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THE

Hagerman Collection

KIITORY AND POLITICAL SQENCE

JAMES J. «AOER«*N OF CLASS OF '61

Protufor ChMtef KcmUII Adinu

9& ■
m

REPORT

//'

AND

COLLECTIONS

ON THB

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

\

OF WISCONSIN,

For the Years 1877, 1878 and 1S79.

YOL. YIIL

MADISON, WIS.:

lUTID ATWOOD, BTATB PBDITBB.

187».

The eighth volume of Collections of our Historical Society presents
quite a vanety of topics pertaiaiag to the early times, men and
events of Wiseonsio. They very properly commence with the
pre-historic era — and early copper tniuiug on Lake Superior, and the
ancient copper implements, which, of late years, have been brought
to the surface by the plow in different portions of our State; and
an account of the Pictured Cave of La Crosse Valley. Then anions
others, we have some new light respecting Nicolet's early visit to
Wisconsin, and Prof. Butler's paper on Early Historic Relics of
the North West.

Judge Martin has communicated some valuaWe, and hitherto
anpublisheil, papers of the Langlade family — emphatically the
pioneer settlers of Wisconsin; a traditionary account of the cap-
ture of Mackinaw, by Louis J. Porlier; followed by a series of
ant-ieot papers giving glimpses of Green Bay and the frontiers
during the period of 1763-65. The sprightly Reminiscences of Mrs,
Bristol, and Hon. Sat. Clark's Early Times at Fort Winnebago,
will be read by our surviving pioneers with much interest. What
is adduced on the much controverted question of the Williaius-
Dituphin claim, will attract attention, even beyond the borders
of Wisconsin; and will, we trust, go far towards dissipating all
doubts as to William's true character, and leave the Indian mission-
ary completely stripped of all his pretentious to having been Louis
Seventeenth. The papers on the Early Settlement of Juneau
County, and of the Swiss colony of New Glnrus, serve to rescue
many important facts and details from forgetfulness, and preserve
a record of the early self-denials and sufferings attendant on plant-
iug homes in the wilderness.

Other papers of value are necessarily reserved for our next
volume — among them. Dr. Enoch Chase's personal narrative of
early Milwaukee settlement; Mrs, Adele B. Gratiot's narrative of
early times in the Lead Region; and Hon. J. E. Thomas' paper on
the pioneer settlement of Sheboygan County. L. C. D.

Wisconsin State IIistobical Sociktt.

OBJECTS OF COLLECTION DESIRED BY THE SOCIETY.

1. lUnajcrlpt ftttemenla uid iiRmttvei of pioneer ■siller* — old Ittlera ind ]onra*li
relilivi- la Iba eucly klitory «Dd >eltleinenl oF WlacuDiln. uidoribe Dlick Biwk Wir; blo-
Crapblcal iiulleo or our plonetirt, audof vmlncDt clUieni, deecsEcd: and ficla illDitratli«
at our IndJuii Iriliua, (htir bl^tory, chartctcrlailca. altctchea of Ihelr promiDcnt clilefa, ora-
tora nud wurriura, tajfeUicr wlUi contrlbailoiia vt Indian ItuplHincnta, dicia, oinnnieiitB and
carina I Ilea.

8. Fllei of DBwapapera, booka, pimphlcla, callegs cilalognea; minniea of ecclealaallcal
codYenllan*, courBruiicc* ind»Tnoda, andotber publlcitioaa relating lo Ihla Slatc.arUlch-
lurin Territory, of which Wlacuuiiii focM.cd a part from IBIG to I83:i — and btnce tbeTvrrllo-
tlsl Lbws and JournaJa, and llloa o/lllcbl|an nowapupera loc tbat pEriod, we are pecnUirlj

S. DniHinyo and deacriptlons of our ancienl mooada and furUllcatlonai llieir alie. rvpte-

aaolitlou aud lovallty.

4. Informailun rvapacUng inj ancleat coin*, pre-hlttoric capper Implemtiita. or ottMr
corloaltlea Cuund In Wlaconaln. The coDtrlbnUan o[ ancb artlclea to lbs Cablnetof tha

E. Indian £vograpbical Dainsa of ilrearoa and local lllea Id tbla Slate, nllb ibeli algnlfl-
caliouB.

a, Buoka or 111 klnda. and capeelallj Bdcb an relate ID American blBlor;. Iravela and blog-
rapbj In lEeuoril, and Ibe Weal In particular, famllj genealo^eBt old mngnzlnea, pBmphleta,
lllea ol Qcvrapapora, maps. hlBlurlcal ojiuiiiBcrlpti. aulograplu ol dlBllDgulsbcd portoiiB.
(loliia. tnudala, paluiluga, portrait*, alatnarj' and engravlnga.

T. Wo aollclt frum illBtoilcal Soclcltea and other luariiL-d bodlea, that Interchange orbooka
andotbermateiloltbybieb the naarulneaB or InatlluilaDi of Itala nalare la socBBonlUlly
■DbBnccd — pledging oaiaelvea to repay aucb coulrlbailDna by acts la kind lo Ibu rutl ex-
tent of onr ability.

B. Tbe !Joclelf pariienlarly bcga tbe favor and coiapllmenC of antliora aad pnbUilicn, to
preienl. wIlli ibolr anlograpba, coplea of their roepcctlve worlia for Ha Library.

fkvor on tbe Siielety by coulrlbnllng fbuir publications regularly for It^ Library ^ or. at
laaal, auGb Duta1ii.'r> la may caolaln attldea boitlng upon Wlaconaiu hlatoty. blugrapby. OC
antlqoltlet: all which will be carefully pcea^rVD I for blcdlag.

rackagea far Ihe Houlety may be sum to, or dopoelled witb. tbe lollowlng gontlemeD, wbo
bave kindly commuted to lake cbirge of them. Such parccla. to prevent mlaiaket, rboQld
be properly coietopcd and addreased, oven It but aBlngle arllcte; and II would. fnrthDt-
more, beduilrnblc. Ibal donor* ebould forWDId lo Ihe Cor.eaponding Secretary a Bpecillc&.

EP*ll»i>ora to Ibe Society's Library and Culleelloba will, In retam, be placed upon tha
llat of eicbangoB, and receive equivalent publlcailona of ibe Suclciy.

DEPOSITARIES.

M

aata. Eyre A ep

otl

.wood.

can

PotlYinDg*Co..L

p

ltYoan«itCo-

Co

DperU

Ion

New York,

D

Q. Fia^clMTA

Place

No

w York.

G

ofKO K. LittleBc

d.

ET Cumbil

BoBtun.

Robert Clarke A C

0., 6S Weil

ilh aueet. ClaolnnaM

Pe

at «. Thomson

Vine a

. cioclnnaU.

Col. S. V- Sblpmal

,1

I LaX

He

ireet. Chleagt^

J. 8. Buck, UUvraukee.

INDEX OF PAPERS.

Past.
laTKODDCTORT 3

Objects of Collzctios 4

Index op Papbrs S-8

OmcEKS OF THE SotTKTY, 1877 7-8

1878 S-IO

1870 11-13

Akntal Report, Jasuaht, 1877 13-32

1878 83-00

187D 00-85

/« Jfemonitm — Prof. 8. II. Cnrpcoter, LL. D.:

Prot. AndiTson's memoir 86-B5

Remarka by O. M. Con over. LL, D D5-i00

Preiideot Bnscom's remarks 100-101

Prof. Parkinson's remarks 10!-108

Prof. Allen's remarks 1(18-108

Oen. Atwood's remarks 105-107

C. N. Gregory's tribute 107-108

Jn Manoriam — Hon. George B. Smilli:

Jutlgc Orion's remnrka 108

ResolulioDS of respect 108

Oen. Alwood's remtirks 111-20

Judge Braley's remarks 120-80

Sir BasUforil's remarks 180-38

Akciekt Copper Mines op Lake Sl'pehior, by Jacob Houghton, 140-SI

pBE-HiBTOBic Copper Impleuknts, by Rev. E. F. Blafter 1C2-IM

Akcient Coffer Implements —

How Fiibricaled, by Lyman C. Draper 105-67

by Fred, S. Perkipa 108

by Col. CLas. Whiiilesey 168-89

byDr.P.R.aoy 100-78

PiCTcBED Cafe of La Cbossr Vallet, by Rev. Edward Brown. . 174-83
Abditiosai. Notes oh the La Crosse Cayk, by Hon. J, A- Kice. 188-87
KoTza OM Jkak Nicolkt, by Benj. 8uU6 168-S4

6 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Eablt Historic Rblics op the Northwest, by Prof. J. D. But-

LEB, LL. D 195-206

Tradition of the Fox Indians, 1730 207-208

Langlade Papers, 1737-1800 209-23

Incident of Chegoiheoon, 1700 224-26

Capture op Mackinaw, 17C3, by L. J. Porlier. ... 227-31

Green Bat and the Frontiers, 1763-65 232-40

Indian Wars op Wisconsin, by Hon. Moses M. StroDg 241-86

Wisconsin in 1818, by Edward Tanner 287-93

RESf iNiscENCES OP THE Nortu-West, by Mrs. M. A. B. Bristol . . . 293^2

Early Times at Fort Winnebago, by Hon. Sat Clark 309-21

Recollections op Eleazer Williams, by Qen. A. G. Ellis 822-52

Additional Notes on Eleazer Williams, by Lyman C. Draper. 853-69
Early Exploration and Settlement op Juneau County, by

Hon. J. T. Kingston 370-410

poriion accidentally omitted 475-77

The Swiss Colony op New Glarus, by Hon. John Luclisinger.. 411-39

Additional Notes on New Glarus, by J. J. Tscliudy 440-45

Wisconsin Necrology, 1976-78, by Lyman C. Draper 446-74

Additions AND Corrections 475-77

General Index 478

Officers of toe Society, 18?7.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1877.

PRESIDENT:

Hon. ALEXANDER MITCHELL, Milwapkeb.

VICE. PRESIDENTS:

Bun.air S. Obton, LLC. Uidlioi
HonnA-i L. IliitTm. Qfceo Bdj;
Jjau T. Lewi*, LL.D., Colnmbi.

Bditt, E>q , Portigs Cltjr;
Joim a BocsTBiK, PUItByllle;
C. C. Waiiixcbii, LL.D. Madiion;

Hon. John F. Pottkr. GiitTroji Lika;
Sakukl MinsuiLi.. E>q., MllwinkM;
Uon. JouM T. Kii.otiTOB, SocedBh;
Hon. Sat. Clark, norlioD;
Hod. MohB* M. Bnto^ie, Hlgenl Point;
lion. Tiim. C, Pouxu, uhlppetn rftlU.
Gen. J. J. GfppKi, I'oruge Clirj
Frid, a. PEiuiixa. Eiq.. IIUTllDElon.

HONORAItV VICE PBESIDBKTS.

Bon. CtsIH ^

Bod. tiioaar

B«a. pEaKT U. BxiTii, llllnola;

Hob. Btbpuis Tatlou, Poiin»jl"«

Ban. A. C. Dounc. lova;

Bod. L. J. FinwKLL, Ult.ionrl.

fol. 8. V. Sun-UB,

K«v. R. M.IluDaEi, 1

Hon. PniLO White, LL.D., Kew Yoikj

Gun. EiEUH C. Buix, Kuurb.

Ccrreipmditig Secrrtary— LYMAN 0. DRAPER

Rteording Secretary— Cot.. F. H- FIRMIN.

Trtatur*r—Uos. A H. MAIN.

Zttrar/nn— DANIEL 8. DURHIE.

JMitlant Librarians — mm ISABEL DURRIE, L B. BUADLET.

1

fOUATOiiS.

SV (iJIfio.

Haiuusoh LnnrsoTOB

Ufn. PurEB DoTi...

Hun. Finn. Kciiia,

Go.orno

Secretary of Sin

«. sum Trcuiun.

'or Out Ttat.

for Two Ttar:

/■or rfirw FfOr..

OCD. D. AliTood.

Jia. D. Bntlsr. LL.D..

Gen. Simeon NII1*.

Pwif. 0. M, CoDOT.r.

S. H C«i..ntcr, LL.D.,

Uun. o™. B, amiih.

Bon. L. Filrchltd.

lion. J. D. Gnmeo,

OeD. G. P. D«liipUln«,

Hon. L. B Vllu,

N. B. V«n Hlyke.

Uou- Audiew Pr<.nd9t,

B- J. Blev.ii-,

C. P. fhipniBn,

lion. a. U. Plnney,

Pref, W. F. Mien,

Mb]. J. O. CQlv»f,

Pf Joteph IlDbblni,

Hon, n. A, T^msy.

l«.c Lrofl.

lion. E. W. Ksyet.

Unn. A. B BmtfT.

Frul J. B. PirklDcoD,

Don. 8- 1.. H..tlnBI,

Col. ThM. Itc^nold*.

riot. K. B. ADdarioD.

Hon. J. A. JohniuB.

J. U. HtUHU

8 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

Pvhlieatiom — Draper, Smith, Batler, S. H. Carpenter and Culver.

Auditing Accounts — Hastings, Allen, Firmin, Anderson and Chapaiaa.

Finance — Mills, Kuehn, Hastings, Van Slyke, Washburn.

Endowment — Orton, Washburn, Proudfit, Ludiugton, Mills, Van Slyke, Chap-
man, Burrows, Johnson, and Draper.

Literary Exchanges — Durrie, Firmin, Hobbins, Doyle, and Draper.

Cabinet — Lyon, Allen, Stevens, Keycs, Durrie, and S. D. Carpenter.

Natural History — Tenney, Ludington, Hobbins, Delaplaine, and Stevens.

Printing — S. D. Carpenter, Culver, Parkinson, and Key es.

Art Gallery — Stuart, S. H. Carpenter, Delaplaine, Mills, Vilas, Doyle, and
Reynolds.

Historical Narratives — Pinney, Fairchild, Orton, Tenney, and Draper.

Indian History and Nomenclature — Chapman, Butler, Allen, Stevens, Reynolds

Lectures and Essays — Buller, Conover, Parkinson, Durrie, and Anderson.

Soliciting Ccmmittee — Chapman, Hobbins, Braley, Kuehn, Proudfit, Johnson.

Annual Address — Smith, Pinney, Burrows, Fairchild, and Gurnee.

Membership Nominations — Mills, Chapman, Vilas, Gurnee, Proudfit, Stuart*

Library^ Purchase^ and Fixtures — Draper, Conover, and Durrie.

Pre Historic Antiquities of Wisconsin — Butler, Perkins, Allen, Conover, Braley

Obituaries — Atwood, Draper, Smith, Braley, and Tenney.

Officers op the Society -

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY — 1878.

ie«-Prettihnti — Hon. Ilitrlow 8. Ortoo, LL. D., HadUoa; Hoa. Morgan L.
Marlin, Green Bay; lion. James T. Lewis, LL. D., Columbus; Hon.
Jamet SulberUud, Janeaville; Hon. H. D. Barron, St Croii Falls;
Channcey C. Britt, Esq , Portage City; Hon. Joba H. Rountree, Platte.
Tille; Hon. Simeon Mills, Madison; Hon. J. F. Potter, East Troy Lake;
Samnel Marshall, Esq., Milwaukee; Hon. John T. Kin^csCon, Kcccdali;

^HoD. Sat. Clark, Horicon; Hon. Hoses H. Strong. Mineral Polot; Hon.
niad.C. Pound, Chippewa Falls; Hob. J. J. Ouppy, Portage City; Fred.
I, Perkina, Esq., Burliagton.
OMorarj/ Viet Pmtdtnit — Hon. Cyrus Woodman, Massachusells ; Hon.
George W. Bradford, New York; Hon. Peiry U. Smith, Illinois; Hon.
A. C. Dodge, lona; Hon. L. 'J. Farwull, Missouri ; YLoa. C. C. Trow-
bridfie, Michigan ; Charles Fairchild, Esq., MaasacUuaetts ; Col. S. V. Ship-
man, Illlnuls; Rev. R. M. Hodges. D. D., Mossacliusells ; Hoo. Puilo
■While, LL. D.. New York; Gen, Hiram C, Bull, Kansas; and one v».

CorrtMponding ffeoMiapV— Lyman C. Draper,

Jtecordiaff Sinrefary— Col. F. H. Firmin.

Treatvrer — Hon. A. H. Main.

Librarian — Daniel 3. Durrie.

A$tutant Librn riant — Whs Isabel Durrie and L S. Bradley.

Curator*, er-offirio'- Hon. W.E.^oihh, Governor; Hon. H. B. Wsrnet, Sec-
retary of Slate; Hon. Richard Quenther, State Treasurer; H.m. Aler.
Mitchell. Life Director.

Curator* far One Tair — James D. Butler, LL. D.; 3. H. Carpenter. LL. D.;
Hon. J. D. Gurnee, N. B. Vun Slyke. C. P. Chapman, Hon. H, U. Giles,
Isaac Lyon, Prof. J. B. Parkinson, lion. G. B. Burrowa, and Hon. J. A.
Johnson.

ForTmo FeaM — Hon. Geo. B. Smith, Gen. G. P. Delaplaiae, Hon. Andrew
Proudfii, Hon. 8. U. Pinney, Dr. Joseph Hohblns, Hon. E. W. Keyes,
Hon. 8. D. Hastings, J. R. Stuart, Huu. E. E. Bryant, and H. H. Bash-
ford.

JV Thru r*ir*— Gen. D. Alwood, Prof. O. M. Conover, Hon. L, Paifchild,
Hon. L. B. Vilas, B. J. Stevens, Prof. W. F. Allen, Hon. H. A. Tenney
Hon, A. B. Braley, Coi. Thomas Reynolds, tod Prof. B. B. ADdorson.
2— ST.niB.8oo.

10 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

Library^ Purchases and Fixtures — Gov. Wm. E. Smitb, Warner, Guenther,
CoQOver and Barrows.

Legislative Conference Committee — Keyes, Pinney, Giles, Orton, Braley and
Atwood.

Publication — Draper, G. B. Smith, Butler, Carpenter and Atwood.

Auditing Accounts — Mills, Allen, Flrmia, Anderson and Chapman.

Finance — Hastings, Guenther, Van Slyke and Washburn.

Endowment — Orion, Yl2i%\\\i\xru, Proudfit, W. E. Smith, Mills, Van Slyke,
Chapman, Burrows, Johnson, Atwood and Giles.

Literary Exchanges — Durrie, Firmin, Bobbins and Warner.

Cabinet — Lyon, Allen, Stevens, Keyes and Durrie.

Natural History — Tenney, Bobbins, Delaplaine and Stevens.

Printing — Parkinson, Keyes and Bashford.

^W G^a/^ry — Stuart, Carpenter, Delaplaine, W. E. Smith, Vilas, Reynolds
and Bryant.

Historical Narratives — Pinney, Orton, Tenney, Keyes and Proudfit.

Indian History and Nomenclature — Chapman, Butler, Allen, Stevens and
Reynolds.

Lectures and Essays — Parkinson, Butler, Conover, Durrie and Anderson.

/Soliciting Committee — Chapman, Bobbins, Braley, Giles, Proudfit and John-
son.

Annual Address — G. B. Smith, Pinney, Burrows, Braley and Gumee.

Membership Nominations — Bashford, Chapman, Vilas, Gurnee, Bryant and
Stuart.

Pre-Htstoric Antiquities — Butler, Peikins, Allen, Conover and Giles.

