Fig. 366 (fossil) proximal end of a right humerus, anconal aspect (slightly chipped). Fig. 367. Proximal end, right humerus, anconal view, of Charilonetia albeola (existing). No. 16627, Coll. U. 8. National Museum. Figs. 368 (existing), 369 (fossil) carpo-meta- carpi of left limbs; both perfect and characters identical. Figs. 370, 371, 374, 379, 380 and 381 are all of Steller’s Eider (Polysticta stelleri). Adults and natural size. Fig. 370 (fossil) proximal extremity of a right humerus, anconal aspect. Fig. 371, right humerus, anconal side (No. 15272, Coll. U. 8. National Museum). Fig. 374 (fossil) anconal aspect of a carpo-metacarpus, right pectoral limb. Fig. 379, anterior view of a left coracoid (fossil), practically perfect. Fig. 380, anterior view of a left femur (fossil), slightly chipped. This reference is 170 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. XXXII, only provisional, as I am much in doubt that this femur belonged to a specimen of Polysticta stelleri; for, while it agrees very closely in some essential characters with the bone shown in Fig. 381 (Polysticta stelleri, No. 15272, Coll. U. S. National Mu- seum), it departs from it in other particulars, as the lack of curvature in the shaft, - and the smaller caput femoris. Figs. 372, 373, 375-378. Fossil and existing Canvas-back Ducks (Marila valisineria). Adults. Natural size. Fig. 372 (fossil) a carpo-metacarpus of a left pectoral limb, seen upon anconal aspect. Fig. 373 (existing) carpo-metacarpus, right pectoral limb. (No. 16245, Coll. U. S. National Museum.) Fig. 375 (fossil), right femur, anterior aspect (slightly chipped). Fig. 376 (existing), No. 16245, Coll. U. 8. National Museum, right femur, anterior aspect. Fig. 377 (fossil), fragment of a right tarso-metatarsus, exhibiting all the distinctive characters, as far as they go, of this bone in the Canvas-back. Fig. 378 tarso~-metatarsus an fibula of a specimen of Marila valisineria (No. 16245, Coll. U.S. National Museum). Figs. 377, 378 are both anterior views from adults, and natural size. Pirate XXXII. Fig. 382. Fossil right humerus, anconal aspect. Adult. Natural size. Be- longed to a Querquedula and probably Q. cyanoptera. Fig. 383. Right limb of fossil os furcula, outer aspect. Adult. Natural size. Belonged to a goose, apparently of the genus Chen. Figs. 384, 385. Coracoids of Redhead (Marila americana?) Adults. Natural size. Each from right side and on anterior view. Fig. 384 (existing) is from skele- ton No. 17619, Coll. U. S. National Museum. Fig. 385 (fossil) has lower external angle broken off, but is otherwise quite perfect. Figs. 386, 387. Ulne of Mallards. (Anas platyrhynchos.) Adults. Natural size. Fig. 386 (fossil) right ulna, anconal aspect. Very nearly perfect. Fig. 387 (existing) left ulna, anconal surface. (No. 18598. Coll. U. 8. National Museum). Figs. 388, 389, 392, 393. Bones, fossil and recent, of Marila affinis. Fig. 388 fossil ulna from left pectoral limb; inferior surface. Adult; natural size. Very slightly chipped. Fig. 389, left ulna (same surface etc.) of a recent individual (No. 18605, Coll. U. 8. National Museum); natural size. The fossil ulna is somewhat stouter than the one shown in Fig. 389; but otherwise the bones agree well. It is quite possible that this fossil bone may have belonged to a M. marila or a M. collaris. Figs. 392 and 393 are right coracoids seen upon anterior view. The one in Fig. 392 (fossil) is almost perfect,— the small process at the lower outer angle having been broken off. Fig. 393 (existing) is from the skeleton in the U. 8. National Museum collection (18605). Figs. 390, 391, 394-397 are bones from fossil and recent skeletons of the Ruddy Duck (Erismatura jamaicensis). Figs. 390, 391 coracoids (left sides); anterior views, natural size. Fig. 390 (fossil) somewhat imperfect. Fig. 391 is from a skeleton in the Collection of the U. 8. National Museum (No. 11220), as is also the tarso- metatarsus seen in Fig. 395, and the femur in Fig. 396. The fossil tarso-metatarsus shown in Fig. 395 is from a right pelvic limb and seen on anterior view. Almost perfect; adult; natural size. The femora are shown upon anterior views, and each is from a right pelvic limb. Fig. 397 (fossil) agrees very closely with the femur of the bone of the recent bird. q 1913) __ Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 171 ___ Fig. 398. Femur. Anterior view. Adult. Natural size. Condyles broken _ off and otherwise imperfect. This fossil bone is from a species of Mergus, somewhat _ larger than Mergus americanus. Pirate XXXII. "Fig. 399. Free end of a clavicle (os furcula) of a large bird. Adult. Natural size. Figs. 400-402, 404. Coracoids of Branta bernicla. Adults. Natural size. Fig. _ 400, mesial aspect. Fig. 401, posterior surface. Figs. 402 and 404 anterior aspects. Fig. 400 is a left coracoid, and the other three are rights. a Fig. 403. Right carpo-metacarpus of an anserine bird (fossil). Adult and nat- ural size. Viewed upon anconal aspect. This bone agrees with the corresponding _ one in the recent Mergus americanus, but is shorter. It is very probable that it be- __ longed to a 9 of that species, as the ? is much smaller than the <*, and doubtless was in Pleistocene time. ‘Fig. 405. Part of the cranial vault of a fossil bird, viewed upon its internal aspect. Adult. Natural size. It appears to be cormorant, and probably Phalacrocoraz - macropus Cope. Figs. 406, 407. Fossil carpo-metacarpi of Clangula islandica. Adults. Natural size. Imperfect. Fig. 406 from the right wing, seen on anconal aspect; and Fig. 407 from the left wing and viewed upon palmar aspect. Fig. 408. Right femur of Anser albifrons gambeli (fossil). Anterior view. Adult. ‘Natural size. Very slightly chipped. For other bones of this goose, see Plates XXIV and XVII. Fig. 409. Right coracoid of Anser albifrons gambeli (fossil). Adult. Anterior __-view. Natural size. Imperfect. ‘Fig. 410. Left coracoid of Anser albifrons gambeli (fossil). Adult. Posterior _ view. Natural size. Imperfect. Fig. 411. Proximal moiety of a right carpo-metacarpus (fossil) of a specimen of Anser albifrons gambeli. Adult. Palmar aspect. Natural size. Compare with additional figure in Plate XXV. Pirate XXXII. Fig. 412. Left tibio-tarsus of a Branta (fossil). Adult. Natural size. Very slightly chipped. Anterior aspect. Extreme length 148 mm. The fibula was lost. Probably Branta canadensis. Fig. 413. Left tarso-metatarsus and fibula of Branta canadensis. (No. 17980, Coll. U. S. National Museum.) Adult. Natural size. Anterior aspect. Length _ 161mm, Presented for the purpose of comparing it with the bone shown in Fig. 412. Fig. 414. Distal moiety of the left humerus of a Branta (fossil). Adult. Natu- ral size. Palmar aspect. From a smaller goose than B. canadensis, and probably belonged to a specimen of a Branta c. hutchinsi. Fig. 415. Left humerus of Branta canadensis. Palmar aspect; natural size. ___ (No. 17980, Coll. U.S. National Museum.) Presented for the purpose of comparing ___ it with the bone shown in Fig. 414. 172 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Puate XXXIV. (Right coracoids of fossil and existing Anserines. Adults. Very slightly re- duced. Anterior views.) Fig. 416. Coracoid of Chen cerulescens (No. 18613, Coll. U. 8. National Museum). Fig. 417. Coracoid of Chen hyperboreus nivalis (No. 18611, Coll. U. 8. National Museum). Fig. 418. Coracoid of Branta canadensis. (No. 17890, Coll. U. 8. National Museum). ; Fig. 419. Coracoid of Olor buccinator. (No. 18509, Coll. U.S. National Museum). Fig. 420. Coracoid of Olor paloregonus, Cope. (Extinct.) Pirate XXXV. Fig. 421. Right carpo-metacarpus of Olor paloregonus Cope (extinct). Adult. Natural size. Imperfect. Fig. 422. Left carpo-metacarpus of Olor matthewi, n. sp. (extinct). Adult. Natural size. Quite perfect. Exostosis on summit of pollex metacarpal is of a pathological nature and fossilized. Fig. 423. Left carpo-metacarpus of Olor buccinator. (No. 18509, Coll. U. 8. National Museum.) Adult. Natural size. aid Fig. 424. Nineteenth cervical vertebra of Olor buccinator. Dorsal aspect. Nat- ural size. (No. 18509, Coll. U.S. National Museum.) Fig. 425. Nineteenth cervical vertebra of Olor paloregonus Cope (extinct). Natu- Pirate XXXVI. (Femora of fossil and existing Anserines. Adults. Very slightly reduced. Anterior views. Fig. 426. Fig. 427. Museum.) Fig. 428. seum.) Fig. 429. Fig. 430. Fig. 431. Adults.) Femur of Chen cerulescens (No. 18613, Coll. U. 8S. National Museum). Femur of Chen hyperboreus nivalis. (No. 18611, Coll. U. 8. National Femur of Branta canadensis. (No. 17980, Coll. U. 8. National Mu- Femur of Olor americanus. (No. 18571, Coll. U.S. National Museum.) Femur of Olor buccinator. (No. 18509, Coll. U. 8. National Museum.) Femur of Olor paloregonus Cope. (Extinct). Extreme length of this bone equals 109 mm. : Imperfect. Pirate XXXVII. (Tarso-metatarsi of fossil and existing Anserines. Adults. Reduced. Anterior views. From both right and left pelvic limbs.) ee Po ie dae me op th Taeeet Siglen ah Onaen. 173 sis an. Tarso-metatarsi of a large existing Swan (Olor). Left pelvic limb. _ From the collection of Professor Cope, now belonging to American Museum of _ Natural History. Not identified. Much longer than the longest tarso-metatarsus _ of any of those belonging to existing Swans in the Collections of the U. S. National - Moscum. For description, see text. This bone measures in extreme length 123.5 ae, g. 433. Tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Olor buccinator. Left pelvic limb. rom collection of Professor Cope and now the property of the American Museum of Natural History. Measures in extreme length 112 mm. . Fig. 434. Right tarso-metatarsus of Olor buccinator. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ‘ No. 18509.) Extreme length 114 mm. Fig. 435. Left tarso-metatarsus (fossil) of a specimen of Olor buccinator. Almost perfect. Extreme length equals 114 mm. Fig. 436. Right tarso-metatarsus (fossil) of a specimen of Olor buccinator. Im- _ perfect with respect to loss of hypotarsus and margins of the trochler. Extreme Tn, othppsemm Fig. 437. Right tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Olor americanus (Coll. U. 8. 4 - Nat, Mus. No. 18571). (Recent.) Extreme length equals 103.5 mm. q "point on the intercondylar tuberosity to the lowest point in the periphery of the foramen below for the anterior tibial artery measures 88.5 mm. The same line on the tarso-metatarsus shown in Fig. 437, measures 87 mm. Pirate XXXVIII. Fig. 439. Left tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Podilymbus magnus (n. sp.) Fig. 440. Left tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Podilymbus magnus (n. sp.) % 441. Right tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Colymbus auritus. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 17273.) Adult; anterior view; reduced. Length 45.5 mm. perfect, and anterior aspect. Probably belonged to a female or subadult individual. Length equals 39 mm. = Fig. 446. Right femur of a specimen of Colymbus n. californicus. Very slightly chipped. Posterior aspect. Adult. Length 29 mm. Fig. 447. Left femur of a specimen of Colymbus n. californicus. Somewhat imperfect. Anterior aspect. Adult. (c'?) Length 32 mm. a Fig. 448. Left corncoid of a specimen of Colymbus auritus. (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 17273.) See description under Fig. 441 of the Plate. Anterior aspect. Ex- _ treme height of bone 31 mm. 174 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Fig. 449. Left coracoid of a specimen of a Grebe (fossil). Anterior view and imperfect. Reduced; height of bone 34 mm. (approx.). This bone has the same color and appearance as the tarso-metatarsus shown in Fig. 440. It is the coracoid of a grebe,—a large Podilymbus. Everything points to the fact that it may be a coracoid of Podilymbus magnus (n. sp.). See Figs. 439, 440 of this Plate. Full description in the text. Fig. 450. Proximal portion of the left tibio-tarsus of a specimen of Colymbus n. californicus. Fibular side. Adult. Reduced. Height of enemial process 12 mm. Figs. 451-453. Coracoids of specimens of Colymbus n. californicus. Adults. Anterior views. Figs. 451, 453 are rights, and Fig. 452 a left. Reduced. ‘ Figs. 454, 455. Right ulne of specimens of Colymbus n. californicus. Adult and perfect. Reduced. Inferior views. In the case of Fig. 454, the chord of the are of the bone measured 58.5 mm.; the same line in Fig. 455 being 61.5 mm. Fig. 456. Distal two-thirds of the left tibio-tarsus of a specimen of Colymbus n. californicus. Anterior aspect. Adult. Imperfect. Reduced. (See Fig. 469.) Fig. 457. Proximal moiety of a right tibio-tarsus of a Grebe. Adult. Outer aspect. Reduced. The cnemial process of this bone is rather too long to have it exactly agree with a tibio-tarsus of Podilymbus podiceps, though the bone may be from a skeleton of that species. It agrees somewhat better with the tibio-tarsus of Colymbus n. californicus (Fig. 450 of this Plate). (See description in the text.) Fig. 458. Left humerus of a specimen of Podilymbus podiceps. Adult. Re- duced. Anconal aspect. Nearly perfect. Extreme length 67.5 mm., while the left . humerus of a recent Podilymbus podiceps in the Collections of the U. 8. National Museum has an extreme length of 71 mm. (No. 17272.) Fig. 459. Left humerus of a specimen of Podilymbus podiceps. Adult. Re- duced. Ulnar aspect. Practically perfect. Extreme length 66 mm. Fig. 460. Right carpo-metacarpus of a specimen of Podilymbus podiceps. Sub- adult. Reduced. Imperfect. Same bone in P. podiceps in Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. (No. 17272) measures in extreme length 31.5 mm., while the one here shown (fossil) measures but 30 mm. Figs. 461, 462. Coracoids of specimens of Podilymbus podiceps. Subadults. Reduced. Anterior views. (Fig. 461 isa right; 462, a left.) Fig. 463. Tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Colymbus n. californicus. Adult; anterior view; reduced; perfect. Extreme length equals 37.5 mm. (See Figs. 442-455.) Fig. 464. Fossil Jemur of a small Branta, and very likely B. c. minima. Adult. Imperfect. Posterior view. Reduced. Fig. 465. Fossil left humerus of a small Dein considerably smaller than Branta propinqua Shuf., and doubtless belonged to a specimen of Branta canadensis minima. Adult. Practically perfect.. Reduced. Anconal aspect. Extreme length equals 99 mm. PLaTe XXXIX. Fig. 466. Anterior moiety of the right scapula (fossil) of a specimen of Ardea herodias. Adult; natural size. Dorsal aspect. Perfect as far as it goes. Fig. 467. Right scapula of a specimen of Ardea herodias. (Coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. No. 18616.) Adult; natural size. Dorsal aspect. Fig. 468. Left pebeestd (fossil) of a specimen of Botaurus lentiginosus. Probably not fully adult. Anterior view; natural size; imperfect. am) -__Shufeldt; Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 175 4 Fig. 469. Left coracoid of a specimen of Botaurus lentiginosus (recent). Coll. "U.S Nat. Mus Collector's No. 492. Anterior view. Adult. Extreme height of this bone 61.5 mm. “. ‘Fig. 470. Right coracoid (fossil) of a specimen of Botaurus lentiginosus. Adult, . so. Natural size. Posterior aspect. Imperfect. ‘Fig. 471. Right coracoid of a specimen of Botaurus lentiginosus. (Coll. U. 8. Sere sts en. o', subadult. Posterior aspect; natural size. Extreme tanionee. Natural size; adult; anterior aspect; imperfect. aah o of bone Fig. 473. Left tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Pediacetes phasianellus colum- . ‘bianus in the Collections of the U.S. National Museum, No. 17979. Anterior aspect, = natural size. Adult. Length of bone 41 mm. ‘Fig. 474. Proximal end of a right humerus of a specimen of a small grebe, and a probably belonged to the one described as Colymbus parvus (n.sp.). Adult. Natural a ~~ Palmar aspect. Fig. 475. Proximal portion of a left humerus of a specimen of a small grebe, and a> “pebably belonged to the one described as Colymbus parvus (n. sp.). Adult. Natu- ral size. Anconal aspect. Fig. 476. Left tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Colymbus parvus (n. sp.); oe Natural size. Anterior aspect. Head of bone broken off and lost; other- wise perfect. Fig. 477. Right tarso-metatarsus of a specimen of Colymbus parvus (n. sp.). Adult. Natural size. Anterior aspect. Imperfect. Length 56.5 mm. (approx.). See the three coracoids below, Figs. 481-483. = Figs. 478, 479. Left coracoids (fossil) of specimens of Dafila acuta (ii). An- 2 terior aspects; natural size. Adults. Somewhat imperfect. Fig. 480. Right carpo-metatarsus (fossil) of a specimen of Fulica americana. 7 -Anconal aspect. Adult. Natural size. Imperfect. Compared with the corre- __ sponding bone in a skeleton in the Collections of the U.S. Nat. Mus. (No. 19710.) Figs. 481-483. Coracoids of a small grebe and probably belonged to specimens of the species described as Colymbus parvus (n.sp.). All adult and seen on anterior aspects. Natural size. Figs. 481, 482 are rights, and 483 is a left. Somewhat imperfect. Average approximate height equals 37.5 mm. Figs. 484, 485. Femora of specimens of Clangula hyemalis. Fig. 484 (fossil); Fig. 485 (recent), Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 18810. Both nearly natural size and lefts seen on anterior view. Fig. 484 practically perfect. Adults. Length of each 42 mm. Fig. 486. Anterior extremity of a scapula of a specimen of Phalacrocorax macro- pus. Ventral aspect; natural size. Adult. Perfect, as far as it goes. Compared with the scapula of several species of existing American Cormorants. Puate XL. Fig. 487. Right tibio-tarsus and fibula of a specimen of Haliawetus leucocephalus. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 19384.) Anterior aspect. Slightly enlarged. Length of the tibio-arsus equals 148 mm. Adult. The phalanx in Fig. 494 belongs to the same skeleton. 176 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Fig. 488. Right tibio-tarsus and fibula of a specimen of Aquila chrysaélos. (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 18802.) Slightly enlarged. Adult. Anterior aspect. Bones of Fig. 493 belong to the same skeleton. Length 165.5 mm. Fig. 489. Claw of Aquila chrysaétos, outside toe, left foot. Adult. Slightly enlarged. Mesial aspect. (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 18194.) Phalanx shown in Fig. 491 belongs to the same skeleton. Fig. 490. Proximal two-thirds of the claw of the outside toe of the left foot (fossil) of Aquila chrysaétos. Mesial aspect. Adult. Apex broken off. Fig. 491. Distal phalanx of middle toe of left foot of Aquila chrysaélos. Dorsal aspect. Adult. Slightly enlarged. This is the joint next posterior to the claw of the toe to which it belongs. (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 18194.) Fig. 492. Distal phalanx of middle toe of left foot of Aquila chrysaétos (fossil). Adult. Dorsal aspect. Slightly enlarged. This is the joint next posterior to the claw of the toe to which it belongs. Fig. 493. Right carpo-metacarpus and first or proximal phalanx of index digit of Aquila chrysaétos. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 18802.) Adult. Slightly enlarged. Palmar aspect. Introduced in that the phalanx of the index digit may be compared with the corresponding bone from the skeleton of a White-headed Eagle (Fig. 494). Both viewed on palmar aspect. The difference in their morphology is apparent at a glance. Fig. 494. Proximal phalanx of index digit of right manus of Haliwetus leuco- cephalus. (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 19384.) Adult. Palmar aspect. Slightly enlarged (half a millimetre). Length equals 41.5 mm. Fig. 495. Distal extremity of the right tibio-tarsus of a specimen of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaétos, fossil). Adult. Anterior aspect. Very slightly enlarged (5 mm. transcondylar diameter). Imperfect. Compare with the same portion of bone in Fig. 488. Fig. 496. Proximal phalanx of the index digit of the right manus of a specimen of the White-headed Eagle (Haliwetus leucocephalus, fossil). Adult; palmar aspect; somewhat imperfect. Compare with bone shown in Fig. 494. Almost natural size. ‘ Puate XLI. (Fossil bones from the Oregon Desert representing the Sage Cock (Centrocercus urophasianus). Adults of both sexes. More or less imperfect. All natural size. Figs. 498, 500, 502, 508 and 509 are from the Collections of the U. 8S. National Mu- seum and from skeletons of recent individuals.) Fig. 497. Left tarso-metatarsus; anterior aspect. Fig. 498: Left tarso-metatarsus; anterior aspect. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 17975 2.) Fig. 499. Right tarso-metatarsus; posterior aspect. Fig. 500. Right tarso-metatarsus, anterior aspect. (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 17975 2.) (Through an oversight, this bone was photographed on anterior aspect — instead of posterior, in order to compare it with that view in Fig. 499. It may be said, however, that the two bones are practically identical in all particulars.) Fig. 501. Left carpo-metacarpus; palmar aspect; (fossil). Perfect. Fig. 502. Right carpo-metacarpus; palmar aspect. (Coll. U. 5. Nat. Mus. No. 17975 9.) ss 1918.) Shufeldt, Fossil Fauna of the Desert Region of Oregon. 177 Fig. 503. Proximal portion of the right carpo-metacarpus; anconal aspect. (Fos- 7 sil.) From the skeleton of a large male. ‘Fig. 504. Proximal portion of the right carpo-metacarpus; anconal aspect. (Fossil). Apparently from a female not fully adult. Compare with Fig. 501. Fig. 505. Proximal extremity of the right tarso-metatarsus; anterior aspect. elor to a skeleton of an old male Sage Cock. Fig. 506. Distal portion of the left femur; anterior aspect. Old male. | «Rig 507. Sternal extremity of a right coracoid; (fossil); anterior aspect. Adult male. Perfect as far as it goes. Figs. 508, 509. Coracoids from the skeleton of a female Centrocercus uropha- gianus. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 17975.) Fig. 508 from right side, anterior aspect; Zz large shot-hole through its sternal extremity. Fig. 509 left side, posterior aspect. _ The fossil bone shown in Figure 507 belonged to a female Sage Cock of exactly the : same size as the bird which furnished the coracoids shown in Figs. 508, 509. _ Fig. 510. Proximal end of a right ulna; anconal view. From the skeleton of an (fossil). = Fig. 511. Anterior portion of a pelvic sacrum. Ventral aspect (fossil). From the skeleton of an old male. Imperfect. ; 1 Fig. 512. Proximal end of aright tibio-tarsus. Anterior aspect. Female. Im- Fig. 513. Head of aleft coracoid. Posterior aspect. (Fossil.) From the skele- y ST ety large mals Gags Cock. Compare with bone shown in Fig. 509 of this Plate. — a ‘Fig. 514. Diiesineel pettion of the skull. Left side, external aspect. Medium & EEA aad peobebly a female. _ Fig. 515. Ninth cervical vertebra, ventral aspect. Imperfect. Agrees exactly with that bone as found in the skeleton of a male Centrocercus urophasianus in the Coll. of the U. 8. National Museum (No. 18346). _ Fig. 516. Proximal end of a radius. _ Fig. 517. Free extremity and portion of arch of the right clavicle of the os fur- cula. Mesial aspect. Male. Puate XLII. Be (This Plate is introduced in order to illustrate the study of “fragments” of _ fossils. The bones figured are all of natural size and all from Birds. They repre- _ gent both sexes, various ages, and numerous families, genera and species. These _ fossil bones of birds are further intended to illustrate what is said in the text with respect to making reliable references.) 3 Fig. 518. Somewhat resembles an avian ulna, fragmentary and not identified. _ There are upwards of an hundred uln@ in the Cope and Condon collections from the Oregon Desert Region, running all the way from fragmentary bits to specimens more or less fragmentary in character. : Figs. 519-523, 529-533, 535, 540-542, 547. The humerus of various species of birds. (See text.) _. Figs. 524-528. Fragments of pelves. Figs. 536-539, 543-545. Carpo-metacarpi, all more or less imperfect. 178 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Figs. 546, 550-553. Femora. Figs. 550, 553 are apparently from the Ruddy Duck (Erismatura jamaicensis), as is also the humerus in Fig. 540. Figs. 548, 549 and 554. Tarso-metatarsi. Anterior views and all subadult. Puate XLII. (Devoted to the Fossil Mammals found in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History (Cope’s). References by Mr. J. -W. Gidley of the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology (Mammals) of the United States National Museum. Reproductions of the photographs made direct from the specimens by the author. All natural size, and sexes undetermined.) Figs. 555-561. Are referred to a canid,— “doubtless Canis latrans.” Fig. 555, interparietal bone; left lateral aspect. Includes the sagittal and part of the occipital — crests. Fig. 556 from the pelvis near the acetabulum. Fig. 557, fragment of a pelvis. Fig. 558, an ulna, Figs. 559-561, phalangeal bones. Fig. 562. Incisor tooth of a Camel (Camelops); anterior surface. The entire posterior part of the tooth is broken away,— a loss which cannot be seen in the Figs. 563-579. Referred to large forms of Leporide (Lepus). Fig. 563, proximal portion of an ulna. Fig. 564, extremity of one of the long bones of a subadult indi- vidual exhibiting the epiphysis. Figs. 565 and 566 each represent an os calcis (cal- canevm) of “a very large rabbit” (Lepus). Figs. 567-569 is the same bone belonging to smaller individuals. All are viewed on their superior surfaces. Figs. 570-574, 576-579 represent various long bones of the pes and manus. They are from different individuals of different ages and sexes, and very likely different species. For the most part they are viewed upon their dorsal aspects. Fig. 575 head of a scapula showing the glenoid cavity and the coracoid process with all the rest of the bone gone. (Lepus). These rabbits all belonged to the “Jack Rabbit’”’ group. Butretixn A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Pratre IX. ” tees - Buiiteti~n A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Pirate X. yd fa Boureti~n A. M. N. H., Vor. XXXII, Pirate XI. | fig 56 Beuietixn A. M. N. H Vor. XXXII, Pirate XII eee Poe ' Sig: Ag. 82. fig. 88. Bourtetix A. M N. H. Ve I XXXII PLAT! XII Vou. XXXII, Pratre XIV. Beuteti~x A. M. N. H. Ze) zy ee . tg Ag 104 fg fe2 fig it6. | Jig. to fg.t03 Pirate XV. XXXII, Vou. H. N. Beiitetis A. M Bes by apt buf Lee by ~ one OY sre buf se. th vor by Beuteti~x A. M. N. H Vou. XXXII, Pratre XVI Berteti~x A. M. N. H Vor. XXXII, Pirate XVII. eee Fado er, ® *, ¥ ~~» : 4 r ee, ‘ * . - ; - ; ss r : 2 %y : Mg PRY + HE. e . , a : na al F : . Al ae f é ae om 4 f ?. . ‘ ~— * ‘ — : — Bouietix A. M. N. H Vout. XXXII, Pirate XVIIL. ig 185. S918 fig. 187. fig. 188 fy 189, XIX Vor. XXXII, Pra XXXII, Puare XX. Vou. H. Boureti~xn A. M. N. XXII. PLATE XXXII, VoL. H, N. Bouteti~ A. M. Bouttetin A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Prate XXII. Botitetirxs A. M. N. H Vor. XXXII, Pirate XXIII. Bouutieti~n A. M. N. H. Vov.. XXXII, Prare XXIV. sTeE XXV. XXXII, Px I Vo Botiteri~s A. M. N. H \ XXXII, P XXVI f9.306 . , ns ‘ A Re < N.H A. M. BuLierin XXXII, Prate XXVIII. Vou N. H. A. M BoLietin Vor. XXXII, Prate XXIX. Beuiietixn A. M. N. H. Beitietixs A. M. N. H Vor. XXXII, Pratre XXX J4 J68 Me ‘ Beiireti~n A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Pratre XXXI. “i ") f% fg 394. Fg I95, fig.996. Fg.997. Bouutetin A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Pratre XXXII. XXXII XXXV. PLAT? XXXII Vor H. N. Beuietin A. M. XXXVI. PLATE XXXII, Vou. N. Beuiteti~s A. M Boitetixn A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Prare XXXVII Buriieti~s A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Prare XXXVIII. Boiteti~w A. M. N. H \ XXXII, P XXXIX ———————————— Boiiteti~n A. M. N. H, Vou. XXXII, Pratre XL Boitetrin A. M. N. H. Vou. XXXII, Pratre XLI. Ae. 497. . fig.999, fig. S00, fig. 501. Sig. 502. eo Boeiteti~ A. M. N. H. Vov. XXXII, Prare XLII. z fig.524, Bocterin A. M. N. HH, Vou... XXXII, Prare XLII. = bela 59.7,5(52) | Article VII— NOTES ON TELEOSTS COLLECTED BY MR. _ ROY C. ANDREWS IN JAPAN, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES. By Joun TREADWELL NICHOLS. During a recent visit to Japan, Mr. Roy C. Andrews of the American oS Department of Mammals, secured an interesting collection of fishes at Shimonoseki. They came from two sources,— the market, and _ the steam trawlers which operated out of that port and did their fishing in he Sea of Japan, off the adjacent Korean coast. As was to be expected, ; material from the cold current of the Sea of Japan is notable for its _ character, being rich in Cottoids. Gadoids also were commonly _ taken and valued as food. The collection contains specimens of Eleginus navaga (Kélreuter), Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas), Ceratocottus namiyei Jordan & Starks, Gymnocanthus herzensteini Jordan & Starks, Hemitripterus villosus (Pallas), etc. _ Mr. Andrews states that he found Stromateus to be the most highly valued food fish, the Sparide, or “Tai,” next esteemed, the Serranide to rank high, and the hard headed Cottoid species very cheap though extensively marketed. The various swellfishes, Lagocephalus, considered poisonous elsewhere in Japan, are marketed alive at Shimonoseki, and are of much less value when dead. Epinephelus lobotoides sp. nov. _ The type No. 3957, American Museum of Natural History, our only specimen, is 260 mm, long to base of caudal; depth 2.6 in this measure; head 2.6; eye 6.0 in head; snout 5.0; maxillary 2.2. Dorsal and ventral outlines similar, the dorsal the more arched. Lower jaw projecting. Maxillary long, to beyond posterior border of eye, somewhat oblique. Nostrils elliptical, close together, shortly before eye, about equal in size, the anterior with a flap. Dorsal spines low and strong, the third to fifth the longest, the soft fin higher. Caudal rounded. Ventrals do not reach vent, inserted a little posterior to pectorals which are broad symmetrical and rounded. First anal spine about half the length of second, which is shorter and stouter than third. Dorsal XI, 16, anal III, 8. Scales rough and 179 180 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, ciliated except on the ventral surface where they are smooth, present on top and sides of head, absent on maxillary and mandible, about 17-80-40. Small teeth in bands on jaws, vomer and palatines. One or two blunt canines in the front of the upper jaw. Preopercular serrations strong at its angle, elsewhere blunt. Three small opercular spines, the middle largest. The middle one posterior to the upper and lower, slightly nearer the lower. The lower is under or slightly behind the upper. Opercle ending in a rather long, bluntly pointed flap. Eleven gill-rakers besides rudiments on lower limb of arch. Maxillary with a supplemental bone. Color in spirits mottled. Ventrals dark. A conspicuous dark blotch on back, under eighth to eleventh spines. Though its technical characters easily place it in the genus Epinephelus, this fish has a body outline quite unlike most of that genus, and suggesting Lobotes. Fig. 1. Epinephelus lobotoides sp. nov. Sciena ogiwara sp. nov The type, No. 3958, American Museum of Natural History, our only specimen, is 235 mm. long to base of caudal. Depth 3.4 in this measure; head 3.5; eye 5.0 in ‘ eee Lan hs Fig. 2. Sciena ogiwara sp. nov. 13.] _ Nichols, Notes on Teleosts. 181 ay ne rd Mouth large, jaw slightly the longer. Anal spines very short, the second much the longer, } the diameter of the eye, } the height of the first soft ray. Caudal pointed. Dorsal XI, 32, anal II, 9. Scales deciduous, more persistent on lateral 4 line, 60. Teeth in a narrow band above, the outer irregularly enlarged, in one or two = series below. Gill-rakers long and slender, 9 + 18. Preopercle with a few small, k BH iW slender, flexible points only. Silvery, a small, dark, vertical bar extending downward ‘ This fish, which is a female full of roe, has much the appearance of Bairdiella. Its numerous slender gill-rakers and very small anal spines are remarkable. It is named for Mr. D. Ogiwara, through whose courtesy and assistance Mr. Andrews tells me he was enabled to secure many of the fishes. Goniistius quadricornis ((iinther). This species, of which the collection contains one specimen 270 mm. long, appears to have been described from Japan ' despite its reference to Aus- tralia by recent authors. _ Our specimen has the dorsal fin XVII, 27, anal III, 8. The longest pectoral ray of the right side is slightly longer than head and reaches middle of anal; that of the left side slightly shorter than head, does not reach anal. ‘Upper caudal lobe distinctly the longer. Ventrals, anal, and lower lobe of caudal blackish. Eight vertical black cross bands on body. The first crosses the interorbital, descends vertically below eye to the margin of the preopercle, and backward and downward across the opercular opening. The second is narrower and more oblique, extending downward and backward from the occiput across the tip of the opercle and the pectoral base, stopping shortly below pectoral. The third is broader than, and parallel with, the second. It crosses the front of the spinous dorsal and stops on about the same level as the second. The fourth, starting at the mid line of the back, as far behind the third as the third is behind the first, extends to the middle of the side. It also crosses the spinous dorsal. The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh are parallel, equidistant from one another, and of about equal breadth; the fifth extends to middle of side, the sixth and seventh fade ventrally, but each joins its fellow at the ventral line. The eighth crossing the caudal peduncle, spreads into the black of the lower caudal lobe. —————————e + Gtinther, Cat. Brit. Mus., Fishes, IT, 1860, p. 83. __— ur 5 f 182 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Draciscus sachi Jordan & Snyder. The collection contains a single female specimen 265 mm. in length, with so very much lower fins than the males that an outline drawing of it has been made, compared with a male 365 mm. long. 0S Fae iw we ———_, —————} J Ym a a a oe a as o's eh th Fig. 3. Draciscus sachi Jordan & Snyder. Male and female. Remiligia australis (Bennett). In-regard to the occurrence of our single specimen, 350 mm. long, of this rare fish, Mr. Andrews says: “It was taken from a Blue Whale, Balenop- tera sulfurea (Cope), female, 22.80 meters long, at Ulsan, Korea, Feb. 2, 1912. It was fastened to the right lower jaw and was difficult to remove. This Blue Whale was killed just at the entrance of the Japan Sea, and was traveling steadily northward, presumably on its spring migration. It would not have stopped in the Japan Sea, in all probability, as Blue Whales are almost never taken there; they apparently do not like the cold current that runs through it. “The Remiligia was a deep indigo in life. Two responsible whaling captains assured me that at Aikawa, Rikuzen Province, North Japan, during the summer these fish are found frequently on Sei Whales and sometimes on Finbacks. In 1911, Capt. Hurum killed a Sei Whale on which about twenty had fastened. The sucking disc of one of the largest Tyee age : ae Leb a pt % Sante as eee hy 59.39(72.2) Article VIII.— ECHINODERMS FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.' By Husert Lyman CLark. Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Mass. {By permission of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries.] | Piates XLIV to XLVI. The collection of echinoderms made by the ‘ Albatross’ Expedition to : Lower California in the spring of 1911 proves to be of more than ordinary _ interest. It consists of 1881 specimens representing 107 species, of which 40 are starfishes, 31 are ophiurans, 18 are echini and 18 are holothurians. _ Theré are no crinoids in the collection. There is one apparently new species among the echini and two undescribed forms in each of the other classes. Unfortunately no less than 33 species are represented by only one or two specimens and as these are not infrequently in poor condition and occa- sionally without a locality label, there are a considerable number of speci- mens whose identification is dubious. The region explored by the ‘ Albatross’ is on the boundary between the Panamic region and that of the North Pacific, at least 54 of the species having been previously taken in the Panamic region. Yet there are a considerable number of northern forms, especially among the starfishes. These, however, are as a rule from the more northern stations. So far as littoral forms are concerned the boundary between the two regions appears to be about in the latitude of San Diego. Echinoderms were taken at all of the ‘ Albatross’ dredging stations except three, Nos. 5679, 5680 and 5681. These three stations are in 325-405 fms. off the southern end of Lower California and it seems very strange that no echinoderms whatever were gotten that day, March 22. At about half of the harbors and anchorages visited, littoral echinoderms were gathered. The largest number of species taken at any one it was 18 at 5694; 28 species were taken in that pelea 1 Scientific Results of the mupedision to the ¢ Gulf of California in Charge of Dr. C. iH. Townsend, by the U. 8. Fisheries Steamship ‘Albatross’ in 1911. Commander G. H. Burrage, U. 8. N. Commanding. 185 186 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, region on April 26, stations 5693-5695, 451-640 fms. This locality is southwest of the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Off Monterey County, California, stations 5696-5699, 440-659 fms., 19 species were taken; and off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, stations 5673, 5674, 5691, 5692, 590-1090 fms., 17 species were collected. Off Cape St. Lucas, at station 5682, five species were taken while at 5683, in slightly deeper water, five wholly different species were found. These two hauls were however, four weeks apart in time, as the ‘Albatross’ did no dredging while in the Gulf of California. The chief interest of the collection lies in the light which it throws on the distribution of previously known species. Little light is thrown on bathymetrical distribution, and the bottom temperatures are surprisingly uniform. Nevertheless, where a species was found at more than three stations, I have given a summary of its bathymetrical and temperature ranges, so far as the present collection shows them. Several of the new forms are of more than ordinary interest. Of the two new starfishes one is - a Zoroaster, apparently intermediate between the typical members of the genus and Fisher’s proposed subgenus Myzxoderma; the other is a Pedi- cellaster remarkable for its large size. Of the ophiurans, one is a repre- sentative of the very large cosmopolitan genus Ophiura, while the other represents a new generic type, allied to Ophioderma, but even more spe- cialized. The new echinoid is one of the perplexing genus Urechinus, characteristic deep sea spatangoids. Among the holothurians it is inter- esting to find a new, well-characterized species of the very diversified genus Stichopus, the members of which are at present in a condition of the greatest confusion. Fortunately the three Pacific coast species are not only well set off from the rest of the genus but are readily distinguishable from each other. The other new holothurian seems to represent a new genus, re- markable among the Elasipods for the absence of dorsal appendages of any kind. Holotypes of the new species are deposited in the United States National Museum. Thanks to the generosity of the American Museum of Natural History, paratypes of five of the seven are in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, while paratypes of the two holothurians are in the American Museum. In this connection I desire to put on record my sincere appreciation of the courtesies shown me by the authorities of the American Museum in connection with the preparation of this report. Particularly I wish to thank Dr. C. H. Townsend and Director F. A. Lucas for entrusting the collection to me for study, and for granting all my requests concerning both the specimens and the report. ___ Clark;-Echinoderms from Lower California. 187 ASTEROIDEA. Eremicaster tenebrarius. tenebrarius Lupwia, 1907. Zool. Anz., Vol. 31, p. 318. re is a single specimen of this species in the collection. It has R = mm. and r = 8mm. Each of the superomarginals carries a conspicuous gine. There is only a single furrow spinelet on each adambulacral plate, bu ‘the segmental papille are conspicuous nearly to the end of the arm. ‘The terminal plate has only three spinelets. There are but ten supero- : nargin J plates. In all these points, this individual resembles Alaskan specimens more closely than it does those from California. Peg Station 5684. Southwest of Santa Margarita Island, west coast of Lowe — 1760 fms. Eremicaster pacificus. SS Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 89. ene Pecthens Fomme, 1007. Zool. Anz., Vol. 32, p. 14. s cei i ~ Both adults and young are represented in this series, the Lined having Pe es 24 and the smallest, R = 8. As the latter is considerably smaller ____ than any hitherto described, a few details of its structure may be worth _ recording. There are eight or nine adambulacral plates but only five or six ‘i marginals. Most of the superomarginal plates carry a spine and the adam- ____ bulacrals usually have two, but the distal ones may have only one. The terminal plate of each arm carries five spines, of which the median is 1} mm. long. The median cribriform organ is made up of eight to ten lamelle ; but the lateral ones are much less developed and have only four to six _ lamell. The madreporite is large and the periproctal tube is 2} mm. long. _ §$tation 5673. Off Pt. San sey west coast of Lower California, 1090 fms. - §$tation 5691. Off Pt. San tesa west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. Eleven specimens. 188 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Ctenodiscus crispatus. Asterias crispatus Rerzrus 1805. Diss. sp. cog. Ast., p. 17. Ctenodiscus crispatus DuspEN and Koren, 1846. K. vet. Akad. Handl. f. 1844, p. 253. A single small specimen (R = 15 mm.) is all the collection contains of this common and widespread species. Station 5686. Off Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 930 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.3°. Leptychaster inermis. Parastropecten inermis Lupwie, 1905. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 76. Leptychaster inermis FisHer, 1911. Bull, U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 76, p. 53. The two specimens are both small, the larger being about the same size as the larger of Ludwig’s types (R = 18 mm.). They seem however, to belong to the Panamic species rather than to the more northern anomalus for there are six or seven furrow spines on each adambulacral plate and only four papule around each paxilla-base. The larger specimen answers well to Ludwig’s description and photographs except that the rays are relatively a little shorter. The geographical range of the species is extended far northward by its occurrence off California. Station 5685. Southwest from Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 645 fms. Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bay, California, 659 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.9°. Astropecten erinaceus. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, p. 182. The status of the Astropectens of the Pacific coast of America which have spines on the superomarginal plates is still uncertain and probably must remain so until satisfactory collections can be made on the coast of Ecuador, preferably at Punta Santa Elena, whence Gray’s types came. Fisher follows Perrier in considering erinaceus and armatus identical but I am not prepared to admit this as it seems to me more likely that armatus is the species described by Verrill under the name peruviana. At the same ___ Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 189 time it is quite possible that all of these nominal species are really one. For the present, I think it desirable to retain the names erinaceus and peruvianus _ to distinguish the two forms now recognized, the former with spines on ay the outer edge of marginal plates at middle of arm and the series double, if anywhere, at base of arm; while the latter has the spines on the inner edge ie _ of the plates and the series double, if anywhere, near tip of arm. The specimens in the present collection show interesting geographical ___ diversity. The specimens from Ballenas Bay and San Bartolomé have relatively broad arms, inconspicuous superomarginal spines in incomplete series, central granules of paxille noticeably enlarged and the stout actinal ‘spine on each adambulacral plate short and truncate; R = 85, r = 17 and br = 18 mm. or R = 62, r = 18 and br = 17 mm. So R = 3.5-5r or br. The color of these more northern specimens is light yellowish-brown. The individuals from Cape St. Lucas are smaller, ranging from R = 8 to R = 55 mm. The latter has r and br scarcely more than 10 mm. so that the Trays appear longer and narrower than in the more northern specimens. _ The color is also different; brown with a tinge of purple. The supero- _ marginal spines are conspicuous and the series are quite complete, being double near the bases of the arms, but not in the arm-angles. The central granules of the paxillee are not enlarged and the big actinal spine on each _ adambulacral plate is quite long and rounded at tip. These specimens from Cape St. Lucas approach those in the M. C. Z. collection from Peru, but the latter have the actinal spines on the adambulacral plates still longer and more pointed and the spinelets of the paxille are not at all graniform. In these particulars the difference between southern (Peru) and northern (California) specimens is very marked but the Cape St. Lucas specimens are intermediate. - $an Bartolomé, west coast of Lower California. Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California. Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. ) Eight specimens. Psilaster pectinatus. ; . Bathybiaster pectinatus Fisuer, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 295. : Peilaster pectinatus Fisuer, 1911. Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 76, p. 72. Both of the specimens before me are young (R = 13 and R = 35 mm.) and show no characters worthy of mention. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. 190 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Thrissacanthias penicillatus. Persephonaster penicillatus Fisuer, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 297. Thrissacanthias penicillatus Fisner, 1910. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) Vol. 5, p. 171. While most of the specimens in this series are large adults, there are three specimens in which R is only about 25 mm. At first sight these were thought to represent another species but careful comparison with adults reveals nothing distinctive. The rays are relatively shorter and wider and the marginal spines and paxille spinelets are less conspicuous. The color is lighter, being nearly white. In none of the specimens examined, either large or small, have I been able to find any pedicellarie, but probably further search would have revealed some. No specimens of this species were taken south of San Pedro, Cala. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Station 5696. Off San Luis Obispo County, California, 440 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5697. ° Off Monterey County, California, 485 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.8°. Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bay, California, 659 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.9°. ; Bathymetrical range, 440-659 fms. Temperature range, 39.9°-37.9°. Twenty-six specimens. Luidia phragma. H. L. Clark, 1910. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 52, p. 329. There is a good series of this species, although none are very large. In the largest, R = 60 mm. The series of spinelets along each side of the ray, abactinally, is generally well developed, but may be incomplete and in one specimen extends scarcely half the length of the ray. South end of Magdalena Bay, Lower California. Thirteen specimens. a a eT ‘ “1913 a Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 191 Pectinaster agassizii. __ Cheiraster agassizii Lupwia, 1905. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 1. Le oe sn ews 1910. Sitz. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Vol. 23, p. 449. These specimens appear to be typical agassizii as they have few papule a oa each papularium and no abactinal or marginal pedicellarie, while acti- nally pedicellarice are very common. Even the specimens from Station ____ §693, which are in very poor condition, seem to be no nearer the subspecies ___ ewoplus. The range of typical agassizii is thus extended considerably ee ___ Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, -_ Station 5674. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, so fms. Bottom Temp., 39.4°. -—_——- Station 5686. Off Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 930 a fms. Bottom Temp., 37.3°. _ Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. ~ Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1101 . fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1°. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. "Station 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. Bathymetrical range, 451-1101 fms. Temperature range, 39.4°-37.1°. Ninety-six specimens; one perfectly tetramerous. Nearchaster aciculosus. _ Acantharchaster aciculosus Fisuer, 1910. Zool. Anz., Vol. 35, p. 550. Nearchaster aciculosus Fisuer, 1911. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), Vol. 7, p. 92. The specimens in which R exceeds 100 mm. have actinal intermediate pedicellarie present and there are also a very few inferomarginal pedicel- larie to be seen. But the smaller specimens do not have actinal pedicel- ___ lariw anywhere. It seems probable that this difference if it is anything -__ more than individual diversity, is due to age and not, as Fisher suggests, to locality. The largest specimen in this collection has R in excess of 160 mm. but the tips of all the arms are missing. Station 5688. Off Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, 525 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. 192 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Bathymetrical range, 525-640 fms. Temperature range, 39.9°-38.9°. Twenty-three specimens. Pseudarchaster pectinifer. Ludwig, 1905. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 106. It is only after the greatest hesitation that I call the largest Pseudar- chaster in the collection by the name of the Panamic species. I certainly should not do so if Fisher had not suggested the possibility that the northern species dissonus intergrades with pectinifer. As the present specimen entirely lacks the characteristic pedicellariz of dissonus and shows other, slight differences, I cannot consider it that species. On the other hand the adambulacral armature is utterly different from that of pectinifer as described by Ludwig. But the latter only had a single specimen, much smaller than mine, in which R = 140 mm., and perhaps with more material the differences might sink into insignificance. In the specimen before me the aboral portion of the margin of each adambulacral plate is much longer than the adoral until near the tip of the arm; or, in other words the angle of each plate which projects into the furrow and separates adjoining tube- feet is much nearer the oral end of the plate than it is the aboral. Ludwig says the opposite condition occurs in pectinifer. In the present specimen, there are only four or five furrow-spines on each plate, one on the adoral side, one (the largest) on the point of the angle, and two or three on the aboral side; on the actinal surface of the plate are eight to twelve somewhat smaller spines, well-spaced and only indistinctly in rows. Ludwig says there are eight or nine furrow spines and four to seven on the surface of the plate. In my specimen there are eleven or twelve adambulacral plates to ten inferomarginals, while Ludwig says that in pectinifer there are only nine.— In view of these differences, I think it possible that the specimen before me represents an undescribed species but more material must be examined before the question can be settled. Station 5676. Off San Juanico, west coast of Lower California, 647 fms. Bottom Temp., 39°. ; ___ Clark; Echinoderms from Lower California. 193 Pseudarchaster pusillus. Fisher, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 304. __ There is a very good series of this species, ranging from R = 14 mm. to ~ R=40mm. They show very little variation among themselves but the __ paxille spinelets and the spines of the marginal plates and actinal surface are all so slender and so well spaced that the general facies is different from ___ typical pusillus and at the opposite extreme from the form described and ae figured by Fisher from off San Diego, ‘ Albatross’ St. 4367. But there is little reason to doubt the identity of the specimens for they do not approach _ the Panamic forms described by Ludwig. ___ ‘Station 5675. Southwest of San Cristobal Bay, west coast of Lower California, 284 fms. Bottom Temp., 44.6°. Thirty specimens. Ceramaster leptoceramus. y. : ky f Tosia leplocerama Fisuer, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 306. _ Ceramaster leptoceramus Fisuer, 1911. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 76, p. 210. Neither of the two specimens before me is adult. In the larger R = 35 -mm.; in the smaller R = 26 mm. Few of the adambulacral plates in either specimen have more than six furrow spines. The range of the species is extended southward some distance, by its occurrence at the following station. Station 5675. Southwest of San Cristobal Bay, west coast of Lower _ California, 284 fms. Bottom Temp., 44.6°. Two specimens. Ceramaster patagonicus. Pentagonaster patagonicus Stapen, 1889. ‘Challenger’ Asteroids, p. 269. _ Ceramaster patagonicus Fisuer, 1911. Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 76, p. 214. A pentagonal starfish with conspicuous marginal plates and having R = 30 mm. seems to belong to this species as described and figured by Fisher. I am inclined to think that more abundant material will show that the north Pacific specimens are not conspecific with patagonicus. Station 5682. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 491 fms. Bottom Temp., 40.8°. 4 & P ¥ i . 3 : Z q 4 ; 194 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Hippasteria californica. Fisher, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 310. A specimen with R = 130 mm. represents this species. Station 5694.- Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Hippasteria spinosa. Verrill, 1909. Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 28, p. 63. A specimen with R only 9 mm. seems to be undoubtedly the young of this species, although it was taken at a considerably greater depth than has been hitherto known for spinosa. There are only four marginal plates in each series. These carry conspicuous thick spines; if there are two or three on a plate, one (the median of three) is notably larger than the others. The abactinal plates are each bordered with spiniform granules from four to twelve in number according to the size of the plate. The primary plates — are conspicuous and each carries a central spinelet. Actinally the furrow and subambulacral spines are conspicuous, but the spiniform granules of the actinal intermediate plates are very small. No pedicellariz are to be seen anywhere actinally but five or six on the abactinal surface are very conspicuous; there are none on the marginal plates. . Station 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. Oreaster occidentalis. Verriil, 1866. Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 1, p. 373. There are two small specimens from Agua Verde Bay, east coast of Lower California. The larger has R = 80 mm. Amphiaster insignis. Verrill, 1868. Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 1, p. 373. A fine specimen (R = 80 mm.) from Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, is the only representative of this remarkable starfish. Linckia columbie. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, p. 285. This species is represented by a young individual from San Josef Island, Gulf of California, and four small adults from San Francisquito Bay, east coast of Lower California. The largest specimen has R = 82 mm. ark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 195 -(Phataria) unifascialis Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, e Echinaster tenuispinus. aa _ Verrill, 1871. Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 1, p- 577. SI dal foe inc special comment. The largest has R = 50 see = 18 mm. Henricia clarki. Fisher, 1910. Zool. Anz., Vol. 35, p. 573. here is a single individual in the collection, which seems to belong to Henricia leviuscula annectens. Fisher, 1910. Zool. Anz., Vol. 35, p 572. Two small Henricias, with R about 20 mm. seem to represent this form. San Bartolomé, west coast of Lower California. _ Station 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. 196 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Solaster paxillatus. Sladen, 1889. ‘Challenger’ Asteroidea, p. 452. Each of the three specimens has eight arms. In the smallest, R = 37 mm. In one of the large ones R = 135 and the ray is 35 mm. broad at the disk-margin, while in the other large specimen, with the rays about equally long, br is only 23 mm. These two large specimens have no locality label but there is reason to think they came from Station 5694, southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. The small specimen is from Station 5695, southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms.; bottom Temp., 38.9°. The occurrence of this Japanese species, so far south on the American coast, is noteworthy, but I can find no good reason for refusing to refer these specimens to that species. Solaster borealis. Crossaster borealis Fisumr, 1906, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 8, p. 134. Solaster borealis Fisner, 1911. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 76, p. 320. One of these specimens has only ten rays but each of the others has eleven. The largest specimen has R = 135 mm. while the smallest has R only 20 mm. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 ins, Station 5696. Off San Luis Obispo County, California, 440 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bay, California, 659 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.9°. Bathymetrical range, 440-659 fms. Temperature range, 39.9°-37.9°. Ten specimens. . . Heterozonias alternatus. Crossaster alternatus FisHer, 1906. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 8, p. 131. Heterozonias alternatus Fisner, 1910. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), Vol. 5, p. 172. There is a fine series of this interesting starfish, of which one has nine rays, 26 have ten rays and one has eleven. The largest specimen has R = 160 mm. while in the smallest R is only about 13 mm. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 ray Off Monterey County, California, 485 fms. Bottom Lophaster furcilliger. Fisher, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 312. Peribolaster biserialis. Fisher, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 313. Pteraster jordani. Fisher, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 314. - Asingle specimen with R = 70 mm. is in the collection. . Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms, _ Bottom Temp., 38.9°. 198 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Hymenaster perissonotus. Fisher, 1910. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), Vol. 5, p. 170. Although only the smallest individual is well preserved, there is little doubt as to the identity of these specimens. There are only four oral spines on a plate, as a rule, and there is thus an approach to gracilis in this particular, but occasionally there are five and very rarely six such spines. The largest specimen has R = 40 mm.; in the smallest, it is about 30. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. Station 5691. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Four specimens. Hymenaster quadrispinosus, Fisher, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 315. These specimens are poorly preserved but show the characteristics of the species fairly well. R ranges from about 37 to nearly 60 mm. Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1101 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1°. Four specimens. Zoroaster evermanni. Fisher, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 317. There is an excellent series of this interesting species, which seems to be common all along the coast of California between Monterey and San Diego, in four to seven hundred fathoms. The largest specimens (R = 220 mm.) are much larger than Fisher’s type, and the coarseness of the reticulation of the abactinal skeleton is very marked. But there is only a single series of abactinal plates between the radial series and the superomarginals and even at the extreme base of the ray, there are but three series of actino- lateral plates. In the smallest specimen (R = 70 mm.), the third series of these plates is to be found only just indicated by two or three plates. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Station 5696. Off San Luis Obispo County, California, 440 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. _ Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 199 Station 5697. Off Monterey County, California, 485 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.8°. Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. . Bottom Zoroaster ophiurus. Fisher, 1905. Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. 24, p. 315. This seems to be a more southern species than the preceding, occurring ie pe the coast of Lower California in eight to eleven hundred fathoms. i "Die spetimens before me range from R = 25 mm. to R = 160 mm. The latter are thus larger than the type. In the small specimens, the spines on eS _ the primary plates of the disk and on the radial series of each ray are very conspicuous, 1-2 mm. long. In half grown specimens they are apparently no larger and hence are no longer conspicuous. In the little specimens, there are only two or three series of actino-lateral plates at the base of the ray. Station 5686. Off Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 930 ‘fms. Bottom Temp., 37.3°. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. a - Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, ; 4301-fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1”. _ Six specimens. Zoroaster platyacanthus' sp. noy. Plate XLIV, Figs. 1 and 2. Rays 5. R = 67 mm.; r= 9} mm. R= /7r. Breadth of ray at base, 10 mm, ie Disk rather convex (concave at center in type); rays moderately long, more or less flattened not attenuate; median radial ridge not prominent; spines and spine- lets not very numerous, rather stout, rough-tipped; abactinal pedicellariw not very conspicuous. ee rer eee ee ee a — twharts = flat wide + dxara = prickle, spine. 