D ¢ MONTREA | PUTNAM™’?S MURRAY, Improved Stereotype Edition. AN ABRIDGMENT OF ENGLISH GRA¥ CONTAINING ALSO PUNCTUATION THE NOTES UNDER RULES IN AND TO THE LATTER OF WHICH ARE PREFIXED, SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THAT EXERCISE, AND _ FALSE SYNTAX TO GE CORRECTED, ALL APPROPRIATELY ARRANGED, TO ALL WHICH 18 \DAPTED A NEW SYSTEM oF QUESTIONS, YROM THER SROOND PORTSMOUTH EDITION, ENLARGED anp IMPROV ED BY SAMUEL PUTNAM, PO. eee MONTREAL : COR. or NOTRE DAME AND 8T. FRaNCig x DISTRIC] OF MASSACHUSETTS, to wit : District Clerk’s Office, } Br ir REMEMBERED, That on the fowth day of January, A. D. 1 in the fifty-second year of the Independence of the United States of | America, Samuel Putnam, of the said district, has deposited in this : office the title of a book, the right whereof he Claims as author and q Tur Proprietor, in the words following, to wit : ® ooureg “Putnam’s Murray. improved Stereotype Edition. An Abridgment @ in , as ef Murray’s English Grammar. Contuininzg also Punctuation, the Notes | he. under Rules in Syntax, and Lessons in Parsing: to the latter of which | Gramm 14 ére prefixed, Specimens illustrative of that Exercise, and false Syntax | i oe to be corrected, All appropriately arranged. To all which is adapted @ 4€8son, a new System of Questions. From the Second Portsmouth Edition, en- | The : larged und improved. By Samuel Putnam.” bered, i In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United Siates, entitled, aumber “An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of | sign of maps, charts, und books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies } and ava during the times therein mentioned ;” and algo to an act, entitled, “ An | h | Act supplementary to an act, entitled, An Act for the encouragement @ ° ave an of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books. to the As so. authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein. mem @ mar in t] tioned ; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, | ternatel gngraving, and etching historical aid other prints.” 4 : INOW. PAVIB, m insucha Clork of the District of Waseachusette, (§ 88 been 9 tages of | he » answer ; 4 readily t © question. This e @ Dertant N @ to which # Cise, arra Mars, the F a pendix, 90) 3>.ion ‘to burdan but indefi bxercises, @of these p | PREFACE lerk’s Office, t “ODOre- lary, A, D. 1 P United States a ‘ PF igeen ti and @ Tar sale of the former editions of @ Soureged the Editor to offer the public another, conta:n An Abridgment # ing, as he would hope, some valuable improvements, ation, the Notes | he object of the questions interspersed through this latter of which | Grammar, is, to lead the learner, while Committing hia isk ie tenied @ lesson, to discover its meaning and application, uth Edition, en | The scholar should answer the questions which are num- @ bered, in the common way. The questions which are not ‘States, entitled, Gumbered, have no direct answer on the page ; the de- ng the copies of @ sign of which is, to teach the pupil to think for himself, of such COPS G and avail himself of his own resources, as soon as he shal Ca ae @ have any at‘command. d books, to the = As some teachers have ex ’s therein. mem @ mar in the catechetical fo S of designing, | ternately succeeding each other, @ in such a form woul be les a cite, || 08s been made, by the help of * ‘@ tages of that form, while its ewmconven j he u.umber of the question is prefi @ {Mswer; and this arrangement will e this work has ta xed to its appropriate nable the scholar ag @ readily to learn the answer, as if it followed its prope: © question. ® This edition also contains Punctuation, and the most im- @ Dertant Notes in M urray’s Syntax, with Lessons in Parsing, @ 0 which are prefixed Specimens illustrative of that exer. @ cise, arranged in their appropriate gee In other gram- mars, these exercises are generally found either in an @*prendix, or after all the rules relating to ties 5 The #°C)}>>.ion to this arrangement, is, that the pupil has first #to burden his mind witha number of principles, which are but indefinitely understood ; and, when he comes to the Pxercises, he ts oblisred to apply, at the same time, many @of these principles, which, by being confounded with one § PREFACR, another, if they do not grow more dark and mysterious, may, at least, require much intellectual effort to be appre. hended in all their various and distinct relations. ‘The! pupil, in order to be successful, must learn onc thing at a time ; and learn it so thoroughly, that he shall be in ne} danger of confounding it with the next to which his ming : may be directed. It is the design, in the present arrange | ment of exercises, that the scholar, when he skal] have learned one rule, should t's become acquainteg | 1€ with ite wse and application, before proceeds to ancth. | er; so that, when he shall have gone through the Syntax, j may have a distinct knowledge of its principles, As many scholars never uve any other than the cheap | editions of the Grammar, it iy certainly important that such ; an abridgment should contain, if poseible, all the ne cessa.- § ry rudiments. In this edition, it has been tought advisable :o make! use of a smaller type, with a view to prevent any material | En end y Iti RAPHY) increase of the price, which would otherwise have deen’ unavoidable, in consequence of the large addition of the 4 This edition includes-all the former editions, and in the! ues many | same order; so that no difficulty will be experienced, should} both be used in the same school. ere is, alnong some, a disposition to abandon Mur. | rav entirely, and adopt divisions and arrangements alto | gether new. Every new system will, without doubt, pre § Bent some new and valuable views, But whether, upor | the whole, any single system can at present be found more scientific, or affording greater facilities in learnin ti — and writ: our language correctly, is greatly t be doubted. P An 7) onan % Orn 7 ers of § a ords. q A Le Sof a wo = The med (4) ¢ @ bumber, * Orga Y Just ij and mysterious, ort to be appre. relations. ‘Ths | one thing at a > Shall be in ny which his ming | resent arrange | he shall have | me acquainted | ceeds to anoth. | yntax, | gh theS inciples, han the cheap | rtant that such | i the necessa- P isable :o make | t any material | ise have peen! ddition of the : ns, and in the) jenced, should . bandon Mnr. | yements alto | ut doubt, pre | vhether, upon | nt be found # s in learning § 's greatly t¢ | Gers of letters, 8 a ords, of a word. Hed (4) the En ENGLISH GRAMMAR. BBE ENG.Lisn GRAMMAR is end writing the English ] It is divided into (3) @aPHY KTymoLocy, (1) the art of speaking anguage with propriety, four parts, viz. (3) Ortnog > Synvax and Prosopy. Questions. 1. What is English Grammar? Q. Into how many parts is it divided? 3. Name them. — ORTHOGRAPHY, LETTERS, An articulate sound is ' «nan voice, formed by th OrrTuocrapuy teaches and the ; (') the sound of the e organs of speech,* (?) the nature and pow: ust method of spelling A Letter is (3) the first Principle, or least part The letters of the English languaget (call: glish Alphabet) are twenty-six in @ Dumber, & Organs of speech—tongue teeth, lips, &e. t Just method—jrroper way } Language—speech 1 * ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The following ts a Last of the Roman and Italic Charactore ROMAN, ITALIC, NAME, Cap S-nall. y i Small, a 5 r~) @ pronot ea in | A 7 pronou ® it viev * Pery 1 Sttu, t For @ of a con m@ 10. i eee ee NSS NON YE DOSEN RSA RO Sb Om me 253 €™S ASS eS ~ eto. ome Fie A B C D E F G H. I fi K L .M N O P Q R S 7, U M4 W X Y Z lic Charactora, NAME, 2 OF eye jay kay el ORTHOGRAPHY, r Letters are divided (5) into vowels and con sonants., A Vowel is (6) an articulate sound that can be perfectly uttered* by itself; as, a, €,0; which are formed without the help of any other sound. he vowels (7) are a, €, i, 0, u, and sometimes te and y. f A Consonant is (®) an articulate sound, which i cannot be perfectly uttered without the help of a vowel ; as, b, d, f, 1 3 which require vowels to ex press them fully. ‘and y are consonants (°) when they begin a word or syllable; but in every other situation ey are vowels, Cousonants are divided (!) into Mutes and emi-vowels, (1) The Mutes cannot be sounded at all with j Out the aid of a vowel. They are (12) 4, P, t, d, k, and ¢ and g hard. (13) The Semi-vewels have an imperfect sound of themselves, They are (14) f L, My n, 1, v, 8, 2, and ¢ and g soft.t Four of the semi-vowels, namely, (15) J, m,n, r, are also distinguished by the name of liquids, © ('5) from their readily uniting with other consy @ Rants, and flowing, as it were, into their sounds. q A Diphthong is (17) the union of two voweis. @ Pronounced by a single impulse of the Voice ; as, @ a in beat, ou in sound. | A Triphthong is ( 18) the union of three vowels, Pronounced in like manner; as, eax in beau, iew in view. * Perfectly uttered—wholly spoken, 1 Sttuation—place, { For the distinction between the nature ani the name Ps ® consonant ‘see Murray’s Grammar, 15th edition, p ae ENGLISH GR 4MMAR, A Proper Diphthong is () that in which both the vowels are sounded ; as, o2 in woice, ou in vunce, An [mproper Diphthong (®) has but one of the vowels sounded ; as, ea in eagle, oa in boat Questoons. 1. What is an articulate sound? 2 What toes ( Irthography teach? 3. What isa Letter? 4, What are the letters of the English language called? 5, How are they divided? 6. What isa Vowel ? 7. Which are the vow- als? 8. What is a Consonant ? Which of the vowels do you use ip pronouncing 6 2 Which in k? ¥. When are w and y consonants? What is w in where 2? Why? What is it in how 2? Why What is y in try 2? Why ? What is it in youth ? Why ? 10. How are consonants divided? 11. Can the Mutes be sounded without the aid of. a vowel? 12, Which are they ? Which of the vowels do you use in sound. ing each ? 13. What is said of the Semi-vowels? 14. Name them. 15. By what other name are four of the semi-vowels distinguished ? 16. Why * 17. What isa Diphthong ? How many diphthongs do you find in your last answer ? Can you name any other words which contain diphthongs ? 18. What is a Triphthong ? How many in your last an- swer? Can you name any other words which contain triph thongs? 19. What is a roper Diphthong ? How many in your last answer ?. 20.'What is an Improper Diphthong ? “tow many in your last answer ? SYLLABLES, A Syuuante is (1) a sound, either simple or com- pounded, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and constituting* a word, or part of a word ; QS, a, an, ant. Spelling is (2) the art of tightly dividiig words “ito their syllables; or of expressiig a word by 8 proper letters. Questeons. 1 What isa Syllable r 2. What 18 Spelling ? WORDS. Worps are (1) articulate sounds, used, ty com mn consent, as signs of our ideas. 19 TNen. * Constituting—making, or forming. or, as Noun 1 which both voice, ou in ut one of the in boat and? 2 What ter? 4, What d? 5. How are h are the vow. the vowels do 1. When are w Vhy ? What is ’ What is it in ided? 11. Can & vowel? 192, 1use in sound. Is? 14. Name 6 seini-vowels thong ? How answer ? Can diphthongs ? your last an- ontain triph dow many in Diphthong ? ple or com- ilse of the of a word ; lig words _ word by 18 Spelling ? 1, k y COM a ETYMO)}..0GY. ) A word of one syllable is termed® #) a monm syllable; a word of two syllables, (3) 9 dissyle lable; a word of three syllables, (4) a trisyile. hle; and a word of four or more syllables, (5) 4 polysyllable. All words are either primrrive Or DERIVATIVE, A Primitive word js (°) that which cannot be reduced to any simpler word in the language ; as, man, good, content. A Derivative word is (‘) that which may be re- duced to another word in English of greater sim- plicity ; as, manful, goudness, contentment, Yorks shire, 7 Questions. 1. What are Words? What is an articu. late sound? (See page 5.) 2. What is a word of one ape called? 3. Of two syllables? 4. Of three? 5, four or more? Point ut ‘a Dissyllable. A Monosyllable, A Polysyl 6. What is a Primitive word ? 7. What is a Derivative word ? What sort of a word ig benknife ? Why? What sort of a word is pen ? Why ? —- ETYMOLOGY. The second part of Grammar is Erymonoay ; which treatst of (1) the different sorts of words, their various modifications, t and their derivation. || There are, in English, (2) nine sorts of words, or, as they are commonly called, Parts of Speech ; namely, (3) the Articue, the Susstanvive | Noun, the Adjective, the Pronoun, the VERB, the Apvers, the Preposirton, the ConsvncTion and the Inrzrseetion, Questions. 1 Of what does Etymology treat? 2. How @ "any sorts of words are there in English? 3. Name them * Termed—ecalled. t Modifications—ehanges. @ ‘o their Source ; minfui. icine! t Treats—tells of. | Derivation—tracing then ‘us, man is the source whence we derive ret) ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 1. An Articte is (1) a word prefixed* to sab- stantives, to point them out, and to show how fat their signiticationf extends 5]. a8, a garden, as eagle, the. woman. Questions. 1. What sort of a word is ax Article: ® hat words in your last answer are articles ? 2 A Svesrantive or Noun is (1) the name of any thing that exists, or of which we have ally no*'on; as, London, man, virtue. /, Substantive may, in general, be distinguished (2) by ita making sense of itself, or with the word tux before It; as, temperance, industry, chastity ; the book, the sun, the ap. ple. Questions. 1. What is a Noun? 2. How else may a noun be distinguished? What part of speech is book ? Why ? [It will be well for the Teacher here to lay aside the Grammar, and turn to some familiar reading-lesson, and let (he sclolar select the Nouns, giving his reasons wh hs calls them such, till he shall be able to do it with facil ity. The same course may be pursued with the other earts of speech.] 3. Au Apsective is (1) a word added to a sub- stantive, to express its quality; as, an industrious man, a virtuous woman. An Adjective may be known (2) by its making sense with the addition of the word thing ; as, a good thing, a ad thing ; or Of any particular substantive ; as, a sweei apple, a pleasant prospect. Questions, 1 What is ar Adjective? 2. H-w else may an adjective be distinsnished ? What part of sp eeck s bad? Why? What is sweet ? Why ? 4. A Pronoun is (') a word used instead of ¢ noun, to avoid the toc frequent repetition of the ene * Prefixed-—placed before. Signification—meaning t Thus @ man signifies any man: the man, one particu (ar maa; man, leaving out the erticie, signifies al! men. a 2 gue: 4 ¢ % Bwer | Bm Qu { Why Wha ee ; | with o Us, HE May a ETYMOLOGY. b)} xed* to sub. how how far 1 garden, aws same word; as, The man is happy; he is benev ment; he is useful. _ Questions. 1. What isa Pronoun? Whaef 9} ‘ustead of what noun is it used? Repgt 3 ax Article’ § s6.ng the non only. at 4 5. A Vers is (!) a word whif the name of | © D0, or to suFFER; as, I fe have any § ruied. : 1 A Verb may be distinguished (2) ¥y sensa : 2\he ise | With one of the following pronouns, b& ished ( ) by its | THOU, HE, SHE, WE, YoU, oF THEY; oF QR we ‘before it ; as, before it; as, I walk, he plays, they writ; a) le sun, the ap. (o play, to write. | Questions. 1. What is a Verb? What is am ? Why? v else may a @ What is rule? Why? What is am ruled? Why? 2 ech is book® | tow may a verb generally be distinguished? What ia 9 walk? Why? lay aside the @ 6, An Apverp is (") a part of speech joined to ig-lesson, and fH verb, an adjective, and sometimes to another |} reasons why §& , ; ya adverb, to express some quality or circumstance aa & maki ALLE ae OO eee ee re By * it with facil | J : ith the other #} respecting it; as, He reads well ; a truly good * man; he writes very correctly. dtoasub- | An Adverb may be gered known (2) by its answer. industrious | ing to the question How? How much? When? or 4 Where? as, in the phrase He reads correctly, the an- } 8wer to the question, How does he read ? is, correctly. naking Sense & Questions. 1. What is an Adverb? What is well # good thing, a *~ Why? 2 How Imay an adverb generally be known: » a8, Sweel B What is correctly 2? Why? > 7. Prepostricns serve (1) to connect words a ge eh * with one another, and to show the relation be» ie + tween them; as, He went from London to York; > She is above disguise ; They are supported by in: stead of =] dustry. tion of the | A Preposition may be gnown (3) by its making sense with one of the following pronouns after it, namely, mx, > US, HER, HIM, OF THEM 3. as, with him, for her, to them, &e n-—meaning one particu ‘ : — Questions. 1. For what do Prepositions ‘serve? 9. How sali men, =F Mé&y & preposition be known? What is by? Why? 12 ENGLISH GRAMMsR. 8. A Consunertion is (1) a part of speech that is chiefly used to connect seiltences, so as out of two or more sentences to make but one; (%) it sometimes connects only words; as, Thou and Ae are happy, because you are good; Two rad ‘hree are five, | Questions 1. What is a Conjunction? 2. Does it al Ways connect sentences? What is because ? Why? What wand? Why? 9. INrERJECTIONS are (1) words thrown in bew tween the parts of a sentence, to express the pas sions or emotions of the speaker; as, O virtue! how amiable thou art ! Question. 1. What are Interjections ? ARTICLE. An Arricue is a word prefixed to substantives, to point them out, and show how far their signifi cation.extends ; as, a garden, an eagle, the woman. In English, there are but (+) two articles, (2) 4 and the ; a becomes an (3) before a vowel, and before a silent h ; as, am acorn, an hour; but if the h be sounded, the a only is to be used; as, a hand, a heart, a highway. (4) A or anisstyled* the Indefinite Article: it is used in a vaguey’ sense, to point out a single thing of the kind, in other respects indeterminate as, Give me a book; Bring me an apple. The is called the Definite Article, because it a» “ertains what particular thing or things are meant, as, Give me the book; Bring me the apples; means ing some book, or apples, referred to. A substantive, without an article to limit it, is generally taken (5) in its widest sense; as, 4 oT [TRE * Styled—called. ? Vague---inue initia, Why: Comn Why 3 | ee speech that so as out of one; (3) it , Thou and >; Two mad ». Does it al Why? What rown in be (Ss the pas , O virtue! bstantives, eir signifi he woman. icles, (*) 4 7owel, and ur; but if sed; as, u Article: it a single erminate ause it ap re meant, 2S; means imit it, ig >; as, A initia, ETYMOLOGY. 13 exmhJ tevaper is proper for man ; that is, for all bwankind. Questions. 1. How many Articles are there in Enghsh ? 2. What are they? 3. When does a become an? Js it Teper tu say a hour 2? Why? Is it proper to say an hand 9 Vhy? 4. Which is the Indefinite Article? \ hy? What is a, in the example ? Why? Point out some indefinite articles. 5. In what sense is @ substantive taken which a8 no article to limit it? What does man mean, in the example? Why SUBSTANTIVE, A Svssrantive or Noun is (1) the name of any thing that exists, or of which we have any notion: as, London, man, virtue. Substantives are (*) either Proper or Common. Proper names, or substantives, are (3) the names appropria’ d* to individuals ; as, George, Londun hames. Proper names always begin with a capital letter. Common names, or substantives, stand for kinds (4) containing many sorts, or for sorts contains ing many individuals under them; as, animal, man tree, &e. Common names begin with a small letter. To substantives belong (5) GENDER, Numer, and Caspr; and they are all of the third person (°) when spoken of, and of the second (7) when spoken to; as, Blessings attend us on every side; Be grateful, children of men! that is, ye ehiliren of men. 3 Questions. 1. What isa Noun? How many nouns in your last answer? 2. How are nouns divided? 3. Whas fre T'roper Nouns? What kind of a noun is George # ‘hy? Point out some proper substantives. 4. For what do Cormmen Substantives stand? What kind of'a noun is man ? ‘ny * How many in your last answer? 5, What belong hein eater hic ? Appropriated—ziven 2 14 ENGLISH ZRAMMAR. ue ubstaatives ? 6. When are they all c the third person : ?. When of the second? What person 1s blessings, in the 6xample ? Why? What person is children ? Whv ° GENDER. Genper is (1) the distinction of nouns wi‘k begard to sex. There are (*) three genders, (3 the Mascutine, the Feminine, and the Neurrn The Masculine gender denotes (4) males ; as, a man, a horse, a bull. The Feminine gender denotes (5) females; as, 1 woman, a duck, a hen. The Nester gender denotes (6) objects which are neither males nor females ; as, a field, a house, a sarden. ~ ,;Nouns which are either masculine or feminine, may be ea‘led Common gender ; as, « bird, a child, a friend.) Some substantives, naturally neuter, (7) are, hy a figure of speech, converted* into the maseu- line or feminine gender ; as when we say oi the run, he is setting, and of a ship, she sails well, &c. The English language has (8) three methods of distinguishing the sex, viz. J. By ditterent words; as, Male. Fema‘s, Male. Female Bachelor maid Husband wife Boy girl Lord lady Brother sister Man woman Buck doe Master mist ress King ueen Nephew niece Drake uck Singer songstrese arl countess or singer Father mother Son daughter Friar nun Stag hin Gander goose Uncle aunt Hart roe Wizard witch Sh toca «ep ov * Converted—changed. a4 On third person: ssing’s, in the Whv ? nouns wiih enders, (3: e Nevtrr males ; as, males ; as, ects which eld, a house, nine, may be | friend.) r, (7) are, the maseu- say of the s well, &c. e methods omale ife dy oman ist ress ace ngstrese singer ughter n nt tch nt toemenen «Nap oe 8. By difference of termin-: ETYMOLOGY, 8 ale. Female, Male. . shbot abbess Host Kotor actress Lion administrator administratrix Marquis 4 nbassador ambassadress Master Arbiter arbitress Mayor saron baroness Patron Bridegroom bride Poet SBenclactor benefactress Priest Chanter chantress Prince Conductor conductress Prior Count countess Prophet Duke duchess Protector Elector electress Shepherd “inperor empress Songster Executor executrix Tiger / Governor overnesg Traitot” fleir Relpecs Tutor Hero heroine Votary Hunter huntresg Widower 3. By a noun, fred to the subst A covck-sparrow A man-servant A he-goat A male-child Male-descendantg Questions. there ? gender denote ? is man? Why ? friend be called ? 1. What is G 3. Name them. 4, 5. Feminine Garden, ? Why? 7, at antives naturally neuter ? der is sun, naturally ? by a figure of speech ? ways hasth What is ¢ Ow oe 6. H lug the sex ; NumeBer is ae One or more, Pronoun or ad autive ; as, e English 18 On, as, Female hostess lioness marchionees mistress mayoress patronesg poetess priestess princess prioress prophetesg protectresg shepherdesg songstress tigress traitresg tutoress votaress widow jective, being pre A hen-sparrow maid-servant A she-goat A female-child F emale-descendants ender? 9, What does t ? 6. Neuter? Why? What What is said o Give an instance. Into what gender is Ship? into what is rorgage o g he first way Second? Thira? NUMBER, How many are he Masculine What gender render may sOMmCe gb What get it com erte@ it changed 7 fdistinzuish- (") the consideration of an objeet 1é ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Sunstantives are of (2) two numbers, (3) the SInGuLAR aud Piura. The Singular number expresses (*° but one ob ject; as, a char, a table. The singular number 1s known (5) by its making sensa wth the word one before it; as, one chair, one table. The Plural number signifies (®) more objects than one; as, chairs, tables. The plural number is known (7) by its making sense with the word two before it; as, two chairs, two tables Some nouns, (8) from the nature of the things which they express, are used only in the singular, others only in the plural form; as, wheat, pitch, gold, sloth, pride, \c. and bellows, scissors, lungs, riches, &e. , Some words are the same in both numbers; as, deer, sheep, swine, &e. : The plural number of nouns is generally formed (®) by adding s to the singular; as, dove, doves , face, faces ; thought, thoughts. But when the substantive singular ends in z, ch, sh, or ss, we add es in the plural; as, box, boves ; church, churches ; lash, lashes ; kiss, kisses. Nouns ending in f or fe are generally rendered* plural by the change of those terminations} into tes ; as, loaf, loaves ; wife, wives. Those which end in ff have the regular plural; as, ruff, ruffs. Such as have y in the singular, with no otner vowel in the same syllable, change it into ies in the plural; as, beauty, beauties 3 fly, flies; but the y is not changed when there is another vowel in the syllable; as, key, keys; delay, decays. questions, 1. What is Number? 3, How many num bers have nouns? 3. What are they? 4. What does the Singuiar number express? 5. How is it known? 6. Wha, bag rere eee ee — * Rendered—mad t Terminations—endi age, Gmit )e Sc DAtes rs, (%) the ut one ob aking sensa ne table. re obj 20 tt aking senve wo tables the things e singular, eat, pitch, ors, lungs, nbers; as, lly formed ve, Goves , when the Or 5%, we ; church, ‘endered* onst inte se which , ruffs. no otner nto ié€s ip lies; but er vuwel AY3. 2any num t does the ? 