Obituaries — Atwood, Draper, G. B. Smith, Braley and Tenney.

Officers of the Society — 1879. 11

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY— 1879.

PRESIDENT :

Hon. C. C. WASHBURN, LL. D.

Vice Presidents — Hon. Harlow S. Orton, LL. D., Madison; Hon. Morgan L,
Martin, Green Bay; Ilun. James T. Lewis, LL. D., Columbus; Hon.
James Sutherland, Janesville; Hon. H. D. Barron, St. Croix Falls;
Chauncy C. Britt, Esq., Portage City ; Hon. John H. Rountree, PlattevlUe ;
Hon. Simeon Mills, Madison; Hon. J. F. Potter, East Troy Lake; Samuel
Marshall, Esq., Milwaukee; Hon. John T. Kingston, Necedah ; Hon. Sat.
Clark, Horicon; Hon. Moses M. Strong, Mineral Point; Hon. Thad. C.
Pound, Chippewa Falls; Hon. J. J. Quppy, Portage City; Fred. S. Per-
kins, Esq., Burlington.

Honorary Vice Presidents — Hon. Cyrus Woodman, Massachusetts ; Hon. Greo.
W. Bradford, New York; Hon. Perry H. Smith, Illinois; Robt. Clarke,
Ohio; Hon. A. C. Dodge, Iowa; Hon. L. J. Farwell, Missouri; Hon. C.
0. Trowbridge, Michigan; Chas. Fairchild, Massachusetts; Col. S. V.
Sbipman, Illinois; Hon. Philo White, LL. D., New York; Gen. Hiram

C. Bull, Kansas; Dr. Samuel H. Hunt, Newton, N. J.

Corresponding Secretary — Lyman C. Draper.

Becarding Secretary — Coh F. H. Firmin.

Treasurer — Hon. A. H. Main.

Librarian — Daniel 8. Durrie.

Curators, ex-offlcio -- Ron. W. E. Smith, Governor; Hon. H. B. Warner, Secre-
tary of State; Hon. Richard Guenther, State Treasurer; Hon. Alex.
Mitchell, Life Director.

JPVw 0ns Tear— Bon. Geo. B.Smith, Gen. G. P. Delaplalne, Hon. Andrew
Proudfit, Hon. 8. U. Pinney, Dr. Joseph HobbiDS, Hon. E. W. Keyes,
Hon. 8. D. Hastings, Geo. Raymer, Hon. E. E. Bryant and R. M. Bash-
ford.

JTorTwo Tears — Gen. David Atwood, Prof. O. M. Conover, LL. D.,Hon. L.
Fairchild, Hon. L. B. Vilas, B. J. Stevens, Prof. W. F. Allen, Hon. H. A.
Tcnney, Hon. A.B. Braley, Col. Thomas Reynolds and Prof. R. B. Ander-

80D.

J'or Three F«ir«— James D. Butler, LL. D., Hon. B. E. Hutchinson, Hon. J.

D. Gumee, N. B. Van Slyke, C. P. Chapman, Hon. H. H. Giles, Isaac
Lyon, Prof. J. B. Parkinson, Hon. G. B. Burrows and Hon. J. A. John-
acn.

12 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

Library^ PureJuuet and Fixtures — Gov. W. E. Smith, Warner, Guenther,
Conover and Barrows.

Legiilative Conference Committee — Kejes, Mills, Pinnej, Giles, Braley and
Atwood.

Publication — Draper, G. B. Smith, Butler, Anderson and Atwood.

Auditing Accounts — Mills, Allen, Firmin, Anderson and Chapman.

Finance — Hastings, Guenther, Van Slyke and Washburn.

Endowment — Orion, Washburn, Proudflt, W. E.Smith, Mills, Van Slyke,
Chapman, Burrows, Johnson, Atwood and Giles.

Literary Exchangee — Durrie, Firmin, Hobbins and Warner.

Cabinet — Lyon, Allen, Stevens, Eeyes and Durrie.

Natural History — Tenney, Hobbins, Delaplaine and Stevens.!

Printing — Parkinson, Raymer and Bashford.

Art Gallery — Delaplaine, W. E. Smith, Yilas, Reynolds, Bryant and
Raymer.

Historical Narratives — Pinney, Orton, Tenney, Proudflt and Hutchinson.

Indian History and Nomenclature — Chapman, Butler, Allen, Stevens and
Reynolds.

Lectures and Essays — Parkinson, Butler, Conover, Durrie and Hutchinson.

Soliciting Committee — Chapman, Hobbins, Braley, Giles, Proudflt and John-
son.

Annual Address — G. B. Smith, Pinney, Burrows, Braley and Gurnee.

Membership Nominations — Bashford, Chapman, Vilas, Gurnee, Bryant and
Mills.

PreHistoric Antiquities — BxiXXet, Perkins, Allen, Conover and Giles.

Obituaries —.Atwood, Draper, G. B. Smith, Braley and Tenney.

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THB

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT.

Submitted January 2, 1877.

The first five years of the Society's existence was merely a
nominal one. From its re-organization in January, 185-i, its real
efficiency dates. After twelve years efforts and accumulations,
the Society removed into our present spacious apartments, appro-
priately fitted up for its occupancy in the new Capitol building ;
having, during that period, issued four volumes of Collections,
and gathered a Library of over twenty-one thousand volumes and
pamphlets — exhibiting an annual increase of a little short of
eighteen hundred volumes and pamphlets. During the eleven
years since our removal into these comfortable quarters, the
average annual increase has been four thousand, four hundred
and forty-two books and pamphlets — making the present strength
of the Library over seventy thousand volumes and pamphlets.
Three additional volumes of Collections have, within this period,
been issued, and three volumes of Catalogues of the Library.

In a new State like ours, with but few men of wealth to foster
and endow such institutions, this growth will be regarded as alike
creditable to the management of the Society, and the enlightened
liberality of the Legislature of the State, well seconded by the suc-
cessive Governors, and other State officers. This recognition of
State aid and fostering care is justly due to the peopleof Wiscon-
sin and their Legislative and Executive representatives, unflag-
gingly extended to the Society through every period, in adver-
sity as well as in prosperity. There is nowhere on record an

14 Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

iastance of public assistance, to the same extent, to any similar
association in this or any other country.

FINANCIAL condition — BINDING FUND.

The Treasurer's report shows the receipts of the year into the
General Fund, including the small balance of the previous year,
to have been $5,001.87; and the disbursements, $4,987,62, leav-
ing a balance of $14.25.

The Binding Fund has received but two donations during the
year — one ot forty dollars, to complete the payment of a pledge
of fifty dollars, from Hon. G. W. Bradford ; and one of twenty dol-
lars from Eev. R M. Hodges, D. D., — his fifth annual con-
tribution of that amount; both of these generous friends of the
Society, residing beyond our borders, are numbered among our
Honorary Vice Presidents, and have attained the venerable age
of four score years. Would that their example might provoke
others to similar acts of benevolence.

Duplicate books sold during the year have amounted to
$329.70; accrued interest, $295.23; annual membership dues, net
$47.05; — thus showing an addition of $731.98, and making; the
total present amount of this important fund, $4,800.41.

The section of land on the western borders of Texas, set apart
for this Fund by the late Hon. John Catlin, has not yet become
marketable ; and several years may elapse before its sale can be
judiciously effected, owing to the liability of that exposed fron-
tier to raids of plundering parties of Mexicans and Indians.
This thoughtful provision on the part of Mr. Catlio, who made
the first contribution to this Fund, in 1867, will eventually prove
quite a creditable addition to this important object His worthy
relict, Mrs. Catlin, manifests an anxious solicitude to carry into
eflfect this long cherished purpose of her departed husband.

This Binding Fund is a matter of too much importance to the
Society, its Library and its thousands of readers, to languish for
want of interest Ten years have elapsed since this Fund was
commenced, and during all this time we had necessarily to draw
upon the General Fund for the very scant amount of binding we
have been forced to pfocura Our twenty-five thousand unbound
pamphlets, and large accumulations of unbound manuscripts,

Twkkty-Thibd Annual Eepobt.

15

books, review3 and magazines, need to be properly bound alike
for their better preservation, and convenience for reference pur-
poses. A little earnest effort would, doubtless, secure sufficient
pledges, payable annually, for five successive years, without inter-
est, to render this Fund adequate to the object in view ; so that,
only using its income, it would ever after prove a permanent
source of usefulness to the Society.

LIBRARY ADDITIONS.

During the past year,lhe library additions have been 2,826 vol-
umes, of which 1,482 were acquired by purchase, 600 by donation
and 738 by binding, and 2,336 pamphlets — of which 1,358 were
secured by donation, 978 by purchase, and 64 mounted from news-
paper clippings. Of the book additions, 175 volumes were folios,
91 quartos; increasing the number of folios in the Library to
2,389, and the quartos to 2,949, and both to 5,338.

PROGRESSIVE LIBRARY INCREASE.

The past and present condition of the Library is shown in the
following table :

Date.

1854, Jan. 1

1855, Jan. 2

1856, Jan.l

1857, Jan. 6

1858, Jan.l

1859, Jan. 4

1860, Jan.8

1861, Jan. 2

1862, Jan. 2

1868, Jan. 2

1864, Jan. 2

1865, Jan.8

1866, Jan.2

1867, Jan.8

1868, Jan. 4

1869, Jan.l

1870, Jan. 4

1871, Jan.8

1872, Jan.2

1873, Jan.2

Jo I Y, V an. ^•. ...•••... ... • •

1875, Jan.2

1876, Jan. 4

1877, Jan.2

ToUl

Volumes
added.

50

1,000

1,065

1,005

1,024

1.107

1,800

837

610

544

248

520

808

923

5,462

2,838

923

1,970

1,211

2,166

1,852

1,945

2,a51

2,820

Documents

and
Pamphlets.

1,000

2,000

800

059

500

723

1,134

711

2,373

856

220

806

2,811

1,043

682

6,240

1,372

3,7»9

1.528

1,178

1,186

1,764

2,336

Both
together.

85.139

35.017

50
2.000
3,065
1.305
1,983
1,607
2,523
1,971
1.821
2,917
604
746
1,174
3.784
6,505
8,520
7,163
3.342
5,000
3,694
3.030
3,181
4,615
5,156

Total

in
Library.

70, 156

50
2,050
5.115
0,420
8,408
10,010
12.538
14.504
15,825
18.742
19.346
20,092
21,266
25.000
31.505
35. 0.^5
42.188
45,530
50.530
54,224
57.254
60.885
65.000
70,156

16 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

principal book additions

English and Continental History and Literature, — History of the^
Holy War, 1647, folio, 1 vol. ; Sammes' Britannica Antiqua, 1676,
folio, 1 vol. ; Raleigh's History of the World, 1736, folio, 2 vols.;
London Registers and Calendars, 1755-1807, 26 vols. ; Chevalier
Johnstone's Rebellion of 1745, 1 vol.; Bulletins of European
Campaigns, 1793-1826, 30 vols. ; Chronicles of England. 13 vols. ;
Guizot's History of France, 6 vols. ; Monumenta Anglicana, 5
vols. ; Humboldt's New Spain, 4 vols. ; Duyckinck's History of
the World, 4 vols. ; Almon's Correspondence, 5 vols. ; Vernon's
Letters of the Reign of William III, 3 vols. ; Molesworth's History
of England, 3 vols. ; Goodrich's History of England, 3
vols. ; Southey's West Indies, 3 vols. ; English Miscell-
aneous Pamphlets, 12 vols. ; Moule's English Counties, 2
vols. ; Wilson's Pre Historic Scotland, 2 vola ; Goodman's
Social History of Great Britain, 2 vols. ; Collier's Shakspeare's
Library and Notes and Emendations to Shakspeare, 3 vols. ;
Stevens' Catalogue of American books in British Museum, 2 vols. ;.
and the following works, one volume each : Smith's Assurban-
ipal from Cuneiform Inscriptions, Tucker's Devonshire Pedigrees,
Memoirs of James Fillans, the sculptor, a richly illustrated work
presented by his daughter. Miss. Fillans, Brockett's Glossary of
North Country Words, Howard's Revelations of Egyptian Myster-
ies, Nicolas' History of Battle of Agincourt, Stevens' John and
Sebastian Cabot, Dyers' Pompeii, Dudley's Noology, Major's
Select Letters of -Columbus, Pownall's Study of Antiquities,.
Pownalls Antiquarian Romances, Pethrani's Anglo-Saxon Litera-
ture, and History of the Feuds and Clans of Scotland.

Works on Science^ etc, — Wilkes' Exploring Expedition, in folio
and quarto, bound in Turkey morocco, 26 vols., from the State,
through the courtesy of Gov. Ludington ; Philadelphia Journal of
Medical and Physical Science. 8 vols. ; Prichard's Researches into
the Phj'sical History of Mankind, 5 vols. ; Prichard's Eastern
Origin of Celtic Nations, 1 vol. ; Audubon's Quadrupeds of N.
A., 3 vols. ; Transactions of the Royal Society. 4 vols. ; Smith-
sonian Contributions, 2 vols. ; Medical and Anthropological
Statistics, 2 vols. ; Falconer's Paleontological Memoirs, 2 vols. ;.

Twenty-Third Annual Eeport. 17

Eafinesque's Fluviatile Bivalve Shells of the Ohio, and Medical
Flora, 2 vols. ; Morton's Types of Mankind, and Crania iEgjptica,
2 vols.; and the following in single volumes > Hayes' Open
Polar Sea, Catalogue of Antiquities in the Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland, International Pre-flistoric Congress, Catlin's
Uplifted and Subsided Eocks, Cuvier*s Revolutions of the
Globe's Surface, Flouran's History of the Discovery of the Circu-
lation of the Blood, Hayden's Geographical Survey of Colorado,
etc., Worthen's Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. 6, Simpson's
Exploration of the Great Basin of Utah, and Wheeler s Geograph-
ical Surveys in the West

American History and Literature, — Lafitau's Hist, of Discover-
ies in New World, 4 vols. ; Hazard's Historical Collection of
State Paperp, 1792, 2 vols, quarto ; Burgoyne's Campaign, quarto,
1780; CoL Laurens' Correspondence, 1777-78 ; Hist, of Lite War,
1774 ; O'Callaghan's Jesuit Relations, 1632-72 ; Caryon's Jesuites
of Canada ; Shea's Captivity of Jogues ; Shea's American Lin-
guistics ; Ferland's Hist. Canada, 2 vols. ; Beatty's Two Months'
Tour, 1768; Details of Particular Servicer, 1776-79; Journals of
Old Congress, 1774-88, 13 vola ; Journals of Congress, 1789-93,
6 vols. ; Benezet's Observations on American Indians, 1784 ;
Loudon's Indian Wars, 2 vols.; Murray's Travels in America, 2
vols. ; Guthrie's Geography, 1809 ; Buckingham Smith's Career
of Hernando De Soto; Illustrations of Revolutionary History,
scraps, mounted, 2 vols. ; Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, 2
vols. ; Yan Home's Hist, of Army of Cumberland, 3 vols. ;
Schmucker's Hist of Civil War, 2 vols. ; K Y. Hist Soc. Col-
lections, 2 vols. ; Clark's Naval Hist of the \J, S., 3 vols. ; Force's
National Calendar, 6 vols. ; Bancroft's Hist U. S., revised ed'n,
6 vols. ; Thomas' Hist of Printing, revised e Jition, 2 vols ; Tut-
tle and Durrie's Histories of Iowa and Wisconsin, 2 vols.; Provincial
Papers of New Hampshire, 6 vols. ; Pennsylvania Hist Society
Bulletin, 1845-46 ; Macaulay's Hist of New York, 3 vols. ;
Jacque's Relation ; Sharan's Adventures ; Roberts' Florida ; Wil-
letts Memoir; Wheaton's Northmen in America; Stone's Remi-
niscences of Saratoga ; Binney s Inquiry into the Formation of
Washington's Farewell Address ; Wright's Sketches of Plymouth,

18 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Pa. ; Holden's Hist, of Queensbury, N. Y. ; Raum's Hist of
Trenton, N. J. ; Journal of Claude Blanchard, 1780-82 ; Potter's
Mil. Hist, of N. H. ; Gleig's Campaigns against Washington, Bal-
timore, and New Orleans, 1814-15 ; Auchinlek's Hist of War of
1812; Silliman's Tour to Quebec; Roys Hist of Canada; Mar-
shairs Hist of the Colonies ; Murphy's Anthology of New Nether-
lands ; Reavis* Hist of St Louis ; NewhalFs Iowa, 18-11 ; Barnes'
Centenary Hist of U. S, ; Hieroglyphic Geography of the U.
S. ; Pickering's Orthography of Indian Languages ; Harrisse's
Bibliotheca Americana, additions, folio ; Mrs. Hammond's Hist
of Madison Co., N. Y. ; Pennsylvania Archives, second series ;
Comstock*s American Antiquities ; Bossu's New Voyages ; Mc-
Culloh's Researches on America; McMasiers Hist of Steuben
Co., N. Y. ; Perrott's Memoire; Quebec Literary and Hist So-
ciety Transactions ; Indian Treaty at Philadelphia ; Bradford's
Hist of Mass. ; Duponceau's Indian Grammar ; Hist of Capture
of Louisburg; Hosack's Life of Clinton; BondueUs Indian Mis-
sions in Wisconsin, 2 vols. ; Whitford's Sketch of Education in
Wisconsin; Carpenter's History of Wisconsin, University;
Chapin's Sketches of Wisconsin Colleges; Salisbury's Sketch of
Wisconsin Normal Schools; Davies' Sketch of the Wisconsin
Academy of Arts, Science and Letters ; Butler's Sketch of the
Wisconsin Historical Society; Wisconsin at the Centennial;
Wisconsin History and Topography, prepared by D. S. Durrie, in
six MS. folio vols. — of great value to writers on our State, and
the result of much painstaking inquiry and research.

Periodical Literature, — American Magazine, 1744, 1 vol. ; New
American Magazine, 1758-60, 2 vols. ; Weekly Magazine, 1768-
75, 13 vols. ; Royal Magazine, 1759, 1 vol. ; Town and Country
Magazine, 1771 and 1779, 2 vols. ; St James' Magazine, 1774, 1
vol. ; Boston Magazine, 1785, 1 vol. ; American Magazine, 1787- ,
88, 1 vol. : New England Quarterly, 1802, 3 vola ; The Med-
ley, 1803, 1 vol. ; Latter Day Luminary, 1818, 1 vol. ; TJ. S. Lit-
erary Gazette, 1824-26, 3 vols. ; Worcester's Talisman, 1828-29,
1 vol. ; Mechanics' Magazine, 1830, 1 vol. ; People's Magazine,
1833, 1 vol. ; American Magazine, 1835, 2 vols. ; Literary Rec-
ord, 18t4-48, 4 vols. ; Graham's Magazine, 14 vols. ; The Athen-

Twenty-Third Annual Beport. 19

»am, 22 vols. ; The Zoist, a Physiological Journal, 13 vols. ;
Quarterly Review, 9 vols. ; Harper's Magazine, 6 vols. ; Living
-Age, 6 vols. ; Unitarian Miscellany, 6 vols. ; Godey^s Lidy's
Book, 5 vola ; Brit Quarterly Review, 5 vols. ; Southern Baptist
Missionary Journal, 5 vols. ; The Old and New, 3 vols. ; Banker's
Magazine, 8 vols. ; New Mirror of L'terature, 3 vols. ; American
Monthly, 3 vols. ; North American Review, and Index, 8 vols. ;
Knickerbocker Magazine, 2 vols. ; Historical and Genealogical
Register, 2 vols. ; American Review and Literary Journal, 2 vols. ;
Atlantic Monthly, 2 vols. ; Mass. Missionary Magazine, 2 vols. ;
and the following, one volume each : Americin Quarterly Reg-
ister, Wonderful Magazine, Historical Magazine, Southern Liter-
ary Messenger, Register and Magazine of Biography, Antiquarian
and General Review, American Bibliopolist, American Book-
seller, Virginia Literary Museum, N. Y. Portrait Monthly,
American Apollo, Kendall's Expositor, Cobbett's Register, Mili-
tary Magazine, N. Y. Genealogical Record, News Letier, and N.
Y. Missionary Magazine.