200 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, ous and median radial series on arms not much larger than superomarginals; all of the larger plates carry spines and scattered well-spaced spinelets; on each plate there is a central spine, 1-2 mm. long, stout and more or less blunt, and there may be also two or three smaller spines, but the latter are not very constant in number or position; pedicellari# occur on most of the plates, but the largest of them are much smaller than the central spine. : Between the median radial series of plates on each ray and the superomarginals there is only an incomplete series of small plates, and these are found only at the very base of the ray; the superomarginals are nearly as large as the median plates and the inferomarginals are little smaller; between the latter and the adambulacrals are three series of actinolateral plates, the uppermost of which are nearly as large as the inferomarginals and the lowermost are much smaller, nearly quadrilateral and about three times as long as high. Each marginal and actinolateral plate carries a central spine, and a few small spines or spinelets, well-spaced and mingled with pedicellarie; the spines on the superomarginals are like those on the median series; those on the inferomarginals are imperceptibly longer; those on the uppermost actinolaterals are longer and slightly flattened near the tip; those on the second series of actinolaterals are the longest (3-4 mm.) and are very wide and flat; those on the lowest actinolaterals are a little shorter, somewhat more slender and are less flattened. All three series of actinolateral plates are continued nearly if not quite to the tip of the ray. Between the lower series of actinolateral plates, there are no papular areas, but between the upper and second series, the areas are as large as abactinally. Be- tween the median and the superomargina! plates the papular areas are arranged in a double, alternating series. Elsewhere these areas are in single longitudinal series. There is only one papula to each area, and while it is large, it does not occupy all of the area, by any means. The adambulacral plates are arranged as usual in the genus, plates projecting into the furrow alternating with those which do not. The plates are separated from each other by distinct, membranous spaces; each plate is about three times as wide as long. On the projecting plates is a single series of four or five slender spines, the first of which is well up in the furrow; the second and third are about on the rounded angle of the plate, and the fourth (and fifth, when present) are on the actinal surface; the fourth spine (or fifth) is the smallest and more or less distinctly sacculate at tip; the second and third spines are of about equal size (2 mm. +) or the third is largest. On the non-projecting plates are two or three spines, of which the first is largest and about equals the third spine of the alternating plates; the other spine (or spines) is slightly sacculate at tip. Pedicellarie are not specially abun- dant; each furrow spine may carry one to three but many have none; in the inter- radial angles are a very few pedicellariz# larger than elsewhere, and these may be 2 mm. long. Oral plates very short (as usual in Zoroaster), each with two marginal and two suboral spines, 1-2 mm. long; the distal marginal spine carries a cluster of three or four small pedicellariz. Tube-feet in four distinct series. Madreporite smaller than a primary disk- plate, situated about half-way between center of disk and margin. Terminal plate of ray moderately large, with two spinelets at the tip and numerous much smaller ones crowded over its surface. Color completely lost in the preserved specimens which are dingy brownish-yellow. Type.— Cat. No. ——, U.S. N. M. from Station 5675 (not yet catalogued). | Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 201 — of only three series of actinal intermediate plates and in ‘small median, radial plates, this species resembles Myzoderma, a sub- Pic csted by Fisher. But the spinelets are not sacculate, not at st to any notable degree, and there is only one papula to each area. i ‘combination of characters taken with the long flat spines along the s of the ray, actinally, serve to distinguish the species from any Zoroaster rto described. It is difficult to decide whether the flattened appear- : of the rays is natural or artificial, but it is quite marked in both ns. Possibly these specimens are not adult and spinelets and > would both be more abundant with age. Ee RY, Heliaster kubiniji. “ioe “ = i ve, ; E> . ia - -Xantus, 1860. Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 568. a ve al but one of these specimens is adult. Ten have 23 rays, three have | Band ene hs 2 The largest has R = 70 mm. Bay, east coast of Lower California. ae "Ricason Island, Conéeption Bay, east coast of Lower California. Fourteen specimens. Pedicellaster hyperoncus' sp. nov. Plate XLIV, Figs. 3 and 4. is a R =68mm.; r=7mm. R = 9}r. Breadth of ray at base, 7 mm. - Breadth of ray, 10 mm. from base 11mm. Breadth of ray, 10 mm. from tip, 7 mm. . Disk small, flat; rays rather long, decidedly constricted at base and correspond- ET Eiied fast beyond, not attenuate, bluntly pointed; median radial ridge - not prominent; spines not numerous, rather small; pedicellariw abundant. Papular areas on rays with 2-5 papule. Adambulacral plates numerous with only one spine but often with a large pedicellaria also. Tube-feet in two well-defined rows. Ss Abactinal skeleton fairly heavy on disk, but very open and rather delicate on rays. _ None of the primary plates are easily recognizable on disk. All of the disk plates _ earry spines, none of which are conspicuous, but the one near center of plate is the s eg On the rays, the plates usually carry only a single spine each. All the abactinal plates carry numerous small forcipiform pedicellariw; they occur actinally as far as the inferomarginal plates, each of which carries one or two. 1 dwipoyxos = overgrown, of excessive size. 202 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Between the median radial series of plates and the superomarginals there is only a single, somewhat irregular series of abactinal plates. There are here and there indications of a second series but they are very scattered. The inferomarginals are widely separated from the superior series but adjoin the adambulacrals very closely, as there are no intermediate plates whatever. As a result of the widely reticular skeleton, the papular areas on the rays are large and conspicuous. On the disk they are small or moderate, each with one, or rarely two papule. On the rays, each papular area is wider (or higher) than long and contains 2-5 papulw; these are usually arranged in a vertical series but are occasionally more scattered. The area may also contain an isolated calcareous plate or may be more or less bisected by a calcareous projection from one of its boundary plates. The areas between the two series of marginal plates are about 2} mm. high by one millimeter long and generally contain three (or two) papule. The adambulacral plates are very numerous, about twenty to an octet of infero- marginals; they are small, the width about equal to the length and about two thirds of the height. Each plate carries one spine, 1.5 mm. long; in addition many plates have, usually on the inner margin, a large forficiform pedicellaria almost a millimeter high. Each inferomarginal plate carries, close to the adambulacral series, a spine 2 mm. long; these are the stoutest spines found on the animal. They are distinctly rough under a lens, more so than any of the other spines. Oral plates short; each carries two, or less commonly three, spines a trifle longer than those on the eienbule: cral plates; generally two large forficiform pedicellarie are also present. Tube-feet large, in two well-marked series. Madreporite small, little more than a millimeter across, close to margin of disk. Color completely lost; the preserved specimen is the usual dingy brownish-yellow, approaching white. Type.— Cat. No. ——, U.S. N. M., from Station 5675. Although this species resembles the following in form and size, it is dis- tinguishable at once by the more numerous papulz and the characteristic adambulacral armature. The forficiform pedicellarize are also larger and much more numerous. The large size marks this species, in comparison with other members of the genus, for except the Indian species atratus Alcock, which doubtless deserves separate generic rank, and the Panamic species improvisus Ludwig, with which it was taken, it is the giant of the genus. None of the Arctic, Atlantic or Antarctic species of the genus are half as large. Station 5675. Southiveds of San Cristobal Bay, west coast of Lower California, 284 fms. Bottom Temp., 44.6°. One specimen. Pedicellaster improvisus. Ludwig, 1905. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 216. The specimen representing this species was taken with the one just described, and as it is in very poor condition, it was at first supposed to be _ Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 203 the teem. Examination however revealed the interesting fact that it is ally the adult of improvisus, and is nearly twice as large as Ludwig’s gest specimen. R = 80 mm.,r = 10 mm., R = 8r. The double series dambulacral spines and the single papula in each area distinguish the SE ate well shown by this specimen, although it is discolored, badly and shows the effect of an acid reagent of some sort. dietnct species, and then not met with a specimen of the genus elsewhere a cruise. But I find it impossible to consider the two specimens | from Pisaster ochraceus. _ Asteria ochracea Branvr, 1835. Prod. desc. Anim., p. 269. ee rere: Feces, 1908. Smiths. Mise. Coll., Vol. 52, p. 89. ae Three good specimens, with R about 125 mm., represent this species i Bee there fa no locality label, we can only assume they were collected at _ San Diego or some point still further south. The species has not yet been recorded from Lower California. Asterias forreri. De Loriol, 1887. Rec. Zool. Suisse, Vol. 4, p. 401. ____ In deference to the opinion of my good friend and highly respected authority on starfishes, Dr. W. K. Fisher, I have been strongly inclined to record these specimens, the largest of which has R only about 48 mm., as _ Asterias sertulifera Xantus. But as I am unable to understand how they ean belong to that species, I have finally decided to let matters stand as they are. When Professor H. S. Jennings was about to publish his most __ interesting and important paper on the behavior of Asterias, he did me the honor of asking me to identify the species with which his work was done, ___ and specimens were sent me from La Jolla, California. It was soon evident that the species was either sertulifera Xantus or forreri de Loriol. As the former is described as having the rays only 2} times the diameter of the disk, the wreaths of pedicellarise near the tips of the spines, no pedicellarice a scattered among the spines and only a single series of adambulacral spines, 4 while forreri has the rays 4 times the diameter of the disk, the wreaths of ari near the bases of the spines, numerous scattered pedicellarie 204 Bulletin. American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, and a double series of adambulacral spines, I was satisfied that the La Jolla specimens, which showed clearly the latter group of characters, were forreri. Accordingly Dr. Jenning’s paper was entitled “Behavior of the Starfish, Asterias forreri de Loriol.”’ Recently there has appeared the first report of the Laguna Marine Laboratory of Pomona College. On page 89 “Coscinasterias sertulifera” is listed and Dr. Fisher is quoted as authority for the statement: “This is the species (under the name Asterias ferreri) upon which Prof. H. S. Jennings carried on a number of experiments at — La Jolla. It is a member of the southern fauna, the type locality being Cape San Lucas. The true Coscinasterias ferreri belongs to the northern fauna and is not found along shore.” (Of course, Dr. Fisher is not re- sponsible for the misspelling of forreri). In correspondence Dr. Fisher has confirmed this statement and says further that sertulifera may have a double series of adambulacral spines. If this is so, I am puzzled to see what essential difference there is between the two species. In the M. C. Z. collection there is a large specimen of forreri from the type locality, Santa Cruz, on Monterey Bay, California. There are also two specimens from Monterey, identified and labelled by Dr. Fisher as forreri. Then there are specimens from La Jolla and from Lower California, which I have called forreri. On going over this material again and comparing it with the speci- mens in the ‘ Albatross’ collection now before me, I am unable to see what the specific differences are. I have never seen an authentic specimen of sertulifera but to judge from Xantus’ description, it ought to be quite differ- ent from forreri. It may be that specimens of forreri from deep water are distinguishably different from the shore specimens, like those from La Jolla, which I have called forreri. However, in view of the present confusion existing in the American Pacific coast species of Asterias, I think it best to present this case as I have and leave the matter with Dr. Fisher for ultimate decision. San Francisquito Bay, east coast of Lower California. Fourteen specimens. Brisinga panamensis. Ludwig, 1905. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 258. All of the specimens are badly damaged and only one has any arms still attached to the disk. They show considerable diversity in some details but on the whole, it seems probable they all represent the Panamic species. The largest has the disk 24 mm. across; in the smallest it is 11. Only the largest specimen has 9 rays; all the others have 8. Among Ludwig’s specimens only one had 8; all the others had 9. Clark; Echinoderms from Lower California. 205 OPHIUROIDEA. Ophioderma panamensis. Liitken, 1859. Add. ad Hist., pt. 2, p. 91. ‘This species is evidently common in the Gulf of California, as a large series was brought home by the ‘Albatross.’ The largest are about twenty millimeters across the disk. Young individuals have the arms quite 4 distinctly banded, but in large specimens, the bands seem to be confined to _ the tips of the arms. - Pichilingue Bay, east coast of Lower California. ee) ee const of Lower California. See an eae Ophioderma variegata. Liitken, 1856. Vid. Med., p. 21. The most highly colored animal in the whole collection is one of the representatives of this tropical species. The disk is bright green, the arms are banded with green and grayish-green, and the base of each arm with the adjoining portion of the disk is bright rose-red. In two specimens, the disk is dull yellowish-brown. The largest individual is 10 mm. across the disk. McClendon (1909, Univ. Cala. Publ. Zool., Vol. 6, no. 3) does not include this species in his list of ophiurans from the San Diego region and __ it is quite possible that it does not occur on the west coast of Lower Cali- fornia. “Lower California.” Agua Verde Bay, east coast of Lower California. Four specimens. 206 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Diopederma ' gen. nov. Disk very flat; arms flattened, especially at base, where they are twice as wide as at middle. Disk more or less completely covered with granules. Oral papille numerous; teeth present, but no tooth-papille2. Arm-spines small and numerous, appressed to side arm-plates. Tentacle scales two. Genital slits small, four in each interradial area, of which two lie close to oral shield, one on each side, and two are dorsal in position, lying just distal to radial shields; these dorsal slits are placed in © slight prominences which carry papilliform granules, those adjoining the slits being the longest while the more distant ones merge into the disk granulation; the long axis of each slit is nearly at right angles to the long axis of the arm. Type-species.— Ophiura daniana Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 1, p. 254. From La Union, Salvador. Type in Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. In his description of the type-species, Verrill says: “The peculiarity in the form and position of the upper genital openings may hereafter require this-species to be separated generically from Ophiura, if accompanied by corresponding internal differences in structure.””’ In my judgment, such an extraordinary arrangement of the genital openings, indicating as it does an extreme development of the unusual condition characteristic of Ophio- derma, is ample ground for establishing a new genus, regardless of “in- ternal differences,” although one can hardly doubt that such a marked external character is accompanied by internal peculiarities.. The genus is a most interesting one and I have selected for its type the species described by Verrill, since it is possible that the following species will prove to be identical with it. Diopederma axiologum 2 sp. nov. Plate XLV, Figs. 5-7. Disk 16 mm. in diameter; arms 54 mm. long; the smaller specimen is 10 mm. across. Disk pentagonal, very flat, closely covered with a fine granulation (about 150 grains to a square millimeter). This granulation leaves uncovered the greater part of each radial shield and the following plates in addition; in the type, a series of three plates along each radius, two lying between the radial shields and the third proximal to them; the first and biggest of these plates is larger than the first upper arm-plate, which lies distal to it; (the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth upper arm-plates are each successively bigger, until the sixth is the widest of the upper arm- | plates, while the succeeding plates are longer but become successively narrower; the first five plates are within the limits of the disk); a series of three or four small 16i- = double, 677 = a hole in the roof, dépua = skin (the terminal portion of the name of the most nearly allied genus). 2 ai6X\ovyos = remarkable. Clark; Echinoderms from Lower California. 207 . s in each interradius, the most distal the largest; a very small plate on each side oft ee etc ing om cock sido of tht satel e oximal to the radial shields; in the smaller specimen, these plates are all iy larger and are fully exposed; in addition, about forty other plates on the Sea eee et a me mn ve nt ara Around al genital slits, the granules are from a fourth to a third of a millimeter in ‘tetragonal, in contact for their full width; they gradually become longer than and broader distally than proximally, until at tip of arm they are triangular cely in contact. Interbrachial spaces below granulated distally but proxi- » plates are simply bordered with minute grains. Genital slits very small; Le seated transverse to the long axis of the seinen tinetly longer than wide, hexagonal with rounded angles in the type, but in the : Been Wide us kde ol col clin; they mex distal base. Adoral plates s, Piacng in the smaller specimen a few granules, whieh are much more rous in the type. Oral papillae, nine on a side; ninth (distalmost) longest but ; eighth largest, nearly as wide as long; inner ones successively narrower pointed. No pores between basal under arm-plates. First under arm- wider than long, roughly hexagonal; succeeding plates hexagonal, or t octagonal, with rounded angles, broadly in contact, wider than long on but gradually becoming longer than wide and more pointed proxi- very tip of arm, they are triangular and well separated from each Ig Ath or uixth plate ia widest, measuring in the type, 2 mm. wide and about . Bide arm-plates large, but broadly separated both above and below Co: a ip of arm; each plate carries on its distal margin, six (at middle of arm) ____ to eleven (eighth side arm-plate), short, flat, appressed spines; uppermost sharply _____ pointed, lower ones less noticeably so; third from bottom longest, about equal to z the of the arm-joint. Tentacle-scales two, inner the larger; outer i Hi , a ai : a] i does not overlap base of lowest arm-spine. Color (dried from alcohol) pale ashy- gray above, finely mottled with black and cream-color; most upper arm-plates have _ @ light spot on their distal margin; arms faintly banded with blackish, some 15- _ __ 20 indistinct dark markings showing on each arm; lower surface pale cream-color; ___ smaller specimen like type, but a little darker. _ Type—Cat. No. ——, U.S. N. M. from Cape St. Lucas, L. C. ______ Whether these specimens represent a new species or should be referred to Ophiura daniana Verrill has been a source of much perplexity to me. _ Through the kindness of Miss K. J. Bush, one of the type specimens of _ Verrill’s species was loaned me by the Peabody Museum and I have thus been enabled to compare the specimens from Lower California directly _ with one of those from Salvador. While the distance of fifteen hundred miles between the two localities is not specially significant, I have concluded __ that until specimens are known from the intervening coast, it will be quite 208 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, proper to consider the differences between the specimens as probably specific. The most striking of these differences is in the granulation of the disk; in the specimens from Lower California, many plates are exposed, while in the one from Salvador (see also Verrill’s description) no plates except portions of some radial shields are free from the granules. The interbrachial areas below are also more closely granulated in the Salvadorian specimens, and the oral shields are less angular and more oval. These differences are not a matter of size, since Verrill’s cotype is intermediate between the two from Cape St. Lucas, but it may be that they come well within the limits of individual variation in daniana. Until this can be shown however, the latter name may be kept for the southern specimens with no exposed disk plates, while axiologum should be used for the northern form with many exposed disk plates. If this difference is shown to be inconstant, then axiologum will become a synonym of daniana, but the status of the genus and its designated type will remain unaltered. Cape St. Lucas. Two specimens. Ophiura flagellata. Ophioglypha flagellata Lyman, 1878. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 5, p. 69. Ophiura flagellata Mutssner, 1901. Bronn’s Thierreichs, Vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 925. There is a single adult specimen with the disk 25 mm. across and well covered with plates. Lines of decalcification radiate from the center of the disk in each radius and interradius; the latter are the longer, extending two thirds of the way to the margin. Station 5677. North of Cape San Lazaro, west coast of Lower Cali- © fornia, 735 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.6°. Ophiura superba. Ophioglypha superba LitTKEN and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 116. ; Ophiura superba Metssner, 1901. Bronn’s Thierreichs, Vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 925. Ophiura hadra, H. L. CuarK, 1911. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 75, p. 80. While comparing one of these newly taken specimens with a cotype of superba L. &. M. anda cotype of hadra H. L. C., it became perfectly obvious that those two species are identical and there is no excuse to be offered for publishing hadra as a “new species.” The present collection contains a good series, with disk-diameters ranging from 4 to 33 mm. Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 209 ition 5685. Southwest from Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower tion 5686. Off Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 930 ‘tom Temp., 37.3°. 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. tion 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. tic m 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. n"Temp., 38.9°. _ Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bey, California, 659 fms. _ Botto m Temp., 37.9°. eee range, 451-930 fms. J eset, range, 38.9°-37.3°. es a Thirty-two specimens. Ophiura irrorata. trrorta Lyman, 1878. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 5, p. 73. pose erga panel Bronn’s Thierreichs, ae oe ae Ma om D species. The largest one (disk-diameter, 38 mm.) is consider- ‘a a ably . than any that has hitherto been recorded. ___ Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena Bay, east coast of Lower s | California, 1760 fms. cs - - i Zz Ophiura leptoctenia. [| so. L. Clark, 1911. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 75, p. 51. zie ‘The finding of this species off central and southern California extends ae its known range far southward. None of the specimens are noteworthy. ——s« Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. ss Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. : Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bay, California, 659 fms. 7 _ Bottom Temp., 37.9°. _ Twenty-eight specimens. Ophiura ponderosa. | ——_—_ Ophioglypha ponderosa Lruax, 1878. Bull. M.C.Z., Vol. 5. p. 93. ____—-—s Ophiura ponderosa Messner, 1901. Bronn’s Thierreichs, Vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 925. __ A single small specimen is the only representative of this species. eS Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. 210 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Ophiura oligopora' sp. nov. Plate XLV, Figs. 8 and 9. Disk 9 mm. in diameter (6 in the smaller specimen); arms broken but about 22 mm. long. Disk moderately high, especially the radial areas; the center is some- what depressed. Disk covered by some 200 plates, among which the central primary plate and a plate near each interradial margin are rather conspicuous; in the smaller specimen the primary radial plates are also easily made out. Radial shields large, (longer than wide), in contact at middle and distally, but with outer ends separated by first upper arm-plate and inner ends separated by one or two large scales. All the plates of the disk are thick and many are more or less swollen, but there are no knobs or tubercles developed. Arms rather short, nearly cylindrical. Upper arm- plates tetragonal, the proximal margin less than the distal; outer corners rounded; first three or four plates wider than long but remaining plates increasingly longer than wide; all broadly in contact so far as the broken arms indicate. Interbrachial areas below covered by 30-35 plates. Oral shields larger, longer than wide, penta- gonal with a proximal angle, which the adoral plates adjoin, and the outer corners rounded; genital slits cause a slight reéntrant angle on each side. Adoral plates narrow, on proximal sides of oral shields; oral plates about equal in size to adorals, swollen at proximal end. Oral papilla about five on a side; outermost as wide as next two together; only innermost, papilliform. Genital slits long and conspicuous. Genital scales short and wide distally; broadly visible from above; each scale carries ten or a dozen small papille, which form a continuous series orally with the minute papille on margin of genital slit; aborally the two or three papille, visible from above, are the largest, but they are inconspicuous and the arm-comb has the appearance of incompleteness. First under arm-plate very large, almost as large as second, wider than long, imperfectly octagonal with rounded corners; second plate pentagonal, wider than long; third plate similar but proximal side very short and distal angle rounded, about as long as wide; succeeding plates wider than long becoming almost spindle-shaped but outer corners rather obtuse; all the plates except first and second (and in the type, the second and third) are separated from each other. Side arm- plates large, broadly in contact beneath but narrowly separated above, at least on basal half of arm; each plate bears three minute, well-spaced, blunt, peg-like arm-spines, of which the uppermost is a trifle the longest. Oral tentacle-pores not opening into mouth-slit, guarded on either side by three or four small scales; on succeeding pores the number of scales becomes rapidly reduced, until on the fifth pore there are only two scales on outer side and one on inner; the seventh pore has one tentacle-scale and after that not even a pore is visible. Color (dried from alcohol), white. Type.— Cat. No. 00000, U. 8. N. M. from Station 5683. Comparison of descriptions alone shows that this species is very near O. rugosa Lyman, collected by the ‘Challenger’ in 700 fms. near New Zealand. Comparison of specimens of the same size however, reveals 1éA\lyos = few + wépos = pore, in reference to the reduction of the tentacle-pores. Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 211 - differences w hick ac that we are dealing with two species. The general appearance is dissimilar because the disk-scales of rugosa are fewer and much more swollen, and the arms, while fully as short, are much more slender. The arm-spines too are pointed and the upper arm-plates and oral shields have a different shape. Apparently the tentacle pores do not continue to = eee b> 8 1m rugoea but there seem to be more than in oligopore. new species is quite unlike any yet recorded from the western Pacific ocean and is not likely to be confused with any of them. It was taken, unfortunately, at only one station. Station 5683. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 630 fms. Bottom | Temp., 39.1°. Two specimens. Ophiocten pacificum. Litken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 131. This i is apparently one of the commonest ophiurans of the North Pacific ocean, as it has been found in numbers by the ‘Albatross’ at numerous stations from Ecuador to Washington, and in Japanese waters as well. Most of the specimens in the present collection are in very poor condition and are not noteworthy. Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California. 1090 fms. $tation 5688. Off Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, 525 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. _ Station 5691. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. Station 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. _ Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Bathymetrical range, 451 to 1090 fms. Temperature range, 39.9°- 37.1°. Two hundred and thirty-three specimens. 212 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Ophiernus adspersus. Lyman, 1883. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 10, p. 236. For some notes in regard to this specimen, see under the following species. Station 5676. Off San Juanico, west coast of Lower California, 647 fms. Bottom Temp., 39°. One specimen. Ophiernus polyporus. Liitken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 109. A dozen or more specimens of Ophiernus seem to be referable to this species, but studying them in connection with the single specimen just mentioned has raised grave doubts as to whether polyporus is a valid species, distinct from adspersus, or not. The specimen of adspersus listed above from station 5676 is a large adult and comparison with West Indian speci- mens shows it is a typical example of the species. Another specimen, almost exactly like it, and also from station 5676, has the characteristic pores of polyporus present on the fifth joint of each arm and in four of the arms on one or both sides of the fourth or sixth joint, and in one arm on the seventh and eighth joints also; the pores are smaller than in a typical polyporus but are otherwise similar. In a third specimen from the same station, the pores are present on the third to eighth joints of all the arms. In typical polyporus, the pores extend out to the fifteenth to twenty-fifth joint. So far as I can see the presence of these pores is the only thing which distinguishes polyporus from adspersus, and I have therefore drawn an arbitrary line by which one of these specimens (as noted above) is set off as adspersus and the rest are called polyporus. The available material is in too poor condition for me to satisfy myself as to whether the presence of a few pores is indicative of hybridization or whether the presence and num- ber of pores is a matter of individual diversity. The fact that polyporus has as yet been taken only in the vicinity of southern Lower California, off the Mexican coast and near Panama, while adspersus is practically cosmopolitan in deep water, indicates the specific importance of the pores. Better material must be awaited before the question can be definitely settled. Apparently Ophiernus is very fragile, all reported material being more or less badly damaged by its collection or journey in the trawl. The specimens of polyporus in the present collection were taken at the following points: So pte Bd ee a ek ee = P 2 or eg Echinoderms from Lower California. 213 _ Station 5676. Off San Juanico, west coast of Lower California, 647 fms. Bottom Temp., 39°. Station 5682. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 491 fms. Bottom Temp, 405° _ Fourteen specimens. vty. Ophiomusium glabrum. Liitken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 132. multispinum H. L. Crarx, 1911. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 75, p. 113. This is one of the commonest deep water ophiurans of the western | Pacific, ranging from the equator to 47° N. lat. in water from 480 to 2232 fms. deep. The largest specimen in the present collection has the disk = 35 mm. across and comparison of this individual with a cotype of multi- spinum shows that the latter is, as I suspected when describing it, identical with glabrum. The differences pointed out are individual and not specific, proving to be quite inconstant. Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1090 fms. Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1760 fms. Station 5686. Off Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 930 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.3°. Station 5687. Off Pt. Santa Eugenia, west coast of Lower California, 480 fms. Bottom Temp., 41.1°. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1101 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1°. Station 5691. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Bathymetrical range, 480-1760 fms. Temperature range, 41.1°-37.2°. Seventy specimens. Ophiomusium lymani. Wyville Thomson, 1873. The Depths of the Sea, p. 172. This, the commonest and most widespread of deep-sea ophiurans, is represented by a large and uninteresting series of specimens, whose disk- diameters range from 2} to 30 mm. 214 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1090 fms. Station 5686. Off Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 930 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.3°. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1101 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1°. Station 5691. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. Bathymetrical range, 868-1101 fms. Temperature range, 38. 1°-37. 1°. Two hundred and thirteen specimens, Amphiura carchara. H. L. Clark, 1911. Bull. U.S. N. M., No. 75, p. 142. The occurrence of this species off Lower California extends its range very far southwards on the American coast. The specimens range from 4 to 8 mm. across the disk but show no notable peculiarities. Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1090 fms. Four specimens. Amphiura diomedee. Liitken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 151. This wide-ranging species is represented by four adult specimens; in one the disk-diameter exceeds 15 mm. but the arms are all broken; in another the disk measures 13 mm. across and one of the arms is about 135 mm. or fully ten times the disk-diameter. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bay, California, 659 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.9°. i Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 215 -Amphiura serpentina. | Latken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 143. 2 : . _ Although the specimens are not in very good condition, I do not think the identification is in doubt. They seem to be intermediate between the typical form and the var. a of Liitken and Mortensen. -——s Station 5683. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 630 fms. Bottom Temp, 39.1°. _____ Station 5685. Southwest from Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower oe Caltersia, 645 fms. = Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom oe sa 39.9°. Amphiodia dalea. si _ Amphiura dalea Lyman, 1879. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. 6, p. 27. These specimens, of which the largest is 15 mm. across the disk, agree almost exactly with those discussed by Liitken and Mortensen (1899, Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 154), and on comparison with cotypes from the southern Atlantic I find no reason to criticize their identification. Verrill (1899, Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 10, p. 315) places the species in Amphioplus, no _ doubt because of Lyman’s figure, but as Liitken and Mortensen point out that figure is misleading. There are really only three oral papille on each side. Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1760 fms. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. Three specimens. Ophionereis annulata. Ophiolepis annulata LeConte, 1851. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 5, p. 317. Ophionereis annulata Lyman, 1860. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 7, p. 203. There is a good series of this well known species, the smallest 5 mm., the largest 18 mm., across the disk. Northern end, east side, Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California. 216 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, San Francisquito Bay, east coast of Lower California. Pichilingue Bay, east coast of Lower California. Forty specimens. Ophiacantha bairdi. Lyman, 1883. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 10, p. 256. The specimens are all in poor condition and call for no comment. Station 5688. Off Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, 525 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. Five specimens. Ophiacantha bathybia. H. L. Clark, 1911. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 75, p. 233. These specimens call for no special comment but the occurrence of the species off Lower California extends its range very far southward. The bathymetrical and temperature ranges are scarcely affected however. Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1090 fms. Station 5691. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Twelve specimens. Ophiacantha moniliformis. Liitken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 171. These specimens extend the range of this species considerably to the northward and into much shallower water. Station 5675. Southwest of San Cristobal Bay, west coast of Lower California, 284 fms. Bottom Temp., 44.6°. Three specimens. Ophiacantha normani. Lyman, 1879. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 6, p. 58. This species is one of the most common in the North Pacific ocean, and there is nothing notable about its numerous representatives in the present collection. ee ee. Pe ee ge eee eee nes eee en aa Saeed Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 217 Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bay, California, 659 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.9°. Bathymetrical range, 475-659 fms. Temperature range, 39.9°-37.9°. One hundred and fifty-three specimens. Ophiacantha rhachophora. H. L. Clark, 1911. Bull. U.S. N. M., No. 75, p. 201. There is always room for doubt in the identification of small Ophia- canthas and the occurrence of this species on the coast of California and near Cape St. Lucas is certainly unexpected, but after comparing the present specimens with others from Bering Sea and Japan, I think they may fairly be called rhachophora. It is quite likely however, that the young of several species are now included under that name. The largest of these specimens has the disk only 7 mm. across. Station 5683. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 630 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.1°. Station 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Twelve specimens. Ophiocoma e#ethiops. Liitken, 1859. Add. ad Hist., pt. 2, p. 145. Only a single specimen of this common Panamic species is in the collec- tion. It is a large adult from Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California. Ophiocoma alexandri. Lyman, 1860. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 7, p. 256. There is a good series of this less common species but it was only found at one locality. San Francisquito Bay, east coast of Lower California. Ten specimens, 218 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Ophiothrix spiculata. LeConte, 1851, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 318. Another common Panamic species, this Ophiothriz, is represented by only a small series, mostly in poor condition. San Esteban Island, Gulf of California. San Francisquito Bay, east coast of Lower California. Station 5678. Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 134 fms. Five specimens. Astroschema subleve. Liitken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 187. This fine species is represented by only a single specimen, but that is an adult in beautiful condition. Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. . Asteronyx dispar. Liitken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 185. The large series of Asteronyx in the collection fall into three groups, . representing species two of which were found by the ‘ Albatross’ in 1891 in her exploration of the Panamic region, while the third was taken by the same vessel at numerous stations from California northward to Bering Sea. It is interesting to note that no two of these species occurred at the same station either in 1891 or in 1911. The present species, dispar, has a wide range, extending from the Galapagos archipelago to southern California. It seems to be a well defined species, easily recognized by the number and appearance of the arm-spines, The specimens at hand range in disk- diameter from 5 to 17 mm. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1101 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1°. Station 5691. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. 1913.) ce Glew, Rehinederme from Lower Colifernta. 219 _ Station 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. Bathymetrical range, 451-1101 fms. Temperature range, 38.1°-37.1°. eon specimens. Asteronyx excavata. Liitken and Mortensen, 1899. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 23, p. 185. This species seems to be confined to the region of southern Lower eiaatads and the Tree Maries Islands It was found in the latter area by the ‘Albatross’ in 1891. It is a well characterized, and apparently rare 4 : _ species. The largest specimen in the present collection is 26 mm. across _ the disk, or about one third larger than the specimen described by Liitken _——s Station 5682. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 491 fms. Bottom __ -$tation 5688. Off Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, 525 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Asteronyx loveni. Miller and Troschel, 1842. Sys. Ast., p. 119. _ Except for the large lot (79) of young specimens taken at Station 5675, _ this well known species was not common, but was taken only three times and then off the coast of California. The largest specimens from Station 5675 are only 16 mm. across the disk and while I fail to find any good reason for not calling them /oveni, I confess to being suspicious of them: They are certainly not either plana, dispar or excavata and comparison with young loveni from off British Columbia and Alaska has made me feel _ they should be called loveni. If some adult loveni had been taken at the same or some neighboring station, I should be better satisfied with my lecisi Station 5675. Southwest of San Cristobal Bay, west coast of Lower California, 284 fms. Bottom Temp., 44.6°. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bay, California, 659 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.9°. Bathymetrical range, 284-659 fms. Temperature range, 44.6°-37.9°. Eighty-two specimens. 220 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, ECHINOIDEA Eucidaris thouarsii. Cidaris thouarsii AGassiz and Drsor, 1846. Ann. Sci. Nat., Vol. 6, p. 326. Encidaris thouarsii DépEerRuer, 1887. Jap. Seeigel, p. 42. There is only a single specimen, a small one, from San Josef Island, Gulf of California. Centrostephanus coronatus. Echinodiadema coronata VERRILL, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 1, p. 294. Centrostephanus coronatus A. AGassiz, 1872. Rev. Ech., Pt. 1, p. 97. This little known species is represented simply by young individuals, the largest only 25 mm. h. d.! San Josef Island, Gulf of California. San Esteban Island, Gulf of California. Agua Verde Bay, east coast of Lower California. Five specimens. Arbacia incisa comb. nov. Echinocidaris incisa A. AGAssiz, 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. 1, p. 20. (= Arbacia stellata, Echinus stellatus pp BLAINVILLE, 1825, non Gmelin, 1788). Since it is certain that Echinus stellatus of de Blainville is not identical with Echinus stellatus Gmelin, it is clear that the name cannot be used for de Blainville’s species even though we do not know at present what species Gmelin had in mind: A. Agassiz’s name seems to be the first available one. The species is characteristic of the Panamic region and while its northern limit is not yet definitely known, it is probably south of the United States. In 1901, I published (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 29, pp. 331, 332) records of the occurrence of this and four other Panamic echini and one or more Panamic starfishes, in Puget Sound. Some years later it came out that the collections sent to me as from Puget Sound, contained material not only from Puget Sound but from some point on the Pacific coast south of the United States and also apparently from the West Indies. Fisher (1911, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 76) has recently called at- tention to this regrettable fact, in the case of the starfishes and I therefore 1 This abbreviation for ‘‘ horizontal diameter”’ will be used throughout this report. — x BUR te correct, so far as possible, the errors concerning the Echini. The _ Arbacia stellata recorded is undoubtedly from somewhere in the Panamic __ region, on the west coast of Central America or Mexico, or in the Gulf of California. The same is true of the Diadema mexicanum, Toxopneustes _ semituberculatus and Clypeaster rotundus. As near as can be determined now the “ Echinometra oblonga”’ was an Echinometra lucunter from the West Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 221 Indies but as the specimen seems to be no longer extant, the matter cannot _ be positively determined. None of the Arbacias in the present ‘ Albatross’ collection are adult, the | eed Maidg toly'17 mn. h. d. E 3 San Josef Island, Gulf of California. San Esteban Island, Gulf of California. Agua Verde Bay, Gulf of California. Lytechinus anamesus. H. L. Clark, 1912. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 34, p. 254. This recently described species was met with at only one place, although it is widely spread in the region. The largest specimen is very much larger than any previously known, measuring 37 mm. h. d. and 23 mm. high. ‘San Bartolomé Bay, west coast of Lower California. Off Pt. San Bartolomé, west coast of Lower California, with “boat- dredge.” Depth not given. March 14, 1911. Lytechinus pictus. Psammechinus pictus Vern, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol. 1, p. 301. Lyflechinus pictus H. L. Cuarx, 1912. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 34, p. 258. All of the specimens are young, the largest only about 16 mm. h. d. “Lower California.” Agua Verde Bay, east coast of Lower California. Twenty-six specimens. Strongylocentrotus fragilis. Jackson, 1912. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 7, p. 128. This is still another species represented only by young specimens, the largest only about 40 mm. h. d. 222 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Station 5687. Off Pt. Santa Eugenia, west coast of Lower California, 480 fms. Bottom Temp., 41.1°. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Station 5696. Off San Luis Obispo County, California, 440 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Three specimens. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Toxocidaris franciscana A. AGassiz, 1863. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 1, p. 22. - Strongylocentrotus franciscanus A. AGassiz, 1872. Rev. Ech., Pt. 1, p. 163. There are two specimens in the collection, about 75-85 mm. h. d. Both are obviously young but the failure to find more than eight pairs of pores in an are has surprised me, for nine is the number characteristic of the. species and ought to be found in many arcs of specimens as old as these. The spines are unmistakable however. Both specimens are from Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, which is probably the southern limit of the species. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Echinus purpuratus Stmpson, 1857. Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, p. 86. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus A. AGAssiz, 1872. Rev. Ech., Pt. 1, p. 165. As in the case of the preceding species, Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, must be the southern limit of this form. A single speci- men from that Island, about 50 mm. h. d., is the sole representative of purpuratus in the collection. Echinometra vanbrunti. A. Agassiz, 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. 1, p. 21. There are four, fine adult specimens, about 70 mm. longer h. d., from Santa Maria Bay, west coast of Lower California. How much further north it ranges has yet to be determined. ; Encope grandis. L. Agassiz, 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 75. There is a fine series of adults of this extraordinary clypeastroid. They are mostly about 100 mm. across, the length usually not quite so much. : 1913] Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 223 Le ae L - ene he largest in 110 mm. across, but only 92 mm. long, owing to the fact that both posterior divisions of the test (between the median lunule and the postero-lateral notches) were long ago lost (bitten off?) and although healed are not at all regenerated. One specimen is 25 mm. across, and the lunule and all the notches, except the mid-anterior, are distinct. The smallest specimen is about 14 mm. across and only the lunule and posterior notches are clearly seen. These small specimens are pale brown, almost fawn- __ olor, while the adults are deep purplish-brown, almost black. Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. _ Mulege Bay, east coast of Lower California. Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. Encope micropora. L. Agassiz, 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 50. These specimens are all large, measuring 90-120 mm. across, the length not quite equalling the width. The color varies from dull yellowish-brown to almost black. One specimen is labelled “Tiburon Island” but as all the others are from the west coast of Lower California, while the other Encopes from Tiburon Island are grandis, it seems possible there may have been a slip in the labelling. Yet in view of the wide range of micropora, its occurrence in the Gulf of California is most probable; indeed, it has been recorded from Guaymas, Mexico. Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California. South end of Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California. Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. Ten specimens. Urechinus loveni. Cystechinus loveni A. Acassiz, 1898. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 79. _Urechinus loveni Mortensen, 1907. “Ingolf” Ech., Pt. 2, p. 50. This rare and remarkable echinoid is represented by only one complete specimen, although the fragments of a number of others show that it is common in certain places such as Station 5684. The test is so thin and fragile and the depth at which the animals live is so great, it must be rarely indeed that unbroken specimens are brought to the surface. The larger of the two measurable specimens before me is 70 mm. long, 63 mm. wide and 43 mm. high. According to Agassiz’s figure, his specimen, 88 mm. 224 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, long, was 75 mm. wide and 60 mm. high, and so was some seven per cent higher than mine. But some of the fragments at hand indicate higher tests than that of the whole specimen, so I do not think this difference is important. The color of the test is deep reddish-purple, but this color seems to be superficial and easily rubbed off leaving the bare plates purplish- white. Excepting that no globiferous ones were found, the pedicellarie agree well with the description and figures given by Mortensen (I. ¢.). I agree with the latter that Cystechinus cannot be distinguished from Urechinus. Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1760 fms. Eight (?) specimens. Urechinus reticulatus' sp. nov. Plate XLVI, Figs. 10-13. Length of test, 67 mm.; breadth, 62 mm.; height, 46 mm. Color deep reddish purple, but spines, pedicellarize and the surface of each plate, except around margin, dull greenish-yellow. The effect of this coloration is a yellowish animal, handsomely reticulated with deep purple. The plates composing the test are noticeably higher in proportion to their width than in loveni, from the ambitus upward. The plates of the ambulacra differ little from those of the ambulacra in either height or width. Thus the antero-lateral ambulacrum is 21 mm. wide at ambitus and has 20-21 plates in each column, while the antero-lateral interambulacrum is 21.5 mm. wide and has 17-18 plates in each column. An ambulacral plate just above the ambitus is 10 mm. wide and 7 mm. high; an adjoining interambulacral plate is 9.5 mm. wide and 8 mm. high. The abactinal system is somewhat distorted and obviously not normal; the madreporic genital lies, as in U. loveni, directly in the long axis of the animal, but there are only two genital pores, a left anterior, in a plate separate from the madreporic genital, and a right posterior; the oculars are distorted and the left posterior genital seems to be imperforate. The periproct is just below the ambitus, on an oblique surface, and not completely actinal as in loveni. The mouth is more nearly central than in loveni, lying more than two fifths of the long axis back of the anterior margin, while in loveni, it is distinctly less. The pedicellarie are exceedingly characteristic and indicate that this species is quite distinct from loveni. Four kinds of pedicellariz# were found, but the globiferous are very uncommon, only two being seen. The ophicephalous pedicellarie are not to be distinguished certainly from those of loveni; they occur chiefly in the region about the periproct. The ordinary tridentate are similar to those of loveni but are at once distinguishable by the low basal portion of the valves with straight lateral margins; in loveni, the base is higher and its lateral margins are angular and often with a tooth at the angle. The most conspicuous pedicellarie on reticulatus are the stout, tridentate, which are common around the mouth and abundant on the peri- proct. The heads are very robust, the valves measuring .40 to .60 mm. long and .25 to 40 mm. wide. The blade is nearly circular (7. e. as wide as it is long) but otherwise the valves are much like those of naresianus as figured by Mortensen (I. c. 1 reticulatus = with lines like the meshes of a net. : __Clark; Echinoderms from Lower California. 225 < ——————— IX, fig. 15). The globiferous pedicellarie have the basal part of the valves as long as wide, while the tubular blade is somewhat shorter; the opening of SINAN lias 6 lower lip from which extend horisontally four, five of even sl, very a slender teeth, much longer than the diameter of the blade; the back or upper lip of _ the opening has an angular margin but carries no teeth. The valves are about 40 mm. long and the teeth below the opening of the blade are about .08 mm. _ While these pedicellarie are no doubt of the same general structure as those of = _Urechinus giganteus, they are not at all like them in detail, yet I know of no others SS ee a a —! =. which they resemble more closely. _ Type.— Cat. No. ——, U.S.N. M., from Station 5689. _ Before examining the pedicellarie, I was inclined to consider this unique specimen, a peculiar individual variant of loveni, but the pedicel- lariz are so characteristic, I have no doubt that reticulatus is a good species. The test is higher, firmer and apparently thicker than in loveni, but these may be simply characters associated with the much shallower water in _ which the specimen was taken. Possibly the shallower habitat is charac- teristic of the species. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. Schizaster townsendi. A. Agassiz, 1898. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 82. The occurrence of this species off California extends its known range of distribution far to the northward. The specimens range from 18 to 54 mm. in length, the latter being somewhat larger than Agassiz’s biggest specimen. Station 5696. Off San Luis Obispo County, California, 440 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5697. Off Monterey County, California, 485 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.8°. Thirty-two specimens. Schizaster latifrons. A. Agassiz, 1898. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 81. This species, originally taken in the Gulf of California in 995 fms., seems to have a more restricted range both geographically and bathyme- trically than the preceding. Attention should be called to the fact that the figures published in 1898 as representing this species really represent the preceding species, fownsendi (see A. Agassiz, 1904, Panamic Ech., p. 207). The figures in “Panamic Echini” (Plate 102, figs. 1-4) give a good idea of the species, although the specimen was a very small one. In the present 226 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, collection there is one individual 58 mm. long. In large specimens, the unpaired ambulacrum is not so extraordinarily broad, but the short posterior petals will always distinguish this species from townsendi. Station 5683. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 630 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.1°. : Station 5685. Southwest from Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 645 fms. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Six specimens. Brissopsis columbaris. A. Agassiz, 1898. Bull. M.C. Z.. Vol. 32, p. 82. The specimens are small, less than 35 mm, long, and one is broken in fragments. Their occurrence off Cape St. Lucas, while not at all unexpected, extends the known range considerably to the north. Station 5682. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 491 fms. Bottom Temp., 40.8°. Two specimens. Brissopsis pacifica. Toxobrissus pacificus A. AGaAssiz, 1898. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 32, p. 83. Brissopsis (Toxobrissus) pacifica Mortensen, 1907. ‘‘Ingolf” Ech., Pt. 2, p. 44. Although this species was abundant at Station 5675, it was not found elsewhere. The specimens range from 11 to 34 mm. in length, none of them being full grown. Some are remarkably flattened, the abactinal surface being more or less concave rather than convex; one such specimen is 26 mm. long, 24 mm. wide, 8 mm. thick at margin and 6 mm. thick at center of abactinal system. The cause of such a deformity is not easy to imagine. The species was previously known only from Panama. Station 5675. Southwest of San Cristobal Bay, west coast of Lower California, 284 fms. Bottom Temp., 44.6°. One hundred and seventy specimens. Lovenia cordiformis. A. Agassiz, 1872. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. 3, p. 57. A single small specimen, only 20 mm. long, from Cape St. Lucas, is the sole representative of this species in the collection. 4 - _ a Jee q -* az — nat Gath, Eetinideren from Lower California. 227 HOLOTHURIOIDEA. Leptosynapta inherens. _ Holothuria inhaerens O. F. Mttier, 1776. Zool. Dan. Prod., p. 232. Leptosynapta inherens VerRi.u, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 1, p. 325. There are two synaptids in the collection, which agree in all respects with each other, and except for color and texture of the body wall, I cannot distinguish them from L. inhaerens. But the body wall is soft and rather thick and the color is nearly black. The texture of thé body wall may be a Sitale of having been at first preserved in formalin, though there is no other indication of that reagent, but for the color I am quite unable to 4 account. Each specimen is about 40 mm. long; the anchors are .16 mm. jahet ae a and the plates .14 mm. long in the posterior part of the body. Unfortu- nately the locality of these specimens is quite uncertain; one was in a jar with the specimens of Holothuria lubrica, which lacked a locality label; while the other was in a vial with the label “Station 5684.” Now since the depth at station 5684 was 1760 fms., it is impossible to believe that this characteristically littoral genus occurs at that place. The appearance of the two specimens is such that I have little doubt both came from the same littoral station where the Holothuria lubrica were taken. Protankyra abyssicola. Synapta abyssicola Tuten, 1886. “Challenger’’ Holoth.: Pt. II, p. 14. ; abyssicola Osrercren, 1898. Ofv. Kong. Vet. Ak. Forhandl., Vol. 55, p. 116. The specimens are all more or less fragmentary and in poor condition. The largest one is about 90 mm. long and was probably 150 mm. in life. The anchors have 2-7 teeth on each arm, so that the specimens cannot be referred to P. pacifica. Further material is necessary to show whether the latter species can be maintained. In the light of the present material, it seems quite improbable. These specimens are strongly tinged with red, due to a red pigment in the skin. In one specimen, this pigment was of a blackish-brown color. Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1090 fms. Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1760 fms. 228 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [{Vol. XXXII, Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Specimen decalcified and dubious. Ten specimens. Molpadia intermedia. Trochostoma intermedium Lupwia, 1894. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 17, p. 161. Molpadia intermedia H. L. Cuarx, 1907 (1908). Apodous Holoth., p. 33. There is a very good series of this well known molpadid, the young being in the Ankyroderma stage, and having many more, and much more perfectly formed, tables than the adults. The largest specimen is over 100 mm. long, while the smallest is only 33 mm. of which 13 mm. is tail. Station 5676. Off San Juanico, west coast of Lower California, 647 fms. Bottom Temp., 39°. Station 5683. Off Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, 630 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.1°. Station 5688. Off Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, 525 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1101 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1°. Station 5694. Southwest of Santa Cruz Island, California, 640 fms. Station 5697. Off Monterey County, California, 485 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.8°. Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Bathymetrical range, 475-1101 fms. Temperature range, 39.9°-38.1°. Twenty-two specimens. Molpadia musculus. Risso, 1826, Hist. Nat. Prin. Prod. Europe, Mer., p. 293. These specimens are small (the largest only 70 mm. long, of which 20 mm. is tail) and two are in very poor condition. These two have minute, scattered phosphatic bodies and some anchors and rosettes, and undoubt- . edly are the form called by Ludwig, Ankyroderma spinosum. In the largest specimen neither phosphatic bodies nor anchors were found. Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1760 fms. 1913.) . ___ Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 229 at am Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. ‘ : Three specimens. Caudina californica. Ludwig, 1894. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. 17, p. 155. These specimens are small, 70 mm. long of which about half is tail, but their identity is unmistakable. - Station 5698. Off Monterey County, California, 475 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Station 5699. Southwest from Monterey Bay, California, 659 fms. Bottom temp., 37.9°. Two specimens. Cucumaria abyssorum. Théel, 1886. “Challenger” Holoth.: Pt. II, p. 66. This species is represented in the collection by a good series, ranging from 30 to 80 mm. in length, but showing no noteworthy peculiarities. Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1090 fms. Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1760 fms. Station 5691. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. Bathymetrical range, 868-1760 fms. Temperature range, 37.2°-37.1°. Twenty-nine specimens. ai SS Sa ee st Spherothuria bitentaculata. Ludwig, 1894. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. 17, p. 141. This remarkable species, so fully described and discussed by Ludwig, is represented by some specimens about 16 mm. long. The shallowness of the ; water and the high bottom temperature at the spot where they were taken a is notable. 230 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Station 5675. Southwest of San Cristobal Bay, west coast of Lower California, 284 fms. Bottom Temp., 44.6°. Four specimens. Psolus squamatus. Holothuria squamata O. F. Mitituer, 1776. Zool. Dan. Prod., p. 232. Psolus squamatus McANprew & Barrett, 1857. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) Vol. 20, p. 45. A large Psolus, 88 mm. long, 45 mm. wide and 30 mm. high in its fully contracted condition, seems to belong to this northern species. I have compared it with specimens from Norway and cannot find any satisfactory grounds on which to separate them. Nevertheless I shall not be surprised if abundant material in good condition shows that the Californian Psolus is specifically different from the North European species. Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Achlyonice ecalcarea. Théel, 1879. Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., Vol. 5, no. 19, p. 13. Although the specimens are in poor condition, it is possible to determine their generic position, the number of tentacles being constantly 12 and the arrangement of the pedicels and dorsal papille being determinable by comparison of the different individuals. Although there are calcareous rods present in the tentacles, I could find no calcareous ring nor any parti- cles in the body-wall. I think therefore that their absence in Théel’s specimens was not due to their dissolution in the alcohol. In any case however, Théel’s change of the name to paradoza is of course inadmissible. The best individual before me is only about 60 mm. long and is thus much smaller than the ‘Challenger’ specimens. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. Five specimens. Letmenecus! gen. nov. Body elongated, more or less cylindrical. Lateral ventral ambulacra with rela- tively few (15-20) large pedicels; mid-ventral ambulacrum possibly with a few similar pedicels posteriorly. Dorsal ambulacra apparently without appendages. Tentacles 15. Calcareous particles in the body-wall, wheels and rods as in Letmogone. Type-species.— Letmenecus scotoeides sp. nov. 1 dairua = the deep sea + évoixos = an inhabitant. 1913.] Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 231 Letmenecus scotoeides' sp. nov. Body nearly cylindrical, or perhaps somewhat flattened on ventral surface, posteriorly than anteriorly, 150-200 mm. long, 25-35 mm. in diameter. Along each side of the body, delimiting the ventral surface, which becomes distinctly nar- rower posteriorly, is a series of sixteen or seventeen large papilla-like pedicels. There appear to be no other ambulacral appendages anywhere on the body, unless there are a few scattered pedicels along the mid-ventral ambulacrum near the rear of the ani- mal. I was unable to make myself certain on this point nor could I convince myself beyond question that there are no dorsal appendages in the living animal. However I could find no satisfactory evidence of their present or past existence. Body wall thin and soft, but completely full of the calcareous particles; even the longitudinal muscles are full of calcareous rods. Tentacles fifteen, of equal size; the terminal disk is 3-5 mm. across. Anus terminal or slightly dorsal in position. Calcareous ring well developed, very much like that figured by Théel for Letmogone wyville- thomsoni. Polian vessel, single and large. Madreporic openings in back, about 35 mm. from anterior end, not at all conspicuous. No evident genital papilla. Genital glands in two short tufts, one on each side of mesentery, much like those figured by Théel for Letmogone.— Calcareous particles consist of wheels and rods. The former are similar to those of Letmogone and need no detailed description; the small ones are .09 mm. in diameter or less and have ten to thirteen spokes; the large ones are .15-.20 mm. across and commonly have ten spokes. The wheels are chiefly found on the dorsal surface but small ones also occur in the ventral integument. The rods are nearly straight and only slightly roughened bodies, .15—.25 of a milli- meter long; they are abundant ventrally but are few and far between dorsally; they are common in the longitudinal muscles.— Color uniform deep purple. Type.— Cat. No. , U.S. N.M., from Station 5685. If the above described specimens had any obvious appendages on the dorsal surface, they would fit well into the genus Letmogone, but there are no such outgrowths, nor is there any evidence to indicate that they were present in life and have been accidentally lost. In one specimen, I found what seemed to be two pedicels in the midventral line posteriorly, but the conditions of preservation prevented my determining the point satisfactorily. Under the circumstances, I cannot place these specimens in Laetmogone and so have instituted a new genus for them. - Station 5685. Southwest from Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 645 fms. Three specimens. Letmophasma fecundum. Ludwig, 1894. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. 17, p. 85. These specimens are much smaller than Ludwig’s types, measuring only about 85 mm. in length, and I am far from feeling satisfied as to their ' exoroeéhs = dark-looking. 232 : Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, identity. Their condition is so poor, it is not possible to tell the number of tentacles, but on the better preserved one, only thirteen can be counted. The calcareous particles are exactly like those described and figured by Ludwig. ‘The series of pedicels in the mid-ventral ambulacrum is evident but on neither the dorsal nor ventral surface are the ambulacral outgrowths nearly as numerous as in Ludwig’s description. It is possible however that this difference is a matter of age, but the genital glands are in two well developed tufts, utterly unlike the elongate organs figured by Ludwig for Letmophasma, and it is more difficult to believe that this is an effect of immaturity. I think it quite probable therefore that these specimens are not fecundum and very possibly not Letmophasma, but in view of their condition I am not willing to describe them as a new species. Station 5688. Off Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, 525 fms. Bottom Temp., 39.9°. Two specimens. Pannychia moseleyi. Théel, 1882. ‘Challenger’ Holoth.: Pt. I, p. 88. Although none of the specimens before me is in good condition, several permit a more or less accurate estimate of the number of ambulacral ap- pendages. This estimate shows that these individuals are intermediate between Théel’s typical specimens and Ludwig’s proposed variety henrici, and makes it probable that the latter name does not cover a constant form, and need not be retained. The largest specimen in the present lot is about 160 mm. long and has twenty tentacles. Station 5676. Off San Juanico, west coast of Lower California, 647 fms. Bottom Temp., 39°. Station 5685. Southwest from Ballenas Bay, west coast of Lower California, 645 fms. Nine specimens. Oneirophanta mutabilis. Théel, 1879. Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., Vol. 5, no. 19, p. 6. There is a single specimen, 125 mm. long, in very good condition, of this widely distributed species. Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena ih west coast of Lower California, 1760 fms. i > —— a ee 1913.) Clark; Echinoderms from Lower California. 233 Benthodytes sanguinolenta. Théel, 1882. ‘Challenger’ Holoth.: Pt. I, p. 104. _ Although this species was met with at several stations, and special efforts were evidently made to preserve some good specimens, the material is all in poor condition. The individuals range in length from about 60 to nearly 250 mm. Ludwig is undoubtedly correct in saying that the absence of calcareous deposits is not accidental but is the normal condition for the species. ; Station 5673. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1090 mm. Station 5684. Southwest from Magdalena Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1760 fms. Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1101 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1°. Station 5692. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 1076 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.1°. Bathymetrical range, 1076-1760 fms. Temperature range 38.1°-37.1°. Seventeen specimens. Pseudostichopus mollis. Théel, 1886. ‘Challenger’ Holoth.: Pt. IT, p. 169. While it is possible that this large series contains more than a single species, the absence of calcareous deposits and of conspicuous ambulacral appendages makes it impracticable to distinguish more than one. Some of the small specimens have the body-wall very thin, but most of the adults have a thick and firm perisome. The largest specimens are 150-160 mm. long. The natural color is creamy white, but more or less fine sand adheres to the skin and in some cases, wholly conceals the ground color. Station 5689. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 879 fms. Station 5690. Off Rosario Bay, west coast of Lower California, 1101 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.1°. Station 5691. Off Pt. San Tomas, west coast of Lower California, 868 fms. Bottom Temp., 37.2°. Station 5693. Northwest of San Nicolas Island, California, 451 fms. Station 5695. Southwest of Santa Rosa Island, California, 534 fms. Bottom Temp., 38.9°. Bathymetrical range, 451-1101 fms. Temperature range 38.9°-37.2°. Forty-eight specimens. 234 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. XXXII, Stichopus parvimensis' sp. nov. The specimens of this apparently new species agree with each other remarkably well in all particulars. They are about 200 mm. long but pressure from each other and from other specimens has so distorted them that their appearance in life is not easy to infer. The pedicels are very numerous both dorsally and ventrally, and there is no indication, even on the lower surface, of arrangement in longitudinal series. Along each side of the body are a few (3-6) big tubercle-like papille and there is at least one row and probably two of similar papilla on the back. Judging from other species of the genus, the body in life is more or less quadrangular and there is a series of these big papille along each angle. There are twenty tentacles. The calcareous ring is well-developed and not peculiar. The gonads are in large equal tufts, one on each side of the dorsal mesentery. The color is light chestnut-brown, much paler below than above. Most of the pedicels, but not all, are very dark brown, and thus appear in the preserved specimens like small blackish spots. The really characteristic feature of this species is to be found in the caleareous deposits. Like its previously-known fellow species of the Pacific coast of America, this new form has both “tables” and “buttons” in the body-wall. The buttons are about 90 uw in length and have three or four pairs of holes. They are not usually very symmetrical and hardly any two are exactly alike. As compared with the buttons of S. californicus and S. johnsoni, these deposits are very small and have a small number of holes, for in californicus, the buttons are 140-165 u long and have fre- quently 10-12 holes, while in johnsoni, the buttons are 165-190 u in length with 10-16 holes. Similar peculiarities mark the tables; in parvimensis, the disk is only about 45 wu across and rarely has more than four perforations, though occasionally two or three other small ones alternate externally with the primary ones; the crown of the spire has 8-10 teeth and is less than 204 across. In californicus, the tables are larger and more variable, the disk measuring from 50 to 90u in diameter and having 8 to 18 perforations, while the spire is crowned with 12 or more teeth and measures about 25 u across. In johnsoni, the tables are again much larger, 120-170 in diameter with 25-40 holes in the disk and the spire with 20-25 teeth on the crown which is nearly 50 uw across. Type.— Cat. No. , U.S. N.M. It is curious and a little perplexing that johnsoni which is geographically intermediate between the other two species is not so structurally but has the most highly specialized calcareous particles. Of course, it may be that we shall find the three species have broadly overlapping ranges and future study made show that all are forms of a single variable species. But I have compared the specimens of parvimensis before me with the type of Théel’s species (johnson) and with specimens of californicus from Monterey Bay, California, and from Puget Sound, and I find no reason whatever for not recognizing each as a valid species. The label with the three specimens of parvimensis says they were taken 1 parvimensis = with small tables. 1913) = Clark, Echinoderms from Lower California. 235 _ “in sea-weed, in 3} ft.” near shore on the east side of Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California, March 12, 1911. As the specimens have many fragments of eel-grass attached to them, it is evident that the “sea-w: _ referred to is probably eel-grass. Such bottoms are favorite resorts of Stichopus in the West Indian region. Holothuria lubrica. Selenka, 1867. Zeits. f. w. Zool., Vol. 17, p. 329. It is unfortunate that there is no clue to the locality where these speci- mens were taken, for that might throw some light on the northern limit of this Panamic species. It has not previously been reported from north of Mazatlan. These specimens are all adult and in good condition. Eight specimens. Holothuria impatiens Fistularia impatiens Forsxiu, 1775. Desc. Anim., p. 121. Holothuria impatiens Gme.tn, 1788. Linné’s Sys. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3142, With the eight specimens of lubrica was a single, small, poorly preserved holothurian which I refer to this species, not because I believe it to be impatiens but because it is one of those specimens, with papill all over the body and with tables and buttons in the skin, which have hitherto been referred to that East Indian species regardless of whether they came from the east or west side of Mexico and Central America. Were there more specimens and from a definite locality, they would probably serve as the basis for a new species, but as the specimen is poor and the locality unknown, no further comments on it are necessary. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Ve oe iw Re t Be tid “sa? a - st sh pipn.k a i ‘ ¥ . ole ‘ bac 2 ahi ere or Puares. SP ea er 256 Vou. XXXII, Prare XLIV. Bouerm A. M. N. H. s Se — RAY , ; a, + i Tpdehh eehahtiiaine na ; 4 ges PPB aB i Zoroaster platyacanthus sp. n. Figs. 1, 2. Pedicellaster hyperonicus sp. n. 3, 4. Bossetor A. M. N. H. Vou. XXXII, Prare XLV. Figs 5-7. Diopederma ariologum gen. et. sp. n. “ 8,9. Ophiura oligopera sp. nov. Bouuietin A. M, N. H. Vov. XXXII, Pratre XLVI. 17 10 13 12 Urechinus reticulatus sp. n. 59.57,97 Ix.— TWO NEW FOSSORIAL HYMENOPTERA. By NaTtHAn Banks. Cosila (Cosilella n. subgen.) plutonis n. sp. deep black. Head and thorax coarsely but not very densely punctate, pmen uniformly finely punctate above and below, each puncture giving rise to hair. The punctures of head are large, but the clypeus is more finely punctured. - The median lobe of the clypeus is prominent and rounded below. The antenne arise only a little above the clypeal margin, and scarcely more than the diameter of the basal joint apart; the third joint is slender and much longer than the fourth or following joints, which are subequal. From above the base of each antenna a sharp ridge extends upward, slightly diverging; between them the black hair is more prominent than elsewhere. The ocelli form a broad, low triangle, the laterals twice _ as far from the eyes as from each other. The occiput has long black hair, and also long black hair on the front of the pronotum; the mesonotum has a broad groove each side and a median depression, the mesoscutellum has a median furrow. The posterior slope of the metanotum is closely deeply punctate and has a median carina on the lower half, long black hair on the sides. The abdomen is no longer than the thorax, depressed, pointed behind, with a median apical sheath to the reddish aculeus. On the venter the hair is long at the margins of the segments, except those toward the tip. The middle coxe are approximate, but scarcely contiguous. The middle and hind tibia are coarsely punctate, and serrate above, the hind tibia rather tuberculate _ above. The inner tibial spur of hind tibia is longer than the outer one, and its edges _ minutely serrate; the inner spur of fore tibia has a prominent truncate membraneous _ lobe near its tip. Venation as figured by Saussure for Cosila, except that the second recurrent ends one third way out on the third submarginal cell, and the first recurrent ends near the middle of the second submarginal cell. Expanse 26 mm. _ One female from Pasadena, Calif., 21 Dec., 1897, C. F. Groth, in the American Museum of Natural History. ae It agrees essentially with all Saussure says about Cosila, but on compari- ___ son with the type of that genus (C. chilensis) I see that the mid cox are ___ ¢loser together and the antenne also less separated. On this account I would separate the Californian species in a separate subgenus — Cosilella n, subgenus. Type, Cosila plutonis. Cerceris gnarina n. sp. 9 Face below antenne yellow, except apex of clypeal process, some yellow under the process, and on the tips of the mandibles; a spot behind the eyes, two broad spots on the pronotum, tegula, postscutellum, two spots on the basal segment of abdomen, a broad band on the second segment, narrow apical bands on the third and fourth 237 938 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII. segments, yellow. Legs, including the trochanters wholly fulvous yellow; antennz nearly wholly fulvous, or the apical fourth blackish. Wings fumose, but not as dark as C. fumipennis, stigma yellow. Clypeal process large, semi-erect, longer than broad, slightly concave on the truncate tip; head, thorax, and abdomen all evenly, densely, and rather coarsely punctate, about as coarse as in C. fumipennis; en- closure with a median groove and strie on the sides, or almost all over; basal abdominal segment broader than long; pygidial area more than twice as long as broad, sides slightly convex, but little narrower at tip than at base. Length 12 mm. From Vinita, Indian Terr., 7 June (Wickham), Colorado Springs, Colo., 16 June (Wickham), and Chimney Gulch, Golden, Colo. (Oslar). Type, American Mus. Nat. Hist. Co-type, Author’s Collection. , 59.57,96(729) Article X— ANTS COLLECTED IN THE WEST INDIES. By Wituiam Morton WHEELER, Pu.D. Several collections of ants have been made recently in the West Indies by various members of the staff of the American Museum of Natural History. Those specifically credited in the following paper were collected by Dr. F. O. Hovey; those recorded from Jamaica by Mr. J. A. Grossbeck; and the remainder by Prof. H. E. Crampton, Dr. F. E. Lutz and Mr. Roy W. Miner of the 1911 expedition of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology. Of special interest among this last collection is a series from the island of Dominica, on which heretofore very few ants have been taken. FORMICID. PoNERIN2. 1. Platythyrea punctata F. Smith. Several workers from Montego Bay, Jamaica, “ under and in old logs, etc.; under fermenting “‘ chowchows,”’ under bases of cocoa-nut palm leaves.” 2. Euponera (Trachymesopus) stigma Fabr. Several workers and deilated females from Montego Bay, Jamaica; Long Ditton, near Rhecen, and Fore Hunt Flat, Dominica, “ under and in old logs.” 3. Euponera (Trachymesopus) stigma Fabr. var. attrita Forel. Two winged females from St. Vincent (Hovey). 4. Ponera trigona Mayr var. opacior Forel. Numerous workers and females from Laudet and Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica, “ from siftings of dead leaves in forests.” 5. Ponera ergatandria Forel. Four workers from Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica “ from siftings about roots of epiphytes on tops of trees.” These are more brownish than the typical form and may, perhaps, represent a distinct variety. 6. Anochetus mayri Emery. Four workers and an ergatoid female from Roseau, Dominica. 7. Odontomachus hematoda L. Several workers of the large, dark, typical form of this tropicopolitan species from Roseau, Grand Bay and Laudet, Dominica, “ under stones in citrus orchard”; and from Guade- loupe and St. Vincent (Hovey). 239 240 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, 8. Odontomachus hematoda L. subsp. insularis Guérin. Two workers from St. John, Antigua and Roseau, Dominica “ under stones and boards.” 9. Odontomachus hematoda L. subsp. insularis Guérin var. ruginodis Wheeler. Numerous workers and two deiilated females from Montego Bay, Jamaica. MyrMiIcin&. 10. Pseudomyrma flavidula F. Smith var. delicatula Forel. A single immature worker from Port Castries, St. Lucia. 1l. Pseudomyrma flavidula F. Smith var. capperi Forel. Numer- ous workers from Lapland, Catadupa, Jamaica. 12. Pseudomyrma brunnea F. Smith. A worker and a deiilated female from Lapland, Catadupa, Jamaica. These are darker than my specimens from Texas, Florida and Georgia and probably belong to a dis- tinct, undescribed variety. 13. Monomorium destructor Jerdon. Numerous workers from Martinique (Hovey). 14. Monomorium carbonarium fF. Smith subsp. ebeninum. Forel. Numerous workers, males and females from Christiansted, St. Croix and Montego Bay, Jamaica and Martinique (Hovey). 15. Tetramorium guineense Fabr. A single worker from Montego Bay, Jamaica “ in stable debris ”’ and a few workers from Roseau, Dominica “from sweepings in river flat.” 16. Wasmannia auropunctata Roger. Many workers and females, both winged and deiilated, from Long Ditton and Roseau, Dominica, “under bark of old logs, in sweepings from river flat, etc.” 17. Solenopsis geminata Fabr. Workers and males from the follow- ing localities: St. Vincent (Hovey); Christiansted, St. Croix; Martinique; Point a Pitre, Guadeloupe; Port Castries, St. Lucia; Roseau, Dominica; and Montego Bay and Kingston, Jamaica. 18. Solenopsis castor Forel. Several workers and deiilated females and two males from Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica, “ from siftings of leaves in forest.” 19. Pheidole fallax Mayr subsp. jelskii Mayr var. antillensis Forel. Soldiers and workers from St. John, Antigua, “ in cotton fields.” 20. Pheidole guilelmi-muelleri Mayr subsp. antillana Forel var. nigrescens Forel. Several soldiers and workers and a deilated female from Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica. Wheeler, Ants Collected in the West Indies. 241 a j ‘Pheidole merens Wheeler dominicensis subsp. nov. . Differing from the soldier of the typical m@rens of Porto Rico in having spinotal spines stouter and blunt at their tips, the petiolar node less, the post- tiolar node more compressed anteroposteriorly; and in sculpture, the rugosity of head being more irregular and reticulate and extending back over its posterior mers so that these are opaque. The epinotum is not distinctly transversely rugose, » petiolar and postpetiolar nodes are more opaque and the same seems to be true base of the first gastric segment. The color is like that of the typical form. oe A single soldier from Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica. 22. Pheidole (Ceratopheidole) hecate Wheeler subsp. malevola Wheeler. A single worker from Yallah’s Valley, Blue Mts., Jamaica. _--—s«:23.:«Crematogaster brevispinosa Mayr. Five workers from Roseau, Dominica, “ attending a scale-insect on fan palm.” 24. Rhopalothrix (Octostruma) lutzi sp. nov. | Worker. Length 1.5-1.7 mm. Head, excluding the mandibles, but slightly longer than broad, its posterior = idee very feebly and broadly excised, its sides slightly convex, its transverse _ diameter shorter through the eyes than at the posterior corners, without a trans- verse ridge at the level of the eyes. Clypeus flat, slightly broader than long, with straight anterior border. Mandibles slender, pointed, with numerous unequal teeth. - Antenne 8-jointed the basal dilalation of the scape rather broadly rounded, and only about } as broad as the length of the joint, less angular than in Rh. balzani _ Emery and Rh. batesi Emery. Joints 2-5 of the funiculus narrow, broader than long, ___ sixth joint as long as broad. Thorax in profile rather evenly rounded above, with __ distinct mesoépinotal suture. Epinotum as long as broad, with subequal base and declivity, its spines about half as long as the base, acute, longer than broad at their insertions, scarcely compressed, directed backward and slightly upward. Petiolar ___ node from above transversely rectangular, about 1} times as broad as long; postpeti- ole nearly twice as broad as long and half again as broad as the petiole, with concave _--—s anterior and broadly convex posterior border. Gaster rather broadly elliptical. Legs stout. a Body opaque, densely punctate; mandibles smoother but scarcely shining; head and pronotum indistinctly rugulose. Body, legs and antennal scapes covered with flattened, subappressed, whitish hairs and, with the exception of the legs, beset with very sparse, larger, club-shaped, - erect, yellowish hairs, which are regularly arranged on the anterior border of the scapes and upper surface of the head, thorax, pedicel and gaster. The appressed hairs are longer on the legs, especially on the tibiw, than on the body. Dark ferruginous red throughout, posterior half of gaster and in some specimens also the upper portion of the head, somewhat darker; mandibles, clypeal border antenn and legs slightly paler. Female (deilated). Length 2 mm. 242 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Closely resembling the worker, except in the shape of the thorax. The epinotal spines are stouter, the mesonotum is blackish and the erect, club-shaped hairs are more slender. ; Described from a single female and numerous workers taken at Laudet and Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica (Lutz) from three different colonies, obtained by “‘sifting leaves in forest and among bananas and tree-ferns along the edge of it.’’ This species is very close to Rh. balzani of Bolivia, but judging from Emery’s description and figure of the head, the antennal scape has a more rounded and much less prominent dilatation at the base and the mandibles are much more slender. From Rh. batesi of Amazonas it differs in the same characters and in its much smaller size. 25. Strumigenys alberti Forel var. intermedia var. nov. Worker. Intermediate in color between the typical form from St. Vincent and the var. nigrescens Wheeler from Jamaica, in having the body of a deeper ferruginous or brown color than the former and the gaster more extensively black. A single specimen from Long Ditton near Roseau, Dominica. 26. Cyphomyrmex rimosus Spinola subsp. minutus Mayr. A male and several workers from Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica, “‘ under — stones.” These are somewhat paler than the subspecies in most localities. but I hesitate to describe them as a distinct variety. DOLICHODERIN. 27. Dorymyrmex pyramicus Roger. Several workers of the typical brown form from Montego Bay, Jamaica, “ in open fields,” and St. Vincent (Hovey). 28. Iridomyrmexiniquus Mayr. Numerous workers from Cinchona, Jamaica. 29. Iridomyrmex melleus Wheeler var. dominicensis var. nov. Worker. Differing from the worker of the typical form only in color, the yellow tint of the body being slightly brownish and the head darker than the thorax and sometimes quite as dark as the gaster, which is usually more blackish than in the typical melleus. oe Numerous specimens from Long Ditton, near Roseau and from Laudet Dominica, “‘ under and in dead stalks of bananas and plantains.” | 30. Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabr. Several workers from Montego Bay, Jamaica and Roseau, Dominica, “ under stones in a grassy” citrus orchard.”’ Beis 1913.] Wheeler, Ants Collected in the West Indies. 243 7 a cy 31. Azteca delini Emery subsp. antillana Forel var. guadeloupen- sis Forel. Several workers from Roseau, Dominica, agreeing in all respects _ with cotypes in my collection. These workers were “running in narrow files up and down the trunk of a large tree.” “i Lace $2. Asteca delphini Emery subsp. antillana Forel var. dominicensis var. nov. Worker. Approaching the typical delpini of Brazil in color and much darker than the preceding variety. The median dorsal surface of the head, the whole thorax, except the sutures and in some specimens the sidés of the pronotum, the petiole, legs and antennal funiculi, dark brown. Several specimens from Long Ditton, near Roseau and from Laudet, Dominica, taken while “ beating moss-covered branches of lime trees, and from epiphytes on tops of forest trees.” CAMPONOTIN. 33. Prenolepis longicornis Fabr. Several workers from Martinique (Hovey). 34. Prenolepis vividula Nylander. A single worker from Roseau, Dominica. 35. Prenolepis steinheili Forel. A single worker from Laudet, 36. Camponotus chazaliei Forel. A single worker minor from Port Castries, St. Lucia. 37. Camponotus pittieri Forel. Several workers, both major and minor, from Laudet and Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica, “ from epi- phytes on tops of forest trees.” This species has not before been taken in the West Indies, but the specimens agree perfectly with a single cotype from Costa Rica in my collection. 38. Camponotus auricomus Joger var. lucianus Forel. Numerous females and workers and two males from Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dom- inica, “ in cultivated fields, under and in dead leaf-stalks of bananas and plantains.” 39. Camponotus sexguttatus Fabr. Several workers from the fol- lowing localities: St. Vincent (Hovey); Charlotte Amelie, St. Thomas; Port Castries, St. Lucia; Grand Bay, Laudet and Long Ditton, near Roseau, Dominica, “ under rock at edge of sulphur springs.” 40. Camponotus hannani Forel. Numerous workers from Montego Bay and Cinchona, Jamaica, “ in old trees and under bark.” 244 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII. 41. Camponotus maculatus Fabr. subsp. dominicensis subsp. nov. Worker major. Length 11-13 mm. Head decidedly longer than broad, slightly narrower in front than behind, with straight sides and feebly and broadly excised posterior margin. Eyes elliptical, moderately convex. Mandibles 7—8-toothed. Clypeus strongly carinate, its anterior border produced as a rectangular lobe, slightly emarginate in the middle. Antennal scapes slender, terete, reaching about 4 their length beyond the posterior corners of the head. Thorax long and slender, laterally compressed, in front about 4 as broad as the head; in profile the dorsal outline is feebly arcuate, with a pronounced, but very short incision at the mesoépinotal suture; base of epinotum straight, nearly twice as long as the declivity, into which it passes without a distinct angle. Petiole narrow, as high as the epinotum, its posterior surface flat, its anterior surface in profile perpendicular below, and bevelled off obliquely above to the border, which is moderately sharp, evenly rounded and entire when seen from behind. _ Legs long and slender; posterior tibie distinctly compressed but not grooved, without a row of graduated bristles on their flexor surfaces. F Whole surface of body shining, very finely shagreened and with small scattered, piligerous punctures, which are most distinct on the mandibles, clypeus and cheeks. Hairs yellow, long, slender, erect or suberect and abundant on all parts of the body, including the cheeks, short but suberect on the scapes and of the same length but oblique on the tibiz. Head, thorax, petiole, tibia and tarsi red or yellowish red; scapes, mandibles, anterior border of clypeus and cheeks, blackish; femora and gaster yellow or brown- ish yellow, each segment of the latter with a transverse brown band which is broad- ened into a point anteriorly in the mid-dorsal line. Worker minor. Length 8-9 mm. Resembling the worker major except in the shape of the head, which is nearly twice as long as broad, a little broader at the anterior border than through the eyes. and gradually narrowed behind the eyes but with a distinct, though short, occipital border. The hairs on the scapes and tibiw are shorter and more reclinate and the brown bands on the gaster are less clearly defined. Described from numerous specimens from Long Ditton near Roseau, Dominica (Lutz) ‘abundant about houses, and in siftings of leaves in forest.” This subspecies is strongly marked. In pilosity and color it resembles the subsp. lweayanus Wheeler from the Bahamas, but the hairs on the body are longer, the surface is shining and the head of the major worker is much narrower and has straight instead of moderately convex sides. oa 56.7,4 (112:7) [_— DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW PALOZOIC FISHES cc FROM NORTH AMERICA. By L. HussaKkor. Pirate XLVII. the four species described in this paper, one is an Arthrodire, belong- ‘0 the genus Dinomylostoma, and is the second species of this remarkable 1s to be made known. The second is a fish spine with extraordinarily > denticles, which show the very unusual feature of gradually i increas- y in the genus Apateacanthus. The third and fourth species are linutive representatives of the genus Ste!hacanthus, occurring in small odules from the Waverly formation of Kentucky. e types of all four species are preserved in the American Museum of Dinomylostoma eastmani n. sp. Plate XLVI, Fig. 7. To Biahe manilibde in matrix, showing outer aspect. No. 7932 Amer. Mus. Anterior portion of mandible resembling that of Dinichthys in general propor- Maas; and rising anteriorly into s cusp or point, which is not, however, a distinct _ “tooth” as in Dinichthys. Functional surface, a long, narrow grinding area, broad- est at about its first third, and gradually narrowing backward. Greatest width of - tritoral area contained about 2} times in depth of the mandible measured at middle of tritoral area. Anterior portion of mandible, when viewed from above, convex — and gently curving inward toward symphysis to meet the opposite Horizon and locality — New Albany shale, or Genesee “black slate” (Upper Devais near Louisville, Kentucky. The genus Dinomylostoma Eastman ' is remarkable among Arthrodires for having a mandible with a narrow grinding functional edge that fulfills almost the ideal requirements in a transition stage between the cutting ’ Bull. Mus. Compar. Zol., L, 1906, p. 23. 245 246 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXX, | Fig. 1. Oral views of the right man- dibles of A, Dinomylostoma beecheri Eastman; B, D. eastmani, n. sp. X about j. type of mandible of Dinichthys and the heavy, knob-like grinding element of Mylostoma. Hitherto Dinomylostoma has been known by only a single species, D. beecheri Eastman. From this the newly described species differs in its smaller size, the relatively narrower tri- toral area, and the lesser depth of the anterior portion of the mandible, in outer view. In D. beecheri the width of the tritoral area is four-fifths the depth of the outer face, measured at the middle of the functional portion of the blade; in D. eastmani it is only about one third. As far as width of the tritorial area is concerned, the new species is therefore even closer to Dinichthys than is the type species; it is, in fact, inter- mediate between Dinichthys and the previously known species of Dinomy- lostoma. If we were to arrange a series of stages between Dinichthys and the Arthrodires with a grinding dentition, upon mandibles alone, and with the species now known, the series would read: 1, Dinichthys; 2, Dinomylostoma east- mani; 3, Dinomylostoma beecheri; 4, Mylostoma. ' The species is named for Prof. Charles R. Eastman of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, in appreciation of his extensive and very valuable contributions to our knowledge of the palzozoic fishes of North America. ___Hussakof, Four new Paleozoic Fishes. 247 Measurements of Mandibles of Dinomylostoma. | D, csstmest imp. 1 aa hears r fat bn preenrved), 103 mm. 180 mm. Sih of tritoral arce 60 “? 108“ Width of tritoral area (at about its middle) Bie “4 “ | Depth of outer face, at middle of anterior [Destin of mandible Sie ape 30 “ Apateacanthus peculiaris n. sp. Plate XLVII, Figs. 4, 5, 6. . Cetypes.— Three imperfect spines. Two in the Newberry collection (Amer. Lae Mus. Nos. 413 and 873), and one in the New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y.* ___ Spine smaill (the largest of the three cotypes, 72 mm.), laterally much compressed, with little or no arcuation. Denticles along posterior margin remarkably large, and _ progressively increasing, instead of decreasing in size, distalward; most distal _denticle higher than the width of spine at level of its base; denticles pointing dissetly backward, not downward, i. ¢., their axes at right. angles to axis of spine; spaces “hatween contiguous denticles much smaller than width of denticles. Sides of spine ‘ Eeeeneented with delicate longitudinal striations; no stellate denticles visible in any Bi. illerlesn’and locality. — — Onondaga (Lower Middle Devonic); Franklin, Delaware < - County, New York. ‘This remarkable spine differs from all other ichthyodorulites in its un- usually large denticles, which increase instead of decrease distalward, and _ yet are set on the margin of an elongated spine of normal, ctenacanth form. If not for these denticles the spine would pass for an imperfectly-preserved Ctenacanthus or allied genus. Denticles which increase in size distal- ward occur in a few forms — Cyrtacanthus dentatus,‘ for instance — but in + Measurements taken from a cast (Amer. Mus. No. 7995) of the right mandible belonging to the type specimen, the original of which is preserved In the Museum of Zoblogy at Harvard. ’ * This specimen belongs to s small collection of Devonic fish remains kindly lent me for study, some time ago, by Director John M. Clarke of the New York State Museum. «J. 8. Newberry, Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Palmont., I, 1873, p. 307, pl. 20, fig. 5. 248 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, these forms they are confined to the distal extremity only, and the spine eae itself is not straight, but curved and of the kind usually ' regarded as head spines, from their resemblance to the — | frontal “claspers” of modern Chimeroids. With such : spines the present species apparently has no relation. | : It may better, perhaps, be compared with the unique ] : spine, Apateacanthus vetustus (Clarke),! which it re- t sembles in three features—the very large posterior | i denticles, the great lateral compression, and the orna- | mentation of fine longitudinal striations. It may | therefore, provisionally at least, be referred to Apatea- canthus, rather than to a new genus. From A pateacanthus vetustus the new species is dis- tinguished, (1) by the fact that its denticles are at ‘ll right angles to the axis of the spine instead of pointing | | downward, and (2) by the relatively greater size of the | | distal-most denticles. Stethacanthus humilis n. sp. Fig.2. Apateacan- Plate XLVII, Figs. 1, 2. thus peculiaris, n. sp. Reconstruction Type.— Impression of a small spine in half of a nodule. fspine based on th ; three cotypes, figured _Height (élightly restored), 17 mm.;. total width, 23 mm.: in Plate XLVII, Figs. _ origin of shoulder to posterior tip of spine, 4mm. Newberry | 4... Aboutnatu- collection, No. 5077 Amer. Mus. (Plate XLVII, Fig. 2). : Spine small, broader than high, its height about three : fourths the total width. Vertical margin only slightly more than at right angles to basal line. Concave margin rising from shoulder, at first very gently, then rather abruptly, in a concave line to the apex. Shoulder situated far back, the portion of spine back of it about one fifth the width of the entire spine. Sides incised with lines of various lengths, some anastomosing, and slanting upward more or less toward the apex. Horizon and locality — Waverlyan; Knob Lick and Junction City, Kentucky. This diminutive species of Stethacanthus is apparently distinct from any yet on record. It is represented by three specimens in hand — the two figured ones (including the type), from Knob Lick, Ky., and a third (Amer. a Mus. No. 7933), consisting of a small spine and both halves of the noe ale, aes in which it was found, collected by me at Junction City, Ky. The species” 1A good description of this spine and an excellent figure are given by Eastman State Mus. Mem., 10, 1907, p. 81, pl. 3, fig. 5. i _—-Hiissakof, Four new Paleozoic Fishes. 249 Stethacanthus exilis n. sp. Plate XLVII, Fig. 3. ee ea of a small spine, in half of a nodule. Height (slightly re- fin at right angles to basal line, which is convex downward. Concave margin ir th excavated, rising in a steep curve toward apex, so that spine appears narrow and subulate. Portion of spine behind origin of shoulder, about one fifth the total i 1 of spine. Sides ornamented with incised lines of various lengths, rising op optohgmee eR or this species there are two specimens in hand — the type, which is from Knob Lick, Ky., and an impression in half of a nodule of a somewhat larger specimen (No. 7934, Amer. Mus.) collected by me at Junction City, Ky. The species resembles Stethacanthus erectus Eastman,* from the _ Kinderhook limestone of Iowa, which it also approaches in size, but it is = distinguished by the less subulate form of the apical portion of the spine, ___ by the lesser excavation of the curved margin, and by the shorter distance between the shoulder and the posterior extremity of the spine. 4 1 Bull. Mus. Compar. Zot, XX XIX, p. 216, fig. 15: The specimen is there referred to Stethacanthus depressus (St. John and Worthen), with which species, however, it does not agree as I have been able to see on comparison with a small spine which is unquestionably S. depressus, preserved in the museum of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. * Bull. Mus. Compar. Zobl., XX XLX, 1993, p. 217, pl. ill, fig. 29. Botrerimn A. M. N. H. Vou. XXXII, Pratre XLVII. lod ‘ New Pateozorc FirsHes om 59.9,82(86) icle XII.—DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MONKEYS _ OF THE GENERA SENIOCEBUS AND AOTUS FROM | COLOMBIA, SOUTH AMERICA. By D. G. Exuot, D.Sc. F. R.S. E. Aotus aversus sp. nov. _—s-* Type locality. Fusugasuga, eastern Cordilleras, Colombia. Altitude 8000 feet. "Type, @ ad., No. 34562, American Museum of Natural History, New York. Sy Gen. char. Fur long, loose, fluffy, similar to that of A. lanius but not so thick. line from eyes only going to above ears. White patches above and eyes. Basal half of tail like dorsal region. Skull with upper tooth rows curved; bulle elevated in center, not elongated; middle upper incisors of sine, but larger than outer; basisphenoid rather narrow; mandible, broad, ‘ Color. Face black; white spot above and below eyes; fan-shaped black spot on forehead extending on crown; narrow lateral black line from corner of eyes to above ears; crown and hind neck grayish brown; dorsal region and rump darker and more ___ red; base of hairs on upper parts lead color, and their tips white; flanks paler than ___ baek; arms dark grayish brown with a reddish tinge; outer sides of a paler grayish brown and with a yellowish tinge; inner side buffy; throat and upper part of chest ____ yellowish white; entire under parts orange buff, darkest on chest; hands like arms; feet: grayish brown; tail above and beneath the basal half hazel with black inter- a mixed remainder jet black. _—s Measurements. Total length, 675 mm.; tail, 350; foot, 70. Skull: total length, 64.5; occipito-nasal length, 60.4; hensel, 42.7; zygomatic width, 41.4; intertemporal _-_—s Width, 34; orbital width, 44; palatal length, 27.5; width at nccdad molar, 12.7; --_—— Jength of nasals, latterly, 12.5; length of upper molar series, 14.6; length of mandible, 46.8; length of lower molar series, 15.7. ac The ‘Review of the Primates’ had only just appeared from the press _____ when the expedition lead by Mr. F. M. Chapman into Colombia this spring ____ furnished three new forms for the order. The present species is a dweller _-——s of high altitudes on the eastern range of mountains of the State. It is not ' so red as the next succeeding form, and like it, belongs to that part of the : *Key’ of the species given in the ‘Review’ characterized by having white . spots above and below the eyes, of which group heretofore A. vociferans has a been the only representative. Both of these newly described species differ from A. rociferans in having the lateral head stripes very short, and the basal half of the tail reddish or nearly red, and the upper parts of the body differently colored. Two females were procured in the locality given above. 252 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Aotus pervigilis sp. nov. Type locality. Huila, La Condela, Colombia. Altitude 6500 feet. Type, No. 33879, American Museum of Natural History, New York. Gen. char. Resembling A. lanius Dollman, but not so red either on body or tail, and the fur, which is equally long, is not so dense, and there are white spots above and below the eyes. The skull is similar to A. aversus but the tooth rows are straighter, bulls longer, middle upper incisors larger and palate wider. Color. Face black, white spots above and below eyes, a fan-shaped patch on forehead, and the lateral black lines on head are short. In these respects, the present species and the one described above resemble each other, but the skull and coloring are quite different; crown and hind neck russet, the tips of the hairs black, their face plumbeous; dorsal region and rump burnt umber, tips of hairs black forming irregu- lar bars across the back; flanks paler, tips of hairs whitish; arms and legs pale gray- ish brown, hairs tipped with buff; under side of limbs buffy; under parts of body pale orange buff, lightest on abdomen; hands and feet dark reddish brown. Tail has the basal half golden brown, remainder brownish black. Measurements. Total length, 750 mm.; tail, 400 to end of hairs; foot, 80. Skull: total length, 64.1; occipito-nasal length, 59.5; hensel, 43.2; zygomatic width, 40.7; intertemporal width, 33.5; palatal length, 18.3; length of nasals, 12.4; length of upper molar series, 14.6. There is no mandible to the skull. This species was obtained by Mr. L. E. Miller on a range to the west of the one on which A. aversus was procured. Two examples were secured, and these monkeys are not easy to find as, like all the Douroucouli, they are strictly nocturnal in their habits. These specimens differ from the other described forms nearest related to them by the black irregular bars on the back, the woolly like texture of the fur, and the pale hue of the flanks and limbs. The skull also varies as already described. Seniocebus pegasis sp. nov. Type locality. Puerto Berrio, Columbia. Type, No. 34563, American Museuny of Natural History. Gen. char. Fur soft, silky, shiny, hairs on neck long, fore part of head from ears: bald or covered with very short white hairs, the skin, like the face is black. The skull is of the Seniocebus type with the braincase more swollen behind the intertemporal constriction. Last upper molar nearly twice the size of the same tooth in S. meticulosus. Color. Head in front of ears and skin of throat black, covered sparsely with short white hairs; crown between ears black; rest of upper parts blackish brown with the tips buff giving a pinkish yellow sheen to the upper parts, a hue rather difficult to describe; outer side of arms from above elbows to wrists white; upper arms and shoulders like back; legs like back on outer side; under parts of arms, body from chest to tail and inner side of legs reddish hazel, hands and feet silvery white; chest below throat blackish brown. Tail black throughout its length with the tip white. AL criptions of new American Monkeys. _ 253 nents. Total length, 700; tail to end of hairs, 400; foot, 70. Skull: , 47.9; occipito-nasal length, 45.1; hensel, 31.8; palatal length, 12; : ppt remain wih, 33.9; length of upper molar series, 9.5. liar monkey is the fourth species of this genus which for nearly »osed the generic term under which the four known species are ed. The present species resembles none of its relatives save in head and the long hairs on the nape. In its white arms and feet it its relationship with the other members of the genus, but with these or resemblance ends, for it is entirely different from them all. It weller of the valleys, the locality where it was obtained lying between eastern and the middle ranges of the Cordilleras. The discov- these three forms in a State like Colombia whose fauna was supposed igo well known only’ proves that in the grest unexplored regions of America and Africa many more unknown species of the Primates m n to reward the efforts of the energetic explorer. The present one of the fruits of Mr. Chapman’s expedition, and was obtained ae a WO. —— 59.54,4(74.7) Article XIII— NEW AND RARE SPIDERS FROM WITHIN FIFTY MILES OF NEW YORK CITY. By J. H. Emerton. Puate XLVIII. The spiders north of New York City differ little from those well known from Massachusetts, Connecticut and western New York through the papers of J. H. Emerton and Nathan Banks; but Long Island and New Jersey include the northern limits of the range of many species which occur southward as far as Georgia and Florida. At Lakehurst, N. J., near the southern edge of the fifty mile circle, are the well known southern species Oxyopes salticus and Epeira scutulata and several little known southern species, Scotolathys maculatus Bks., Icius sexmaculatus Bks. and Zelotes aprilinus Bks. On Long Island several southern species have their present northern limits though, like several others, they may be expected at any time to spread across the sound into Connecticut. These are Epeira verrucosa Hentz, Argyrodes cancellatum Hentz, Oxyopes salticus Hentz and Pellenes coronatus Hentz. Among the new species, Theridium pennsylvanicum is common around Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., and has once been found across the sound at Sound Beach, near Stamford, Conn. Pardosa atlantica was first seen at Fire Island Beach, L. I., and later in large numbers in the sandy country at Lakehurst, N. J. It is closely related to the widely dis- tributed P. albopatella and to'P. parvula Bks. from Alabama. The new Pellenes longimanus is from Lakehurst, N. J., and one female has been found by Mr. Banks on Long Island. A Dendryphantes found abundant at Lakehurst occurs also in Rhode Island and near Boston, Mass., and appears to be a dark variety of the D. flavipedes Pkm. of Maine and New Hampshire. Atypus niger has been found once as far north as Cornwall, N. Y. It occurs often in Virginia and southward. Theridium pennsylvanicum sp. nov. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 1-1d. Length, 2.5 mm., pale with black and opaque white markings. The cephalo- thorax is pale yellow with three black stripes, the lateral stripes a little removed from the edges and wider in the males on the thoracic part. The abdomen has two white longitudinal lines converging at the ends and partly broken irregularly into spots. 256 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. — [Vol. XXXTI, At the sides of these longitudinal lines are short transverse white lines dividing the sides of the abdomen into three or four squarish areas. Along the white lines are a few small black spots of different sizes. The legs are pale, faintly ringed with brown at the ends of the joints. The palpal organ has the basal process small and, seen from the side, distinctly turned outward near the base of the tarsus. In this view the tube appears straight. Seen from the under side the basal appendage appears slender and curves inward and the tube appears sharply curved at the end. Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, Aug. 1 to 10. Sound Beach, near Stamford, Conn. Lophocarenum littorale sp. nov. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 2-2c. Length, 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax brown, legs pale, abdomen gray without any markings. Resembles closely L. latum Em., Trans. Conn. Acad., 1882. It differs from latum in the shape of the head and position of the lateral pits which are farther forward than the lateral eyes, while in latum they are farther back. The upper middle eyes are also a little farther forward than in latum and the front of the head more nearly vertical. As in latum the sternum is wide, convex and rough. The male palpi are like those of latwm with the tibia extending over the tarsus above and truncated on the edge. In litter on sandy beach at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., August. Tmeticus acuminatus sp. nov. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 3. A little over 1 mm. long and pale and dull colored. It is related to 7’. ento- mologicus Em., Trans. Conn. Acad., 1911, and resembles that species in the shape of the head and arrangement of the eyes. The male palpus has the tibia elongated on the upper side and cut off square at the end, but on the inner corner a small process extends forward and slightly upward. The tarsal hook i is small and cannot be satis- _ factorily seen in its natural condition. Two males from Lakehurst, N. J., May 1, 1912. Tmeticus digitatus sp. nov. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 4, 4a. Length,2mm. Legs pale, cephalothorax brown, abdomen dull gray. Mandibles long and narrowed at the tip without a front tooth and with the outer side roughened 1913) Emerton, New-and Rare Spiders from near New York City. 257 . iy tae parallel ridges. The male palpi have the tibia moderately large with a long extending over the tarsus. On the outer side is a shorter point extending ia oie and outward. G) Geld Spring Harbor, N. Y., June 25. Scotolathys maculatus Banks. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 5, 5a, 5b. = Dictyolathys maculatus Bxs., Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1900. Length, 1.5 mm.; resembles, except in color, Scotolathys pallidus. The legs and cephalothorax are pale dull yellow, the cephalothorax darker toward the sides. The | _ abdomen is marked with transverse gray spots in pairs, much as in Lathys forii. Along the sides are other gray spots, those nearest the hinder end extending under- _ neath partly around the spinnerets, and in some individuals there is a gray spot under the middle of the abdomen. The males are of the same size as the females. ‘The male palpi resemble closely those of S. pallidus. The tube of the palpal organ curves around the base of the tarsus to the upper side where the black point rests against the end of the tibia. In the original description of Dictyolathys maculatus, Banks says that the | front middle eyes can be indistinctly seen but I have not been able to find _ them in the Lakehurst specimens nor in the type specimen from Alabama. _ They all appear to have only six eyes in two groups as in Scotolathys pallida. Lakehurst, N. J., May 1, 1912, under leaves. Alabama, Banks, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1900. Hahnia flaviceps sp. nov. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 6-6d. Length, 2mm. Cephalothorax and legs pale yellow. Abdomen gray with pale markings in pairs, or the hinder pairs united into angular marks. The under side is pale with gray markings along the sides. Spinnerets in a transverse row as in cinerea. The male palpi have the tarsus much larger and wider than in cinerea. The process _of the tibia is long and slender and tapers to a point and is roughened with short teeth over half its length. The process of the patella is forked and turned over at the end. The epigynum is more symmetrical than in agilis; there are two parallel tubes in the middle which appear to connect in front with two spiral spermathece. Male and female under leaves in company with several H. cinerea in a swamp near the railroad station at Farmingdale, N. J., May 3, 1912. 258 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Pardosa atlantica sp. nov. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 7-7a. This species resembles closely albapatella Em. The females of these two species cannot at present be distinguished from each other. The epigynum has the same form in both. It is also closely related to P. parvula Bks. from Florida, which is pale in color and has white hairs on the last three joints of the male palpus. The male of atlantica resembles albapatella except in having white tibia and patella of the male palpus. The palpal organs of these three species are so much alike that they cannot be separated by them. Fire Island Beach, Long Island, N. Y., and Lakehurst, N. J., in low sandy ground. Castianeira aurata Banks (not Hentz), Nearctic Spiders, 1910. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 8, 8a, 8b. Length, 5mm. Cephalothorax and legs bright orange color except leg 4, which is darker toward the end. The abdomen is orange brown in front, darker to almost black toward the end. There are two pairs of white spots almost united in the middle line, one pair a little behind the front end and the other near the middle of the abdo- men. The cephalothorax is wider in the middle than half its length, and the head is - narrowed to half the width of the middle of the thorax. The eyes occupy half the width of the front of the head, and are surrounded by black, which makes them appear larger and closer than they really are. The abdomen is widest two thirds its length from the front and is not constricted in the middle. The male differs little in size and color from the female. The male palpi have the tarsus and palpal organ long and tapering and the tibia with a blunt process on the under side. . The figures of the palpi are from a specimen belonging to Mr. Banks. Female from Staten Island, N. Y. Male from Falls Church, Va., in Mr. Banks’s collection. Pellenes longimanus sp. nov. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 9-9e. Male 6 mm. long. Cephalothorax with two white bands extending backward from a short distance behind the posterial eyes. Abdomen with a narrow white middle line and irregular lateral white bands spreading down the sides. Palpi white with a little brown on the tarsus. Legs pale at the base. Ends of femora and the rest of legs brown, the first pair much darker than the others. Third leg with patella and tibia thickened at the ends, otherwise not modified in form or marking. First leg longer than third. Abdomen, sternum, coxe and femora pale underneath. As eA Ie Oe eT eee ee ey ey I a att = soil ies y= . a ~, Pet a a ee wr = a ue 7 Ae ¢ / ail had a R oe Pas ig * 1913.) Emerton, New-and Rare Spiders from near New York City. 259 a i 1p Goteem be judged from alcoholic specimens the dark parts of the cephalothorax and abdomen were dark brown like P. peregrinus, and the top of the head was covered with shining orange brown scales among which are short, stiff hairs; first legs and in Tess degree the second legs are covered with fine soft hairs as long as the diameter of IEE ties cs aga have no tufts of haire or other apectal ornamnenta. The tibia ____ of the male palpus has a large hook on the outer side directed upward. The tarsus is Lisa ‘wide at the base and a rounded corner projects on the outer side over the end of the et tibial hook. The palpal organ is oval and swelled outward at the base and the tube ___ ig slender, with a slender supporting spine parallel with it. A young female from the same locality is colored like the male except = that there are traces of markings on the under side of the abdomen. The cephalothorax is a little narrower than in the male, the hairs on the head are shorter, and the first leg i is marked like the others and shorter than the third. A mature female from Sea Cliff, Long Island, in Mr. Banks’s collection, which may be of this species, has all the colors darker, the femora light brown, the sternum brown and the under side of the abdomen with three light gray lines. _ Male and immature female from Lakehurst, N. J. Dendryphantes flavipedes Pim. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 10. Several spiders found at Lakehurst, N. J., are referred doubtfully to this species. The typical form from Maine, New Hampshire and Wisconsin has, at least in the males, the legs, palpi and the whole under surface pale or with only narrow longitudinal dark stripes on the legs. In the females there is usually some remnant of markings on the under side of the abdomen and of rings on the legs. In life the northern males are often entirely cov- ered with yellow gray scales. In Massachusetts this spider varies from pale to black and white with the legs as darkly marked with rings as capitatus, and in Rhode Island and New Jersey all the specimens found are of the dark variety. The mandibles are usually pale but are sometimes dark across the middle or at the base. The three white spots extending back behind the eyes are very constant and may usually be seen even if the specimen is otherwise rubbed. The male palpi (Fig. 10) are very constant in form re- gardless of variations in size and markings. Atypus niger //entz. A male of this most northern representative of the Theraphoside was found May 30, 1913, at Cornwall on the Hudson, half way up Storm King 260 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. | (Vol. XXXII. mountain, walking in a dusty road. Several hours’ search in the neighbor-- hood failed to find any others. Hentz, in 1842, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1842, says: “A solitary individual (a male) was found on newly turned soil at Northampton, Mass.” These are the most northern records for Atypus, which is common in Virginia and southward. Females and young live in silk tubes partly under ground and partly lying along the surface attached to plants and rubbish, so that they are not easily found. Mr. Nathan Banks writes that about 1894 he found several young Atypus in their tubes on the Palisades in New Jersey opposite the northern part of New York City. c : Paw, | b a Fig. 1. Atypus niger. a, back of male; 6b, male palpi; c, ventral and side views. EXPLANATION OF Ficures, Ptate XLVIII. 1. Theridium pennsylvanicum, female, la, male, 1b, 1c, male palpus. 1d, epigynum. 2. Lophocarenum littorale, head of male from. above. 2a, 2b, male palpi, 2c, epigynum. 3. Tmeticus acuminatus, head and palpus of male. 4. Tmeticus digitatus, male palpi from above, 4a, male palpus from outer side. 5. Scotolathys maculatus, female from above, 5a, 5b, male palpus. 6. Hahnia flaviceps, back of female, 6a, 6b, male palpus, 6c, epigynum, 6d, spinnerets. 7. Pardosa atlantica, palpus of male showing white patella and tibia, 7a, palpal organ. 8. Castianeira aurata, back of female, 8a, 8b, male palpus. 9. Pellenes longimanus, back of female, 9a, male, 9b, 9c, male palpus. 10. Dendryphantes flavipedes, palpal organ. . 260 Vou. XXXII, Puare XLVIII. 2 ome) “> @ No th oY Sprpers, rrom Victnrry or New Yorx Crry. * . : + . . - ; . is : . ‘ ye i , . ss . je ? re ‘ } 56.9,725E (1181:7) til XIV.— EOMOROPUS, AN AMERICAN EOCENE CHALI- COTHERE. By Henry Farrrretp Osporn. With Eleven Text Figures. Triplopus amarorum Cope, a new chalicothere type. Resemblances to Moropus. Early European chalicotheres. Description of Eomoropus, type skull and skeleton. Relations to the Perissodactyla. ok ete 1. Triplopus amarorum Corr, A New Cuaicotuere Type. _ The recognition of an upper Middle Eocene ancylopod or chalicothere | gi the type of Triplopus amarorum Cope is a matter of great interest: first, because it shows that a supposedly European family was established as early in America as in Europe and may have been of American origin; second, because geologically the family is carried back from the American Lower Miocene into the close of Middle Eocene times, the Washakie or _ Bartonian stage; third, the knowledge of considerable portions of the skeleton of this most primitive known chalicothere strengthens the relations _ of the Chalicotheres to the Perissodactyla. The species 7’. amarorum has always appeared to the present writer quite distinct from the genus T'riplopus, the type species of which is 7. cubitalis Cope. Depéret was the last author to examine the type of 7. amarorum and he pointed out the resemblance of its superior molar teeth, with their interrupted anterior crests, to those of his genus Lophiaspis. But Lophi- aspis is a true lophiodont in the structure of the ectoloph of its superior molar “a teeth, which exhibits no mesostyle and a concave metacone. The type specimen of 7’. amarorum, as described by Cope in 1884 in the ‘Tertiary Vertebrata’, was not thoroughly worked out from the matrix so that his description included chiefly the skull and the pes. Three years ago in working over the Cope Eocene Collection Mr. Granger discovered that the matrix associated with the type specimen contained also a fore foot and the lower jaw, which have never been described; these parts prove to be truly chalicotheroid in structure. It was, however, the similarity in the top view of the skull (Figs. 1, 2) and in the structure of the second 262 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, superior molar tooth which led the writer first to observe the resemblance to Moropus, an observation which is thoroughly confirmed by such portions of the skeleton as compose the type specimen. It is proposed, therefore, to make Cope’s species 7. amarorum the type of a new genus, Eomoropus, which proves to be distinct both from Perna- therium of the Bartonian of France and Schizotherium of the Stampian. 2. ReseMBLANCEs TO Moropus. 2 Af A eN Type skull of Eomoropus amarorum, Amer. Mus. No. 5096. A! Lateral view, B cervical vertebre (?) 4—6. All one-half natural size. Fig. 1. A! superior view, A* inferior view. struc Sper the tarwos OF 5.4 4). The principal differences ters al the Eomoropus type, such as we should expect in a comparison of a Middle Eocene and a Lower Miocene aries; (2) mediportal pro- — of the skeleton as mp: with the subgravi- ip a primitive i SE character. Attention should 4 vo be called toa specialized ona to the Moropus type, namely: (6) fibula rel- atively more reduced than in _ _Moropus, perhaps with an incomplete shaft. The systematic relations are as follows: __ Osborn, Eomoropus, a new Chalicothere Type. 263 a ‘resemblances are strongest in the following parts of the animal: u re pr region of the cranium (compare Fig. 1, A®, Fig. 2); (2) the basi- Fig. 2. Skull of Moropus tsp. Amer. Mus. No. 14375. Superior view, one-fourth natural size. 264 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Order PERISSODACTYLA Owen. Sup. Fam. CHALICOTHEROIDEA Osborn 1898. This superfamily is equivalent to the order Ancylopoda of Cope: Buno-selenodont perissodactyls, ambulatory, partly fossorial, with distally cleft ungual phalanges (D. IV—I1), premolar series reduced, navicular broadly articulating with caleaneum and excluding cuboid from astragalus, phalangeal and sesamoidal facets at distal extremities of the metacarpals and metatarsals partly separated; cranium and dentition intermediate in type between that of Titanotheroidea and Hippoidea. Eomoropus gen. nov. Premolar crowns simple, premolar metaconids without metastylids, large hypo- conulid on ms, fibula greatly reduced. Type species, Triplopus amarorum Cope. Distinctions from European genera. Eomoropus is a much less specialized animal in the structure of its hind foot than the type of Pernatherium rugosum Gervais (1876), recorded as the oldest known chalicothere in Europe.!. The type of P. rugosum as described by Gervais in 1876, consists of a left caleaneum and portions of two meta- tarsals consisting of a proximal, also of a distal portion of one of the same (Fig. 9). These remains were found in the Calcaire de Saint-Ouen lacustrine or brackish marls of the Paris Basin, referred by Depéret to the Bartonian stage, which has been correlated by Osborn with Bridger C. and D, Washakie A, Uinta A, or the Upper portion of the Middle Eocene. This. undoubted chalicothere, Pernatherium, is a much larger and more specialized form than Eomoropus. The caleaneum is abbreviated and corresponds. with a graviportal type. The supposed metatarsal IV differs widely both from that of Eomoropus and Moropus in the interruption of the cu- boidal facet and the possession of a peculiar external process with a separate articular facet. The distal articulation of the other metatarsal is dis- tinctively chalicotheroid. 1 Gervais, Paul. ‘Indices d'un Nouveau Genre de Mammiféres Edentés Fossile dans les Dépots Focénes dits de Saint-Ouen.”” Journ. de Zoologie, t. V, 1876, pp. 424-432, pL xviii, figs. 1-3. Osborn, Eomoropus, a new Chalicothere Type. 265 3. Earty Evropean CHALICOTHERES. Figs. 9-11 (for Fig. 9, see p. 274). — “The Upper Eocene or Lower Oligocene type of chalicothere is the genus Schizotherium of Gervais ' (1876, op. cit., p. 59), based upon the species of Ancylotherium priscum of Gaudry (1875). _ Gaudry’s type of Ancylotherium priscum was first mentioned? in the a ‘Comptes Rendus’ of November 29, 1875. The type consists of three _ phalanges from the Phosphorites of Mouillac, Canton of Caylux, regarded as of Upper Eocene or Lower Oligocene age. They were subsequently described and figured by Gaudry.* The figure (pl. xviii, 3-8) represents an undoubted chalicothere but one of much smaller size than the type of P. rugosum. The _ figure is reproduced herewith, Fig. 10. Not knowing the identity of the feet and the teeth Gaudry _ shortly afterward ‘ described as _ Chalicotherium modicum a por- tion of a right superior maxillary - containing five teeth (p*-m*) . belonging to an animal of about the same size as A. priscum. This type was found at Bach, Canton of Lalbenque. Gaudry subsequently (op. cit., Jour. de Fig. 10. Type of Schizotherium (Ancylo- therium) priscum Gaudry. 3-4, first pha- lanx; 5-6, terminal phalanx; 7-8, terminal phalanx. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris. Figs. 3-6 one-half natural size. After Gaudry. Zool., 1875, p. 523, pl. xviii, figs. 13, 14).redescribed and figured this type. It belongs to an animal of about the same size as the type of A. priscum. The specific identity is possible but not demonstrable because the types come from different localities. The 1 Gervais, Paul. ‘Zoologie et Paléontologie Générales." 2° ser., 3° livr., 1876, pp. 58-59. [Plate xi illustrating this type was never issued; with the closing text, following Pp. 72, it was not published owing to Gervais's death.]} *Gaudry, A. “Sur quelques indices de l'existence d’'Rdentés au commencement de I'époque miocine."" Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, t. LX XXI, No. 22, 2° sem., 29 Nov., 1875, pp. 1036-1038. * Gaudry, Albert. ‘Sur quelques Piices de Mammiféres Fossiles qui ont 6té trouvées rang les Phosphorites du Quercy.” Jour. de Zoologie, t. IV, 1875, pp. 518-524, pl. xviii, 3-8. : *Gaudry, A. “Sur nouvelles pliéices fossiles découvertes dans les phosphorites du Quercy." Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, t. LX XXI, No. 25, 2° Sem., 6 December, 1875, pp. 1113-1115. 266 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXTI, same molar series was subsequently described and figured by Filhol ' (1877, pp. 156-158). The type figure is reproduced herewith, Fig. 11. The original systematic order of description of the ancient Eocene- Oligocene European chalicotheres was therefore as follows: 1. ‘Ancylotherium’ priseum Gaudry, 1875, Comptes Rendus, Nov. 29, p. 1037. 2. ‘Chalicotherium’ modicum Gaudry, 1875, Comptes Rendus, Dec. 6, p. 1115. bee : ue oP es ma. ' * ‘sp ‘Ba ee Rel Leela ae SRE ors cst te : Fig. 11. Type of Schizotherium (Chalicotherium) modicum Gaudry. ‘Two thirds natu- ral size. 13, right superior maxilla; 14, fourth superior premolar. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris. After Gaudry. 3. Pernatherium rugosum Gervais, 1876, Jour. de Zool., p. 424. 4. Schizotherium Gervais, 1876, type species Ancylotherium priscum Gaudry. 5. Schizotherium Filhol, 1880, Comptes Rendus, p. 1580. The lower jaw in the Muséum de Lyon here figured (Fig. 3 B) is from the Phosphorites of Quercy; it is referred to the species Schizotherium modicum by Depéret. It would appear that the species of Schizotherium, namely, S. priseum, S. modicum, represent smaller animals than the type of Pernatherium rugosum although the latter is regarded as from a geologically older horizon. Eomoropus amarorum (Cope). Specific characters.— Inferior grinding teeth, p:-m; = 86 mm. P» with rudimen- tary paraconid and hypoconid but without metastylid. Hypoconid well developed ON p:; Ps with rudiment of metastylid, and an entoconid. 1 Filhol, H. ‘‘ Recherches sur les Phosphorites du Quercy, Etude des Fossiles qu'on y rencontre et spécialement des Mammiféres.”” Ann. des Sciences Géologiques, t. VIII, 1877, pp. 1-340, pl. xx, fig. 343. cl 1913.) Oshorn; Eomoropus, a new Chalicothere Type. | we — i é 4 a _ The absence on the premolars of the distinctive cusplets known as ___ metastylids and the rudimentary condition of the talonids or basal portion _____ 0f the crowns of the premolar teeth, serve to distinguish these teeth clearly Fig. 3. Lower jaws of chalicotheres. C. Moropus ?sp. Amer. Mus. No. 14377, Lower Miocene. B. Schizotherium ?sp. (cast). Lower Oligocene Phosphorites of France. Lyons Museum. A. Eomoropus amarorum, type, Amer. Mus. No. 5096. Upper and Middle Eocene, Wyoming. Ali figures one-half natural size. from those of the jaw referred to S. priscum (Fig. 3 B). In these and many ____ other characters E. amarorum is by far the most primitive species of chali- : Geologic locality — As described by Cope (Tertiary Vertebrata, 1884, p. 687) the type specimen was secured in 1873 from “Mammoth Buttes,” near the head of South Bitter Creek, Wyo., the same locality which furnished the type of Triplopus cubitalis and Achanodon insolens (op. cit., p. 344). This geologic level is probably the base of Washakie B, or the Upper Wash- akie; it is the Dolichorhinus hyognathus zone of Osborn; its age is beginning of upper Eocene or close of Middle Eocene. Type specimen.— The accompanying illustrations (Figs. 1-8) include all portions known of the type specimen, namely, Amer. Mus. No. 5096. 268 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, 4. Description oF Eomoropus, TYPE SKULL AND SKELETON. Skull and Jaws (Figs. 1-3). In skull structure 7. amarorum is a typical ancestral chalicothere, especially in its supraorbital region, which is perforated by a foramen as in Moropus and Equus. The facial region, broken away in the type, con- tracts rapidly. Thus the orbits are large and contracted anteriorly, with a small facial exposure of the lachrymal. The cranium ‘s surmounted by a thin sagittal crest, terminating in a high, narrow occiput, which overhangs - the condyles. The wide external auditory meatus is closed by an osseous - tympanic ring which extends inward, leaving the petrosal exposed. The glenoid facets expand obliquely forward as in Moropus. The relations of the alisphenoid canal and other foramina are as in primitive Perissodactyla, and suggestive also of the relations in Moropus. The skull of Moropus (Fig. 2) is more dolichocephalic, with a sessile sagittal crest, a broader occiput, and a more extensive exposure of the lachrymals on the face as in Equus. The lower jaw exhibits the attenuation toward the symphysis character- istic of all the members of this family, correlated with the reduction of the lower cutting teeth and of the premolar series. It is similar in its propor- tions to that of Schizotherium (Fig. 3, B) but is only about two thirds the size. Dentition (Fig. 3). The formula is: If, Cf, Pj M$. The incisors and canines form a single semi-procumbent series, followed by a considerable diastema, behind which is the simple ps with its rudimentary anterior and posterior cusplets. Ps is more complex with a simple metaconid and hypoconid but without ento- conid. P, is still more complex with a rudiment of the metastylid and a distinct entoconid. In m,-3 a characteristic duplicate metastylid is well developed as a cusp, distinct at the apex from the metaconid. A generic character is the well developed hypoconulid of ms. This hypoconulid (hi*) is vestigial in Schizotherium (Fig. 3, B) and absent in Moropus (Fig. 3, C). The fragmentary superior molars, m*, as preserved, exhibit the sharp metaloph and interrupted protoloph with distinct protocone and protocon- ule characteristic of all the known chalicotheres. ee ne ——— ———— 1913) Osborn, Eomoropus, a new Chalicothere Type. 269 Cervicals (Fig. 1 B). ‘The only vertebre preserved are three cervicals (Fig. 1, B), apparently f ey C. 4, C. 5, C. 6, distinguished from those of Moropus by the normal disposi- ___ tion of the centra, the moderate expansion of the lamella, and the promi- nent median keels. Manus and Pes (Figs. 4, 5). The manus exhibits four digits (II-V) with a slight reduction of Mtc. V and an enlargement of Mtc. III. The distal articulations of the meta- carpals are typically chalicotheroid as in Pernatherium and Moropus (Fig. 5 A, B). This typical structure consists in a prominent posterior sesamoidal face, s, divided by a prominent median kee], k; this sesamoidal face is slightly convex while the anterior phalangeal face, p, is strongly con- vex and lacking in the median keel. Whereas in other Perissodactyla the Fig. 4. Manus and pes of £. amarorum, type. A!‘ anterior view of manus, A® internal view. 8 anterior view of pes; B* external view; B* internal view. One-half natural size, sesamoidal and phalangeal facets are continuous and evenly convex, in Moropus and Eomoropus these faces are more separate. This peculiar duplex-facetted structure of the distal ends of the metacarpals is undoubtedly correlated with the clawed, cleft ungues and fossorial function of the phalanges. Both manus and pes are mesaxonic as in the perissodactyls. The carpus is absolutely typical of that of the primitive Eocene Perisso- dactyla, namely, magnum small, scapho-centrale entirely covering magnum, 270 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, lunar resting entirely on unciform, prominent posterior process of magnum (Fig. 4, A*, mg). These primitive characters are in a measure retained in Moropus. The tarsus (Fig. 4, B', B*) also resembles that of the primitive Perisso- dactyla very closely; in proportions it is vertically elongate and laterally Fig. 5. Metacarpals of Eomoropus type and of Moropus, Coll. Amer. Mus. A! Zomoro- pus, posterior and distal views of metacarpals II-V. A? lateral view of metacarpal III. Natural size. B! Moropus, distal view of metacarpal III. B? posterior view of the same. One-half natural size. : compressed. A very distinctive chalicotheroid feature is that the navicular joins the caleaneum and widely separates the astragalus from the cuboid, whereas in typical Perissodactyla the astragalus more or less broadly unites with the cuboid. Primitive features are the large quadrate ectocuneiform, the small abbreviate mesocuneiform, and the enlarged entocuneiform, which entirely lacks the facet for Mts. I. The metatarsals are compressed and apparen tly isotridactyl. ‘ 1913) Osborn, Eomoropus, a new Chalicothere Type. 271 Femur and Tibia (Figs. 6, 7). a hs ‘Only the central portion of the shaft of the femur (Fig. 6) le a preserved, exhibiting the lesser rr and third trochanters. The shaft is somewhat crushed laterally ___ but exhibits the subcursorial type iy: ____ characteristic of all early Eocene ss“ Perissodactyla. _—s«&SThe ‘tibia (Fig. 7, A’*) also haga long relatively slender shaft, _ laterally compressed, with promi- ‘nent cnemial process suggestive of that of Moropus (Fig. 7, B). A distinctive feature is the ; | marked reduct’on of the fibula; the lower portion of the shaft is so slender as to indicate that the central portion may have been Fig. 6. Crushed omoropus, _ incomplete. In Moropus the fib- Pept peas ae type. ula has a complete shaft. natural size. ¢r., second trochanter; fr'., third trochanter. Pelvis (Fig. 8). The portion of the right innominate bone preserved indicates also a _ subcursorial or relatively rapid-moving type in contrast to the slow-moving, graviportal type of Moropus. The figure illustrates the short, rather slender ilium. Detailed comparison of this pelvic bone with that of Moropus reveals many close similarities of structure in the areas of muscular attachment, the borders of the ilium, and the shape of the acetabulum. 5. ReLaTions TO THE PERISSODACTYLA. Gregory ' (1910, pp. 397-400) has recently summarized all the char- acters observed by Depéret (1892), Osborn (1898), Peterson (1907), and himself which relate the chalicotheres to the Perlssodactyis.. ‘Gregory, W. K. ‘ee Orders of Mammals.” soul; Ames Mus. Nat. Hist.. Vol. XXVIII, Feb., 1910, 524 pp. 272 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, The structure of Eomoropus absolutely confirms perissodactyl affinity in the dentition and skull, the manus and pes, and the sub-cursorial propor- tions of the limbs, which are now known to be among the primitive perisso- dactyl characteristics. At the same time Komoropus points to early specialization of the chalicotheres in Lower or even in Basal Eocene times from the stock which gave r'se to the Titanotheroidea, on the one hand, and the Hippoidea on the other. This separation justifies the establish- ment of the Chalicotheroidea as one of the five great branches of the perissodactyl stock. Fig. 7. Tibiz of Moropus and Eomoropus. A! anterior view of left tibia. A? external view of the same. A®* posterior view of the same. One-half natural size. B. Moropus, an- terior view of upper portion of tibia. One-fourth natural size. Gd Seniidlinate hone of Reueropes, type A‘ anterior external view. At _A® direct external view. A horizontal view. One-half natural size. ?'m,. 74 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII. 4 nal de Zoologie ' TY. PL. XVII. ; } d | : « Pernatherium rugosum, P. Gerv | Fig. 9. Type of Pernatherium rugosum Gervais. 1, left caleaneum, anterior view; la, external view; 1, posterior view; 1c, distal end; 2, left metatarsal ?1V, external view; 2a, oblique posterior view; 25, posterior view; 2c, superior view; 3, metatarsal ?, distal extremity- One-half natural size. After Gervais. -; 56.81,4R (74.7) A Xv.— A NEW PHYTOSAUR FROM THE PALISADES NEAR NEW YORK.' By Frreprich von Hvuene, TiiptIncen, GERMANY. Pirates XLIX anp L. eal kindly suggested that I should disetths the specimen; I am much 5 obliged to the American Museum for this opportunity. When I came to _ New York in March, 1911, the specimen in the American Museum of Natural — Bee was immediately shown to me. It had been discovered a few months previously and was still in a half prepared state. I saw at once it was a Phytosaur though another interpretation had been pronounced before even in the newspapers. The specimen was found near Fort Lee on the right side of the Hudson fiver opposite New York. The matrix is a red sandy marl hardened or ither burned by the overlying trap. The bed is 20 feet below the thick = Sa eet of basalt of the Palisades. This basalt is not a superficial flow, but a _ horizontal dyke or sill which metamorphosed the underlying sediments. It : does not lie everywhere absolutely concordant to the bedding. These beds __ as well as the basalt belong to the Newark red series and in former times aN ‘probably were in connection with the same beds of Connecticut and Massa- ae chusetts. Except for a few fossil fishes described by Newberry, fossils eng had not yet been known from near New York City. - ,_ The large plate of matrix (155/125 cm.) contains the pelvis, both hind ; legs without feet, small parts of the body and tail and a few dermal scutes. - Dorsal vertebra: There are 4 vertebre belonging to the thoracic region as they possess relatively long diapophyses. The dorsal spines are but ___ little lower than in Rutiodon carolinensis (cf. MacGregor: Mem. Am. Mus. ‘Nat. Hist., IX, 2, al Boy Sun Malia Gf & tae Setall vepelle in the Palisades oppeiiie Now Yerk City ewe or three years ago aroused considerable local interest. Fossils are very rare in this vicinity the Fort Lee Reptile could fairly be regarded as the ‘oldest inhabitant" of New York of whom any authentic relics had been found. When discovered the skeleton was al- most wholly buried In rock and was conjectured to be a Dinosaur; but when the rock was . pertaining tinguished by Lull. (Amer. Jour, Sci, Vol. XX XIII, 1912, pp. 397-427.) W. D. Matthew.] 275 276 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. — [Vol. XXXII, Sacral vertebra: A sacral vertebra without upper arch is lying near the abdominal ribs. It seems to be the first sacral vertebra, because the sacral ribs are much weaker than those of the second sacral vertebra of R. caro-— linensis shown by MacGregor. Caudal vertebre: 4 anterior caudal vertebre and fragments are lying near to each other behind the pelvis. They possess very high and straight dorsal spines similar to those of R. carolinensis. Hamapophyses: Remains of two hemapophyses are visible, both of them lack the lower end. One of them is still attached to the penultimate tail vertebra by its articular facets, but most of the other parts are missing. The second specimen shows the articular facets divided as in all Parasuchi- ans, which in contradistinction to those of dinosaurs are not connected by a bridge. Ribs: Beside the left tibia and fibula there are few thoracic ribs, but no articular ends are preserved. Also the rib lying over the left pubis is a thoracic rib. Abdominal ribs: A large number of abdominal ribs are lying anterior to the pelvis. They are straight and slightly curved; several of them (6) are apparently of the median line and show a sudden curvature in lesser (for instance two on the side of the right femur) or greater (4 or 5 in the big mass) degree. They belong to the median and posterior part of the plastron. Two specimens below the sacral vertebra form a sharp angle and consist of two straight branches; they come from the most anterior part of the plastron. Ilium: Both ilia show their lateral aspect. The left ilium is partly covered by the proximal end of the left femur. The contour of the ilium is — except for the closed acetabulum — more similar to that of the Triassic Theropoda than to that of the European Phytosaurs, because it is lower and longer and at the same time possesses a sharp spine directed anteriorly. The ilium if compared with R. carolinensis shows the following distinctions: in R. carolinensis the contact line of the pubis at the lower border is rela- tively much shorter than in the recently discovered specimen. The length of this contact line in R. carolinensis is one third of the distance from the spina anterior to the spina posterior but in this specimen only a little more than one half. The whole breadth of the acetabulum is nearly the same: the distance from the spina anterior to the spina posterior is one third longer than the width of the acetabulum in this specimen and one half in R. earo- linensis. ‘There is not much difference in the vertical breadth in the two species. The upper border in R. carolinensis is a little more curved and the posterior process a little narrower than in this species. Pubis: The left pubis is lying near the caput of the left femur and the -Huene, A Phytosaur from the Palisades. 277 posterior process of the right ilium is above it. The bone shows the ventral face. The right pubis is near the lower border of the plate. The pubis of BR. carolinensis is a good deal shorter as compared with the ilium and com- _ pared with its own length it is broader than in the new species. ro ae Ischium: The left ischium is but little displaced near the left ilium and vers a small part of the right ischium; the latter shows the medial and this the lateral face. The whole bone is heavier and the posterior end broader than in R. carolinensis. Femur: The left hind leg lies near the abdominal ribs and the dorsal _ yertebre, the right leg near the isolated pubis. The femur in its form (as the ilium) is similar to that of the Triassic Theropoda, only it is more curved. Its length is 43-44 cm. and it is the largest Parasuchian femur I have ever seen (Mystriosuchus riitimeyeri has a length of 40 cm.). Tibia and Fibula: The tibia is extraordinarily heavy as compared with all other Parasuchians. It is the same with the fibula which shows an ‘S-like curvature. In the right leg the distal end of the fibula is lying near _ the proximal end of the tibia. The femur is but little more than 1} times the length of the tibia (1.57:1.00). In R. carolinensis this relation is quite different (1.97 : 1.00). _ Dermal scutes: The dermal scutes are not very well preserved, but one ean recognize the same type as in R. carolinensis and the European Mystrio- suchus which is quite different from Phytosaurus. In particular one scute of the tail is in fairly good preservation and shows the characteristic form. From this last similarity it is justifiable to conclude that the skull had a long and low snout. __ The specimen from Fort Lee was skillfully prepared by Mr. Ch. Falken- bach. The figure of it is given in Plate L. Here is also given the fig- ure (Plate XLIX) of the recent artificial slabmount of the remains of _ Rutiodon carolinensis described by MacGregor; it does of course not _____ elaim certainty in the number of the presacral vertebra and the arrange- ment of the scutes, and perhaps in a few other points. __ The comparison of the two specimens shows at least a specific difference. Therefore I propose to call the New York animal Rutiodon manhat- tanensis n. sp. The species described by Marsh as Belodon validus is based only on a fragment of a right scapula (Yale University collection No. 2056). It is not adequate for the type of a species. It is a pity that the Phytosaurs of western and central North America are not yet suffi- ciently known, so that the skeleton of Rutiodon manhattanensis cannot be compared with other American Phytosaurs except R. carolinensis. The skull of Rutiodon has already been compared with European Phyto- saurs, but not so the skeleton to any extent. Rutiodon and the European s) Fig. 1. Mystriosuchus planirostris M. Middle cervical vertebra. One half natura: size. Stubensandstein of the Middle Keuper, from Pfaffenhofen, Wiirttemberg. No 12671 Naturalienkabinet, Stuttgart. B, Last dorsal spine from behind. | yi Fig. 2. Phytosaurus kapfi M. Cervical vertebra. One half natural size. Stuben- sandstein of the Middle Keuper, from Heslach near Stuttgart. In the Naturalienkabinet, Stuttgart. A from behind, B from left side. (?) Mystriosuchus planirostris ae Heslach, ete. as in Fig. 2. No. 5999. Sl ado Be Vay 23 a ss ech chins thea eocusieben s very kindly gave me the opportunity of seeing all the remains chus and Phytosaurus in the Stuttgart Museum. The skeletal » between these two genera is very clear. The centra of cervical vertebre are shorter in Phytosaurus and the dorsal spines every- Fig. 4. (7) Phytosauruse kappA M. Dorsal vertebra, anterior view. One-half natural size. Heslach etc., as in Fig. 2; in the British Museum Nat. Hist. No. 38072. 280 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Fig. 5. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 5. Mystriosuchus planirostris M. Middle caudal vertebra, from left side. One half natural size, from Pfaffenhofen, etc. as in Fig. 1. No. 12671. Fig. 7. Mystriosuchus planirostris M. Interclavicle, ventral aspect, much diminished, from the Stubensandstein of Aixheim, Witirttemberg. In the Naturalienkabinet at Stuttgart. Fig. 8. Phytosaurus kapfi M. Interclavicle, ventral aspect, much diminished, from Heslach, etc. as in Fig. 2. Fig. 6. Phytosaurus kappfi M. Anterior caudal vertebra, anterior view. One half natural size, from Heslach, etc. as in Fig. 2. > __ Fig.0. _Bvioacasranrris @) M. Left itium, lateral aspect. One half natural Midieieie havi. 3. Left ilium, lateral aspect. One third natural size; hoe: an tn ie. 3. Fig. 11. Pig. 12. Pig. 11. Mystriosuchus plieningeri M. Left femur from below (inverted to a right one), diminished. Aixheim, etc. as in Fig. 7. Wig. 12. Phytosaurus kapfi M. Right femur from below. Much diminished. Hes- lach, ete., as in Fig. 2. 282 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. ~ [{Vol. XXXII. where lower, especially in the anterior dorsal and anterior or entire caudal region. The whole construction of the vertebre is higher in Mystriosuchus (the same in Rutiodon). The thickening of the upper end of the dorsal spines of the cervical, anterior dorsal and anterior caudal vertebre is greater in Phytosaurus than in Mystriosuchus and the latter does not have any thickening at all of that part in the caudal vertebre. In the anterior girdle the interclavicle has a different form in the two genera. In the posterior girdle most of the differences are in the ilium. The main difference in the femur is a strong curvature at the beginning of the distal third of its length Fig.13. PhytosauruskapfiM. Dorsal armature and first caudal pair, much diminished Composed from several individuals. Heslach, etc., as in Fig. 2. in Phytosaurus; it is more curved than in any Mystriosuchus or Rutiodon. The difference in the dermal armature is sufficiently known. I should think Rutiodon and Mystriosuchus were better swimmers than Phytosaurus on account of their higher vertebre (giving space for stronger musculature) and more compressed body. The slender snouted Phytosaurs are the largest ones; Mystriosuchus riitimeyeri is the latest and at the same time the largest European form; but Rutiodon manhattanensis is the largest one I have ever seen. It is also probable that the strata of Fort Lee belong ‘ to the upper Trias as do those of Connecticut and Massachusetts. The reasons for this probability I have given some time ago. eo . - e SS at “£10481 3 uInasn FY “UIy 94} Ul JuNOU quis BUT jog “ozIs jwINgvU YF! ynoqy ‘vuOIeH YON ‘AyuN0D uTeYywYD ‘4ydABq Jo pee Beg pe A am cade ee "SU0UL ST ~SISNANTIONVO NOCOILAY Ln (a @LVId ‘SIXXX “104 "HN WV StzsT10g ee a; o.oo 5 _ A Bore ~ ‘ Pa a -* : Tatars wt noqy ‘AYO yoR MeN opsoddo sopesieg oy} Jo asvq oY} 4v ‘AosIOL MAN ‘90’ 440.7 JO osu, teddy) ay} mor ‘Aou ‘ds SISNANV.LLIVANVIA NOGOLLOAY “| 44V1d ‘IIXXX “TOA "HN WV Suar1og 56.82 (118:7) e XVI— FURTHER STUDIES OF FOSSIL BIRDS WITH _ DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW AND EXTINCT SPECIES. By R. W. Suurevpr. Piates LI-LIX. A On the tenth of January, 1913, I received from Dr. W. D. Matthew, Curator of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, a small collection of fossil __ birds for examination and description, and at a little later date, Mr. Charles 'W. Gilmore, in charge of the collections of fossil birds of the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology of the United States National Museum, consigned to me for similar purposes a few more fossil remains of birds from still other In the text of the present contribution all of these fossils will be fully described, while figures of them will be given on the nine accompanying _--——* Plates. These are all reproductions of photographs made by myself direct ie dele ths epecimene. 7 _-— ‘Tn his valued letter of January 10, 1913, Doctor Matthew wrote me in ___ regard to the great scarcity of the fossil remains of birds, a fact which has ____ Jong puzzled paleontologists, and, it would seem, has never been satis- ___ factorily explained. Doctor Matthew’s remarks on this subject are of __—__-yalue, and with his permission they are here transcribed from his letter. _ He was pleased to say: “I am glad there is something of interest to be found inthe Tertiary birds I sent you. It seems a pitiful showing for all the years of collecting. Yet you may be sure that our staff have always looked out for fossil birds quite as carefully as for mammals. I have never figured out quite to my satisfaction why it is that birds are so scarce in our Tertiary _ formations. I think I have considered all the explanations that have been suggested, and some that have not; but jointly or severally, they do not seem adequate. I can hardly believe that birds were any less plentiful _in the Tertiary than now; nor do I see any reason why they should be scarce in the particular environmental facies that our Western Tertiaries represent. They are not so now; whether we adopt the lacustrine, fluvia- tile playa or eolian theories of origin of these formations, there seems no good reason why birds should not be plentiful. Of course the lightness of their bones, their small size and lack of teeth or a massive skull, accounts for a relative scarcity as fossils, but why for such extreme scarcity, As a 286 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, result of twenty years collecting we have some 15,000 mammals, 6,000 rep- tiles and amphibians and about 15 birds! if we set aside the Pleistocene fossils. And five of the birds, including the only specimens that amount to much, are Cretaceous. I should be interested and I am sure many others would be in your opinion as to the causes of this scarcity.” This is a problem that has interested me for many years past, and with Doctor Matthew and other paleontologists I find no satisfactory solution of it up to date. That birds, of all sizes and representing very numerous families, were abundant as far back as tertiary time and earlier is no longer a matter of doubt. Even the Ichthyonithide of the Cretaceous of Kansas were, barring the teeth, all bird,— that is, fully differentiated from any reptilian stock. Marsh made no fewer than seven species of that genus (Ichthyornis) alone, and doubtless there are many more as yet undiscovered, in so far as their fossil remains are concerned. Of course, the nature of the deposit and the size of the birds will, in either case or the two combined, make a vast difference; it will even in the case of small mammals and otherforms. Birds being possessed of the power of flight will easily account for their remains falling in places where they would never be found again, fossilized or otherwise. Again, many mammals, | and other groups non-avian, are found in cave deposits, and very few birds indeed resort, in times present or past, to caves, and carnivorous animals would not be likely to carry them into such places. Mr. Gidley of the Palzeontological Department of the U. S. National Museum, to whom this question was referred by me a few moments ago, states that, in his wonderful recent find in Cumberland, Maryland, over 100 specimens of mammals were secured, representing no fewer than 20 genera, and only one bird bone. However, he hopes next spring (1913) to find fossil bones of birds in that region at no great distance from the mammal deposits, in caves that are present there. Birds of ordinary size are not found in such deposits as where mammals, and representatives of some other groups, occur in large numbers, for the reason that the latter frequented such places and often mired there, and so their remains are now found in them in numbers, fossilized or otherwise preserved. I refer to miry water-holes and other drinking resorts, with soft, muddy banks. There can be no doubt but what the high degree of pheumaticity of the skeleton in so many birds had a great deal to do with the matter of our not meeting with the fossilized remains of such in these times, as Dr. Mat- thew so clearly pointed out in his letter. Militating against this, however, as a factor of the solution, we are confronted with the non-pneumatic, enormously heavy bird skeletons of - the genus Diatryma and its allies, near or remote. Their fossil remains ~Bhufeldt, Further Studies of Fossil Birds. 287 10 more frequently been discovered by us than have those of small ry bits, and, with some groups, comparatively not so often. it space will not admit of a further discussion of this most interesting m here, though, to my own mind, its solution is to a large extent when we take into consideration the matters of flight; pneumatic etons; habits; being pulled to pieces and the bones scattered by animals Ypweyed upon them; in the vast majority of instances falling in places t the time of death, unfavorable to the preservation by fossilization of their skeletons, and a few other reasons. That we will find, in the years to come, many more fossil remains of birds there can be no manner of doubt; and I, for one, am of the opinion that some of the discoveries of the future - of this character will be of the utmost importance and interest. ___-' We may now pass to the description of the material at hand referred to _ in the first part of this paper, selecting first that submitted me by the American Museum of Natural History of New York. Diatryma ajax sp. nov. (extinct). re LI-LIV. Figs. 1-16.) BIS ih This new and extinct species is represented by fossils of certain bones be ok of the pelvic limb. These were at once referred by me to the extinct genus aks Diatryma of Cope, of which it was a huge, gigantic species, as will now be ete shown. ___ Cope described his Diatryma first in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1876, II), and subsequently in the Report ___ of the U. S. Geographical Survey West of the 100th Meridian (Wheeler's a Survey) Vol. IV, Paleontology, p. 70, plate xxxii, figs. 23-25. _____ Cope here states that “this species was of large size, the proximal end of the tarsometatarsi being nearly twice the diameter of that of the Ostrich. i Its discovery introduced this group of birds to the known fauns of North _ America, recent and extinct, and demonstrates that this continent has not ___ been destitute of the gigantic forms of Birds now confined to the southern hemisphere faune,....” “The large size and wide separation of the penetrating foramina, and the thin internal edge with suture-like facet dis- tinguish this form as distinct from any of the genera of Struthionide and 4 Dinornithide.”’ q This is followed by a complete account of the fossil bones he had of a Diatryma gigantea (pp. 70, 71) and, as this work is easily accessible, I have omitted this description here. With the Plates, however, it is different, and the ones illustrating Cope’s 288 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, description are not altogether satisfactory. This being the case, I was permitted by Mr. Charles W. Gilmore of the Division of Paleontology, and the authorities of the U. S. National Museum, to borrow from the Collections of that institution Cope’s type specimens of his Diatryma gigantea. ‘These specimens I photographed natural size, which photographs are, without reduction, here reproduced as Figures 1-3 in Plate LI of the present contribution. Diatryma gigantea was found in the Eocene of New Mexico, while the species now to be described is from the Wasatch of Wyoming. The latter is represented by two lots of material, the first being labeled “Exp. 1912. W. G. No. 261. 3 miles S. E. of mouth of Pat O’Hara Cr. Clark’s Fork Basin, Wyo. Dist. end tarso-metatarsus. Red-banded bed. ? Wasatch. 9/20”; the second lot bears a label stating “Exp. 1912. W. 5S. No. 282, 5 miles S. E. of mouth of Pat O’Hara Cr. Clark’s Fork Basin, Wyo. above red-banded beds — Wasatch. Two phalanges. 9/27.” With respect to the first lot I find it to consist of some twenty pieces of different sizes (the largest having an average diameter of 6 ems. and the other pieces ranging down to small bits), of a dark-brown, dense, flinty fossil-bearing rock. Some of these pieces contain what appears to be portions of a shaft of some long bone of large size; one small piece about 3.5 ems. long is composed chiefly of the two trochlez of some bird of about double the size of a turkey (Meleagris g. silvestris); there is not enough of it to be of any value in so far as a diagnosis is concerned. The balance of this lot consists of a single piece, similarly fossilized, of a tarso-metatarsus of some bird of immense proportions. Barring being somewhat chipped, it is the perfect middle trochlea of the left tarso-metatarsus, broken off at the union with its shaft. This specimen I photographed from three differ- ent points of view, and these photographs are here reproduced (the exact size of the specimen) in Plate LH, Fig. 5; Plate LIII, Fig. 9, and Plate LIV, Fig. 14. They are fully described under “Explanation of Plates,” given beyond at the close of this paper. This trochlea has, distally, an extreme width of 4.8 cms., and it presents all the other generic characters of this part of the tarso-metatarsus of Dia- tryma gigantea, as set forth by Cope. When this trochlea is held with its posterior aspect toward the holder, it will be observed that the conspicu- ously raised articular portion is directed and markedly deflected to the left. This indicates that the bone to which it belonged was the tarso-metatarsus of the left pelvic limb (Plate LIII, Fig. 9). In his description Cope nowhere states to which side his tarso-metatarsus _ of Diatryma gigantea belonged, and I find, upon examination of his type material, that it was of the left side with respect to the proximal end of the - 1913.) Shufeldt, Further Studies of Fossil Birds. 289 ak, w while the trochlee are of the right side. (Compare Figs. 9 and 12 of Plate LIII of the present paper.) He gave the name Diatryma to the genus, impressed, as he apparently was, by the fact that the piercing pair of fora- mina, found at the proximal end of the shaft of the tarso-metatarsus in this gigantic extinct bird, was unique or at least unusual. This, however, is by no means the case; for in all birds, where these antero-posteriorly __ directed foramina are present and functional, they always pass clear through the bone. This is well exemplified in the Wild Turkey (Meleagris g. sil- vestris), or, indeed, in any of the gallinaceous fowls, living or extinct. Passing to the second lot of fossils mentioned above, I find it to consist of two phalangeal joints of pes (Fig. 4, Plate LII; Figs. 8 and 10, Plate LIII, and Fig. 13, Plate LIV),— a large one and a small one,— the former being in two parts, it having been fractured directly across the middle of its shaft previous to its having come into my keeping. It is now not possible to tell to which foot these two belonged,— that is, to the right or the left one. From the labels it will be seen that they were found two miles apart, so it is safe to say they did not belong to the same individual. From all appear- ances, the larger of the two joints is the basal one of the middle toe, presum- ing that the bird had three anterior toes, which I am strongly inclined to think it had. The two trochlea of Diatryma gigantea point to this fact. The remaining, or small, phalangeal joint I take to be one of those belonging to the usually reduced joints of the outer anterior toe, and probably the 4 Measurements. M. distal, transverse diameter of articulation................... 0.48 Mid-troch! greatest antero-posterior diameter of left side................ 0.58 4 game, of right side (approx).............ccecesceccccusscees 0.57 F anterior height of the articulation.......................0.. 0.64 - | transverse diameter lower end of shaft (just above trochlew). . .0.42 , een ae bipes too-lalnd. «... 5. sisi0ccsaedoa saul een babe eds 0.97 : ONE RB 5 os do oa, vue 0 o'e-o wr a'ead oe LAD SOR ea 0.47 BY sie ae MINE BOND. 6c. o5 0's o's vv00s suse caeae bpbhe ee eeeMeiae dos 0.40 CE GOON OMG... cave cunnkscausy dates meetndees ass 0.40 eT Bee ee te 0.26 Seen Gn Gmakler toe-joint, ....6siccueeephachecuwsdeseicess 0.41 ig oo nes dhamater Of bas. 6 5.45:56 cea Raha ieee ba cele. 0.28 wa Caameter Of baw, . cox cisciceckucecevdbessdiedscsccs 0.21 Cope has surmised in his description of Diatryma gigantea that it was a bird twice the size of an adult Ostrich, and, judging from the bones, he had every reason to think so. Regarding the proximal end of the shaft of the 290 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, tarso-metatarsus of Diatryma gigantea, I am inclined to believe that the bone was a long one, as in a Turkey (Meleagris) for example, and not shortened up as ina Moa. If this supposition be correct, Diatryma gigantea possessed a height double that of an adult African Ostrich, and it is quite possible that it was a bird that grew to be 16 feet tall. j As the Diatryma I have just described here is fully double the size of Diatryma gigantea of Cope, it is equally possible that it may have grown to be over 30 feet tall. A large male Ostrich, when adult, often attains a height of 8 feet, but it would be a pygmy among the representatives of this long extinct genus of avian giants. , For the extinct species, the fossil remains of which I have described above, I here propose the name of Diatryma ajaz, and up to date it is, by all odds, the largest fossil bird described for the extinct avifauna of North America. We have no means of judging as to what the remainder of its skeleton was like. 4 The type material of Diatryma ajaz is in the collections of the Amelia Museum of Natural History of New York City, New York. Bird (species. and genus indetermined). No. 5127, Ameneui Museum of Natural History. Dept. of Vert. Pobeomiiiaae Eleven (11) fragments more or less firmly imbedded in flinty matrix. Apparently all bones of a pelvic limb of a bird of about the size of a very large Turkey (Meleagris g. silvestris). It appears to have been a gallina- ceous fowl, but the material does not admit of exact osteological description. Five of these pieces out of the eleven are here shown in Plate LVII Figs. 73-78. It will be noted that one of the trochlear processes of the tarso-metatarsus (Fig. 78) is very much thrown out to one side. I believe it to be broken off and held in that position by the matrix, and so not normal. These specimens belong to the American Museum of Natural History, and were collected by the Expedition of 1910 of that institution. Wasatch formation: Big Horn Basin, Wyoming, 3 miles Southeast of Otto. These specimens do not admit of scientific reference. Bird (indetermined). Wasatch: Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. 5 miles South of Otto. (W. 8.) Judged to be a bird from the fact that one piece resembles a bird’s femur (proximal moiety), and another the sternal extremity of an avian coracoid, ——“Shufeldt, Further Studies of Foes Birds. 291 rd, they belonged to a species about the size of a small capiey: re exact description is possible. Paleophasianus meleagroides gen. et sp. nov. (Plate LVITI, Figs. 81-84, 86-88.) 3-2: Distal extremity of a tibio-tarsus. 3. Proximal moiety of a 4. Distal essai of a tarso-metatarsus (attached to er to an adult or not it is impossible to state with certainty. They ged to a gallinaceous bird apparently considerably larger than an adult lentrocercus urophasianus, and nearer those of a small female Meleagris tr is, with which they are compared in Plate LVLIII of this paper. same Plate LI present the tarso-metatarsus of an old male Meleagris, the view of showing the very great differences in the size of the bones : two sexes and subadults of the birds of this genus. The distal end of the tarso-metatarsus of the fossil is fractured into bits, thrown apart in its matrix; but a close study of it convinces x me that it may easily have belonged to a small-sized Meleagris, or even more ely to some large grouse. The same may be said for the distal portion the tibio-tarsus (Fig. 88). When we come, however, to more critically mine and compare the proximal portion of the shaft of the tarso-meta- tarsus (Fig. 82), of which several of the characters are clearly in evidence — “especially those of the summit and hypotarsus— everything points to the bone of some large grouse rather than a meleagrine type. For instance, in the case of Meleagris, of the two articulo-condylar concavities on the sum- _ mit of the shaft of the tarso-metatarsus, the inner one is always at least one third larger than the outer. Now in American tetraonine types these two _-—s coneavities are about of a size, and this is the case in the fossil specimen now before me. Again, the hypotarsus of this specimen presents every indica- tion of agreeing with that process in its characters with some large tetraonine form rather than with a meleagrine one. This is clearly indicated in the arrangement of the tendinal grooves and the position of the perforating 292 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, tendinal foramen. As stated above, the bone is too large for the tarso- metatarsus of an adult male Centrocercus urophasianus,' though it may easily have belonged to a still larger species of that genus. Inasmuch, then, as everything points to the fact that these fossil bones belonged to some species of a very large grouse,— larger than the now exist- ing Sage Grouse (C. urophasianus); that they were discovered in a region where the existing species formerly occurred in vast numbers; that turkeys never have been known to inhabit the same region, and, finally, as some of the characters in sight are in fair agreement with the corresponding ones in the skeleton of the existing species of Centrocercus, I am compelled to believe that it either belonged to a much larger form of that genus, or, what is more likely, to a near-related one and now long extinct. Whether it had any affinity with the extinct birds Marsh referred to the genus Meleagris, we have not, as yet, sufficient material at hand to deter- mine.” That it may have occupied a position between the !arge galline and melea- grine fowls will, for the same reason, remain undetermined for the present. It should not be the cause for any surprise were we to discover later on that it did. Centrocercus has a lamina of bone extending from the lower inner part of the hypotarsus of the tarso-metatarsus down the back of the shaft of that bone, and fused with it completely, to the middle of its middle third. This is not the case with the tarso-metatarsus now being considered,— that is, it differs from Centrocercus in this respect and from Meleagris, in which genera such a lamina is highly developed on the tarso-metatarsus, and in old male birds of M. g. silvestris surrounds the base of the calear. The hypotarsus in the fossil fowl at hand of the tarso-metataysus is 1 Shufeldt, R. W. ‘Osteology of the North American Tetraonide’ U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of the Terr. (Hayden's), 1878, Pt. 1, p. 710, pl. ix, fig. 68. It may also be stated here that it could not have belonged to a specimen of Paleotetriz gilli; for it would appear that that species was even a smaller bird than Centrocercus. (See Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IX. plate xvii, fig. 34.) It would appear that the presence of the lamina of bone referred to above as extending down the back of the shaft from the hypotarsus, sometimes depends upon the age of the individual, ossifying only in the case of very old birds. It is not represented in my figure of the tarso-metatarsus of an adult male Centrocercus urophasianus in the Hayden Report just cited (p. 710, plate xi, fig. 68), and that skeleton I prepared myself with very great care from @ specimen I collected in the field. Had the aforesaid lamina of bone been present in it, I certainly would have seen it and represented the same in my drawing. In an old male Centrocercus urophasianus in the collections of the U. 8. National Museum (No. 18346) this jamina is very conspicuously developed, as it is in a similar manner at the back of the tarso- metatarsal shaft in that bone belonging to a skeleton of Urogallus parvirostris (coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 18506). It is very possible, indeed probable, that it was also to be found in the case of old individuals of Paleophasianus meleagroides. ? Shufeldt, R. W. Contributions to Avian Paleontology. The Auk, Vol. XXX, No. 1 Jan. 1913, pp. 29-39, pl. iii, figs. 1-5. Se ee | Cee _Shufeldt, Further Studies of Fossil Birds. 293 rgely developed, and is twice grooved for the passage of tendons. Of the e lamina thus formed the middle one is the longest, the inner one next, nd the outer one about half the length of the middle one. There appears to be but one large perforating tendinal foramen passing vertically through his hypotarsus, and, as in Meleagris, it occurs between the middle and inner nina of the process. Anteriorly, below the intercondylar tubercle, the aft is markedly concaved, as in the gallinaceous fowls generally. High in this concavity occur, in all grouse and turkeys, twin foramina, placed le by side. They are doubtless in this bone, but in the specimen are covered over with the firmly attached, flinty matrix in which it is imbedded. _ The distal end of the tibio-tarsus present the usual characters of that ; end of the bone in not a few of the larger Gallina. ___ Part of a toe-joint is attached to the outer surface of the matrix contain- ___ ing the distal extremity of the tarso-metatarsus, and it is in plain view in ___ Fig. 81, Plate LVIII, at the lower left hand corner. Where its shaft is broken and parted it is plainly seen. ‘With the material representing this bird there are two more parts of ___ toe-joints,— the distal extremity of one and the proximal end of another. ___ As far as they go, they support the above set forth diagnosis. Measurements. (Given in millimeters.) The fossil specimens of this bird are from the left pelvic limb, and the individual fe _ was an adult. M. diameter of inner condyle................. 0.16 transverse diameter of shaft above the condyles............. 0.13 transverse anterior intercondylar channel (approx.)..........0.11 transverse diameter of summit......... 0.0... 6.66. 18.5 transverse diameter of hypotarsus.................0.66.005. 0.10 longitudinal diameter of hypotarsus...................655, 0.16 antero-posterior or transverse diameter of either condylar con- RE Las nd'e-< ences ke nals +s ehh 6h vanes SANGRE EOE 0.06 I propose the name of Palaophasianus meleagroides for this extinct _ gallinaceous fowl from the Wasatch of Wyoming.' The type material is in the paleontological collections of the American Museum of Natural seaened of New York City, N. Y. En ING re ee 'Generic name = Gr. ati ancient + @aciards, & Teccsianen pees Phasis. (River in Colchis), Spec. name « Gr. wedeaypis, a kind of guinea-fowl, subsequently applied to the Meleagride, and «dos, resemblance. 294 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXX1I, Bird (indetermined). Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. ¥Y. Label: “W. J. 8. 8/5/00. Church Buttes Bridger. Bird Femur. Distal end.” Distal portion of a right tibio-tarsus of an adult individual. Inner con- dyle and part of lower posterior aspect of shaft broken off. This belonged to the skeleton of some bird about the size of a female Meleagris g. silvestris, and to some degree resembled it. It may have been some other species of turkey, or turkey-like fowl. It requires additional material to make a reliable reference. (Plate LV, Fig. 39.) Bird (indetermined). Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. York. Label: “Lysite Formation. Cotton wood Draw. Wind River Basin. Wyo. Exp. 1905.” Distal end of right tarso-metatarsus from an adult individual. Inner trochlear process broken off. Belonged to some gallinaceous bird the size of a two-thirds grown turkey (Meleagris). (Plate LV, Fig. 30.) Bird (indetermined). Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York. Label: “No. 991. Bird; foot bones. Loc. Stone Ranch, Cedar Crk. Colo. Coll’r Brown, 1898” (Plate LV, Fig. 30.) Distal extremity of right tarso-metatarsus, imperfect and partly cemented together; two pedal phalanges; imperfect ungual phalanx, and four halves of pedal phalanges. Belonged to some species of bird for which the material is quite insuffi- cient to make a correct reference, though what there is of it appears to have been that part of the skeleton of some one of the Galline. (Plate LV, Figs. 31, 32.) Bird (indetermined), Distal two-thirds of left ulna (imperfect); middle part of shaft of radius, and imperfect left carpo-metacarpus. (Plate LV, Figs. 23-25.) Two labels: (Field label on scrap of newspaper) “Bird Bones. Upper Deep River, Brown. 7/2/98.” Museum Label: “No. 240. Bird indet. Part of wing. Period, Loup Fork. Loc. Cedar Crk., Logan Co. Col. Am. Mus. Exp. 1898.” Belonged to the skeleton of a bird (adult) about the size of a male Centro- cercus. It did not, however, come from the skeleton of any gallinaceous — _ Shafelt, Purther Studies of Fossil Birds. — | 295 microscopice sietadiaiSon:toie to find eng odsaIEC an er outer aspect of the index metacarpal which is present in all Raproriat Brrps. ural History, collected at different times in various western localities. re apparently Eagles and smaller members of the Falconide the most worthy fact in regard to them being that they are all fossil remains of eet of the specimens. This I have noticed to obtain to some extent Bird (indetermined). 3 extremity of right tarso-metatarsus (trochlez of outer and middle }; upper part of the shaft of the tarso-metatarsus (broken in two) per omarap of left coracoid. All from the same individual! (adult). cs fn ede Collr. W. G. No. . Loc. C. Butte B. 2. Bird. me are not sufficient to enable one to make a safe reference. 1e ioe the skeleton of some medium-sized falconine species that Bird (indetermined). 1e 21 fragments of bones from different parts of the skeleton of a pedal phalanges; the head of a femur; part of lower mandible, ete. label: “Exp. 1903, Collr. A. T. No. . Loe. Grizzly Buttes. West, 18, Jaws, etc. Lower Bridger, Date 74-03.” ee. Apparently all from the same adult individual. They represent some medium-sized falconine species, for which the material is not sufficient for mt $a reference. pene Haliwetus leucocephalus (adult). (Plate LV, Figs. 29, 33-38, 40-44.) Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Dept. Vert. Palwont. Museum label: “No. 239. Raptorial bird, indet. Foot. ?Sheridan Formation. May be Miocene. Near Quarry, Niobrara Riv. Grayson, Neb. Am. Mus. Exp. 1897. 296 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. XXXII, Proximal and distal extremities of the right tarso-metatarsus; bits of the shaft of the same; the first metatarsal; the ungual joints, and some of the phalangeal joints of the right foot. These bones I have compared with a skeleton of the White-headed eagle (H. leucocephalus, No. 17930, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) and find them to corre- spond in every particular. Mixed up with these foot-bones there are four that belonged to some mammal, such as a jack-rabbit (head of scapula etc.), or some animal about that size. These may have been in this éagle’s stomach at the time of its death, and fossilized along with its own skeleton, or they may have been otherwise associated with it. Fossil Eagles. (Aquila). There are three small lots of fossil bones in the collection belonging to the American Museum of Natural History which are principally composed of claws (ungual joints), joints of pedal phalanges, and a few fragments of other bones of the pelvic limb. All of these bones are from accipitrine species of large size, and a careful study of them convinces me that they came from at least three distinct species of large extinct eagles. I have carefully compared all these fossil bones with the corresponding ones in the feet of Bubo, Nyctea, and all the foot-bones of eagles and Pandion, large Buteos, and many others at my command. They do not agree with any of them of either sex, or at any age, in so far as I have been able to ascertain. I have not examined the material upon which Marsh based his Aquila danana, but I have had before me the types of Aquila pliogryps and Aquila sodalis of Shufeldt, both of which appear to have been larger aquiline forms than those now at hand. I say these forms belong to Aqui/a more as a matter of convenience than that they may have actual’y been representatives of that genus. However, they are all from true eagles, and as fossil ex!inct forms, they may as well be arrayed in Aquila as anywhere else. Nothing would be gained by creating a new genus or new genera for them, though the characters of some of the ungual joints are very distinctive, and all three of these species possessed them; but it is extremely difficult to decide in the case of large diurnal Raptores, in mixed lots of foot-bones of different sizes and many missing, as to just which toe any special large ungual joint belonged. Sometimes such a claw appears to fit with exactness and properly articulate on distal joints of the two or more different toes. Were the skeleton of the entire foot at hand, we could decide with certainty as to which toe any particular claw belonged; but we cannot do so when we possess only a single claw, or a. _ Shufeldt, Further Studies of Fossil Birds. 