6. Whaj seein od endi aga. a (°) verb active, or a prenosit Ue TYM OLOGY. (3 does the Plural signify? 7. How is it known? Rumber is appies? Why ? Why? 8. Why are some nou and others only in the plural ? Wha What nua ber is APPLE ? ns used only in the singular What nouns are bet only in the plural 2° What only in the singular? Why ? Name 1 seine nouns that are the same in both numbers. is 8 it prop: *r to say one sheep, two sheeps, three sheeps, &e. ? Why. ; 3. How is the plural number of nouns generally formed? Vaat do yon add to the noun face, to make it plural] / What, to box 2 Why not s only ? What, to church ? Why? Lash? Why? Kiss 2 Why? How do you make loaf plaral? Why? What do yor add to the noun ruff to make it plural? Why? Into what do you change y, in duty, te mike it plural ? Why? How do you form the plural of key 2 Why ? CASE. In English, substantives have (1) three cases, the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Opsgc- TIVE,* ‘ The Nominative case simply expresses (2) the uame of a thing, or the subject of the verb; as, The boy plays; The girls learn. The Possessive case expresses (8) the relation of property or possession, and (4) has an apus- trophe with the letter s coming after it; as, The scholar’s duty ; My father’s house. (°) When the plural ends in s, the other ¢ is tmitted, but the apostrophe is retained; as, Un (°) eagles’ wings; The drapers’ company. Sometimes also, (7) when the singular termi bates in ss, the apostrophia ¢ is not added; es E>: goodness? sake; For righteousness’ sake. The Objective case expresses (°®) the object of at, action, or of a relation ; and generally folluwa sition; as, Joho assists Charles ; They live in London. ek, ee et eres "On the proprie ice eee y of this objective case, sea the lar ge Grammar, p. 54, °5 Q* oe oe | il au Will | 18 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, English substantives are declined in the follow ing manner - Singular. Plural, Nominative Case A mother, Mothers. Possessive Case A mother's. Mothers’ Oljsctive Case A mother. Mothers. Singular, Plural. Nominative Case The man. The men Possessive Case The man’s The men’s Objective Case The man. The men. Questions. 1. How many Cases have nouns in -En- glish? Name them. 2. What does the Nominative case express? Which words are the nominative cases in the example? 3. What does the Possessive case express ? 4, How is it written? Which are the possessive cases in the example ? Why? 5. How would you write the pos- Bessive ease of eagles? Drapers ? é Why? How de you write goodness in the possessive » Wighteousness 9 “. Why? 8. What does the Objective case express? 9. What parts of speech does it generally follow? What words are the objective cases in he exaniple? Why? Decline mother. Spell the nouns in each case, and tell where the apostrophe is placed. Nouns to be declined. Write (or spell) in the nominative case plural the follow ing nouns: apple, plum, orange, bush, tree, plant, dis- order, novice, beginning, defeat, protuberance. Write the foliowing substantives in the nominative case plural: ery, fly, cherry, fancy, glory, duty, boy, folly, play, lily, toy, conveniency. Write the following nouns in the possessive case singu lar: boy, girl, man, woman, lake, sea, church, lass, beau ty, sister, bee. . Write the following in the nominative case plural: loat sheaf, self, muff, knife, stuff, wife, staff, wolf, half, calf, life. ’ Write the following in tke possessive case plural: broth @, child, man, woman, foot, tooth, ox, moush, Pose, penn : e e o Write the following ncaons in the nominative aid pos bessive cases plurel: wife, chief, die, staff, city, river, proof, archer, master c, utch, tooth, mouth, baker, distaff he follow ural, hers. erg’ lers. rad, men men’s men. uns in-En- lative case ises in the xpress? 4, @ cases in e the pos- - How de ecousness 9 express ? ww? What 2? Why? 2, and tell he follow lant, dis- itive case oy, folly, 86 singu iss, beau ral: loat alf, calf, l: broth ny POOKO, aid pos y, river, , distaff ETYMOLOGY EXERCISES IN PARSING Article and Substantive. Ques ions. What part of speech is wee ee Why? (see p. 10.) Kind? ded (see p. 12) NUUN Why+ (see Pp. 10.) Common or proper ? fso@ . 13) Why? Person? Why? Number? (see p 16) hy ? Gender? Wh; ? Spel the noun in each case In what case is it found? A bush A prince A tree The Humber A flower The Pope An apple The Grocer’s Co. An almond Europe house The pens The fields ' The girl's school The rainbow The abe The clouds Beauty The scholar’s duty The continent George The Cesars Nore. As the questions for parsing, in these and the exercises that follow, are too minute to be used a long time without becoming tedious, it will be expedient to omit them, as soon as they shall have answered the ob ject of making the scholar familiar with the etymological} definitions. Repeat the preceding exercises, and parse according to the following e SpEecimMEN A bush. Bush is a common noun, of the neuter gender, thir4 person, singular number, and nominative zase. | ADJECTIVE, An Absective is (1) a word added toa sub. stantive to express its quality; as, An indus frious man; A virtuous woman; A henevolens mind. In English, the adjective is not varied on ac * Here insert the word to be-~ ted 20 ENGLISH GRAM JAR, count of gender, number, or case. A coreless boy; Careless girls. he only variation which it admits is,~(*) thas of the degrees of comparison, ‘here are commonly reckoned (*) three de a:ees of comparison ; (*) the Positive, Comes ge Arive, and Sureruative. (*) The Positive state expresses the quality of an object, without any increase or diminutior, ;* 48, Good, wise, great, The Comparative degree increases or les- sens the positive in signification ; as, wiser, great. er, less wise, (7) The Superlative degree increases or lessens the positive to the highest or lowest degree; as, wisest, greatest, least wise, € simple word, or Positive, becomes the comparative by adding (°) rorer; and the su- perlative by adding (9) st or est to the end of it; as, Wise, wiser, wisest 3 great, greater, great- est, And the adverbs (1°) more and most, placed before the adjective, have the same effect ; as, WIS€, more wise, most wise. Monosyllables, for the most part, are compar- ed by er or est; and dissyllables by more and most; as, mild, milder, mildest 3 frugal, mére Sru- gal, most frugal. Some words, of very common use, are irregu. Jaily formed - as, (1) good, better, best ; bad wurse, worst; little, less. least « much. or many. * wre, most ; and a few others. Suestions. 1. What is an A.jective? What *vords 428 adjec.ives in the example? Why? 2 Of what Varia- tion do adjectives admit ? 3. How many degrees of com- parison? 4. Repeat thein. 3. What is said of the Pesitive wate? 6. Comparative? 7 Superlative ? Compare wise spear ccm cere 5 caves. * Dumenu: ton-—making lee, Thus we say, a ‘hus we say, is,(?) thes ) three de E, Comes rm > quality of minutior ;* ses. or les- user, great. or lessens egree ; as, comes the id the su- he end of fer, great- st, placed flect ; as, | Compar- nove and more fru € irregt. st; bad or many. lat *vords hat varia- ‘of com. > Pesitive ure wise Oo, A. a ETYMOLOGY. 21 8. What dia you add to the positive to make it cone urs ive? 9, What, to form the superlative? 10. What \: ;! have the same effect ? Why is mild compared in the firs, way? Why frugal in the second? 11. Mention some words that are compared in neither of these ways. Com pare them. Adjectives to be compared. Compare the following adjectives : fair, Frees, bright, » Short, tall. wild, deep, strong, poor, ric 1, great. Compare the following adjectives : amiable, moderate, disinterested, favourable, grateful, studious, attentive, neg igent, industrious, perplexing, Write the foll wing adjectives in the comparative de gree: near, far, little, low, good, indifferent, bad, worthy, convenient. Write the following adjectives in the superlative degree feeble, bold, good, ardent, cold, bad, base, little, strong, late EXERCISES IN PARSING. Article, Adjective, and Substuntive. Parse the Article and substantive agreeably to note ow page 19, j Questions, What part of speech is —___.? ADJECTIVE, Why? (see page 10.) Compare i» Where is it fouud? A -better world. A good heart Shady trees fragrant flower The verdant fields Composed thoughts he whistling winds A diligent scholar Fairest proposals Relentless war A pleasing address A temper unhappy holesome aliment apid streams A free government A s973re winter The noblest prosper‘ he careless ostrich Repeat the preceding e tercises, and parse t].em arewnt img to the following A cheerful, good, old nan ender-look'n charity A book of my Merits A mahogany table A winding canal A happier life The sweetest incense The ivy-mantled tower A better world Specimen. A better world. Better is an ddjective, and is found in the comparative gree 2 22 ENGLISH jRAMMAR. PRONOUNS A Pronoun is (*) a word used instead of ¢ noun,” to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word; as, The man is happy; he is benev alent; he is useful. There are (*) three kinds of Pronot NS, Via (*) the Persona, the Rexative, and the Apoxc tive Pronouns. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. There are (4) five Personal Pronouns, viz. (5) J, thou, he, she, it; with their plurals, we, ye or you, they. Personal pronouns admit of (6) PERSON, NUMBER, GENDER, and CASE, The Persons of pronouns are (7) three in each of the numbers, viz. ) 7 8) J is the first person i ! hou is the second person Singular, He, she, or it, is the third person § We is the first person Ye, or you, is the second person Plural, They is the third person (*) The Jwnbers of pronouns, like those of sub- stantives, are two, the singular and the plural ; as, /, thou, he; we, ye, they. (1°) Gender has respect only to the third per son singular of the pronouns he, she, it, Fe tq masculine ; she is feminine; it is neuter, (11) Pronouns have three cases, the Naatna: Hive, the Possessive, and the Objective. he oojective case of a pronoun has, in gen- srel, a form different from that of the nominative or the possessive case, Pr eee oe + a. Tem oe ne Fe aan eee alaiaity: (sips * Hence ihe name Pronoun Pro isa Latin word. and maans inutend of nstead of 4 ‘ition of the le is benev NOT NS, Via the Apoxc nouns, viz. rals, we, ye N, NUMBER, ree in each rular, al, ose of sub- he plural ; third per it. He is r. e Norzina 8, iN gen. 10 minative ¥ word. and ETYMOLOGY. 23 The personal pronouns are thus decjined Singular, P’*ral Nom, I We First Possese. Mine Ours < 06). ° Me Us Nom. Thou Ye or yew Sscoxd, Possess. Thine Yours 0b). fc ae ; Nom. de ‘he hye Possess, His Therrs Ob), Him me P Nom, She ‘he tok Possess Hers Theirs fk Obj. i a ad Nom. t he egal . <« Possess lis Theirs a Obj. lt Them Questions. 1. What 1s a Pronoun? Mention the pro. nouns in the example. Instead of what are they used3 Repeat the example, using the nouns only. 2. How many kinds of pronouns? 3. Repeat them. 4. How many Personal Pronouns? 5, Repeat thein. 6. Of what do personal pronouns admit? 7. How many persons in each number? 8. Repeat them. 9. What is said of their nuni- bers? 10. Gender? 11, Cases ? Decline he tirst person Second. Third person masculine. Feminine. Neuter RELATIVE PRONOUNS, Reative Pronouns are fe such as relate, in general, to some word or plirase* going before, which is thence called the antecedent ;f they are (7) who, which, and that ; as, The man is hap- FY, who lives virtuously. What is a kind of (3) compound relative, in- eluding both the antecedent and the relative, and equivalent to (4) that which; as, This ig what I wanted; thai is to say, the thing which - | wanted. “A pkrase consists of several woids. t Because antecedent is cerfved fram two Latin word which mean goiny before. 24 ENCLISH GRAMMAR, Whe is applied (5) to persons ; which, (°) to an. mais and inanimate things; as, He is 4 friend, who is. faithful in adversity; 'T'he bird, which sung so sweetly, is lown; This is the twee. which produces no fruit. Thai, as a relative, is often used (7) to pre veut the too frequent repetition of whe and which, t is applied (8) to persons and things; as, He that acts wisely deserves praise; Modesty is a quality ¢hat highly adorns a woman, Who is of both numbers, and is thus dectined : SINGULAR AND PLURAL Nominative Who Ossessive Whose Objective Whom Who, which, and what, are called (9) Inter. rogatives, when they are used in asking ques tions; as, Who is he? Which is the bock? What are you doing ? 7 kind of relative is whut? 4. To what i the example? Which of these two words is the relative ? ich is its antecedent? 5. To what is who applied ? 6. Which ? Why would it not be which? Bird who? Tree who ? used asa relative? 8.To what is it applied? To what is it applied in the first example? T’o what in the sec ond? What is said of who, in respect to number ? De- éline it. 9. What are who, which, and what, called, when they are employed in asking questions? What are who, which , and what in the examples? Why? ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS, ) Ansectrive Pronouns are of a mixed nature, ch, (°) to an- : is & friend, bird, which is the wee, 1 (7) to pre to and which, ings; as, He Hodesty is a is declined : WL) | (9) Inter. sking ques ock? What is? 2. Which the example ? d? 3 What quivalent in the relative ? pho applied ? > say, friend what is that 1? To what t in the see- amber? De. called, when hat are who, ed nature, TRIBUTIV Ey NITE, here ar € persons | for himself; Cisely pvint (29) this and and that (1 sre both tem * Participati t Thus, in th to book ; and } woun, because, John’s book. participating* the adjectives. The adjective pronouns may be subdivided. (3 into four sorts, hamely, the Possessive, the Dis. 1. The Possessive a to possesion or property. (*) seven of them, viz. (5) my, thy, his, her, our, your, their. Mine and thine, (®) instead of my and thy, were a substantive: or adjective wel, or a silent h; as, Blot rmerly used before beginning with a vo out all mine iniquities, 2. The Distributive are man is more j ETYMOLOLY 4,) Properties both of oronouns ana the Demonstrative, and the InpeFt- e€ re (°) those which relate (7) those which denote or things that make up @ number, as taken separately and singly. every, either; as, Each of favourable situation | Every man must account They are, (#) each his brothers 2 in a I have not seen either of them. 3. The Demonstrative are out the subjecis (®) those which pre- to which they relate - that, these and those, are of this class ; as, This is true charity, that This refers ng—partaking. is only its image. (1) to the nearest person or thing, *) to the more distant; as, This ntelligent than that. This indi- cates the latter, or last mentioned ; that, the form- er, or first mentioned 3 as, Wealth and poverty Ptations ; that tends to excite pride ; this, discontent, einmiererat eae e phrase his book, his participates the p erties of an adjective, because, lik t also participates like a pronoun, it P| © an adjective, it belo the properties of a pre- stands for a noun; ag, 26 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, . 4 The Indefinite are (13) those which exprega On their subjects in an indefinite or general manner, Yo The following are of this kind: (14) some, other, ff He any, one, all, such, &e. Wi Othe 1 declined in the following manner : | ie Singular. Plural i Nom. Other Others Bong Poss. Other’s Others’ : Obj. Other Others Questions. 1. What are Adjective Pronouns? 2. How | ret these be subdivided? 3. Which are the Possessive ? S, 4, ow many of them? 5. Name them. 6. How were num mine and thine formerly used? 7. Which are the Distrib- utive? 8. Naine them. 9. Which are the Demonstrative? 10. Name them 11. To what does this refer? 12. That ¥ To which man does this refer in the example? To which § A does that ? What does this indicate? That? What does that indicate in the example? This? 13. Which are the DO, | Indefinite? 14 Name them. Decline other. Spell it in V each case, and tell where the apostrophe is placed. Werve Write the possessive singular and plural of the pronouns, #into I, thou, he, she, it, who. and other. 7 A Write the objective cases singular and plural of the pro- [| rene nouns, I, thou, he, she, it, and who. : Bacted EXERCISES IN PARSING. Belle Article, Adjective, Pronoun, Sc. @ He Let the Verb be omitted; the Article, Adjective, and (9 Zitus, Noun, parsed as before. 7 A Questions. What part of speech is ? gan a FRONOUN. Why? (see page 10.) Decline :t. (see acted pege 23.) In what person, number, gender and case 1s @ @perfo. ‘ound ? 4 ‘emp I am sincere We honor them Thou art industrious You encourage us He: He is disinterested They commend her § object, Thou dost impr. ve Let him consider nl) He assisted me Know yourse!ves You wi submit Let them advance ‘hey will ohey us They may offend vhich exprega neral manner, ') some, sther, manner : 10uns ? 2. How the Possessive ? 6. How were tre the Distrib- Jemonstrative ? fer? 12. That # ale? To which t? What does Which are the or. Spell it in placed. {the pronouns, ural of the pro | I. fc. Adjective, and mt ecline ‘t. {eee and case 1s # @ Nemple was destroyed (1°) by Titus. M@SIvE, and Neuter. into Regular, Irregular, and Defective, | Titus, acts upon the object, Zemple #4n action, and macted upon, and ETYMOLOGY 2? Our hopes did flatter us They may have forgotten They have deceived me I can forgive Your expectation has failed He might surpass them He had resigned himself We could overtake him We coinpleted our Journey I would be happy Uxeir fears will detect them Ye should repent He may have deceived me We should have considered Kepeat the precedi ceding exercises, and parse them accord q Pg ‘o the following Specimen. She is disinterested, She is a personal pronoun, Ts of the third person, singular number, feminine gender, and nominative case. VERBS. A Vers is (") a word which signifies to Br, te DO, or to SUFFER; as, I am, I rule, | am ruled. Verbs are of (?) three kinds, (*) Acrivz, Pag- They are also divided (‘) A Verb Active expresses (*) an action, and necessarily implies (°) an agent, and an object Bacted upon; as, to love s I love Penelope ; Cain Billed Abel; Titus destroyed the Temple. Here destroyed is an (”) active verb, because the agent, A Verb Passive expresses (8) the receiving of Necessarily implies (9) an object an agent by which that action ig erformed; as, Abel was killed by Cain; The Here was destroyed is (10) a passive verb, because the object, Temple, is acted upon by the agent, Titus. 2) } In an Active Verb. the Nominative case acta. Ina Passive Verb, the Nominative ease is acted npow 28 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. A Verb Neuter expresses (7?) neitLer action tor passion, but being, or a state of being; 1s, I am, I sleep, I sit. Here am is (13) press any action. Auziliary or Helping Verbs are (14) hose by the help of which the English verbs ‘are priuer pally conjugated ; they are (15) do, be, have, chill, will, may, can, with their variations; and det and must, which have no Variation. To Verbs belong (1°) Number, Person, Mode, and Teuse. , Questions, 1. What is a Verb} What does rude signify Am? Am ruled? 9, How many kinds of verbs? 38. What are they! 4, How else are they divided? 5. What does a verb Active express? 6. What does it necessarily im ply? 7. What kind of a verb is destroyed ? Why? How does it act! Hilled? Why! How does it act? 8. What does tha verb Passive express? 9. What does it necessarily imply ? 10. What kind of a verb is was de stroyed 2 Why ? ‘Huw is it acted upon?. Was killed ? Why ? How is it acted upon ? 11. How is the Active verb distinguished from the Pas- sive? 12. What does a verb Neuter express? 13. What kind of a verb is am ? Why ? Sleep ? Why? Sit? W yh ? 14. What are A uxiliary verbs? 15, Which are they ? 16 What belong to verbs ? @ neuter verb, because it Joes me’ ex NUMBER AND PERSON, Verbs have (1) two numbers, the Siweunar and the Phonan; as, [ love, we love. In each number there are (7) three persons; sa Singular. Plural. First Person I love We love Second Person Thou lovest Ye or an love They love Questions. 1. How many Numbers have verbe? @ How many persons in each number? Repeat the verk ove. in gach person, singular and plw al. Third Person He lovas eitLer action of being; 1s, i, does na’ ex 14) vhose by 3 are prinet 0, be, have, lations; and erson, Mude, es rule signify rbs? 8. What . What does a 1ecessarily im ’ Why? How ? 9. What does erb is was de- Was killed ? from the Pas- s? 13. What Sit? Why? re they? 16, 'GULAR and eTSOnS; 9% al. love r yan love , love 2 verbs? 2at the verk ETYMOLOGY. 29 MODES. Moon or Monk is (1) @ paricular form of the verb, showing the manner* in whick the berog, action, or passion, is represented. ; There are () five modes of verbs, (3) the Ine DICATIVE, the IMPERATIVE, the Porentian, tha SuBJUNCTIVE, andthe Inrinitive, (*) The Indicative Mode simply indicates or declares a thing; as, He loves, he is loved ’ or it asks a question ; as, Does he love? Js he loved ? | The Imperative Mode is used (5) for command. ing, exhorting, entreuting, or permitting ; as, Depart thou; mind ye; let us stay; go in peace. The Potential Mode implies (6) possibility or liberty, power, will, or obligation; as, It may rain; he may go or stay; I can ride; he would walk ; they should learn, : The Subjunctive Mode represents a thing (7) under a condition, motive, wish, or supposition, Were good. The Infinitive Mode €xpresses a thing (8) in 4 general and unlimited Manner, without any distinction of number or Person; as, to act, te speak, to be feared. The Participle is (°) @ certain form of the verb and derives its name (%) from its participating RGt oniy the Properties of a verb, but also those of an adjective; as, I am desirous of knowing OUireantrmmcn et ” Mcde—meang marner 3* j 3G ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Lim; Admired and applauded, he became vain; Having finished his work, he submitted it, &e. There are (1!) three Participles, oy the PRESENT or Active, the Perrect or ASSIVE, and the Comrounp PerrecrT; as, loving, loved, Raving loved. Questions, 1. What is Mode? 2. How many modes lave verbs? ‘3. Repeat them. 4. What is said of the In dicative mode? 5. For what is the Imperative mode used ? For what is depurt used? Mind? Let? Go? 6. What does the Potential mode imply? What does may rain imply? May go? Can ride? Could walk? Should learn ? 7. How does the Subjunctive mode represent a thing? Which verbs are in the subjunctive mode in the example ? By what conjunctions are they preceded ? By what verbs attended? 8. How does the Infinitive mode express a thing? 9. What is the Partiziple? 10. From what does it derive its name? Are there any participles in your last answer? What words are participles in your example? 11. How many participles are there? 12. Repeat them. TENSES. Tense, being (1) the distinction of time, might seem to admit only of the Present, Past and Fu- ture; but, to mark it more accurately, it is made to consist of (?) six vanations, viz. (3) the Pres- ENT, the [mperrect, the Perrecr, the Piuper- FecT, the First and Seconp Furure Tenszs. The Present Tense represents the action or event (4) as passing at the time in which it ‘¢ mentioned; as I rule, I am ruled; I ink; } fear. . The Imperfect Tense represents the action of event (5) either as past and finished, or as re maining unfinished at a certain time past, as, [a loved her for her modesty and virtue; They were travelling post when he met them. (°) The Perfect Tense not only refers to what is past, bus also conveys an allusion to the pres tion doe: verk ticiy act Whi tens repr anip. poin aa ar How Seco @xair T com! Rum! bea { In || 4: ecame vain; litted it, &e. es, a the or Passive, loving, loved, v many modes said of the In ive mode used ? Go? 6. What does may rain Should learn ? sent a thing? 1 the example? By what verbs odé express a ‘rom what doeg les in your last your example? Repeat them. « time, might ast and Fu- 7, it is made 3) the Pres- the Piurer- . Tenses. e action or | which it rr) I Rink; } 1e action o} fers to what to the pres ETYMOLOGY, 33 ent time; as, I have finished my letter; I have the person that was 1ecommended to me, The Pluperfect Tense represe its a thing (7) cot only as past, but also as Prior to* some other point of time specifiedt in the sentence; as, J tad finished my letter before he arrived The First Future Tense represents the action. (©) as yet to come, either with, or without respect to the precise time when; as, The sun will rise te-morrow ; I shall see them again. The Second Future intimates} (9) that the ace tien will be fully accomplished at, or before the time of another future action or event; as, | sitel have dined at one o'clock; The two houses will have finished their business, when the king comes to prorogue them. Questions. 1. What is Tense? 2. Of how many varia- tions is it made to consist ? 3. What are they’ 4. How does the Present tense represent an action’ ITs thera any verb of the Present tense in your last answer ? Any par- ticiple? 5. How does the Imperfect tense represent an action? What verbs of this tense in your example? 6, What is said of the Perfect tense? What verbs of thia tense in your example ? 