Bound NeiL'spaper Files. — The additions to this department
have been large and valuable, as the followiog list sufficiently

attests :

VoU.

London Journal and True Briton, 1720-28 1

Sonth Carolina Gazette, etc., 1723-35 1

New England Journal, 1739-49 1

New York GazeUe and Post ^y, 1749-50 1

Pennsylvania Journal, 1750-52 1

South Carolina Gazette, 1753 ^ 1

London Chronicle, 1757-64 8

Pennsylvania Gazette, 1764 1

New York Chronicle, 1769 1

London Chronicle. 177 1-78 3

Pennsylvania Journal, 1772-17:4 2

The Crisis, 1775-76 1

Pennsylvania Gazette, 1776 1

Pennsylvania Ledger, 1776 1

Pennsylvania Journal, 1777-79 1

New Hampshire Gazette, 1784-86 1

Columbian Centinel, 1794 1

London Register, 1802-5 1

»alem Register, 1802-5 1

Boston Gazette, 1805 1

London Traveler, 1805 1

Various Newspap rs, 1806-8 2

Boston Weekly Messenger, 1812-30 9

Boston Gazette. 1813-15 2

American Weekly Messenger, 1814-15 1

Boston Evening Gazette. 1814-17 2

Boston Intelligencer, 1817 1

20 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

VoU.

New England Galaxy, 1817-18 1

Various Newspapers, 1818 1

Louisiana Advertiser, 1820 1

Boston Recorder, 1820-31 8

Portland Mirror, 1822-23 1

The Minerva, 1822-24 2

Columbian Centinel, 1824 1

American Traveler, 1825-27 %

Le Roy Gazette, 1827-28 1

New England Palladium, 1828 1

The Friend, 1828-75 15

Dover Unitarian Monitor. 1831-33 1

Independent Chronicle, 1832 1

New York Observer, 1833-34 1

Boston Pearl, 1835-36 1

Wisconsin Territorial papers, 1836-38. 1

Boston Transcript, 1842-50 8

Galena Jefifersonian, 1845-46 1

Boston Mail, 1846 1

Boston Advertiser, 1846-68 6

Boston Pilot, 1850-52 2

Waukesha Democrat, 1851-54 3

Willis* Current Notes, 1851-57 7

Boston Courier, 1855-61 S

Boston Bee, 1856 1

London Examiner, 1858 1

Christian Register, 1800-61 1

Southern Recorder, 1864-72 3

Woman^s Journal, 1871 1

Christian Witness. 1871 1

Rural New Yorker, 1 873 1

Prairie Farmer and Union, 1873 1

Cincinnati Gazette, 1873-74 2

Railr. ad Gazette, 1873-75 3

Kentucky Library Paper, 1873-74 1

The Nation, 1874-75 4

New York World, 1874-75 3

New York Tribune, 1874-75 8

Chicago Tribune, 1874-75 4

Chicago Times, 1875 2

Paten t Office Gazette, 1875 1

Wisconsin Centennial Papers, 1876 4

Wisconsin Daily and Weekly papers, 1875-76 54

Total 203

Twenty-seven voluni,es of these newspaper additions pertain to
the last century — the richest addition, of that period, the Society
has ever made in a single year ; making the total in the Library
of the 17th century 62 vols.; of the 18th, 361 ; of the present cen-
tury, 2,247 — grand total, 2,670.

The number of periodicals now received by the Society is 195,
three less than last year; of which 3 are published quarterly, 12
monthly, 168 weekly, 2 semi-weekly, and 10 daily. Of these, 166
are published in Wisconsin, evincing the continued interest of the

idois and publishers of our State in this invaluable department

Twenty-Third Annual Ebport.

of historical literature. About fifty years of unbound papers,
mostly of Milwaukee, from 1845 to 1875, have been revived from
the estate of the late Dr. I. A. Laphani — valuable for the corapla-
IJonof the Society's Wisconsin files; and, from the same source,
the Society is largely indebted for a generous donation of books
and pamphlets. Fifty-four volumes of unbound papers, of vari-
ous years, from 1809 to 1875, hiive been received, on exchange
account, from the Boston Public Library. Other serials have been
received, and laid aside for binding.

To the Map and Atlas Department have been added : Ohio
County Atlasedof Ashland, Butler, Champaign, CUrk, Crawford,
Guernsey, Licking, Logan, Medina, Morrow, Muskingum, Ottawa,
Richland and Shelby ; HlEtorical Alias of the Globe, including
Alias of Wood Co., Ohio; Anderson's Map of Ohio, ISil, on
rollers ; Doolittle & Munson's Map of Ohio, 1S38, on rollen) ; Map
of Loraine Co., Ohio, on rollers ; Map of Wyandotte Co., Ohio, on
rollers ; Map of Ameiica, 1722, sheet form, folio; De Lisle's Map
of Louisiana, 1718, sheet form; De Lisle's Map ot Canada and
New France, 1703, sheet form ; Map of Louisiana and the Missis-
sippi River, 1718, folio, sheet form; Bradley's Map of the United
States, 180-1 — these obtained by purchase. Miscellaneous State
and other maps, some in sheets and some in covers, from Dr. Lap-
ham's estate, 52 in number; Australian map, in sheet form,
from Hon. S. D. Hastings ; mounted map of Eau Claire, from the
city of Eau Claire, per R F, Wilson ; Keeler's National Map oE
United States Territories, from Hon. S. D. Hastings ; maps and
views accompanying message and documents of third session of
34th Congress, from Hon. S. D. Hastings ; map and profile of Erie
Canal, 1817, from Cbarles Lapham; map of the United States,
1876, on rollers, purchased. These additions, seventy-two in
number, increase the Maps and Atlases to 648.

To summarize the Library additions: Bound newspaper files,
203; Magazines and Reviews, 172; British Patent Olltce Reports,
117; American Patent Office Reports, 1-1; European History and
Literature, 200 ; Travels and .Voyages, 30 ; American history ia
general, State and local histories, 133; Revolutionary War, 28;
War of 1812, 11 ; Mexican and Indian wars, 8 ; Civil war o£

22 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

1861-65, 67 ; Archfleology and Antiquities, 27 ; Indians and cap-
tivities, 86 ; Government explorations and expeditions, 33 ; Gov-
ernment documents and reports, 66 ; on Politics and Government,
27 ; Banking and Currency, 14 ; Columbus and his Discoveries, 15 ;
Mexico and South America, 12 ; Canada and British Provinces,
41; Cyclopedias, 15 ; Directories, 105 ; Eegisters and Almanacs,
42; Wisconsin Documents, 16; Eeports, Journals and Docu-
ments of other States, 133; Biography, 115; Bibliography, 22;
Bound Atlases, 15 ; Historical and Learned Societies, 15 ; Gene-
alogies, 37 ; Law and Law Literature, 20 ; Science and Natural
History, 24; Education and Philology, 22; Medical works, 24;
Eeligious History and Literature, 110; Masonic works, 7; Shak-
spearean Literature, 4; Poetry and Fiction, 14; unclassified, 14.

These additions of the year have been most important; secured
among other sources, from the rich collections of Hon. Thos. H.
Pield and the late Samuel G. Drake — the largest ever made on
Indian historv and literature ; and also from the collections of the
late Hon. Thomas H. Wynne, of Virginia, and Capt. Wm. F.
Goodwin, of New Hampshire, both efficiently connected with the
Historical Societies of their respective states. These four rich
collections, thrown upon the market, enabled our Society to secure
many rare and important works, serving to fill up many a gap in
our several departments.

Our newspaper files have received an unusually large increase —
many invaluable ones of the last century, from 1720 to 1794,
most of which it would be impossible to duplicate. Our depart-
ment of Directories, so important in tracing names for genealogical
purposes, has received a large acquisition ; and the same may be
said of our Indian and American historical departments, as well
as our collections on Science, Bibliography, Genealogy, Maga-
zines and Reviews, State Documents, Maps and Atlases. The
valuable work on Wilkes' Exploring Exhibition, with all its illus-
trative maps and drawings, finds a fitting place in our Library,
transferred from the Executive Rooms, through Gov. Ludington's
courtesy and kindness. Mr. Durrie's fine contribution of six un-
published folio volumes on Wisconsin history and topography,
deserves, as it should receive, a special recognition.

Twenty-Third Annual Report.

23

DONORS OF BOOKS AND PAMPAHLKTS.

Books,
2
2

•••••■••

Albany Institute

Allen, W.F

Appleton, W. S

Armstrong, W. S

Astor Library

Atwood, Gen. D

Barron, Hon. II. D 8

Barton, E. M 3

Baxter J U. (Provost Marshars Bureau) 2

Beloit College

B rryinan,'J. K 1

Bodley, Miss R. C

Boston Public Library 82

Bradlee, Rev. CD

Bradley, I. S

British Government IIT

Brooklyn Mercantile Library

Buck, Jamps 8 .'

Bunker Hill Monument Association

Bulterfield.C W

Carpenter, Dr. J. H

Carr, Hon. E. 8

Case, L. B.. ..

rase,F. W

Cheever, Hon. D. G

Chicago & N. W. Railway

Clark, John A

Clarke, Robert

Clement, John

Coast Survey Bureau

Col burn, Jeremiah

Colt, Mrs. Samuel ,

Crawford, Rev. William

Crosby, N

Cudmore, P

I'urry, Rev. J L M

Davenpor' Academy Nat. fc'cience .

Davis, W.B

DePeystf r G«n. J. W

Draper, L. C

Draper, Solomon

Durrie, D. S

Ellis, Gen. A. G

Fillans, MisaW

Fish, Hon. H., Secretary of State. .

Fo8ter,E. J

Ga'rison, W. P., Nation Office....

Gasparin, Countess De

Georgia Historical Society

Goss^E. H

Gould, S.C

Gray, Alfred

Green, Dr. S. A

Hammond, Mrs. L. M

Hartranft, Gov. J. F

Hastings, Hon. S. D

Hawkins, R. C

Heyl, Lewis 1

Hills, L.B

Hurton, George F 1

Pamph,
2
8
1
1
1
2

1
1

•

1
1

1
1
1
1

•

2

1

1
1

6
1
1
4
1
83
2

3
8
1

1
14

* . . •

....

....

1
1
1

2

1

16
16

1

} m

1

3
1

2
5
1
1
3

288

• •

1
1

• •

05

5
1

• •
6

• • • • • •

• ■ ■ • • •

• • • • • •

• • • ■ • •

• • • • • •

• • • • • •

• • • • • •

• • • • ■ •

• • • • • •

24: Wisconsin State Historical Society.

BoQJa, PampK

Hoyt,Dr. J. W 1

Humphrey, Gen. A. A 5

Illinois, Sedretary of State 1

Indianapolis Public Library 1

logalls^E. S 1

Irish, Rev. J. E 1

James, T. P 1

Lapham^ S. G 1

Lapham, I. A., heirs of. 26 ....1378

Lay, J. H 1

Library of Congress 1 .... 1

Linn, Hon. John B 1

Litllejobn, P. J 1

Loughridge, W. B 2

Ludington, Hon. H 1

Lyman, Theodore 1

Lyon, Isaac 1

Mann, Charles 2

Maryland Hist. Society 2

JuCV^r&m, xiou. jjL. Xv ...•• •..*•*■..■••*.■■•■•...•• .. •.•• v

Massachusetts, Board of Education 1

Massachusetts, Board of Health 1

Massachusetts, Hist Society 1

Massachusetts, Sec. of State 21

Michigan State Library 1

Miller, D.J 1

Miller, Rev. W. G 1

Minnesota Hist. Society 8

Missouri, Sec. of State 75

Munsell, Joel 15

Newberry, Prof. J. S 1

Nesbit. James.... 2

New England Historic-Genealogical Society 2

New Hampshire, State Library, 5

New York,' Mercantiln Library 1

New York, Regents of the University. . .« 6

Nicodemus, Prof. W. J. L * 1

Pardee, O. S 8

Parker, Hon. C. D 1

Parvin, T. 8 8

Paten t Office, Washington U

Peabodv Institute 2

Peck, Mrs. R 1

Pennsylvania, Board Pub. Charities 1

Pennsylvania Hifit Society 2

Perry,Rev. Dr. W. 8 13

Poole, W. P 1

Putney, Maj. F. H 8

Quincy, Miss E. 8. • • • • 1

Quincy, Edmund 1

Quincy, Josiab 2

Quincy Public Library 1 ••«.

Quincy, S. M 1

Reeve,Dr.J.T 1

Reynolds, Rev. 8 8

Rodgers, Com. C. R. P • 1

Rollins, John R 1

8aftell,C.C 16 .... 56

Salisbury, Prof. A 1

Searing, Hon. Edward 4

Secretary of the Interior, Washington 40 .... 4

Shipman, Col. 8. y 8 .... 80

. . ■ * •

.... • .

.... . .

• . • . • .

.... • .
■ • • . ■ •

• . ■ a * .

• • • • . .

• • • • • .

• • • • . ■

Twenty-Third Annual Report. 26

Bookt. PampK.

OllUUlSi V • X«« ••••• ••••••■•••••••••••••••••••••••• •• ■■•• X

•SlttUKUiCJi V/Vl> TY • D ••••• ••••••••••• •■•••••••••• •• •••• X

Smithsonian Institute 4

Solberg, T. C 28

^tarbuck, A 2

Starbuck, W.S 8

Starr, Elisha , 1

Sterling, Prof. J. W 1

Stone & Cramer 1

Stone, liev. E. M • .... 1

Tonney, Hon. H. A 21 ... 7

Thomas, Mrs. M. Louise 4

Thomson, Peter G 1

Toner, Dr. J. M 1

Towne, W. B 1

Tuttle, Charles R 2

Unknown 1

Vaill, C. D 1

Yanslyke, N. B 1

Vermont Historical Society 1

Vermont State Library 5

Vilas, Dr. C. H 1

Went worth, Hon. J 1

Whittlesey, Col. Charles 2

Williams, J 1

Wisconsin, from State 54 .... 12

Wisconsin Centennial Commission 5

Yohn, Albert B 1

ART GALLERY.

Seven portraits, in oil, have been added to the Gallery. One of
Alexander J. Irwin, an early Green Bay pioneer, painted by C.
W. Heyd, in gilt frame, from his widow, Mrs. Frances Irwin ;
Gen. A. G. Ellis, painted by his daughter, presented by the Gen-
eral; Richard H. Magoon, an early Wisconsin pioneer, who
shared in the Black Hawk War, and was the first person in Wis-
consin to suggest the formation of a Historical Society ; Elisha
Starr, a Milwaukee pioneer of 1836, presented by Mr. Slarr; Gen.
Wm. L. rJtley, painted by Alfred Payne, in gilt frame, from Gen.
Utley ; the late Dr. Geo. R McLane, of Waukesha, painted by
S. M. Brookes, deposited by Chief Justice Ryan ; portrait of 0.
S. Rafinesque, the naturalist, purchased. Also a photograph of
Timothy Johnson, the first settler of Watertown, from Mrs. D,
W. Ballou ; photograph of Gen. John A Sutter, the pioneer dis-
coverer of gold in California, from A. Manges, Esq.

There are now one hundred and six oil paintings in the Art
Gallery.

8— St. His. Soo.

26 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

additions to the cabinet.

AniiquUies, — A copper spear, with a barb near the point, the-
only of the kind in the Society's collection, found in Fond du Lac
Cbunty, from G. DeNevue ; a copper chisel, ten inches long, bev-
elled on one side, a fine specimen ; a small copper axe, a small
fiint arrowhead, and a stone implement, five inches wide and ten
long, perhaps a breast plate, all found in a mound near Lake
Chetek, Barron County, from Hon. Wm. Wilson : a copper spear,
large size, splendid specimen, from Mons Anderson, La Crosse ;.
two flint spear-heads, found two miles south-west of Monroe,
Green County, twenty-one feet below the surface, from J. T^
Dodge ; four stone axes, and other tools, deposited by Isaac Allds,.
Necedah, Juneau County ; a stone axe from Hon. J. F. Hand,
Lowville, Columbia County ; fragments of ancient pottery found
on a hill at Blue Mounds, from Wm. Carroll ; fragment of an-
cient pottery found near Whitney's Rapids, Wood County, from
Hon. M. M. Strong ; a small red stone pip?, found in Dane, Dane
County, from G. H. Stewart ; a stone axe, edge partially broken^
found on premises of Gen. E. E. Bryant, near Lake Monona, towa ^
of Madison, presented by Gen. Bryant ; crania from Grant River,
near Lancaster, from H. S. Keene; bDnes from a mound on the-
premises of G. H. Durrie, near Madison, also fragments of potteryj
including a portion of a pot — the largest in the Society's collec-
tion, from Mr. Durrie ; cast of an ancient war axe, also of the sec-
tion of a swivel, found at Starved Rock, Illinois, four inches ir>
diameter and thirteen long, from D. F. Hitt and Gibbs, Ottawa,.
111. ; three copper arrows, twenty-four stone arrows, two stone
hammers or axes, three stone wedges, two shells, and eight frag-
ments of ancient pottery, a valuable contribution from J. D. Hol-
man, Waupaca; and a portion of a red stone pipe, found near the
red-stone quarry, Pipestone County, Minn., from W. S. Taylor.

Autographs^ etc. — Autograph signature of William Williams,
one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, from Dr. J-
H. Carpenter ; autograph letter of Hon. Robert Y. Hayne, of
South Carolina, to G. D. A Parks, of Lockport, N. Y., July 1,
1833, from Hon. Daniel Hall, Watertown; commission of Gov.
Henry Dodge to W. T. Sterling, as Territorial Librarian, June 26r

1838, conntersigoed by W. B. Slaughter, Secretary, from Mr.
Sterling by J. P. Switzer; two commissions of Gov. Dodge, both
to Cliaoncy H. Penk, one as Justice of the Peace of Milwaukee
county, Feb. 8, 1839, the other as Kii-at Lieutenant of the Fourth
Company of the Third Regiment of Wisconsin MiUtia, March 31,
1840; a burial grountl Jeed, in west ward of Milwaukee, to C.
H. Peak. Aug. 29. 1839, signed by Elisha Starr as President of
the Trustees of Milwaukee, witnessed and acknowledged by I. A.
Idphum; also a circular for the formation of a Public'Library in
Milwaukee, April, 1846, and a remonstrance against the route of
a road along the shore o( L:U<c Michigan, no date, all from Wm.
Peak, through Hon. J. E, Thomas, Shet»oygan Falls.