297 a _ few miscellaneous claws and joints. This is the case now before me demand- ° | With dampect to the special character referred to above, and apparently not possessed by existing accipitrines or any of the Owls, I would say that it consists of a conspicuous prolongation of the proximal dorsal part of the ungual joint, over-hanging its articular cavity for the pedal joint with : which it articulates. This prolongation is well seen in Fig. 26 of Plate LV _ of the present paper, and it will be seen to be absent in all the ungual joints of Haliaetus leucocephalus (Plate LV, Figs. 34, 35, 38,43). It is a very dis- -_ tinetive and pronounced character, and mechanically would be responsible __ for an articulation of great strength, and one very difficult to throw out of ___ joint, all of which would be valuable to a bird of prey. As the poster‘or talon (first toe) is the one demanding the greatest _ strength in accipitrines, I am inclined to believe that the claws possessing the character just described belong to that particular toe, notwithstanding the fact that the joint may articulate well with other distal phalanges of the foot of the same individual, as is the case in some of the toes of the fossil eagles now to be described. Aquila antiqua sp. nov. (Plate LV, Fig. 26.) Field label: “Exp. 1905. W.J.S. No. Loc. Church Buttes, B. 1. Dese. Bird Claw. Date Aug. 4-05.” pry Mus. label: Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Dept. Vert. Paleont. Bird (Accipitres?) _ Claw. Bridger formation. Loc. Church Buttes, Sinclair, 1905. This claw is from the foot of an eagle, and unlike the bone found in any _ of the existing species found in the North American avifauna. It is im- ____ perfect, its apex having been broken off and lost. The chord of its are, when perfect, probably measured about 18 millimeters,— that is, from the - distal point in the inferior tubercle to the apex. It would seem to have belonged to a bird about the size of Pandion, and is easily distinguished by the prolongation of the dorsal arc of the claw over the articulation, which articulatory surface, however, is continued on to this process. (Compare Figures 26 and 43 of Plate LV.) Aquila ferox sp. nov. Field label: “Exp. 1904. Collr. P.M. No. 604. Loc. Henry's Fork. B. F. P.O. Part of Bird Foot. Lower level. Bridger. Date July 21.” No Museum label. 298 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Material: A perfect pedal phalangeal joint, apparently basal joint of second toe. Also the proximal portion of a claw, which exhibits to a marked degree the character described above,— that is, the prolongation of the dorsal are of the bone over the articulation. Length of joint 16 mm., its anterior trochlee being notably cheng to- gether, and the articular groove between them deep This claw articulates quite perfectly with this joint; but I am inclined to believe that it does not belong to it but to the hind toe. This was an eagle about the same size as the last, or perhaps rather smaller. Aquila lydekkeri sp. nov. Field label: “Exp. 1903. Collr. A. T. No. . Loc. Lower Cottonwood Cr. Miscellaneous; Jaws ete. Lower Bridger. Date 8-5-03.” Material: Two claws (imperfect, apices broken off); three (3) pedal pha- langeal joints (one of the larger ones; one basal 2d toe; and one from the fourth toe); distal end of tibio-tarsus; head of femur and its condyles (imperfect); head of -tarso-metatarsus (imperfect), miscellaneous bits of shaft of tarso-metatarsus. All pointing to the fact that it belonged to a large species of eagle, ail ing from existing species and now extinct. One of the claws had the posterior prolongation of its dorsal are, but it is broken off in the specimen and lost. The condyles of the tibio-tarsus are thick, parallel to each other, and the valley between them narrow and deep antero-posteriorly. The fibular notch on the outer condyle of the femur is also deep and extensive, as is the pitlet on the head of the femur for the insertion of the ligamentum. teres. What there is of the tarso-metatarsus is sufficient to indicate that it is the bone from the right pelvic limb, and that the groove running — the inner aspect of its shaft is better defined and deeper than the corres ing groove in the tarso-metatarsus of Haliwetus leucocephalus, or other exist= ing eagles. Transverse width of lower end of tibio-tarsus equals 16 millimeters. This extinct North American eagle I name for the British naturalist, Richard Lydekker, whose labors have resulted in powerfully furthering the science of avian paleontology in all parts of the world. The type material is in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History of New York. Shufeldt, Further Studies of Fossil Birds, | 299 Meleagris gallopavo (subsp.’). ‘ial: Proximal end of shaft of left FM Say et distal end of left lear and portion of shaft of tarso-metatarsus (to which it is 1) of left pelvic limb; and the fourteenth cervical vertebra. All chipped in some places. (Plate LIX of present paper.) hese bones appear to have belonged to the skeleton of the same indi- “g an old male turkey-cock. have compared them with a large number of turkey bones of Meleagris avo silvestris, and find that only such differences exist as we usually in the skeletons of different individuals. The ulna in the fossil, how- late LIX, Fig. 89) i is larger than any ulna of a recent turkey ex- by me. Ka @ believe that, in so far as this material points, it is from a wild in no way differing from the existing form in the present avifauna. y there may have been a subspecific difference which the skeleton reveal, and we would not be justified in taking such into con- tically, then, these bones are from a wild turkey, such as we have in ern faunz of the present time. In turkeys, as in all animals, an individual variation both for sex and age. This is especially ble in Meleagris, as I have elsewhere pointed out (Auk, Jan. 1913). Bonasa umbellus? Same label as the last, and taken in the same Fissure Beds of Arkansas. (Pleisto- -— Nat. Hist. it Distal end of superior mandible (Plate LV, Fig. 18); nine ‘ical Dicice (Plate LVI, Figs. 47-52); dorsal and pelvic vertebrae of eral individuals (Plate LVI, Fig. 45); two coracoids (Plate LVI, Figs. 55 a left scapula (Plate LVI, Fig. 60); fore part of sternum; two i nearly perfect, and the fragments of four others (Plate LVI, Figs. ); three perfect ulne and the parts of three others (Plate LVI, Fig. ); four radii (Plate LV, Figs. 19, 20); seven carpo-metacarpi (Plate LVI, Figs. 56-59); six femora (Plate LVI, Figs. 69-72); eight tibio-tarsi (Plate LVI, Figs. 66-68); and four tarso-metatarsi (Plate LVI, Figs. 61-63). Owing to the fact that there is no skeleton of a Bonasa in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, and the ones I formerly owned are in the 300 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Albany State Museum, I could not compare these fossil bones with the corresponding ones in a skeleton of an existing Bonasa umbellus. However, I am very familiar with the skeleton of this species, and I have compared these bones with those in skeletons of other species of our grouse, ptarmigans, Ortalis, and others, all of which they are not, coming nearest, however, to those of a Lagopus. Personally, I believe them to be from a Bonasa, and as close to the species now found there as are the turkey bones to the existing Meleagris. Plate LVI is so perfect that any one having the corresponding bones from a skeleton of Bonasa umbellus will find no trouble in comparing them. If subsequently found to be another species of either Bonasa or Lagopus, I would suggest the specific name of ceres. Found with these grouse bones were several others belonging to small mammals. These were not referred; but Mr. Gidley of the Paleontological Department of the U. S. National Museum, who examined them, believed that an imperfect femur among them came from the skeleton of a Lepus. Some were those of a small batrachian (as Rana). Bird (indetermined). From same locality as the last. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Not numbered at this writing. Material: Left radius (proximal end broken off and lost) from some large bird with a strong, long-boned wing. Bird (indetermined). Plate LV, Fig. 17. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Same locality as the last. Material: A right humerus from an adult bird which, up to the present time, I have been unable to refer. It is given actual size on Plate LV. It is too large for any of our American quails or a Coot (Fulica); it is not limicoline, or from any ordinary passerine thus far compared, nor from smaller accipitrines or strigines, with all of which, and many others, I have compared it. It is not from an Ectopistes migratorius or any large wood- pecker. It should be compared with the humeri of some of the smaller Corvida, as the jays and their allies; but the skeletons of these birds are not available to me at this time. ae E 1913.) __Shufeldt, Further Studies of Fossil Birds. 301 Te a As in the case of the Meleagris described above, it may have belonged to a _ species of bird still found in the existing fauna. It would not be well to ___ bestow a new generic and specific name upon it, and certainly not until more material is compared with it. ~ Marertat Bevoneine To THE PaLeonTroLocicaL CoLiections oF U. S. NATIONAL Museum. Bird (superior mandible complete). Label: “No. 6647, Orig. No. 1726. Lower Pliocene. “Qu. E.” Long Island, Kansas, Tertiary. Coll. J. B. Hatcher. 1884. Material: This is the superior mandible of a small finch (Plate LV, Fig. 28) and it would be difficult to distinguish the same from the same part of the skull in many a small existing species of that group, the size of a Junco for example, or a Spinus. The species may, quite possibly, still be in existence or its genus may; in any event, this material is not sufficiently extensive for a scientific reference. I have not seen the material upon which Allen based his Pa!@ospiza from the Amyzon Shales of Colorado (Eocene?). Should it be found to belong in that genus, it may, for the sake of designation and record, be subsequently known as P. hatcheri for its discoverer. The mandibles of P. bella Allen were not found. Any part of the skeleton of small finches or sparrows from the Tertiary will, among the vertebrata, stand in the category of the rarest of fossils, and it is not at all likely that any number of them will ever be found. Proictinia gilmorei gen. et sp. nov. (Plate LV, Fig. 27.) Museum label: “No. 6852. Long Island, Phillips Co. Kansas, Lower Pliocene, Loup Fork Formation. Col. J. B. Hatcher. 1884. Material: The right coracoid of a medium-sized raptorial bird; adult, nearly perfect. This coracoid belonged to some species more or less related to the Kites. I have compared the bone with the corresponding one in the skeletons of many diurnal and nocturnal (Striges) birds of prey. It is not an owl. It is not far removed from such genera as [bycter or Mileus or Ictinia. The bone has an approximate height of 28 millimeters, and it is trans- versely broad. The articular facet for the sternum on its infero-posterior 302 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, aspect is extensive, and occupies the entire width of the bone. The glehoid cavity is likewise of considerable size and of crescentic contour. Below the scapular process, in the upper third of the bone, there is found the usual perforating elliptical foramen for the nerve that passes through there It is close to the mesial margin, while in owls it is generally near the middle of the shaft. The general form of this coracoid is well shown in the Plate LV, Fig. 27. I here propose the name for this now extinct species of kite of Proictinia gilmorei,' naming it for Mr. Charles Whitney Gilmore, the custodian of the fossil birds of the Department of Vertebrate Felevotology: of the U. S. National Museum. Bird (indetermined). Label: “187 (5374) 300 feet S. W. of Pt. 27. Sept. 15-0.” Coracoid of bird. C. W. Gilmore. E.G. Woodruff. Eocene. Cat. No. 7629. U.S. Nat. Mus.” Material: Fragment of matrix exhibiting upon it a nearly complete im- pression of the right coracoid of a bird, together with the fossil of the bone for its upper third. This would appear to be the coracoid of some medi- um-sized duck,— one of the River Ducks. As the majority of the Eocene ducks were species yet occurring in the existing avifauna of N. America, it is quite likely that this coracoid may have come from the skeleton of some such species of duck, and one still to be found among the North American Anseres. I have compared this fossil specimen with the right coracoids of a number of existing genera and species of medium sized ducks, and it comes quite close to some of them. One would hardly be warranted, however, in making a positive reference in this case; for on the one hand the fossil material is not sufficiently extensive for the purpose, and on the other, the material in the collections of the U. S. National Mu- seum, representing skeletons of existing species of ducks, does not yet admit of making exhaustive comparisons, and a large’ part of it has not been pre- pared properly for work of that nature. Under these circumstances, it would be as well to have th‘s fossil stand until such time as it can be com- pared w:th the corresponding bone as it occurs in the skeletons represent- ing the entire series of existing Anseres. (See Plate LV, Figs. 21 and 22.) ‘Genus; Pro, (Gr. r96, before), and iktinos, (Gr. ixrivos, a Kite). _ Shufeldt, Further Studies of Fossil Birds. 303 _ EXPLANATION OF PLATES. he figures in the Plates are reproductions of photographs made by the author Priate LI. les on this type specimen correctly, i. e. “E” for external, and “In” for 2al, and this clearly points to the fact that he was aware that this end of the bone He Midd woshles of the File tonsc-net : Priate LII. _ Pedal phalangeal joint of Diatryma ajar. (Basal one of mid-anterior it. size, dorsal aspect. The line of fracture is plainly seen. Type. gS. Middle trochlea of left tarso-metatarsus of Diatryma ajaz, seen upon eriol aspect. Nat. size. Type. Line of fracture from the shaft below. ‘ig. 6. Outer trochlea of the right tarso-metatarsus of Diatryma gigantea. re, anterior aspect, re Cares eve cea Ces Nine oe Ce below. Cope’s type. (See Fig. 3, Plate LI.) . Middle trochlea of the right tarso-metatarsus of Diatryma glade Venterior view, with the line of fracture from the shaft, below. Lam Fig. 2, Plate LI.) Prate LIII. i“ ALA Dhalaligeal. joint. of Diatryma ajax. Nat. size; i illateideoent. ‘ig. 4, Plate LIL.) Type. Fig. 9. SEtiiis tenchlda. of left. tareo-metataraus-of, Diaiynesaien: elias wpon osterior aspect. Nat.size. Type. (See Figs. 5 of Plate LILI and 14 of Plate LIV.) _ Fig. 10. One of the small pedal phalangeal joints of the foot of Diatryma ajar. size, and, if it belonged to the right foot, it is the inner aspect. Type. a Fig. 11. Outer trochlea of the right tarso-metatarsus of Diatryma gigantea. Nat. size; posterior aspect, with the line of fracture from the shaft, below. Cope’s type. (See Fig. 6, Plate LII and Fig. 3, Plate LI.) Tee, ete Middle trochlea of the right tarso-metatarmus of Diciryma gigantea Nat. size, posterior aspect, with the line of fracture from the shaft, below. Cope’s type. (See Fig. 2, Plate LI; Fig. 7, Plate LH and Fig. 16, Plate LIV.) ; 304 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, Puate LIV. Fig. 13. Pedal phalangeal joint of Diatryma ajax. (Basal one of mid-anterior toe?) Nat.size,lateralaspect. Type. (See Fig. 4, Plate LII and Fig. 8, Plate LIIL.) Fig. 14. Middle trochlea of left tarso-metatarsus of Diatryma ajax, viewed upon inner aspect. Nat. size. Type. (See Fig. 5, Plate LI and Fig. 9, Plate LIL.) Fig. 15. Outer trochlea of the right tarso-metatarsus of Diatryma gigantea. © Nat. size, inner aspect. The line of fracture from the shaft is below. Cope’s type. (See Fig. 3, Plate LI; Fig. 6, Plate LII and Fig. 11, Plate LIII.) Fig. 16. Middle trochlea of the right tarso-metatarsus of Diatryma gigantea. Nat. size, outer aspect, with the line of fracture from the shaft, below. Cope’s type. (See Fig. 2, Plate LI; Fig. 7, Plate LII and Fig. 12, Plate LIII.) Puate LV. (All the Figures in this Plate are natural size.) Fig. 17. Right humerus, anconal aspect of some bird as yet not determined. Possibly belonged to some of the medium-sized Corvide. Fig. 18. Dorsal aspect of the superior mandible of some gallinaceous bird (Bonasa?) Figs. 19, 20. Radii of some gallinaceous bird and very possibly Bonasa umbellus. Fossil. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Fig. 21. Fossil head of right humerus of a bird, sublateral aspect. Apparently belonged to some species of River Duck, but as yet not determined. Its matrix is shown in Fig. 22. Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. Fig. 22. Matrix that contained a bird’s fossil coracoid, the head of the latter being shown in Fig. 21 above. No. 7629, Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. Fig. 23. Fossil left carpo-matacarpus of abird. Incomplete and not determined. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bones shown in Figs. 24 and 25, probably belonged to the same skeleton. Adult. Fig. 24. Fossil radius of some bird; middle of shaft. See description under Fig. 23 above. Not determined. Fig. 25. Fossil left ulna of some bird. Distal two-thirds. Imperfect. See description under Figs. 23 and 24 above. Material too fragmentary for reference. Fig. 26. Lateral aspect of the fossil ungual joint of hallux of an extinct eagle (Aquila antiqua). Adult. Imperfect. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Fig. 27. Anterior view of the fossil right coracoid of an extinct raptorial bird. (Proictinia gilmorei). Adult. Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. Fig. 28. Fossil superior mandible of some small conirostral bird. Adult. Viewed from above. Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. Description in the text. Fig. 29. Dorsal aspect of the right accessory or first metatarsal of Haliwetus , leucocephalus. Fossil. Adult. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. : Fig. 30. Distal extremity of right tarso-metatarsus. Fossil. Adult. Ante- rior view. Some gallinaceous bird of rather large size. Not determined. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Figs. 31, 32. Fossil right tarso-metatarsus; anterior view. Apparently some gallinaceous bird to which the toe-joint (Fig. 32) also belonged. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Too fragmentary for reference. Description in the text. 90% Beuretin A. M.N. H. Vou. XXXII, Pcare LIL DIATRYMA GIGANTEA ( ‘ope Buuietin A. M. N. H. Vou. XXXII, Pratre LII. DIATRYMA. Figs. 4, 5, D. ajaz ap. nov.; Figs. 6, 7. D. gigantea Cope. Pe | i Buiter A. M.N. H. Vou. XXXII, Prare LUI DIATRYMA. Figs. 8, 9, 10, D. ajaz ep. nov.: Figs. 11, 12. D. gigantea Cope coe Buuietin A, M.N. H. Vou. XXXII, Prare LIV. DIATRYMA. Figs. 13, 14, D. ajaz sp. nov.; Figs. 15, 16, D. gigantea Cope, Bourertin A. M. N. H. Vou. XXXII, Pirate LV. Fosstt Brrps (various species) Beiietin A. M.N. H. Vou. XXXII, Prare LVI, Buiietin A. M. N. H. Vou. XXXII, Prare LVII. INDETERMINED GALLINACEOUS Burp. _ Boiierrm A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, Prare LVIII. GALLINACEOUS Birps. Figs. 70, 80, 85. Meleagria gallopavo Figs. 81-84, 86-88, Palaophasianus mele groides ap. Noy Bouuretin A. M. N. H. Vou. XXXII, Prare LIX. MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO. ‘Shufeldt, Further Studies of Fossil Birds. 305 -36; 38, 40, 41, 43, 44. Fossil pedal phalangeal joints and claws of the “ Eagle (Halietus leucocephalus). Adult. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. 7. MMe canes’ Quand ant sass coe amet ce 3 leucocephalus. Anterior aspect. Adult. See description under Fig. | ni 87. Same collection. “gg clie fol bones so eats t atactie Sx cccapactnn: + i ee Coll. Fig, 46. Right ulna, palmar aspect. (See also Figs. 18, 19, 20 of Plate LV.) Figs. 47-52. Various vertebre; the first two and last two seen on dorsal view. Figs 53-55. Humeri. Fig. 53 nearly perfect. Left; anconal aspect. Fig. 55. pen moet gs. 56-59. Carpo-metacarpi. The first two nearly perfect. z. 60. Eiiiask view of lefi esepule. Imperfect. Distal point broken off. ‘Figs. 61-63. Tarso-metatarsi. Fig. 61 anterior and Fig. 63 posterior views. 63 lateral. gg. OA, 65. Coracoids. Fig. 64 posterior view; head lost. Fig. 65 right oid, anterior surface. gs. 66-68. Tibio-larsi; posterior, lateral and anterior views respectively. gs. 69-72. Femora. Fig. 69 left limb, inner view; 70 left limb, posterior left limb, anterior view, and 72 from left pelvic limb, external or outer view. Piate LVII. Piate LVIII. Fig. 79. Left tarso-metatarsus of an adult Meleagris gallopavo. Nat. size; an- terior view. Male bird. Collection U. 8. Nat. Mus. s Fig. 80. Left tarso-metatarsus of a female or subadult specimen of Meleagris gallopavo. Nat. size; anterior view. Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. These two bones (Fig. 79, 80) are from a burial mound adjoining the ruin of Puye, N. Mexico, and were 306 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIL. collected by F. W. Hodge of the Bureau of Ethnology, U. 8. Nat. Mus., and K. M. Chapman of the School of American Archeology (Santa Fé). They are prehistoric, and will be fully deseribed by me in another connection. They are useful here for the purposes of comparison of a number of the figures. Figs. 81-84, 86-88. Fossil bones of the extinct bird Paleophasianus mdtiaieatiiens (Extinct). See description in the text. Fig. 81, distal extremity of the tarso-meta- tarsus; Fig. 82, superior moiety of the tarso-metatarsus; anterior view; partly covered with matrix. Figs. 83, 84, 86 and 87, portions of shaft, and apparently the shaft of the tibio-tarsus. Fig. 85. Right femur of a Meleagris gallopavo, juv. or small male. Belongs to the collection mentioned under Fig. 80 above. Inner or mesial view, and here intro- duced to compare with figure 88, which latter is the lower end of the tibio-tarsus of Paleophasianus meleagroides, and not a femur, as might be supposed. Puate LIX. Fig. 89. Distal extremity of left ulna (fossil) Meleagris gallopavo. Nat. size; palmar aspect. Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. The bones shown in Figs. 92, 93 and 95 all belonged to the same individual. See description in the text. Fig. 90. Anterior two-thirds of the right ulna of Meleagris gallopavo. Belongs to the collection described under Fig. 80 above. Belonged to an old male bird, and here introduced to compare with Fig. 89. Fig. 91. Dorsal view of the fourteenth cervical vertebra of Meleagris gallopavo. (See Fig. 80 and also description in text.) Nat. size. Adult male. Fig. 92. Fossil. Fourteenth cervical vertebra of Meleagris gallopavo. Nat. size. Same individual. Dorsal view. Fig. 93. Fossil osseous calecar of Meleagris gallopavo. From left tarso-meta- tarsus. Inner view. Fig. 94. Left tarso-metatarsus of an old male Meleagris gallopavo. See de- scription under Fig. 80 above. Inner view, and introduced for comparison with Fig. 93. Fig. 95. Fossil left tibio-tarsus of an old male Meleagris gallopavo. Same individual to which the other fossil bones on this Plate belonged. Nat. size, external or outer aspect. Fig. 96. Left tibio-tarsus of Meleagris gallopavo. Old male bird. Belongs to same collection described under Fig. 80 above. Nat. size, outer view, and intro- duced here for comparison with the fossil bone shown in Fig. 95. —— 56.9,33P (1181: 78.9) ; Articl ‘xvu—A ZALAMBDODONT INSECTIVORE FROM THE BASAL EOCENE. By W. D. Marruew. Piates LX anp LXI. In Madagascar, Cuba, South Africa and West Africa there are found living today certain rare little Insectivores with a peculiar type of teeth, _ fundamentally different from those of all other mammals. The Cape Golden Moles (Chrysochloridz) of South Africa, the Tenrecs (Centetes) and ___ smaller relatives in Madagascar, the Solenodon of Cuba and Hayti and the Pacaonycres-- ——f----4 Basal Eocene Jnicaorrerwoous, Sse Oligocene) ks Wactonycres ( Miocene) on he Ge vaphical Distribution ' te Zalambdodont Insectivores = Habitat of living genera. K- Localities of etinet genera ‘Fig. 1. Distribution of Zalambdodonta, shown on North Polar projection. This gives the true geographic relations more nearly correct than does the usual Mercator projection. “Ottershrew”’ (Potamogale) of West Africa, are not closely related — they are usually placed in four distinct families, but they all have this peculiar type of cheek teeth, and were on this account associated by Gill in 1872 as a section of the order Insectivora under the name Zalambdodonta. Their peculiar teeth, separating them off from other mammals, made them of especial interest in morphology, as they appeared to represent 307 ————e 308 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, an intermediate stage between the tritubercular pattern of tooth (from which all the various kinds of mammalian teeth appear to be derived) and the simpler conical teeth of the lower vertebrates. Teeth of somewhat similar type were known among the Jurassic mammals, but until the last few years they were unknown from the Tertiary. In 1891, a fossil species of this group was found in the Miocene of Patagonia by Ameghino, and described as Necrolestes. It was related to the Cape Golden Mole; a better specimen subsequently found by the Princeton Expedition and described by Scott showed that the relationship was not very close and it was placed in a fifth family Necrolestide. But the geographical distribution of these Zalambdodont Insectivores limited entirely to the Ethiopian and Neo- tropical regions, was considered to be strong evidence for a former union of those two continents. On the fact that they had not been found fossil in the northern world was based the conclusion that they had never inhabited it. The incorrectness of this conclusion has been shown during the last decade by a series of discoveries (1903-1910) in the Tertiary of North America, proving that several kinds of Zalambdodonta inhabited this con- tinent in the Oligocene and Lower Miocene.' All of them were new addi- tions to well known faunz; they had not previously been discovered because they were rare, and of minute size. They were not closely related to any of the living forms, nor to Necrolestes; and the evidence is insufficient to say whether they were directly or approximately ancestral to any of them. What they prove is that this group of Insectivora inhabited a portion of the Holarctic region in Mid Tertiary. During last summer’s work in the Eocene of New Mexico, Mr. Walter Granger of the American Museum Expedition secured a very interesting specimen of a Zalambdodont from the Torrejon formation, Basal Eocene. It consists of the under surface of the skull with lower jaws, the upper and lower cheek teeth excellently preserved. The specimen is of minute size and its extraction from a hard silico-caleareous matrix is a remarkable feat of preparation due to the skill and patience of Mr. A. E. Anderson, who has also made enlarged photographs of the prepared specimen. 1 Apternodus Matthew, 1903, Lower Oligocene, Montana. Micropternodus Matthew, 1903, Lower Oligocene, Montana. Xenotherium Douglass, 1906, Lower Oligocene, Montana. Arctoryctes Matthew, 1907, Lower Miocene, 8. Dakota. Apternodus was described from the lower jaw; a well preserved skull with lower jaws was referred to it by Matthew in 1910 and it was placed as a subfamily under the Centetide. Micropternodus was described from a lower jaw; it is regarded by Osborn and Gregory (I think justly so) as related to Solenodon. Xenotherium was described by Douglass from a skull and referred to the Monotreata; its affinity to the Chrysochloridze was stated by Matthew in 1906. The generic name is preoccupied by Xenotherium Ameghino 1904. Arctoryctes was described but not named by Matthew in 1906, and is based upon a humerus. — Mathew, A -Zalamtdodont Insectivore from the Basal Eocene. 309 : is a by the different modern families. The genus and species 5 are new, t the family reference i is gotowared to the Centetide. Itis worthy Palworyctes puercensis gen. et sp. nov. ‘Dentition- 722 upper molars sharply triangular, very wide transversely, with a _ high sub-crescentic outer cusp slightly twinned at the tip, strongly compressed cres- ____ gentic inner cusp, and broad external shelf raised into crests at postero-external and antero-external angles. Last upper molar unreduced, transverse, without metastyle. Lower molars with very high trigonid, protoconid overtopping metaconid, paraconid ee ean molars molars premolars énetsor ie eae «os WE i 2 ' 3 32 ¢. 3 - i 3°°-r 7" 7 «dew - oe <4 ye 2 ++ premolars inelsors ee ‘Fig. 2. Palworyctes puercensis. Side view of skull and jaws, with outlines conjecturally restored. Enlarged three diameters. Am. Mus. No. 15923, type. Torrejon formation, Basal Eocene, New Mexico. _antero-internal, smaller than metaconid, heel small, deeply basined, hypoconid and entoconid prominent. Premolars progressively reduced in size and complexity, the second very small and the first absent. Upper premolars non-molariform, P? very small, simple, somewhat compressed with minute posterior basal cusp. P* a high compressed cusp, with imperfectly separated posterior and no internal cusp. P* with high subtrigonal central cusp, large compressed postero-external, and large, well separated compressed-triangular internal cusp, set somewhat anteriorly; a minute rudiment of the antero-external cusp is also present. A small part of the alveolar border of c' is preserved, indicating that there was no spacing behind it. Upper incisors unknown. Lower premolars simple, p; minute, all with high, simple, moderately compressed principal cusp, and trenchant heel. No internal or anterior cusp on ps. Lower canine with single oval root, the crown not preserved, but ap- parently the tooth was as large as p; and had a small heel-cusp. In front of the canine ————————— 310 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, is an alveolus for a large procumbent or semi-procumbent tooth presumably i i; is if present must have been very small; there are no indications in regard to the develop- ment of i;. The muzzle is seenparatively short, the middle portion of the skull of ~ moderate length and the basicranial region broad and -flat. There are no palatal vacuities, and the posterior border of the palate is a little behind ms. The presence or absence of zygomatic arches cannot be determined. The palatal and basicranial axes are approximately parallel. The otic region is well preserved, and by the skill and care of Mr. Anderson has been extracted from its hard matrix without injury. Its construction is as follows: The auditory prominence is a round eminence rising considerably above (properly below) the level of the basioccipital and separated from it and from the basisphenoid by a well defined suture. Its anterior end is prolonged alongside the basioccipital and basisphenoid in a short ridge sharply crested, but the crest is not extended to take any considerable part in the bulla. On the postero-external face of the promi- nence is the fenestra ovalis, well marked, but not lying in a depression, The meso- tympanic fossa lies anterior and external to the prominence, and on one side a - - === =~ ee een ~ ~ ‘ ! ' ‘ 7 Bi} 7 molars premolars incisors Fig. 3. Paleoryctes puercensis, palatal view of type skull, enlarged three diameters. considerable part of the bulla has been preserved; it roofs over the antero-internal portion of the mesotympanic fossa extending posteriorly alongside the ridge of the auditory prominence just within it and quite distinct from either petrosal or ali- sphenoid. This is apparently a true tympanic ring, and constitutes apparently the whole of the osseous bulla, the petrosal and alisphenoid taking no part in it, although the ridges described above represent in form and position the petrosal and alisphenoid portion of the bulla as developed in other insectivora. The alisphenoid crest is continuous with the post-glenoid crest of the squamosal and with the pterygoid crest, and the foramen ovale lies close in front of it. The posterior lacerate foramen lies behind and somewhat external to the auditory promi- nence, while the carotid canal apparently occupies the deep furrow internal to the prominence and does not perforate the basisphenoid. The alisphenoid canal was apparently not present, a deep groove, incompletely bridged for a short distance, occupying its place. The above data indicate a primitive and generalized Insectivore con- struction, with no indication of Marsupial affinities. In many respects it approaches Microgale which is regarded by Leche and Gregory as the most : Matthew, A Zalambdodont Insectivore from the Basal Eocene. 311 iv ' ‘modern representative of the Zalambdodonta. But the basi- ‘cranial structure appears to be more primitive and is more nearly in accord 1 that of the early Creodonts. This is true 0 ‘the dentition, if the principal cusp be in- egory’s interpretation of this cusp as > be followed, the resemblance to of any real approach. Unquestionably the evidence of this specimen appears to support (Lower Eocene), Wind River the view advocated by Mivart and more recently Basin, Wyoming. supported by Gidley, that the principal cusp of Zalambdodonts is the united paracone and metacone, and that Potamogale __ is the most primitive living genus in this respect, although highly specialized a others. 7 2 2 Fig. 5. Didelphodus absaroke Cope. Crown view of upper, and outer view of lower teath, catarged two diameters. No. 4228, type, Wasatch formation (Lower Eocene), Big x. Es » optim The lower teeth completed from a New Mexico specimen. or comparison of the molar construction in Pal@oryctes with that of ak typical trituberculates as Didelphodus and Ictops, shows a correspond- _—s ene that it is difficult to believe deceptive except upon very convincing In my description of the skull of Apternodus (1910), I pointed out the © apparent homology of the molar and premolar cusps in that genus, the oldest - Zalambdodont then known, and suggested that the peculiar type of molar of the Zalambdodonts had been independently evolved without passing through the typical “tritubercular” stage from which most types of mam- malian molars have been derived. According to the view there expressed the evolution of the molars in Zalambdodonts is exactly illustrated in its 312 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, successive stages by the progressive complication of the premolars. The principal central cusp of the upper molars is the primary cusp; the inner cusp is a later development and those genera like Chrysochloris which have it not, are more primitive in this respect, while Potamogale which approaches nearest to the tritubercular type is the latest development. Leche (1907) and Gregory (1910) had come to much the same conclusion upon different grounds. They showed that Microgale, in which the inner crescent of the upper and heel of the lower molars are very small, is in most respects a very central and primitive type of the group, while Potamogale, in which the inner crescent is large and the central cusp is partly divided into two, is a very specialized and aberrant type. The inference that Microgale and others with inner crescent and heel very slightly developed represented the primitive type of Zalambdodont dentition, seemed well founded. These conclusions are not supported by the present specimen. It is by far the most ancient of Zalambdodonts, and so far as the evidence goes it is in every respect a central and generalized type from which the diverse Fig. 6. Upper molar construction (m2, right side) in: 1, Chrysospalaz (Chrys2chlorida) ; 2, Potamogale, and 3, Paleworyctes (Centetide); 4, Didelphodus, and 5, Paleictops (Leptictide) ; 6, Tritemnodon (Hywnodontide). Hy, hypocone; me, metacone; mi, metaconule; ms, metastyle; pa, paracone; pl, paraconule; ps, parastyle; pr, protocone. modern types are derivable. But the molar construction is nearest to that of Potamogale, and even more than Potamogale it approaches clearly and in all details to the normal tritubercular type, especially that of such early Eocene Insectivora as Didelphodus or Paleictops. The peculiarities that separate it from these types are partially paralleled among the Creodonta, especially the Mesonychide and Hysenodontide, in which groups the evi- dence is conclusive that the normal tritubercular molar with large heels on the lower series and well separated and distinct paracone and metacone on the upper series, is the primary type, from which the various other modi- fications have arisen. The conclusion seems to be very strongly supported that the main cusp of the Zalambdodont upper molar is the connate paracone and metacone of the normal tritubercular molar, and the inner crescent is the protocone. It is by no means so certain whether the Zalambdodont type of molar has been derived from the normal tritubercular, or vice versa, but the evi- 1913.) Matthew, A Zalambdodont Insectivore from the Basal Eocene. 313 __ dence at hand favors the former view. The oldest Tertiary representative a at the group approaches nearest to the trituberculates, while the oldest Ter- _ tiary trituberculates are most typical and there are certain partial parallels _ to the zalambdodont type which are clearly specializations from trituber- os ancestry. There is sufficient morphologic evidence for the unity of origin of the Insectivora and most if not all other placental mammals, to e it very improbable that the Pal@oryctes teeth represent an arrested — dev ent of a pre-tritubercular stage distinct since the Jurassic from the normally tritubercular Jurassic and Cretaceous mammals. The ultimate origin of the tritubercular molar is not here under discus- sion. The conclusions emphas zed are (1) that the Zalambdodont molar has not been independently evolved from the reptilian cone, and (2) that it has probably although not certainly passed through a normal tritubercular stage in its evolution. The construction of the otic bulla is comparable with that in the more primitive Centetide (Oryzorictes and Microgale) and with Solenodon. The crest on the petrosal is suggestive of Oryzorictes as figured by Leche; this is absent in Solenodon; but in all the Centetide there is more or less de- velopment of a tympanic wing on the alisphenoid, lacking in Solenodon and _apparently lacking in Pale@oryctes. The supposed true tympanic ring, some- what displaced inwards in our specimen, accords with Solenodon much better than any other Zalambdodont. But the genus is best interpreted as a central _ type from which the several modern specializations have arisen; and the ____ eonsiderable approach to the Creodonta already noted, is in accord with a this view. In the Chrysochloride the basifacial axis has been sharply ; _ bent downwards upon the basicranium, the bulla is complete, the teeth more specialized. In the construction of the molars this genus approaches nearest to Po- tamogale, but the central cusp is much higher, its twinning is less marked and the inner cusp more compressed. In Potamogale the premolars are not so simply constructed and the muzzle is more elongate. The form of the molars is more like that in some species of Chrysochloride, but in this family the molars are progressively reduced from first to third, the last is not transverse, and p*‘ is fully molariform. In Solenodon the characters of the internal cusp of the upper molars are quite different, p, is ‘ully and p* more nearly molariform and the muzzle is elongate. In the Centetide the crowns of the teeth are to a varying degree lower, the inner crescent of the upper molars smaller, the central cusp is not twinned and the premolars are more complex, p$ more or less completely molariform. 7 The position of the posterior mental foramen under the middle of p, consti- 314 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII. tutes an approximation to the conditions in the Centetide, and in Solenodon and Potamogale, in which it is under m;. In the Chrysochloride it has the normal position under ps. Family reference: Palworyctes appears from the preceding data to be a primitive ancestral type from which any or all of the later Zalambdodonts may be derived. The genus might be placed, according as more weight were laid upon one or another character, in any of the four modern families. There does not seem to be warrant for the erection of a distinct ancestral family; and on the whole the Centetide afford the most convenient resting place for the genus. The question whether the principal cusp of the Zalambdodonts Tepre- sents the paracone-plus-metacone, or the paracone only, of ordinary tritu- berculates is apparently rather nominal than real. So at least I judge from Broom’s remark ! in discussing this point that “ Potamogale seems to me to show not a fusion, but a dwindling of the posterior triangle.” To my mind when the bases of two cones are almost coincident it is more proper to say that they are fused than that the lesser one has dwindled away. But the difference, such as it is, is purely a matter of phrasing, the condition de- scribed is not different. The reverse process might be described either as unequal twinning or as budding off of a new cusp. The difference is one of concept of individuality, not of anything real or material. But in such’ cases as that of Palworyctes or Tritemnodon the conditions can hardly be described otherwise than as a fusion of the two cusps. 1 Annals Natal Gov't Museum, 1909, Vol. II, p. 135. { Bouiertin A. M. N. H. Vou. XXXII, Prate LX. Palaoryctes puercensis, skull, palatal and side views, enlarged five diameters. No. 15923, type. Photo by A. E. Anderson. ‘uosrapuy “Gq "y Aq ‘ojyoyg ‘eddy ‘ezECT ‘ON = ‘sdojoureIp x18 peZieyue ‘sorta Jouur pue doy ‘104N0 ‘saul Jamo] ‘e1eu922end sxpohs0wpoY ‘¢ hm o. Stes Se — ’ “TXT 444g 1IXXX “TOA ‘HN ‘WY Sisa710g ere 56.81,1T: 14.71,5 VIll.— THE SKULL ELEMENTS OF THE PERMIAN > ETRAPODA IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK. _ By Frreprich von Huene, Tisincen. Translated by William K. Gregory. CONTENTS. PAGE. . . . s a ae J . wie . . . . . og 317 g 3 : JIIFAIIISISSSSSSESRSESHELSERE 316 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Ill. Morphological Results . ‘ : 2 : , ‘ : ‘ ee Kf 1. Skull-base and occiput , ; re Meee ys 2. Covering-bones of the scicvigal ‘oles pe the skull : ; : - 879 3. Temporal region ; ; : : ‘ ; ; ; . 881 4. Lacrymal and adlacrymal 384 5. Septomaxillary ‘ - ‘ ; : 385 6. Palate ; ; : ; ; F : A 385 7. Lower jaw 385 IV. Bibliography 386 Preface. In the spring and summer of 1911 I had the opportunity to spend several months in the United States. It had long been my desire to become familiar by personal observation with the rich treasures of fossil Sauropsida in the collections there. I was especially interested in the structure of the Permian Tetrapoda, which had not yet been worked over connectedly. The pre- liminary reports by Case and Williston caused very high expectation. At that time Case had just published his “Revision of the Pelycosauria,” and Williston’s book on the Permian Vertebrates had not yet appeared. So with the highest anticipations I first came to New York. I cannot describe the friendliness with which everything was shown to me in the American Museum of Natural History, where every facility for investigation was given. I owe the warmest thanks to Prof. Osborn, Dr. Matthew, Dr. Gregory and Mr. Granger. Mr. Charles Falkenbach assisted me in examin- ing the Permian collection, with which he is very familiar, and Mr. Charles Christman with great patience and skill prepared for me the brain case of Eryops. The whole four weeks available in New York were devoted to making observations, drawings and notes; the general review ' could only be written at home, after comparison with observations made in other places. This was made easier by the photographs which were most liberally placed at my disposal. A number of negatives were also very kindly made at my suggestion. My warmest thanks are due to Dr. W. K. Gregory for trans- lating this paper from the German and for reading the proofs. With the feeling of gratitude I submit especially to my American col- leagues the observations recorded below, for their criticism and for their service. : (Signed) Friedrich von Huene. Tiibingen, Nov. 1, 1912. 1 120 species of Amphibians and reptiles from the red Permian and Upper Carboniferous of North America have been described up to the present time. (lacrymal auct.). = “ear. Entrance for carotis interna. . Ch. Choana: (internal ra oe m. Foramen magn F. ov. Fenestra ea 6 (vestibuli). _ FP. p. Foramen parietale. __ F. q. Foramen quadrati. Hyp. Fossa for the hypophysis. } te J. Jugal. ___L. Laerymal (prefrontal auct.). as lat. lateral (external). a ee 6 eB c z y ___N.o. Nasal opening. os ope. Opisthotic (paroccipital). Orb. orbit. P. Parietal. P. Perilymphatic vessels. -#.Artiular facet for basipterygoid 1913.) L. Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 317 Abbreviations used in figures. Pa. sph., Ps., Ps. ph. Parasphenoid. P. art. Prearticular (Goniale). p. bpt. Basipterygoid process of ptery- goid. Pf. Postfrontal. Pl. Palatine. P. m. Premaxilla. P Postorbital. Paroccipital (opisthotic). Pro. o. Prootic. Pt. Pterygoid. Q. Quadrate. Qj. Quadratojugal. r. C. Right condyle. Sa. Supraangular. So. Supraoccipital. Spl. Splenial. 8S. t. Sella turcica. Spt. Septum interorbitale. Sq. Squamosal. St. Supratemporal. Stp. Stapes. T. teeth. Tb. Tabulare. Temp. Temporal Opening. Tr. Transverse (ectopterygoid). V. Foramen for a vein. V. Vomer. I. W. First vertebra. I. Exit of olfactory nerve. IL. Exit of optic nerve. V. Exit of trigeminus. VI. Exit of abducens. VII. Exit of facial nerve. VIII. Entrance of auditory nerve. IX-XI Exit of “ vagus group.” X. Exit of vagus. XII. Exit of hypoglossus. Hatched parts in some of the figures (e. g. Fig. 15) are restorations in plaster. 318 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, I. Descriptive SECTION. Eryops megacephalus Cope. Figs. 1-6. So much has been written on the skull of Eryops, by Cope, Case, Branson, Broili and others, that one would scarcely think it possible to contribute any new facts and yet in several not unimportant points it seems to be. Our present knowledge is best presented and sum- marized by Case in his ~ “Revision of the Am- phibia and Pisces of the Permian of North Amer- ica,”’ published December, 1911. Fig. 1. Eryops megacephalus. Forepart of skull. The roa of septo- Amer. Mus. 4188. Wichita Co., Texas. X }. maxillaries, which I am enabled to confirm, can be seen in all of the numerous skulls in the American Museum that have been prepared to any extent. Nor is the parietal foramen ever absent. In adult skulls it is about 5 mm. in diameter. The back of the skull appears to me to differ from previous representations of it, especially as regards the exoccipital and basioccipital. The posterior ‘ Fig. 2. Eryops megacephalus. Occiput. Amer. Mus. 4272. Wichita Basin, Tex. X #4. corner of the upper border of the cranial roof between the auditory notches is formed by two pairs of bones: the dermo-supraoccipitals in the middle, 3 2 _ ingsuture. Thus lying in 1913.) Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 319 3 and the tabularia on the two sides. Below the tabulare on the occiput is the long paroccipital (= opisthotic), plainly separated from the exoccipital. T refer especially to skull No. 4272 (Amer. Mus.). Below the dermo-supra- _ oecipitals there is in this skull a somewhat depressed, triangular bony surface _ which extends to the foramen magnum. This must be the supraoccipital. _A horizontal suture separating it from the dermo-supraoccipitals is not visible, but the depression of the bony surface is uniform throughout and is _ not divided in the middle, while the dermo-supraoccipitals, extending back beyond the posterior edge, are separated by a very distinct and suddenly end- a typical manner upon the primary cartilage bones, supraoccipital and paroc- cipital, are their associated dermal _covering-bones, the dermo-supraoccipital and the tabulare. The ex- occipitals are of consider- able extent. They flank the foramen magnum and bound the supraoccipital below, but they also bound the foramen below and form both condyles. In skull 4272 there is a break through the right exocci- pital just above the con- i ryops magace us. um. Amer. — se ara aed ae ae Wenn Coo er eke On the left the bone is undivided. Base of the cranium. The basioccipital is only visible as a narrow band - between the condyles. It appears as a small triangle on the ventral surface of the base of the skull, and anteriorly is bordered in normal manner by the large basisphenoid. The latter, as shown in longitudinal sections, for some distance forms a scale-like overlap covering the basioccipital beneath it, so that the true extent of the basioccipital is much greater than its apparent extent. No doubt the ligaments of the articular capsule of the joint between skull and neck were inserted also on the hinder ventral border of the ex- occipitals, so that the participation of the exoccipital betékens only a 320 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, gradually increasing ascendancy. The basisphenoid imperceptibly passes forward into the long and stout parasphenoid; although the former is a cartilage bone and the latter a covering bone a boundary between them cannot be seen. The basisphenoid has stout and long lateral basipterygoid processes, on to the facets of which the pterygoid is attached. The hind process of the pterygoids and the front one of the quadrate together form a vertical, backwardly directed thick wall of bone, which makes it very diffi- cult to see the lateral wall of the brain case and its perforations; the latter may best be seen with the aid of a small mirror. Brain case. An examination of the outer and inner sides of the brain Fig. 4. Eryops megacephalus. Base of cranium. Amer. Mus. 4272. X }. case (made possible by two longitudinal sections which Mr. Ch. Christman prepared) resulted as follows: first, that the twelfth pair of cranial nerves (hypoglossus) is lacking; secondly, that the whole auditory capsule buds off laterally and is almost constricted off in a separate bony chamber. Issuing from the auditory chamber of the brain ease in a postero-anterior series appear first the perilymphatic vessels and above them probably a vein (not the jugular); in front follows the great fenestra ovalis, in which (in skull No. 4188 and 4272 and according to Case also in a skull in the Uni- versity of Michigan) rests a stapes about 4 em. long. A little in front of the otic opening lies the aperture of the Fallopian canal, through which the facial nerve passes. Behind the above-named openings and quite close to the condyles lies the exit of the vagus group (IX-XI). Possibly the Fig. 5. Eryops megacephalus. Lateral wall of brain-case. A, with the pterygoid in place; B, with the pterygoid removed. P, foramen for perilymphatic vessels, V, foramen for a vein. V, foramen for trigeminus. Amer. Mus. 4188. x }. Amer. Mus. 4178. B, Right side, Amer, Mus. 4178. OC, Right side Amer. Mus. 4188. All Fig. 6. Eryops megacephalue. Longitudinal sections of brain case. A, Left side, . M xi. 321 322 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, jugular vein also emerges here, or else together with the perilymphatic vessels. On the inside and in front of the otic diverticulum, obliquely above the sella turcica, are seen two entrances for the branches of the trigeminus, and these two also appear on the outside in front of the insertion of the vertical flanges of the pterygoids. Three centimeters further forward and somewhat lower is the opening for the optic nerve. The exits of the third and fourth nerves I could not see, nor was I certain of the foramina for the abducens which are to be sought in the floor of the brain, directly behind the sella turcica. Lysorophus tricarinatus. Figs. 7-10. Lysorophus also has given rise to an extensive literature by Cope, Case, Broili and Williston. The description and interpretation of this little skull have undergone great changes and for that reason especially it is still well worthy of study. I studied 9 skulls in New York and 24 in Tiibingen; these (in Tiibingen) vary in length between 12 and 40 mm. (actually 37, but in this skull a portion was missing). It is at once noticeable that the sides of the skull are scarcely ossified; _ the orbit is not surrounded by bones and the skull roof and palate are con- nected only at the tip of the snout, and not on the base of the skull. The premaxille are small and in No. 4761 give off anteriorly only quite short ascending processes. In a specimen in Tiibingen they bear about 6 narrow sharp little teeth; in the same specimen the maxille bear about 10 similarly com- pressed, but somewhat larger, teeth. The maxilla is narrow and long. It sie i pruebas tricarinatus. yeaches forward to the nasal opening and Mus 4701, Baylor Co, Tex. x 24, according to Case is in contact with the tip of the lacrymal. On the roof of the skull the paired nasals, frontals and parietals follow in sections of almost equal length; the parietals, however, being a little longer than either of the others. A parietal foramen I could not distinguish. The median suture between the parietals is now strongly and irregularly jagged, now almost straight and only finely notched, but the hinder borders of the parietals always have some deep lateral zig-zags, which become stronger laterally. The parietals form the lateral margins of the skull roof, led hd SS See 1913.) Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 323 , se but next to the frontals and nasals a long narrow lacrymal intrudes, and extends to the nasal opening, as Case assumes, and as I can verify in a _ Tiibingen specimen. The parietals are bounded behind by three bones, See median one of which is the supraoccipital. This is almost as long as ____ the frontal; behind the parietals it begins moderately broad, is then con- my _ siderably constricted and then attains its greatest breadth, again becoming _ marrow and bounding the foramen magnum at its highest point. The : : ; A broad hinder half of the supraoccipital bears a median sagittal crest. The ____ pair of bones that flank the supraoccipital behind the parietals I regard as _ -supratemporals. Anteriorly, next to the parietals, they form long, deep zig-zags; the outermost one especially in many skulls is long and finger-like. Fig. 8. Lysorophus tricarinatus. ioe A, Amer. Mus. 4761. B,C, Amer. Mus. Case collection, no number. Circa }. D.So, supratemporal. Next to these the parietal forms a backwardly directed spur, thus bounding a small part of the lateral border. Next to this the squamosal, forming a small zig-zag, encroaches upon the supratemporal. The latter is bounded posteriorly by the supraoccipital and exoccipital. Temporal region. Since the whole periphery of the orbits remains unossified, there appear on the side of the skull only two bones: the large, long, rod-shaped quadrate, directed obliquely forward, and a small squa- mosal covering the attachment of the quadrate. The squamosal consists of two branches, one on the skull roof, directed forward, and one on the quadrate, directed backward. In form it may be compared with a sharply bent sickle. As a narrow strip it follows the lateral margin of the skull roof from the supratemporal to the mid-length of the parietal. The squa- 324 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, mosal is pointed below and overlies the quadrate for half its length, lying chiefly on the outer border, if it is not displaced, as it very frequently is. The quadrate is broader above than below. In No. 4761 the squamosal is displaced backward and so the quadrate shows the surface usually covered by the squamosal; this surface bears a depression in which the squamosal fits. The lower end of the quadrate bears a gracefully arched trochlea. The length of the quadrate is about two-fifths to one-half of the skull-length. The quadrate is inclined forward at an angle of about 45°. The back of the skull is interesting and until now has never been accurately described in detail. Some of it can be made out in one of the NewYork skulls, but it can best be seen in some of the skulls in Tiibingen which I have worked out of the matrix myself.1_ The foramen magnum is bounded above entirely by the supraoccipital and laterally by the exoccipitals, which form the greater part of itsmargin. The large condyle is crescent-shaped; its outer two thirds project strongly, they are formed from the exoccipitals; the deeper depression is formed from the basioccipital. This condyle is in- termediate between the true reptilian condyle ose peaceligeromiiige cn 2 and the true amphibian condyle; as com- lection, no number. Circa , pared with that of Eryops the basioccipital is. yeeros Po., par- is here a little more prominent, but in prin- i ciple they do not differ. However, the structure of the condyle also shows a great resemblance to that of Theromorphs and of Turtles. Where the exoccipital, the supraoccipital and the supratemporal meet well preserved skulls (3) show a vacuity in the bone which I assume to be the homologue of the post-temporal open- ing of other Amphibia and Reptilia; this serves for the exit of the veins. Coalesced without suture with the exoccipital (a condition also frequent elsewhere) is what I take to be the opisthotic (= paroccipital). Since these elements cannot be separated, I shall speak here only of the exocci- pital. From that part of the exoccipital which belongs to the condyle, a long process passes obliquely outward and forward; between it and the upwardly directed part of the exoccipital there is a deep insiaking of the surface of the bone and I suspect that in the deepest part of this were the exits of the vagus group and of the perilymphatic vessels. Higher up, right near the border of the supratemporal, behind the upper posterior corner 1 The figures of this Tiibingen skull are not given here but elsewhere (Anatom. Anz. 43, 1913, p. 393). ee ee ‘ j 1 E q e = 5 : J \ “aie : me z = _ 7 ae , ‘ne --1913.) Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 325 Arts f tal a ee. the squamosal and the origin of the quadrate, one finds a circular, deep a and sharply bordered insinking which I take to be the fenestra ovalis opr (vestibuli). Base of the cranium. The basioccipital on its lower surface is almost als completely covered by the basisphenoid. In one of the New York specimens the basisphenoid shows a small short embayment in the middle of the hinder border; in another, behind the border of the basisphenoid, which has a similar embayment, one sees the basioccipital appearing as a narrow strip. - In a Tiibingen specimen the same embayment of the basisphenoid is dis- _ eernible, and in it also the basioccipital is visible; for the rest the basisphe- noid here reaches to the border of the condyle, but on both sides of the border / = Gre, Bo A Fig. 10. Lysorophus tricarinatus. Underside of skull. Amer. Mus. Case Collection, | mo numbers. Circa }. of the basisphenoid and below the exoccipital part of the condyle occurs a quite small tuber of the basioccipital; between this and the lower lateral process of the exoccipital is a deep groove on either side, which I identify as the entrance for the carotids. The palatal side of the skull is not quite completely preserved in any of the specimens examined by me. One of the New York skulls shows a broad basisphenoid, and in front an equally broad-based parasphenoid which becomes narrower anteriorly and extends to near the inner nasal openings. The same skull shows two large, elongate internal nares, separated by a narrow bridge; also, on the right side the dentition. Case mentions the vomerine teeth arranged in the form of a horseshoe. One of the Tiibingen skulls (the one with the well preserved occiput) shows the broad basisphe- 326 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, noid and parasphenoid, yet without discernible boundary between them. On both sides the quadrate articulation appears somewhat lower than the palate and on the better preserved right side, on the longitudinal border of the skull-base and between the latter and the quadrate, one sees a narrow, anteriorly broadening band forming a steep bony flange, which I hold to be the hinder end of the pterygoid; its hinder end is attached to the quadrate. In several examples the lower jaw is preserved. Corresponding to the forward inclination of the quadrate, it [the jaw] is considerably shorter than the skull itself. The two halves meet in a point at the symphysis, whereas the tip of the skull is broad and blunt. The right ramus of No. 4761 in New York and three specimens in Tiibingen show good side views. In front of the articular region the lower jaw, in the region of the supraangular, forms a moderately ascending part, which regularly decreases in height anteriorly. Below the highest point, in the middle of jaw, is a great oval perforation, bounded above by the supraangular and below by the angular; the anterior tip of this perforation reaches even in front of the dentary. _ The articular forms a postarticular process in which the angular also partici- pates. The latter does not quite reach to below the toothed part of the dentary. I am in doubt whether to interpret a weak line on the highest part of the New York jaw as a suture or not. In the Tiibingen specimens I have no definite confirmation of it. Several skulls show in the view from below a stout and long splenial, which also participates in the symphysis. The dentition of the dentary is limited to the front half and does not extend as far back as does that of the maxillary. The hyobranchial apparatus is well known. It consists of a series of four pairs of little rods with thickened ends, as described and figured by Williston, and as also shown in the Tiibingen specimens. Gymnarthrus willoughbyi Case. Figs. 11-14. This form is known from two small skulls 16 millimeters long, both in very good preservation, which have been satisfactorily described by Case and by Broom. It is only in regard to the occiput that I have something to add, and I interpret the temporal region somewhat differently. In con- trast to Lysorophus, the circumorbital region is here ossified. Roof of the skull. The premaxille are small and provided with short ascending processes; they bound the nasal openings anteriorly and on the lower half. In No. 4892 the extreme tip of the snout is damaged, but the a eee a a ee eee 1913.] Von Huene; Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 327 hinder half of the premaxille is still preserved; from this I estimate that the _ entire premaxilla bore 4 teeth. In No. 4673 the tip of the snout is wanting. The nasals, frontals, parietals, are not very different from each other in length. Their limiting sutures all run from the median line obliquely _ backward. The nasals and frontals are equal in breadth, the latter do not extend to the orbits. The parietals are broader. They enclose in their _ midst a small oblong parietal foramen. Toward the rear the parietals are _ bounded by two large dermo-supraoccipitals meeting in the mid-line. On Fig. 11. Gymnarthrus willoughbyi. Skull-tops. A, Amer. Mus. 4673. North side of Big Wichita River, Tex. 8, Amer. Mus. 4892. Willbarger Co., Tex. x }. the outer side of these and on the hinder half of the parietals adjoin the supra- temporals, forming the postero-lateral corners of the skull. Side of the skull. The orbit is surrounded normally. The long low maxilla (in No. 4892) is beset with 8 broad, pointed, anteroposteriorly com- pressed teeth. Above it follows a long adlacrymal, which forms the whole front border of the orbit and extends to the nasal opening. Above the orbits the lacrymal and postfrontal meet, the lacrymal reaching to the middle of the distance between the orbits and the nasal opening, while the long narrow postfrontal extends back to the supratemporal. Below this follows 328 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, a small postorbital, the rest of the orbital boundary being formed by a sharply angulate, narrow jugal, which, however, is not fully preserved in either of the two skulls. Between the jugal and the quadrate is a deep high excision in the bony surface, somewhat similar to that of lizards. In both Fig. 12. Gymnarthrus willoughbyi. A, Side of skull. Amer. Mus. 4892. Temporal region and orbit. Amer. Mus. 4892. ©, Side of skull. Amer. Mus. 4673. X 4. skulls, especially on the left side of No. 4673 and on the right side of No. 4892, one finds within this excision and below the supratemporal and postorbital a long, fragmentary piece of bone. Case, whose “prosquamosal” is the same as our squamosal, his “squamosal” being equivalent to our supra- 1913.) | __Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 329 _ temporal, considered it to be the squamosal of our terminology, and Broom _ took it to be a continuation of the jugal. I also think it most probable that _ it belongs to the jugal and in No. 4673 perhaps partly to the postorbital. ce . Of a quadrato-jugal there is no trace. : The quadrate is long and rod-shaped, much as in Lysorophus, but less sharply inclined forward. As in Lysorophus the quadrate in its upper half is covered by a small hammer-shaped squamosal, which, however, in No. 4892 is unfortunately incomplete. This in its upper broad part touches the supra- and especially the dermo-supra-occipital. The anterior tip is op lb DSo Fig. 13. Gymnarthrus willoughbyi. Occiput. A, Amer. Mus. 4673. B, Amer. Mus. 4802. xf. . broken off; probably it extended along the border of the supratemporal to the jugal; for this no great length was required. Here and in Lysorophus the squamosal is still clearly revealed as the primitive covering-bone of the quadrate, a fact which once misled even Gaupp into applying the name paraquadratum in certain groups, until he admitted its identity with the squamosal. Very interesting is the occiput. Behind the dermo-supraoccipitals there is a median acute-angled space, bordered by a narrow band of the supraoccipi- tal. But even this does not border the foramen magnum; on the con- trary, the exoccipitals send up narrow off-shoots which surround the fora- 330 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, men magnum and unite above it, so that the supraoccipital is separated from it. Paired condyles are present, in form like those of Eryops. The processes surrounding the foramen start out from either condyle. Although no sutures are discernible around the condyles, I assume that these are Fig. 14 Gymnarthrus willoughbyi. Underside of skull. A, Amer. Mus. 4673. B, Amer. Mus. 4892. X }. chiefly formed from the exoccipitals. A long process beginning next to each condyle and directed outward and downward as a concave arch I regard as the paroccipital. Behind the lateral posterior corner of the dermo-supra- occipital and in particular behind the supratemporal, there is a small bony element which from its position can only be identified as the tabulare. Be- low the latter is a large circular fossa which I regard as the auditory fossa with the fenestra ovalis. The under side of the skull shows a great broad basisphenoid overlapped by a narrower, but still relatively broad, parasphenoid, which is sharply pointed both in front and behind. Posteriorly the basisphenoid of No. 4892 . 1913) . Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 331 . , =a a small pointed median embayment, as in Lysorophus; in No. 4673 it even shows a blunt, backwardly pointed median tip. In this specimen a the condyles are very well preserved and on the mid-line a most reach the _ tip of the basisphenoid. I suspect that the basioccipital as in Eryops is located here, but is quite small and does not share much in the formation of the condyles, but since the sutures are not discernible the question remains In No. 4892 the condyles, especially in their lower half, are badly pre- _ served, and I think that matrix still adheres between them so that the real _ distance between the basisphenoid and the inferior angle between the ____ condyles is much less than it seems; compare No. 4673. Accompanying the jae parasphenoid anteriorly is a broad pterygoid with a narrow process (No. ’ 4892) directed toward the quadrate. In front of it lies the palatine, on either side of the tip of the parasphenoid. Its anterior and lateral limits, as well as the internal nares, are covered by the lower jaw. ‘The lower jaw in the region of the supraangular has a rather high, steeply __ ascending*process. On the lower border, extending from behind forward to the region below the highest part of the ascending process, appears the angulare, in the lateral view of the lower jaw; in front of the angulare, in _ the same view, the splenial is visible for a short distance. The greatest part of the lower jaw is formed externally from the dentary. The lower jaws of both skulls are also visible from below, and they show that the _ splenials participated in the symphysis. Diadectes. Figs. 15-18, 20-29. Top and Side of the Skull. The fine skull No. 4839 (D. phaseolinus) shows on the outside no clearly discernible sutures, so that Broom’s figures remain hypothetical. On the other hand, a skull of D. molaris (No. 4352) shows very clear sutures. The premaxillaries, which extend to the middle of the nares, send upward rather short, pointed median processes (to be seen only on the left side, since the right side has been repaired with plaster). The maxillary is not very high and extends to a point below the middle of the orbit, where it unites with the jugal in a deeply interdigitating suture. It [the maxillary] is pushed away from the border of the orbit by the adlacrymal and the jugal. The adlacrymal is fairly narrow and reaches from the orbit to the nasal opening, cutting into the nasal above in the form of an arch. The nasals are separated at their tips by the premaxillaries and border on the frontals 332 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, with a very acutely zig-zag suture. The median suture of the frontals in its hinder half is regularly and deeply serrate, in its anterior half it runs an - asymmetrical course. The frontals are separated from the orbits by the A Fig. 15. Diadectes molaris. Skull-top. Amer. Mus. 4352. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex.. X 3. sieleel rather small lacrymals and postfrontals. 'The most medial part of the suture between frontal and parietal is here not discernible. But on this point aid | is rendered by the inside of the skull roof in another skull of the same species Avice 2 yall ee a Ae a FO Raha T igat AX ot ey ae _ -i eae nS 1913.) Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 333 (No. 4838). The difference in the more precise course of these sutures in the two skulls may be explained by the fact that one observation is made ___ on the external surface, the other on the internal surface. The parietals _____ enelose the very large parietal foramen (2 cm. in diameter). The parietals _____ are much broader than long. They give off obliquely in a postero-lateral _____ direction a long process. Behind the parietals the large dermo-supraoccipi- ____ tals still lie on the upper side. In No. 4352 they are incomplete and on both _____ Sides they are bounded by holes which have been filled up with plaster. _____ Behind the dermo-supraoccipitals follows the large, gable-like supraoccipital. Fig. 16. A, Diadectes sp. Back part of skull-top. A, Amer. Mus. 4559. Dundee, Archer Co., Tex. Xj}. B, D. molaris Amer. Mus. 4838. X }. Anteriorly, next the frontals, the parietals are bounded by the postfrontals. Behind these and next to the parietals and their long posterior prolongations is the large postorbital. It has a narrow border on the orbit, surrounds the _ posterior part of the postfrontal, and grows wider posterosuperiorly. Poste- riorly it touches the supratemporal and squamosal. The suture between these two begins at the end of the parietal processes. The squamosal is narrow and long. Superiorly it adjoins the small scale-like supratemporal and tabulare. Behind the parietal process and supratemporal a sharp axial ridge runs back, separating the tabulare, which is lateral to it, from the dermo-supraoccipital and supraoccipital. The tabulare is thus bounded by the two last named bones, by the supratemporal and by the squamosal. Behind and below it is the paroccipital. 304 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, In the well preserved skull No. 4352 a great part of the temporal region with the quadrate is lacking. The form of this part is indeed known from several other skulls, but these show hardly any sutures. In skull 4839 I can make out the suture figured by Broom between the jugal and quadrato- Fig. 17. Diadectes molaris. .Right side of skull. Amer. Mus. 4352. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. X }. jugal. The upper border of the quadratojugal, separating it from the squamosal, I can not see. A depression is present where Broom indicates the suture, but the latter is not demonstrable. In No. 4352 at the lower broken surface of the squamosal one can see in the cross section that the squamosal embraces the upper end of the quadrate with a deep postero- internally directed concavity. This glenoid-like relation of the squamosal to the quadrate is shown in a horizontal cross section through the quadrate in No. 4675 [Fig. 18]. The contact of the pterygoid with the inner wing of the quadrate is also clearly seen. Especially important is a part of a skull roof (No. 4378) which strongly suggests Nothodon lentus Marsh (Fig. section through the quairete, Amen 0) sae Sith IOs Soca Mus. 4675. X }. B, Cross section through round a fairly large parietal foramen. sane uaa mvang memes The sharply bordered hole for the epiphysis widens below in the thick bone; at the same time the epiphysial concavity on the inner side of the bone is prolonged forward to the borders of the parietals and is also probably continued forward into the frontals. Anteriorly the parietals ex- tend more than 1} centimeters under the frontals. At their hinder borders the parietals are so coalesced with the dermo-supraoccipitals that it is hard .to find the suture; internally it is easy to recognize, but it does not cor- respond completely with the outer suture on account of the thickness of the Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 335 " Posteriorly the parietal is prolonged into a long, laterally pointed rocess which on the right side is surrounded by a finely serrate suture. iteral to this is the supratemporal. Fig. 19. ?Nothodon lentus. A, Occiput viewed from above. B, Occiput viewed from the inside. Amer. Mus. 4378. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. X 4. Dorsal openings in the temporal region. A peculiar fact which has also been noted by Case is that in quite a series of normal skulls two openings 336 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, in the hinder half of the skull roof are indisputably present. Diadectes — molaris skull No. 4370, 18 centimeters long, shows two symmetrically placed round openings, about 3 centimeters in diameter, 1 cm. behind the parietal foramen, and 2} cm. distant from each other. The borders in some places are so clear that one cannot doubt their existence and the under side of the skull shows a well preserved palate with complete dentition, so that one can- not doubt its reference to Diadectes. It is scarcely possible to assume, there- Fig. 20. Diadectes molaris. Skull showing openings in the temporal region. A, skull- top. B, Under side of skull. Amer. Mus. 4370. Wichita Basin, Tex. X 3. fore, that the distribution of the bones of the skull-roof was essentially different from what has been described above, in No. 4352. Further, the openings in question are in the region of the parietal processes and adjoin- ing elements, especially the lateral halves of the dermo-supraoccipital. In another skull, Diadectes phaseolinus, No. 4859, there are long openings, pointed at either end, 63 cm. apart, in about the region of the upper supratemporal and squamosal. In skull 4353 in a corresponding position Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 337 | deep grouves which however, apparently do not quite pierce the Skull 4839 also shows something of this. But in the two first-named Fig. 21. D. molaris. Underside of skull. Amer. Mus. 4352. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. Xi. ceive them as probably unexplained vacuities in the ossification of the skull top. Case has also come to the same conclusion. They are probably too large for auditory openings like those of Cyclotosaurus. 338 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, That irregularities occur in this region is shown in the well preserved — skull No. 4352; on both sides of the parietal foramen are little abnormal places, on the right a rugose thickening, on the left a small sharply defined — hole. It is clear that these occurrences in several examples of Diadectes have nothing to do with true temporal openings. Underside of the skull. The palate has been well described by Case, es- — pecially in No. 4839, and I have nothing important to add. Broom assumes the presence of a transverse and I think I can verify this on skull 4352 (right) but toward the jugal I can find no suture. According to Case, however, it is present in skull 1078 (Chicago Univ.). In skull 4352, in front of the transverse, between the right pterygoid and palatine there is a small round postpalatine vacuity about 13 to 16 mm. long. : A few other items may also be noted. The premaxillaries send back into the palatal surface small median processes which form the beginning of the narrow bridge separating the — opposite internal nares; this is continuous with the narrow toothed vomers. According to Case and Broom this bony bridge or isthmus is formed in its whole length by the vomer, but this does not agree with my observations on skull 4352. The vomers extend back to the level of the seventh maxillary tooth; they bear an anteroposterior row of 11 conical denticles. In No. 4350 (figured by Cope in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1880, XIX, pl. v) the vomerine teeth extend back to near the fifth molar from the rear. At the places thus designated the opposite vomers separate and their divergent branches embrace the antero-medial processes of the pterygoids. These pro- long uniformly the median bridge and after a short interval bear an antero- posterior row of denticles. Behind the widest part of the pterygoids they are prolonged into thin lamellz lying on the anterior processes of the quad- rates, and extending back almost to the jaw articulation (No. 4398, 4675). The palatines form a projecting collar (flange) alongside the maxilla, and medially end freely on a plane lower than that of the vomers and anterior processes of the pterygoids. The palatine lamelle appear to send back a branch reaching to the higher plane of the pterygoids, so that the two pala- tine lamelle lie one above the other and are connected behind by a vertical bridge. ‘The same is true also in the palatines of the Parasuchia. Occiput and base of the skull. The cartilage bones (Ersatzknochen) of the base of the skull together with the parasphenoid, etc., are not yet known in all details. The supraoccipital appears in No. 4352 as a large, broad triangular bone on the outer surface, anteroposteriorly bounded by the dermosupraoccipital. It does not end here, however, but extends forward — beneath the latter (as shown especially in No. 4378) and in the median line it reaches a point only 1 cm. behind the parietals. Externally the supra- . . ° Fig. 22. Diadectes phaseolinus. Back of skull. is evident in No. Amer. Mus. 4839. Dundee, Archer Co., Tex. X }- BGs esteecs tactace, Geto te principal part of the comiyle. Seen a ne Rv eedzle, 8 raised trangeier sertnes, ae with the apex directed forward, and thus strongly suggests the basioccipital a a only there it is entirely covered by the basisphenoid. a The basisphenoid is a stout bone rounded below. It narrows anteriorly, giving off on both sides the stout basipterygoid processes, which are provided with articular facets. The hinder borders of the basisphenoid are produced into lamelle which widen, funnel- like, behind, and are inflated, especially on the sides. They also project over a part of the basioccipital. Both branches of the carotid run forward into the basisphenoid about 2 cm. apart and under the projecting border (¢f. Nos. 4378, 4839, 4352). Between the basipterygoid processes on the lower side is a median fora- men which Case has identified as the carotid foramen but which from its location can only be an intertympanic air passage (cf. Crocodilia, Saurischia, Parasuchia). The sella turcica and fossa for the hypophysis is well preserved in No. 4378; to this part a parasphenoid is attached in Nos. 4839 and 4352; in the latter it is about 34 cm. long. The posteriorly widening and divided * basisphenoid is very characteristic of the Cotylosaurs. * 340 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, The skull-base of No. 4675 shows a well preserved sella turcica, in front of this the fossa for the hypophysis. In front of the latter is the insertion of the parasphenoid, next follows the paired basipterygoid processes with attached parts of the pterygoid. Behind the sella turcica at the base of the brain one sees plainly the exits of the abducent nerves. In skulls 4839, 4352, 4378 the side walls show something of the foramina for the nerves and blood vessels. In the first-named skull on the right side, I can distinguish five pits with foramina, from behind forward. The hindmost pit near the condyle must be the exit for the hypoglossus, but whether in one or more foramina cannot be positively distinguished. The next pit is almost circular with at least two foramina, and here the vagus group, with the jugular vein and the perilymphatic vessels, may have passed out. Still further forward and now no more visible directly from the rear, may be sought the fenestra ovalis and the canalis falopii (facialis) in the foramina located there. Directly behind the epipterygoid is the place to look for the exit of the trigeminus. A slight depression at the upper corner of the condyle is prob- ably a foramen for the hypoglossus; the latter may indeed have consisted of several branches. The upper halves of the canals and gutters leading from the foramina, in which the nerves and vessels ran and branched, can be seen in skulls 4352 and 4378. Fig. 24. Diadectes. A, Fragment Intraorbital region - The innermost parts of brain case viewed from above. of the skull yield but few observations. hg mega ay in frons., AmME.. - "Thedugh the orbits of skull 4839 one can see resting on the right basipterygoid process an epipterygoid, which is plate-like on the pterygoid, and columnar above. In front of this is the broad upper surface of the pterygoid and just behind the adlacrymal is the similar surface of the palatine with three foramina for blood vessels. In the adlacrymal, where it meets the lacrymal within the orbits, is the entrance of the nasolacrymal duct. In the same skull, deep within the orbits is the interorbital septum, which is a vertical lamella, thicker below than above, extending down from the middle of the orbits to the pterygoid and further forward to the vomer; anteriorly it becomes — thinner. It is designated by Case as ethmoid. : 1913.) Von Huene,;-Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 341 Fig. 25. Diadectes phaseolinus. Orbital region. Amer. Mus. 4839. Dundee, Archer Co., Tex. Xj}. A, Oblique anterior view. B, Right lateral view into the orbit. ;; Brain cast. There is a brain cast of the fragmentary skull No. 4441 but as some of the openings in the original have not been cleared out the cast is thus incomplete. On the side of the skull is the great opening for the tri- geminus and above this is prob- ably the sunken area of the -aqueductus vestibuli (right side). Behind this follows a damaged region and a stalk which perhaps pertains to the seventh and eighth nerve group; still further to the rear follow three stalks one above the other, of which I regard the lowest as the vagus group, the upper two $42 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, as openings for vessels. The hypoglossus foramen has obviously not been worked out, for its corresponding projection on the cast is not seen. The fossa for the hypophysis also appears not to have been opened as the cast shows nothing of it. Further forward, in the region of the exit of the optie nerve, are small but incomplete projections. Lower jaw. Good lower jaws are present in specimens 4353 and 4684. ‘The articular portion of the lower jaw is low. In front of it rises vertically Fig. 27. Diadectes. Lower jaw. Amer. Mus. 4684. Godkin Creek, Archer Co., Tex. X 4. a high pointed coronoid process. A postarticular process is not present, though an intraarticular process may be, formed from the articular itself. Beneath the articular the angular begins; it is continued half the length of the jaw. As it appears to me the angular rises high up on the outerside, highest beneath the coronoid process; there, half way up it is deeply invaded — ie Amer, Mus. 4353. Big Wichita River, Tex. x }. 344 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, by the dentary, but it is also possible that the part lying above this projection of the dentary belongs to the supraangu- lar; but here I am not sure of one of the sutures. On the inner side the angular does not reach so high and ends below the plementare [coronoid] reaches from the tip of the coronoid process to nearly the last tooth and on the outer side is visible only in narrow strips, while internally it reaches down somewhat further. The supraangular is not very large. Exter- nally, below the complementare, it inter- locks (verzahnt sich) with the dentary and thus forms chiefly the surface of the further down and covers the wall of the mandibular cavity. The opposite wall below the medial border of the cavity is formed by the prearticular (= goniale Gaupp) which ends in an oblique lat- erally directed tip; in front of this there is occasionally a vacuity which is sur- rounded by the splenial and angulare. The splenial covers the whole breadth of the dentary and also shares in the sym- physis. It is remarkable how much the S lower jaw recalls that of Placodus both Fig. 29. Diadectes. Lower jaw, jn form and tooth structure, but this is viewed from below. Amer. Mus. 4684. x 3. indeed only a superficial resemblance. Bolbodon tenuitectus Cope. Fig. 30. Skull 4375 shows the very well preserved right side. The sutures as a whole can be clearly followed; but in a few places they could be completed conformably with the inner side. The upper tip of the premaxilla appears to encroach upon the nasal, so that the nasals are pressed between the ascending processes of the premaxille. Within the nasal opening and near its hinder border lies the small septomaxillary. The maxilla does not reach ® 7 projection of the prearticular. The com-_ coronoid process; internally it extends — a ( 1913.) _ Von-Hiiene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 345 7 - the orbit. The adlacrymal extends with a fairly uniform breadth from the _ front border of the parietals. The parietal gives off a process postero- laterally as in Diadectes. Lacrymal and postfrontal form the upper bound- ___ ary of the orbit in a broad surface which is pointed in front and behind. ______ The postorbital is very large and broad, as in Diadectes. The jugal is short, _____ the quadratojugal extends far forward, if what I regard as the suture is really such. Above the long squamosal lies a small scale-like tabulare, Fig. 30. Bolbodon tenuitectus. Side of skull. Amer. Mus. 4375. Wichita Basin (? Coffee Creek), Tex. X }. just as in Diadectes. Behind the parietals come the dermo-supraoccipitals, preserved as a little piece on the right side. The limits of the supratemporal which separate it from the postorbital, I could not fully distinguish. The supratemporal is near the parietal process and encroaches somewhat upon the upper front border of the squamosal. The opposite side shows that there were 17 upper teeth, of which 4 are in the premaxilla. The vomers with small conic denticles are also recognizable. The occiput shows nothing. Chilonyx rapidens Cope. Fig. 31. Skull 4357 is a large incomplete skull-top and a part of the occiput. The surface of the superficial bones is strongly sculptured. The sutures are partly distinct. As the parietal foramen is filled with plaster the skull- pattern at first sight is somewhat obscured. The hinder border of the right nasal opening is still present, as also the natural front border of the maxilla; 346 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, whether the latter reached the orbit is not clear. The nasals are extraor- dinarily broad, but whether they came in contact with the nasal opening is not apparent. The adlacrymal very probably extended from the orbits to the nasal opening. The lacrymal encroaches upon the floor of the frontal. N-O- Sulure { Fig. 31. Chilonyx rapidens. A, Posterior part of skull top. B, Occiput. Amer. Mus. Re 4357. Moonshine Creek, Wichita Basin, Tex. X }. In Chilonyx (in contrast to Diadectes and Bolbodon) the postfrontal lies near the parietal rather than near the frontal. The postorbital reaches the supra- temporal as in Diadcctes and Bolbodon. The supratemporal as in those genera is small and separates the parietal and squamosal. Behind the 1913] Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 347 _ parietal process and the supratemporal lies the fairly large tabulare, which _ forms the hinder corner of the skull and lies above the paroccipital. The dermo-supraoccipitals are very narrow. The parietal foramen is relatively smaller than in the two above named forms and it lies behind the mid-point ____ of the parietals. The tabulare in its hinder half forms a thick horn-like __ peak and two somewhat smaller ones. Below the long squamosal the _ quadratojugal is separated off by a long clear suture. Between the quadra- tojugal and the quadrate is the foramen quadrati. The quadrate extends far upward, medially it is covered by the pterygoid; the articular surface is large and bipartite. The supraoccipital is broad and pointed like an ; arrow-head below. Whether or not it reaches the foramen magnum at + one point is not quite clear. Its chief boundaries are formed by the exocci- ge pitals which extend pretty widely on the sides and below. The paroccipitals are separated from them by clear suture; they lie directly below the tabu- laria. Captorhinus div. sp. Figs. 32-35. Of “apeereay angusticeps Cope, isolomus Cope (= Ectocynodon incisivus Cope) there are a number of good skulls in New York and many other col- Fig. 32. Captorhinus angusticeps. Skull. A, Amer. Mus. 4334. x}. B, Amer, Mus. 4457. West Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. X }. lections. The osteology of the skull is completely clear and has also re- cently been described by Case and Branson, best by the former. I have 348 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, scarcely anything to add, but will give here accurate figures with some explanatory words. Top and sides of the skull. The premaxilla, which embraces the front half of the nasal opening, sends two projections up to the nasals and on the palatal side has a fairly long branch which covers the front end of the vomer and so reaches back a little further between the internal nares. In the interior of the hinder half of the external nasal opening lies the septomaxil- lary, as shown for example in C. angusticeps No. 4334, 4457; in the middle Fig. 33. Captorhinus angusticeps. A, Skull top. Amer. Mus. 4334. W. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. +}. B, Top of occiput. Amer. Mus. 4340. Baylor Co., Tex. XX}. (of the septomaxillary) a process projects forward. The maxilla is low, bears several rows of teeth and is very far separated from the orbit by the adlacrymal and jugal. The frontal touches the orbits only at one point and is almost excluded by the lacrymal and postfrontal. The medial borders of the latter two form together an almost directly anteroposterior line. The parietal foramen lies in the front half of the large parietals which are nearly like a right-angled triangle and possess no posterior processes like those of the Diadectidee and Chilonyx. Behind the parietals follow the dermo-supraoccipitals, but on the upper side they appear only in a very — a ae ees oes) > ee —_— 1913.) Von Huene; Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 349 _ narrow strip near the posterior ridge of the skull-top; their surfaces extend _ chiefly on the hinder side of the skull as sickle-shaped undulating bands; on both sides of the sharply pointed supraoccipital (which is pushed in between the dermo-supraoccipitals) one always finds a perforation. Over . a the lateral end of the dermo-supraoccipital and at the postero-lateral angle __ of the parietal one finds on the hinder edge of the skull-top a very small bony element, with its point turned toward the parietal. When I found _ this element in the New York skulls at the end of March 1911 neither Bran- son’s work nor Case’s Revision of the Cotylosaurs had appeared. I then identified this element as the supratemporal and I still maintain this view Te against Case and Branson. A tabulare should be looked for lateral to the dermo-supraoccipital and not in front of it. Comparison with the Dia- dectidz plainly supports this: the tabulare has already vanished phylo- genetically, the supratemporal holds on longer, but in Labidosaurus even the supratemporal is gone and only vestiges of the dermo-supraoccipital remain. These completely dermal elements which in the most primitive forms still have a broad surface on the upper side of the skull roof in course of phylo- geny were displaced more.and more on to the hinder edge of the skull roof and there gradually vanished, beginning at the lateral end. This rule holds for the dermo-supraoccipital and the tabulare, but seldom for the supratemporal which is an inconstant element varying in position Fig. 34. Captorhinus angusticeps. Occiput. Amer. Mus, 4334. Very little enlarged. and scarcely appearing at all except in relatively primitive forms. I sus- pect that its vanishing is not due to gradual decline, as in both the above named elements, but to fusion with the squamosal. Temporal region.— The squamosal is the greatest element on the side of the skull; it also forms the ascending posterior edge of the skull and on each side of the same it forms a broad occipital band, which produces the surface of the dermo-supraoccipitals down to the quadrate. Fig. 35. Captorh 8. West ri A } aa isticeps. Under side of skull. A, Amer. Mus. 4334. B, 5 lor Co., Tex. x 1. __ Von Huene; Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 351 That this surface is really to be regarded as squamosal is shown by the cti of the bone-fibres which radiate from a center on the ridge, both front and behind. Below the squamosal is a narrow and fairly long id ojugal, which is prolonged into a small triangle and on each side of the ridge, on the occiput. The small quadrate is not seen in lateral view of the skull but only from the rear. Oceciput and base of the cranium. The supraoccipital, which forms the whole upper border of the foramen magnum, is roof-shaped and is pro- duced far back. The exoccipitals form the whole lateral border of the ne - foramen magnum. The basioccipital is short. The basisphenoid is re- _ markably produced anteriorly ;-toward the rear it bifurcates and broadens, _ bears evident basipterygoid processes and just behind these is usually apamneg In No. 4338 on either side lies in situ a perforated stapes. Palatal region. From the basisphenoid a narrow long parasphenoid arises. Around the parasphenoid the pterygoid leaves a lancet-like open space. On the border of this space and on the hinder border of the down- _ wardly directed oblique wing (of the pterygoid) the pterygoid bears teeth. _ A transverse I could not note. The palatine extends from near the axial tooth-row of the pterygoid to the hinder end of the internal naris. The __ narrow, posteriorly broadening bridge between the elongate internal nares is formed by the vomers which diverge somewhat posteriorly and embrace i the ends of the pterygoids. In front the vomers dip under the hinder pro- cesses of the premaxille. : Of the lower jaw nothing new is to be noted. The articular possesses a ____ small pointed postarticular process and a short, broad intraarticular process. ___ A prearticular is present. The splenial shares in the symphysis. The angular is broad and extends for half the length of the jaw. The dentary bears several rows of teeth, as does the upper jaw. The supraangular | _ Oceupies only a narrow space. Labidosaurus hamatus Cope. . Figs. 36, 37. Labidosaurus is extremely like Captorhinus in its:skull, only it is some- what larger, and lacks the supratemporal. The arrangement and relative dimensions of the elements is exactly the same and their form differs only in quite unimportant details. The septomaxillary is present. The dermo- supraoccipital reaches more to the upper side and on both sides of the occipital ridge it is about equally broad. The squamosal likewise extends down on the hind side of the ridge and the long fibres radiate in all directions 352 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, from a point on the ridge. That which Williston has designated as “epio- tic” (in his paper ‘ The Skull of Labidosaurus.’ Amer. Jour. Anat., 10, 1910. Pl. 3, fig. 4) is no other than this hinder surface of the squamosal. Supra- occipital, exoccipital and paroccipital, as best represented in Williston’s figures (I. c.) show the same arrangement as in Capforhinus. Stout epi- Fig. 36. Labidosaurus hamatus. Amer. Mus. 4427. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. A, border of occiput. xX 4. B, skull-top. xX }. pterygoids, according to Williston are present. Also like those of Capto- rhinus are the palate and the lower jaw, the latter possessing likewise a small ascending process in which the complementare [coronoid] shares; a prearticular and an anterointernal perforation below its tip are also present. _ Bolosaurus to the Diadectide and __ with equal certainty the skull-base ___ indicates the same group; only the Bip parasphenoid is longer, the basi- ____ sphenoid is higher and has evident is paper on Bolosaurus (1907, Fig. 5), ; 1913.] Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 353 Bolosaurus striatus Cope. OF this form Case has given - very good figures. The teeth refer _ tubers. In the original I can see nothing of the great posttemporal opening which Case assumes in his but of course the specimen is badly preserved and much compressed in thisregion. Skulls 4685, 4686, 4327, 4461 are also present. Such small Diadectids would be especially in- ‘teresting and it is to be hoped that dear skal with lower jaw. Amer, Mon better specimens will be found. 4427. Xt Pariotichus brachyops Cope. Fig. 38. The type, No. 4328 is so badly preserved that one can see nothing really important in it. No. 4760 is better preserved. The temporal region and occiput are Jacking. The preserved part of the skull in the arrangement of its elements shows a general correspondence with Captorhinus. The form of the snout, of the nasal opening and orbits differ from Captorhinus, the hinder part of the jugal is less high, Pate, Se ta whom the small parietal foramen lies further back. It is perfect skull. Amer.’ practically certain that the two genera are distinct Ms. 4760. West but nearly related. Co., Tex. X ey gee Isodectes megalops Cope. Fig. 39. This is a very small skull, No. 4329, which shows only something of the left and upper sides. The frontals are separated from the orbits by the 354 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, lacrymals and postfrontals. It is not quite certain whether the maxilla borders the orbit or whether it is separated from it by a very narrow branch | of the jugal. The postorbital is remarkably small and placed far down. In the parietals I cannot see the parietal foramen, no doubt because of the poor preservation. Behind the parietals appear the dermo-supraoccipitals in a not very narrow band which is still on the upper surface of the skull. Next to the parietal and along its entire length I think a broad supratem- poral must be differentiated; Case gives this suture as doubtful. The squamosal is at this place com- pletely separated from the parietal. Behind the jugal only a small quadratojugal is present. The lower jaw shows an ascending process and a dental Fig. 39. Isodectes me- pavement. —_ ep haga bras If the presence of the large supratemporal is Creek, Wichita Basin, Tex.. to be accepted as certain [sodectes must be placed x t. not with the Pariotichide but near Pantylus. For the two bones, which in Pariotichus brachyops Case designates as squamosal and prosquamosal are to be regarded as squamosal and quadratojugal, as is very clearly shown in Figure 36 and others in Case’s Revision of the Co- tylosauria (1911, p. 92). Moreover what Case in Captorhinus calls pro- squamosal I hold as surely the quadratojugal. Captorhinus and Labido- saurus according to Case’s conception would be far separated and could scarcely be brought together in the same family or even suborder; yet Case puts both genera in the same family. In the relations of the frontal and orbit also Jsodectes is similar to Pantylus. Pantylus cordatus Cope. Figs. 40, 41. By close examination with a magnifying glass in skull 4330 one can distinguish all the bony elements of the skull-top. The premaxille are small; they send off short medial ascending processes between the nasals. Each premaxilla contains two teeth. According to Mehl’s observations on a Chicago specimen the premaxille do not extend far on the palate between the internal nares. The nasals are extraordinarily wide and not long. The frontals are rectangular and remain far removed from the orbits. The lacrymal reaches from the middle of the upper border of the orbit to near the beginning of the nasal. The adlacrymal extends from the orbit to the nasal opening. The maxilla is very low and remains far separated from the orbit. The jugal behind the orbit has a broad and high expanse. Fiat 10131) Vori Huene; Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 355 ———— £ A a : "The postfrontal i is small and the considerably larger postorbital is pushed far upward. The parietals are considerably broader than the frontals and so far as preserved are rectangular in form. The parietal foramen lies near _ the frontal border. Next to the parietal is a large and broad supratemporal, __ which suggests Isodectes. It separates the squamosal from the parietal in _ its whole length. Below the squamosal is a fairly broad and wide quadra- ; _ tojugal: extending forward in a point. The quadrate does not appear in cae Taal view but can only be seen from the rear. On the inner surface beneath , -—s- Fig. 40. Pantylus cordatus. A, right side of skull; B, top; C, underside. Amer. Mus. Brat ‘so Big Wichita River, Tex. x }. the squamosal it sends upward a high process which reaches to below the supratemporal. This process is covered behind by the pterygoid which extends down to the articular surface of the quadrate and to the border of the squamosal. Of the palatal surface Mehl has described: the elongate inner nasal opening, the interpterygoid opening extending to between the _ internal nares, the anterior processes of the pterygoids, covered with small denticles, the small vomer and the broad palatines covered with a pavement of teeth. The lower jaw I was enabled to study in Nos. 4330 and 4331. The an- terior half has been made known by Mehl. The articular is short and thick, and appears to lack posterior or medial process; from the articular a broad prearticular (= goniale Gaupp) takes rise, but after a short distance is covered by the splenial. The splenial is very stout and bears a dental pavement near the teeth on the dentary, it also shares in the symphysis. 356 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, The angular on the lower side is quite broad; it lies on the under side and in a narrow surface also on the inner side. The supraangular, on the out- side, is considerably narrower than the angular. Supraangular and angular lengthwise, and splenial anteriorly, surround the large internal mandibu- lar opening. I have not been able to observe a complementare [coronoid], Fig. 41. Pantylus cordatus. Imperfect lower jaw. A, right ramus outer view. B, the same, inner view. ©, Rightramus. D, Cross section through angular, splenial, etc. Amer. Mus. 4331. Big Wichita River, Tex. X }. yet more favorable material may well reveal this element. Each ramus of the lower jaw is triangular in section with a wide inner concavity. The element which Mehl figures in the interior of this concavity may well be the tip of the prearticular, which is covered by the splenial and in the course of maceration has bent up toward the dentary. The two remaining elements are the angular and the supraangular. Dimetrodon incisivus Cope. Figs. 42-47. The skull of Dimetrodon has lately been discussed several times by Case, then also by Broom and by the author, basing his discussion on the literature. The distribution of the bony elements is on the whole sufficiently well known, but in respect of the temporal region and the quadratojugal there are still differences between the three above named authors. Temporal region. Case had correctly figured and designated the quad- ratojugal of Dimetrodon incisivus and Theropleura in his “ Revision of the Pelycosauria” in 1907, and even in a work of ten years earlier. However, on the lateral side of the skull he did not find the boundary between the jugal and squamosal (which as is well known he calls prosquamosal). But 1913.) Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. . 357 | Saba su pee able ture I have been able to see plainly in several places, for example on the left side of No. 4034 towards the jugal. Although in certain specimens Case has several times correctly figured the quadratojugal as lateral to the --—s« foramen quadrati, yet very recently he commits the inconsistency of seeking the quadratojugal behind the foramen and above the quadrate. In the nn occipital aspect of Captorhinus (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXVIII, rs 1910, p. 194 and Revision of the Cotylosauria, 1911, p. 93, fig. 19, C.) and , YY ey Wy" [ly Fig. 42. Dimetrodon incisicus. Back part of skull and of lower jaw. Amer. Mus. 4034. Beaver Creek, Wichita Basin, Tex. X }. in a photograph of a skull of Dimetrodon in the collection of the University in Ann Harbor, Michigan, which Dr. Case sent me to New York in April, 1911, he has inscribed certain sutures and names of bones, from which it is evident that he makes the jugal and quadrate directly contiguous and makes the quadratojugal run up behind (medial to) the foramen quadrati as far as the supratemporal (which he calls squamosal). Broom has correctly viewed the quadratojugal and its limits against the jugal and squamosal 358 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. | [Vol. XXXII, (Case’s prosquamosal) but he gives the course of the suture somewhat inexactly; the foramen which he indicates in this suture, between the squamosal and quadratojugal is surely not present. In his figure 4 (l. ¢. 1910, p. 193) he quite correctly indicates the right quadratojugal as viewed from behind, but on the left on account of unfavorable preservation he has not been able to follow the suture and consequently makes it run up near the end of the paroccipital, behind (medial to) the “prosquamosal.”’ ‘According to my inves- tigations on all the New York skulls and skull- parts the quadratojugal is placed laterally to the quadrate. The foramen quadratiis bounded by both these bones. Superiorly the quadrato- jugal is bounded by the squamosal (Case’s Fig. 43. Dimetrodon incisi- prosquamosal). At its hinder end it sends up rus. Oblique rear view of 4 short sharp ascending process which Case has left quadrate and quadrato- a jugal. Amer. Mus. 4636. x}. Plainly figured (I. c. 1907, pl. 3, fig. 1 and lL. ¢. 1910, fig. 4 right). The forepart of the quad- ratojugal is lower and is fairly long and produced foward, it connects by a serrate suture with the jugal. As this position of the quadratojugal makes untenable the earlier repre- sentation of the temporal region by Case a re-examination of this region was needed; Case and Broom did this in 1910; the writer, in his work on Ery- throsuchus, in the winter of 1909-10 did the same thing, so far as it could be based on the literature. In the spring of 1911, I was also enabled to study personally the whole material in New York. The temporal opening is bounded below by the jugal, behind by the squamosal (prosquamosal Case); the upper border is formed by the postorbital (on which account the opening corresponds to an infratemporal fossa). The postorbital is accompanied above by the parietal, both bones run back in downwardly directed pro- jections; between these is inserted a long narrow bone, which further down accompanies the squamosal but does not extend down to the quadratojugal. This is the supratemporal (Case in his last work consistently calls it “squa- mosal’’). In skulls 4034 and 4636, these relations are clearly shown. In the same skulls, behind the supratemporal and beginning behind the tip of the parietal lies a long narrow element, which Case has attributed (I. ¢. 1910, p. 193) to the supraoccipital. This I regard as improbable, but would rather discuss it in connection with the posterior side of the skull. The long posterolaterally directed process of the parietal recalls the Diadectide. The posterior side is best shown in the two above mentioned skulls. The condyle is formed from the basioccipital. To the latter are attached the narrow exoccipitals, which project like zygapophyses and completely sur- Yy YY jj A / YY, : ; TY sf 3 4 i" z : P; 1, P -- of // VW Yyy j Uff /£ ’, rodon incieieus. A, occiput. B, the same viewed obliquely from above. Wichita Basin, Tex. X }. » Di BF 360 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, round the foramen magnum. On both sides extend the long narrow par- occipitals which are sharply bent backward; it seems possible that a small part of the medial portion of these processes belongs to the exoccipitals and that the suture is obliterated. Two specimens in the Tiibingen University Collection show the same thing, only in one of them the exoccipitals are narrowly compressed above and extend to the foramen magnum. In the New York skulls the supraoccipital, which is surrounded by suture only, shares in the occipital surface above the foramen magnum and is divided by a median crest into two roof-like contiguous surfaces. Above it is pointed and sends off on each side a sharp corner. Now the question rises, of what is the large remaining part of the occipital surface formed? The supraoccipital at most does not reach to the posterior (lateral) ridge of the Q Qi le as KS saad 45. Dimetrodon incisivus. Right pterygoid, etc., outer side view. Amer. Mus. 5 See, skull. Is it formed by the parietals which extend down on the supraocci- pital? They would be the nearest but they belong to the (lateral) crest of the skull, the suture can be seen and one can follow it laterally from the middle of the crest: it ascends to the summit of the crest near the parietal process, keeping close to the summit, then turning away and reaching the supratemporal, under the border of which it (the suture) is continued. Thus the long narrow piece that is medial to the supratemporal is bounded both by this suture (which ends below in a tip) and by the lateral occipital crest. At the crest, however, I find no sutural limits between the supra- occipital and parietal. According to its position this part is probably formed from the dermo-supraoccipitals and the tabularia, the latter form- Von _Hyene;-Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 361 Ps -ptee portion between the paroccipitals and the supratemporal. These a ‘two paired dermal bones must therefore be very firmly coalesced. This x _is a conclusion resulting from the fact that between the parietals and the ' ipital there is a bony surface which I caunet otherwineenplett. The above described suture I regard as certain. On the brain-wall and base of the skull are shown the foramina for the iw a ee From : Fig. 46. Dimetrodon incisieus. A, palatal region as preserved. B, reconstruction of palatal region. Amer. Mus. 4636. X< }. represented by Case and Broom. The basisphenoid is not as long as in Cotylosaurs but is still of similar form: broadening sharply behind, divided below in the mid-line, constricted near the front end and provided in front with two short but plainly differentiated basipterygoid processes. In front is attached a fairly long, somewhat upwardly directed parasphenoid, con-. sisting of a thick, nan vertical vit oheieaes seins re te _ ~ ee oe a ae re 1 See Anatom. Anz. 43, 1913, pp. 519-523. 362 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, The palate lacks the transverse; in this I can confirm Case and Broom. On the pterygoid broadly rests an epipterygoid, narrowing above. In Dimetrodon the epipterygoid bears on its medial basal surface the deep articular sockets for articulation with the basipterygoid processes. In — Theropleura on the contrary these facets are found on the pterygoid itself. The appearance of the pterygoid and epipterygoid, as also the connection with the quadrate recalls, in a surprising way, the Parasuchia. In skull 4636 the left and right halves of the palate have been torn apart. By close examination one can easily discern how far the interpterygoid space extended and where the (opposite) bones in the midline again came together. The interpterygoid space reached nearly to between the internal nares, that is, considerably further forward than as represented by Broom. Case has not correctly represented the suture between the pterygoid and palatine. In the front half it runs forward parallel to the border of the interpterygoid Fig. 47. Dimetrodon incisivus. Lower jaw, right ramus. Amer. Mus. 4636. X }. space and further forward than as given by Broom, to the hinder angle of the internal naris, so that for a short space the latter is bounded medially by the pterygoid. Next the two pterygoids are shoved in, arrow-like, be- tween the vomers. The narrow fore part of the [median] bridge between the internal nares is formed solely by the vomers; the latter meet the pre- maxille at the front end of the bridge. These relations of the pterygoids and the mode in which the internal nares are bounded again strongly recall the Parasuchia. Without going into details it may also be said that the base of the cranium and the arrangement of the cranial nerve-exits likewise correspond extensively with the Parasuchia. In the descriptions of the lower jaw the complementare (coronoid) has hitherto not gained recognition, but I was able to observe it as a small narrow strip on the highest part of lower jaws 4034 and 4636. The long prearticular (= goniale Gaupp), which Case gives, I can verify. 1913.) ; Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 363 $ el Naosaurus (Edaphosaurus) pogonias Cope. aug Figs. 48, 49. et _—s Edaphosaurus (No. 4009) is a highly interesting but, unfortunately, ___ strongly crushed skull. Case has discussed it thoroughly and Broom has ___ given a reconstruction of it. Although the latter indicates the skull sutures ____ very clearly, I cannot indeed see them all, yet I can in many points confirm _—s« Top and sides of the skull. Both external nasal openings are preserved. ——_—> Fig. 48. Naosaurus (Edaphosaurus) pogonias. Crushed skull, upper surface. Amer. Mus. 4009. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. X }. In front of and between them are the premaxille which are appressed and cuneiform between the nasals. Of the suture between nasals and frontals I can only see something at one place, in the middle, between the front borders 364 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, of the orbits. A narrow long adlacrymal can be traced on the right, from the orbits to the external nasal openings. The septomaxillary I can not surely establish, but I think I can see a small triangle in the upper front border of the adlacrymal, so that the latter could only have touched the nasal openings with its lower process. The long maxilla is notably low and is far separated from the orbits, especially by the jugal. The jugal borders the orbit with uniform breadth from below and to the middle of the front border, there meeting the notably broad surface of the adlacrymal. Below the rear border of the orbit the transverse process of the pterygoid bends down with an obtuse angle and continues down as a vertical piece. Here Broom’s reconstruction seems uncertain. The beginning of a process that ran up to the hinder border of the orbit is present. Of the right lacrymal I can find in front only a small bit of the suture separating it from the nasal. It is possible that the frontal bordered a part of the upper rim of the orbit. The postfrontal begins in the middle of the upper border of the orbits and extends widely toward the middle of the skull-top, nar- rowing next to the hinder part of the frontals. Of the postorbital only the upper half is preserved; it runs beside the postfrontal and surrounds a small part of the temporal fossa. Below and behind it are broken sur- faces. The parietals are pretty narrow, because the temporal fosse reach so far upward. Between them on the mid-line is a small parietal foramen. From below the supraoccipital intrudes between the parietals like a sharp arrow-point, appearing with its tip on the upper side of the skull. Pos- ns Fig. 49. Naosaurus (Edaphosaurus) pogonias. Crushed occiput. Amer. Mus. 4009. teriorly the parietals give off fairly long processes. The posterior (tem- poral) ridge forms a sharp curving line. Toward the outerside the bony bridge which surrounds the great temporal opening along the posterior corner of the skull is very narrow. Separated from the parietal process by a double serrate line there is a long curved element which forms the 1913) Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 365 hinder ; der corner of the skull, extending to near the foramen quadrati, without actually reaching it, and ending in a gentle expansion in a thick serrate _ suture. The bow-shaped bony piece only forms the border of the orbit in £ t its upper half, from below upward as far as its middle; it is accompanied by a ____- very narrow process from another bony element, which broadens near the lower end of the former and forms the beginning of a forwardly directed bony surface, ending in a broken surface and reaching either to or near the _ foramen quadrati. On account of their mutual relations I regard the latter as the squamosal and the former as the supratemporal. Behind the foramen quadrati lies the fairly long quadrate with its articular surface, but only me above the foramen and up to the supratemporal are its lateral limits visible; below it is obviously fused with the quadratojugal; also the suture between the quadratojugal and the squamosal is not shown. Yet I do not doubt the presence of the quadratojugal, for without it a foramen quadrati would not be present. Between the squamosal and postorbital there must have been a bony bridge as the broken surfaces indicate. Through crushing the originally high occiput has been disorganized: the exoccipitals with the base of the cranium have broken loose from the supraoccipital and on the right side are pushed under the right parietal process. The supraoccipital was very high. The exoccipitals meet above the foramen magnum. To the right of the supraoccipital and separated from it by suture one finds below the parietal process and below the beginning of the supratemporal _ @ vertically ascending bony strip, the longitudinal fibers of which beneath the parieto-supratemporal suture clearly change their direction; therefore this strip may consist of two elements of which the medial one may be the ight dermo-supraoccipital and the lateral one the right tabulare. The latter would then lie in a normal manner above the paroccipital. The right stapes in fine preservation is still present in situ. The large fenestra ovalis is visible. The basisphenoid is similar to, but longer than, that of Dimetrodon. The appearance of the pterygoid with its anterior processes, and of the palatine, together with the dental pavement on both bones recalls Dimetrodon, only the transverse processes of the pterygoids are not bent so sharply downward. The lower jaw has the splenial dentition as in Pantylus. 366 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, SHORT NOTES ON SOME OTHER SKULLS. Diplocaulus limbatus Cope. Fig. 50. The skull of Diplocaulus has been frequently figured, most recently by Moodie (D. magnicornis). The species which I was enabled to study in New York differs a little from Moodie’s representation of the elements between the orbits and the tip of the snout. There the short and broad paired nasals lie in front of the united frontals. Moreover the lacrymal and adlacrymal is present. And from Tiibingen specimens of the same species. Fig. 50. Diplocauluslimbatus. Skull top. Amer. Mus. 4466. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex XxX 4. I can add that paired and very low and broad premaxille are also present. Postfrontal and postorbital can be distinguished above the jugal. Between the latter and the parietal lies the supratemporal. Between the parietals — is seen a small parietal foramen. Next to the hinder half of the parietal follows the squamosal and quadratojugal. The long posterior horns are formed by the tabularia and behind the parietals are found the pair of large 7 oe em, - 1918] Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. ‘ AS. ¥ . _ dermo-supraoccipitalia. The supraoccipital I have not been able to dis- . 3 -tinguish since this part of the skull is always squeezed together. The two oe orbits, downward and along the border & e above the upper border of the orbit. i shows posteriorly a deep otic notch which re- condyles are formed from the exoccipitals. ‘The palate is best known from Moodie’s description. One of the lower _ jaw rami in Tiibingen ' shows, besides the 26 teeth on the dentary, a second row of conical teeth near the symphysis; three of them nearest the symphy- sis are visible; I suspect that they rest on the splenial which reaches the symphysis. The same jaw shows a very large angular nearly reaching the me symphysis, also the prearticular (= goniale), extending half the length of fi esa jaw, and the great internal mandibular fenestra. Cricotus crassidiscus Cope. Fig. 51. _ Concerning this species I can only con- firm Case’s description. A slight difference will only be found in the form of the _ postfrontal and postorbital. The skull of _ Cricotus shows very clearly the lateral line of the mucous canals. Skull 4551 shows this especially well. It runs up on the -squamosal, then behind the hinder border of of the jaw forward to below the nasal open- _ ing. Thence another canal branches back- ward at a sharp angle, running up on to _ the upper side of the skull, then again it turns somewhat laterally and vanishes The side view of the same skull No. 4551 alls Dissorophus (= Otocelus), Aspidosau- rus novo-mexicanus Williston and especiall Fig. 51. Cricotus crassidiscus. pea . pxnltcp, Ameriales. 4660, Morth Seymouria (= Conodectes favosus Cope). Fork, Little Wichita River, Tex. X 4. 1 See Anatom. Anz. 42, 1912, pp. 472-473. 368 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Seymouria (= Conodectes favosus Cope). Fig. 52. The skull of Conodectes favosus No. 4342 shows no sutures on the upper side.’ Yet it appears of interest to figure here, because according to Williston Fig. 52. Seymouria (= Conodectes) favosus. Imperfect skull. Amer. Mus. 4342. Gray Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. xX }. (Science, N. S., XX XIII, 1911, p. 631) the genus Conodectes is probably identical with Seymouria. The figure shows the characteristic deep otic notch. The under-side shows the closed palate with widely extended pterygoids and the internal nares, which are separated by the vomers. 