7. How does the Pluperfect tense represent a thing? What verb of this tense in your ex. ample? How does it represent the action* Before what point of time? 8. How does the First Future represent aa action ? What verb of this tense in your first example ? How does it represent the action? 9, What does the Second Future intimate ? What verb of this tense in your exainple ? The Consuaarion of a verb is (1) the regular eombination§ and arrangement|| of its several Bum bers, persons, modes, and tenses, Mtl reenact gee * Prior to—before. t Specified— mentioned. t Intimates—informs, § Combination—uniting ll Ar~ang eenent—placing in order db% ENGL.SH GRAMMAR. The Conjugation of an active verb is style the active voice; and that of a passive verh the PASSIVE VOICE, Question. 1. What is the Conjugation of a verb’ The auxiliaty and active vero To have is con ug ited in the following manner: TO HAVE. Indicative Mode, PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. \ Pers. (1) T have 1. We have 2 Pers. Thou hast 2. Ye or you have 3 Pers. He, nyt or ithath 3. They have or has IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. (2) I had 1. We had 2. Thou hadst 2. Ye or you had 3: He, &ec. had 3. They had PERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1 (3) I have had 1, We have had 2. Thou hast had 2. Ye or you have had 3. He has had 3. They have had PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular Plural. 1 (4) Thad had 1. We had had 2 Thou hadst had 2. Ye or you haa had 8 He had haa 3. They had had FIRST FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. (©) I shall or will have 1, We shall or will hare 8. Thou shalt or wilt have 2. Ye or you shall or wil have ® He shaii ur ‘will have 3. They sbnll or will have CC. ap eo. - verb is style ssive verb the of a verb’ 0 have is con * will Gate a 1 shall or wid | or will have ETYMOLOGY, SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural. l f T shall have had ‘1. We shall have had ® Thou wilt have had 2. Ye ur you will have had 3 He will have had 3. They will have had Questions. 1. What is the first persen singular o:' the vesent Tense? Q. sopensects 3. Perfect? 4, Pluper. igi 5. First A Future ? Second F iture ? Repeat a persons of each tense. Proceed in the Same manner witl the other modes, Imperative Mode. Singular, Plural. I. (2) Let me have* 1. Let us have 2. Have thou, or do thou 2. Have ye, ordo ye or you have have 3 Let him have 3. Let them have Potential Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. ) (°) I may or can have 1. We may or can have 2. Thou mayst or canst 2. Ye or you may or cae have fave - He may or can have 3. They may or can have IMPERFECT TENSE, Singular. Plural. . l. J might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would should have ; or should have 4. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or wouldst or shouldst have ¢ He might, could, would 3. 'T or should have you might, could, would or should have hey might, could, would or should have PERFECT TENsE. Singular. Plural. 1 I may or can have had 1. We may or can ‘ave hag 2 Thou mayst or canst 2 Ye or you may er cas heve had have haa 3. © may orcan have had_ 3. They may or can kaye haf * Strietly speaking, the imperative mode is entitled only © the ss sond verson 34 ENGLISH GRAMMAN. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plura I I might, could, would or 1. We might, coald, would _ Should have had or should have had 8 Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you miaht, could wouldst or shouldst would or should have . have had ° had 4 He might, could, would 3, They might, could, would or should have had or should have had Subjunctive Mode. PRESENT TENSF. | Singular. | Plural. 1. (4) If] have 1. If we have 2. If thou have 2. If ye or you have 3. If he have 3. If they have* Rupeat this mode, using one of the following conjune- tions instead of 1: viz. though, less, whether, unless. Infinitive Mode. Present, (5) To have Perfect, To have had. PARTICIPLES. Present or active, Having Perfect or passive, Had Compound perfect, Having had Questions. 1. What is the fitst person singular of the present tense, in the Inpicative mope? 2, In the Imrer- ATIVE? 3. PorentiaL? 4. Suspgunctive? 5. InFinitive ? The auxiliary and neuter verb To be is con. jugated as follows: TO BE. Indicative Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singuler. Plural. i Tam 1. We are % Thou art 2. Ye or you are 3 He, she, or it is 3. They are : ee sage * The remaining tenses of’ the subjunctive mode ero, in general, similar to the correspondent tenses of the indica tive mode. p* rca I. f ma 2% Tho 3. He urAS |, could, would d have had | might, could or should have ht, coule, would d have ral. | have a* wing conjunc. r, unless. 2ave had. id rular of the In the Iurer- . InFinitive ? be is con. a mode ere, i f the indica ETYMOLOGY, IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural, t I was 1. We were 3 Thou wast 2. Ye or you were 3 He was ey were PERFECT TENSE. Singuiar, Plural. ! I Lave been 1 We have been % Thou hast been e or you have bees 3 He hath or has been 3. They have been PLUPERFECT TENSK, Plural, 1. We had been - Ye or you had been 3 They had been Singular. I UT had been & Thou hadst been 3 tle had been FIRST FUTURE TENSE. Plural. 1 We shall or will be - Ye or you shall o7 will bei 3. They shall or will be SECOND FUTURK TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. T shall have been 1. We zhall have been Thou wilt have been 2. Ye or you will have been 3 Ho will have been. 3. They: will have beeu Singular. ! § shall or will be 2 Thou shalt or wilt be 3. He shall or will be Imperative Mode, Singular. Plural. 1 Let me be 1. Let us le Be thou, or do thou be 2 Be ye or you, or do ye he him be 3. Let them be Potential Mode. : !. f may or can be : Thou tnayst or canst be 2. Yey © may or can be may or ran be 7 you may or can be They may or can he $6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. t. I might, could, would or 1. We might, could, wonld should be or should be @ Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, coutd, wouldst or shouldst be would or should be He might, could, would 3. They might, could, would or ahoote be or should be PERFECT TENSE. Singular. , Plural. I may or can have been 1. We may or can have beer 2. Thou mayst or canst 2. Ye or you may or cay have been have been - He may or canhave been 3. ba may or can have een PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. l. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would should have been or should have bee; 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, coud wouldst or shouldst would or should have have been een 3. He might, could, would 3. They might, could, woul¢ or aoala have been or should have beea Subjunctive Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. ! IfI be 1. If we be 2 If thou be 2. If ye or you be 4 Ifthe be 3. If they he IMPERFECT TENSE, Singular. Plural. l. If 1 were 1. If we were 2. If thou wert 2. If ye or you were 3. If he were 3. If they were The remaining tenses of this mode are, m general, aid lar to the Correspondent tenses of the indicative nude Infinitive Mode. Present, Tx be Perfect, To have beon ral, ght, could, wontd ould be ‘ou might, contd, | or should be ght, could, would vuld be ral. vr can have been OU may OT CAD een ly or can have a 2 t, could, would ild have been a might, could or should have it, could, woulc¢ Id have beea u be u were @ general, and ‘ive inode y have been ETYMOLOGY 23 participating* the Properties both of oronouns ang jectives.t The adjective pronouns may be subdivided 9) into four sorts, namely, the Possessive, the Dis« TRIBUTIVE, the Dem -NSTRATIVE, and the InDEFt- NITE, 1. The Possessive are to possession or property. here are (4) seven of them, viz. (5) my, thy, his, her, our, your, their, Mine and thine, (8) formerly used before eginning with a vowel, or a silent j 3 as, Blot out all mine iniquities, 2. The Distributive are (7) those which denote the persons or things that make up @ number, as taken Separately and singly. They are, (°) each, every, evher; as, Each of his brothers {g jn a favourable situation | Every man must account for himself > I have not seen either of them, 3. The D cisely point out the subjects to which they relate (*) those which relate and that (12) ‘to the more distant; as, This This indi- cates the latter, or last mentioned ; that, the form. er, or first mentioned; as, Wealth and povert are both temptations ; that tends to excite pride ; iis, discontent, reece! ¢ Farticipating— partaking. us, in the phrase his book, his participates the n; erties of an adjective, because, like an ad | jective, it be onga to b00k ; and it also participates the Properties of a pro. because, like a Pronoun, it stands for a noun book. 3 206 ' ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 4 The Indefinite are (13) those which uxpresa their subjects in an indefinite or general manner, The following are of this kind: (4) some, ather, any, one, all, such, &e. Othe 1@ declined in the following manner : Singular. Plural Nom. Other Others Poss. Other’s Otiiers’ Obj. Other Others Questions. 1. What are Adjective Pronouns? 2. How may these be subdivided? 3. Which are the Possessive ? d. How many of them? 5. Name them. 6. How were mine and thine formerly used? 7. Which are the Distrib- utive? 8. Naine them. 9 Which are the Demonstrative ? 10. Name them 11. To what does this refer ? 12. That # To which man does this refer in the example? To which does thut ? What does this indicate? That ? What does that indicate in the example? This? 13. Which are the Indefinite? 14 Name them. Decline other. Spell it in each case, and tell where the apostrophe is placed. Write the possessive singular and plural of the pronouns, I, thon, he, she, it, who. and other, Write the objective cuses singular and plural of the pro- nouns, 1, thou, he, she, it, and who. EXERCISES IN PARSING. Article, Adjective, Pronoun, &e. Let the Verb be omitted ; the Article, Adjective, and Noun, parsed as before. Questions. What part of speech is ———? FRONOUN. Why? (see page 10.) Decline it. ‘see page 23.) In what person, number, gender and case 18 if ound ?' I am sincere We honor them Thou art industrious You encourage us He is disinterested They commend her Thou dost impr, ve Let him consider Iie assisted me now yourselves You wiu subinit Let them advance ‘They will ohey us They may offend nui DO, \ SIV} into A nece , acte i a1 é He B Titus A an a aclec rm Ile, object 1) which expresa neral manner, *) some, sther, manner : ral 1ouns? 2. How the Possessive / 6. How were are the Distrib- Jemonstrative ? fer? 12. That ¥ le? To which t? What does Which are the 7. Spell it in placed. i the pronouns, ural of the pro- i. rc. Adjective, and -? ecline it. ‘see and case is ETYMOLOWY 2? They may have forgotten I can forgive He might surpass them We could overtake him I would be happy Ye should repent We should have considered Our nopes did flatter us They have deceived me Your expectation has failed He had resigned himself W's completed our Journey V.sir fears wil! detect them He may have deceived ma Repeat the ng ito the foll preceding exercises, and parse them accoré owing SPECIMEN. She is disinterested, al pronoun, of the gender, She is a person number, feminine third person, smgular and nominative case. VERBS. A Vers is (') a word w DO, or to SUFFER; as, I am, I rule, Il am ruled. Verbs are of (?) three kinds, (*) Active, Pag- 8IVE, and Neurkr. They are also divided (‘) into Regular, Irregular; and Defective, Verb Active expresses (°) an action, and necessarily implies (°) an agent, and an object acted upon; as, to love : I love Penelope ; Cain killed Abel; Titus destroyed the Temple. Here destroyed is an (”) active verb, becat Titus, acts upon the object, Zemple, A Verb Passive expresses (8) the receiving of an action, and necessarily implies (%) an object acted upon, and an agent by which that action ig penne >; as, Abel was killed by Cain; The ‘emple was destroyed ('°) by Titus, hich signifies to BE, to ise the agent, Ilece was destro object, Tem 11) ; yed is (10) g ple, is ac In an Active ina Passive passive verb, because the ted upon by the agent, Titus. Verb, the Nominative case acta. Verb, the Nominative ease isacted npoy ne 28 ENGLISH GRAMMAK, es (12) neitLer action Hor passion, but being, or a state of being; w, Here «am is (1 press any action. Auxiliary or Helping Verbs are (74) hose by the help of which the English verbs ‘are 3) a neuter verb, because it Joes IKK Ox priner pally conjugated ; they are (45) do, be, have, ehitll, will, may, can, with their ya riations; and € no variation. °) Number, Person, Mode, let and must, Which hav To Verbs belong (2 and Tense, Questions, 1. What is a Verb? What does rule signify Am? Am ruled? 9 2. How many kinds of verbs? 38. What are thev! 4. How else are they divided? 5, Wh verb Active express! 6. What does it necessarily im ply? 7. What kind of a verb is destroyed ? Why? How Noes it act? Ailled ? Why ¢ How does it act? 8. What does tha yerh Passive express? 9. What does it necessarily imply ? 10. What kind of a verb is wus dee siroyed > Why? How is it acted upon? Was filled ? Why ? How is it acted upon ? ll. How is the Active verb distinguished from the Pas- sive? 12. What does a verb Neuter express? 13. What kind of a verb is am 2 Why ? Sleep 2 Why? Sit? Why? 14. What are Auxiliary verbs? 15. Which are they? 36, What belong to verbs ° NUMBER AND PERSON, | Verbs have (1) two numbers, the Sineunar and the Phuran; ws, [ love, we love. Iu each number there are (*) three persons; ag Singular. Plural. First Person I love We love Second Person Thou lovest Ye or you love Third Persan He loves They love Qusstions. 1. How many Numbers fow many persons in each number ? ove, in each person: singular and plw al. have verbs? 9 Repeat the verk at does a A g¢ disti: neitLer action of being; w, it does nx ex (14) chose by S$ are prinet 0, be, have, Tiations; and I. -erson, Mode, es rule. signify erbs? 38. What 5. What does a necessarily im ? Why? How be 9. What does erb is was de- Was iilled ? from the Pag- 3s? 13. What > Sit? Why? are they? 46. VNGULAR and eTsOns; as, ‘al. love r you love y love 2 verke? 9 sat the verk ETYMOLOGY. 29 There are (2) five modes of verbs, (3) the Ine DICATIVE, the IMprRative, the Porentiat, the SuBsuNCTIVE, and the Inrinrrivg, (4) The Indicative Mode simply indicates or declares a thing; as, He loves, he is loved ; or it asks a question; as, Does he love? Is he loved ? : The Imperative Mode js used (5) for commands ing, exhorting, entreating, or permitting ; as, Depart thou; mind ye; let us stay; g° in peace, The Potential Mode implies (8) Possibility or liberty, power, will, or obligation; as, It may rain; he may jo or stay; I can ride; he-woud walk ; they should learn, The Subjunctive Mode represents a thing (7) under a condition, motive, wish, or supposition, &c., and ig preceded by a conjunction, expressed and attended by another verb, 88, I will respect him, though he chide me; Were happy; that is, if he The Infinitive Mode expresses a thing (8) in 4 general and unlimited manner, without any distinction of number or person; as, to act, te. speak, to be feared. The Participle is (°) @ certain form of the verb; and derives its name (?) from its participating, fot only the Properties of a verb, but also those of aa adjective: as, I am desirous of knowing PU merece ew wis conta . fe Se —means marner » 36 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, fim; Admired and applauded, he became vain; | Having finished his work, he submitted it, &e. 8 There are (1) three Participles, fe) the " ®RESENT or Active, the Perrecr or ASSIVE, and the Compounp PeRFECT; as, loving, loved, ” Raving loved. i Questions, 1. What is Mode? 2. How many modeg fave verbs? %. Repeat them. 4. What is said of the In dicative mode? 5. For what is the imperative mode used ? 4 For what is depart used? Mind? Let ? Go? 6. What to does the Potential mode imply? What does ey rain to- imply ? May go? Can ride? Could walk? Should learn ? 7. How does the Subjunctive mode represent a thing ? Which verbs are in the subjunctive mode in the example ? BY By what conjunctions are they preceded? By what verbs tive attended? 8. How does the Infinitive mode express a thing ? 9. What is the Participle? 10. From what does it derive its name? Are there any participles in your last iY ~nswer? What words are participles in your example? @ COU 11. How many participles are there? 12. Repeat them. Q TENSES. ne Tense, being (1) the distinction of time, might [2° seem to admit only of the Present, Past and Fu- ticip ture; but, to mark it more accurately, it is made oe to consist of (*) six variations, viz. (3) the Pres- hi - ENT, the Imperrect, the Perrect, the Piurer- repre FecT, the First and Seconp Furure Tenses. ampl The Present Tense represents the action or je point event (4) as passing at the time in which it's f % mentioned; as, 1 rule, I am ruled 3 I ink; } fear. exam, The Imperfect Tense represents the action ot S event (°) either as past and finished, or as re- TI maining unfinished at a certain time past, as, I @ comh loved her for her modesty and virtue; They @ tum) were travelling post when he met them, =_—— (8) The Perfect Tense not only refers to what * Pp) is past, bu: also conveys an allusion to the pres mf Ine became vain; mitted it, &e les, fe) the tr or Passive, loving, loved, w many modes 3 said of the In tive mode used ? Go? 6. What does may rain Should learn # esent a thing? n the example? By what verbs ode express a “rom what does les in your last your example: Repeat them. time, might ast and Fu- y, it is made 3) the Pres- the PLurer- ; TENsSEs, ie action or . which it ‘9 I ink; } ne action o1 d, or as re- past, as, | rtue; They a. fers to what to the pres ETYMOLOGY, 3) ent time; as, I have finished my letter; I Aave seen the person that was 1ecommended to me, The Pluperfect Tenge represe its a thing (7} not only as past, but also as Prior to* some othey point of time specifiedt in the sentence; as, J ad finished my letter before he arrived The First Future Tense represents the action (©) as yet to come, either with, or without respee} to the precise time when; as, The sun will rise to-morrow ; I shall see them again. The Second Future intimatest (9) that the ace non will be fully accomplished at, or before the tine of another future action or event; as, ] siadl have dined at one clock; The two houses will huve . finished their business, when the king | Comes to prorogue them. Questions. 1. What is Tense? 2. Of hew many varia- tions is it made to consist? 3. What are they? 4, How does the Present tense represent an action? Is thera any verb of the Present tense in your last answer ? Any par- ticiple? 5. How does the Imperfect tense represent an action? What verbs of this tense in your, example? 6, What is said of the Perfect tense? What verbs of. thig tense in your example ? 7, How does the Plupertect tense represent a thing? What verb of this tense in your ex. aniple ?: How does it represent the action? Before what point of time? .8. How does the First Futu an action ? What verb of this tense in your fir ow does it represent the action? 9. What does the Second Future intimate ? What verb of this tense example ? The Consueation of a verb is (1) the regulay combination§ and arrangement|| of its severe gum bers, persons, modes, and tenses, * Prior to—before. ' t Specified—mentioned. t Intiémates—informs, § Combination—uniti ll Ar~ung ement—placing in order ENGL.SH GRAMMAR, The Conjugation of an active verb is style the ACTIVE voice; and that of a passive verb the PASSIVE VOICE, i Question. 1. What is the Conjugation of a verb’ 3 The auxiliary and active vero To have is con 2ig ited in the following manner: TO HA’: Indicative Moe. _ PRESENT TENSE. Singular. : Plural. J, 1 Pers. (1) IT have 1. We have - 2. 2 Pers. Thou hast 2. Ye vr you have 3 Pers. He,she, or ithath 3. They have 2 or has IMPERFECT TENSE. , Singular. Plural. Ll. (2) T had 1. We had ) ¢ 2. Thou hadst 2. Ye or you had a 3. He, &c. had 3. They had 3. H PERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1 (3) I have had 1. We have had 2. Thou hast had 2. Ye or you have had LJ 3. He has had 3. They have had . ‘ | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | : v Singular. Plural. + He | 1 (4) I had had 1. We had had . 2 Thou hadst had 2. Ye or you had had | 3 He had haa 3. They had had | FIRST FUTURE TENSE. ; ae Singular. Plural. he i. (©) i shaii or will have 1. We shall or will have 3. He 8. Thou shalt or wilt have 2. Ye or you shall or vil. have * Sti | B He shaii or willhave 3. ‘They abnll or will have ETYMOLOGY, verb is style SECON FUTURE TENSE. ssive verb the Singular. Plural. i a] I shall have had 1, We shall have had 2 ou wilt have had 2. Ye or you will have had of a verb’ 3 He will have had 3’. They will have had ) have is con Questions. 1. What ig the first Present Tense? 92 Imperfect 2? 3. Perfect? 4, Pluper- eet? 5. First Future 9 6. Second Future ? Repeat adj © persons of each tense. ‘Proceed in the same manner wit! the other modes, Imperative Mode. Singular, Plural. if 1. (2) Let me have* 1. Let us have ' %. Have thou, or do thou 2, Have ye, or do ye or you hens have have 3 Let him have 3. Let them have Potential Mode. PRESENT TENSR. 1. Singular. Plural. ) (3) I may or can have 1. We may or can havo had - Thou mayst or canst 2. Ye or you may or cae have fave - He may or can have 3. They may or can have 1 IMPERFECT TENSE, sad Singular. Plural, Tiss hed l. J might, could, would, or J, We might, could, would es d should have or should have , *. ‘Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, wouldst or shouldst have would or should have ¢ He might, could, would 3. They might, could, would ‘ or should have or should have Y had had “ PERFECT TENSE, had Singular, Plural. iT may or can have had 1. We may or can tave hag ; 2 Thou ma ¥ al. r will have =z shall or wi Mae . ; * Strietly speaking, the imperative mode is entitled only . 40 the s :ond person _— or will have present tense, in the Inpicativr MODE? 2. In ¢, ATIVE? 3. Porentias ? ENGLISH GRAMMAR, PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. If might, could, wo should have had Chou mightst, couldst, 2. Y wouldst or shouldst have had 4 He might, could, wo or should have had Plura‘s uld or 1. We might, could, would or should have had would or 5s or should have had Subjunctive Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singular, 1. (4! If T have 2. If thou have 2. If ye or you have 3. If he have 3. If they have* Ri peat this mode, using one of the tions instead of iF: viz. though, less, lural. 1. If we have following conjunc. whether, unless, Infinitive Mode. Present, (5) To have Perfect, To have had PARTICIPLES. Present or active, Having Perfect or pussive, Had Compound perfect, Having had Questions. 1. What is the fitst person sing ‘or of the IPER- on? The auxiliary and neuter verb To be is cc 4. Supsunctive? 5, InFin jugated as follows : i 3 Feneral, similar to th tive mode, TO BE. Indicative Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singuler. Plural. am 1. We are Thou art 2. Ye or you are He, she, or it is 3. They are "The remaining tenses of the subjunctive mode ere, ix € correspondent tenses of the indica @ or you so og ould ha ha uld 3. They might, could, woul) ETYMOLOGY, ae 1 JPERFECT TENSE. juraé Singular. Plural). t, could, would t [was 1. We were ld have had § Thou wast Ye or you werg 1 might, could 3 He was 3. They were or should have PERFECT TENSE, ht, could, woul, Singutar, Plural. d have had ! I Lave been I We have been & Thou hast been 2. Ye or you have beun 3 He hath or has been 3. They have been — PLUPERFECT TENsR. Singular. Plural. | have } Uhad been 1. We had been o* @ Thou hadst been . - Ye or you had been wing conjunc. 3 te had been 8 They had been r, unless, FIRST FUTUKE TENSE. Singular. Plural. save hed } § shall or will be 1 We shall or wil] be Thou shalt or wilt be 2. Ye or you shall or will be 3. He shall or will be 3. They shall or will be * SECOND FUTURE TENSE. d Singular. . Plural. ig ‘or of the #1. I shall have been 1. We shall have been 7 t iver: [2 Thou wilt have been 2. Ve or you will have beeg Disin ee? 3 He will have been 3 hey will have been be is cx Imperative Mode. Singular. Plural. 1 Let me be ]. Let us le Be thou, or do thou'be 2 Be Ye or you; or do ye he Let him be 3. Let them L I. Potential Mode. e PRESENT TENSE, Singular Plural mode ere, in HM) 4 may or can be 1. Woe may or can be fthe indica fp Thou mayst vr canst be 2. Ye up you may or can be © may or can be 3. They may or can’ he $6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. t. I might, could, would or 1, We might, could, would should be or should be @ Thou mightst, couldst, 2, Ye or you might, coud, wouldst or shouldst be would or should be % He mi ht, could, would 3. T i xa hey might, could, would or should be or should be PERFECT TENSE, Singular. Plural. ‘ I may or can have been 1. We may vr can have beer 2. Thou Mayst or canst 2. Ye or you may or cor HH th. ave been have been Mm mc 3. He may or can have been 3, They may or can have ff the - been e; PLUPERFECT TENsxg. P Singular. Plural [ L. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, wontd 1 should have been or should have beny 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could % wouldst or shouldst f would or should have Is fa have been been d 3. He might, could, would 3. They might, could, woul¢ follo or should have been or should have been Subjunctive Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. ! If be 1. If we be 2 If thou be 2. If ye or you be I Ilo 4 Ihe be 3. If they be 2 The 3 He, IMPERFECT TENSE, Singular, Plural. 1. If I were 1. If we were Tae 2. If thou wert 2. If ye or you were b The 3. If he were 3. If they were He k The remaining tenses of this mode are, in general, gisd to the Correspondent tenses of the indicative mode Infinitive Mode. I hav. Present, Tc be Perfect, To have heon Thou He ha ETYMOLOGY, 37 ural, ght, could, would ould be you might, couid, d or should be ‘ PARTICIPLEs, : Present, Baing Perfect, Beon Compound perfect, Havin, g been Repeat the First Person Sin gular of all the tenses ig #080 ¢“ the modes in their order, ight, could, woul¢ j : ould be Of the Conjugation of Regular Verbs. ral, ACTIVE, vr can have beer ou may or car f : uate ‘et participle by adding ty ay or can have ly, when the verb €; as, ends in Present. Imperfect, Perfect Partiriple, al. [ favour I favoured avoured t, could, wontd I love - Tloved oved ud have bean Questions, 1. When are verb 1 might, could 8 active called reguiar« hould have 8 favour a regular verb? Why? or 8 A Regular Active Verb is Conjugated in th following manner : it, Could, woulg ld have been TO LOVE, I ndiestive Mode, PRESENT TENSE, Singular, Plural. ihe I love ]. We love Thou lovest [loves 2 YQ or you love Te, she, or it loveth or 3. They love IMPERFECT TENSE, Singular f ved 1. We loved : were Thou Jovedst 2. Ye or you loved He loved . 3. They loved roneral, gieng ve mode PERFECT TENSE, Singular. Plur al | have loved 1. We have .Oved have: bao hou hast loved 2. 3 - Ye or you have loveg * hath or hag loved » They 4 4 ave loved $8 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Sd , Plu ral. t * had lov 1. We had loved 1] 8 Thou hadst loved 2 Ye or you had loved 3 He had loved 3. They had loved eh FIRST FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural. o; ZI shall or will love 1. We shall ur will swe 8 Thou shalt o wilt love 2. Ye or you shall or wif ove 3. He shall or will love 3. They shall or will love SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural 1. I shall have loved 1. We shall have Icved If 2. Thou wilt have loved 2. Yeor you shall have lover d If 3. He will have loved 3. They will have loved 5. If Imperative Mode. Th Singular. , Plural lar tc 1. Let me love 1. Let us love pow 2 Love thou, or do thou love 2. Love ye or you, or do ya 3. Let him love 3. Let them love , Prese Potential Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. o 1. I may or can love 1. We may or can love rene 2. Thou mayst or canst love 2. ” or you may or cas ove 3. He may or can love 3. They may or can love IMPERFFCT TENSE. Singular. Plural. Ve 1 I might, could, would or 1. We might, could would .orm | should love _or should love or ed, 8 Thou mightst, couldst, 2 Ye or you might, could, fo woul.ist or shouldst love would or should love rme: 3. He might, could, would 3. They might, could, woulda *all | or should love or should love Al PERFECT TENSE. perfec Singular. Plural. all its i. I may or can have loved 1. We may or can have loved ien % Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or ce ae; loved have loved Ques; 8. He may .°can iaveloved 3. pile may or can hawale (Ho, v Plu ral. loved ou had lowed d loved lural. l ur will swe ou shall or wif ull or will love lural have Icved : shall have love: l have loved lural pe or you, or love pow ye ural. or can love ol may or cas y or can love ural. t, could would d love 1 might, could, r should love ht, could, would ld love ural. | can have loves u may or ce ed y or can havemp ETYMOLOGY, PLUPERFECT TENSE Singu.ar P, inal 1} might, could, would or 1. We might, could, woula juld have loved or should have loved Shou mightst, couldst, 2 Ye or you might, could, woulcst or shouldst wank or should have have loved loved hey might, could, would or should have loved Subjunctive Mode, PRESENT TENSE, * He might, could, would 3, T 9 should have loved Singular Plural. - If 1 love 1. If we love 2 If taou love 2. If ye or you love 5. If he love 3. If they love The remaining tenses of this mode are, in general, simi. jar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mode. Infinitive Mode. Present To love. Perfect, T's have loved Participles, Present, Loving. Perfect, Loved. Compound perfect, Having loved. PASSIVE. Verbs passive are called regular, (1) when they orm their perfect participle by the addition of d, or ed, to the verb; as, ee the verb To love, is formed the passive, J am loved, I was loved, J thall be loved, &c. A Passive Verk is Conjugated (%) by adding the perfect participle to the auxiliary to be, through all its dNepaes of number, person, mode, and tense, in the following manner, Questions, 1. W How is the passi hen is a verb passive called regula Vv’ verb conjugated ? ENGLISH GRAMMAR o TO BE LOVED ene Indicative Mode. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Pluial. E Iam loved ]. We arc loved 8 Thou art loved e or you are loved @ is loved 3. They are loved IMPERFECT TENsx, Singular, - Plural. 2. 1 J wag loved 1. We were loved Thou wast loved 2. Ye or you were loved 3 3. He was loved 3. They were loved PERFECY TENSE, Singular, Plural, 1. 1. I have been loved 1. We have been loved hou hast been loved ~ 2 Yeor you have been loved 2. 3. He hath or has been 3, They have been loved loved 3. ] PLUPERFZCT TENSE, t Singular, : Plural. 1. I had been loved 1. We had been loved 2. Thou hadst been loved 2. Yeor you had been loved { 3. He had been loved . 3. They i d been loved FIRST FUTURE TENSE Singular. Plura, l. I shall or will be loved 1. We shall o+ will be loved ou shalt or wilt be 2. Ye or ou shall sr will be oved loved. ik 8 He shall or will be loved 3, ie Shall oy will | ove ‘ SECOND FUTURE TrNex, . _ Singular. Plural, Q FE shall have been loved 1. We shal} have been loved hou wilt have been 2. Yeor you will have been iE loved loved 8. He will have been loved 3, They wil: have been loved ETYMOLOGY Imperative Mode. Singular, Plural, 1 Let me be loved I. Let us be loved Be ‘hou loved, or do thou 2 ' Be ye or you loved, o dg be loved ye be loved ys 3 Let him be loved 3. Let them be loved ove ou are loved Potentia. Mode. re loved PRESENT TENsR, Singular. Plural. LY may or can be loved 1. We may or can be loved Plural. 2. Thou mayst or canst be 2. Ye or you may or can be re loved loved loved ou were loved © may or can be loved 3. They may or can be 2re loved loved IMPERFECT TEnsr, Singular, Jura]. Plural. . . 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, : been luved should be oved or should be loved thave been loved hou might couldst, 2. Ye o you might, could 7@ been loved wouldst or shouldst be d would opr Should be love love He might, could, would 3, They might, could, would or should be loved or should be loved ural. PERFECT TENsrR, een loved Singular, Plural. had been loved \. I may or can have been 1], We may or can have been loved love been loved 2 Thou mayst or canst 9. Ye or yon may or can have been loved have been loved 3 He may o? can have been 3 They nay or can have sheet be loved loved been loved shall sr wil! be PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular, Pl aral ll or will de i] might, could, would, 1. We might, eculd, weald, < or should have been or should have beeg loved love Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye o> you might, donad. = al jwouldst or shouldst have would or should havea ve been loved im 28en loved been oved | 8 Ho night, could, would 3 Th null have been ey might, could, would or should have been or shouid have been loved | ve been loved - Oved Singular 1 If lbe loved & If trou be loved 3 Ifhe be loved Singular. f If l were loved 2 If thou wert loved fhe were loved The remaini lar to the Present, To be } Present, Being loved. Irregular V form their i participle as, Present, I begin know ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Subjunctive Mode. PRESENT TENSE. F mural, 1. If we be loved _ 2. If ye or you be «ved 3. If they be loved IMPERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. If we were loved "122° Or you were lowed 3. If they were loved ng tenses of tins mode are, are, in general, simi Correspondent tenses of the indi Cative mode. Infinitive Mode. oved. Perfect, To have been loved Participles, Perfect, Been loved. Compound Perfect, Havin g been loved, by Imperfect. IRREGULAR VERBs, erbt are (1 mperfect tense the addition of g ) those which do not and their perfect or ed to the verb ; began Perf. or Pass, Part. b knew egun known 1S sorts : 1. (8) Such as have the present and impen Sct tenses and perfect participle the same, as, Present Imperfect Perfect Particips Cost - cost cont Put put put 2. (4) Such as have the imperfect Jense and Perfect participle the same; as, 7 esent. Imperfect, Perfect Participle. Abide abode abode Sell sold fold ural, loved . ou be .cved loved ral, » loved L were loved re loved general, simi tive mode. 7e been loved n loved. oved, ch do not ir perfect the verb; Pass. Part. un wn orts : id imper e, as, rlicip is nse and rticiple. 3. (5) perfect pa Present lnperfect. Arise arose Blow blew Questions, 1, What are Irre ¢ a verb is begin? Why? Si) Why? “Know? y a frregular verbs? 3. Describe the first ond. 6. The third. Rep and the perfect participles, of th accurate : anperfect. Perf. Part, Pres, Part, d Present, Abidg. Am Arise Awake Bear, to brin i ear, to carry Beat Begin Bend Bereave Beseech Bind Bite Bleed tenses, ETYMOLOGY. Such as have the im rticiple different ; as, ‘abode — abode abiding was been being arose —_ arisen arising awoke rR. awaked awaking bare born bearing bore borne bearing beaten beat ane beating began _ berun beginning bent be at ending bereft r. bereft r. bereaving besought besought beseeching d boun pean binding : itte vs bit bit be { biting bled bled bleeding blew blown blowing broke —_ broken breaking bred bred breeding brought brough: brin ing built built building burst — burst bursting bought bought buying cast cast castin caught rR. caught r. catching sort. eat the present, th present, and co é following verbs, The following list of the ir it is pres umed, be found b 43 perfect tense and Perfect Partiriple. arisen blowa ular Verbs? What kind What kind is lox c? (Sve p. ow many sorts of 4. The sec- e imperfect, mpound perfect regular verbs will, oth compreheusive and Comp. Perf, iuving 66 & abode been arisen awaked born borne beaten begun bent bereft r besoug at bound bitten SES SOS a tre ee Sr Nees eeepeecar a = { Present. Imperfect. ENGLiSH GRaMMAR, Perf. Part, Pres, Part. Comp. Perf, Chie ald at | abiding having chidder Choose chose chosen choosing «chosen eave, to stich, é KEGULAR | Close I left 3 ©2378: ( clove,or 2 cle ‘ ba sp ie } cleft } clove cleav. ng “cleft - Cir clung clung. clingi “ slu Cic:hre clothed clad pr, clothing “clad rR, Come came come coming “¢ come ow = erew Rk. crowed crowing, ‘¢ crowed Creep creot — crept creepin “crept Cut cut eut cutting “out ph hg { durst = dared daring «dared Deal dealt dealt r. dealing “dealt Dig’ dug R dug r. digging “dug r. 0 di done — doing “done Draw drew drawn drawing “drawn Drive drove driven driving “driven Drink — drank drunk drinking “drunk Dwell dwelt r. dwelt r, dwelling “dwelt a. Eat eat, or ate eaten eating “ eaten Fall fell fallen falling “fallen Feed fed fed feeding “ fed Feel felt. felt feeling “felt Fight fought fought fighting “ fought Find found ound finding «found Flee fled fled fleeing «fled Fling flung flur.z flinging “ fluug Fly flew flown flying “ ~~ flown Forsake forsook forsaken forsa ing “ forsaker Freeze froze tozen freezing “ frozen Get ot got getting “« got Gild itr. gilt r, gilding “ gilt r. Gird girttr girtR girding “ girt a. (itve gave given giving “« . given tio went gone going «gone Urave — graved graven graving «graven Gsind ground ground = grindi «ground Giow Trew rown rowing ig rown Have fad had fisving “¢ had Hesg hung a hung Rr hanging “ hunger ‘Hear heard heard hearing «heard Hew hewed hewn r. hewing “ hewnr Shake Shape Shave Shear Shed Shine omp. Perf, ing chidder chosen cleft slu slate come crowed crept cut dared dealt r dug r. ihe drawn driven drunk dwelt r. eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled fluug flown forsakeg frozen rot rilt R. yirt wR, riven rone raven ‘round TrOWwh ad uns R, sare own RB ETYMOLOGY. Pr esent, Imperfect, Perf. Part. Pres. Part ie em cai Fit hit hit hitting Hold held held hold ng Kee» kept kept keeping Knit knitr. knit r knitting Know knew known knowing dade = laded aden lading Lay laid - laid laying Lead led led leading Leave left left leaving Lend lent lent lending Let let let letting mee lay lain lying Load loaded _—_laden rR. loading lose lost lost losing Make made made making Meet met met meeting Mow mowed mownr. mowing Pay paid paid paying Put ut ut uttin Read fend ey fouling Kend rent rent rending Rid rid rid ridding Ride rode ee hy Z ; riding Ring : rane ¢ tung ringing Rise rose risen rising Rive rived riven _rivin Run ran run running Suw Sawed sawnR sawing Say Said said saying See saw = =—s seen seeing Seck Scught sought geekin Bell sold sold selling Send sent sent sending Set set set setting Bhake — shook shaken shaking Shape shaped } ee shaping Shave shaved shaven pr. shaving Shear sheared shorn shearing Shed shed shed shedding Shine . shone R shone Rr. shining Cori Perf, havi ¢ nidden “hit “held mow, g paid put read 66 rent ¢ rid 6“ rode “ Yung risen riven run sawn A said seen ‘€ sought es Bol] bs sent &“ set ‘6 shaken * shaped “ shaven = 6 shorn “ shed * . shone a 43 a6 Present Show Shoe Shoot Shrink Shred Spread ‘Spring Stana Steal Stick Sting Stride Strike String Strive Swear Sweat Swall Svim Swi Take Tear Tell Think Thrive ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Imperfect Perf Part Pres. Part, showed shown showing shod shod shoeing shot “shot shooting shrunk shrunk shrinking Shred _— shred shredding shu! shut shutting re } sung singing sat sat sitting slew slain slaying slept slept sleeping slid slidden sliding slun slun slinging slu slun elinking . slit, or wigs slit R. slitted slitting smote smitten smiting Sowed sownR. sowin spoke _ spoken speaking sped sped speeding Spent spent spendin spilt Rk. spilt r. spilling spun spun spinning Spread _ spread Spreading Sprun a us épran : sprung springing stood stood standing stole stolen _ stealing | stuck _— stuck sticking si stung _ stinging } nia © S stridden striding struck stricken Striking Strung strung stringing strove striven striving Swore sworn swearing Swet R. swet R. sweating 8weliea swollen R.Swelling swam 3 aaa swum (swum ewitiming swung swung = swingin took taken taking : tore torn tearing told told tellin thought thought thinking thiove r. thriven thriving Comp F erf Lavin “ 8 shown shod shot shrunk shred shut sung sat slain slept Blidden slun dunt slL¢ smitten sown R. spoken sped spent spilt rR. spun spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stridden Stricken strung striven sworn BSwet R swollen » swum swung taken torn told thought thriven omp Ferf ing shown shod shot shrunk shred shut sung sat slain slept slidden slun sl sL¢ smitten sOWN R. spoken sped spent spilt rR. spun spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stridden Stricken strung striven sworn BSwet R swollen » swum swung taken torn told thought thriven ETYMOLOGY. 4 Present Imperfect Psrf. Part. Pres. Part. Comp. Ferf. Throw threw thrown throwing having thrown Thrust thrust thrust thrusting «thrust T'read trod trodden treading ‘¢ trodden Wax waxed waxen R. waxing “ waxen B, Wear _ wore worn wearing “Worn Weave wove woven weaving ‘¢ woven Weep _ wept wept weeping ‘6 swept Win won won winning “won Wind wouna wound winding 6 wound Wring wrung wrung wringing “wrung Write wrote _written writing “<_-written The verbs wht :: (1) are conjugated regularly, as well ag irregularly, are marked with an R. hose preterits and ie ea which are first mentioned in the list, seem to e the most eligible. The number of verbs now used in the English language is about 4,300; 4,123 regular, and 177 irregular. The number of English words is said to be about 35,000. Question. 1. What is said of those verbs marked Rp? | DEFECTIVE VERBS, Defective Verbs are (1) those which are used only in some of their modes and tenses ; as, a was, been ; can, could ; may, might ; shall, should , will, would, &e. Question. 1. What are Defective Verbs? Verbs to be conjugated. Conjugate the following verbs in the indicat ‘ve mode, présent tense ; beat, gain, read, eat, walk, desire, -nterpose, Conjugate the following verbs in the potential mode, wperfect tense ; fear, hope, dream, fly, consent, improve, “ontrovert. Conjugate the f lowing verbs in the subjunctive mde, perfect tense; drive, prepare, starve, omit, indulge, de onstrate. Conjugate the following verbs in the imperative mode lieve, depart, invent, give, abolish, contrive. Write the following verbs in the infinitive mode, present sud perfect tenses; grow, decrease, live, prosper, separate, meommode. | Write the present, perfect and compound participles of the following verbs; confess, disturb, please, know, bevin, wt, set, eat, Lie. 48 ENGLISH GRAMMAK. Conjugate the following verbs in the indicative mode, present and perfect tenses of the passive voice ; honor, abase, amuse, slight, enlighten, displease, envelope, bes Leave Coujugate the following verbs in the indicative moda, P-\perfect and first future tenses ; fly, contrive, know, de vine, choose, come, see, go, eat, grow, bring, forsake. Write the following verbs in the present and pluperfeet “nses of the potential and subjunctive modes; Know, ake, heat, keep, give, blow, bestow, beseech. Wiite the following verbs in the indicative mode, ime verfect and second future tenses of' the passive voice; blay, draw, crown, throw, defeat, grind, hear, divert. Write the following verbs i. the second and third per- sons singular of all the tenses in the indicative and sub- “unctive modes ; approve, condemn, mourn, freeze, know, arise, drive, blow, Investigate. Form the following verbs in the infinitive and impera- -ive modes, with their particioles, all in the passive voice* embrace, draw, defeat, smite. EXERCISES IN PARSING, Pronoun, Verb, Noun, &c.—continued. Qu. stions. What part of speech is —____. VERB. Why? (see p- 11.) Active, Passive or Neuter? Why ? (see p. 27.) Repeat the present and the imperfect tenses, the perfect, present, and compound perfect partici les.—Is it Regular, Irregular, or Defective ? (see p. 37.) Vhy? Repeat this person, in all the tenses of this mude, till you find it. In what Mode, Tense, Person and Num. ber is it found ? lope animates us It can be enlarged He will have determined To have been admired avail. We shall have agreed ed him little Do you instruct him Ridiculed, persecuted, de ' repare your lessons spised, he maintained hig He lives respected principles {laving resigned his office, Being reviled, we blosa he retired Having been deserted, he be i'n>y are discouraged came discouraged He was bondorined You may discover them We have been rewarded He might convince us She had been admired It would be caressed Virtue will be rewarded { may have been deceived Let him he animated To live well is honorablg tive mode, ce; honor, elope, bes tive moda, know, de sake, pluperfeet S5 Know, mode, ime ve voice; vert. third per- and sub- ze, know, d impera- ve voice” Neuter? mperfect t partici e p. 37.) is mude, d Num- od avail. ad, ds ned hi SA |, he be 7 tine past ; as, already, before, lately, Of time to come; as, OF time indefinite ; ETYMOLOGY. 49 To havo conquered himself, Who ca, waa his highest praise Whom ha ey honor us hey searched the rooms Repeat the preceding exerc ‘mg tu the following preserve himself? ve we surved ? ‘Such is our condition All have a talent to improve ises, and parse them accord Sprcmmen, Hope animates us, eInimat:s is a regular verb active, indicative -node, _ preses., tense, third person, singular number, ADVERB. An Apvers is (1) a part of speech joined te & verb, an adjective, and sometimes to another adverb, () to express some quality or circum- stapce respecting it ; as, He reads well; A truly good man; He writes very correctly. Some adverns are compared thus; (3) Soon, sooner, soonest ; often, ofiener, oftenest. Those ending in ly, are compared (*) by more and most ; as, Wisely, more wisely, most wisely. he phrases, in fine, in vain, at least, at most, &e, 4 are used adverbially, and called adverbial phrases. Adverbs, though very humerons, may be reduced to certain classes :-— ‘ numbe. ; as, once, twice, thrice, &c. Of order ; as, first, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly lastly, finally, &c. f place; as, here, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, herein, whither, hither, thither, Upward, downward, forward, backward, whence, hence, thence, whithersvever, &c. f time. Of time present $ a8, now, to-day, &e. yesterday, here. tofore, hitherto, long since, long ago, &e to-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, pre sently, inmediately, straightway, &c. } as, oft, often, ofi-times, oftentimes eldom, daily, weekly, Monthly, al wietime, svon, gs ways, whian, ever, never, aguin, &e. 5 50 ENGLISH GIAMMAR, Of quentity ; as, miich, little, sufficiently, nw much how great, enough, abundantly, &e. manner or quality; as, wisely, foolishly, justly, un justly, quickly, slowly, &c. Adverbs of quality are the most numer us kind; and they are generally form ed by adding the termination ly to an adjective or per. ticiple, or deans le into iv; as, bad, badly ; cheerful cheerfully ; able, a ly; admirable, admirably, Of doubt; as, perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance Of affirmation; as, verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubt. less, certainly, yea, yes, surely, indeed, really, &c. f negation. as, nay, no, not» by no means, not at alt, in no wise, &c. OF interrogation ; as, how, why, wherefore, whether, &c Of comparison ; as, more, most, better, best, worse, worst, less, least, very, almost, little, alike, &c. Questions. 1. What is an Adverb? What adverb io , your first example? To what is it joined? 2. For what. purpose? What in the second example? Whag two in the third? 3. How is svon compared? 4, How are those compared which end in ly? Repeat the adverbs of Number. Order. Place. Time pres- ent, Time pust. Time to come. Time dieslalaieg Quentity. Manner or Quality. Douht. Affirmation, Negation. Interrogation. Comparison. EXERCISES IN PARSIN G, Adverb, &c. Questions. What part of speech ‘s- —? ADVERB. Of what class ? J have seen him once, per We often rearlve, hut nes: haps twice dom perform Vhirdly, and lastiy I shall We are wisely end heppi conclude ly directed Vhis plant is found here How sweetly the birds sing and elsewhere Why art thou so heedless: Only to-day is properly When will they arrive ? ours _ Where shall we ston ? from virtue to vice, the Mentally and bodil > we progress is gradual are curiously and won derfully formed mw much justly, un quality are rally form. ive or pur. '; cheerful perchance ly, doubt , &e , &e. not at all, ether, & rse, worst, adverb in 2.. For 3? Whas 4. How epeat the me prese inatalltdta, irmation., ETYMOLOGY. 51 Specimen. I have seen him once, perh>ps twice, Once is an adverb of number. Perhaps is an adverb of doubt. PREPOSITION, . PREPosiTions serve (7) to connect words with oue another, and to show the relation between them. They are for the most part set (7) before houns and pronouns; as, He went Jiom London fo York; She is ubove disguise ; They are SUp- . ported by industry. The following 1s alist of the principal preposi- fons ; Of into above at off to within below _ near on or upon for Without between y p amon by over beneath down afler with under from before about in through beyond __ behind against Questions. 1. For what do Prepositions serve? Q "here are they for the most part set? What Preposi tions in your first example? Between what do they show the relation? Before what parts of speech are they laced? What, in the second example? The third? epeat the list EXERCISES IN PARSING. Prepositions, &c, Questions. Whai part of speech ig —___. PREPOSITION. Why: (see p. 11.) We in vain look for a path slowly, but went bi xly up between virtue and vice again H lives within ais inzome By diligence and frugality The house was sold at a we arrive at competency great price, and above Some things make fer hira, its value others against him he came down _ stairs By this imprudence, he waa ieee connect sentences? 