Cbiv an'l Currenaj. — Twelve Skilling Danish silver coin, 1717,
from M. Michelet, Pleasant Springs: a Chinese note, from E. S.
Chase ; and the following trotn C C, Saffell, Baltimore ; Pennsylva-
nia Colonial bill, five shillings, Oct. 1, 1773 ; Coatioental bill, two-
thirds of a dollar, Feb. 17, 1776 ; another of same amount, May9,
1776; Massachusetts bill, two dollars, dated in 1780; State Bank,
Morria, N. J,, one dollar, 1820; shinplist^r, Borough of Liver-
pool, twenty-five cent'', 1857; Bank of Virginia, Staunton, three
five dollar bills, April, 1860 ; Monticello Bank, five dollars, Nov.,
1860 ; Corporation of Richmond, Va., two dollars, April, 1861 ;
N. W. Bank of Virginia, Jefferson, one dollar, 1862 ; R-wking-
hain Co., Virginia, twenty-five cents, 1862; Confederate States,
ten dollars, Feb., 1864; also several old documents.

Niitural History Sjifciinens. — Molten lead from the Chicago fire,
and eea salt, from E. R. Bristol; a section of a honey locust tree,
&om Clinton Co, Ohio, from W. R. Paget; petrified wood from
Nebraska, from I. S. Bradley ; olive wood from Jerusalem, manu-
foutured into a crucifix, from Hon. D. C Cheever ; a small horned
frog from Texas, from J. J. Ileim ; float copper, weighing twenty
ounces, found on grounds of E. IL Huntington, Madison, from
Frank Huntington ; lead mineral, fossils, and born of young deer,
from Hon. M, M, Strong; Spanish moss from the Gulf of Mexico,
buffalo hair or wool, from James McCloud ; specimens of various
hinds of wood from Alexander Co., III., arranged on card, from
Hon. D. G. Cheever; specimen of pure copper, about tour ounces

28 Wisconsin State Histohical Society.

ia weight, found on the bluflEs, in Coloma, Waushara County,
while grading for Wisconsin Central Railroad, from J. A. Murat ;
spedle iron slag from furnace of Madison Manufacturing Com-
pany, from J. W. Hudson; twenty-two samples of tin ore, from
Queensland, and New South Wales, copper ore from Burra-
Burra Mine, South Australia, antimony from Victoria, Australia,
gold bearing quartz, from New Zealand, flax and hemp, and
paper made from the same, from Hon. S. D. Hastings ; a glass
tube containing borings of the Artesian well at Prairie du Chieo,
showing the successive strata to the depth of 960 feet, from Hoiu
Horace Beach ; a specimen of lizard, from T. G. Good ; a sample
of cotton grown at Palmyra, Wis., from Mrs. O. P. Dow.

Miscellaneous. — A skull found in Waupaca County, from Hon*
Myron H. Eeed; a portion of a hub and springs of a buggy car-
ried five eighths of a mile by the tornado at Hazel Green, Wis., in
the spring of 1876; fourteen small photograph views of Santa Fe
and New Mexico, from Miss Priscilla Jones; four photograph
views of pontoon bridge, Artesian well, etc., at Prairie du Chien,
from H. E. Farr; thirty bullets taken from buflEalo or bison skins,
imbedded in the hide or wool, from Hon. D. G. Cheever ; a pair
of bead moccasins taken from the feet of the Sioux chief Black
Kettle, after he was killed by Gen. Custers' party in an engage-
ment with the savages, preceding the one in which that officer lost
his life, and Black Kettle's red stone pipe, also an Algerine news-
paper in Arabic, from James Hewitt, through C. W. Butterfield;
a fine chromo view of Starved Roi^k, on the Illinois River, where
the old French fort of St. Louis was located, and famous as the
spot where a portion of the Illinois tribe were starved to death
rather than to surrender to their Indian enemies who besieged the
place, from W. K. Cash ; a steel engraving of Gov. R. B. Hayes,
from E. B. Bolens ; a squid used for catching mackerel, from
Henry Conover ; a photograph of ferns and casts of two specimens
of natural history, from D. F. Hitt & Gibbs, Ottawa, Illinois.

A NEW VOLUME OF COLLECTIONS.

The new volume of the Society's Collections, the seventh in our
series, embraces several very important additions to Wisconsia
history — notably the papers of Mr. Tasse and Gen. Ellis. Mr.

Twenty-Third Annual Eeport. 29

Tasse has taken unusual pains to add to the knowledge of the in-
teresting career of Charles de Langlade, the first settler of Wiscon-
sin, written in the French language, and most creditably translated
by Mrs. Sarah Fairchild Dean. Prof. Butler kindly aided in
making translations of some revisions, in the absence of Mrs. Dean
from the city. As this paper must prove the basis of our Wis-
consin history, too much credit cannot be awarded Mr. Tasse for
his unwearied efforts in its production; and to Mrs. Dean and
Prol Butler for their kind assistance in giving it an appropriate
English translation. The other papers in the volume, varied in
their character, will necessarily commend themselves to the lovers
of our early history and historic men of Wisconsin.

The manuscript contributions of the year need not be specified
in detail, as all, save a paper on early recollections of Wisconsin,
by the late Hon. John Phelps, appear in the new volume just
issued.

CONTRIBUTIONS FOR EXCHANGES.

One hundred copies of " Wisconsin in the Centennial," from the
Centennial Commissioners ; a large number of reports of the Wis-
consin Editorial Association, through Hon. James Ross, secretary ;
100 copies of Transactions of the Wisconsin Agricultural Society
for 1875 ; 25 copies of Transactions of the State Horticultural
Society ; 50 copies each of the Governor's Message and Docu-
ments, Journals of the Senate and Assembly, and of the Laws of
Wisconsin for 1876, in 2 volumes; and 45 copies of the Legisla-
tive Manual for 1876, from the State ; 2 copies each of Whitford's
Hist of Education in Wisconsin, Salisbury's Normal Schools,
Carpenter's University of Wisconsin, Chapin's Colleges of Wis-
consin, and three copies of Report of Supsrintendent of Pablio
Instruction, 1875, from Hon. Edward Searing; 25 copies of Sten-
nett's Northwest Illustrated, 1876, from Chicago and Northwest-
cm Railway; 24 copies of the Statutes of Congress, 1875-76,
from Gov. Ludington ; 10 copies of Crawford's Forty Years of
the Presbyterian Church of Green Bay; and 20 copies of Durrie's
Historical Sketch of the Presbyterian Church of Madison.

30 Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

library improvkmenta

Early in the past year, the two towers of the south wing of the

capitol, were properly fitted up, by direction of the Governor, otie

for the reception of our large collection of pre-historic antiquities

of Wisconsin, of the stone and copper age, aud the other for the

better arrangement of our maps, and bound files of Milwaukee

newspapers. Additional desks have been provided, with closet

room beneath. These improvements have been both timely and

convenient

the centennial.

Ourexhibitatthe Centennial embraced nearly all of our pre-his-
toric implements, and the more important portion of our large col-
lection of the stone age — 154 coppers; 2,890 stone implements;
also 39 fragments of ancient pottery, and several human bones
taken from a mound in Polk County. This archaeological collec-
tion attracted deserved attention — the more so, as the number of
copper pre-historic findings are more numerous than any collection
known to have beenmade. ProfessorButler went to Philadelphia
as our Archaelogical commissioner, arranging their display ; and
E. T. Sweet, M. S., had charge of the collection duriog the ex-
hibition, and deserves the Society's thanks for his faith (ul watch-
care over it

LIBRARY WORK.

The Librarian and assistants have well acquitted themselves in
the discharge of their routine duties; in keeping up the increas-
ing labor of cataloguing the steady accretions to the Library ; at-
tending to the system of exchanges with kindred institutions;
keeping the serial publications arranged for binding, and giving
proper attention to the wants of visitors. And Mr. Isaac Lyon,
though now eighty -two years of age, is as unremitting as ever
in his voluntary and unrequited attentions to visitors of the
Cabinet department, of which he has for over five years had the
charge.

CONCLUSION.

In concluding our twenty-third Annual Report, we can but re-
new our firm conviction of the large and diversified good the So

Twenty-Third Annual Bepokt. 81

ciety is accomplishing ; in gathering and disseminating the history
of Wisconsin; in collecting and preserving our current newspa-
per files; furnishing resources for investigators in our varied de-
partments of learning; and in aiding the students of our State
University in their preliminary training for spheres of future trust
and usefulness.

Such an institution, whose opportunities for extending its be-
neficent labors are constantly on the increase, needs enlarged fa-
cilitie& A new building is one of its wants, which, with a return
of general prosperity, will undoubtedly be provided, because its
necessity and utility are alike so obvious; while another equally
important matter — the Binding Fund — should be nurtured by
every means we can devise — a Fund that should be regarded as
the result of the free-will offerino^s of the Societv^s friends within
and beyond the limits of Wisconsin.

Has not the Society friends who will remember it with gener-
ous benefactions ? John Jacob Astor and his son devoted hun-
dreds of thousands of dollars to the founding of a Public Library ;
and their example is being followed by James Lenox, a gentle-
man of New York City, of large benevolence. The late Greorge
Peabody gave, altogether, a million and four hundred thousand
dollars to found an institute of scienoe, literature, and the fine arts,
in Baltimore; and two hundred and twenty thousand dollars to
establish an institute, lyceuin and library in his native town of
Danvers, Massachusetts. The late Hon. Samuel Appleton be-
queathed ten thousand dollars to the Massachusetts Historical So-
ciety, and Mr. Peabody as much more ; Elliott Cresson that amount
to the Pennsylvania Historical Society; and the late Henry D.
Gilpin considerably more for the benefit of the Pennsylvania and
Chicago Historical Societies. Within a few months, the late F.
C. T. Smith bequeathed ten thousand dollars to the New Hamp-
shire Historical Society. Hon. Stephen Salisbury donated five
thousand dollars to the American Antiquarian Society for bind-
ing purposes alooe.

We have been ten years trying to establish a Binding Fund for
our Society, and it has not yet reached five thousand dollars — not
half what it should be, to enable its income to meet all the wants

82 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

of the Society in this direction. Let us hope that you, men of
Wisconsin, who are in comfortable circumstances, will yet da
something worthy to perpetuate your names and memories, by
providing liberal donations and bequests to our Society. Tt will
deservedly secure you a reputation more enduring than brass or
marble, and far more useful to humanity than all the wealth you
could transmit to your offspring — for wealth thus bestowed,
oftener proves a curse than a blessing.

TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Submitted January 2, 1878.

The past year has, by purchases, gifts and exchanges, brought
its accustomed additions to the Library. Books, pamphlets and
periodicals have been multiplied, the Portrait Gallery enriched,
the Cabinet and Pre-Historic collection largely increased, and new
augmentations made to the manuscript stores of our Wisconsin^
history.

FINANCIAL condition — BINDING FUND.

The receipts of the year into the General Fund, as shown by
the Treasurer's report, including the small balance of the previous
year, have been $5,014.25; and the disbursements, $4,997.81,
leaving an unexpended balance of $16.44.

During the year, the Binding Fund has received but four do-
nations— $50 from Hon. Andrew Proudfit, the balance of a
pledge of one hundred dollars to this Fund ; $20 from Rev. R. M.
Hodges, D. D., one of our Honorary Vice-Presidents, being the
sixth annual contribution of that amount; $20 from ** A Friend;"
and $5 from Hon. Philo White; duplicate books and pamphlets
sold, $272.95; accrued interest, $351.45; annual membership
dues, net, $75.70; thus showing an addition of $795.10, and
making the total present amount of this important fund, $5,595.51.

The promised gift of six hundred and forty acres of Texas land,
for the benefit of this Fund, by the late Hon. John Catlin, has
recently been kindly conveyed to the Society by Mrs. Catlin and?

TwESTT-FouBTH Ahnual Rkpobt. S3

dangbter, and the deed sent to Coleman, the county seat of the
county of that name, in which the land is located, for record. It
is a new count;, just organized, and is represented as a thriving
r^ion, where stock-raising is the cKief inlustry, but where wool-
growing and farming are steadily advancing. This noble gift will
eventually prove a fine addition to our Binding Fund, and will
serve yet more strongly to embalm Mr. Catlin's memory in our
affections ; and to Mrs. Catiin and daughter is our Society deeply
indebted for their kind attention in consummating the liberal
intentions of the donor.

It will be a happy day for the Society when this Binding Fund
shall reach the hoped for amount, the income of which will provide
for the needful binding of books, pamphlets, magazines, reviews
and newspaper files, many of which are now necessarily laid aside
till this resource shall become avaihbla No friend of the Soci-
ety can render it more acceptable service than by contributing to
the Binding Fund, even though the amount should be but small

LIBBABr ADDITIONS.

The Library additions of the year have been 1,818 volumes, o!
which 1,230 were acquired by purchase, and 553 by donation and
exchange ; and 5.090 pamphlets, of which 2,8i3 were secured by
donation, exchange and mounting newspaper slips, and 2,242 by
purchase. Of the book additions, 260 were folios and 120 quar-
tos; increasing the number of folios in the L'brary to 2,649, and
the quartos to 3,069, and both to 5,718.

84

Wisconsin State Historical Society.

PROGRESSIVE LIBRARY INCREASE.

The past and present coaditioQ of the Library is shown in the
following table:

Date.

1854, Jan. 1

1855, Jan. 2

1856, Jan. 1

1857, Jan. 6

1858, Jan. 1
lj859,Jan 4
1800, Jan. 3

1861, Jan. 2

1862, Jan. 2
1B63, Jan. 2
1864 Jan 2
1865, Jan. 3
1B66, Jan. 2

1867, Jan. 3

1868, Jan. 4

1869, Jan. 1

1870, Jan. 4

1871 Jan. 3

1872 Jan. 2

1873. Jan. 2

1874. Jan. 2

1875. Jan. 2
1676 Jan. 4

1877, Jan. 2

1878, Jan. 2

ToUl..

Yolnmes
added.

50

1,000

1,065

1,005

1,024

1,107

1,800

887

610

544

248

520

868

923

5,462

2,838

928

1,970

1,211

2,166

1.852

1.946

2,851

2.820

1.818

Documents

and
pamphlets.

86,957

1,000

2,000

800

959

500

723

1,134

711

2,373

356

226

806

2.811

1,043

682

6,240

1,372

8,789

1,528

l,i78

1,186

1,764

2,i336

5,090

Both
together.

^••

50
2.000
8,065
1,305
1,983
1,607
2,528
1.971
1,821
2,917
604
746
1,174
3,734
0,505
3,520
7,163
3.342
5,000
3,694
5,030
3,131
4,615
5,156
6,908

40,107

77.064

ToUl Id
Library.

50
2,050
5,115
6,420
8,403
10,010
12,588
14,504
15,825
18.749
19,34a
90.0^
2t,26»
25,000
81.505
85.025
42.1P8
45.580
50,530
54.224
57.254
60,885
65,000
70. 156
77,064

PRINCIPAL BOOK ADDITIONS.

American Ilistory and Literature, — Columbus and Vespucci,
Voyages to America, fac simile copies, 7 vols, folio ; Le Moine's
Florida E.Kpedition of 1564 ; Margry's Discovery and Establish-
ment of the French in America, 1614-85, 2 vols. 4 to.; Stevens*
Two Thousand American Nuggets, 1490-1800; Mission du Can-
ada, 1672-1779, 2 vols.; Journal and Letters of Eliza Lucas, of
South Carolina, 1739-61 ; Proceedings Relative to Captain Kidd,
1701, 4 to.; Ellis' Voyages to Hudson's Bay, 1746-47; Indian
Treaties made by Sir Wm. Johnson, 1755-56 ; Crespel's Travels
in North America [Wisconsin], 1728, eta; Gov. Bernard's Letters

TwKNTT- Fourth Annual Report. S5

to Gen. Gage ami others, 1769, 2 vols.: Backus' History of New
England, and the Baptist Church, 1777-96, 3 vols.; Connecticut
Public Records, 1751 ; Chevalier Johnstone's Memoirs of the Re-
bellion of 1 746 -46 ; Marquis Du Qiiesne Vindicated, 1728; Bao.
croft's Native Races of the PdciBc Stales, o vols.; .T. Adams' Po-
litical Essays. 177-1-75; Enquiry into the Conduct of Gen. Bur-
gpyns, and his Reply, 1777, 2 vols,; Gen. Burgoyne's Military
Orders, 1780 ; Cockings' American War, 1781 ; Ciititon's Reply
to Lord Cornwallis, 178^ ; Gilbert's Indian Captivity, 1700 ; De-
bates in Congress on .lay's Treaty, 1794 ; American Ramembran-
cer (Jay's Treaty), 1795; Adveotares of Geo. Du Portail, 1797;
Cullender's Hi-story of U.S., ITS'? ; Callender's Letters to Alex-
ander Hamilton.

New Hampshire Stale Registers, 1793-1873, io vols. ; Living-
ston's Eminent Americans, 4 vols. ; Ammidowo's Historical Col-
lections, 2 vols, ; Tomes' War with the South, 3 vols,, 4 ta ;
Barnes' Biographies, etc. of 43d Congress, 3 vols., 4 to. ; Lives of
Chief Fathers of New England, 6 vols. ; Tomes' Battles of
America, 3 vols., 4 to. ; Friends' Annual Monitor, 18.^5-63, 7
vols.; Drake's Ms. Bosk of Autographs, 4 to.; Foote's Bench
and Bar of the South, 2 vols. ; Duvallon's Spanish Colonies of
tbe Mississippi, 1802; Goodenough's Ohio Northern Boundary;
O'Neall's Bench and Bar of South Carolina, 2 vols. ; Mahan's
History of Amer. War. 1877 ; Peters' History of Conn. ; Hecke-
weider's Indian Nations; Confederate Public Documents, 1883 ;
The Balloting Book — N Y, Military Bounty Linda, folio ; Con-
troversy between H. Laurens and E. Jennings, 2 vols. ; Gen.
Dearborn and Mr. Swett on Battle of Banker Hill ; Biographical
Cyclopedia of I'enn., 4 to. ; Centennial Records, Women of Wis-
consin, 4 to. ; Maine Historical Collections, 2 vols. ; Carii'a Amer-
ican Letters, 1733, 2 vols. ; Mori's Life and Resonrces in America ;
Parton's Sketches of Men of Progress, 4 to. ; Bourne's History of
Wells and Kennebunk; Wilder's Annals of Kansas; Young's
History of Warsaw, N. Y. ; Fallouton'a History of Raymond,
N. n.: Young's History of Mexico, 1520-1847; McSherry's
Letters on the History of Maryland ; Winfield's History oE County
of Hudson, N, J, ; Pearce's Annals of Luzerne Co., Pa. ; Good.-

86 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

rich and Tattle's History of Indiana ; McKnight's Our Western
Border ; Hough's American Constitutions of States, 2 vols. ;
Lanman's Biographical Annals of Civil Government of U. S. ;
Ball's History of Lake Co., Ind. ; Bowen's America Discovered
by the Welsh; Andrews' Tour in Minnesota, 1856; Montgomery's
History of Jay Co., Ind.