1913.) - Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 369 Dissorophus mimeticus Cope sp. Fig. 53. ___ Although skull 4376 shows no sutures its form is well preserved. It is somewhat broader than long. Of special interest is the peculiar appearance of the otic notch, that is, the upper posterior corner of the skull (probably the tabulare), sends down a process which meets the quadrate and so by forming a shut off space simulates a temporal opening. But with such a _ Fig. 53. Dissorophus mimeticus. Side and top of skull. Amer. Mus. 4376. Baylor Co., Tex. xX}. fenestra the opening in question naturally has nothing to do. The same thing holds in Cacops. In the left otic notch one sees a long rod-shaped structure stretching from above and forward obliquely downward to the quadrate; this is probably the stapes. Something of this is also shown on the right side. 370 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Zatrachys microphthalmus Cope. Fig. 54. Skull 4873 shows best the whole form of the Zatrachys skull, although no sutures are recognizable, because of a hard incrustation covering the whole , YY, Vf 4 Ys Fig. 54. Zatrachys microphthalmus. Skull-top, Amer. Mus. 4873. North side of Big Wichita River, Tex. X }. surface. One sees the nasal openings, the orbits, the otic notches and the concave middle surface of the skull roof. Acheloma cumminsi Cope. Fig. 55. Skull 4205 shows but very few sutures. The front half of the skull is restored in plaster to the border of the jaws. In the hinder half I can recognize only a few sutures which are reproduced in Figure 55. One may recognize the hinder end of the very low maxilla, the broad jugal below the orbits, the limits of the fairly small squamosal on the posterior corner of the skull and the upper border of the obviously very large quadratojugal, the full length of which is not evident. Above, on the hinder edge of the 1913, Von Huené, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 371 skull appear the short, very broad dermo-supraoccipitals in a band running -. along the crest; Be re yells and at an eee small parietal foramen. Fig. 55. Acheloma cumminsi. Side and top of skull, Amer. Mus, 4205. Coffee Creek, Baylor Co., Tex. X 4. 372 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII Trimerorhachis. Figs. 56, 57. Trimerorhachis insignis Cope and mesops Cope show in skulls Nos. 4557, 4570, 4568, the conditions represented by Case, only with some supple- mentary data. The premaxille are low and broaden and quite without median ascending processes; the broad nasals are inserted between them. 7. mesops, No. 4568, shows very clearly the septomaxillaria on the hinder border of the nasal opening, with a forwardly directed tip. Asmall lacrymal and a large adlacry- mal are present. The maxilla is extraordi- narily low and very long. Still longer and broader is the jugal. A large postfrontal and a large postorbital are present. The Fig. 56. Trimerorhachis mesops. frontals appear to be long and narrow. Amer. Mus. 4568. Coffee Creek, An oblique suture between the orbits, which ne ee I entered in my sketches in New York on the 4th of April, 1911, must be erroneous. Next to the parietals follow the supratemporal, squamosal and quadratojugal and behind them the dermo-supraoccipital and tabularia, as Case has indicated. The palate strongly recalls Eryops. The basisphenoid has broad basipterygoid proc- esses. The lower jaw possesses prearticular and splenials which share in the symphysis. The great angular reaches to the middle of the jaw. II. Remarks on TAXONOMY. Lysorophus. Lysorophus is referred by Case and Williston to the Amphibia, and espe- cially by Williston, in a convincing and positive manner, to the Urodeles. He says: “That Lysorophus is not a reptile requires no argument — the unpaired supraoccipital, the absence of pineal foramen, quadratojugals, jugals, postfrontals, temporal arches, the evidently large parasphenoid, the double occipital condyles, paired branchials, neurocentral single-headed ribs, etc., are positive evidence that the animal is not only not a reptile, but that it is related to the modern urodele amphibians.” Broili wished to put Lysorophus with the most primitive Rhynchocephalia; later he consid- ered relationship with Amphisbena. 373 Fig. 57. Trimerorhachis insignis. Top and underside of skull, Amer. Mus. 4570 Slippery Creek, Wichita Basin, Tex. X 4. 374 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, The earlier descriptions, together with the details which I have been able to contribute to our knowledge of the skull of Lysorophus, have estab- lished in my mind the definite conviction that Lysorophus -belongs with the Amphibia in the neighborhood of the Urodeles. Although in external appearance the skull of Amphisbena at first sight shows a certain resem- blance to that of Lysorophus yet the base of the skull, with its large basi- occipital, which also forms the entire condyle is fundamentally different from that of Lysorophus described above; here the difference between Amphibian and Reptile is particularly decisive. When one compares Lysorophus with certain Urodele skulls the striking similarity and ex- tended correspondence are immediately shown. For example Amblystoma mexicanum has the same form of skull, it also lacks the lateral ossification surrounding the eye. The maxilla is only connected with the upper skull roof by the tip of the lacrymal, otherwise it projects freely behind, only connected with the pterygoid by connective tissue. Also the rod-like forwardly directed quadrate is similar. Even the squamosal which adjoins the parietal and reaches down far upon the quadrate occurs in similar fashion in many Urodeles, as in Sieboldia maxima, Menopoma, Siren and Triton. The condyles in Lysorophus as in all the above named genera are formed from the exoccipitals and between them appears the basioccipital, mostly indeed only as a small cartilaginous piece. (Compare W. K. Parker: ‘On the structure and development of the Skull in the Urodeles.’ Trans. . Zool. Soc. London, Vol. XI, Pt. 6, 1882). The large basi- and parasphe- noid are shown in all. In Siren lacertina there appears in the middle above the foramen magnum a triangular cartilaginous piece which probably corresponds to the supraoccipital, which in Lysorophus in contrast to most Urodeles, is still large and osseous. Through the presence of the large bony supraoccipital and of the supratemporal Lysorophus is distinguished from the recent Urodeles; but these are marks that stamp Lysorophus as a more primitive form, such as one would expect to find in ancient times. A more precise grouping of the Lysorophide within the Urodeles cannot be undertaken, since in all the great time interval between the Permian and the early Tertiary (except the Wealden) nothing is known of the Uro- deles doubtless then existing, nor of their evolution and embranchment at that time. Moreover according to Williston, Lysorophus did not have a proatlas and whether it was limbless or provided with limbs is still not quite settled, since the extremities in Chicago and Tiibingen might belong eventually either to Lysorophus or to the accompanying forms (Gymnar- thrus, Cardiocephalus, Diplocaulus pusillus); but from their association and size I regard it as probable that they really belong to Lysorophus. With the Temnospondyli the Permian Urodele Lysorophus has still greater resemblances than it has with the modern Urodeles, on account 1913.] ____ Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 375 of the base of the cranium and of the greater number of posterior surface _ bones in the skull roof. The basioccipital in Eryops according to my repre- sentation is very nearly comparable with that of Lysorophus; also there is still present a paroccipital process as in the Stegocephala. The presence of the supratemporal indicates the relatively short road which the Permian Urodeles had travelled away from the branching place of the Stegocephala. The lack of the hypoglossus (see the description above) they share in com- mon with the Stegocephala (Eryops) and with all Amphibia.' Gymnarthrus. On account of the base of the skull above described I also regard Gymnar- thrus as an Amphibian; but that is no reason for placing it in the order of Urodeles. Also the side of the skull around the eye is ossified as in Cardio- cephalus. Although I have not seen the original of the latter I believe with ' Case that the two forms are nearly related. The quadrate and squamosal strongly recall Lysorophus and especially the Urodeles, but the great num- ber of bones in the skull-roof, the circumorbital ossification, the dentition, the coronoid process of the lower jaw, find no equivalents among the Urodeles. Ossification has not only invaded the temporal region, but even the primary supraoccipital is largely covered by two dermo-supraoccipitals, so that the former only remain visible immediately above the foramen magnum and slightly below the latter. The whole arrangement of the _ skull bones is to be compared most closely with the Stegocephala or with the Cotylosaurs, which have much in common with each other. The principal distinction is found in the base of the skull and here (in Gymnar- thrus) the same thing is also true. The systematic position of the Gymnarthride within the Amphibia in the present state of our knowledge can unfortunately not be exactly defined. Only this can be said that they stand considerably nearer to the point of divergence of the Stegocephala and the Urodeles than do the Lysorophide. DIADECTOSAURIA. This group, proposed by Case, I can only confirm, not only from the forms of which I have studied the skulls (Diadectes, Bolbodon, Chilonyz, Bolosaurus), but also from Williston’s description and figures of Nothodon lentus Marsh. Nothodon is the nearest relative of Diadectes. Bolosaurus, on account of its small size stands apart from the rest. Thus the two families Diadectide and Bolosauride appear to be natural divisions of the larger and equally natural group. 1 More recently my view on the phylogeny is expressed In the article “ Stegocephalia"’ (1913) in “ Handwirterbuch der Naturwissenschaften,” edited by Gustav Fischer, Jena. 376 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, PAREIASAURIA as limited by Case. Here again, I rely chiefly on the American forms, the skulls of which I have studied. First we must premise that the South African Pareiasaurus according to Seeley possesses the entire assemblage of skull bones, as do the Diadectosauria. This, however, among the American forms referred by Case to the Pareiasauria is true only of Seymouria (including Conodectes). Isodectes by its large supratemporal is distinguished from all other forms except Pantylus. Since in the remaining skull structure Jsodectes shows no important differences from Pantylus I would regard the two forms as probably nearly related. Of Pariotichus I have seen only indifferent skull parts which do not essentially distinguish it from Captorhinus, so that I would conceive these two genera as probably not widely removed from each other. In Captorhinus the dermo-supraoccipitals are limited to a narrow strip on the hinder border of the skull and the tabularia have vanished, the supratemporals are only present as small vestiges. That is very different from Pareiasaurus. Captorhinus belongs on the limits of the Carboniferous in the Wichita beds and Pareiasaurus occurs on the other side of the ocean in formations of at least middle and upper Permian age; that is, the large animal, although provided with all the primitive skull elements, is not older, but on the con- trary even somewhat younger, than the small animal which has almost entirely lost them; it follows that Captorhinus cannot belong in the natural phyletic series of the Pareiasauria. I would on the contrary infer that the Pareiasauria stand considerably nearer to the Diadectosauria than to the Captorhinide. Labidosaurus in a very natural way is connected with Captorhinus, for it is a more recent form (Clear Fork beds) of larger size and has lost the supratemporal rudiment, while the skull otherwise is quite like that of Captorhinus. The Pareiasauria are doubtless separate from the Diadectosauria as Case indicates, but so also are the Captorhinide. In the temporal region the latter have but one bone, the Pareiasauria have two; the Captorhinide have several rows of teeth in the upper and lower jaws, the Pareiasauria have only one; in the skeleton of the Pareiasauria no abdominal ribs are so far known; but the Captorhinide have them. There are also still other differences. There yet remains Seymouria (= Conodectes) which by the deep otic notch, the differently constituted palate, cleithrum, etc., is essentially different from the Pareiasauria, so far, indeed that the two cannot be brought together in a natural genetic group. So it appears to me that the suborder of Pareiasauria is not represented in North America by any of the genera included in it by Case, and that in the Permian period it remained limited to the old world. 19138.] __Von-Huéne, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 377 PANTYLOSAURIA. il the evidence already given, I would provisionally group here | Tsoectes and Pantylus. PELYCOSAURIA. a The Pelycosauria, which Broom and Williston unite with the South _ African Therapsida, collectively designating them as Thermorpha, no longer appear so unified as Case represented them five years ago. This is the _ result of the new discoveries by Williston (compare among others, Science, XXXIII, 1911, 632). To the Pelycosaurs in the narrower sense (Dime- _ trodon) one can no longer refer Edaphosaurus (= Naosaurus). Thus one may hold fast to Williston’s procedure in treating the Edaphosauride (= Naosauride) as an equal group with the Pelycosauria. According to Williston the Poliosauride also (including Varanosaurus), the Caseide and perhaps the Areoscelide are similar suborders. Multiplicity grows, but coherence also grows with equal pace. This knowledge we owe in recent years to no one more than to Williston. III. Morpnoroeicat REsvu ts. 1. Skull-base and occiput. The foregoing investigations have resulted as follows: that in the Urodele Lysorophus, in the Amphibian incerte sedis Gymnarthrus and in the Temnospondy! Eryops, the pair of condyles are formed by the exoccipi- tals; that nevertheless there is between them a small basioccipital, which is so covered by the hinder border of the basisphenoid that only a very small triangle on the ventral side is still visible. This is also the case (as in Eryops) in the frequently figured occiput of Mastodonsaurus robustus from the Lettenkohle (middle Trias) of Gaildorf in Wiirtemberg, which is in the Tiibingen collection. It would be desirable, therefore, to examine other well preserved Stegocephala, to see whether (as I suspect) a small basioccipi- tal is always present, and likewise whether it is visible on the ventral surface or covered by the borders of the basioccipitals or exoccipitals. In the Cotylosaurs the exoccipitals have withdrawn further dorsal so that the condyle is formed from the basioccipital. The basioccipital is larger than in Eryops but nevertheless relatively small and the lamelliform hinder border of the basisphenoid covers it widely, especially on the sides. 378 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, In Diadectes itself the triangular surfaces are elevated, in Eryops they alone are the only part of the whole bone visible. In the Pelycosauria (Dimetrodon) the basioccipital also is of considerable size; it forms only a spherical condyle; although it does not quite attain the size of the basisphenoid it is relatively larger than in the Cotylosauria. The basisphenoid, in all the Temnospondyls, Cotylosaurs and Pelyco- saurs that I have examined, is provided with fair sized or often even long basipterygoid processes. In the Temnospondyls the basisphenoid has increased chiefly in breadth, in the Cotylosaurs it has been greatly elongated. In the Cotylosaurs the basisphenoid is almost always constricted immedi- ately back of the pterygoid processes. Among the Cotylosaurs the Diadec- tosauria are distinguished by the greatly broadened hinder part of the basi- sphenoid, while in the Captorhinide the same is enormously elongate and relatively narrow. In the Pelycosaurs the hinder part is likewise strongly broadened; in front the whole bone narrows and the basipterygoid processes are directed not sideways but directly forward and there is no broadening of the bone. The parasphenoid is lacking in none of these forms; as well known it contributes largely to the formation of the palate. This is the case to an extraordinary degree in Lysorophus and Gymnarthrus. In the Cotylosaurs and Pelycosaurs the parasphenoid is a vertically placed lamella of lesser length than in the above named Amphibians and Stegocephala. The exoccipitals, which in the Urodeles and Temnospondyls form the paired condyles, extend upward near to and even quite above the foramen magnum, so that they nearly or quite come in contact above it in Diadectes, Chilonyx and Dimetrodon, although in the latter three only as small processes which lie on the lower border of the supraoccipitals. They (the exoccipitals) are frequently but not always united without suture with the paraoccipitals. In the exoccipitals of Pelycosaurs the last aperture for the paired cranial _ nerves forms the exit of the hypoglossus. In the Temnospondyl Eryops such an exit is surely lacking, as I was enabled to establish beyond doubt by the preparation of three brain-cases. It is also lacking in Lysorophus and Gymnarthrus as in all Amphibia. In Diadectes the hypoglossus foramen appears to me to be present, yet I can not affirm this with the positiveness with which I have stated the conditions in Amphibia and in Pelycosauria. As stated in the above mentioned description I think I can recognize in Diadectes, right near the border of the foramen magnum, a foramen, which if it really is a foramen, can be no other than that of the hypoglossus; more- over the brain cast shows the last lateral offshoot so far removed from the foramen magnum that it is almost certain that the last foramina present in the original must have been nearer the border of the foramen magnum, 1913] Von Huené, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 379 le agen e 7 only it could not have been cleared or worked out in this skull, and thus it would be exactly where one would look for the hypoglossus. The stapes is present in the Temnospondyls, Cotylosaurs, Pelycosaurs (also in the South African Theromorphs, as recently admitted by Broom, who formerly regarded it as the tympanic); it is often of considerable size and with proximal perforation or deep notch. The supraoccipital, a median primary cartilage bone, is present in Lysoro- _ phus, Gymnarthrus, Eryops. In the second it is excluded from the periphery ol of the foramen magnum by the exoccipitals and projects only in a narrow margin below the covering-bones. In the first and third of the named genera it narrowly touches the formen magnum with its lower angle. In Diadectes and Chilonyz there is a relatively small supraoccipital, broad _above and plainly separated by suture, similar to that in the Pelycosaur Dimetrodon; in both there are specimens in which one can hardly if at all perceive the lateral and superior limits and the bone seems to fuse easily with the paroccipital. In Captorhinus and Labidosaurus the supraoccipi- tal is narrow and pointed above; in Edaphosaurus (= Naosaurus) it is similar. 2. The covering (derm) bones of the hinder skull crest. Here are included the dermo-supraoccipitals and the tabularia. The former name originated with Miall in 1878; in the last few years Broom calls them postparietals; they are often conceived as a paired supraoccipital but the latter is a cartilage bone and here we have to do with derm bones. The tabularia were formerly often falsely named epiotics, but the epiotics are cartilage bones and the tabularia are derm bones. Cuvier and Cope called this pair of bones intercalare, but the designation is ambiguous, because intercalary pieces are distinguished in the vertebral column and be- cause Dreyfuss (1893) so named a cartilage piece of the middle ear (* Beitr. z. Entwicklungsgesch. d. Mittelohres u. d. Trommelfells d. Menschen u. d. Siiugetiere.’ Morphol. Arbeiten herausgeg. v. Schwalbe, 2, 1893); Cope finally used the name tabulare. In the Temnospondyli these two pairs of bones, as is well known, are constantly present, in the middle of the hinder crest of the skull. They are sculptured like the other derm-bones. The tabularia often form angles or spine-like processes, which border medially on the otic notch. In the same manner they are found according to Broili and Williston in Seymouria as well as in Aspidosaurus novomexicanus and in Trematops, Dissorophus, Cacops, only in the last three genera peculiar processes are given off toward the quadrate of which nothing further is known. In Eryops the dermo- supraoccipitals can be distinguished from the supraoccipitals. 380 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Both these pairs of bones are, however, not limited to the Stegocephala but are also found in many reptiles. All Cotylosaurs possess at least the middle pair. The Diadectosaurs possess large dermo-supraoccipitals which are also flanked externally by the great tabularia. The hinder limit of the dermo-supraoccipitals is completely clear in Diadectes, Nothodon (according to Williston), Chilonyx and also, according to Williston, in Limnoscelis. Considerably smaller in Captorhinus and Labidosaurus, the dermo-supra- occipitals are pushed back as narrow bands to the hinder crest of the skull, extending far over the same down on the posterior side of the skull. Here also they meet the unpaired true supraoccipital but are clearly defined from it. Here they appear to overlap each other only at their borders, but in the Diadectosaurs they lie one above the other, that is the scale-like dermal elements cover the supraoccipital with the greatest part of their surfaces; while the supra-occipital reaches nearly to the edge of the parietals and is actually considerably larger than it appears from the outside; this condition I have been able to verify in four skulls, so there can be no question of illu- sory appearances. Labidosaurus has no tabulare, but neither has Capto- rhinus, for I regard the small elements on the posterior corner of the skull as the supratemporal, for reasons given below. Seymouria (=Conodectes) has dermo-supraoccipitals and tabularia similar to those of Temnospondyls; in Isodectes the former are narrow bands on the posterior edge, the latter are wanting. In Pareiasaurus both pairs of bones are known, of consider- able size as in the Temnospondyls. From these indications the Capto- rhinide appear less primitive than all the other Cotylosauria of the Permian; on the other hand the covering of the supraoccipital by the dermo-supra- occipitals in a flat overlap is probably not as primitive as the rectangular conjunction of these elements in Seymouria and the Temnospondyls. In the latter the occipital segment of the skull is still connected with the sur- face frame-work of the skull in such a way that metakinetic movement (Versluys) of the skull is possible. As more closely set forth above in the descriptive part, both pairs of bones are also present in the Pelycosaurs (Dimetrodon) and in Edaphosaurus . (=Naosaurus). In Dimetrodon the tabulare still takes its normal position on the hind corner of the skull and above the paroccipital. The dermo- supraoccipitals which are shoved down on the back of the skull, as far as one can judge persumably cover the supraoccipital as flat scale-like elements, much as in the Diadectosauria. Just as in Captorhinus and Labidosaurus the paired dermo-supraoccipitals are placed vertically on the hinder skull- crest and at a projecting angle between the parietals, so also the “inter- parietal” is placed in some of the South African Theromorphs. This, I hold, is the fusion-product of the paired dermo-supraoccipitals of the more Von. Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 381 ‘ "primitive Theromorphs; and that is a very satisfactory explanation of this __ otherwise strange element. The further conclusions which follow: from the presence of the “interparietal ” in certain mammals are likewise of a simple b character." A few words on Gymnarthrus and Lysorophus may be appended. In ae estrus and Cardiocephalus a pair of dermo-supraoccipitals clearly : : follow behind the parietals; concerning the identity of these there can be - no doubt; tabularia are wanting in Lysorophus but not in Gymnarthrus. _ In Lysorophus the median unpaired true supraoccipital extends forward narrowly in the median line, to the parietals; but on either side of it elements broaden out which not only lie entirely behind the parietals but also reach down from above to the roof-like part of the supraoccipitals; nevertheless I regard them as supratemporals: because the undoubted squamosals in Lysorophus are pushed far back, while these elements (the supratem- porals) lie at the sides of, and articulate with the squamosals, as well as with the parietals, although they also lie behind the parietals and bound the abnormally prolonged upper part of the supraoccipital. 8. Temporal Region. Between the parietal, postfrontal, postorbital and quadrate in most of the forms here treated two temporal bones are interpolated; of these two the lateral one is the squamosal, the medial is the supratemporal. (The reasons in favor of this and against the reversed application of these names I have given elsewhere.) Only in a few forms is the supratemporal nearly as large as the squamosal: here belong among the Temnospondyls T7'ri- merorhachis, Zatrachys and Tersomius, among the Cotylosaurs Isodectes and Pantylus. Equal size of the two elements may be assumed as somewhat primitive, since it is apparent that the supratemporal in course of phylogeny has a tendency to disappear. In the majority of the Temnospondyls and Cotylosaurs the supratemporal is a small squamous element, which is situ- ated on a line between the tabulare and the postfrontal and where the tabu- Jare has vanished, it appears on the hinder crest of the skull next to the dermo-supraoccipital, and in front of its outer end. (The latter is never the case with the tabulare, since as a derm-bone covering the paroccipital it is fastened exclusively to the corner of the skull.) The squamosal, as the derm-bone covering of the quadrate, forms not only the long, often poste- riorly directed, lateral ascending part of the hinder edge of the skull but also a broad surface toward the Lae eae The upper end of the “seca pate in as ae a Sy re ——— *See Anatom. Anz. 42, 1912, pp. 522-524. 382 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Diadectes is articulated below the squamosal in a glenoid-like depression of the latter. It is only in Seymouria (= Conodectes) among the Cotylosaurs and in a few Temnospondyls that one finds between the supratemporal and the postorbital still a third bone in the temporal region, namely the inter- temporal of Broili. This is much rarer and more inconstant than the supra~ temporal. Possibly one may conceive this bone as the remnant of a second osseous ring around the orbit; I do not at any rate regard it as a temporal bone. In those forms in which the derm-bones lying behind the parietals are beginning to diminish and disappear, the squamosal increases at the ex- pense of the supratemporal; in Captorhinus the squamosal covers the whole temporal region and the supratemporal has sunk to a minute vestige: in Labidosaurus even this is lacking. That the little ossicle in Captorhinus is really the supratemporal and not as Case and Branson assume the tabulare, follows from this, that it lies not right next to but principally in front of, the lateral end of the dermo-supraoccipital. These vanishing ele- ments push their way back to the hinder skull crest and there become lost; the supratemporal follows; the reverse case according to my knowledge does not occur. The intertemporal, which is probably of another origin, does not follow this road. In Lysorophus and Gymnarthrus the squamosal is revealed with special clearness as primitively the derm-bone that covers the quadrate. The upper end of the quadrate lies beneath the same; this is true in both genera. Gymnarthrus and Lysorophus still possess besides the squamosal large su- pratemporals; because of their position between the squamosal and the parietal this identification is practically certain. It is true they are lateral to the dermosupraoccipitals in Gymnarthrus, but they push their way so far between the two above named pairs of bones, that they cannot possibly be tabularia. Hence it follows that Gymnarthrus is considerably more primitive than Lysorophus, for Gymnarthrus also has the dermo-supraoc- cipitals in their normal position which is not the case in Lysorophus, and the same is true of the tabularia. In the zygocrotaphous Pelycosaurs and Edaphosaurs (Naosaurs) the temporal region is important because of the forms of the temporal arches, consisting of long narrow connecting pieces. In Dimetrodon directly behind — the processes of the parietal and postorbital is the supratemporal and below that the squamosal, which shares in the boundary of the infratempora fossa. The latter stands in relation with the jugal and through the quadra- tojugal, with the quadrate. There is no need at all to assume an abnormally placed quadratojugal or bones which are otherwise not present (“ prosqua- mosum”’) on the contrary everything is explained quite naturally and with- 1913.] Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 383 out disregarding the relations with other groups. The small quadratojugal, on which part of the differences of opinion have turned, was first figured by Case, but was later contested, then it was observed by Broom and after- ward I thoroughly convinced myself from a number of skulls in more than _ one collection and could definitely establish its individuality in all. In _ Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus (= Naosaurus) supratemporal, squamosal and quadratojugal are certainly present, in the manner described above, as the sutures could be followed all the way around. Not on the same plane of certainty is the participation of the tabulare in the hind corner of the skull, since I could not follow the suture all around; yet I am con- vineed of its presence in that neighborhood. In Naosaurus (Edaphosaurus) the enclosed temporal opening is some- what differently bordered than in Dimetrodon. Postorbital and supra- temporal do not occur on the upper border, on the contrary they do not reach it, so that the parietal intrudes between them and the border of the temporal opening. The temporal arch, which bounds the temporal opening below, is indeed broken off, but is not difficult to reconstruct as follows: on the hinder end of the arch the squamosal is just beginning, therefore it probably formed the entire arch; at the other end the arch met the postorbital; however, as this has a piece extending far upward, we no longer look for the opposing process of the squamosal. Such an arch is customarily called the upper arch, yet the postorbital is directed away from the temporal arch, upward. Similar conditions obtain in Tapinocephalus. Moreover, Naosaurus (Eda- phosaurus) has a sharply down-turned jugal, a quadratojugal (from the presence of the foramen quadrati this may be inferred with certainty, al- though the suture is not recognizable). This condition in Naosaurus (Edaphosaurus), which an upwardly turned postorbital (a character which I once held as decisive for the recognition of a lower temporal opening) have convinced me that in the monozygocrotaphous forms one can not indisputably distinguish those with only an upper arch from those with only a lower arch, which I once thought with Broom I could do (cf. Erythrosuchus, 1911). Tapino- cephalus would not have convinced me of this, as its postorbital is directed upward. There are, however, other forms such as Diademodon in which the postorbital gives off equally long processes upward and backward to the squamosal. The form of the postorbital shows plainly that the temporal opening arises now higher, now lower, but it now seems to me that this relativity does not suffice to homologize the single opening with either the upper or the lower one. The fact remains that there are forms so consti- tuted, as if they possessed only one lower or only one upper temporal opening 384 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, and which thoroughly support such a proposed homology (for example the temporal opening of Dimetrodon is without question constituted like a lower one while that of Deuterosaurus, in case my reconstruction of 1911 is correct, — is an upper one). And yet I am coming to Williston’s opinion that this difference is not of phylogenetic importance and thus that two groups of zygocrotaphous forms were not separated off from the primitive stegocrota- phous forms, nor did the two later go through a separate phyletiec history. It has already been set forth above that the openings in the hinder lateral halves of the skull roof in some specimens of Diadectes (which, however, are surely lacking in other individuals) should not be regarded as temporal openings, since they do not lie between the postfrontal and postorbital on one side and the supratemporal and squamosal on the other, but far behind these. So no matter how alluring the idea would be, these structures do not give us the first beginnings of these temporal vacuities. 4. Lacrymal amd Adlacrymal. Next I may refer again to the fact that I here use the designation lacry- mal for the bones hitherto called prefrontals and adlacrymal for those hither- to called lacrymal. E. Gaupp has shown the identity of the reptilian pre- frontal with the mammalian lacrymal (Anatom. Anz., XXXVI. 1910, p. 529-555). He says in summing up: “Both bones arise as derm-bones on the hinder portion of the nasal capsule and the naso-lacrymal duct lies essen- tially outside of them. In Sphenodon and in most lizards and birds the duct simply remains in position on the external surface throughout life; but in the mammals there follows a more or less complete overgrowth of the duct by the bone, from within, a process also observed in some Sauropsida (snakes, Ascalobota (Geckos), Dromeus, Casuarius). That this constitutes a pure convergence phenomenon is certain. In this connection we note the circumstance that the prefrontal in the Sauropsida is a very constant ele- ment of the skull, while the so-called lacrymal of the Sauropsida is limited to — certain groups: among recent forms to a number of families of lizards and to the crocodilia. It would be, if not impossible, at least remarkable, if the ele- ment which is constant in all Sauropsida should vanish in the mammals, and the inconstant element should have attained so general a distribution among them. This view, however, is completely refuted by the topographic rela- tion of the Sauropsid lacrymal to the nasolacrymal duct and to the nasal capsule.” The now free element which Cuvier identified with the mamma- lian-lacrymal must be named anew. Jaekel (1905) has named it postnasal, but this designation is very misleading since the bone certainly never lies behind the nasals, so Gaupp has proposed to call it adlacrymal. Against 108) Von Huene, Skull Elements of the Permian Tetrapoda. 385 an later change of name (1910) there is no objection, since the principle toes ty has never been applied unconditionally to technical terms, and i ont of the misleading etymology the exception is thoroughly oo. be established that with one exception in all the forms here studied ie adlacrymal reaches from the orbits to the nasal opening and that the ~— acrymal is always limited to the vicinity of the orbit and always remains far removed from the nasal opening. Only in the gymnocrotaphous - Urodele Lysorophus is an adlacrymal wanting and here the lacrymal reaches ___ to the nasal opening and restores the bony connection of the maxilla with the skull roof. 5. Setpomazillary. The presence of the septomaxillary has been shown among the Temno- spondyli in Eryops and Trimerorhachis, in the Diadectosauria Bolbodon, in the Captorhinide Captorhinus and Labidosaurus, in Dimetrodon and in Naosaurus (Edaphosaurus.) It appears accordingly to belong in the fixed osteological inventory of the primitive reptiles. 6. The Palate. The pterygoid in Diadectes, Dimetrodon and Naosaurus (Edaphosaurus) extends much further forward than has previously been supposed. The antero-median processes which form the ascending lamelle in the two last named genera extend to a point between the internal nares, and to the same processes in Diadectes belong two-fifths of the part formerly ascribed to the vomers. The presence of teeth on these median lamelle in Diadectes is the rule. The transverse and a postpalatine perforation are shown in 7. The lower jaw. In Temnospondyls, Cotylosaurs and Pelycosaurs, the lower jaw without exception consists of articular, prearticular (= goniale Gaupp), angular, supraangular, dentary, splenial and complementare (coronoid). The Meckelian groove is always large. The splenial reaches the symphysis and in many cases bears teeth. A coronoid process is more or less strongly developed. In the Cotylosaurs there is a medial perforation between the front ends of the prearticular and of the angular. The lower jaw is simi- larly constituted in the Microsaur Diplocaulus and in the Urodele Lysoro- phus so that one can say that this is the most primitive form of the lower jaw. 386 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII. IV. Brs.iioGRApny. The three works at the head of the following list are on the whole the most im- portant and contain the chief bibliographic resources; the present list includes only works of later date. Case, E.C. Revision of the Pelycosauria of North America. July, 1907. 176 pp., 73 figs., 35 pll. Case, E. C. A Revision of the Cotylosauria of North America. Oct. 25, 1911. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publ. 145. 122 pp., 52 figs., 14 pll. Case, E.C. Revision of the Amphibia and Pisces of the Permian of North America. Dec. 20, 1911. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publ. 146. 179 pp., 56 figs., 32 pll. Branson, E.B. Notes on the osteology of the skull of Pariotichus. Journ. of Geol., March, 1911, XIX, pp. 135-139, pl. i. Broom, R. A comparison of the Permian reptiles of North America with those of South Africa. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, July 16, 1910, pp. 197-234, 20 figs. Case, E. C. The Skeleton of Pecilospondylus francisi, a new genus and species of Pelycosauria. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, July 16, 1911, pp. 183-188, 3 figs. Case, E. C. Description of a skeleton of Dimetrodon incisivus Cope. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, July 16, 1911, pp. 189-196, 5 fig., pll. xv—xix. Case, E. C., and S. W. Williston. A description of the skulls of Diadectes lentus and Animasaurus carinatus. Amer. Journ. Sci., XX XIII, April, 1912. pp. 339-348, 3 figs. Huene, F. von. Ueber Erythrosuchus, Vertreter der neuen Reptilordung Pely- cosimia. Geol. u. Paleont. Abh., (14) N.F., 10 Febr., 1911, pll. 60, 60 figs. tf. 1-12. Huene, F. von. Beitriige zur Kenntnis des Schiidels von Eryops. Anatom. Anz., 41, 1912, pp. 98-104, 8 fig. Mehl, M.G. Pantylus cordatus Cope. Journ. of Geol., XX, Febr., 1912, pp. 21-27, 2 figs. Moodie, R. L. The Temnospondylus Amphibia and a new species of Eryops from the Permian of Oklahoma. Kansas Univ. Sc. Bull., V, Oct., 1911, pp. 235-253. th. 49-54. Moodie, R. L. The skull structure of Diplocaulus magnicornis Cope and the Amphibian order Diplocaulia. Journ. of Morphology, 23, March, 1912, pp. 31-39. Versluys, J. Das Streptostylie-Problem u. die Bewegungen im Schiidel bei Saurop- siden. Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl., XV, 2, 1912, pp. 545-716, 77 fig., tf. 31. Williston, 8S. W. Permian Reptiles. Science, N. 8., XX XIII, Apr. 21, 1911, pp. 631-632. Williston, 8S. W. Restoration of Seymouria baylorensis Broili, an American Co- tylosaur. Journ. of Geol., XIX, May, 1911, pp. 232-237, 1 fig. Williston, 8S. W. American Permian Vertebrates. Univ. of Chicago Press. Oct., 1911. 145 pp., 32 figs., 38 tf. Williston, S. W. Primitive Reptiles, a review. And M. Finney, The Limbs of Lysorophus. Journ. of Morph., XXIII, 1912, pp. 660-667. ms 56.81.99 (117:71,2 is “article XIX.— THE SKELETON OF SAUROLOPHUS, A CRESTED ___- DUCK-BILLED DINOSAUR FROM THE EDMONTON CRETACEOUS. By Barnum Brown. Piates XLII ann XLIII. The discovery of this new genus of the family Trachodontide was first announced through the publication of a detailed description of the skull - (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXXTI, art. xiv, pp. 131-136, 1912). The skeleton has now been prepared and placed on exhibition in the Ameri- can Museum so that it is possible to give generic and specific characters as far as available in this specimen. Type of genus and species, No. 5220, a nearly complete skeleton. Paratype, No. 5221, a disarticulated skull and jaws. Plesiotype, No. 5225, a complete ischium. _ Horizon and locality of type, Edmonton formation, 500 feet below top of beds. Tolman Ferry, Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada. When found, the bones were for the most part articulated excepting cervical vertebrie, a few of the distal caudals, fore limbs and right pes which _ were scattered near by. In preparing the specimen as a panel mount the bones have been re- tained in the original matrix and chiselled out in relief. None of the missing parts have been modelled but broken spines and chevrons have been painted in from the corresponding bones in the mounted skeleton of Trachodon mirabilis (No. 5730). The terminal end of the ischium which is character- istic of this new genus is copied from the cotype (No. 5225, Am. Mus. Coll.). In this specimen the hind limb bones have been flattened by lateral pressure so that they appear to be more massive than in Trachodon. This, however, is a result of circumstances incident to fossilization. In the right femur, for instance, throughout the distal half of the shaft not only the side but the front surfaces as well are presented in this view. The appended table of measurements shows that this animal was about the size of the skeleton of Trachodon mirabilis mounted in the American Museum and somewhat larger than the mounted skeleton of Trachodon (Claosaurus) annectens Marsh, No. 2414 of the National Museum collection in Washington. In a critical study of a large amount of material represent- ing many species of this family, I find that it is impossible to rely on absolute measurements for specific determination on account of distortion incident 387 388 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, to fossilization or to asymmetry of the two sides. Frequently humeri and femora from two sides of the same individual will vary as much as two inches in length. In the description of the skull of Saurolophus an error was made in stating that the spines of the dorsal vertebra are high in this genus, the mis-statement was made by comparing other material now known to repre- sent a distinct genus. It will not be necessary to repeat here the description of the skull (loc. cit.). Saurolophus osborni Brown. Generic and specific Characters: Skull with long posterior bony crest formed by prolongation of frontal, prefrontal and nasal. Lachrymal very long. Superior process of premaxillary extending to posterior border of nares. Radius and humerus of equal length. Sacrum composed of eight vertebra. Pelvis with ischium termi-- nating in expanded foot-like end; pubis with short anterior expanded blade; ilium strongly arched, anterior process a decurved thin vertical plate. Femur with fourth trochanter below middle of shaft. Phalanges of digits II and IV short. Some of the anterior as well as the posterior vertebre are missing. The vertebral formula of this genus is different from that of Trachodon. There were at least 12 cervicals, 20 dorsals, 8 sacrals and 50+ caudals. — Cervical Vertebre: The cervical vertebre are of the typical trachodont form with anterior ends of centra convex and posterior ends deeply concave. Six are present, determined as second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh. The axis spine is a high thin plate bifid from the middle to the anterior end and longer antero-posteriorly than the centrum. On succeeding pre- ‘served cervicals the spines are greatly reduced in size or wanting. Each vertebra carries a rib. From the size and form of those present compared with known skeletons of Trachodon there were at least twelve vertebre in the neck. Dorsal Vertebre: The centra of the dorsal vertebre are not visible from the right side but in preparation it was possible to determine on the opposite side that they were of the same general form as those of T'rachodon mirabilis, with articular faces slightly concavo-convex. As determined by the ribs, transverse processes and spines of succeeding vertebra, borne out by com- parison with the skeleton of Trachodon, the first and second dorsals are missing; in the third, fourth and fifth the spines are short, rising very little above the transverse processes. In succeeding anterior dorsals they are much inclined backward, about of the same height as in Trachodon and very broad antero-posteriorly. Back of the mid-dorsal section the spines grad- ually decrease in breadth antero-posteriorly and incline forward toward the top more in each succeeding vertebra. This disposition allows of a normal al _ Brown, The Skeleton of Saurolophus. 389 position. The transverse processes increase in size from the third 4 ge the ninth and are inclined at the same angle as the spines; then decrease Epemeertionntely i in size back to the twentieth, each supporting a rib. Sacrum: The sacrum is composed of eight vertebre with spines sepa- ated, higher and more massive than others of the vertebral series. The ~~ centra are not visible. In Claosaurus, a well established genus, the type of ~ which is Claosaurus agilis Marsh from the Niobrara Cretaceous, the sacrum is composed of seven vertebrae. In Trachodon, the last survivor of the _ family in the Lance formation, the sacrum is composed of nine vertebre: Thus a vertebra is added to the sacrum in each genus representing the family in succeeding geological formations. Caudal Vertebra: The caudal series is continuous down to the fiftieth vertebra. Those most anterior lie in the original matrix as found, appar- ently separated as in life by the space occupied by cartilage. The anterior centra are quite broad and short with nearly amphyplatyan articular surfaces; the sides of the vertebre are quite deeply excavated. The re- duction in length is very gradual, those of the middle part of the series being almost as long as the first. Nineteen of the anterior ‘vertebre have transverse processes, which gradually decrease in size from the second. _ The first is extremely massive and abutted against the posterior process of the ilium. All of the caudals present carry chevrons excepting the three ‘most anterior, the first chevron being between the fourth and fifth centra _ The chevrons were apparently of the same size and form as those of Tracho- don mirabilis, from which the broken parts have been painted. From the size of the last vertebra present it is estimated that about four feet of the end of the tail is missing. _ Ribs: The ribs appear to be more massive than those of Trachodon _ although it is possible that the massive appearance is accentuated by lateral pressure as instanced in the femur. The fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth were of about the same length. The eighth is most massive. They de- crease in width and length proportionately back to the fifteenth, and from that point back to the sacrum are quite small. Shoulder Girdle: The fore limbs are of about the same form as those of Trachodon but different in proportion of the parts. The scapula of the right side was in position when found and in the mounted skeleton has not been changed. It is straighter than in Trachodon, but some of the lateral curvature has been modified by pressure. It is interesting to note here that in every specimen of Trachodon in which the skeleton has been found articulated the scapule are low down in position, the blade lying nearly across the middle of the ribs. From cumulative evidence it seems probable 390 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, that the blade of the scapula was in life normally low in position. In this specimen the posterior end of the scapula overlies the ninth rib. The humerus, ulna, radius and manus apparently are of the same form as in the genus 7'rachodon, but the radius and humerus are equal in length. In Trachodon the radius is much shorter than the humerus. The manus was scattered and partly missing. In the mounted specimen the bones of the right manus are assembled nearly as they would be in life. Metacarpals II and V only are preserved. They are about the same size as in Trachodon mirabilis. "The two ungual phalanges II* and ILI’ are preserved in the right manus. Fig. 1. Outline of pelves, ; natural size. A, Saurolophus osborni; B, Trachodon mirabilis. Pelvic Girdle: The pelvic girdle (Fig. 14) shows characters quite as distinctive as the skull. The ilium is much deeper and more massive than in Trachodon (Fig. 1-B) with the anterior process decurved, thin and verti- cal. In the genus 7'rachodon this portion of the ilium is much straighter and triangular in form. The posterior process is broad and vertical. MR ies brown, The Skeleton of Saurolophus. 391 _ The pubis differs slightly in form from that of Trachodon, especially in anterior blade in which the neck portion is narrower than in Trachodon abilis with the expanded part of the blade proportionately less deep and ‘shorter. The post-acetabular portion, or post pubis, is not visible. __ The most striking feature of the pelvis is that of the ischium, which is more massive and distinctly different in form from that of the genus T'racho- e don. In this specimen the distal half is missing but in the plesiotype the entire bone is preserved. It unites with its mate along the distal half of the a ; - shaft and the distal end terminates in an enlarged foot similar to the ischia ‘ of Theropoda. The entire bone is more massive than in Trachodon, and the narrowest part of the shaft is about 30 centimeters below the acetabulum, from which point it gradually expands to the distal end. In another speci- men, not yet prepared but identified as the same genus, the ischia form a greater angle with the caudal certebre than in T'rachodon and the body was deeper at this point. In this specimen the distal end or foot of the ischium is expanded so that it is seven inches in length antero-posteriorly and quite massive. It is not conceivable that this bone supported the animal while in a resting position as it did in the Theropoda, but it unquestionably formed attachment for large caudo-abdominal muscles. That the abdominal muscles were heavier is borne out by the massive ribs in this specimen. In Trachodon the ischium terminates in a blunt rounded point. The femur is of the same length and general form as that of Trachodon, although in this specimen both femora are crushed flat so that they appear to have a greater circumference of the shaft. The great trochanter is mas- sive and as high as the head, while the top of the lesser trochanter ends about three inches below it. The position of the fourth trochanter cannot be accurately defined although it is lower than in Trachodon. The anterior foramen in the distal end of the femur is completely bridged over. Tibia and fibula apparently do not differ from those of Trachodon. Astragalus and caleaneum are not codssified with the tibia and fibula and apparently are not distinguishable from those of Trachodon. The second row of tarsals is missing. The metatarsals have the same form and proportional size as in T’racho- don. The phalangeal formula is the same as in Trachodon, and the phalanges have the same form, but II ™ and IV '*** are much reduced in length. Trachodon and another genus of the family to be described in a following paper were coéxistent with Saurolophus but the latter appears to have been most abundant of all the Edmonton dinosaurs. From the great number of its remains found in the Red Deer exposures it was far more numerous in the Edmonton than 7'’rachodon was in the later Lance formation. 4 392 Bulletin American Museum of Natural Hiswiy. ">". XK, Comparative Measurements.' Total length of body along the spinal column. Trachodon mirabilis, 32 ft. Trachodon (Claosaurus) annectens, 26 ft. 3 in. Mounted meages. U. 8. Nae tional Museum Coll., No. 2414. Saurolophus osborni, No. 5220, 32 ft. (computed). mo bas ; y 2. Be, Skull. mm. mm. mm. Total length premaxillary to paroccipital process........ 1200 1100. Length in front of tect)... scnesiaseess>- + ~ > sees 500 420 °-- 9 quadvates. 00s ceapeb ete etek.) 350 410 Width of premaxillaries at widest part................... 380 380 “ “‘ skull across distal points of paroccipital process . 320 Length of dentition: :¢ inde ent 66s - )-- +. sea 380 350+ Lower Jaw ai Tote) length. . ....:sicAc Rea ea ss oe SGds si ce 1050 980 » “< of deutary... 4 RE dinteX:> =. visio hace 830 820 = (CS Rp aids a syd hives 9 Se a 210 250 2 b's ba -eid's's. saan’ s + he eee 390 350+ Greatest depth through middle of jaw including teeth... .. 150 190 Pectoral Girdle and Fore Limbs. Seapula, lengta:. . i cick pita hE hw dae hoes eos 900 810 970 “width widest portion of blade.................. 220 200 230 43 ‘“* narrowest portion of blade............... 140 130 130° Coracoid, length... ; . ic couaees ea ale Bae EA 215 90+ Humerus, length . . . ..<::.caee ee ee ees cides bis a 610 501 500 * ‘¢ of. deltge Sh ates ba to lee sree ae es 310 280 310 is transverse diameter of inner condyle........... 100 110 85 4 least circumference of shaft................... 255 : Uina, length... . . is). SSS. ase wes ve 680 500 630 — ‘“‘ least circumference of shaft...<2............4.058- 190 170 Radius, length... .. .....s sue ns ae one leaatekind 620 440 600 se least circumference of shaft..................... 175 120 Metacarpal II, length: ..:.. ccseeeeees +s ispascunu cus 250 200 245 ny THY, “* vucck cocaine eee a aramere% 330 220 IV, “LU eee 330 215 is V, | Lavi cule ite nnn Sains 130 75 120 Sternal bone, length......... ..... 5 see ,... 460 400 3 “width at widest portion of blade............ 140 Pelvic Girdle and Hind Limbs. ium, fomgth: ca, a 1160 1030+ 1150 ** - of anterior process... . saaueeeeeneen 480 410+. 470... : “ 2“ posterior “ .... .) Sa ..18 Ischium, extreme length type" BI0e iter neue rees PPS ere 114 “ — Tength of foot aE | SOUR er 30 «across iliac & pubic h 6 §§ B204 oe 34 Ilium, extreme length © i Se wim ees ices ae “height 66 #6 BOOK. «0. «dina bin's Sad va 32 Pubis, narrowest width ofblade “ © 5204 ..........2+.+.0 see denne 12 Humerus, length BRT2 oe. cc cn eves vvsc sue eeenn 58 Radius, 2 oe Tp En 70 Ulna, in 4: OTP. Ags. vs stb eee TS 75 Metacarpal II length ee: A TES 2 ee (yr er oa Od a vie re 28 " ee GAT es ac eeve tees 04a sae ll Tibia ‘+ Re iG eee 108 Fibula s OR ss oc POIs a 100 Metatarsal II“ oe 35 “ wa a” + reer 43 - a © FBI sa: wre <. Sains o's» sles Bgl a 34 i is sian ee ee oe 56.9, 72T (1181:78) Article XXI.— LOWER EOCENE TITANOTHERES. GENERA LAMBDOTHERIUM, EOTITANOPS, By Henry Farrrietp OsBorn. INTRODUCTION. The explorations of the American Museum parties under Mr. Walter Granger in the Lower Eocene during the years 1905, 1909-1911, have resulted in our determining the chief characters of the earliest known ancestral forms of the titanotheres. The present paper is a preliminary statement of the new systematic results which will be fully set forth in the author’s monograph ‘The Titanotheres’ for the United States Geological Survey, which is now nearing completion and has been prepared with the assistance of Dr. W. K. Gregory. The known localities of the Lambdotherium Zone which yield remains of Lambdotherium and Eotitanops are as follows: Wyoming, typical Wind River Basin, Lost Cabin Section ................. 400 ft. “i Big Horn Basin, Tatman Mountain Section.................... 325 ** = Beaver Divide, Green Cove Section....................022+5- 265 “ Colorado, Huerfano Basin, Garcias Mountain......................0005 ? ” From these formations 111 specimens of Lambdotherium and 14 of Eotitanops have been secured by Mr. Granger and his assistants, Messrs. Olsen and Stein. It appears that these beds contain several species and mutations, or Fig. 1. Eotitanopse gregoryi, type, Amer. Mus. no, 14889. A, second and third left upper molars. B, right lower premolar-molar series (pr-m:). Natural size, progressive stages in the development and adaptive radiation of members of the genus Eotitanops, indicating that there are at least two phyla in this genus; one embracing smaller, more persistently primitive, light-limbed 407 408 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, forms, the other larger and more progressive forms. The latter might be considered descendants of the former but for the fact that the two phyla coéxist on relatively high geological levels of the formation. The syste- matic revision of the new and already known species is as follows: Eotitanops gregoryi sp. nov. Figs. 1, 4B. Locality.— Type from Wind River, Lost Cabin Formation, Wyoming, 100 feet above Alkali Creek “‘red stratum.” Type.— Amer. Mus. No. 14889, lower jaw, also fragment of left superior maxilla containing m?, m°, Specific characters.— Of inferior size. P:-m; = .0784; m;-3; = .0490; P:-; with the internal cusps, paraconid and metaconid, consisting of rectigradations of most rudimentary stage; hypoconulid of m; very small; m* with a single internal cone, no hypocone. This very sharply defined species represents a persistent primitive stage, because its geological level, 100 feet above the Alkali Creek “red stratum” is higher than that of the typical and relatively progressive E. borealis. Its primitive condition is shown in the comparison of p; with the same tooth in E. borealis and E. princeps. The third inferior premolar is seen to be much less progressive than in E. princeps or even in Lambdotherium; the other premolars are also very primitive. P». short, compressed, with a very rudimentary hypoconid; ps3 laterally compressed, hypoconid distinct, paraconid, metaconid, and ento- conid extremely rudimentary rectigradations. In the molar teeth, m:-3, the metastylid and entostylid are also in an extremely rudimentary, or rectigradational stage. In m 3 the hypoconulid is small, subconic, external in position. Eotitanops brownianus (Cope). Figs. 2, 4C. Lambdotherium brownianum Cope, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., Vol. VI, 1881, pp. 196; Vertebrata of the Tertiary, etc., 1884, p. 709, pl. lvia, fig. 10 (not the type). Locality— From the Wind River, Lost Cabin Formation. Exact level unre- corded. Type.— Amer. Mus. No. 4885. Lower jaw with all the teeth fractured except po. Specific characters.— Size greater than E. gregoryi. P:-m; = 90 mm.; m-3 = 55 mm.; fang of p; placed in close proximity to the canine; p2 compressed, hyposdaia ; Paes, FOR re oe 1918], Osborn, Lower Eocene Titanotheres. 409 elevated; entoconid invisible; paraconid a rudimentary rectigradation yeed very low on the crown; metaconid extremely rudimentary if present; Fig. 2. Eotitanops brownianus (Cope), type jaw, Amer. Mus. no. 4885. Contour re- stored from £. borealis. One-half natural size. _ The type of this species belonged to an animal in size midway between _ E. gregoryi and E. borealis, with pronounced swelling of the jaw below ms. Its vertical depth below the anterior face of ms is 40 mm. The symphysis - is decidedly broad and massive. Eotitanops borealis (Cope). Figs. 3, 4D. Palaosyops borealis Corr, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XIV, 1880, p. 746; Vertebrata _ of the Tertiary, ete. 1884, pp. 699, 703, pl. Iviiia, fig. 3. Locality — Wind River, Lost Cabin Formation. Exact level not recorded. Type.— Amer. Mus. No. 4892, consisting of fragments of a right maxilla contain- ing p*-m’ with portions of radii associated. Neotype.— Amer. Mus. No. 14887. Skull, jaws, atlas, and portions of pelvis. Specific characters.— Of larger size. P:-m, .094-.098. Premolar teeth more complicated, as shown in neotype and associated specimens. P*~* with progressively developing tritocones and single internal deuterocones backwardly inclined, crowns subtriangular; m*~* with distinct protoconules. History.— The fragmentary type specimen (Am. Mus. No. 4892) is the historical Palwosyops borealis of Cope figured in the ‘Tertiary Vertebrata,’ plate lviiia, Fig. 2. It is marked No. 16 in the Wind River valley collection 410 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, of Jacob L. Wortman, July, 1880. The neotype (Amer. Mus. No. 14887) represents a slightly larger and somewhat more progressive mutation. It consists of the skull and jaws found by Granger in 1909 on Dry Muddy Creek, 100 feet above the alkali “red stratum.” Fig. 3. otitanops borealis. Reconstruction of skull, based on Amer. Mus. no. 14887. One third natural size. The discovery of this skull justifies the generic separation of Hotitanops (Osborn 1908) because it differs from all known Middle Eocene titanotheres in the relatively elongate face and abbreviate cranium, the Middle Eocene forms having an abbreviate face and elongate cranium. Eotitanops princeps sp. nov. Fig. 4E. | Eotitanops borealis, in part, of earlier descriptions. Locality.— Wind River, Lost Cabin formation. Exact level not recorded. Type.— Amer. Mus. No. 296, including femur, humerus, right manus, one cervi- cal, three dorsal, one caudal vertebre. Specific characters — Of still larger size, px-m; .105e. Inferior premolar teeth somewhat more complicated, as shown in the type specimen. P,: with elevated, distinct, but very rudimentary paraconid and metaconid; entoconid very rudimen- tary; talonid narrow. P3, paraconid quite distinct, elevated; metaconid small, dis- tinct; entoconid rudimentary; talonid broad. PP, talonid broad; entoconid distinct. Hypoconulid of m; rounded, more robust. Ramus, larger and more robust. The more advanced development of the premolar rectigradations, the increased size of the teeth and of the jaw, the larger size of the hind feet in 411 specimen (Amer. Mus. No. 4902), combine to distinguish this 4 mutation or subspecific stage between E. borealis and BE. major. “Fig. 4. Lower jaws of Lambdotherium and Eotitanops. One-fourth natural size. A, eo yrernabang popoagicum. B, Botitanopa gregoryi. C, EB. brownianus, D, B. borealis. , B. princeps. 412 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Eotitanops major sp. nov. A.M.14933 Figs. 5, 6. A.M.4902 A.M.14894 Fig. 5. Median metatarsals of Zotitanops. A, E. gregoryi. B, E. borealis. ©, E, princeps. D, E. major. Natural size. Locality — From Wind River, Lost Cabin formation (Alkali Creek). Exact level unrecorded. Type. — Amer. Mus. No. 14894, a left median metatarsal, also the distal end of the tibia. Specific characters.— Of superior size, Mts. III .104 longitudinal, .016 tr., index 15. This ill-defined spe- cies indicates the exist- ence in Wind River times of a relatively large, short-footed titanothere, which is possibly ances- tral to some of the short- footed Middle Eocene types. The comparative measurements with the median metatarsal of E. borealis are as follows: Fig. 6. Eotitanops major, type, Amer. Mus. No. 14894. Median metatarsal A!, posterior view. A2, anterior. A* distal, A‘ proximal view. B#, distal end of left tibia, an- terior view. B2, the same, distal view. 1913] Osborn, Lower Eocene Titanotheres. 