3. a2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR plunged into new difficul- We are often below ous ties wishes and above ow OF his talents much might deseris said; concerning his integrity, nothing CONJUNCTION, A Consunction is (1) a part of speech the is chiefly used to connect Sentences; so as, out of two or more sentences, to make but one (*) It sometimes connects only words. Conjunctions are principally divided (3) inte two sorts, the CopuLATIVE and pissuNCTTy E, The Conjunction Copulative serves (4) to cou nect or continue a sentence, by expressing an ads dition, a supposition, or cause, &c. ; as, He and his orother reside in London; I will go if he will accompany me; You are happy because you ate good The Conjunction Disjunctive serves (5) not only to connect and continue the sentence, but also to express opposition of meaning in different degrees ; as, Though be was frequently reproved, yet he did not reform; They came with her, bua went away without her. | The following is a list of the principal conjunc- tions : The Copulative. (6) And, that, botl, for therefore, if then, since, because, wherefore, The Disjunctive. (7) But, then, though, either, or. ag unless, neither, nor, ‘est, yet, notwithstanding. Quesizons. 1, What is a Conjunction? 2. Doeg it . ow are they divided? 4 or what does the conjunction copulative serve ? W hat conjunction in your first example? Does it connect words. or sentences? “What does it express? What does the ccnjunction express in the second exam:’3° What Mthoth d? 5 For what does the conjunction diz une. tw x alien virtu ow ous ove ow the is out of (2) I 3) inte to cou an ad-« und hig ie will ou axe ) not e, but ferent roved, Tt, but 1junc- re, if DP. as peg it . rided ? erve ? nnect t does What 7 une. Though he condemn me, I He will be detected, thougk If he has tween the parts of a sentence, to ex Bici or emotion of tha alienated my friend; © Alas! | virtu ! how amiable thou art! 5* ETYMOLOGY, 53 ve server W iat conjunction in your first @xamp p ’ What in the second? In which example is the grontest degree of’ o position expressed? Repeat the list of Cnpulative njunctions. 7, ‘he Disjunctive. EXERCISES IN PARSING, : Conjunction, &c. Questions, What part of speech ig —_._. » CONJUNCTION, Why? (see P. 12.) What king? Why? We ought to be thankful, If our desires are moderats, or we have received our wants will be few much i Neither Prosperity, nor ad- Though he is often advised, —_versit » has improved him yet he does not re. He is as old as his classmate, form but not so learned Reproof either softens or Charles is esteenscd, bee ardeng its object cause he is both discreet His father and mother and and benevolent uncle reside at Rome He retires to rest soon, that We must be temperate, if he may rise early we would be healthy She will transgress, unless © were encouraged, he _ghe be admonished would amend He can acquire no virtue, unless he make some sac- Tificeg Let him that standeth take will respect him eir talents are more brilliant than useful heed lest he fall ‘otwithstanding his pov. thou wert hig superior, erty, he is a wise and thou shouldst not have worthy person boasted promised, hie he deny the fact Should act accordingly INTE RJECTION, INTeRsEctions are (7) words thrown IN de press the pas: speaker; as, Oh! | have fear for life; Q 04 NGLISH GRAMMAR. The following are some of the Interje tions O! pish! heigh! Ie. bas! hail! behold! ah' tush! fie Questions. 1. What are Interjectiong? Whic are ihe ip‘erjections in the examples? Repeat tne interjections bat follow EXERCISES IN PARSING. ~ Interjections, &c. : Questions What part of speech is -—? INTERJECTICN. Why? (see p. 12.) (), peace! how desirable art thou! I have been often occupied, alas! with trifles Strange! that we should be so infatuated Oh! the humiliations to which vice reduces us Ah! the delusions of hope Hail! simplicity, source of genuine joy Behold! how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell to- ether in unity Welcome again! my long- lost frien Hark! how sweetly the woodlark sings ' A few Instances of the same Words constituting several of the Parts of Speech. Calm was the day, and the scene delightful We may expect a calm after a storm To prevent passion is easier thax to calm it Better is a little with con- tent tnan a great deaj with anxiety Vhe gay and dissolute think little of the miseries which are stealing softly after them A litle attention will rectify _ some errors Though he is out of danger, he 1s still afraid He labored to stil the tu mult Still waters are commonly deepest Damp air is unwholesome Guilt often casts a damp over our sprightliest hours Soft bodies damr the sound much more wan hard ones Though she is rich and fair, et she is not amiable They are yet young, and must suspend their jr-ag ment yet awhile Many persons are better than we suppose them tobe The few and the many have their prepossessions Few days pass without euma clouds ~ tions 1! fie 1 are ihe rjections urce of sant it is well to- 1y long- tly the several mmonly some a damp st hours e sound n hard and fair, able ig, and ir jrag ETYMOLvuy. 55 Much money is corr npting Think much, and sy eak lit- e He has seen much of the world, and been much caressed is years are more than hers, but he has not more knowledge he more we ae blessed, the more grateful we shou.d be The desire of getting more is rarely satisfied He has equal knowledge, but inferior judzment She is his inferior in sense, but his equal in prudence We must make a like space between the lines Both of them deserve praise Every being loves its like ehave yourselves like men We are too apt to Uke yer. nicious company He may goor stay, as he likes They strive to learn € goes to and fro To his wisdoin we owe our privilege he proportion is ten to one @ served them with his utmost ability hen we do our most, no more is required I will submit, for submission rings peace It is for our health to be temperate O! for better times I have a regard for him He is esteemed, both on is own account, and on that of his parents Promtscuous Exercises in Etymological Parsing. In your whole behaviour, b e humble and obliging. irtuo is the universal charm. True politeness has its séat in the heart. e should endeavor to please, rather than to shine and dazzle. Opportuniti es occur daily for strengthening, in ourselves, the nabits of virtue. Compassion rompts us to relieve the wants of others. uae good mind is unwilling to give pain te either man or ast. Peevishness and passion often produce, from trifles, the Most serious mischiefs. Discontent oftan nourishes passions equally malignant im the cuttage and in the palace. great proportion of human selves. evils is created by onr A passion for revenge has wlways been considered es the uark of a little and mean inind. 56 _ ENGLISH GRAMMAR. if greatnecs flatters our vanity, it mull plies our dem gers. ‘To our own failings we are commonly blind. The friendships of young persons are often founded og capricious likings: In your youthful amusement, let sa ‘fairness be found. Engrave on your minds this sacred rule: ‘Do unto otkers as you wish that they should ’o unte peu.’ Troth and candor possess a powerful charm; they be. ypeak universal favor. After the first departure from sincerity, it is seldom in our power to stop: one artifice generally leads on to an other. Temper the vivacity of youth with a proper mixture of serious thought. The spirit of true religion is social, kind and cheerful. Let no compliance with the intemperate inirth of others , ver betray you into profane sallies. In preparing for another world, we must not neglect the duties of this life. The manner in which we employ our present time may decide our future happiness or misery. Happiness does not grow up of its own accord: jt ‘a the fruit of long cultivation, and the acquisition of lab~w and care.. OF DERIVATION, Words are derived fr..a one another (1) as Various ways, viz. : 1. (?) Substantives are derived from verhe | as, frem to love, comes lover. 2. (8) Verbs are derived from sustantives adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs; as, from salt comes to salt; from warm, comes to wa mj; fiom forward, comes to forward. 3. (4) Adjectives are derived from substan« dives } as, from health, comes healthy. 4. (5) Substantives are derived from adies aves as, from white, comes ichiteness, 5. (8) Adverbs are derived from adjectives ; as, from base, comes basely. our dan unded om t, let na Jo unte hey be. Idom in n to an xture of eerful. f otherg lect the ne may tot ‘@ of ladw f Gaia! verha . tives , from vam; bstane ud jen. Hives} SYNTAX ; 57 Questions. 1. How are words derived from one another i Describe the first way. 3. The second. 4. ‘i'hird 5 Fourth. 6. Fifth oie SYNTAX. The third part of Grammar is Syntax, which treats of (!) the agreement and construction of words in a sentence, A sentence is (#) an assemblage of words, form- ing a complete sense, Sentences are of (3) two kinds, Simple and Compound. A simple sentence has in it (*) but ore subject, and one finite verb ; as, Life is short. A compound sentence contains (5) two or more simple sentences, Joined together by one or more - Connective words; as, Life is short, and art is long. A phrase is (*) twocr more words rightly put together, making sometimes part of a sentence, and sometimes a whoje sentence, The principal parts of a simple sentence are, ("} the subject, the attribute, and the object. The subject is \(®) the thing chiefly spoken of the attribute is (9) ‘the thing or action affirmed, or denied of it; and the object is (1°) the thing affected: by such action. The nominative denotes the subject, and usu ally goes before the verb or attribute; and the werd or phrase denoting the objert follows the verb; as, A wise man governs his passions Here man is the subject; governs, the attribte. or thing affirmed; and passions, the object. Synte* principally consists of two parts, 1 Mone ord and Government. ea ee ae a 68 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (RULE 1. Conec-d 1s 1%) the agreement which cne word has with another, in gender, number, case, or pers son. Government is (18) that power which one pant _ of speech has over another, in directing its mode, ‘ense, ur case. Questions. 1. Of what does Syntax treat’ 2. Wr waSentence? 3. How many kinds? 4, What has f Simple sentence in it? Which word denotes the suject, in the example? Which the verb? 5, What does a Com- ound sentence contain? What two simple ser:tences em the compound, in the example? By what are they connected? 6. What is -. Phrase? 7. What are the principal parts of a simple sentence? 8. What is the ubject? 9. The Attribute? 10. The Object ? Which , is the subject, which the attribute, and which the object, ‘in the example? 11. Of what does Syntax principally consist? 12. What is Concord? 13 What is Goverg ment ? RULE I. A verb must agree with its nominative case in number and person, as, I learn 3 Thou art im proved; The birds sing. Questions. Of what number and person is learn? A First person singular number. Q. Why ? A. Becaun its nominative J is of the first person, singular number, and the rule says, “A verb must agree,’ &c. What number ie ari improved ® Why? Sing ? Why? Specimen or Parstna Hope animates us. Anmates is a regular verb active, indicative mede ‘asent tense, third person, singular number, agreeing with # nominative, hope; agreeably to the rule which 98} ’ & ' A verb must agree,’ Exercises in Parstng. The eontented mind spreads ease and cheerfur-rese around it, ULE lL. e word or pers ne part mode, . Wres at has a suject, a Com- r:tences re they are the is the Which obiect, icipally rOverR ase in urt ime n? A ecaus er, and mbex i¢ mede ig with 1 9858, uUriene RULE 1.) SYNTAX. 59 The schol of experiente teaches inany useful lessons, In the path of life are many thorns, as well as flowers hou shouldst do justice to all men, @ sen to enemies False Syntaz to be corrected. Fifty pounds of wheat contains i | pounds of flour." What avails the best sentiments, i persons do not live Suitably to thein. Thou should love thy neighbovr as sincerely as thoy levest thyself. Norr 1. The infinitive mode, or part of a sentence, is rometimes.put as the nominative case to the verb; as, To play is pleasant; To be good is to be happy. Questions. Is the infinitive mode, or a part of a sen fence, put as the nominative case in the first example ? What, in the next example ? SPEcIMEN or Parsina. To play is pleasant. To play is a verb in the infinitive mode, and put as the nominative case to the verb is; agreeably to the note which says, “The infinitive mode or part of a sen- tence,’ &c. Exercises in Parsing. To will is present with me, but how to perform that which is good, I find not. ‘To err is human, to forgive divine. ‘To countenance persons who are guilty of bad actions, is scarcely one remove from actually committing them. Sasser snes. LLL A PN ws ee Seer + me "The following example, together with the questiony ander each rule, wili give the scholar an idea of the man: aer in which he is to make the corrections : “Fifty pounds of wheat contains forty pounds of flour.” @ Is this sertence correct? A. No QQ. Wherein ig it incorrect? A. Contains is of the wreng number. ‘ ree it. A. it is a regular active vern indicative mode, vbresent tense, ti.ird person, singular numper, but should be plural; that is, contain, in order to agree with its nosnina. tive pounds ; agresably te the rule which says. “A verb must agree,” &c 60 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (RULE 1 False Syntaz to be corrected, To io unto all men as we would that they, in sismias wiccumstances, should do unto us, Constitute the great priuciple of virtue. To live soberly, righteously, aid iouriy, are required of all men. To be of a pure end Pima e mind, to exercise beaevolence towards others, to sult*~ate niety towards God, is the sure means of bec uming firt.ous and happy Norr 2. Every verb, except in the infinitive mode » the participle, ought to have a nominative case, eitner expressed or implied: as, wake 3 @rise; that is Awake ye; arise ye. Question. Is the nominative case expressed, or implied in these examples ? Specimen or Parsina. Remember to assist the distressed. Remember is a regular verb active, imperative mode aecond person, singular number, and agrees with its nomi. native case, thou, implied ; agreeably to the note which says, “ Every verb,” &c. Exercises in Parsing. Boast not of to-morrow. Know thou thyself; presume not God to scan. Blow, winds, crack your cheeks. . False Syntaz to be corrected. If the privileges to which he has an unaoubted rignt, and he ta long enjoyed, should now be wrested bon him, would be ae injustice These curiosities we have imported from China, and are similar to those whick Were some time ago brought from Africa, Nore 3. Every nominative case, except the case ab» solute, anc when an address is made to a person or thing, should belong to some verb, either expressed or impli 7 as, Who wrote this book ? James, that is, James wrote ix _ To whom thus 4dam ; that is, spoke. 4 Questions. What nominative cases in your exanipion they helong to verbs expressed or implied ? Be 1.) SYN1 ‘xX, C1 Specimen or Parsing, Who wrote that book? James, James is a proper noun, of the third person, singules muinber, nominative case, and belongs to wrote, implied , agreeably tothe note which says, “ Every nominative ease,” & : : Exercises in Parsing Who bnilt that ship? Mr. Hewer. Who innabit (hat use? We. How many persons were present? ig fadivs, and four gentlemen. False Syntax. to be corrected. . Two substantives, when they come together, and do not signify the same thing, the former must be in the genitive ease. Virtue, however it may be neglected for a time, men are so constituted, as ultimately to acknowledge and respect genuine merit. luts ; as, Shame being lost, all virtue was lost; The les- sons having been recited, the boy was dismissed. Questions. What nominative cases in your examplus which have no personal tense of a verb? Before what participles are they put ? SPECIMEN oF Parsing, Shame, heing lost, all virtue was lost. ‘A.tme is a common noun, of the third person, singalar number, and nominative case absolute ; agreeably to the note, which says, ‘“ When the nominative vase,” &c, Exercises in Parsing. Proclamation having bee Sled. There being but fe Was adjourned. False Syntaz to be correct.d. Him destroyed, or won to what may work nis utter loga, Ose gray top shall trembie, him descending RULE, When an address is made, the noun or pronoun addressed is put in the nominative case independent ; as, It must ba 80, Plato; thou reasonest well; Awake, my St. John ; Hear. oh! heavens, and give ear, oh! earth. 5; 6 : n made, all the people assem- W persons present, tke montiz g 62 ENGLISH 3RAMMAR, (RULE & Specimen or Parsina. It must be so, Plato; thou reasonest. well Plato isa proper noun, of the second person, singulat wumber, and nominative case independent, agreeably te te rule which says, “ When an address is made,” &e. RULE II. Two or more nouns, &c. in the singular aum ber, joined together by one or more copulative conjunctions, must have verbs, nouns, and pro- nouns agreeing with them in the plural number; as, Socrates and Plato were wise; they were the most eminent philosophers.of Greece; The sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, the rest that we enjoy, daily admonish us of a superior and superintending Power. Questions. What number is were? Why would it not be proper to use was, instead of were? A. Because was is singular, and the two nouns, Socrates and Plato, are joined together by the sopulative conjunction and; and the rule says, “‘ T'wo or more nouns,” &c. What number is they ? Why not he, instead of they ? What number is admonish ? Why not udmonishes, instead of admonish ? Specimen or Parsina. Peace and joy are virtue’s crown. Are is an irregular verb neuter, indicative mode, present tense, third person, plural number, agreeing with its nomi- native cases peace and joy ; ngreenhly to the rule which ways, “'T'wo or more nouns,” &c. Exercises in Parsing. Vanity and presumption ruin many a promising youth. Food, clothing, and credit, are the rewards of industr¥ He and William live together in great harmony. False Syntaz to be corrected, Idleness and ignorance is the parent of many vices. Patience and diligence, like faith, removes mountains, What signifies the counsel and care of precestors, whee gouth think tay have no need of assistance ! ent 1 with the ° JLE & vell singular ably te &c, r Aum ulative d pro- imber 5 ere the he sun eceive, s of a ld it not us¢ was ato, are l; and number mber is mish ? present 3 nomi » which youth. dustr¥ RULE 3.) SYNTAX. 63 Note. In many complex sentences, it is diffcult for lesrners to determine whether one or m. re of the clauowa are to be considered as the nominative case; and, conse. quently, whether the verb is in the singular or plural num- ber, ‘The following are correct examples of both numbers: as, Tle ship, with all her furniture, was destroyed; 'lhé pene as well as the people, wus praise-worthy ; Virtno, Cnor, nay, even self-interest, conspire to recommend the measure; Nothing delights me so much as the works of kiture, Questions Is one or more of the clauses, in the fizst example, considered as the nominative case to tho verb ? Hew is it in the second? the third ? the fourth ? False Syntaz: to be corrected. Goou order in our affairs, not mean savings, produce gicat profits. That great senator, in concert with several other eminent versons, were the projectors of the revo- luti " ution. RULE ITI. The conjunction disjunctive has an effect con: trary to that of the conjunction copulative; for as the verb, noun or pronoun is referred to the pre- ceding terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number; as, Ignorance or negligence has caused this mistake; John, James or Joseph intends to accompany me; There is in many minds neither knowledge nor understanding. Questions. What number is has ? Why not have $ A. Because‘aave is plural, and the verb is referred to the preceding terms, ignorance and negligence, taken sepa nately ; and the rule says, “'The conjunction disjunctive,” &c. What number is tntends ? Why not intend? What auir.ber is is? Why not are? Specimen or Parsina. Wisdom or folly governs us. Gov-rns ts a regular verb active, indicative mode pres- ent tense, and the third person, singular number, agreeing with its nominative case wisdum or folly ; agreeably ta the rule which says “ T'te ce junction disjunctive,” & 54 ENGLISH GRAMMaR, (RULE 4 Exercises in Parsing. No age, nor condition, is exempt from trouble. Wealth, or virtue, or any valuable acquisition, is nos &.tainable by idle ‘wishes, Neither birth nor fortune is a substitute for virtue. False Syntax io be sovrected. Mans happiness or mi fatc nis own he sds. Man 1s not sucha machine as a clock ora watch, wiich move merely as they are moved, Speaking impatiently to servants, or any thing that be. trays inattention or ill-huinor, are certainly criminal, sery ave, In @ great ineasure }& Norr. Wren singular pronouns, vr a noun and pros noun, of different persons, are disjunctively connected, the verb must agree with that person which is placed nearest to it; as, Lor thou art to blame ; Thou or Lam in fault; I, or thou, or he is ti.2 author of it; George or 1 am the person. Questions. What Pronouns of different persons in your first example? Of what person is each ? With which doeg the verb agree ? Why? What persons in the next exam- ple? With which does the verb agree? Why? What neun and pronoun in the last example? With which does the verb agree ? False Syntaz to be corrected, Either thou or I art greatly mistaken in our judgment vu tuis subject. I or thou am the person who must under. take the business proposed RULE IV, A noun of multitude, or signifying many, may bave a verb OF pronoun agreeing with it, either of the singular or plural number; yet not without regard to the import of the Word, as conveying nnity or plurality of idea; as, The meeting wag large; The parliament is dissolved; The nation is powerful; My people ds not consider; they aave not known me; The ‘Multitude eagerly nylon Ne ea: as ey ne RULE 4 », is not Lue. jure 5& h, Wich that be. nal, nd pros nected, s placed or lam orge or in your ch does exam- What h does gment under. may er of hout ying was ition they erly RULE 5.) SYNTAX, 64 pursue pleasure as their chief good, fhe council were divided in their sentiments, Questions, What namber is was ? Why not wrres Because were is plural, and the noun meeting conveys ani‘y of idea; and the rule says, “ A noun of multitude,’ &2. What number is is 2 Why not are? What nvm oer is ts in the next example ? Why notare? What num- yer ie da? Why not does? What number is they # hy aot it? §©Pursue ? Why not pursues? —‘Thetr? Vhy aot its? Were? Why not was? Their 9 Why aot its ? False Syntax to be corrected. The British Parliament are composed of King, Lerds and Commons. A great number do not always argue strength. The council was not unaniinous, and separated without fonung .o any determination. RULE YV, Pronouns must always agree with their anteces dents, and the nouns for which they stand, in gen- der and number; as, This is the friend whom I love; That is the vice which | hate; he king and the queen had put on their robes; The moon appears, and she shines, but the light is not her own. The relative is of the same person as the antee cedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly ; as, Thou who lovest wisdom: J who speak from experience. Questions. Why not which instead ofwhom? A. Ba. fause which is neuter gender, and the antecedent, friend, is either masculine or feriinine; and the rule says, “ Pro. houns must always agree,” &e. Why not who instead of which? Why not her or his instead of their ? Why not ke or'they instead of she 2 Why not his or their instead of her? = Why not whom instead of who ? Why not levey dastead of lovest? What person is who, in the second 6 * 56 ENGLiSH GRAMMAR (RULE 5 exainple ? How do you know it? Why not sp:aks instuag of speak ? Specimen or Parsine. The man is happy, who lives virtuausly. | Who isa relative pronoun, which has for its antecedent wun, with which it agrees in gender and number ; agree ably to tho rule which says, “ Pronouns must agree,” de Exercises in Parsing. The man who is faithfully attached to religion, may se relied on with confidence. The vices which we should especially avoid are thuse which most easily beset us. False Syntax to be corrected. They which seek Wisdom will certainly find her. J co not think that any person should incur censure for being tender of their reputation. ‘Thou, who has been a witness of the fact, can give an account of it. Part 1. Every relative must have an antecedent to which it refers, either expressed or implied; as, Who is fatal to others, is so to himself; that is, the man who 19 fatal to others. Questions, What relative in the example? To what autecedent does it refer? Is it expressed, or implied ? Parr 2. What is very frequently the representative of two cases; one the objective after the verb or preposi tion, and the other the nominative to a subsequent verb; as, I heard whot was said; He related what was seen. Question. What two cases are represented by what in the examples. Nore! Personal Pronouns, being used to supply the place cf the ncun, are not employed in the same part of § ventence as the noun which they represent; for it would | be insroper to say, The king he is just; I saw her \he gueen.; The men they were there. False Syntax to be corrected. The carns of this world trey often choke the growth ‘ ILE 5 | instuae sly. ecedent agree 6,” d&e may 6 e thuse -ClsSUurT6 give an dent to Who is who 1 ‘o what ied ? ative of reposi t verb; eel. that in ply ihe rt of s would © ier \he crowth RULE 5.) SYNTAX. 