Morris' Rambles in Rocky Mountains, 1864; Tuttle's History
of Border Wars ; Hunter s Western Border Life ; Voyage to
Kentucky, 1821 ; Anderson's British American Colonies, 1814;
Sanborn's History of New Hampshire ; Van Ness' Examination
of Charges against Aaron Burr, 1803 ; Captivity of Mrs. Lewis
in Black Hawk War ; Buck's History of Bucks County, Penn-
sylvania; Captivity of Mrs. Plummer, 1838; Lucas' Charters of
Old English Colonies in America ; Tour through Virginia, Ten-
nessee, etc., 1828; Cheetham on Conduct of Aaron Burr ; Vindi-
cation of John Adams, 1800; Royce's Protestant Episcopal
Church in United States, 1859; Ross' Expedition to Oregon, etc.,
18i9 ; Schermerhorn's View of United States West of Allegha-
nies, 1814; Hough's Northern Invasion, 1780; Mill's History of
Mexico ; Gordon s Historic Memoir, North American Continent,
1820, 4 to.; Nevin's Men of Cumberland Valley; Hawley's
Travels to Western Reserve, etc., 1822 ; History of the Western
World, 2 vols. ; Gray and Glazier's History of Gardiner, Massa-
chusetts; Sanford's History of Berkley, Massachusetts; Hollo-
way's History of Kansas; Brook's History Mexican War;
McMahon's Historical View Maryland ; Shurtleff's History of
Boston; Martin's History, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; Banvard's
Pioneers of Maryland ; Landai's Memorial, 1777 ; Presbyterian-
ism in Western Pennsylvania ; Lytle's History Huntingdon
County, Pennsylvania ; Curley's History Nebraska ; Baker's Texas
Scrap Book ; Fairchilds' Cuyahoga Falls; Duis' History McLean
County, Illinois ; Butler's Great Lone Land ; Bryant's History of
United States ; Atkinson's Kanawha County, Virginia ; Wilkin-
son's History of Binghampton, New York ; Hanson's History of
Old Kent, Maryland ; Davis' History of Bucks County, Pennsyl-
vania ; Beach's Indian Miscellany ; Beach's History of Cornwall,
New York; Masten's History of Cohoes; Stein wehr's Centennial

Gazetteer of United States ; Doty'e History of Livingston County,
New York ; Stone's History of New York City; Kinzie's Wau-
bun, 2J edition : History of Kent County, Michigan ; Erwin's
History of Williamaon County, Illinois; The First Century of
ibe Republic; Smith's History of Guilford, Connecticut; Life
and CorrespooJeiics of B. Cartwright ; Johnson's History of Erie
Counlv, New York; Buck's History of Milwaukee; Massa-
cbusetls Historical Society Collection?, 1877, 2 vols.; Ball's His-
tory of Lnke("ounty, Indiana; Sanderson's History of Charlea-
towo, New Hampshire ; Hunt's History of Coshocton County,
Ohio; Maine Historical Society Collections, 2 vols. ; Hemenway's
Vermont Historical Gazetteer; Larned's History of Windham
County, Connecticut ; Parlcman's Count Froniennc ; Egle's His-
tory of Pennsylvania; Bingham "a History of Green County,
"Wiwonsin; Stone's Burgoyne Campaign; Nason's History of
Dunstable, Massachusetts ; Park &. Company's History of Madi-
son and Dane County, WiEconsin; and Weiss' History of Troy,
New York.

English and Continental History and Literature. — Neander's
Church History, 10 vols. ; Reports of Royal Commission, England,
on Historical Mss., 1874-77, 8 vols, folio; Inedited Documents on
French History, 7 vols. 4 to. ; Reed's Lecture's on British Poets,
4 vols. ; Wilsou'o Traditionary Tales of Scotland, 3 vols., 4 to. ;
Walpole's Eeign of George IH., 2 vola; Ancient Irish Histories,
1571-1596, 4 to. ; Bennett's History of Dissenters, 2 vols, ; Bu-
chanan's History of Scotland, 1827, 4 vols. ; Wrottlesey's Life of
Sir John Burgoyne, 2 vols, ; Memoirs Relative to French Revo-
lution, lf^24, 2 vols, ; Nicholas' Annals and Antiquities of Wales,
2 vola. ; History of British Empire, 1765-83, 2 vols.; Kemblc's
State Papers of State of Europe, 1636-1707 ; Borbstaedt's Franco-
German War, 1873; Dumas' Memoirs of his o«n Time, 1829, 2
vols. ; Earll's Native Races of Indian Archipelago ; Echard's
History English Revolution, 1688 ; D'Alton's History County of
Dublin ; Geijer's History of the Swedes ; Parkyns' Monastic and
Baronial History, etc., 2 vola

Works on Science, etc — Rafinesque's Botanical and other
works, 14 vols. ; Hitchcock's Mass. Geological Reports, 1838-12,

38 Wisconsin State Histokical Societt.

6 vol8. ; Journal of Franklin Institute of Pa., 1828-46, 88 vols. ;
Timms* Year Books of Science and Art, 1839-71, 11 vols. ; Man-
chester, Eng., Literary and Philosophical Society Memoirs, 5 vola ;
Geological Survey of Kentucky, 4 vols. ; Proceedings of Ameri-
can Academy of Arts and Science, 1846-60, 4 vols. ; Memoirs
Boyal Society Northern Antiquaries, 1840-44 ; Catalogue of Mu-
seum of Royal Irish Academy; Clarke's Serpent and Siva Wor-
ship ; Blavatsky's Isis Unveiled, or Ancient and Modem Science,
2 vols. ; International Congress on Pre-Historic Archaeology ;
Spinetto on Hieroglyphics and Egyptian Antiquities ; and Geol-
ogy of Wisconsin, 1878-77, 4 to.

Cyclopedias, — Appleton's New American Cyclopedia, 10 vole.;
Zeirs Popular Cyclopedia, 2 vola, 4 to.; Johnson*s Universal
Cyclopedia, concluding 3 vols., 4 to.; Beeton's Cyclopedia, 2 vols.;
McClintock's and Strong's Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature, vol.
7 ; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia for 1876 ; and Brewer's Dic-
tionary of Phrase and Fable.

Oenealogies. — Addington Family, Alden, Annin, Bisbee, Bol-
ton, Booth, Bradford, Caldwell, Cary, Coit, Colden, Crosby,
Dwight (in 2 vols.), Eddy, Folsom, Griscom, Heacock, Hubbard,
Hutchinson & Marbury, Kirk, Lapham, Lloyd & Carpenter, Men-
denhall, Monroe, Newton, Payne & Gore, Pierce, Potts, Bicker,
Robinson, Harwood & Clarke, Spalding, Sweet, Talcott, Upton,
Valentine & Wight ; also Bardsley's Eoglish Surnames, and New
Haven Burial Ground (3 vols.).

Miscellaneous. — Biblia Pauperum, reproduced in fac simile,
folio; Inquiry ipto Supernatural Religion, 2 vols.; Works of
Count Agenor De Gasparin, 8 vol&; AstWs Origin and Progress
of Writing, 1808, 4 to.; Taylor's History of Transmission of
Ancient Books ; KavaoaghH Origin of Language; Wall's Exam-
ioatioo of Ancient Jewish Orthography, d vol&, folio ; Hicksito
Controversy, 1881, 2 vol&

Periodical LOeraiure, -r- National Magazine, 1852-58, 18 vols. ;
Loudon's Magazine of Nat. History, 1829-87, 11 vols. ; Howitt's
People's Journal, 1846-48, 7 vola ; Notes and Queries, 1871-76,
12 vols. 4 to. ; U. S. Oatholic Magazine, 1848-47, 5 vols. ; Court
MiaceUany, 1769-71, S vcJs. ; N. T. Jouraalof Medicine, 1848-55,

25 vols. ; BostoQ Monthly Anthology, 180(3-10, 5 vols. ; U. S.
Army and Navy Journal, 1863-71, 8 vols. ; Smith'a Military Ee-
posilory, 1796-97; Hatching's California Magazine, 185fi-59, 3
vols.; Moral Advocate, 1822-24; The Friend, 1832; Smith'a
Weekly Volume, Phila., 1805; Spirit of the PiigHms, 1828-31,
6 vols.; Patent Office Gaxetle, 1875, 2 vols ; N. American Re-
view, 2 vols. ; Living Age, 2 vols. ; American Journal of Science,
1858-60, 63, 1871-73, 10 vols.; N. England Hist. Register, 1876;
WIa Journal of Etlucation,4 vols. ; Publishers' Weekly. 1874-76,
5 vols. ; II. S. Literary Gazette, 1825-27, 5 vola ; London Sta-
tistical Society, 1842; Potter's American Monthly, 1576, 2 vols. ;
Old and New, 1870-74, 4 vok; Godey's Lady's Book, 1862, 68,
65-68, 5 vols. ; Ladies' Repository, 1841^1, 4 vola ; Gentleman's
Magazine, 1838-39, 3 vols. ; National Recorder, 1819-21. 5 vols. ;
Old Guard, 1863. 1 vol. ; Ti)-D;iy, a B >ston Literary Journal,
1852, 2 vols. ; N. Y. Weekly Museum, 1815.

Unhound Newspapers und Henals. — Harpers' Weekly, 1857-75,
20 vols., complete, purchased ; Boston Index, Feb., 1873-May,
1877. from E. Burdiek ; The Balance, Hudson, N. Y., March,
1802 ; three numbers of Vor«e Herald, published by the Mormons
io Wisconsin, 1843^7, from Hon. M, P. Lindsley ; American
Journal of Science, July-Dec, 1872, purchased; PopuUir Science
Uonthly, May, 1872-Nov., 1874, purchased ; National Quarterly
Review, 1861-74, 23 number.'?, purchased ; The Old and New,
Vd. 6, from Rev. R R Hale; Cumberland Presbyterian Church
Quarterly, Vol. 12, 1876, from Rev. Dr. J. B. Lindsley ; Gard-
ners' Monthly, 1874^75, and Historical Magazine, 1857-61, from
Dr. Lapham's estate ; American Apol'o, 1792, purchased ; Har-
pers' Magazine, Dec. 1876 -Feb., 1877, from 0. P. Chapman;
American Missionary, 1867-76, incomplete; Christian World,
1861-76, complete; American and Foreign Christian Union,
1880 ; Missionary Herald, 1874-76, and Home Missionary, 1864-
77, all from Hon. Geo. W. Bradford; Soribner's Monthly, 1870-
76, incomplete, purchased; Catholic World, 1865-76, incomplete,
purchased ; Transactions of Royal Society, London, 3 parts, 1853,
1860 and 1861, purchased ; The Galaxy, incomplete, 1867-74,
purchased.

40 Wisconsin State . Historical Society.

Maps and Atlases. — Walling's Atlas of Wisconsin, 1876, 4 to.
Warner & Footers Atlas of Grant County, Wis., 1877, 4 to.
Warner & Footers Map of Monroe County, Wis., 1877, on rollers
Atlas of State of N. Y., 1838 ; Blanchard's Map of U. S. Terri-
torial Acquisitions, 1877 ; Zeno's Maps of Northern Seas, etc.,
1558, 3 maps; Illustrated Alias of Indiana, 1876, 4 to. ; MolFs
Atlas Manuale, 1713, folio ; and MolFs Atlas Minor, 1732, folio.
Also sixty-four maps, various, in sheet form, from Dr. Lapham's
estate, showing an addition of 75 Atlases and Maps, and making
the whole collection 723.

Bound Nevjspaper Files, — The following additions indicate their

number, and the period of their publication :

Tears. VoU.

Lloyd's EvenlngPost 1758-69 20

Penn. Packet and Daily Advertiser 1788-90 3

Penn. Daily Advertiser 1791-95 4

Boston Federal Orrerv 1795-96 1

Philadelphia Gazette and Daily Advertiser 1797-99 3

Vermont Journal 1798 1

Philadelphia Gazette and Daily Advertiser 1800-07 8

New York Herald J802-05 1

Philadelphia Political and Commercial Register. . . 1804-07 8

Vermont Journal 1811-13 1

Baltimore Patriot and Advertiser 1813-15 6

Albany Christian Visitant 1815-16 1

Washington National Intelligencer 1816-22 3

Charleston, S. C , Sunday Visitant 1818-19 1

New England Galaxy 1819-20 1

Vermont Journal 1820-21 1

New York Minerva 1823-25 5

Burlington, N. J., Saturday Evening Visitor 1825 1

Richmnnd, Va., Enquirer 1829-31 2

Philadelphia Banner of the Constitution 1830-32 2

Al bany Zod iac 1835-36 1

New York Albion 1840-58 9

Albany Tocsin of Liberty, and Weekly Patriot 1842-43 1

Scientific American 1853-54 4

Vanity Fair 1861 1

Annual Financial Review 1870 1

Railway Monitor Ib73 1

Chicago Industrial Age 1873-75 1

Boston Adveitiser 1873-75 1

Chicago Standard 1874-75 1

Cincinnati Gazette 1875 1

Congressional Record 1875 8

Chicago Times 1875-77 8

Chicago Tribune 1875-77 9

New York World 1875-77 9

New York Tribune 1875-77 7

Chicago Railway Gazette 1876 1

Wisconsin daily and weekly papers 1874-77 102

Total 234

Twenty-Fourth Annual Bbport. 41

Thirty-two volumes of the^e newspaper additions are of the last
•century; making the total in the Library of the seventeenth cen-
tqry, 62 volumes; of the eighteenth century, 393 volumes; of
the present century, 2,449 ; grand total, 2,904.

The number of periodicals now received by the So3iety is 209,
fourteen more than last year ; of which 4 are quarterlies, 12 month-
lies, 2 semi monthlies, 180 weeklies, 2 semi-weeklies, and 9 dailie?.
Of these 181 are published in Wisconsin, a noble contribution
from the editors and pablisbers of our State.

Pamphlet Additions. — The pamphlet additions of the year have
been unusually large, more so than in any preseding year, with a
single exception. We should never weary in attesting their value,
and urging their preservation and contribution to our archives.
" Pamphlets," says Lord Beaconsfield, "those leaves of an hour,
and volumes of a season, and even of a week, slight and evanes-
cent as they appear, and scorned at by opposite parties, while each
cherishes its own, are in truth the records of the public mind, the
secret history of a people which does not always appear in the
more open narrative.*'

In a report on Harvard Library, by the late librarian, J. Langdon
Sibley, it was justly said, that though they often require more time
and labor to collect than the same number of volumes, and are con-
stantly said to cost more than they are worth, yet they contain in-
formation not elsewhere to be found; they reflect the spirit and
sentiments of the age better than elaborate treatises, and are indis-
pensable treasures in a good public Library, where eminent histo-
rians, biographers, staticians, statesmen and men of letters, in
general, naturally look for whatever may shed light on the sub-
jects of their investigation. They are so small, too, that they are
likely to be torn in pieces, and every copy of entire editions to
disappear.

" The correctness of these statements," adds Mr. Sibley, " is con-
firmed by the action of the Bodleian Library, which is paying fab-
ulous prices for pamphlets and books that its founder did not think
worth preserving, and of the British Museum, which is doing the
same for what could have been procured a century ago for little
more than the asking — the rubbish of one generation being the
4— St. His. Boa

42 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

treasure of another. It is, therefore, desirable at once, so far as
practicable, to secure at least for a few public Libraries, copies of
everything which is printed, for in the mysterious diversity of
hud an investigations, there is nothing which may not at some
time be important"

When a single paper mill, in a single year, has been known to
grind up ninety-eight tons of books and pamphlets, with about
the same quantity of newspapers, we may well be admonished of
the danger of the utter loss of many important pamphlet publi-
cations, and to plead for their contribution to our collection.

Summary of Library Additions.

Vols,

Bound newspaper files 284

Magazines and Re dews 189

American History and Travel 187

American Local History Ill

HtHte Histories and documents 241

United Mates documents and surveys .... 154

American Civil War 79

Historical and learned Societies 21

Biography 108

Genealofry 41

European History, etc 55

American Indians 27

Antiquities and Arcliaeology 7

British Patent Reports 56

American Patent Reports 14

Cyclopedia!i and Dictionaries 20

Language and Littrrature 18

Bibliography 18

Political Economy, Banking, etc 20

Canadian History 9

Po) itics and Government. ... 47

Religious History, etc 69

Education 21

Science 42

Medical Literature 18

Secret Societies... 8

International Exhibition 9

Directories 24

Poetry, etc 16

Bound Atlases 6

Almanacs 2

Miscellaneous 12

Total book additions 1.818

Twenty-Fourth Annual Report,

43

DONORS OP BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS.

Books, Pamph.

AsDew, Samuel 1

Allen.Prof. W. F 8

Allen, Rev. Z 1

American Board — For Missions 11

Aodovcr Theological Beminury 1

Andrews, Prest. J. W 8

Astor Library 1

Baird, Henry C 6

Bancroft, H. H. 5

Bangs & Co 6

Barber, Ge^. W 4

Barber. J. W 1

Barnes, Hon. M 1 ••••

Bartlat, 8. C 1

Bascom, Prest. John 1

Bates, Phi neas, Jr 1

Baltle,K.P 2

Bean,Theo. W 1

Beloit College 2

Bigelow, Hon. John 2 .... 1

Bingham, Miss H. M 1

Blue,M.P 8

Board man, 8. L 4

Bodley, Miss Rachel L 1

B3oth, Jas. H 1

Boston Atbsenenm (by exchange) 16 .... 882

Boston City Hospital 1

Boston Cochituate Water Board 1

Boston Public Library (by exchange) 651

Boyce, H 2

Bradford, Dr. Geo. W 14 •... 200

Brazil, Government of 8

Brock,R.A 1 .... 2

Bronson Library Fund 2

Bock, J. 8 ••• • • 1

Butler, Hon. A. R R 1

Butler, Prof. J. D 2

Butler, Mrs. J. D 1

Butterfleld,C W 1

Cameron. Hon. Angus ••• 4 .... 1

Campbell, J. P 1

Cartwright, Rev. R. J 1

CascF.W 2

Caswell, Hon. L. B 7

Chapman, Silas 9

Chicago Historical Society 1

Chicago Public Library 1

Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul Railroad 8

Child8,E. 0 1

Christiana, University of 8

Olai borne, Hon. J . H • xi •.••••.•••.••••.....•••••• •• .... i

Clarke, Robert 2

Clnte, J. J 1

Colburn, Jere 11

Craig, Isaac 1

Davis, Rev. J. G 18

Dawson, C. C 1

Dean, J. Ward 1

PeGasparin, Countess 8

WISCONSIN State Historical Society.

Doyle, Hob. Peler

Drake, B.G

Draper, L. U

Danlap, T

Dnrria, D. 8

Barle, Dr. Pliny

Basiman, £. 0.

Ellis, Geo. A G

Xssex iD^titute

Field. T.W

Forbes, CIibb. 8

Ford, Q.W

Foaier, E, H

French, tin. Bella

French, BenJ

Oalplo, 8. A

GuiTlsna, W. P

Giles, Miaa Ella A

Gilmiin, Alfreii

Giioaricli, D. W. C

■Gonid, B. C

-O. Britain Patent Office

Oreen, Dr. a A

"L.L. H '' Newburgh, N. Y

Baines, RsT. Belden

Hale. DM

Hale.E. E

Hale, Rev. Dr. Geo

Harney, 6. J

HarrisoD, G- L

Harvard Cullego

HemeQWHy, Miss A. H

Hodges. Ber. Dr, R. M

Hoadlcy, Chaa J

HoJglDB, J. Q

HoQgb, Dr. P. B

Howe, Hon. T.O

Hoyt, A.B

HaoU L. £

Hunt, Rev. W, E

Hunter, C. L

Iowa Historical Society

Irish, Rev. J. E

JackBon, Prxncis

Jarvis. Dr. E

Jen kloB, James Q

JobnaoD. CresQcliI

EansBB Historical Boclety

£iDKsbury, Dr. A

La Fayette College

Langslon, W. J

Langwortliy, Riiv. I. P

Lnpnam estate

Lapham, W. B

Laroed, Miss E. D

Leaviti,0. A &Co

Library of Con jrcss

Lowdermilk. W.H

LufltDElon, Gov. U

Lynde, Hon. W. P.