413 mm. mm. Median metarsal, III, ee sae beds soko Eee 104 Width of shaft.. va RO a OC aa 16 mumammmmalar facet tr........ 2... 0... cee cece ce ce ee Bl 25 Lambdotherium priscum sp. nov. Figs. 7, 9. Locality.— Wind River Basin, three miles east of Lost Cabin, Wyoming; Granger, Amer. Mus. Expedition, 1905. my A M.12822 . oF AWM 2989 Fig. 7. Incomplete lower jaws and dentition of Lambdotherium. Natural size. A, L. priscum type, Amer. Mus. no. 12822. B', L. popeagicum, inner side view, Amer, Mus. No. 2989; B*, Outer side view of same. 414 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Type.— Am. Mus. No. 12822, anterior portion of jaw with p:-p,, m, of right side, also ps, Mi, Me of left side. Rami fragmentary. Specific characters.— P:-~, =.025. Second and third lower premolars extremely simple, with rudimentary paraconid. P;: metaconid of ps rudimentary, placed very low upon slope of protoconid; talonid narrow, depressed, with cin- gular rudiment of entoconid. The extremely simple or primitive struc- ture of the second lower premolar clearly distinguishes this stage (Fig. 7). A referred specimen (Amer. Mus. No. 14908) is slightly more advanced in the structure of the second lower premolar,. but is still much more primitive than the type of L. popoagicum. This specimen was found in the Wind River Basin, Dry Muddy Creek, eighteen miles up, Granger, Amer. Mus. expedition, 1909. The measurements of these two speci- mens are: Referred Type specimen No. 12822 No. 14908 mm. mm. Second to fourth premolar, in- clusive... ¢./.i.siese eee 25 —_ Third premolar, anteroposte- VIO... . . Suk an va'y ss eee 8 8 Third premolar, transverse.... 5 5 Fourth premolar anteroposte- TOR cis's ss Rh. ce 9 8.5 Fourth premolar transverse... 6.5 —_ First molar, anteroposterior. .11.5 10 si ‘« transverse...... 7.5 7 First to third molar, inclusive... — 37 Pa Ps p2 \ 3% a a x= ‘ Fig.9. Mutations of cusp addition in the premolar evolution of Lambdotherium. Second, third, fourth lower premolars of the left side, inner side view. Transition from L. priscum stage (A-E) through L. popoagicum stage (F-H) to L. progressum stage (I-L). Natural size. 1913.] Osborn, Lower Eocene Titanotheres. 415 Lambdotherium progressum Osborn. 4a Fig. 8. Locality — — Wind River Basin, Alkali Creek, Buck Spring. Granger, Amer. = Mus. Expedition, 1909. _‘Type.— Amer. Mus. No. 14917. Right ramus and symphysis of jaw containing z a mG prem, of right side, also left canine. M.14917° Fig. 8. Lambdotherium progressum, type, Amer. Mus. no. 14917. Alkali Creek, Wind River Basin, Wyo. Outer side view of jaw and teeth. Natural size. Specific characters.— P:-p, = .0165. Second, third, and fourth lower premolars progressive. Rudiment of metaconid on p:. P; with elevated metaconid subequal with protoconid, broad talonid with rudimentary entoconid. P, with bifid metaconid and distinct entoconid. This is readily distinguished from both L. priscum and L. popoagicum by the advanced condition of ps, which may be described as submolariform. Measurements of Type. mm, Second to fourth lower premolar, inclusive.................6...00cceeees 26 Second EE MUMODOUNOUION 55 555 5.06 ondsig ss var snsde nce eaielnagetaay 8 * rns CHTIOMEE oss ssn ks cvcecec ce Hiv enee pees 4.8 ; Third premolar, MRODOUDIIN. So icc 5 s.0 + 0's > o.n05's dba maiae teeta ss 9 INN i aite gS ines y+ + 03:0 a dibwo « 0 tee ee eee eek ees 6 Fourth er Gubareoater OF... si... cs dents osadpe as) Se UREeMRDE ON i 9.3 a ee Ee aD re ae a Ea 7.3 ACO i... ws vs eves vos tubeues bie SeGmMeEE 0 e's 115 “ “ 8.5 Second molar, anteroposterior.................... RAS ee ST 12.5 9.5 “ “ ee . 56.9, 66B:14.71, 5 Article XXII—THE SKULL OF BATHYOPSIS, WIND RIVER ae UINTATHERE. By Henry Fatrrretp OsBorn. Pirates LXIV-LXVI. The American Museum expedition of 1909 fortunately secured the long sought skull of Bathyopsis, an animal known previously only by the type jaw of the species B. fissidens, described by Cope. This skull from the upper portion of the Lower Eocene presents an ideal ancestral stage of the Middle Eocene uintatheres of the Bridger formation. The rudiments of three pairs of osseous horns (maxillary, frontal, parietal) are prophetic of the great maxillary and parietal horns of Uintatherium, or Dinoceros. This specimen (Pll. LXIV-LXVI) was discovered by Mr. George Olsen - on Alkali Creek, north of Walton, Wind River Basin, Wyo. The formation is known as “Lost Cabin”; the life zone is known as the Lambdotherium Zone, a zone which contains also the ancestral titanothere Lotitanops, the survivors of Phenacodus, and especially a number of surviving forms of Coryphodon. Skull of Bathyopsis. The skull is provisionally referred to B. fissidens Cope. The specimen, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 14802, has been very skilfully restored by Mr. Walter Granger, who was in charge of the Museum expedition which secured Fig. 1. Skull and jaw of Bathyopsis fssidens, Composition from type, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 4820, and from skull Amer, Mus, No, 14802. One fourth natural size, 417 418 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, it. Although fully adult the skull is small, the basilar length being estimated at .310 and the zygomatic width .180. That it is fully adult is proved by the fact that the first and second superior molars, m'— m’, are well worn; the unworn crest of m* reveals the typical V-shaped uintathere molar pattern with a postero-internal hypocone on m*. The specimen thus throws no -- Prine Mus.No.10298 Fig. 2. Typeskull of Elachoceras paroum, Princ. Mus. No. 10298. A, seen from above; B, seen from left side. One-sixth natural size. light upon the still unsettled question of the derivation of the uintathere molar from the primitive amblypod type. In general the skull is dolichocephalic; the preorbital space is shorter than the postorbital; there is a sharp constriction in front of the orbits; the muzzle broadens suddenly for the greatly enlarged canines; the supra- temporal crests flare widely in the region of the rudimentary parietal horns (P. H.); the occiput is broad and low, overhanging the condyles. SA ee postglenoid processes. ~ ence of six grinding teeth, p*-m', the 1913) __ Osborn, Skull of Bathyopsis. 419 eabericr: view. Of the three pairs of horn rudiments the maxillary , io (M. H.) are the most prominently developed, of an elongate oval form. — The nasals are sharply constricted between them. Anteriorly the nasals ____ are very slender, and there is no evidence that they bore nasal horn bosses _ such as are developed in Middle Eocene uintatheres. The nasals expand ___ posteriorly behind the maxillary horns into a broad plate, suturally distinct _ from the frontals at the sides but merging into the frontoparietal complex bees posteriorly. The rudimentary frontal osseous horns (F. H.) are located immediately above the orbits and form the anterior termination of the ‘supratemporal crests. The parietal horns (P. H.) are very rudimentary, being represented by obliquely transverse ridges (r) which terminate in the _ widest portion of the supratemporal crest above the middle of the temporal fossa. From this point the supratemporal crests converge slightly toward _ the occiput. This condition is directly comparable to that of the type specimen of Elachoceros pareum Scott (Fig. 2) of the Bridger, in which, however, the parietal horns are more pronounced and developed. The occiput is relatively low and broad as compared with that of the Bridger uintatheres (see Fig. 3); the occipital condyles are very broad; the paroccipital processes are low, or sessile; the posttympanic portion of the squamosal is prominent and separated by a wide open external auditory meatus from the broad and transversely placed The palatal view indicates the pres- true molars, as noted above, being ap- parently entirely similar in structure to those of Uintatherium. The hard palate opens opposite m*. The superior canines are of considerable size, the alveolar di- persum One sisth natural doce ameters being a. p. .024, tr. .017. This hypertrophy of the canines has already been anticipated from the presence of the deep flange on the lower jaw of B. fissidens. The premaxillaries are extremely slender and were probably edentulous as in Uintatherium. As a whole the skull and dentition are so closely related to those of females of the primitive species of Uintatherium as to fall almost within the same generic definition. The skull, however, is that of a robust male, with well developed canine tusks, and is consequently to be regarded as in a typical ancestral stage. It differs from that of the somewhat problematical type of Elachoceros (Fig. 2) in the fact that in the latter the parietal horns 420 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXII, (P. H.) are much more prominently developed and somewhat more posteri- orly placed, while the entire parietal crest is so broad that when seen from above (Fig. 2, B) it hides the temporal fossa completely. Can Princ.Mus.Nal0298° Fig. 4. Superior grinding series of type of E. parvum. Two-thirds natural size. Skull of Elachoceras. In 1886 this animal was described by W. B. Scott! with two figures (op. cit. p. 305, Figs. 2, 3). Pending a close comparison of this type with that of other Bridger dinocerata the author owes to Professor Scott the opportunity to reproduce two figures herewith, drawn by Mr. Bruce Hors- fall. They serve to display the three horn bosses on the maxillaries, the frontals, and the parietals (P. H.). This skull, as above noted, is strikingly similar to that here described as B. fissidens but it is in a more advanced stage of evolution. It will be observed that the frontal horn rudiments (F. H.) are directly above the orbits. 1Seott, W. B. ‘On Some New Forms of the Dinocerata.’ Amer. Jour. Sci. Vol. XXXI, Apr. 1886, pp. 303-307. > Beurerm A.M. N-H. Vou. XXXII, Prare LXIV. One half natural size. BaTuyopsis (?) FISSIDENS. AM. No.14802 a XXXII, Puatre LXV. VoL. Buuretin A. M.N. H. EEE ‘azjs [Rangeu Jyey ougD ‘SNAGISSIA ({) SISAOAHLYG Pirate LXVI. XXXII, Von. MEN. H. Bouurerin A, “OZ1S [BANQeU JTVYy sug ‘SNAUCISSIA (3) SISMOAHLVG 59.57, 97P(7) Article XXIII. NEW AMERICAN PHILANTHID2. By NaTHANn Banks. Puate LXVII. The following new species are the result of a study of a collection from the American Museum of Natural History. In doing this I have found a few new species in my own collection which are also described. A new genus is made for certain species formerly classed in Philanthus. Philanthus insignatus n. sp. 9 Face below antenna, a large spot between antennz, rounded above and con- taining two reddish spots, mandibles (except tips), scape and most of third joint of antenn#, pronotum above, tegula, spot behind tubercles, scutellum and _post- _ seutellum, most of abdomen above (except first segment), the tibia and tarsi, all yellow. Vertex and occiput red, leaving only a curved black band through ocelli; front of pronotum reddish, two faint reddish stripes on the mesonotum; basal abdominal segment red, first and second segments have basal median black marks, and there are narrow black bands over the sutures, last segment dark rufous; venter mostly rufous, but the second segment is black at base; femora rufous. Body nearly smooth, head minutely punctate, punctures on thorax and abdomen scarcely if at all larger; head and thorax, and first segment of abdomen densely hairy, that _ on vertex and mesonotum dark. Wings dusky, darker at tip, stigma yellowish. Head very broad, vertex much higher than eyes, latter wide apart; antennz not as long as width of the head; anterior ocellus not twice as large as laterals, these much nearer each other than to eyes; clypeus almost angularly produced below in middle; third joint of antenna nearly as long as fourth and fifth together; metanotum with a basal groove; venter with sparse, small punctures; no teeth in eomb of front tarsus more than one-half as long as the basal joint, which is very long. Expanse 30 mm. From Alpine, Texas, 28-30 June, 4400-6000 ft. Wickham coll., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Philanthus hermosus n. sp. 9 Black; with white marks and pubescence. Face below antennz, up between them, and up on sides by eyes, mandibles (except tips), seape beneath, spot behind each eye, pronotum, tegulw, tubercles, spot behind, postscutellum, tibia, spot each side on first segment of abdomen, large spot each side on second almost connected to median spot behind, apical bands on third, fourth, and fifth segments, emarginate each side in front; all white. Tarsi brownish, especially hind tarsi, flagellum rufous below; wings hyaline, stigma yellow; femora of front and middle legs white on apical part beneath. Clypeus broadly rounded below; face swollen between antenn#; 421 422 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. XXXII, anterior ocellus twice as large as laterals; rather shallow depression at base of meta- notum; comb on tarsus I very long, some teeth as long as basal tarsal joint. Ex- panse 12 mm. From New Mexico; Amer. Mus. Nat. History. Philanthus assimilis n. sp. 2 Face below antenne, extending up between them and up each side by eyes, collar, tegule, tubercles, spot behind, postscutellum, three spots on first segment of abdomen, apical bands on other segments, yellow. Band on second segment emargi- nate each side behind, those on third, fourth, and fifth segments emarginate each side in front; pygidium partly yellow. Legs with black femora, front pair rufous be- neath, tibie and tarsi yellow. Body evenly and finely punctate; clypeus evenly rounded below; anterior ocellus hardly twice as large as the laterals; rather broad depression at base of metanotum; scutellum shining, bilobed. Wings almost hivaiinns stigma yellowish, veins brownish. Expanse 18 mm. From Shasta, California (Edwards coll.), in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. The three spots on basal abdominal segment, and the punctate abdomen separate it it from Ph. scelestus Cr., to which it is allied i in general structure. ee ee | Philanthus carolinensis n. sp. @ Resembles closely Ph. bilunatus in markings and in shining appearance. Dif- fers in having the scutellum as well as postscutellum yellow, and in having two curved yellow marks on first segment as well as on the second segment of the abdo- men, and both of these marks are a little broader on sides than at inner end, and the - other bands are also a little broader at the sides; the pronotum is yellow, not in- terrupted, and there is a distinct elongate spot behind each eye. The face marks are similar to those of Ph. bilunatus, but the side marks are broader at base. The median lobe of clypeus projects more below, and the elongate pit at base of metanotum above is not so large as in Ph. bilunatus. Wings similar to that species. ; aed From. Southern Pines, N. Car. Philanthus texanus n. sp. o& Clypeus, extending up each side, lateral spot not very wide below, large median triangular spot with posterior projection on front, two spots behind ocelli on vertex, elongate spot behind eyes, scape and basal joints of flagellum below, pronotum, two spots on scutellum, postscutellum, tibia, tarsi and tips of femora, curved mark each side on first abdominal segment, bands on others, second emarginate each side behind, others emarginate each side in front, all yellow. Wings yellowish, stigma yellow. Densely and finely punctate, clypeus evenly rounded below, lateral ocelli very much - smaller than. anterior ocellus and as close to eyes as to each other; pubescence whitish, not conspicuous except on-sides of metanotum, venter black-haired; meta-— notum with median basal pit, limited behind by a ridge. Expansel4mm. =. _—~ @ Similar to male; face yellow, extending up each side, and in middle to edge of | ¥ seas 1913.) . Banks, New American Philanthide. — 423 erte no spots behind ocelli, nor on scutellum, and the flagellum of antenne is ie. below. Clypeus strongly convex below; pit on the metanotum hardly as "deep as in male; abdomen rather broad, venter without the long black hair. Ex- 16 mm. 40° _ From Fedor, Lee Co., Texas, April, June, July (Birkmann). Oclocletes n. gen. Similar in venation and general structure to Philanthus, femora hairy all over (in Philanthus only below), eyes of male approximate above. Type.— Philanthus sanborni Cress. Includes also Ph. basilaris, Ph. zebratus, Ph. trumani, Ph..scutellaris, and O. nitens n. sp. ji Oclocletes zebratus Cress. A specimen of this species from Carbon Co., Wyoming, in the Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A figure of abdominal mark- ings is given. | Oclocletes nitens n. sp. @ Shining black; clypeus, with lateral lobes to eyes, extending up each side by eyes, most of the mandibles, a large spot (containing dark area) between antenne, scape and several joints of antenne beneath, all white; a dark spot in middle of elypeus. Spot behind each eye, two spots on pronotum, tegule, spot behind the tubercles, a curved spot each side on first segment of abdomen, a broad spot each side on second segment, apical bands on next three slightly narrowed in middle, all white. Tibie and tarsi yellowish red; wings faintly dusky, stigma yellowish. Head and thorax with very minute punctures, abdomen with scattered larger punctures; metanotum with long median groove at base; no teeth on comb of tarsus as long as basal joint. Pubescence quite long, white, that of vertex black, rather short, dark, and inconspicuous on venter. Expanse 25 mm. From Princeton, British Columbia, 10 July, 1909 (Russell coll.). Cerceris grandis n. sp. @ Almost entirely yellow; tips of mandibles black; flagellum of antenn rufous, brown towards tip; ocelli on a rufous triangle; mesongtum with a lateral stripe over base of wings, and an elongate, median, basal spot, rufous; pygidial area rufous; and a rufous spot on the yellow tegulw; venter yellow, like dorsum. Wings dusky, darker along costal area, and near tip, stigma yellowish. Body densely but very finely punctate, the mesonotum almost smooth, punctures on abdominal segments rather larger than those on the head; body with very short pubescence, hardly noticeable. Caypeus very broad and low, median part not higher than wide, on its anterior margin is a tooth each side and between them the margin is sinuate, just above the margin is a pair of minute teeth; third joint of the antenne about one and one-third the length of the fourth, Enclosure very large, broad, and convex, very finely, obliquely striate. Abdomen broad, first segment small, with parallel sides, 424 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, not one-half as wide as the second segment; pygidial area twice as long as broad, broader at base; serrations on hind tibie very large, as long as the spines. Expanse 40 mm. From Ft. Yuma, Arizona; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Cerceris sexta Say. Specimens from Carbon Co., Wyoming, and Berke- ley, Calif. I figure the clypeal process of the female, and the pygidial area of male. Cerceris nitida n. sp. Q Clypeus (except space below projection) extending up side of face to above antenne, base of mandibles, spot above, interrupted stripe on pronotum, tegule, postscutellum, narrow apical band on all segments of the abdomen (except last) on 2, 3, 4, and 5 narrow in middle and wider on sides, spot each side on third ventral, tips of all femora, and the tibiw (except tip of hind pair), and basal joint of tarsi, all yellow. Rest of tarsi brown, femora black; the basal joints of flagellum of antenne below, and the apical joints are fulvous, scape with a narrow pale line (sometimes lacking). Wings slightly dusky, darker in apical costal area, stigma yellowish. Body shining; punctures small and few (smaller than in deserta or nigrescens); clypeus with a low elevation, almost coming to a point; enclosure large, smooth (minute punctures) the postscutellum also smooth; basal abdominal segment not one-half the width of the second; pygidial area rather long, evenly narrowed at each end, ventral segments not notched behind. Expanse 14 mm. & Marked like female, except no mark on first segment of abdomen, and that on second is broader than in female, face below antennz yellow; yellow spot on scape below, and basal part of flagellum and last joint pale; legs (including cox) yellow, all femora for one-half to two-thirds way out black and black spot on tip of hind tibia, hind tarsi (except extreme base) brown; spots on third ventral segment almost connate. Clypeus evenly swollen, convex transversely, lower margin rounded, a faint tooth each side, hair lobes small, three or four times their breadth apart; apical joint of antenne not contracted; enclosure large and smooth as in female; abdomen slender, segments strongly contracted at base, pygidial area very long and slender, little wider in middle than at either end. Expanse 11 mm. From Valley of Black Mts., N. Car. 12 to 22 July, 1906 (Beutenmilller). More shiny than any other eastern spegies known to me. Cerceris astarte n. sp. ? Black, spot on clypeal process, large spot each side between antennz and eyes, stripe on scape, very small spots on pronotum, postscutellum, a broad stripe each side on metanotum, two narrow spots on first abdominal segment, narrow apical bands on next four segments, all about equally narrow, all yellow. Venter entirely black; femora black, extreme tips and rest of legs yellow, but hind tarsi brownish, and spot on hind tibia dark; wings dusky, darker in apical costal area, the stigma yellowish. Body moderately densely punctate; clypeus with a small low process, slightly narrowed and truncate in front; last joint of antenne thick, third joint much 1913.) Banks, New American Philanthide. 425 longer than fourth and sender tas; enclosure rather broad, with a median groove, oblique strise over corners and beginnings of stri along the base; first segment of a much broader than long; abdomen rather broad; pygidial area about as long as broad, with parallel sides; ventral segments, 2, 3, and 4 plainly otched in middle of hind margin. Expanse 17 mm. _ From Falls Church, Va., 7 and 8 Sept. 1912. Related to C. atramontensis, but __ ¢lypeal process not emarginate, narrow band on second segment, different pygidium, Cerceris atramontensis n. sp. ' @ Black; a large spot each side of face, a spot over tip of clypeal process, scape _ below, two spots on pronotum, tegule, postscutellum, two spots (nearly connected) on basal abdominal segment, apical bands on others (except last), that on the second ‘segment broad, hardly concave in front, others very narrow, all yellow; venter entirely black, coxe and femora (except tips) black, black spot at tip of hind tibie behind, elsewhere legs yellow, but tarsi brownish. Wings dusky, darker in marginal cell, stigma yellowish. Body moderately punctate (much as in compacta) clypeal process low, narrowed in front and emarginate (much as in Kennicotti); enclosure large, longitudinally striate; abdomen rather broad, basal segment much broader than long; ventral segments scarcely emarginate behind; pygidial area long, slightly narrowed at each end, most toward tip. Expanse 20 mm. _ From Valley of Black Mts. N.Car. 23 July, 1906. (Beutenmiiller). Nearest to C. clymene, but clypeal process smaller and less erect, and enclosure different. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVII. fiat ™ Oe! Philanthus assimilis, abdomen. he rs ¥ Cercerissexta, clypeus of female. r Cerceris sexta, pygidium of male. Philanthus hermosus, abdomen. Oclocletes nitens, face. Philanthus insignatus, abdomen. Cerceris grandis, clypeus of female in front. Cerceris atramontensis, clypeus above and pygidium of female. Cerceris nitida, face. Cerceris grandis, pygidium of female. Philanthus tezanus, abdomen. Cerceria astarte, pygidium, clypeus from above, and head in profile BE Seeneseeye PERRTTTTTTTS f : = Oclocletes zebratus, abdomen. ¢ Buuietin A. M. N. H. Vor. XXXII, PLATE LXVII. New AMERICAN PHILANTHID2. —— ee ee ae 59.9(51.9) Article XXIV.— MAMMALS COLLECTED IN KOREA. os ie By J. A. Aten anp Roy C. ANpDREWs. Until the year 1911, the greater portion of northeastern Korea, lying between the Tumen and Yalu Rivers, had remained unvisited by white men. ‘In the spring of 1912, the junior author led an expedition into this ___ seetion for geographical and zoélogical exploration. The expedition trav- elled by ship from Fusan to Chon Chin (Seshin) on the northeast coast; disembarking there it continued by push-rail 40 miles to Muryantani, a village consisting of three or four Korean huts, thence by bull-carts up the Tumen River valley to Musan, the largest city in northeastern Korea. From Musan the route was southwestward to Nonsatong (Nojido), the last village on the edge of the larch forests which stretch away toward the “Long White Mountain” (Paik-tu-san), along the Korean-Manchurian boundary in a vast unbroken wilderness of larch trees. The expedition penetrated the forests to the base of the Paik-tu-san, thence struck south- westward across the water-shed which divides the country drained by the Tumen River from that drained by the Yalu River and its tributaries. Reaching the Yalu at Shinkarbarchin, the expedition proceeded by boat and raft down the Yalu to its mouth. - Collecting ‘was carried on at various points between Muryantani and Musan, in the Tumen River valley. This valley is broad, rather sandy, sparsely inhabited, and bordered on either side by hills from 500 to 1500 feet in height. The hills near the Tumen valley are thinly forested. At some distance away from the river on either side the country consists of mountains heavily forested with oak and a few larch trees. Nonsatong, which lies just at the edge of the primeval forest, proved to be the best locality for mammals, both large and small. The larch wilderness was a great disappointment from the standpoint of zodlogy. During the month of May when the expedition travelled through it, it was almost completely deserted; birds were very few and no mammals could be seen or trapped. For the first eighteen or twenty miles a red-backed mouse, Craseomys regulus, was caught in some numbers, but as the forests became more dense toward the Paik-tu-san, even these disappeared and the eighty traps which were set almost every night yielded nothing. The Koreans stated that later in the summer when the vegetation was well under way a large stag, deer and bears were found here. My observations are in accord with those of Mr. Frank N. Meyer of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., 427 428 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, who travelled through a portion of the heavy forests to the south of where my expedition entered. He passed through a portion of the wilderness during August and said that he was impressed by the total lack of fauna of any kind. When crossing the watershed which divides the country drained by the Tumen and Yalu Rivers, diligent trapping showed that it offers no barrier to the small mammals, such as Craseomys and Apodemus, which are found there. The entire peninsula of Korea is a mass of intersecting mountain chains which seldom reach a greater height than 4000 feet and do not offer any effectual barrier to the distribution of even the smallest forms of mammal life, such species as Apodemus mantchuricus covering practically the entire peninsula with no perceptible change. Specimens of this animal taken at Ulsan on the southeast coast of Korea and at various points in the north- eastern portion along the Tumen and Yalu Rivers show practically no differentiation, although they are separated by several hundred miles bit almost innumerable low mountain ranges. The portion of the country visited by this expedition is of Ba interest since it connects the southern Manchurian and southern Korean faunas and demonstrates that most of the species have a continuous dis- tribution between these widely separated localities. Only two mammals are plentiful in northern Korea, these are the roebuck (Capreolus sp.) and the chipmunk (Eutamias orientalis). All other animals, even the smallest forms, are not abundant, and not only are their numbers few, but the number of species is decidedly limited. It is true as well of southern Korea as of the northern portion of the country, as has been demonstrated by Mr. M. P. Anderson during his collecting on the Duke of Bedford expedition for the British Museum of Natural History. Not less than eighty traps were continually in use on this expedition, but never were more than eight specimens taken in one night, the usual number being one or two, and sometimes-none.— R. C. A. The mammals collected on this expedition were determined by the senior author, who compared representative series of specimens of each species with the types of the species in the British Museum, with the kind as- sistance of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, Curator of Mammals, to whom he is greatly indebted for unrestricted access to the research collection of mam- mals, and for other aid most cordially rendered. The mammal fauna of Korea has until recently been very little studied. Mr. M. P. Anderson, while engaged on the Duke of Bedford’s Zodlogieal Exploration in Eastern Asia, visited southern Korea during the autumn and early winter of 1905, where he collected 130 skins, representing nine species, mostly mice and shrews, four of the nine species being new. This 1913.) Allen and Andrews, Mammals from Korea. 429 collection was soon after reported upon by Mr. Thomas.'! In 1907 Mr. Anderson made a second visit to Korea, when he collected mammals in the central part, “in two districts respectively about 50 miles northeast of Seoul and the same distance south of it.” His collection of 70 specimens, repre- fe. senting 13 species and including four new forms, was the basis of a second report on Korean mammals by Mr. Thomas.’? _ The present collection made, as noted above, in northern Korea, throws important light on the general character of the mammal fauna of a hitherto little known region, and indicates that many of the Korean forms of mam- mals range from southern Korea northward into Manchuria without appreciable modification. Many of the species collected are represented by large series of specimens, the 162 specimens obtained representing only 10 species, two of which, a badger and a pika, appear to be new. This list adds three to the 16 previously recorded from Korea by Mr. Thomas. All are accompanied by field notes and measurements from the fresh specimens. A supplemental list includes 9 species observed but not collected.— J. A. A. Species Collected. 1. Lepus coreanus Thomas. _ Seven specimens: Ulsan, 3 adults, Jan. 30, Feb. 12 and 25; Potaidon, 1, a young one a few days old; Chunkang-chin, a hunter’s skin without skull; Musan, 2 hunter’s skins without skulls. The three adults from Ulsan measure: total length, 485 (470-495); tail, 70; ear, 127 (125-130); hind foot, 93 (90-95). At Ulsan, in southeastern Korea, rabbits are not uncommon. Three were taken at this place, all of them being killed near the summits of the hills where a few trees had been left standing about the Korean graves. In northern Korea they are apparently much less plentiful as only three speci- mens were secured, two adults and one young. 2. Ochotona (Pika) coreanus sp. nov. Type, No. 34050, ad. 9, Pochong, Korea, June 2, 1912; coll. Roy C. Andrews. The type is in winter pelage, with no evidence of molting. Pelage very soft and full. Upper parts from crown to rump tawny olive (Ridgway) finely soap? with {Phe Duke of Bedford's Soological Raploration ia Restern Asia — It. List of Small Mammals from Korea and Quelpart. By Oldfield Thomas, F. R.S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1906, pp. 858-865. * The Duke of Bedford's Zoological Exploration in Eastern Asia.— V. Second List of Mammals from Korea. By Oldfield Thomas, F. R.8., F.Z.8. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1907, pp. 462-466. 430 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, black; nose and sides of head nearly to the anterior base of ears gray strongly varied with black-tipped hairs; sides of neck clear tawny olive; ventral surface whitish washed with pale clay-color, strongest over the pectoral region and paler laterally and posteriorly; ears blackish externally with a whitish border, paler internally with a fringe of long whitish hairsat base; fore feet above grayish white, hind feet gray with a pale fulvous wash; soles of all the feet blackish. A male topotype is similarly colored but the pelage is more worn. A young female in first pelage is similar in color to the adults but paler and the coat more woolly. Measurements. Type (2), head and body, 204; hind foot, 30. Topotype (#), head and body 195; hind foot, 33. Skull of type, greatest length, 43; condylo-basal length, 40; zygomatic breadth, 22; interorbital breadth, 5; mastoid breadth, 15; length of nasals, 14; diastema, 10; palatal foramina, 6.74; diagonal length of bulla, 12; length of upper toothrow at alveoli, 8.3. The male skull lacks the rostral portion; zygomatic breadth, 21.5; interorbital breadth, 4.5; mastoid breadth, 20.5; diagonal length of bulla, 12. This form is probably a subspecies of the O. hyperborea group. It differs much in coloration from O. h. mantchurica Thomas, from the Khingan Mountains, being larger and quite different in coloration when correspond- ing pelages are compared. It is similar in size to Ochotona nitida Hollister, from the Altai Mountains, but is much duller in coloration and differs from it in various important details of cranial structure. — This species lives at a low altitude (about 3000 feet) for a pika, and not in rock piles as is so frequently the case. It was seen only at Pochong, where the three specimens were taken. 3. Craseomys regulus Jhomas. Thirty-seven specimens: Nonsatong, 24, May 9-27; Potaidon, 9, May 27-29; Pochong, 4, June 3. The sexes are about equally represented, and all the specimens are adult, although the skulls show some to be much older than others. There is, however, a wide range of color variation, the red of the dorsal surface ranging from cinnamon to dark intense rufous, while the ventral surface varies from grayish white without a trace of fulvous to a strong wash of buff. The specimens that are palest above have the strongest wash of fulvous below, and, conversely, those that are brightest rufous above are grayest below. The skulls show that the latter are the older, and that the difference is mainly due to age. The difference in the average measurements shown by the series from the different localities is apparently due mainly also to age. __ Allen-and Andrews, Mammals from Korea. 431 ; Measurements. ap ‘ i No. of a spec. Total length. | Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. - Sonat 23 143.3 (132-155) 111 ( 98-119) 33.8 (26-39) 19.3 (18-20) he 9 132.3 (125-139) 99 ( 92-110) 33.3 (28-39) 19 (18-20) re coo 4 155 (146-170) 118 (112-130) 35.5 (34-40) 20 (19-21) This mouse was the only mammal which was at all plentiful in the dense larch forests. A large series was taken at Nonsatong, all trapped some little distance within the edge of the forest. They were frequently taken in the same places with Micromys speciosus peninsule, but were also found _ far in the heavy forests where the Micromys was not abundant. They were : ‘caught about old logs and tree stumps and often near the banks of small streams. Bread was the bait which appeared to be most attractive. 4. Apodemus mantchuricus (Thomas). _ Twenty-five specimens: Ulsan, 3, Feb. 3-16; Hozando, 10, April 15-22; Daichi-bei, 1, April 24; Musan, 7, April 27-30; Potaidon, 1, May 31; Pochong, 1, June 2; Chunkang-chin, 1 (juv.), June 12. Six adults from Hozando measure: total length, 173 (164-181); head and body, 103.5 (99-105); tail, 69 (60-78); hind foot, 21 (20-23). Six adults from Musan measure: total length, 176 (165-188); head and ‘body, 106.7 (98-117); tail, 71 (61-77); hind foot, 20 (20-21). This is a widely distributed and fairly abundant species. A few speci- mens were taken at the whaling station at Ulsan on the southeastern coast of Korea which apparently do not differ from those of the Tumen and Yalu River valleys near the extreme northern part of Korea. The specimens were most frequently trapped about stone piles in the valleys and seemed to like fairly open ground. None were taken in the heavy forests. 5. Micromys speciosus peninsule Thomas. Twenty-two specimens: Hozando, 5, April 16-19; Musan, 2, April 30. and May 1; Nonsatong, 11, May 15-27; Potaidon, 3, May 29 and 30; Pochong, 1, June 2. Ten adults from Nonsatong measure: total length, 200.4 (183-215); head and body, 106.6 (99-117); tail, 91 (80-97); hind foot, 25 (24-27). The measurements of the 10 adults from the other localities all come within the dimension given above for the Nonsatong series. | ; 432 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, This mouse is fairly abundant in northern Korea, and was found most frequently at the edge of the larch forests and near clearings. At Nonsatong the greatest number were collected, and were taken about tree stumps, old logs and large rocks. Bits of bread seemed to be the most attractive bait, although particles of meat were sometimes of use. 6. Micromys minutus ussuricus ( Barrett- Hamilton). Six specimens, Nonsatong, May 19-21. Measurements of 5 adults: total length, 113.6 (109-128); head and body, 70.6 (64-78); tail, 45 (40- 50); hind foot, 14 (12-16). es One specimen was caught by a native in an old log pig-pen not far from a house in Nonsatong. The others were brought to me by a Korean, who had dug them out from a burrow. I caught none in traps. 7. Epimys norvegicus (Erzleben). Three specimens, Nonsatong, May 17-21. Two specimens were caught near Nonsatong, one under a rock on the hill side, and the other near a small stream not less than a mile from a Korean hut; a third was brought by a native from several miles distant. 8. Cricetulus nestor Thomas. Six specimens, 3 adult and 3 young, Nonsatong, May 15-22. The 3 adults, 1 male and 2 females, measure: total length, 243 (218-261); head and body, 168 (143-184); tail, 72.3 (65-85); hind foot, 27 (27-27). ' The three young ones, about one-fourth grown, are very unlike the adults, being blackish above, particularly on the middle of the back, the hairs with light tips, giving a dark gray general effect; below very thinly haired, the hairs ashy at base with whitish tips. The pectoral white spot is indicated by the hairs of a small irregularly shaped area being white to the base. Two adults were caught on the side of a hill near a large rick in a culti- vated field. The other was taken from a burrow with three young ones. The young were about one-quarter grown and were nursing. I saw no indication of these animals except at Nonsatong. 9. Eutamias orientalis (Bonhote). Forty-three specimens: Hozando, 2, April 13; Musan, 1, April 28; Nonsatong, 38, May 16-31; Pochong, 1, June 3. s To —--\* = 1913.) will _...Allen“and Andrews, Mammals from Korea. 433 rs _ There is a wide range of color variation, some being much paler than others but the difference is obviously partly seasonal but mainly individual. _ Thirty adults from Nonsatong measure: total length, 256.7 (243-271); and body, 155 (140-170); tail, 101.4 (87-114, mostly between 95 and ; hind foot, 38 (35~40). 2 is by far the most abundant of all the small mammals of northern Korea. Most of the specimens were secured at Nonsatong, which lies just at the edge of the larch forest; here they were very abundant and during one afternoon the Koreans snared 19. In the thick woods chipmunks were rarely seen and only a few were taken but they were fairly abundant in the Tumen River valley, near Musan, where the forests were very thin. I kept one of these animals alive for about two weeks; in a few days it became very tame and was carried in my pocket while on the march, it making no attempt to bite or get away. 10. Meles melanogenys sp. nov. Type, No. 33951, a flat skin, Musan, Jan. 27, 1912; coll. Roy C. Andrews. General color of body white grizzled with black, the basal three fifths of the hair and the rather abundant underfur pale yellowish white, the hairs with a broad sub- apical band of black and long white tips, through which the black of the subapical band shows more or less at the surface; ventral surface and legs black with blackish underfur; head, including sides of head, throat and chin, black, the hairs broadly tipped with black with the extreme base pale fulvous; ears edged with yellowish white; top of nose yellowish brown, forming a nearly rectangular area about 30 mm. long by about 15 mm. wide, terminating posteriorly opposite front border of the eyes. No white band over the front of the head, nor any white on the sides of the head or throat, present in all of the other known species of the genus. Tail above like the back; below white at base, with the anal region bright orange rufous, as in other species of Meles. Length of head and body, 715 mm.; tail imperfect. Represented by two flat skins, which lack the feet and the apical portion of the tail, and also the skull. The topotype exactly resembles the type in coloration, but is rather smaller and apparently somewhat younger. The wholly black head, including not only the frontal aspect but the sides, chin and entire throat, sufficiently distinguish this species from any of the hitherto described forms of either Meles or Arctonyx. The small yellowish brown nose patch and the yellowish white edging on the ears are the only parts of the head that are not deep brownish black. Two skins of this animal were secured from natives, one at Musan, the other on the Yalu River. Badgers are not rare in northern Korea, accord- ing to the statements of the natives, but are certainly not abundant. Both animals were taken in open fields some distance from any trees. 434 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. _[Vol. XXXII, Species Observed but not Collected. 1. Capreolus sp. Rorsuck. This may be either Capreolus pygargus (Pallas) which has once been recorded from Korea (Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, 1898, p. 230), or Capreo- lus pygargus mantschuricus (Noack), common in the mountains of Mant- churia, but, according to Thomas (P. Z..S., 1908, II, p. 645), described under a preoccupied name and probably identical with his Capreolus bedfordi, based on skulls from Shan-si. The Roedeer is by all means the most abundant large mammal of north- ern Korea. In the Tumen River valley in the vicinity of Musan they were very abundant and especially so at Nonsatong. They were hunted in the early morning and late afternoon during the hours of feeding. The method was to climb to the top of a range of hills and walk along the summit watch- ing the edges of the cultivated patches of ground where the deer came to feed, and it was almost always possible to see three or four in as many hours. The feeding period was from daylight until about 9 o’clock A. mM. and in the afternoon from 4 o’clock until dark. At Nonsatong they were found along the edges of the forest feeding on the young vegetation which had sprung up after the old grass had been burned off by the Koreans. After feeding, the deer would often lie down in the open at the edge of the fields and were not difficult to approach. When suddenly startled they would some- times give a sharp bark, repeated two or three times, which sounded very much like the bark of a dog, except that it was a little hoarser and more round and full in tone. Near Musan, the bucks which were taken after the middle of April still had the antlers in the velvet and were in the midst of shedding their winter coat. At Nonsatong, just a month later, the deer were only beginning to shed their winter coat, but the antlers were stripped almost entirely of velvet. When the antlers are half-grown they are highly prized by the natives for their supposed medicinal qualities, and a prepara- tion is made from them which is supposed to-give great strength and vitality to those who are fortunate enough to obtain it. A female was shot near Musan on April 24, which contained two foetuses. The Koreans of the north call the Roebuck Noro. 2. Cervus sp. Rep Derr. This is probably Cervus xanthopygus Milne-Edwards, found in Mant- churia, or a closely related form as yet undescribed. A large stag is found in northern Korea, but so far as I have been able 4918.) Allen and Andrews, Mammals from Korea. 435 to learn no white man other than myself ever saw this animal alive. It is called by the Koreans of the north Sasami. It lives in the dense larch _ forests and comes down to the edge of the marshes to feed early in the morning and late in the afternoon. It is exceedingly shy and although I hunted it persistently near Nonsatong and other places, I saw it only twice, both times being near Nonsatong. Three of them had been feeding on the side of a hill before the sun was up and a few minutes after sunrise lay down _ to sleep. When I started them they ran down the side of the hill across a marsh giving me a short but excellent view of them. They appear slightly _ smaller than the American wapiti, but carry large antlers. In the after- noon another single specimen was seen, but on neither occasion was I able to get a shot. I heard them bark once, the noise being similar to that of the roedeer, except that it was very much louder, deeper and hoarser. The Koreans sometimes take them by digging pits in their trails, but catch very few. Judging from the tracks and other signs which I saw in the forests, the animals must be fairly numerous, but are so exceedingly shy that it is very difficult indeed to kill one. The natives said that at Nonsa- tong the Sasami remained near the edge of the forest until the vegetation was well started and then retired deeper into the wilderness toward the Paik-tu-san. The lower jaw and a hunter’s bag made from the skin of the legs of the Sasami were presented to me by the natives. 3. Nemorhedus sp. Gorat. One goral was seen at a considerable distance on a very rough mountain side, about 15 miles from Musan. 4. Sus sp. Witp Boar. Wild boars are fairly plentiful in northern Korea, but are not easily killed. They are most often found about the swamps where they come to root and feed. In almost every marsh patches of sod will be turned up during their feeding operations. One boar was killed near Nonsatong, but the skin was stolen by a native and was not recovered. 5. Ursus sp. Bear. Black bears are fairly abundant during the summer in the heavy forests near the Paik-tu-san. One specimen was killed in May not far from the 436 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Samcheyong. The skin and forequarters of this specimen were carried off from the tree in which it had been hung over night by some large animal, presumably a leopard. 6. Canis lupus subsp.? Wolves were said by the Koreans to be fairly abundant during the winter, but I heard only one of them and saw but very few tracks. While hunting stag at Nonsatong, shortly after I had started three animals, I heard the bark of a wolf repeated two or three times in quick succession. 7. Felis uncia Schreber. SNow LEOPARD. So far as I am aware, a snow leopard has never been shot by a white man in Korea. They are frequently reported by the natives as having killed horses, dogs, and sometimes oxen, and are occasionally trapped. The natives confuse the tiger and leopard in their statements to such an extent that it is very difficult to determine which animal is being described. 8. Felis tigris Linn. Ticer. Tigers are reported to be plentiful in northern Korea, but I think their numbers are greatly exaggerated. They are very infrequently trapped by the natives and were sometimes killed by them before the firearms were taken from them by the Japanese three or four years ago. The natives so greatly exaggerated the accounts as to the numbers and ferocity of these animals that it is difficult to get any exact information concerning them. I spent three weeks hunting two tigers near Musan, but was not able to get a shot. It is almost impossible to kill them except in winter when they can be tracked in the snow. 9. Bat. A bat was seen in April near Musan. This is the only bat observed upon the entire expedition, although a sharp watch for them was kept almost every evening. ee 56.9.725E (68) Article XXV.— NOTE ON EQUUS CAPENSIS BROOM. By R. Broom. _ Four years ago I published a short paper ‘On Evidence of a large Horse recently extinct in South Africa.’! For some time it had been known that teeth and bones of a large horse had been picked up frequently in river bed deposits and under sand dunes but the possibility of their being the remains of horses of the earlier European settlers led to their being never very critically examined. _ In 1907 a slab of superficial limestone was cast up by the waves on the shore of Table Bay at Yzerplaats containing a large part of the lower jaw of a horse which could not possibly have been a horse introduced by the Europeans. There is reason to believe that the limestone is a land formation and that the horse must date back to at least the time when Table Bay was dry land. Whatever be the age of the formation it is quite manifest that the horse is ancient and the jaw was described and made the type of a new species Equus capensis. Unfortunately the characters of the lower molars are of much less value in the classification of horses than the upper and I have thought it well to supplement the account by the description of some upper molars. As stated in the previous note a number of bones and teeth were found at Bloembosch, near Darling, associated with remains of the extinct huge horned Bubalus baini, and with abundant human implements. There was, however, just a possibility that the human implements might not be con- temporaneous. Recently at Hagenstad in the Free State I discovered remains of Bubalus baini and two new extinct Antelopes Connochetes anti- quus and Cobus ventere with undoubtedly contemporaneous human im- plements, and clear evidence that Equus capensis was also a contemporary. Unfortunately the remains of the horse were very few in number but in- cluded one good tooth. There is little doubt that the horse and the other associated animals were killed by the early men for food as the bones are all broken, doubtless to obtain the marrow. The proportions of the Cape horse differ considerably from those of Equus caballus. A well preserved Fight middle metatarsal measures —— a ——— + Annals of the South African Museum, Vol. VII, Pt. I[T, p. 281, 1909. 438 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, in length 272 mm. The maximum width above the distal articulation is 60 mm., and the shaft in the region of the nutrient artery measures 39 mm. in width and 40 mm. in thickness. The corresponding measurements in a modern horse 15 hands in height are 285 mm., 54 mm., 32 mm. and 33 mm. It would thus appear that the Cape horse was more powerfully built but f eC C A 8B Fig. 1. Upper premolars pm‘ of Equus capensis. A, aspecimen from Middelburg, Cape Colony; much worn. Am. Mus. No. 14380. B, a specimen from Darling, C. C., slightly worn: Capetown Museum, did not stand so high. If the same proportions are found in the tibia and femur the probability is that Equus capensis stood about 14 hands in height. The head, however, must have been relatively much more massive than in Equus caballus. The incisor portions of two skulls are preserved and while agreeing closely in size they are much larger than in the average modern horse — larger in fact than in the largest specimens of Equus caballus I have been able to examine. In the average modern horse of 15 hands the width across the narrowest portion of the diastema behind the 3rd incisor is 56 mm. : in Equus capensis it measures 80 mm. The incisors are all of large size and the greatest measurement across the outer ones is 90mm. The canine is lost but its socket is in part preserved in one specimen, and it is manifest that it must have been much larger than in E. caballus. There is no indi- cation as to its length but it must have had a transverse diameter of about 20 mm.— certainly not less than 19 mm., a larger diameter than any of theincisors. In this it differs markedly from Equus caballus. The grinding teeth are chiefly remarkable for their large size and for the simplicity of the enamel pattern. The best preserved grinding teeth are two 4th premolars, one from Darling, the other from the Karroo (?) Middelburg). The tooth which I figure shows the characters well. It measures 29 mm. anteroposteriorly and 31 mm. transversely. One of the teeth from Darling, though less perfectly preserved, is considerably larger, measuring 34 mm. both anteroposteriorly and transversely. The parastyle 1913.] Broom, Note on Equus capensis. 439 ———s and mesostyle are strongly developed. The prefossette and postfossette are of the normal Equus type except that there is extremely little folding of the enamel. In the specimen figured there is little more than an indi- eation of folding and in the two Darling specimens it is only very slightly more marked. Another interesting point to which Dr. W. D. Matthew kindly called my attention is that there is no enamel folding at the bottom of the deep valley between the hypocone and protocone. In the majority _ of species of Equus the enamel at the end of the valley forms a sharp angle which passes to some extent into the space between the two fossettes and immediately inside of this ridge the enamel forms a fold into the valley — the Caballine fold. In nearly all species of Equus this fold is present — at times there are two or more folds. In Equus capensis there is only the faintest indication of the fold in one of three specimens. In the other two the bottom of the valley has the enamel rounded and instead of being a very thin layer as in most species it is about half as thick as the thickest part round the protocone. The only species of Equus which I am aware of that has a similar condition to that seen in the molars of E. capensis is E. asinus which is only about 3 the size of the extinct Cape horse. The knowledge of the structure of the molars is of importance in deciding the question whether the Cape horse is in any way ancestral to the Arab horse or related to the large Indian Siwalik horse. As both these types have the enamel foldings even more complicated than in the ordinary European horse we may safely assume that the Cape horse is not nearly related to either. On the evidence we at present have we may conclude that there lived in South Africa in the human period and probably to within a few thousand years a large headed heavily built but short legged horse which stood about 14 hands in height. Though associated with Bubalus baini and we might suspect like it allied to early North African and southern Asiatic types, the evidence is against any near affinity between the Cape horse and known recent or pleistocene European, Asiatic or American forms. Where it came from, how long it lived in South Africa, and why it became extinct, are questions we must leave to the future. ; 56.81.7(68) _ Article XXVI—ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF DICYNODONT REPTILES, WITH NOTES ON A FEW OTHERS. By R. Broom. The following new types have all been collected either by the Rev. J. H. Whaits or by myself. Until comparatively recently I have always hesitated about naming species of Dicynodon unless the characters were strikingly distinctive. We did not know what variations might be due to age or sex. Further it was impossible in the figures of most of Owen’s types to make out a number of the most important sutures. We now know that Oudenodon is the female of Dicynodon, and we further know that the large majority of small Dicynodons are not young specimens, but small species. We do not yet know how far some of the specimens with small molars, such as Prodicynodon, Dialurodon, or Pristerodon, may possibly be young Dicynodons. The probabilities, however, seem to me much in favor of most of these belonging to distinct genera, though one specimen at the British Museum of what seems to be Dicynodon microtrema has a number of small molars. This point however only affects one of the species described in the present paper: in none of the others are there any molars. Eocyclops longus gen. et sp. nov. . This new genus and species is founded on a specimen discovered by the Rev. J. H. Whaits in the Nieuwveld. The skull consists of most of the top, and of the right side, but almost the whole of the left side is lost and most of the occiput. The snout is relatively fairly broad and short, the whole preorbital portion measuring about 120 mm., or only slightly more than } of the whole skull. The orbit is large and is entirely in the anterior half of the skull. The frontal region is broad. There are two low elongated nasal bosses above the back of the nostrils and less distinct low bosses above the orbits. The pineal foramen is large and oval. _ It is entirely surrounded by a very prominent ring of thickened parietal bones, standing out about 10 mm. above the general surface. There is no trace at least to be seen on the surface of a preparietal and in this the type differs so markedly from 442 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, Dicynodon that it must be placed in a different genus. The drawing of this region if compared with the drawings of the similar region in the following species will show how markedly different is the structure. The manner Fig. 1. Side view of skull of Eocyclops longus. About 4 nat. size. in which the postfrontal extends outwards along the postorbital arch is a character found only in very few Dicynodon species and never quite to the degree here shown. Behind the pineal the postorbitals approach each other nearly completely covering the parietals. The squamosal is of great length. In front it forms a long wedge shaped process — which fits between the jugal and the maxilla, the maxilla passing back below the squamosal to near the back of the orbit. There is | no trace of a tusk in the specimen - and the caniniform process is fee- ble and situated nearly under the back of the nostril. The specimen agrees so closely Fig. 2. The pineal foramen and its relations . in Eocyclops longus. About % nat. size. with the type of Oudenodon mage nus that there is I think no doubt both belong to the same genus. In QO. magnus so far as can be seen in the type there is no preparietal; and the pineal is surrounded by the parietals probably exactly as in this better preserved specimen. It is quite possible that ultimately the bones described by Owen as Platypodosaurus robustus will prove to belong to the same genus in which case the genus will have to 1913.) Broom, New Genera and Species of ‘Dicynodont: Reptiles. 443 —— take Owen’s name. As there is in the meantime no direct evidence it will cause least confusion to place the forms in a new genus. _ Both the known specimens are tuskless and from the very feeble nature of the caniniform process I think it not improbable that unlike Dicynodon both sexes are tuskless. The following are the principal measurements of the skull: se Sc. hake V0N abe ote ea 440 mm es we be ae awelaw about 320 “ NN ey oss 5 on oy se wibian we meeuine 100 “ I 5s Eels os acne s 5 se dwiaea’onweweibe 4g “ Dicynodon whaitsi sp. nov. This new species of Dicynodon is founded on a large skull discovered by the Rev. J. H. Whaits at Nieuwveld. The skull is somewhat crushed and the occiput is lost and most of the squamosals, but otherwise the speci- men is well preserved. The anterior two thirds of both jaws are also present. - Tn many ways the skull differs from the typical Di- cynodon and the question has been very seriously debated whether to make it the type of a new genus, but as in all essentials it agrees with Di- eynodon, I know of no good character by which the new genus could be defined. In size and general proportions it agrees more closely with D. _ leoniceps Owen than with any other described species. The snout is narrow and deep and the nostrils large. The orbits are placed near the middle of the head. The postorbital arch is powerful. The parietal region is broad, and the posterior portions of the postorbitals unusually well developed. The pineal foramen is situated well behind the postorbital arch. Behind and on about § of each side it is bordered by the parietals. The rest of the foramen is bordered by the large preparietal. The frontals extend back on each side of the preparietal to nearly the plane of the back of the Fig. 3. The relationships of the preparietal in Dicynodon whaitsi. X }. 44d ~ Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXII, foramen. The postfrontals are moderately large. The relations of the bones in this region will best be understood by the figure given. The following are some of the principal measurements: Front of premaxilla to back of orbit.................... 280 mm Greatest length of skull................ probably about 530 “ Interorbital width as preserved................002200. :* € 6 BURGESS oss tees about 100 “ Intertemporal width at back of pineal foramen....... is CEO Length of pineal foramen. ..............0.2eeeceeeees 27 “ Width of pineal foramen ...'5 5. cecdccceevvncews Saveeee 10'% Width across nasal Domes 6.5 5509 06s nr cana ess eblccn tee yr Bie The specimen is a female with no trace of tusk show- ing outside though the cani- niform processes are well developed. Inside the bone however, forming a sort of core for the large maxillary ridge, is the remains of a massive tusk. This tusk is. not in a tooth cavity but seems almost to form part. of the maxilla. The cavity in which the tusk devel- oped has been obliterated by the developing bone and it is quite manifest that the tusk could never become a Fig. 4. ‘The relationships of the preparietal in Di- fynctional tooth. cynodon platyceps. Nat. size. ° ° . Of described species the nearest ally to D. whaitsi is probably D. prognathus (Ow.), though the affin- ity is not very close. Dicynodon platyceps sp. nov. This new species of Dicynodon is founded on a number of skulls, six of which are practically perfect, found by me in the shale of the river bed about three fourths of a mile below New Bethesda, C. C. To avoid any possible confusion the specimen whose pineal region I figure will be regarded as the type. Sh He Be we , 1913.) Broom, New Genera and Species of Dicynodont Reptiles. 445 Though the skull is more flattened than in most species it is considerably longer than broad. The orbits look upwards and outwards. The type _ Specimen is a female but when tusks are present they are relatively feeble, and the caniniform processes in the female are small. The supraorbital 7 _ margins are elevated causing the frontal region to lie in a hollow. The _____ pineal foramen is large. On three sides it is bounded by the parietals and in front is a large preparietal. The relations of the neighboring bones will be seen in the figure given. The following are some of the principal measurements: Snout to end of squamosal...................--.00+-- 280 mm. EER os vc yea Ak eaeds (cess du s'csp eas ees 3g. IIS