6 ef virtue. Disappointments and afflictio.s, however dine greeable, they often improve us. Nore 2 The pronouns whichsoever, whosoever, and the like, are eleganily divided by the inter vosition of the Gorresponding substantives or a jectives ; thus, On which “de soaver the king cast his eye, False Syntaz to be corrected. Howyoever beautiful they appear, they hare no roa Jerit. On whichsoever side they are contemplated, they ippear to advantage Nore 3. Many persons are apt, in conversation, to pus the objective case of the personal pr ‘nouns in the place of these and those; as, Give me them books ; instead of those hocks. it is better to say, They that, or they who, sow in ‘ears, sometimes reap in Joy; than to say, Those who, &¢ False Syntaz to be corrected. Which of them two persons has most distinguished him self? None inore impatiently suffer injuries than those that are most forward in doing thei. Nore 4. The word what is sometimes improperly usea for thut ; as, They will never believe but what 1 have been entirely to blame. The word somethat, in the follow ing Sentence, is lnproperly used; These poishments seem to have been exercised in somewhat an 1 rbitrary manner that is, in a manner which ts, in sume respects, arbitr.+v, False Syntaz to be corrected. {Te would not be persuaded but what I was greatly fault. These commendations of his children ay pear te have been made in somewhut an injudicious manner, Nore 5. The personal pronoun is improperly applied $o children and to animals; thus we say, It ie a Lite thold; That fowl which nature has taught to dip the wins 0) waar te Ser wme False Syntaz to ke corrected. The child whom we have just seen is wholesomely fed B+ is like a beast of prey who destroys w thout pity, 68 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (RULE 6 Nott. 6 There should be no ambiguity in the use of the pronoun rele ‘ive; as, when we say, The disciples of Christ whom we imitate. 1s Christ or disciples the ante eedeut ? False Syntac to be corrected, The king dismissed his minister without any inquiry who had never before committed so unjust an actiog Thaeie are millions of people in the empire of Chiza whose supp rt is derived alinost entirely from rice.. Note 7. The interjections O! Oh! and 4h! require ¥1e objective case of a pronoun in the first person after them; as, Ome! Ohme! dAhme' but the nominative case in the second person ; as, O thou persecutor! Oh ye hypocrites’ « thou, who dwellest, &c. Questions. What cases are the pronouns in the first .example? Why? What in the second? Why? What case is *ne pronoun in the next example? Why? What m the next? Why? False Syntaz to be corrected. Ah! unhappy thee, who art deaf to the calls of duty! Oh! happy we, surrounded with so many blessings ' RULE VI. The relative is the nominative case to the verb, when n¢ nominative eomes between it and the verb; as, The master whe taught us; The trees which are planted. When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by some ‘vord in its own member of the sentence; as, He who preserves me, to whom I owe my being, wh. se Yam, and whom I serve, is eternal. Questions, Which word is the verb in the first example ' Which is the nominative 2? Why? Which is the veré in the next example? Which is the nominaiive 2? Why? Show wh sz a nominative comes between the relative and the verb in the last example. False Syntax to be corrected. lf he wifl not hear his best friend, whom shall be sent to admonish him ? ULE 6 > use of ciples of he ante inquiry , actiog f Chiza e.. require on after ninative ! Oh ye the first What ' What e trees ‘elative r SOME as, He , whese cample ? verb it Why? tive and be sent RULE O., SYNTAX od The persons, who conscience and vurtué support, may rutile at the caprices of fortune. From the character of those who you associate with ycur own will be estimated. Nore 1. When both the anteceden. and the relatire "é nominatives, each to different verbs, the relative ‘v-minative Lo the former, and the antecedent to the ‘ier verb; a3, True philosophy, which is the ornament of our nature, sonsists more in the love of our duty, and the practice of virtue, than in great talents and extensive knowledge. Questions. Which is the antecedent in your example ? To what is it the nominative? Which #3 the relative? Vo what is it the nominative ? Nore 2. Pronouns are sometimes made tu precede the -ungs which they represent ; as, If a ian declares in au umn, when he is eating them, or in spring, when there are gone, that he loves rapes, &e. But this is a construction very seldom allowable. Questions. What are the pronouns which precede the things they represent in the example? To what do they refer ? False Syntax to be corrected. It is not to be expected, that they, whom, in early life. ueve been dark and deceitful, should afterwards become fiir and ingenuous. That is the student, whe | gave the bouk to, and whom, I am persuaded, deserves it, Nore 3. The noun or pronoun containing the answer must be in the same case as that which contains the ques- tion ; as, Whose books are these ? They ure John’s. Who gave them tohim? We. Of whom did you buy them? Of a bookseller ; im who lives at the Bible and Crown Questions. What case 1s John’s in the example? Why shouid it be so? What case is we ? Why? Whe case ® kim? Why? False Syntax to be corrected, Of whom were the articles vought? Ofamerver, he Wiio resides near the mansion house, Was any person besides the mercer present : Yes, both him and his clerk "ho was the money paid ‘0° To the mercor and his clerk =a See = = —— 70 ENGIASH GRAMMAR. ‘RULES * 8 RULE VII. When the relative is preceded by two nomira lives of different persons, the relative and verb may agree in person with either, according to the sense; as, J am the man whu command you; Of; lan the man who commands you. Questions. Which word is the relutive in the first ex ample? By what trv numinairves is it preceded? Or what person is each? With which do the relative and verb agree? With which do they agree in the next example ° SpecIMEN OF PARSING. 1 am tne man who commands you. | Who isarelative pronoun, which has for its antecedent man, with which it agrees in person; agreeably to the rule which says, ‘‘ When the relative is preceded,” &c. Exercises in Parsing. Thou art the man who has improved his privileges, and who will reap the reward. Tam the person who owns the fault committed, and who disdains to conceal it by falsehood. False Syntax to be corrected. Thou art the friend that hast often relieved me, ana that has not deserted me now in the time of peculiar need, I perceive that thou art a pupil who possesses bright parts, but who hast cuitivated them but little. RULF VII Every adjective, and every adjective prone 8, bel ngs to a substantive, expressed or understoed as, Lie is a yood as weil as a wise man; Few are happy, thatis, persons; This is a pleasant walk ; that is, This walk is, Kc. Adjective pronouns must agree, in number, with their substantives; as, This book, these books; ° That sort, those sorts; Another road, other roads. Inst this und E: ber, fae) Q Why Cl gor romy displ tidic sedent to the e, 2nd r need, | parts, he OB; tood w ore walk ; , with ooks; ads. RULE & ) SYNTAX. 71 Questions. What adjective, and what adjetteve proncuns in your examples? “To what do they Aen ? Why should you not say, These buok ? this books? hese sort? that surts? Other road? another roads ? Specimen or Parsine A better world. Better is an adjective, in the comparative degree sag aelongs to the noun world ; agreeably to tne rule w wep pays, “ Every adjective,” &c. Exercises in Pursing. That sort of pleasure weakens and debases the mind. Even in these times, there are many persons w'o, from asinterested inotives, are solicitous to promote the hapy* ress of cvlers. False Syntax to he corrected. These kind of indulgences soften and injure. the m.aa Instead of improving yourselves, you have been playing this two hours. Those sort of favors did real injury under the appearance of kindness. Exception. An adjective pronoun in the plural num ber, will sometimes properly associate with a singular koun ; as, our desire, your intention, their resignation, Questions. What are the adjective pronouns in the ex ample? Of what number? With what substanutives are they associated ? Of what number are these substantives ° Absrcrive Pronouns. Nore 1 The phrases this means and that means should ye used oaly when they refer to what is singular ; these means aud those means when they respect plurals , as, He ved temperately, and by thts means preserved hig health, The scholars were attentive, industrious, and obeds gat to their tutors, and by these means acquired knowledge Questions. Why use this means, in the first example ' Why these means, in the second ? False Syntax to be corrected Charles was extra avant, and by these means became wvor and despicable. Industry is the mean of obta.ning rompotency ‘Tis person embraced every opportunity to display his talonts ; and by those means rendered himsal! ridiculous. 72 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (RULE §& Notr 2. That is used in referenze to the former of two persons or things, and this in reference to the latter ; us, Self-love, which is the spring of action in the soul, ig raled by reason; but for that, man would be inactive wé but for this, he would be active to no end. Questions. 'To what does that refer, in the exan.sle? To a aat does this refer ? False Syntax to b: corrected. Kelig.on raises men above themselves ; irreligion #‘nica tuem beneath the brutes; that binds thein down to a ,oor, pitiable speck of perishable earth; this opens for .1em a prospect to the skies. Nore 3. The distributive adjective pronouns, each, every, either, agree with th2 nouns, pronouns, and serbs ef the singular number only, except the plural nouns. con vey a collective idea ; as, The king of Israel, and Jeh sha- phat, the king of Judah, sat each on his throne ; Emery tree is known by its fruit ; Either of the two is eligibre Ors. Each signifies both of them, taken collectively or separately ; evther properly signifies only the one or the other of them, disjunctively. False Syntax to be corrected. Each of them in their turn, receive the benefits to which they are entitled. Whatever he undertakes, either his pride or his folly disgust us. ADJECTIVES. Norr 4. Part 1. Adjectives are sometimes improper'y applied as adverbs ; as, Indifferent honest ; excellent weil: miserable poor ; instead of, Indifferently honest; excel lent/y weil; miserably poor. Aaverbs are likewise improperly used as adjectives : as The tutor addressed him in terms rather wari, but sxi4 vhly 9 his offence ; They were seen wandering about se! wy and distressed ; instead of suitable and solitary. False Syntax to be corrected. Bhe eads proper, writes very neat, and con\woses ver accurat:. He was extreme prodigal, and his property it Bow neat exnaustea. They weneraily s.cceaded ; for ties fivea conf. -~wable to the rules of wrudence ILE & rmer of » latter ; soul, ig ve wi canslef Qn ang yr ,iem 3, each, id verbs ins. gon eh sha- Emery gibse ctively e or the » which her his roper!y ut weil: excel eS; as it sutd ut wo fe 3 y. fs VOry pertyv 3 OF tilwe RULE 8. ) SYNTAX 72 Part 2. The adjective pronoun suck is cften mivap- ‘Hed; as, He was such an extravagant young men, that ae sperit his whole patrimony in a tew years. It should x@ SO extravagant a young man. False Syntaz to be corrected. ‘Such an amiable disposition will secure universal ecteum Bach distinguished virtues seldom occur. Nore 5. Double comparatives and superlatives sheuld de avoided; such as, A worser conduct; A more serene; temper; ‘lhe most strictest sect. False Syntaz to be corrected. "Tis more easier to build two chimneys than to mainta'n one. The tongue is like a race-horse, which runs the faster, the lesser weight it carries. The Most Highest hath created us for his glory and our happiness, Nore 6. Adjectives that have in themselves a super lative signification, do not properly admit of the compara tive or superlative form; such as, chief, extreme, perfect, right, universal, supreme, &c. Specimen of Correction. Virtue confers the supremest dignity on man; and should be his chiefest desire. Questions. is thissentence correct A. No. Q. Where. in is it incorrect? A. Supremest has the superlative forin, st, added; whereas supreme has, in itself, a superla‘ ive signification. False Syntaz to be corrected. Hie work is perfect, his brother’s more pertect, and his father’s the most perfect of all. He gave the fullest an¢é most sincere proof of the truest friendship. Norr 7. In some cases adjectives shoul? not be sepa ratad from their substantives, even by words «vh ies modify th oir meaning, and make but one gense with them; aa A large enough number nearly ; it should be, A szmbes large encugh. False Syntaz to be corrected. He spoke in a distinct enough manner, to he heard te 2 Sls dhe whole assembly. Thomas is equipped with « new pai af gloves ; he is a servant of an old rich man 7 74 ENGLISH GRAMMAR (KULE 9 RULE IX. The article a@ or an agrees with nouns in the singular number only, individually o1 collectively ; 13, A Christian, an infidel, a score, a thousand. The definite article the may agree with nouns b the singular or plural number; as, The garlem. be houses, the stars. The articles are often properly omitted; when used, they should be justly applied. according to their distinct nature; as, Gold is corrupting; The sca is green; A lion is bold Question. Why ie wot as proper to say, A Chris trans, an infidels »- . say, The Christians, the infidels ? Specimen or Parsing An angel. An is an indefinite article, and ugrees with the noun angel ; agreeably to the rule which says, “The article a or an agrees,” Xe. Ezerceses in Parsing The restless, discontented person is noca good friend, a rood neighbour, or a goud subject. The young, the healthy, and the prosperous, should not presuine on their advantages. false Syntaz to be correctea. The fire, the air, the earth, and the water, are four ele- ments of the philosophers. We are placed here under a trial of our virtue. ‘The profligate man is seldom or never found o be the good husband, the good father, or the ve reficeat neighbour. Nore. A nice distinction of the sense is sometimes made by the use or omiszion of the article a. If | say He behsved with a little reverence, my meaning is pom tive; iff say, He behaved with Hutle *e¥erence, My msn ing ie negutr’e. pronou as, Thi = es the pos LE 9 in the ively ; ind. nouns arile 2. when ing te : The Chris dels ? > nonn ticle a friend, ld not ur ele- nder @ never he oe RULE 10.) SYNTAX 7 False Syntaz to be correcied. He has been much censured for conducting bimself with 9 little attention to his business. So bold a breach of order “alled for little severity in punishing the offender. RULE x, One substantive governs another, signifviug ¢ &fVerent thing, tn the possessive or genitive case; as, My father’s house; Mans happiness; Virtue’ teward. Questions. Which words are in the possessive case in the examples ? By what substuntives are they governed ? Whiy ? False Syntaz to be corrected, Thy ancestors virtue is not thine. Thy fathers offence will not condemn thee. A mans manners frequently in fluence his fortune. The following rule is thought preferuole to the above :—~ The possessive case is governed by the noun which it possesses ; as, Man’s happiness 3 Virtue’s reward. Questions. What does Man possess? By what 3 it Governed? Why? Virtne’s 9 - SPECIMEN oF Parsina. ; Man’s happiness. Man's is a common noun, the third person, singular number, possessive case, and is governed by happins-s, Pa the noun which it possesses ; agreeably to the rule which says, “The possessive case,” &c, Exercises in Parsing. Of mar’s first disobedience . Sing, heaver ly musa, Ob! happiness, sur being s end and aim. Peace and Joy are virtue’s crown, Goodness brings its own reward Part 1. The pronoun his, when detact ed from the no «a w whict it relates. is to be considered not as a Possessive pronoun, but as the genitive case of the personal pronoun ; as, This composition is his » Whose book is that? 35. swestions. Is his a Possessive Pronoun, or a pr noun the possessive cage: Why? 76 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (RULE 10, Inrustration. The difference between tho adjective and personal pronouns will be seen in the following sen tences ; Is it her or his honotr that is tarnished ? It is not . kers, but his Part 2. When two or more nouns, or a noun and pro moun, come together, and signify tle same thing, they are snid to be in APPOSITION, and agree in case ; as, Puud the Apostle ; George, King of Great Britain, Elector of Hany ver, &c. Questions. What two nouns come together, signifyin the same thing, in the first example? What three in the second ? Specimen or Parsine. The Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, was a wise and virtuous prince. Marcus Aurelius is a proper noun, of the third person, singular number, and nominative case, and is put in appo- sition with the substantive Emperor ; agreeably to the note which says, “ When two or more nouns,” &e. Exercises in Parsing. Arden, the general, a brave man, was defeated. Maria rejected Valerius, the man whom she had rejected before. He never forgot his wife, an example of every virtue, her whom all regarded with admiration, False Syntaa to be corrected, They slew Varus, he that was mentioned before. Thevw elew Varus, who was him that I mentioned before. Nore 1. When several nouns come together in the ‘OssOssive Case, the apostrophe, with s, is annexed to the st, and understoud of the rest; as, John and Eliza’s book; This was my father, mother, and uncle’s advice. But if any words intervene, the sign cf the possessive should be annexed to each ; as, They are John’s as well as Eliza’s books. False Syntaz to be corrected. It was the men’s, women’s, and children’s lot to suffor great calamities. Peter’s, John’s, and Andrew's seenne- tion was that of fishermen This measure gained the , a8 we l as the peop. ’* approbation Peg C2 ee RULE 10, © adjective owing sen d? Itisnot . an and pro g, they are 3, Paul the or of Han:y signifying hree in the Wise and ird person, ut in appo- bly to the Ke. d. id rejected ery virtue, re. Thev re. er in the xed to the id Eliza’s advice. DOSSC SSI VE S$ ae wel to suffor 8 occupe- nined the RULE 10.) SYNTAX. : 77 Nore 2. Parti In poetry, the additiont. s is frequently emitted, but the apostrophe retained; as, The wrath ot Peleus’ son. The following examples in prose are erro- avous: Moses’ minister; Phinehas’ wife ; Festus came into Feliz’ room. It should have been, Muses’s, Phinehas 3 Feliz’s, Questions Why is the additional s omitted Mm Peleus’? hy is it no’ as properly omitted in Moses’, Phinehas'’, ind Feliz’ ? Part 2. But when cases occur which would give tco much of the hissing sound, or increase the difficulty of pronunciation, the omission of the apostrophic s takes place, even in prose; as, For righteousness’ sake ; for con- sctence’ sake. Question. Why would you omit sounding the apos- trophic s, in righteousness’ sake, and conscience’ sake ? False Syntaz to be corrected. And he cast himself down at Jesus feet. Moses rod was turned into a serpent. For Herodias sake, his brother Philips wife. If ye suffer for righteousness’s sake, happy are ye. You should be subject for conscience’s sake. Nore 3. When terms signifying a name und an office are connected, that which denotes the name of persons should be possessive; as, I left the parcel at Smith’s, the bookseller Questions. Wkich word denotes the name of a person, in the example? Which denotes the name of an office ? Which is put in the possessive case ? False Syntax to be corrected. [ bought the knives at Johnson’s, the cutler’s. This palace had been the Grand Sultan’s, Mahomet’s. [ wi¥ rot for David's, thy father’s sake. “re. 4, The English genitive. :r possessive case hee iin an unpleasant sound, so that we daily make more ae cf the particle of, to express the same relation, Thus, instead of saying, The army’s name, the Commons vote, the Lords’ honse, we say The name of the army, the vote uf the Comme us, the house of Lords. Qeesiion. Why is éie name of the army betier thag the army’s homat ENGLISH GRAMMAR (RULE 11, False syniaz to be corrected. a The world's government is not left to chance. It wae cn Mecessary to have both the physician's and the surgeon's advice. i Nore 5. In some cases we use bota the possessive ten ination and the preposition of; as, lisa discovery of Bir Isaac Newton's. The word genius, or property, &o, Way be understood at the end of such phrases, and the t& toun or pronoun, signifying the possessor, is governed, in ihe possessive case, by the noun signifying the thing pos dc sessed. False Syntux to be corrected. These pictures of the king wero sent to him from Italy : That is the eldest son of the king of England’s. fi Norr 6. When an entire clause of a sentence, begim ning with a participle of the present tense, is used as one nc name, or to express one idea of circumstance, the noun on ob which it depends may be put in the possessive case, and 80 be governed by that clause. Thus we say, What is the he reason of this person's dismissing his servant so hastily ? Just as we say, What is the reason of this person’s hasty te) dismission of his servant ? : Bs False Syntax to be corrected. ple What can be the cause of the parliament neglecting we It ; important a business? Much depends on this rule being observed. The time of William making the experiment Bi at length arrived ; RULE XI. “et Active verbs govern the objective case; as, & Truth ennobles her ; She comforts me ; They sup- port us; Virtue rewards her followers. ( Questions. Which is the active verb m each example ? i hat does each govern? Why? eur Sprcimen or Parsina. I - ; ob) Hope animates us. nn Us is a personal pronoun of the first person pmural yum to « r, objevtive case, and governed hy the active verb ae LE 11, It wag rgeon't ive ten very & ty, &o, ind the ned, in ng pow. 1 Italy begin: as one yun on e, and is the istily ? hasty RULE ll., SYNTAX. 79 animaies* agrseably to the rule which says, * Active — verbs,” &e. Exercises in Parsing. Wisdom an. virtue ennoble us. Vice and folly de. @ us. Whom can we so justly love as them who tavo en: Zeavoured to make us wise and happy ? hen a person has nothing to do, he is almost always tempted to do wrong. We need not urge Charles to do good: he .oves te do it. False Syntax to be corrected. Who have I reason tc love so much as this friend of my outh ? = The man who he raised from obscurity is dea Le aid they we know, but who art thou? Nort 1. Part ofa sentence. as well as a noun or pro noun, may be said to be in the objective case, or to be put objectively, and governed by the active verb; as, We sometimes see virtue in distress; but we should consider hew great will be her ultimate reward. Sentences or phrases under this circumstance may be termed objective sentences, or phrases. Questions. What objective phrase in the first example ? By what active verb is it governed ? Does the next exam- ple contain an objective phrase, or sentence ? By what is It governed ? Specimen or Parsina. But we should consider how great will be her ultimate reward, How great will be her ultimate reward is an objective sentence, and governed by the active verb consider agreeably to the note which says, “ Part, of a sentence,” &e. Exercises in Parsing. Can you tell how much the land cost ? We saw religion abandoned, and persecuted; br we @ould not see how many vices would be introduced, Norz 2. Some verbs appear to govern two words in the objective case ; as, The Author of my being formed me man, and made me accountable to him, They desired me 0 call them brethren. He seems to have made him uAat ae was. i I 7, . 