Lyoa, Isaac

UcAlliiter, Ju

Twenty-Fourth Annual Report. 45

Books, PampTL

ICafne Historical Society 2

HaoD, Cfaas 1

If anchester, Eng., Lit and Philos. Society 5

HaDninff, Robert t

;Har8h, Prof. DC. 9

^faryland Historical Society 2

If assachusetts Board of Edacation 1

If assachasetts Historical Society 2

If assachusetts Horticultural Society] 2

Merritt, J. P 1

Michigan State Library 29 .... 7

^ills.JudgeW 1

Minnesota Historical Society 1

Missouri. University of 1

Montana Hislorical Society 1

Moore,Juli%A 1

Munsell, Joel 2S

Kesbitt,Ja8 2

New England Hist, and G^nealog. Society • • 4

New Haven Historical Society 1

New York Mercantile Libr. Assoc .. 1 1

Nichols & Bhuter 1

Ohio Historical Society 1

Ohio Secretary of State 1

Oregon lioneer and Historical Society 1

Page,H.M 4

Page, Rev. J. R

Paige, Rev. Lucius R 1

Park, W.J 1

Parkmao, Francis 1

Peabody Institute, Baltimore 1

Peet, Miss Martha 1

Pennsylvania Institute for the Blind 1

Perkins, Aug. T 1

Perry, Bishop W. S 7

Philadelphia Friends* Publishing Society 7

Philadelphia Library Company 1

Philadelphia Mercantile Library 2

Power, J. C 3 8

Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 24

Providence, R. I., city of 1

Pryor & Co 6

A uiney, °\/Oi, jp . u.* •••...•.•••*•••••••••••••••%••• m •••• o

~|uaritch, B 8

[ueuec Lit and Historical Society 1

ieve, Dr. J. T 1 ....

Reynolds, Rev. S 1

Rhode Island Historical Society 20

Roanoke College 1

Robinson, Rev. Dr. F. H • 1

Rosser, John 2

Boblee, Hon. H 17

Saffell, W.T. R 1

San Francisco Library Association 1

Saonderson, H. H...1 1

Scott, Geo. 0 1

Bearing. Hon.'E 1

Shaw, Hon. J as 5 .... 6

Shaw, Prof. Sam*l 1

Sbipman, Col. S. y ft

Smitlisonian Institution 1 •

.... . •

• . • • • • X

• • • • •

16

Wisconsin State Historical Society.

B^4)k»»

6

2
2
6
2

1
1

Bmucker, Isaac

fiotheran, H

Southall.D C

Southall, J. 0

Starbuck, A

OwttI &%?Jr « V> • A* ••••••••••••••■•••••••••••••••••••••

atone, Rev. E. AI

Stone, Wm. L

Stryker.W. 6

Suite. Benj

Thomas, lerrill

Thomson, PG m^

Tilden,W. 8

Turner, John

Tuttle, Rev. Dr. Jos. F

United States Centennial Commissioners

TJnited States Chief of Engineers

United States Coast Survey

United States Department of Education

United States Department of State

United States Secretary of Interior 72

United States Secretary of Treasury 2

United States Surgeon General 8

Vermilye, Rev. Dr. A. G

Vermont Historical Society

Vermont State Library 1

Vilas, Jud^e L. B

Weiss, A. J

Well9,David A

Western Cement Co

White, Philo

Wi^fht, Hon. O. W .. .

Wilkinson, Rev. J

Williams, Hon. J

Williamson, Jos .

Winfleld, Chas. H

Winthrop, Hon. R. C .

Wisconsiu Academy of ScieDces

Wisconsin ( entennial Commissioners

Wisconsin Editorial Association

Wiscoosin Natural History Society

Wisconsin Raiiroad Commissioners

Wisconsin, State of 2

Wisconsin State Library

Wisconsin State Board of Charities

Wooley, Dr. M

Yale College

Pamph,
1

1
1
2

12

1
1

12
91

1
1

1

1

1
3

• •

58
1

12

• •

1
3

ART GALLERY.

There have been added to the Art Gallery during the year,
three portraits in oil, one pastel and one in crayon. One of Dr.
Moses Meeker, an early pioneer of the lead region of Wisconsin,
painted by A. R. Stanley, presented by Mrs. Meeker. An oil
portrait of Hon. C. M. Baker, a Walworth county pioneer, painted
by J. R. Stuart, gilt frame, from Hon. R. H. Baker. A large
si^ed oil portrait of Lieut Gov. M. H. Pettit, painted by W. 0.

TWBNTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT. 47

Xnocke, with heavy gilt frame, from Mrs. Pettit A pastel por-
trait of Gen. Amasa Cobb, a well known Wisconsin pioneer, in
oval gilt frame, from Gen. Cobb. A crayon portrait of Wm. N.
Seymour, a Madison pioneer, framed and glazed, from Mr.
Seymour.

A Catalogue of the Picture Gallery and statuary has been pre-
pared, now in the hands of the printer, which will prove a great
x^onvenience to visitors ; and will serve to present in an embodied
form, the interesting treasures of our art collections.

ADDITIONS TO THE CABINET.

Pre-Bisioric Copper Implements. — An axe, eleven inches long,
six inches wide at the edge and three inches at the top, weighing
five pounds and one ounce ; also two borers, one twelve and a
quarter inches long, and the other eight and a half inches ; all of
which were found July 5, 1877, about fifteen inches below the
surface, beside the highway, three and a half miles southwest of
Tomah, and near the residence of A E. Hollister, the finder ; the
two borers were found lying across each other on the top of th^
axe like the letter X, — presented by Mr. Hollister.

A piercer, about three and a half inches long, found in 1866,
in an ancient grave in Waupaca Co., Wis., from Mrs. Maria
Thompson ; a copper spear, four and three-fourths inches long,
from Dr. C. E. Wing, Neosho, Wis. ; a copper knife, six inches
long, with crooked hasp, copper spear, five inches long, grooved,
and a copper Hrrow, three inches long, all plowed up two miles
west of Dartford, Wis., also a small piece of float copper, found in
digging a post hole, all from David Wilson ; copper spear, round
shank, four and a half inches long, found in Grant county, from
Daniel Doughty, Durand, Pepin Co., Wis. ; copper tip for shoeing
a spear, found on Lake Superior, near Ontonagon, Mich., in a pre-
historic mining site, under the roots of an old fallen hemlock,
from Dr. T. M. Sine, of Durand, Wis. ; forty copper beads, one
half inch in length, apparently made from thin, rolled copper,
one piercer, nine inches long, two others, seven inches long, one
of six inches, one of five and a half inches, one of five inches,
and one of three and a half inches, one hatchet, three inches

48 Wisconsin State HistobicaIi Sooibtt.

'long and two and a quarter wide, and two one inch long and on&
and a quarter wida The abo>re were found in a mound at Nine-
Mile Creek, in town 29, range 7, Chippewa county ; and presented
by Rev. G. W. Smith and others, of Cadott, Chippewa county^
Wisconsin.

An axe, ten and a half inches long, three and a half wide at
the edge, and one and a half inches at the top, weighing four
pounds, twelve and threequarier ounces, found on the "Gk)ss-
Farm" near Fond du Lac, presented by Mrs. Keyes Darling.

A copper spear, about five inches long, found in town of Gran-
ville, Milwaukee county, on section 31, grooved, presented by D.
^. Pilgrim ; another specimen, same size, found in Menomonee,
Waukesha county, on section 27, grooved, with a hole in shank,
from D. T. Pilgrim ; sosket spear- head, four and a half inches
long, found at Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, from James Shortall ;
spear head with a tang, seven an I a half inches long, found in
1859 at Wausau, Wis., from Col. Chas. Shuter ; socket spear-
head, six and a half inches long, found in 1859 by Amasa Grover,
in the township of Ithica, Richland county, Wis., six inches below
the surface, from J. 11. Waggoner, of Richland Center, Wis. ;.
socket spear, found by W. A. Striker on section 27, town 7 north,
ol range 15 east, Jefferson county, in April, 1876, from C. E. W^
Struve ; copper knife, seven inches long, found in 1874 on bank
of Cedar Creek, town of Polk, Washington county. Wis., from
Bernhard Mund ; spear-head, five and a halt inches long, and two
inches wide, found at Belmont, Portage county. Wis., from J. D.
Holman ; two small spear-heads, two and a quarter inches long,,
and one inch wide, from the same, in town ?9, range 7, and pre-
sented by Rev. George W. Smith and other citizens of Cadott,
Chippewa county, Wisconsin ; eight copper beads, found in dig-
ging a cellar in Lisbon township, t^eo miles east of Sussex, Wau-
kesha county. Wis., presented by James Madden.

Thus we have added thirty one pre-historic specimens to our
copper collection, all interesting, and gome remarkable, besides
forty-eight ancient beads. Unusual pains and efforts have been
taken to secure these curious treasures, in which the Secretary^
lias been largely assisted by Prof. Butler, chairman of the Com-

TwKSTi'-'FOL'RTII A-VNIAI. REPORT.

49

nlttee on Prellistoric Aiitiquitioa These rich additioDs well re-
pay all the efforts made in their proearemeiiL Oar present ancient
copper collection now numbers one hundred and ninety artic]e3,
besides the forty-eight beads — two haodred and thirty-eight

Other Aniiqnitits. — Red stone pipe, found in Grant county,
'Wis., by J. D. Wilcox, from Gen. Jaa. Sutherland ; pipe stone
^iget, found in the Potsdam sandstone drift, near Partridge
^ke, Waupaca county, five feet below the surface, from Wm. A.
Springer, through J. C. Plumb; flint arrow head, found in Nor-
way, Racine county, 1859, from P. A, Aunlee ; portion of a tooth
o£ a, Mastodon, from Dr. M, C. Thompsou, Rock Elm, Pieroe
tjounty. Wis,; a metal hatchet, perhaps of brass and copper, of
-modern appearance, found in 1866, in an Indian grave in Waw-
paca county, AVis., with a fragment of its wooJon handle at-
tached, with a broken earthen pipe, and aorae flint arrow-heEidB,
from Mrs. Maria Thompson.

Autographs. — The Register kept at WisMnsin Headqunrterft,
Centennial E.^hibition, PhiUdelphta, 1876, with a separate index
to names of Wisconsin visitors — a large volume, with many
tboia^ands of names, from Elisha Starr; autograph signatures of
Cha?. S. Ti^d and other Keatucky soldiers of the war of 1312,
from E. L. Smith : fac simile of autograph letter oE Robert
Barns, from Miss W. Fillans ; lease of land signed by Nathaniel
Creen and Joseph Green, of Boston, Mass., to .Joseph Polwine,
tA Coventry, Ct, dated Dec 5, 1770, from W. J. Ellsworth.

Cuin, ifeilah and Currenei/. — A small silver coin of Hamborg,
no date ; two copper .'sous, Louis XVI, 1789; Bkilling, Danske,
1771 ; and one skilling, Charles Joseph XVI, 1810, all from Da-
Tid Holt; twenty-five-cent silver coinage, LI. S, 1877, from T.
H. Girard; a large bronze medal, presented by U. S. Centennial
Commissioners to the Wisconsin State Historical Society for col-
lection of prehistoric anli-^iiities; a len-doliar confederate bill,
dated Richmond, Feb. 17, 16<31, and tweoty-five-cent bill, State
'Bank of Alabama, Jan. 1, 186S, from J. D. Holman; a collection
«f bank bills of broken banks, err., amounting to $221, from

n Cbspman ; feventy-three dollars in Confederate billa, from

60 Wisconsin State Historical Socibtt.

Alfred Smith ; thirty-shilling bill of New Jersey, April 2, 1762,
from Gen. Lucius Fairchild ; Texas treasury warrant, $2.50,
June 28, 1862, and one for $1.00, from G. E. Giles ; $5 bill,
Bank of Delaware county, Chester, Pa., 1863, and $5 bill of
Mineral Point Bank, Wis., 1840, from unknown parties.

Natural Hislory Specimens, — A buffalo's head, a fine specimen,
properly prepared — the animal was killed between the Union
Paci6c and Kansas Pacific railroads, on the Colorado plains, in
1875, by Maj. K Burnett, and presented by him ; vertebrae of a
small alligator from South America, from George A Balken ;
group of stuffed birds (quail, blackbird, cedar bird and grosbeak),
from B. H. Standish ; sea plume from Charlotte Harbor, near
Tampa Bay, Florida, from Dr. C. B. Pierson ; geode, curious for-
mation in the centre, from J. D. Kelly ; specimen of trap rock,
sixteen inches long, found at Quincy mine. Portage Lake, near
Lake Superior, Mich., obtained in drilling about 1000 feet below
surface, from W. T. Brooks ; also an ornamental piece of pure
copper, from Hancock Smelting Works, from the same ; small
collection of pebbles, limestone, etc., from Glencoe quarries, Mis-
souri, from G. W. Sargeant ; a stone, in shape of mitten, from H.
Bush ; double egg, the yolk and white parts separate, from A.
Coolidge.

Misscellaneous. — A cabinet sized photograph of Joseph Crelie,
of Columbia County, taken from an ambrotype in 1876, from W.
H. Sherman ; an election ticket for municipal officers of Salt Lake
city, February 14, 1876, with the Deseret or Mormon characters
upon it, or Mormon language, and a bill of exchange written by
John D. Lee, the Mountain Meadow murderer, from J. W. Green-
man ; a large photograph of the State capitol and grounds,
framed, from Wisconsin Centennial Commissioners ; photograph
of Hon. M. M. Davis, of Baraboo, framed, from Mr. Davis ; pho-
tograph of a skull found in a mound near Lake Koshkonong;
photograph of a skull from a mound in Fulton, Rock county,
Wisconsin, and one of stone arrow- heads and beads from a mound
at Lake Koshkonong — three cards from W. P. Clarke; sweet
cheese, made and pressed by haod, 1868, by G. L. Kolve, Bergen,
Norway, from Miss J. L. Lewis ; small piece of red cloth from.

Twenty-Fourth Annual Report. 51

coat of British officer, used at Lexington, Mass., in revolutionary
war, from C. H. Kimball; photographs of President R B. Hayes
and Vice President W. A. Wheeler, from Isaac Datton ; twenty-
two postal cards of foreign countries, from B. K. Field ; lock and
shatter hinges from door of Dodge county treasurer's office, burnt
September, 1877, from K B. Bolens ; Osage orange from Sterling,
m., from Mr. Schofield ; fragments of shell, a bullet and two cart*
ridges, found by Hon. Horace Rublee at Strasburg. France, after
the siep;e of said city, from Mr. Rublee ; a small piece or float
copper, found in digging a post-hole near Dartford, Wis., from
David Wilson.

contributions for exchanges.

Fifty copies each of the Senate and Assembly Journals, Mes-
sages and Documents, and Laws of Wisconsin, 1877 ; 100 copies of
Agricultural Society Transactions, and 25 copies of Horticultu-
ral Society Transactions, 25 copies Legislative Manual for 1877,
and 40 copies of Geological Survey — from the State ; 19 copies
of Report of Progress of Wisconsin Geological Survey for 1876,
from Prof. T. C. Chamberlin ; 12 copies of Governor's Message,
from Gov. Ludington ; 35 copies of Catalogue of Wisconsin Uni-
versity, 1876-77, from President Bascom; 25 copies of Sparta
Baths and Mineral Waters, from Nichols & Shuter; 20 copies of
Beport of Madison Board of E lucation, from the Board ; 9 copies
of Northwestern Centennial Address at La Crosse, July 4, 1876,
by Hon. Charles Seymour, from Mr. Seymour ; 8 copies of 19th
session of Wisconsin Editorial Association, from Gen. D. Atwood ;
100 copies of 3d vol. of Transactions of Wisconsin Academy of
Science, and 25 each of 1st and 2d vols., do., from the Academy ;
10 copies Report of Railroad Commissioners for 1876, from Com-
missioners; 12 copies State Board of Charities, 1875, from the
Board ; 12 copies Report of Superintendent of Public Instruction,
from Hon. E. Searing; 18 copies of Report of State Board of
Health, from Dr. J. T. Reeve, Secretary ; 20 copies of Report of
Board of Trade, Milwaukee, from W. J. Langston, Secretary ; 50
copies Iowa Centennial pamphlet, from Iowa Historical Society ;
8 copies of Annual Report of State Board of Charities, 1876,

62 Wisconsin Statk^ Historical SooncTr.

from Hon. H. H. Giles ; 33 copies of Lapbam Memorial, by Oha&
Mann, from Wisconsin Natural History Association.

LIBRARY IMPROVEMENTS.

During the year, the cases and closets have been supplied with
new locks — a much needed improvement With a couple of
ventilators, and some better protection from the occasional over-
flow of the water-tank on the top of the building from which our
newspaper files have repeatedly suffered injury, the rooms would
be in good condition.

No one entering our rooms, and observing the over-crowding of
books, newspapers and pictures, need be told that the time is near
at hand when more space will be imperatively demanded.

LIBRARY WORK.

The Librarian and assistants have discharged their duties with
fidelity, and have been getting matter ready for a new Catalogue,
keeping up exchanges, arranging serials for binding, and meeting
the constant call for brx)ks by visitors. Mr. Isaac Lyon is atten-
tive and Unremitting in his courtesies (though now eighty-three
years of age), as he was when he entered on the work of super-
vising the cabinet, over six years ago — and all this voluntarily
and without pay.

THE SEVENTH VOLUME OP COLLECTIONS.

The new volume of Collections, in press at our last annual
meeting, has been largely used in effecting literary exchangeS|
and has met with much favor.

The Hon. Cyrus Woodman, an early settler at Mineral Point,
writes from Cambridge, Massachusetts : " To me it is a volume
of unusual interest. The articles from ihe pens of General Ellis,
Mr. Kingston, Mr. Meirill, Mr. Tasse and Judge Doty, are all of
'special interest It is fortunate that so much light has been
thrown upon the early history of Green Bay, and the remarkable
men who have lived there."

MAX^USCRIPT COLLECTIONS.

Col. James M. Boyd, of Green Bay, has contributed a package
of important papers relating to early Wisconsm history — mostly

TWEirrr-FouRTH Ahsital Hbport. 53

preserved by his father-in-law, Judge John Lawe, one of the ear-
liest of the Green Bay pioneers, — a land conveyance by Totnah
and other Menoinonee chie'"a in 1794; fourteen letters of Col.
Bobert Dickson, ihe Itritish commander of the northweEtern In-
dians during tiie war of 1812-15, ten oE which were dated when
encamped on Lake Winnebago, in the winter of 181i, organizing
the Indians for further hostilities ; an interesting letter of the
British Capt Duncan Graham, dated Prairie du Cliien. March i,
1815, giving, in half a dozen foolscap pages, many particulars of
that regio*], the movements of the Indians, and Col. Dickson'a
operations; five documents of the celebrated Judge Reaume, the
first law-giver of Green Bay, bearing date from ISO-j to 1817;
three letters of Capt. John Askin, Jr., of Mackinaw, relative to
the war of 1812-15; a census of Green Buy, Sept 14, 1818;
letter of Hon, John Q. Adams, addressed to George Boyd, dated
Ghent, Dec. 22, 181 1 ; letter of Wm. Dickson, dated Lake Trav-
erse, April 18, 1821; a MS. book of 136 pastes, apparently the
mathematical examples worked out by Judge Reaume in 1774,
showing neatness and scholarship, with a rude deer-skin cover;
also the old pocket-book of Judge Reaume.

Copies of a valuable collection of unpublished documents rela-
tive to Col. Wm. McKay, LieuL Col. Robert McDouall, and
Capts. Thomas G. Andereon and Joseph Rolette, in the British
aervice in Wisconsin and the Northwest in 1814, have been kindly
communicated to the Society by Joseph Tasse, Esq.; an incident
of the Black Hawk war, from Col. Charles Whittlesey.

The Secretary, during the past year, beside making a journey
in the Northwestern part of the Sute to secure some remarkable
pre-bistoric topper collections, made a visit to Capt Wm. Powell,
of Shawano county, a, native of Wisconsin, now bordering closely
on three score and ten, and intimately connected with the Me-
soiDonees and other Wisconsin tribes since 1819, and noted down
a lengthy statement of his dictation, embracing bis recollections
of the Menomonees and their prominent chiefs. Col. R »bert Dick-
eon, the British leader of the Northwestern Indian tribes during
the war oE 1812-15, and the derivation and meaning of many
Indian geographical names in Wisconsin having a Menomonea

54 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

A visit to the Oneida settlement above Green Bay, will facili-
tate the preparation of a paper on the past and present condition
and prospects of the Wisconsin Oneidas, and be the means of pre-
serving some interesting memorials of that tribe, so rapidly ad-
vancing in civilization.

By still another visit made to the venerable Hauk-mau-ne-ga,
or Spoon De Kaury, now nearly four score, the Winnebago deriva-
tion and meaning of many Wisconsin geographical names have
been secured. Such information will have an increasing interest
and value as the native Red Men fade away, leaving behind them
these local names as the only monuments of their occupation of
the country we now fondly claim as our own.

the society's mission and success recognized.

Our Society has, in a quarter of a century, gathered a Library of
seventy-seven thousand volumes and pamphlets, of which over
twenty-nine hundred are bound newspai)er files, embracing three
centuries ; an Art Gallery of one hundred and thirteen paint-
ings, and several interesting specimens of statuary ; a collec-
tion of pre-historic antiquities relating to our own State, unequalled
by any similar collection in the country ; and has issued seven
volumes of Historical Collections, three of Library Catalogues^
and several addresses in pamphlet form. This success has not
failed to attract attention beyond our borders, and worthily to
incite emulation.

'* I am glad,'' said the late distinguished American historian,
Jared Sparks, "to learn the success of your State Historioal
Society. During the time since it was founded, it seems to have
done more than any other similar Society in the country. It has
set an example of enterprise and activity which any Society may
be proud to follow."

"I hear on all hands," observes the historian, Bancroft, '* that
the immediate associates of your Society are singularly zealous
and diligent in gathering together, preserving, and, as far as possi-
ble, in publishing the memorials of other days. "

'* I am of opinion," wrote the late historian of the Red Men,
Henry R Schoolcraft, ''that the course you are pursuing, in

TwEKTY-FouRTH Aknual Report. 55

•

obtaining personal memoirs from your pioneers, is precisely that
"which promises to secure you the most valuable materials for
posterity. Fifty years hence none of this class will be living to
ans;¥er these questions, and the information will then have an
intense value."

" On more than one occasion within the year past," writes Dr.
"Wills DeHass, the well-known archaeologist, " have I heard the
example of the Wisconsin Historical Society cited and commended.
At New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, and other
points, I have heard the progress of your Society in lan-
guage most complimentary to all concerned. You have, indeed,
accomplished wonders. Excelsior is justly your motto."

"I would utter my feeble voice of encouragement," wrote the
late Rev. Dr. Francis L. Hawks, " and say, go on ; you are doing
bravely, as I learn from your Annual Reports, which have duly
reached me; and I wish every State had the good sense and lib-
erality which Wisconsin has shown in making your Society an
annual appropriation."

"Most gladly do I observe the spirit with which your young
Society proceeds," writes the venerable historian, Hon. James
Savage, of Boston, "and I feel confident that a coming generation
will examine your volumes of Reports and Collections, even with
a higher satisfaction than has been felt by me."

"Yours is a very active and vigorous young Society," writes
the historian, Parkman. "The value of your Society's Collec-
tions, under the capable editorship," observes Dr. John Gilmary
Shea, " can only be appreciated by those who, like myself, have
to use them in elucidating early history. That test shows their
real importance and worth, which may not appear to any ordinary
reader."

" Inspired with zeil by the efforts and examples of your So-
ciety," writes Hon. C. I. Walker, of Detroit, " we are endeavoring
to awaken attention to our early history, and to collect and pre-
serve such materials of that history as are still within our reach ; "
and Hon. C. C. Trowbridge, also of Detroit, and who accompanied
Gen. Cass in his Wisconsin exploration nearly fifty eight years
ago, adds: "I am fille-i with admiration when I look at the

66 WiscomsiN State Historical Soodbtt.

resume of your work. How the savant of Europe of the Yatte-
mare family must open their big eyes when they read Wieeousin's/
story. I wish you and your compeers had lived in MicbigpiQ.
Then we, too, might hare had something to show of our past hisr
tory."

*' The Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin,"
writes Hon. T. W. Field, in his elaborate work on Indian Biblio-
graphy, '* is one of the noblest collections ever made by any His-
torical Society. It is a yaat mass of original material, written
mostly by border warriors, pioneers, voyagers, and others, who
saw the events of which they wrote. By far the lai^est portion
relates to the Aborigines who once occupied the territory. It is .
to the intelligence and zeal of the learned antiquary, Lyman C.
Draper, that the public are indebted for this model of Historical
Collections."

To append the friendly expressions of leading citizens of our
own state, where all can judge for themselves, seems hardly nec-
essary. A few only may be adduced :

" There is no institution of the State," writes Gov. Washburn,
^' that the people should be more proud of than the Historical
Society — built up to its present great proportions."

" You can have no better monument," writes Gov. Lewis, " than
the grand collection you have been instrumental in bringing to*
gether at our State House. The people of the State are inter-
ested in having the work continued."

"I am deeply interested," writes Hon. John F. Potter, "in all
that relates to the early history of our State, and I am sure the
grateful thanks of all our people are due to you for the industry,
perseverance and ability which have marked your long connec-
tion with the Society."

"No Commonwealth of the age of ours," remarks Hon. H. D.
Barron, " has the priceless gathering of historical treasures that
we have. And they have been brought to us by you with a care
and industry, a judgment and economy that some other person
might have used, but which I do not believe any one else in the
broad State would have displayed."

" All intelligent and honest men," writes Hon. J. T. Kingston^

TWENTY-FOUBTH ANNUAL EePORT. 67

^' must acknowledge and do acknowledge, that yours has been a
great work in the interest of the State — a work, in fact, which
no other man in the State could have performed so thoroughly
and so well."

" It does not seem possible," observes Hon. A. R B. Butler,
^' that the Legislature can fail to comprehend the importance to
€he State of strengthening your hands in your unselfish efforts
^to promote the interests of the Historical Society."

" The Historical Society of Wisconsin,^' remarks Hon. Cyrus
TVoodman, "adds to the glory not of Wisconsin alone, but of our
"whole country."

Similar flattering commendations come from Hon. Alexander
Hitchell, Hon. James Sutherland, Hon. M. M. Davis, Hon. George
Oary, Hon. William C. Allen, Gen. John H. Bountree, C. E.
Britt, Hon. Sat Clark, and others.

CONCLUSION.

It is not necessary, on this occasion, to dwell upon the import-
ance of public libraries to an enlightened community or State —
that by such collections, books are brought together upon almost
every conceivable subject, utterly beyond the ability of individ-
uals to purchase, and placed where all may freely consult them.

It has been well said, that true self-education begins where the
colleges leave off ; hence the true mission of libraries should be
to furnish the proper appliances to encourage and carry forward
this process of self-culture. "The stores of fa^ts and thoughts,
and the exemplification of methods accumulated in books, are
zieeded to harmonize and give a purpose to mental action."

By citing a few recent benefactions to public libraries, it may
serve to show that we are not alone in our estimate of the value
of such institutions.

The late Oliver Newberry, of Chicago, left a colossal estate,
estimated at about five millions of dollars, one-half of which,
with a liberal forethought and wise discrimination, was reserved
for a public library in the city of his residence ; and the New-
berry Library, with such a generous provision, will soon enter

upon a career of great usef ulnesa
5 — St. H18.S00.

58 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

James Lenox, of New York City, has proved himself one of the
most munificent library donors of any age. For more than half
a century he has been gathering one of the richest collections of
books and manuscripts extant; in complete folio and old editions
of the Bible, and parts thereof, it leads the world, far surpassing
even the large and noble collection in the British Museum, backed
as this great Government library is, by the unstinted money
grants of the British Government In the Lenox collection are
thousands of manuscripts and volumes of Americana; five
copies of the almost priceless first folio edition of Shakespeare ;
the Mazarin and other rare early editions of the Bible ; six copies
of Elliott's Indian Bible — the first Bible printed in America^
which one person only now living, Hon. J. H. Trumbull, can read.
Supplementing this large and invaluable collection is a costly and
choicely selected gallery of paintings. For all these literary and
artistic treasures, Mr. Lenox has provided a spacious building —
the value of the ground and cost of the edifice exceeding a
million of dollars — dedicating the whole to the use and benefit
of the public, declaring that no necessary sums of money shall
be withheld to complete the collection upon a scale commensurate
with the intellectual wants of the age.

W. B. Astor's recent gift of $250,000, and J. J. Aster's of
$10 000, added to the previous liberal bequests and donations of
that family to the Astor Library, have greatly increased the use-
fulness and efficiency of that noble institution, and enabled it to
expend the past year $60,000 in making rich and valuable acqui-
sitions to its literary collections.

By the liberality of Leonard Case, the Cleveland Library As-
sociation has come into the possession of property valued at
$300,000, yielding an income sufficient to place that institution
in independent circumstances.

Judge S. C. Hastings, of San Francisco, has tendered $100,000
to found a law library for California.

The late Ezra T. Osborn, of Boston, has left one-half of his
estate to the Sutton Library at Peabody, Mass., which is estimated
to reach fully $60,000.

The free library of Woodbridge, N. J., had $50,000 bequeathed
to it hy the late Thoa Barron.

Twenty-Fourth Annual Report. 69

The late Charlotte Harris, of Boston, left a bequest of $10,000,
besides her private collection of books, to the Chariestown, Masa,
library ; and $2,000 to the Boston Athenoeum.

John Gardner bequeathed $5,000 to the free public library of
Maiden, Mass.; and Mrs. Prof. Wm. Larned the same amount to
Yale College Library.

These few instances of recent gifts and bequests to American
public libraries, taken almost at random, evince the growing in-
terest and unmistakable recognition on the part of thoughtful
men and women in these institutions as permanent and powerful
instrumentalities in supplementing and promoting the education
of the people.

Oar Historical Society has not yet been the recipient of any
lai*ge pecuniary benefactions. Wisconsin is yet a comparatively
new State ; and, it is to be anxiously hoped, that the Society may,
at no distant period, be generously remembered by its wealthy
and liberal- hearted people. But until then, its reasonable sup-
port can be best maintained by the State.

When Prussia was reduced to the greatest extremity by the
wars of the first Napoleon — plundered of her arsenals, her coffers,
and her" museums by her relentless conquerors — suffering from
heavy pecuniary exactions, robbed, even, of the revenue for the
endowment of schools — then, in the midst of these great public
distresses, the Prussian ladies stripped themselves of their jewels
and ornaments, sending them to the royal treasury, and receiving
cast-iron ones in .return, bearing the inscription, ^^ 1 give gold for
irori'^ This state of things lasted for half a dozen yeari, the king
and public functionaries declaring that they were " convinced that
liberation from extraordinary calamities is fruitless, and only to
be effected by a thorough improvement of the people's education."
*' It was during these unparalleled sacrifices that Prussia," says
Bancroft, '' in the hour of its sufferings and its s^reatest calamities,
renovated its existence partly by the establishment of schools."

The people of Wisconsin, who have passed through the trials
and vicissitudes attendant upon the settlement of a new country,
and patiently suffered from the self denials and sacrifices of war,
will not be apt to repudiate their own intellectual and bvim^xvAaw-

60 WiscoKsiK Statb Historical Society.

rian institutions, "Forward," not backward — is our Stute's
noble and heroic motto.

That man is to be pitied who can see no good in oar Univer*
sities, our Colleges, our Academies, our Normal and High schools,
and last, but not least, our humble District schools — " the Colleges
of the poor." And God pity the man who has no realizing sense
of the value and necessity of our public libraries. He who can
ruthlessly strike down or cripple these institutions — the pride o£
our people, and the boast of our age — would only equal the mon^
Bter who could amuse himself with a fiddle when his city wai^
being devoured by the fiery element

Chicago has permanently provided one-fifth of a mill tax for
the support of its public library, which should yield about $60,-
•000 a year. Surely the people of Wisconsin will not begrudge
the pittance of a tax of the three hundred and eightyjiflh part of a
^cent on the dollar's valuation^ to maintain and gradually build up.
a noble State library — one that our people will reverently gua]:d
And cherish for all coming time.

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Submitted January 2, 1879.

Secretary Draper made the following report, in behalf of the
Executive Committee, for the year 1878, which was read and
adopted :

It is now a quarter of a century since our Society was re-organ-
ized, in January, 1854, and entered upon a career of steady growlh
and constantly increasing: usefulness. Its earlier years were neces-
sarily years of "small things;*' the annual accretions, while val-
uable, were not large; and not unfrequcntly the Society met with
narrow escapes from the unwise. onslaughts of zealous public funo-
tionariesy who, with good^ yet n^isguided intentions, thought they,
were rendering the public meritorious services by efforts to destroy
its efficiency and usefulness — efforts that were, in no single in«
stance^ called for by the people of the State ; and which, fortu*
nately for the cause o£ enlightened progress, failed of their pur-

Twenty-Fifth Annual Beport, 61

pose. It is to be hoped, that the Society, with its wealth of solid
litektiture, and the stimulas it has given to literary taste and cul-
ture— the many interesting fragments of history it has, by per-
sistent efforts, gathered and preserved — will hereafter meet with
the kindly encouragement it deserves.

The growth of the Library has been very satisfactory the year
past, as the statistics show. All the departments of colleciioa
have received more or less increase — some of them quite large.
Each successive year brings with it important additions to our col-
lection of American history, not a few of them rarities; so that
this department of our Library is regarded as one of the very best
in our country.

FINANCIAL CONDITION — BINDING FUND.

The Treasurer's report shows that the past year's receipts into
the General Fund, including the small balance of the previous
year, were $5,016.44 ; and the disbursements, $4,915.27, leaving
an QDexpended balance of $101.17.

During the year, the following additions have been made to the
Binding Fund : From Hon. C. C. Washburn, $200 : Hon. E. D.
Holton, $20 ; Eev. R M. Hodges, one of the Society's honorary
vice presidents, $20; duplicate books sold, $180. 17; accrued inter-
est, $446.11 ; annual membership dues, net, $62.70 — thus show-
ing an increase of $928.93, and rendering the total present amount
of this important Fund, $6,524.49.

It may be interesting to recur to the sources of the growth of
this Fund. For several years, the urgent need of a Binding Fund
was presented in the annual reports of the Society ; but it was not
till early in 1867, that a beginning was made by a gift of $100
from Hon. John Catlin.

The several donors, and the respective amounts of their contri-
butions, have been as follows :

Hod. Alexander Mitchell $750 00

Hon. C. C. Washburn 800 00

Samuel Marshall, Esq 150 00

ReT.RM. Hodge8,D.D 140 00

Hon. John Catlin 100 00

Hon. Cyrus Woodman 100 00

Hon. G. W. Allen 100 00

Charles Falrchlld 100 00

62 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Hon. Andrew Proudfit f 100 00

Hon. James Sutherland 75 00

Hon. John F. Potter 60 00

Hon. Stephen Taylor 60 00

Hon. Philetns Sawyer 60 00

Hon. James T. Lewis 60 00

Col Richard Dunbar 60 00

Terrill Thomas 60 00

Gen. J. J. Guppy 60 00

Hon. M. H. Carpenter 60 00

Hon. G. W. Bradford 60 00

8. Alofsen 25 00

W.B. Champion 20 00

T.Laldler 20 00

Col. Thomas Reynolds 20 00

C. P. Chapman 20 00

Hon. R H. Baker 20 00

Hon. Gerrit Smith 20 00

Hon. Wm. Plocker 20 00

"A Friend" 20 00

Hon. E. D. Hollon . ,.- 20 00

Hon.Philo White 12 60

Gen. John Lawler 10 00

Mrs. L. M. Thomas 6 00

W.F. Sanders 2 00

Hon. Geo. Gary 2 00

J. B. Holbrook 2 00

C. M.Thurston 1 60

y.T. Haseltine 1 00

H.N. Nicholson 1 00

Hon. E. N. Foster 1 00

Dr.A.S. McDill 75

Donations f 2, COS 75

Accrued interest, 1867-78 1,795 71

Duplicate books sold 1 ,587 95

Membership fees, net 582 08

16, 524 49

At the last annual meeting of the Society, the receipt of the
deed for 640 acres of land in Coleman county, Texas, — the prom-
ised gift for our Binding Fund by the late Hon. John Catlin, one
of the Honorary Vice Presidents of the Society, was suitably ac-
knowledged for Mrs. Catlin and her daughter.

We have since learned of the death of Hon. Stephen Taylor,
of Philadelphia, another of our Honorary Vice Presidents. Mr.
Taylor died on the 8th of December, 1877, leaving by his will a
bequest of $1,000 to our Society, to be paid after Mrs. Taylors
death.

Mr. Taylor came to Wisconsin in 1835, as a prominent organ-
izer of the Independent Order of the Odd Fellows, establishing ?•
lodge in Mineral Point in that year ; and soon after became assist*

Twenty-Fifth Annual Bkport. 63

ant Begister oE the United States land office at that place, a posi-
tion which he held till 1841. He prepared and published an early
map of the Lead Begion ; and, in 1812, contributed to Silliman's
Journal an interesting illustrated piper on the curious animal
shaped mounds of Wisconsin. Beturning to Philadelphia in
18i3, he established himself as a conveyancer, and at one time
was City Controller, A few years since, he visited our city and
spent much time in the Society's rooms. He contributed valuable
papers for our Collections, his portrait to our Gallery, books for
our Library, and, in 1874, donated $50 to our Binding Fund. At
the time of his decease, Mr. Taylor was in his seventy -third year.
In his death, as in that of Mr. Catlin, our Society lost a true and
sympathizing friend.

It is pertinent, also, to note the death of Bev. Bichard M.
Hodges, another of the Society's Honorary Vice Presidents, and
another of its benefactors, which occurred at his residence at
Cambridge, Mass , Aug. 10, 1878, at the venerable age of eighty-
four years. Though personally a stranger to most of us, yet he
had become impressed with the value of our Society's work, and
had for seven successive years regularly, on the return of each
successive spring, remitted twenty dollars for our Binding Fund,
making, in the aggregate, a very creditable contribution. Such
men as Catlin, Taylor and Ho^jges leave behind them the savor
of a good name, and the memory of worthy deeds.