9 9, @, Ns S \ Jf Ni Ww wit 0 <€ | fet ge e% w = ers a : ae = x| zx : aI 2133 - a? => a cS G r 2 = RSA x, = B= z | >? > Vi ey : se o\ Be EF > ae ois 5. : KS ~ | as UN a. & pe & a Ya ISP = oat 80 ENGLISH GRa 1AR, (RULE 1} Questions. In the first example, what two words in the ab,ective case? By wnat verb are they governed? Whas two in the next ? By what governed? Specimen or Parsine, They desired me to call them brethren. Them and brethren are two words, each in the third rson, plural number, obiective case, and governed bj active verb call ; agreeably to the note which says, me verbs appear,” &e, Exercises in Parsing The king created him duke. The voice of the nation declared him a traitor. False Syntaz to be corrected. They who opulence has made proud, and who luxury has corrupted, cannot relish the simple oierkly of na- ture. You have reason to dread his wrath, which one day will destroy ye both. He and they we know, but who are you? Nore 3. Neuter verbs of motion and change are ya- ried like the active, and admit of the passive form, retain- ing still the neuter signification ; 28, Tamcome; 1 was gone; lam grown; Tam fallen. The following examples should have an active, and not a passive form; We are infinitely swerved ; the whole obligation wus also ceased § the number was now amounted, &c. Fulse Syntax to be corrected, If such maxims and such practices prevail, wnat hae become of decency and virtue? | have come according te tha time proposed ; but I have fallen upon an evil hous. He was entered iito the connexion, before the conse quonces were cong dered. Note 4. Part 1 Intransitive veros may here the same vase afler them as that which next precedes tiem; as, § am he whom they converted ; I believe it tc have beer them ; He desired to be their king 3 She walks a queen, Questions. What pronoun is next after an intransitive verb, in the first example? In what case is it? What in- transitive verb in the second example? What case hae i before it, and what aiier it? ge 4k mer Ba luxur of na- ne day ho are '@ Va etain- I waa mples e are asea $ | hae ng te hous. ONS@* RULE 12. ) SYNTAX 83 Spe “IMEN OF Parsine He desired to be their king, _ King isa common noun, of the third perscn, singt lar num: Zer, and nominative case after the intransitive verb to be, because he, the case which next precedes it, is in the nomi- aative case agreeably to the note which says, “ Intran fitive verbs, d&c. Fart 2. Passive verbs which signify naming, and othere ef a similar nature, have the sagie case before and afte: them ; as, He was called Cesar ; She was named Penelo- pe; Homer is styled the prince of the poets; Jumes was created duke. Questions. What noun is put after a verb of naming, in the first example? Jn what case is it? Why? In what ease is prince, in the third example? Why? False Syntaz to be corrected. Well may you be afraid ; it is him indeed. I would act “he same part, if I were him, or in his situation. If it was ‘tot him, who do you imagine it to have been ? Note 5. The auxiliary verb let governs the objective case; as, Let him beware; Let us judge correctly; Let them not presume ; Let George study his lesson. False Syntaz to be corrected. Whatever others do, let thou and I act wisely. Let thou and we unite to oppose this growing evil RULE XII. One verb governs another that follows it, or de: pends upon it, in the infinitive mode: as, Cease fo do evil; Learn to do well; We should be pre- pared to render an account of our actions. The preposition to, though gererally used be fore the latter verb, is sometimes properly omit- ted; as, I heard him say it; instead of, to say it. Questions. What is the infinitive mode in each example’ By waat governed? Why? Se tose likes | Pease, 82 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, (RULE 12 The following Rule, with the vers insered. is thought to clude all that relates to the government of the infomiirve mede, and in plainer terms than the original rule :—— Ruir. The infinitive mode is governed by (verbs} adjectives, substantives, and sartibigl os; as, He is eager to tearn; Sho is worthy to be loved; They have a desire © impzove ; Endearouring to persuade. Questions. By what part of speech is the infinitive averted, in the first example? By what in the second? hat in the third? In the last ? Specimen oF Parstne. She is worthy to be loved. To be loved is a passive verb, in the infinitive mode, and governed by the adjective worthy ; agreeably to the rule which says, “ The infinitive mode is governed,” &c, Exercises in. Parsing. Cease to do evil. Learn to do well. They have a desire to do right. She is endeavouring to persuade. "Tis wise to talk with our past hours. Part 1. The infinitive sometimes follows the word as, hus, An object so high as to be invisible; A question so obscure as to perplex the understanding. Parr 2. The infinitive occasionally follows chan, after a comparison; as, He desired nothing more than to know his own imperfections. Part 3. The infinitive mode is often made absolute, of used independently on the rest of the sentence, supplying the place of the conjunction that, with the potential mode | an, To confess the trutk 1 was in fault; that is, that I may sonfess, &c. Part 4. The verbs bid, dare, need, mike, see, hear, jbel, ard also let, not used as an auxiliary, and a fow others, have, in the active form, the infin‘tive after them without tie sign t before it; as, I bade him do it; Ye dare not av it: I saw him do it; I heard him eay it: Thou lettest him ga. Res wv .E 12 hough fiirve (verbs) eag er desire finitive cond? RULE 13.) SYNTAX. 83 Question. What verby are used in the infinitive mode without the sign to? False Syntaz to be corrected. At is beter live on a little, than outlive a great deal, You ought not walk too hastily. I wish him not wiestle w.th his happiness. I need not to solicit him to do a kind action. I have seen some young persons to conduct, thom selves very discreetly. RULE XIil. In the use of words and phrases which, in point of time, relate to each other, a due regard to that relation should be observed. Instead >f saying, The Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away; we should say, The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away. Instes} of, I remember the family more than twenty years; it should be, I have remembered the family more than twenty years. Questzon. In the example, why use gave instead of hath given ? . False Syntaz to be corrected. The next new year’s lay, I shall be at school three years, From the little conversation I had with him, he appeared to have been a man of letters. It would have given me great satisfaction to relieve him from that distressed situa tion. RULE XIV. Participles have the same government as the verbs have from which they are derived ; as, [am weary with hearing him; She is instructing us; The tator is admonishing Charles Questrons. Which is the partecrple in the first cele: From what is it derived? What does it govern? Why? A. Because the verb hear would govern the objective case him ; and-the rule says, “ Participles have the same govern. ment,” &c. Which is the participle in the next exampie? What does it govern? Why? \ hich, in the next? What . does it govern? Why? 84 ENGLISI. GRAMMAR. (RULE 14 Specimen or Parsina. Speaking truth. 7 uth 18 8 common noun, third panna, singular number, x: the objective case, and governed by the participle SDEUd: mg ; agreeably co the rule ‘vhich says, “ Participles,’ &s, Exercises in Parsing. Having early disgraced himevlf, he became mean ang dispiritea. Riawitg him to be my superior, | cheerfully submitted False Syntax to be correcied. Esteeming theirselves wice, they became fools. Sus pecting not only ye, but they also, I was studious to avouy all intercourse. From having exposed hisself too freely 9 different climates, he entirely lost his health. Parr 1. A participial or verbal noun, whether simple “© compound, may be either in the nominative or objective case, and may have a verb and adjective referring to it ; as, Reading is useful; He mentioned a boy’s having been corrected for his faults; The boy's having been corrected, is shameful to him. Questions. What kind of a noun does the first example sontain? In what case is it? What kind does the second contain? In what case? The third? What case? Specimen or Parsine. The boy’s having been corrected, is shameful to him. ey The having been corrected 1s a participial noun, and in the nominative case to is ; agreeably to the rule which says. * A participia! o> verbal non,” &c. | Yart2 A participiai noun, governed by a prepomtion. i ‘a used as a nominative, may govern the objective case i | as. John was sent to prepare the way by preaching repent i | ance, and by instructing the people ; Making books is his einployment; Her amusement is drawing maps, Questions. 1s the participial noun, in the first example overned by a preposition, or used as a nominative? How it inthe next example? How in the last ? ae ILE 14 number, e spead es, &o, ean and bmitted i Sus to avouy o freely simple bjective g ta it; ng been rrected, euLe 15.) SYNTAX, 63 Specimen or Parsina, Making books is his employment. Beoks is a coinmon noun, third person, plural number, Objective case, and governed by the pera noun mak. wey, which is nominative to is, agreeably to the rule y wich says, “ A participial noun,” &e. Part3 The active participle is frequently used ¥ ith eut 1 ouvious reference ty any noun or pronoun ; Gewrrally speaking, his conduct is very honourable; Grcenting this to be true, &e. In such instances, a pro aoun is to be understood. Notre 1. When the article a, an, or the, precedes the participle, it becomes a substantive, and must have the prey osition of after it; as, By the observing of the rules, vou may avoid mistakes; This was a betraying of the trust ;. It is an overvaluing of ourselves. False Syntaz to be corrected, By observing of truth, you will command esteem, as well as secure peace. A person may be great or rich by chance ; but he cannot be wise or good, without the tak- ‘ng pains for it. Nothing could have made her so unhage »y, as the marrying a man who possessed such principles. Nore 2. When the pronoun precedes the participial noun, the preposition ae should follow it ; as, Much de- pends on their observing of the rule, as errour wil he the consequence of their negler:ting of it. False Syntaz to be corrected. There will be no danger of their spoiling their faces, op of their gaining converts. For his avoiding that precipiog, he is indebted to his friend’s care. RULE XV. Adverbs, though they have no government case, tense, &c. require an appropriate situation in the sentence, viz. for the most part before ad- jevtives, after verbs active or neuter, and frequent- ly between the auxiliary and the verb; as, He S mene niiereedonnnnnesoa 2 = a BO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (ROLE. F5. made a very sessible discourse; he spoke unaf- fectedly and forcibly, and was attentively heard be the whole assembly. Questions. What adverb in the first example ? Where is it placed? What in the other examples?) Where are they placed? | Specimen or Parsina. They are cértainly lost. Certainly is an adverb of affirmation, and is placed be. tween the auxiliary are andthe verb lost; agreeably te the rule which says, “ Adverbs, though they have,” &e. : Exercises in Parsing. We should always prepare for the worst, and hope for the best. A young man, so benevolent and virtuous, promises to be a very useful member of society. When our virtuous friends die, they are not lost forever they are only gone before us to a happier world. False Syntaz to be corrected. He was pleasing nct often, because he was vain. William nobly acted, though he was unsuccessful. We may hap- pily live, though our possessions are small Nore 1. Fart 1. he adverb never generally precedes the verb; as, I never was there; He never comes at: a proper time. Part 2, Ever is sometimes improperly used for never, as I seldom or ever see him: it should be, | seldom or never, &. False Syntaz to be corrected. They could not persuade him, though they were nerves &: eloquent. If sume persons’ opportunities were never s¢ favourable, they would be too indolem tc improve them Nete 2. Part 1. The adverb of place where is ones umproperly used instead of the pronoun relative and ¢ preposition; as, They formed a protestation, where the repeated all their claims; that is, in which they repeat unaf- rd be Vhere ‘@ are illiam ’ hap- ‘cedea ata eDET y mm Of LET Ot vel PO onlen ind 9 a Bat RULES 16, 17.) SYNTAX. 87 Part 2, The adverbs here, there, ana rhere, are often improperly applied to verbs signifying motion, instead of hither, thither, whither; as, He came here hastily ; They rode there with speed; Where are you going’ They should be, Ele came hither ; They rode thither; Whither arp you going ? False Syntaz to be corrected. He drew up a petition, where he too freely represented “8 Own merits. His follies had reduced hin toa situation wiere he had much to fear, and nothin rto hope. Itis re« ported, that the prince will come here to-morrow. George -8 active; he walked there in lass than an hour. Where are you all going in such haste? Whither have they been since they left the city ? cane instruction contained in Part 2 of the foregoing ncte is fast becoming ‘RULE XVI. Two negatives, in English, destroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirmative ; as, Nor did they not perceive him; that is, they did perceive him. His language, though inelegant, is not un grammatical ; that is, it is grammatical. Questions. What negatives in the first example? To what are they equivalent ? Express it affirmatively. What negatives in the next example? To what are they equiva lent? Express it affirmatively, False Syntaz to be corrected. Be honest, nor take no shape nor symblance of disguise here cannot be nothing more insignificant than vanity The measre is go excestionable, that. we cannot by ne means per:ct it RUL+. XVIL Prepositions govern the objective cage; as, § have heard a good character of her; Frum hun that is needy, turn not away; A word to the wise is sufficient for them; We may be good and happy without riches. Questions. What preposition in the first example ! What does it guvernr Why? What in the next‘ &8 EN iL.ISH GRAMMAR (RULE 17, What ives it govern? Why? In the next ? What does it govern? Why? Thenext? What does it govern? Why? - Specimen oF Parsing. They are supported by industry. Industry is a common noun, of the third person, singa lar number, objective case, and governed by the preposi tion by; agreeably to the rule which says, “ Prepositiom gevern,” Xe. Exercises in Parsing. From whom was that information received ? To whom do that house, and those fine gardens, belong False Syntaz to be corrected. We are all accountable creatures, each for hisself. Does that boy know who he speaks to? Who does he ofter such language to? It was not he that they were so angry with. RULE. Nouns expressing time, space, direction, distance, value, or dimension, are commonly attended by an ellipsis, and overned by a preposition understood ; as, I sat an horr; Fie went a voyage ; They went that way ; She rode a mile; Wisdom is worth a mine of gold; He laid a floor ten feet square ; that is, uring an hour; on a voyage; tn that way ; over or through the distance of a mile; worthy of over the dimension of ten feet square. Specimen oF Parsina. She rode a mile. Mie 18 a common noun, of the third person, singular number, objective case, and governed by the preposition of, ty supplying the ellipsis, through the distance of 3 agreeably to the rule which says, “ Nouns expressing,” &e Exercises in Parsing. ¥e have forgotten me days without number. All the days of my appointed time will I wait. He was banished his country. I went a journey. Parr 1. Pariuciples are frequently used as prepositions, r* excepting, respecting, touching, concerning, according, es, They wore all .a fault except or excepting aim BESS desi app N sitio F reso. The time S: a3, Y pers ini , does it » Why? , singa preposi Ositions yelong ~ - Does er such ry with. , value, sis, and a hore; a mile ; fen feet in that thy of ingular ouitions sitions, 7 ding’, RULE 17.) SYNTAX. 89 Part 2. ‘The Prepositions to, for, a1. 4 from, are often understood, chiefly before the pronouns; as, Give me the book ; Get me some paper , that is, to me, for me: We is me; He was banished England; that is, to me, from England. Nore 1. The preposition 1s often ungracefully sepa wted from the relative which it governs; as, Whom wil ym give i to? instead of To whom will you give it? Fulse Syntuz to be corrected. lo have no ono whom we heartily wish well to, and whom ve are warmly concerned for, is a deplorable state sav a8 a friend whom I am highly indebted to. Nore 2. Different relations, and different senses, must be expressed by different prepositions, though in conjunc. tion with the same verb or adjective; thus we say, To Converse with a person, upon a subject, ina house, &c. False Syntaz to be corrected. We are often disappointed of things, which, before pos- vession, promised: much enjoyment. I have *equently desired their company, but have always hithert. been dis- appointed in that pleasure, Nore 3. An accurate and appropriate use of the prepo- sitions is of great importance :— First—With respect to the preposition or; as, He 19 resolved of going to the Persian court; on going, &e. . The rain hath been falling of a long time ; falling a long time; He went out of an evening ; an evening. Srconp—With respect to the prepositions To and For, #3, You have bestowed your favours to the most deserv ng, peisons; upon the ‘most deserving, &c.; He accused the «.inisters for betraying the Dutch ; of having betrayed, &e Turv—With respect to the prepositions wirg, on, and vPon; as, Reconciling himself with the king; to the king, ft isa use that perhaps I should not have thought on, theught of; A great quantity 1aay be taken from the ueap, — making any alteration upon it; in it A ENGLISH Wha AR, (L LE «8 Focktu With respect to the prepositions FRom, iro AFTER, BY, OUT, at Xe.; as, They should be informed im bome parts of his character; abeul or concer ung, & False Syntax to be corrected She finds a difficulty of fixing her mind. The-e As ree «ater, and he died for thirst, have no occasion of hje vervices. ‘This is a principle in unison to our nature. Then Rouse is situated to the north-east side of the road. tle was accused with having acted unfairly, Their conduct was agreeable with their profession. Notre 4. Part 1. The preposition to is used before nouns of place, wnen they follow verbs and participies us motion ; as, [ went ¢o London; I am going to town. Part 2. In is set before countries, cities, and large towns ; as, He lives in France, in London, in Birmingham Part 3. At _is generally used after the verb to be ; as, [ have been at London; and before Villazes, single houses, and cities, which are in distant countries * as, He lives at Hacknny ; He resides at Montpelier. Fulse Syntaz to be corrected. I have been to London, after haviag resided a year at France ; and I now live in Islington. ate have just: landed in Hull, and are going for Liverpool. hey intend to reside some time at Ireland. RULE XVIII. Conjunctions and commas connect like words, the same modes and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pronouns; as, Candour is to be approved and practised ; If thou sincerely desire, and ear- hestly pursue Virtue, she will assuredly be foune by thee, and prove a rich reward; The master taught her and me to write; He and she were schools fellows. | questions. Of what mode and tense is practised? Whyi Pursue? Why? Prive? W hy? In what case ‘s me: Why? He? Why? 'LE «&, IM, INTO orimed im &c ad, } le conduct 1 before ‘iples us yn. id large ingham be ; as, houses, lives at year at ve just: 7 intend words, uses of proved d ear- ine by taught chool- Why? ‘8 m6; RULE 19.) ' SYNTAX. Bi Specimen or Parsinea. If he go the voyage and prosper. Prosper is a regular neuter verb, of the subju ective mode, and present tense, third persun, singular number, and is connected, by the conjunction and, to the verb go} geroeably to the rvle which says, “ Conjunctions connect, '' Exercises in Parsing. He and | commenced our studies at the same time, {f we contend about trifles, and violently maintain ow Opinion, we shal] gain but tew friends, False Syntaz to be corrected, My brother and him are tolerable grammarians. Dig he not tell thee his fault, and entreated thee to a S@ him ? Professing regard, and to act different} y,) mar ase mind. Nore. Conjunctions are, indeed, frequently made ty tonnect different modes and tenses of verbs; but, in these instances, the nominative, generally, if not always, is re- peated ; as, He lives temperately, and he should live tem- perately. False Syntaz to be corrected, ., Rank may confer influence, but will not necessarily pro- uce virtue. He does not want Courage, but is defective in sensibility. He inight have been happy, and is now fully convinced of it. RULE XIx, Some conjunctions require the indicative, some the subjnnctive mode, after them. It is a gencral rula, that, when something contingent or doubtfu is implied, the subjunctive ought to be used; as, If 1 were to write, he would not regard it; He will not be pardoned, unless he renent. Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute unture, require the indicative mode; as, A3 viride advances, so vice recedes; He is healthy, beeruse he is temperate, ‘ 92 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (nore 19 Questions. Of what mode is were? Why: peers Why? dvances? Why? Recedes? Why: Is? Why False Syntaz to be corrected. Thoug* he urges me yet more earnestly, I shall net eumply, unless he advances more forcible reasons. She disapproved the measure, because it were very impre per Though tie fact be extraordinary, it certainly did happea, Norr 1. Tho particle as, when it is connected with the pronour. such, has the force of a relative pronoun ; as, Let such vs presume to advise others, look well to thei: own conduct, ; Specimen or Parsine. let such as presume to advise others, look well 2 to their own conduct. 4is is a relative pronoun, referring to such for its ante- cedent, of the third person, plura! number, and nominative tase to preivime ; agreeably to the note which says, “The particle ¢s, when,” &c. Exercises in Pursing. Such men as know their interest will avoid the place. He is represonted to be such a character as is but sel doin seen. ‘ In such company as I found there, [ should delight te rema’n. a Norr 2 Some conjunctions have their corresponding conjunctions belonging to them, so that, in the subsequent meimber of the sentence, the latter answers to the former; a3, 1, THovan, yet, NEVERTHELESS; as, Though he was sich yet for our sakes he beeame poor. 2, WartHEr—-on; as, Whether he will go or not, § sanaot tell. 3. Eirarr-—op , as, I wil! either send it, or bring it aysolf. 4. Nerruar—nor; as, .Veether thou nor I am able te eumponge it. 0. As—A8, expressing a comparison of equality ; as, She is as amiable as her sister. 6. As—so; exprissing a comparison of equality; ay 4s tb tars, so shall thy seed be, & es *sa@e SR emt 2 os oa we #2 1S Repent? ! Why vall net s. She pre per happs a, vith the as, Let el’ own k well ‘S$ ante- Linative » * The lace. oUt sel- ight te onding equent ormer; he wa ‘not, @ jing it able te ‘Ys %, yi ay 2 RULE 20.) SYNTAX. 93 7, As--so; expressing a comparison of quality , as, As the one dieth, so dieth the other. 8. So—as; with a verb expressing a comparison of equality; as, ‘To see thy glory, so as we have scen it ‘n thy sanctuary. 9. So—as; with a negative and an adjective express. img a comparison of quantity ; as, Pompey was not se great a man as Caesar. So—ruat; expressing a consequence; as. EF was #0 fatigued, that he could not move. False Syntax to be corrected Neither the cold or the fervid, but characters uniformly wari, are formed for friendship. They are both praise- worthy, and one is equally deserving as the other. He is not as diligent and learned as his brother. Neither despise or oppose what thou dost not understand. The houss ig not as commodious as we expected it would be. The dog in the manger would neither eat the hay himself, or suffer the ox to eat it. RULE XxX. When the qualities of different things are com- pared, the latter noun or pronoun 1s not governed by the conjunction than or as, but is nominative to verb, or is governed by a verb or preposition, expressed or understood; as, Thou art wiser than I; that is, than Lam; They loved him more than me; that is, more than they loved me; The senti- ment is well expressed by Plato, but much better by Solomon than him; that is, than by him. Questions. What are compared in the first example? Ip what case is the latter pronoun? What verb is understood, to which it is nominative? What are compared in the next example? In what case is the latter pronoun ? By what i it governed? By what is him governed in the next sae er: le ? j Specimen or Parsina. A good name is better than wealth. Wealth is a common noun, third person, singular ‘nary ber, and n>minative case to is, understood; agreeably te the ruie whick says, “ When tho qualities,” && — . 94 _ ENGLISH GRAMMAR, (RULE 2] Exercises in Parsing. Those persons are abuadautly more oppressed than we Though I am not so good a scholar as he is, I am, per bsps, not less attentive than he to my studies. False Syntaz to be corrected. ILe business was much better executed by his brother ¥onhe. They are much greater gainers tian me by thig mnexpected.event.. ‘I'hey know how to write as well aa him; but he isa much better grammarian than them Thou art a much greater loser than me by his death. She suffers hourly more than me. Who betrayed her companion? Not me. Who revealed the secrets he ought to have concealed? Not him. There is but one in fault, and that is me. RULE XXI. To avoid disagreeable repetitions, and to ex- Press our ideas in a few words, an ellipsis, or omission of some words, is frequently admitted. Instead of saying, He was a learned man, he was & wise man, and he was a good man; we use the ellipsis, and say, He was a learned, wise, and good man. When the omission of words would obscure the sentence, weaken its force, or be attended with an impropriety, they must be ezpressed. In the sen- tence, We are apt to love who love us, the word them should be supplied: A beautiful field and trees, 13 not proper language, because, if we sup- ply the ellipsis, it will read, A beautiful field and a beautiful trees. In this case it is better to ‘as, another adjective; as, A besutiful field and fine i2 2c, Questions Why is man omitted? What is this omis. sion of man called? Why not omit them in the example trdor tho other part of the rule * lan We i, per orother by thia well ag them death. ed her ought 1 fault, D @X- is, or itted. > WAS e the good e the th an . sen- word l and Sup- | and D ase, fine omis: umpla RULE 22.) SYNTAX, 93 False Syntaz to be corrected These counsels were the dictates of virtue, and the die tates of true honour. We must guard against too great eeverity or facility of manners. By hese happy lala, they who sow and reap will rejoice tegether. Nore. The noun is frequently omitted in the fellowin manter; The laws of God'and man; that is, The laws o God and the /aws of man Emphasis renders the ellipsis of the noun improper. False Syntax to be corrected. Avarice and cunning may acquire an estate , but sva- F.2e and cunning cannot gain friends. The anxious man w the votary of riches; the negligent, of pleasure. RULE XXII, All the parts of a sentence should correspond to each other; a regular and dependent construe- tion throughout should be carefully preserved. The following sentence is therefore inaccurate ; He was more beloved, but not so much admired 18 Cinthio. More requires than after it, which is no where found in the sentence. It should be, He was more beloved than Cinthio, but not so muzh admired. 3 False Syntuz to be corrected. Tle is more bold and active, but not so wise and studious as his companion. Neither has he, nor any other perscne suspected so much dissimulation. Sevetel altéxations and sdiditions have been made to the work, , ENGLISH GRAMMAR, PROSODY. Proaody consists of two parts: the formn teaches thie true pronunciation of words, compris ing ACCENT, QUANTITY, EMPHASIS, PAUSE, ang FONE, and the latter the .aws of versiricaTion ACCENT, Accent 1s the laying of a peculiar stress of he voice on a certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be better heard than the rest, or dis- tinguished from them; as, in the word presume, the stress of the voice must be on the letter u, in the second syllable, sume, which takes the accent, QUANTITY. The quantity of a syllable is that time which ja occupied in pronouncing it. It is considered as long or short. A vowel or syllable is long when the accent is on the vowel; which occasions it to be slowly jomed, in pronunciation, to the following letter; as, fall, bale, mood, house, feature. A syllable is short when the accent is on the consonant; which occasions the vowel to be quickly joined to the succeeding letter; as, ant’, bon'net, hun’ ger.- _ _ A long syliable requires double the time of a short one in pronouncing it; thus, mate and note should be prom janced as slowly again as mat and 7 vot, EMPHASIS. By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller sound of voice, by which we distinguish some * forrore ompris SE, ang ATION } of he 1 word, or dis- resume, er u, in accent. hich ig red as accent slowly letter ; on the to be ant’, e of a d noie at and fuller some P.OSODY, 31 word, or words, on which we design to lay par ticular stress, and to show how it affects the rest of the sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words must be distinguished by a Particular ton? of Foice, as well as by a greater stress PAUSES. Pauses, or rests, in speaking or reading, are a toial cessation of the voice, during a perceptible, and, in many cases, a measurable space of time. TONES. Tones are different both from emphasis and Pauses; Consisting in the modulation of the voice, the notes or variations of sound, which we employ in the expression of our sentiments. VERSIFICATION, Versification is the arrangement of a certain wumber -and variety of syllables, according to certain laws. Rhyme is the correspondence of the last sound of one verse te the last sound or sylleble of an other ; ENGLISH GRAMMAR PUNCTUATION. Puwcruarion: is the art of dividing a writtes composition into sentences, or parts of sentences, by points or stops, for the purpose of marki ig the different pauses, which the sense and an accuca.e pronunciation require. Question. What is punctuation? COMMA. The Comma usually separates those parts uf a entence, which, though very closely connected im sense and construction, require a pause between them. Question. What does the comma usually separate ? Rute 1. With respect to a simple sentence, the several words of which ut consists have so near a relation to each Cther, that, in general, no points are requisite, except @ full stop ut the end of it ; as, ‘The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.’ ‘ Every part of matter swarms with living creatures.’ Question. Why is no pause requisite in these examples, except at the end? A simple sentence, however, when it is a long one, and the nominative case is accumpanied with enseparable ad- | yuncts, may admit of a pause immediately before the ve b, as, ‘The good taste of the present age, has not allowed us to neglect the cultivation of the English language ;’ ‘To be totally indiiferent to praise or censure, is a real defect ‘a character.’ . Questions. Why is a pause inserted before the verb has, m the first example? Which word is the nominative ‘ase? By what inseparable adjuncts is it accoinpanied ? Why a pause before the verb is, in the next example? Rute u. When the connexion of the different parts of & simple sentence is interrupted by an imperfect phrase, a comma ts usually introduced before the beginning, and @a Son ritten NCES, g the 8 .e uf a ected ween e? veral ) each rept @ is the 3 with nples, , and e ad- . ve b, ed us ‘To lefect ) haa, ative ued ? ? ts of 36, @ ud @a PUNCTUATI WN. 99 tne end of this phrase ; as, ‘I remember, +. ith fratitude, hiv goodn sss t> me 3’ ‘ His work is, in many respects, very impertect. It is, therefore, not much approved.’ But, when these interruptions are sli ht and unimportant, the comme ts letter omitted 3 as, ¢ Flattery is certainly pernicious ; ‘There is surely a pleasure in beneScence.’ Questions. By what imperfect phrases are the differeng rts of the sentences, constituting the examples, inter. upted? Where are the pauses placed? Why is the com na omitied in the two last examples? In the generality of compound sentences, there is fras quent occasion for commas » as will appear from the fol- lowing view of the different occasions to which they are adapted. Rote m1. When two or more nouns occur in the same construction, they are parted by a comma; as, ‘ Reason, virtue, answer one great aim;’ ’ The husband, wife, and children, suffered extremely ;’* <¢ They took away their furniture, clothes, and stock in trade ;’ ‘ He is alternatel supported by his father, his uncle, and his elder brother,’ Questions. In the i oe what two nouns occur in the same construction ¢ hat do you understand by the 8ame construction ? Prom this rule there is mostly an exception, with regard to two nouns closely connected by a conjunction ; as, ‘ Vir tue and vice form a strong contrast to each uther ;’ ‘Jib’ ertines cal] religion bigotry or Superstition ;’ ‘There is a natural difference between merit and demerit, virtue and vice, wisdom and folly.’ Question. Why are there no commas in these examples ? we inserted, though the conjunction is expressed , a3, ‘Ro ‘nances may be said to be miserable thapsodies, or dam werous incentives to evil ;’ ‘Intemperance destrovs the strength of our bodies, und the vigour of our ininds.’ Question. As the conjunction is expressed in these sen s#uces, why is the comma inserted ? shins tines . ———$— * As a considerable pause in pronunciation is necessary between the last noun and the verb, a comma should be inserted to denot3 it. But as no Pause is allowable be. tween the last adjective and the noun, under Rule lV the cunima is there proper! omitted, ee Sooners Se SS a SS i | | | 100 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Rute tv. Two or more adjectives, bulonging to the sume substantive, are likewrse separated by commas ; as,‘ Piain honest truth, wants no artificial covering ;’ ‘David was 4 brave, wise, and pious man ; ‘A woman, gentle, sensible well-educated, and religious ;' * The most innccent plea- wures are the sweetest, the most rational, the most attect ig, and the most lasting,’ Questions. What adjectives ir the examplos? Why are they separated by commas? ‘To what substantive Ge they belong ? But two adjectives, im mediately connected by a CONJ UNC tion, are not separated by a comma; as, ‘'True worth ia modest and retired ;’ ‘Truth is fair and artless, simple and sincere, uniform and consistent ; ‘We must be wise or foolish ; there is no mediuin,’ Question. Why are not the adjectives in these exam ples separated by commas ? Rute v.. Two or more verbs, having the same nomie- tive case, and immediately following one another, are also separated by commas ; as, ‘ Virtue Supports in adversity, moderates in prosperity ;’ ‘In a ‘etter, we may advise, ex- hort, comfort, request, and discuss.’ Questions. What verbs in the examples? Why are they separated by a comma? What is their nominative ease ° Two verbs immediately connected by a conjunction, are an exception to the above rule ; as, ‘The study of natural history cx;ands and elevates the mind ; ‘Whether we eat o7 dink, jabor or sleep, we should be moderate.’ Question. Why are not the verbs in these examples @epartted by a comma? Two or more participles are subject toa similar rule, and exception; as, ‘A man, fearing, serving, and “— ais Creatot;’ ‘He was happy in being loved, esteeme ; and respected ;’ ‘ By being admired und flattered, we ar¢ often corrupted.’ Question. Why are the particioles separated in the firag example, and not in the last ? the sume 3, Plain id was 9 sensible ant ploa: st ailect Why; ntive Ge CON) WHE worth ia iple and wise or 6 exam LOmMtNE- ire also versity, 1s@, ex. hy are inative on, are natural we eat amples r rule, i s2me we are 1e fires PUNCTUATION. 10) Roue vi. Two or more adverbs, imme lig tely succeed. tag one ankher, must be Separated by commas ; as, ‘We are fearfully, wonderfully framed ;’ ~* Success generall pends on acting prudently, steadily and vigorously, ix what we undertake.’ Questions. * What adverbs in the exampleg ? Why are ey separated by commas ? But, when two adverhs are joined by a conjurrct:, rt, wey “re not parted bya comma ; as, ‘Some men sin de. diberately and presurnptuously ;’ «There is no middle state, we must live Virtuously or viciously,’ Question. Why are the adverbs in these examples, not separated by a comma? Route vir. When participles are followed by something ‘hat depends on them, they are fenerally senarated trom *he rest of the sentence by a comma; as, ‘The king, approving the plan, put it in execution ;’ ‘ His talenta, peers Sor great enterprises, could not fail of rendering ulm conspicuoas ;’ ¢ Ail mankind compose one fainily, assembled under the eye of one common Father, Questions. What participles in the examples? Why are they separated by a comma? By what are they fol- lowed that depends un them ? Rute vm. Whena conjunction ts divided by a phrase. or Sentence, from the verb to which it belongs, ‘such inter venting phrase has usuali Y¥ 4 comma at each extremity ; as. ‘They set ont early, and, before the Close of the day, arrived at the destined place.’ Question. What conjunction in the example? Tq what doss it belong? By what intervening phrase is it divided ? Rute rx. Expressions in a direct address are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas ; as, ‘My son give me thy heart ;’ “am obliged to you, my friends, for your many favors.’ Question. What expressions in a direct address occur in the example? Rute x The case absolute, and the infinitive mode ab. Solute, are teparated by commas from the body of the sen tence; as, His father dying, he succeeded to the estute 9 * LOZ ENGLISH GRAMMAR, ? At ler.gth, their ministry per‘ormed, and race wel run, they leit the world in peace ;’ ‘ To confess the truth, 1 was Much in fault.’ : Question. Point out the case absolute, and the infini dive mode absolute, in the examples. ‘ Rere x1. Nouns in apposition, that is, nouns added te Mher ieins in the same cuse, by way of ecplication or il- fastrutior, when accompanied with ad juncts, are set off by commas ; as, ‘ Paul, the apostle of the Gentiles, was emi nent for his zeal and knowledge ;’ ‘ The butterfly, child of the summer, flutters in the sun.’ Questions. What nouns in apposition in your examples? By what adjuncts are they accompanied ? But, if such nouns are single, or only form a proper name, they are not divided; as, ‘ Paul the apostle ;’ ‘ The Einperor Antoninus wrote an excellent book.’ Question. Why are not the nouns separated in these examples ? Rure xu. Simple members of sentences, connected by comparatives, are for the most purt distinguished by a somina 3 as, ‘ As the hart OAHKAIE after the water brooks so doth my soul pant after thee ;’ ‘ Better is a dinner of nerbs with love, ¢han a stalled ox and hatred therewith.’ Ques.ions. What simple members of sentences in the examples? By what comparatives are they connected ? Ruce xut. When words are placed in opposition te each other, or with some marked varvety, they require to be distinguished by a comma; as, ‘ Tho’ deep, yet clear; tho’ gentle, yet not dull ; Strong, without rage ; without o’erf owing, full,’ * rood men, in this frail, imperfect state, are often fourd, aot only in union with, but in opposition to, the views and eonduct of one another.’ Sometimes, when the word with which the last preposition arrecs is single, it ts better to omit the comma before % ; as, ‘ Many states were in alliance with, and under the pro. tection of Rome.’ Questions. What words are placed in opposition to each ‘ther? What, with some marked variety? Why is tha eouiima omiived before Rome ? el rum, 1, 1 was > infini ‘ Added te nor il. ¢ off by as em: child of mples? ropet “ae The n these cted by d by a brooks aner oO with.’ in the sted ? tion te urre to fourd, ws and asitlorwr OTe Ub : ne pro- © 6ach is the PUNCTUATION 303 The same rule and restriction must be applied when two or more nouns refer to the same preposition; as, ‘He way composed both under the threatening, and at the apprcach, of a cruel and lingering death ; ‘He was not only the King, bt! the father of his people,’ Questions, Why are threatenin Y and approach distin. gushed by commas? Why is the comana onitted after of? Rute xiv. 4 remarkable erpression, or a sutton, somewhat in the manner of a quotation, muy be Proper!y marked with a comma; as, ‘It hurts a@ man’s pride to say, I do not know;’ ¢ Plutarch calls lying, the vice of’ slaves,’ Questions, W hy is, J do not know, marked with a com ma? Why, the vice of slaves 2 short obse:. Rue xv. Relative pronouns are connective words, and gencrally admit a comma before them; as, * He preaches wwilimely, who lives a sober, righteous and pious life ; ‘There is no charm in the female sex, whieh can supply the place of virtue.’ Questions, Why has who a Comma before it? Why has whith ? ’ But when two members, or phrases, by a relutive, restraining the general notion of the antece dent to a particular Sense, the comma should be omitted ; as, ‘Self-denial is the sacrifice which virtue must inake 5? ‘A man who is of a detracting spirit, will misconstrae the most innocent words that Cab ve put together, — Ly the ailer example, the assertion is not of ‘man in general,’ but of ‘a man who is of a detracting spirit,’ and therefore they should not be separated. Questeon, Why is the comina omitted mouns in these eXampies are closely connected after the pre The fifteenth rule apples equally to cases in which the relative is not eLnmessed, but understood $48, ‘It wag frum ety, warm aro unaffected, that his morals derived a#rength ;’ ‘This sentiment, habitual and strong, influ- xrinples, the eneed his whole conduct.’ In both of these e relative and verb, which was, are understood, Question Why are the commas inge Ane’ sentiment ® ° rted after prety SSS ena | 104 E'GLISH GRAMMAR Rore xvi. .4 somple member of a sentence, comtaaen within another, or following unother, must be distinguish. ed by the comma; as, ‘To improve time, whilst we are blessed with health, will smooth the bed of sickness ; ‘ Very often, while we are complaining of the vanity, and the evils of human life, we make that vanity, and we in. crease those evils Questrons. In the first yd 18 a simple membeg vontained within another, or does 1 ‘ollow another Kow, in the next example ? If, however, the members succeeding each other are very elosely connected, the comma is unnecessary ; as, ‘ Revela: tion tells us how we may attain happiness.’ Question. Why .s the comma unnecessary in this exam tle? When a verb in the infinitive mode follows its govern ing verb, with several words between them, those words should generally have a comma at the end of them; as, ‘It ill becomes gocd and w‘se men, to oppose and degrade one another.’ Questions. What verb in the infinitive mode, in thie example? What is its governing word? What words between them + Several verbs on the infinitive mode, havmg a common de- pendence, and succeeding one another, are also dinided b commas ; as, ‘To relieve the indigent, to comtors. che af flicted, to protect the innocent, to reward the deserving is humane and noble employment.’ Questions. How many verbs in the infinitive mode, ucceeding one another, in the example? What do you tmderstand by their having a common dependence ? Rote xvu. When the verb to be is followed by a wrrb én the infinitive mode, which, by transposition. >> r mude the nominative case to it, the former is Generally separated from the latter verb by a comma, as, ‘The most obvious remedy is, to withdraw from all associi.tiong with bad men;’ ‘The first and most obvious remedy pgainst the infection, is, to withdraw from all associations re ® with bac neu. Questions, What verb to be,in the examples? By what verb, in tie infinitive mode, is it fo'lowea> How would vou transpose it ? mianen nguish- we aré ‘kness ; Ly, and we in. nembeg nother Te very Revela- s exam rovern words m3 as, legrade in thie L words non de- ded by she at ying is mode, do you ) perk + he Me hins “The ii.tiong emedy Jations y what would PUNCTUATION, lve Rone tvin. When adjuncts or circumstances are o importance, anu often when the natural order of them is inverted, they may be set off ly commus : as, ‘ Virtue must oe formed and supported, now by unfrequent acts, but by aily and repeated exertions ;’ “ Vices, like shadows, 19 wards the evening of life, grow great and monstrous ; ‘Onur interests are interwoven by threads innumerable ; * By threads innumerable, our interests are interw ven,’ {uestiors. Which example has adjuncts or circum. #iances of importance? In which is the natural ordar ia verted ? Rue xix. Where a verb is understood, 4 comma may often be Properly introduced. This is @ general rule, which, besides comprising some of the preceding rules, will apply to many cases not determined by any of them, as, ‘ a8 law arises security; from security, curicsity ; from curiosity, knowledge.” In this exainple, the varb arises’ iz understood before ‘ curiosity’ and ‘ knowledge ;' at which words a considerable pause is necessary. Question. Why is the comma introduced after security and curiosity ? Rune xx, The words nay, 50, hence, again, jirst "econdly, formerly, now, lastly, once more, above ak, on he contrary, in the next place, in shert, and all other words and phrases of the saine kind, must generaily he separated from the context by a comma; as, ¢ Kemember thy best and first friend : formerly, tha supporter of thy infancy, and the guide of thy childsood 3 now, the guard- ian of thy yonth, and the hope. of thy coming years; ¢ fie feared want ; hence, he over-valued riches ;’ ¢ This consuet tnay heal the difference ; nay, it may constantly prevent any in future ;’ © Final/, » Eshall only repeat what has been viten justly said; «If the spring put forth no blossoms, ig summer there will be no beauty, and in auturon, no tut; #2, if youth be trifled away without ln provement, iper years may be contemptible, and old age miserable.’ Question. What words, in tne examples, are Seva alod m tue context by commas ? im many of the foregoing rules and examples, g eat regard must he paid to the lenath of the clauses, and the. proportion which they bear to une another, ed 106 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, SEMICOLON, When. a -onger pause than a comma js required, and yet che sense is incomplete, a semicolon may be used, as, ‘The wise man is happy when he gains his own approbation; the fool, when he geins te applause of those about him.’ Ques:‘on. When would you use a semicolon ? COLON, The colon is used to divide a sentence into two Or wore parts, less connected than those which &.¢ separated by a semicolon; but not so’ inde- pendent as separate, distinct sentences, Note. The use of the colon a pears to be decliniag. Many late writers avoid the use of it altogether. They regard it as a point of indefinite character, taking the place, sometimes of the semicolon, and sometimes of the period ; and, consequently, perplexing us with a distine- tion where there ir no difference. PERIOD, When a sentence 1s complete and independent, ad not connected in construction with the fol. lowing sentence, it is marked with a period Some sentences are independent of each other, both im their sense and constriction ; as, ‘Fear God. Honouw the king. Have charity towards all men.’ Others are étndenendent only in their grammatical construction ; aa, ‘Th: Supreme Being changes not, cither in his desire ta promote our happiness, or in the plan of his administration ns light always shines upon us from above. One cleas and direct path is always pointed cui to man’ The period s:.ould be used after every abbreviated word wo 'M.S. PS. NB. AD. OS, NS’ &e Question. When would you use a period’ an D two vhich inde- intag. They g the of the istine- » fol: oth tm ONOWs S aré ire ta ation cleays PARSING TABLE. 10% PARSING TABI E, Articles. A or AN it the Indefinite Article. THE is th) Definite Article, ~ es Sey os ——~ is a Noun, because it is a name, ana bect use it makes R.18e with the before it; as, the ——. Common, because it can be appropriated to any of the kit id, and ii begins with a smal! letter. . Proper, because it can be appropnated to an individual only, end it begins with a capital letter. Sugular Number, because it expresses but cne, and it makes sense with one, before it; as, one ——~, Plural Number, because it expresses mure than one, and it makes sense with two, before it; as, two ——., raya ig Gender, because it expresses an object of the male kind, Feminine Gender, because it expresses an object of the female kind. Neuter Gender, because it expresses an object which 18 neither masculine nor feminine. Common Gender, because it may be considered either as masculine or feminine. Nominative, m-a-n, m-e-n, Singular. Possessive, m-a-n’ & s,*| Plural, m-e-n' & a, Objective, m-a-n, mM-e-n, . Bcroierrinieng eee os a nes em —— is a Pronoun, bevause it is used instead of a noun —= Fis the first person, 2 .| We is the first person, Q Thou is the second, = §) Ye or you is the second, $ He, she or it is the third, @~| They is the third, & Nominative, — Nominative, - Singular. ; Possessive, — Plural. Possessive, — Objective, — i Objective, — It is found in the —— Person, —— Number, ——- Gender, mom (Use, ee —-— 18 an Adjective, because it expresses the quality Of ——, because it makes ‘sense with the word thing after it; as ~— thing ; and it makes sense with enother noun after i; ag _ e Pos, - . Com. ———, Sup. ——_., It is found in the ——— Degree, LO nate inne inienittelinelinsaelatiims dation c.. "Ge Spell tw noun tn eack case slling where the apostrophs comes, 108 PARSING TABLE. is a Verb, because it signifies to , and because if makes sense with one of the following pronouns before it, namely, J —, thou —, he —, she —, we —-, you —, or they -- Active, because the Agent acts upon the Object —~- Neuter, because the Agent — does not act upon an object. Passive, because there ie something done to the Nomina: tive --— , Imp. —— Perf. Part. ——, Present Rem lar, becaus? the Imperfect Tense and Perfect Participle eid in ed. | Irregular, because the Imperfect Tense and the Perfect Participle do not end in ed. Present ---—- , Imp. » Perf. » Pluper. ——, First Fut ——, Sec. Fut. ——. It is found in the —— Mode, — Tense, —— Person, —— Number. i ee errr eeaee is an Adverb of (Of Number or Order, &c. aa the class may be.]* —— is a Preposition, because it connects the words -—- and ——., and shows the relation between them ; and it makes sense with one of the following Pronouns after it, namely, me, — ue, — her, — him, — them. Wiles seliliiepltrmeetallaeulininhinsntsideEoscceliiesissiousiucls ca. —— is a Conjunction, because it connects words and the two or sentences and Cepulative, because, — is added to — or pete — upon the supposition that ~ oi because, 1s the reason why — Disjunctive, because — -, which precedes it, 8 I Oppne tie te ~——, which follows it. eee een ——— is an [nterjection, becayse it expresses the passions % motions of the speaker. eee sneteeersinat. rj © Tne Sa thinks that the Adverbs had hettes be ‘earne’ by Claunes page - —s ucause if before it, r they —« ject ——- 1 object. Nomina: articiple ! Perfect irst Fut Person,