The Catlin anl Taylor bequests, when realized, will add very
considerably to the principal of the Binding Fund — to which
accrue all gifts and bsquests, as well as membership fees, and the
proceeds of the sale of duplicate books.

With the present and prospective needs of the Library, this Fund
should be pushed up to not less than $L5,000, in order that its
income should be adequate for all binding purposes expected of
it We have hundreds of volumes of books, periodicals, news-
paper files and pamphlets that are comparatively useless in their
present unbound condition, awaiting the time when the income
from this Fund will render them available for reference and use-
fulness.

Could all the friends of the Society be induced to contribute

64

Wisconsin State Historical Society.

liberally to the Binding Fund, they would not only make it aa
early and assured success, but would share in the gratification
of the ceaseless good it is destined to accomplish.

library additions.

The additions to the Library duringthe pastyear have been 2,214
volumes; of which 1,608 were by purchase, and 606 by dona-
tion ; and 1,827 pamphlets and documents, of which 770 were ob-
tained by purchase, and 1,057 by donation. Of the book addi-
tions, 115 were folios, and 126 quartos — increasing the number
of folios in the Library to 2,764, and the quartos to 3,195, and
both to 5,959.

PROGRESSIVE LIBRARY INCREASE.

The past and present condition of the Library is shown in the
following table :

Datb.

1854,
1855,
1856,
1857,
1858,
1859,
1860,
1861,
1863,
1868,
1864,
1865,
1866,
1867,
1868,
1869,
1670,
1671,
1872,
1878,
1874,
1876.
1876,
1877,
1878,
1879,

Jan. 1.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 1.
Jan. 6.
Jan. 1.
Jan. 4.
Jan. 8.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 3.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 8.
Jan. 4.
Jan. 1 .
Jan. 4.
Jan. 8.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 4.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 2.
Jan. 8.

Totol

Volumes
added.

50

1,000

1,065

1,005

1,024

1,107

1,800

887

610

544

248

520

868

928

5,462

2,888

928

1,970

1,211

2,166

1,853

1,945

2,851

2,820

1,818

2,214

89,171

Documents

and
Pamphlets.

1,000

2,000

800

958

5b0

728

1.184

711

2,878

856

226

806

2.811

1.048

683

6,240

1,873

8.789

1,528

1,178

1,186

1,764

2,886

5,090

1,827

41.934

Both
together.

50
2,000
8,065
1,805
1.983
1,607
2,528
1,971
1,821
2.917
604
746
1,174
8,784
6,505
8,520
7,168
8.842
5,000
8.694
8.030
8,181
4,615
5,156
6.908
4,041

81.105

Total in
Libraiy.

50"
2,050
5,115
6,420
8,403
10,010
12,583
14,504
15,825
18,743
l^(, 346
20,093
21,266
25.000
81 .505^
85,025
42.188
45.580
50.580
54.224
57,254
60,885
65,000
70,156.
77,064
81.105

• ^l?WBNTT-PlFTH ANNUAL BEPOBT. 65

American History and Literature. — American Miscell. State
Papers, v. d., 288 vols. ; Congressional and State Documents,
V. d., 220 vols.; Congressional Speeches, v. d., 26 vols.; United
States Geolog. and Geograph. Explorations, 14 vols. ; Quebec
Literary and Histor. Soc. Publications, 1870-7, 8 vols. ; Jesuit
Relations, v. d., 6 vols. ; Van Couver s Vojrages, etc., 1801, 6 vols. ;
Mazzei's Kecherches et Politique sur les Etats Unis, 1788, 4
vols. ; Mass. Histor. Soc. Collections, etc., 1876-8, 3 vola ; and
the following each two vols. ; Goodrich's Amer. Indians, 1843 ;
Catlin's North Amer. Indians, 1866 ; Kingston's Wanderings in
Canada, 1856; Federal and State Constitutions, 1877; T^sse's
Canadians of the West, 1878 ; Dickinson's Political Works, 1801 ;
Frost's Remarkable Events in Amer Hist, 1852; Sketches and
Poems on La Fayette's Visit, 1824 ; Stephens' Hist of War for
the Union, 1866; McCabe's Hist U. S. Centennial Exhibition,
1878 ; and the following one volume each :

Centennial Histories, — Taylor's Centennial Hist United States,
1876; Deven's Our First Century, 1876; Patton's Hist Amer.
People, 1876; Hayden's Hand Book ot Amer. Progress, 1876;
Nordhoff's Cotton States, 1876; Pennock's Illustrated North
West, 1876; Century of Amer. Independence, 1876.

Other Histories, one volume eacfi. — Kedpath's Popular Hist U.
S., 1878 ; Bryant's Popular Hist U. S., vol. 2, 1878 ; Ensel's
Indiae Occidentalis, 1612; Story's Journal of Travels, 1747;
Wentworth's Exped. to Carthagena, 1744; Knox's Claim of Col-
onies, 1765 ; Memorials of Great Britain and France on Boundar-
ies, 1757 ; Account of Conference in America, 1766 ; Examination
of Burgoyne's Expedition, 1779 ; Conduct of Amer. War under
British Generals, 1780; Bradman's Narr. of Captivity, etc., 1794;
Anderson's Interest of Great Britain Considered, 1782 ; Trial of
Col. D. Henley by Court Martial, 1788; British and Amer. Reg-
ister, 1775 ; Portlock's Journal of Voyage to N. W. Coast, 1789 ;
Chalmers Public Law and Commer. Policy, 1784; McAlpine'a
Memoirs, etc., 1778 ; Hist, of North and South America, 1793 ;
Barton s Origin of Indian Tribes, 1798 ; Eighty Years' Progress
of United States, 1868; Chamberiin's Struggle of 1872; Coffin's
Scat of Empire, 1870; Hall's Legends of the West, 1869 ; Smith's

66 Wisconsin! State Historical Society.

tTarr. of Death of Andre, 1808 ; Otis' Defense of Hartford Con-
vention, 1824; Puglia's Features of Federalism, 1803; Ogden's
Tour throui^h Ohio and Kentucky, 1823 ; Fuller s Transformation
Scenes in United States, 1875 ; Adams' Field and Forest Scenes
in Canada, 1873 ; Martin's Behind the Scenes in Washington,
n. d. ; Forney's Anecdotes of Public Men, 1873 ; McCoy on Indian
Eeform, 1827; Eaymond's Silver and Gold of United States,
1878; Pictorial Hist of Amer. Revolution, n. d. ; Morgan's
Ancient Society and Researches, 1877 ; Gilpin's Mission of North
Amer. People, 1873; Homes of Amer. Authors, 1857 ; Brownell's
Indian Races, 1873 ; Southesk's Saskatchewan, eta, 1875 ; Frost's
Pioneer Mothers of the West, 1869 ; Frost's Hist of United States,
1838 ; Denison's Days and Ways of Cocked Hats, 1860 ; White's
Indian Battles of New England, 1859 ; McCuUoh's Researches
in America, 1817 ; Clark's Bibliotheca Americana, 1878 ; Morris'
Amer. Civil Institutions. 1864; Wright's Patriot and Tory, 1876 ;
Finch's Travels in United States and Canada, 1833 ; Coffin's
Boyrt of 1876 ; Trial, eta, of Gen. Arnold, 1865 ; Stansbury and
Odell's Loyal Verses, 1860 ; Hudson's Second War of Independ-
ence, 1863 ; Hodgson's Cradle of the Confederacy, 1876 ; Jour-
nal of Prisoner at Dartmouth, Eog., 1816; Smith's Geograph.
View of British Possessions, 1814 ; Address to Six Nations,
1805; Cjnstant's Missionary Journey in West, 1857; Laws of
North We3t Territory (1799-1802), 1833 ; Hist of Amer. Party,
1855; Webster's Harrison Campaign Speeches, n. d.; Lednum's
Hist, of Methodism in United States, 1859; Dunns Brazil, a
Home for Southerners, 1868 ; Shaffaer's War in Amerivja, 1862 ;
Williams' Eise and Fall of Model Eepublic, 1363 ; Partridge's
Oligarchy in the West, 1866; Harris' Polit Conflict in United
States, 1876; Mondot's Hist of North American Indians, 1868;
Collection of Indian Treaties, 1873 ; Warden's Amer. Researches,
1827; Cone and John's Hist of Petroleum Region, 1871 ; Manu-
Bcrit Pictographique Amercaine, 1860 ; Tales of Revolution, 1878;
Kane's Wanderings among Indians, 1759; Lewis' Aboriginal
Portfolio, 1835 ; Anderson's Discovery of America, 1877 ; Cen-
ten. Celebration of Burgoyne's Surrender, 1878 ; Flagler's Hist
Rock Island Arsenal, 1877; Spencer's Western Pioneer Life„

TwKNTT-FiFTH Anndal Bepokt. 67

1872; Dutch and Swedish Seltleraenta on Delaware, 1877;
White'a Early Hist. New England, 1841 ; Beecher'a Land Fall
of Columbus, 1856 ; Expedition of Sir Francis Drake, etc, 1855 ;
Amer. Year Book. 1869 ; Records of Federal Dead, 1865 ; Mss.
of Early Canada Hist, 1866; Goddard on Amer. Eebellion, 1870;
Henry's Record of Civilian Appointmenti, 1871; Oriskany Gen-
teonial^ 1877 ; Ilarrissea Bibliography of Sew France (loio-
1700), 1872 ; Columbus' Primera Epistola, etc, 1858 ; Spofford's
Amer. Almanac, 1878 ; Browne's Four year.^ in United States,
1849; Carrington's Battles of Amer. Revolution, 1877; Drake's
Stjry of Bunker Hill, 1875 ; Dodge Plains of Great West, 1877 ;
Green's Irrepreaaible C inflict, 1872 ; Dyce'sSix Months in Fed-
eral Slates- 1863 ; Hand Book of Democracy, 1853^; Traosae-
ttona Moravian llisL Soc., 1876; Starbucks Amer. Whale Fish-
eries, 1878 ; Long Island HiaL Soc. Memoirs, 1878 ; Guide from
AUanlie to Pacific, 1878 ; Tucksrman'a Criterion, 1866 ; Miller's
HisL of Moiloc), 1874 ; Military Hist, of Kiinsas Regiments,
1870: Kleharty's 102d III^. Regt, 186.J; Whitman'-s Maine in
the Rebellion, lSt15 ; Bates' Martial Deeds of Pa., 1876 ; Taylor's
Four Years with Lee, 1878 ; Cooke's Mohun, or Last Days with
Lee, 1869: Keyes' Hist. 12Sd Ohio Reg't,1374; Soulier's B.ittle
Field of Gettysburg, 1364; D^nnison'a Ist Rhode Island Cavalry,
1876; Southwood's Beauty and Booty, 1867; Kirkwood's 67lh
Indiana Reg't, 1868 ; Mason's 42d Ohio Infy, 1876; Fall of Fort
Stttnter, 1867; llortoa and Teverbaugh's IIisi. 11th Ohio Reg't,
1866; Murphy's 1st Delaware Regt, 1866; Walker's Scenes of
the Civil War, 1877 ; Scott's 105th Pa. Regt, 1877.

&ale and Local TZi'story. — Vermont Ann. Registers, 1822-76,
24vol&; Pbila. City Directories, 1833-59, 16 vols.; Illustrated
Histories of Bureau, DeKilb, Warren, Henry, Jo Daviess, Car-
roll, La Salle, Winnebago, Boone, Lake and Whiteside counties,
DL, 1876-8, 11 vols. ; Penn. Archives, 1877-8, 3 vols. ; Hisl. of Sl
Joseph and Calhoun Cos., Mich., 1877, 2 vols., Maclean s Hist o£
College of N. Jersey, 1877, 2 vols. ; Barllett's Military Record,
La., 1674-5, 2 vols. ; Js'. Jersey in Civil War, 1876, 2 vols. ; and
the following, each one vol. : Sypher &, Apgar's HisL N. Jersey,
1871; Hodge's Arizona, 1374; Resources Central Mississippi,

i68 WlSCONSIN STAtK HiSTOBIOAL SOCIETY.

18T6; Cowan's S. Western Pennsylvania, 1878; Morris' Free Ma-
sonry in Kentucky, 1859; Pike's Prostrate State (S. Carolina),
1874; Truman's Semi-Tropical Oalifornfa, 1874; Ware's Emi-
grant's Guide to California, 1849 ; Hastings' Guide to Oregon and
California, 1845 ; Fremont's Geogr. Memoirs of California, n. d. ;
Gayarre's Hist Louisiana, 1866 ; Wythe's Natives of Virginia
(1585-8), 1841 ; Virginia Richly and Truly Valued (1650), n. d. ;
Rumnel's Illinois Hand Book, 1870 ; Waite's Geology and Agr.
of Mississippi, 1854; Roy's Coal Mines, etc., of Ohio, 1876 ; An-
derson's Silver Country, 1877; Brodhead's Hist New York
(1664-91), 1871; Cozzen's Three Years in Arizona, etc., 1876;
Brown's Gov't of Ohio, eta, 1875; King's Great South, 1875,-
Calendar of Virginia State Papers (1652-1781), 1875 ; Dames'
Wis. Guide Book (German), 1849; Sylvester's Hist Sketches, No.
New York, 1877; Michigan Pioneer Society Coll., 1877; Dimi-
try's School Hist of Louisiana, 1877 ; Dashell's Virginia Pastor's
Recollections, 1875; Knapp's Argentine Republic, 1876; Irish^
Hist of Richmond, R L, 1877; Hist Bradford Co., Pa., 1878;
Hist Otsego Co., N. Y, 1878; Clayton's Onondago Co., N. Y,
1878 ; Smith's Hist of Pittsfield, Mass., vol. 2, 1876 ; Hist of
Seneca and Wayne Cos., N. Y, 1876-7 ; Hist Ashtabula Co.,
O., 1878; Hist Lawrence Co., Pa., 1877; Douglas' Hist Wayne
Co., O., 1878; Orcutt's Hist Wolcott, Ct, 1874; Smith's Hist
Duchess Ca, N. Y, 1877 ; Hist Washington Co., O., 1877; Bross'
Hist Chicago, 111., 1876; Bagg's Pioneer Hist Utica, N. Y, 1877;
Richardson's Hist Woonsocket, R L, 1876 ; Abstracts of Cook
Co., 111., Land Titles, 1877; Hist of Kendall Co., 111., 1877;
Slaughter's Hist St Mark's Parish, Culpepper Co., Va., 1877;
Cunningham's Hist Neenah, Wis., 1878 ; Marvin's Hist Lake
George, 1853 ; Hist Hardin Co., O., 1876 ; Langworthy's Hist,
Dubuque, Iowa, 1855 ; Knowlton's Annals of Calais, Me., 1875 ;
Harden's Hist Madison Co., Ind., 1874 : Burke's Guide to Niagara
Palls, 1854; Hist and Geology of Niagara, 1872; Memoir of
Schuylkill Fishing Co., 1830 ; Orcutt's Hist Torrington, Ct, 1878 ;
Kalamazoo, Mich., Quarter Centennial, 1855; Orono, Me., Town
Celebration, 1874; Packard's Hist of La Porte Co., Ind., 1876;
Wall's Reminiscences of Worcester, Mass., 1877 ; Taylor's Hist

TwH^TY-EiFTH Annual Bbpobt» 60

Anoepolis, 1872 ; Bowea's Hist PhiljL, 1889 ; Shepard's Early
Hist Sl Louis, Ma, 1870 ; Lamb's Hist N. Y. City, 1877 ;
Jones' Dublin Bapt Cb., Phila., 1869; Williams Hist St Paul,
Minn., 1876 ; Morgan's Hist Dauphin Co., Pa., 1877 ; Livermore's
Hist Block Island, R L, 1877 ; Whitehead's Directory of Chester,
Pa., 1859; Peck & Earll's Hist of Fall Eiver, Mass., 1877;
Crawford's White Mountains, N. H., 1816 ; Hist Montgomery
and Fulton Cos., N. Y., 1878 ; Wheeler s Hist of Brunswick,
ete.. Me., 1878; Wyandotte Co., O., Directory, 1877 ; Ruttenber's
Hist Orange Co., N. Y., 1875 ; Westcott's Historic Mansions of
Phila., 1877; Green's Early Settlers of Groton, Masa, 1878;
Saudbam's Ville Marie (Montreal), 1870; Wrights' Hist Perry
€!a, Pa., 1873; Dunstable, Masa, Bi-Centennial, 1878; Sawteli's.
Hist of Townsend, Mas?., 1878; Perkins' Early Times on Susque-
bfiona, 1870; Maxwell's Hist of Guthrie Co., Iowa, 1876;
areea's Hist of K Greenwich, R L, 1877 ; Martin's Hist Ches-
ter, Pa., 1877 ; Etting'a Hist of Old State House^ Phila,, 1876 ;
Thompson's Hist of Sonoma Ca^ Cal, 1877; Ferree's Falls. of
I^iagara, 1876; Gregg's Hochelaga Depicts (Montreal), 1839;
Roger's Private Libraries of Providence, R I., 1878 ; Barnes' N.
Y. Metropolitan Police, 1863 ; Berry & Paiton's Men and Mem^
cries of San Francisco, 1873.

American Biography, — Abbott's Series Amer. Biogmphiea
and Histories, 15 vola; Memoirs, eta, John Q. Adams, Vols* 4:^12,
1875-7, 9 vok; Edmond's Lite and Times of Washington, 1835,
% vols.; Delafield'a Biographies of Francis and Morgan Lewia,
1877, 2 vola; and the following each one volume: Lives of Co-
lorabus and Yespocius, 1878 ; Irving's Biographies and Miscel-
lanies, 1870; Randolph's Life Gdn. T. J« Jacks3n, 1876; Smuck-
er's Lives of Dr. Kane and others, 1871 ; Patton's Lives of N. Y.
and Brooklyn Clergy, 1874; Hartley's Lives of Marion, Moultrie,
eta, XL d.; Lester's Life of Sumner, 1874 ; Adams' Life of John
Adams, 1874 ; Memorial of IL D. Gilpin, 1860 ; Cooke's John
Myers and His Times, 1854 ; Campbell's Sketches and Literary
Remains, 1838 ; Boyle's Sketches of Mary landers, 1877 ; Seward's
Autobiography, 1877 ; Da Ponceau's Eulogy on Tilghman, 1827 ;
Hildebraod's Autobiography, 1877 ; Allen's Clergy of Maryland

70 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

P. E. Church, 1860 ; Memorial of Thos. Ewing, 1873 ; Tarbox'a
Life of Patnam, 1876; Mather's Life of John Eliot, 1820; Sketches,
etc., D. Crockett, 1833 ; Banvard'sLifeof Webster, 1853 ; Knapp'a
Life of Timothy Dexter, 1848; Biography of Cresap, 1826; Eg-
gleston's Life of Tecumseh; Memories of Shaubena, 1878;
Slaughter's Life of Randolph Fairfax, 1878 ; Hill's Life of Boone,
1875; Narr. of Life of D. Crockett, 1834; Hartley's Life of
Boone, 1865 ; Whittaker's Life of Custer, 1876 ; Young's Life of
Geo. Robertson, 1876 ; Thomas' Sketches of Randolph, Wirt and
Kenton, 1853 ; Youth of Jefferson, 1854 ; Lincoln, Stanton and
Grant, n. d.

Oeneahgies, — Wentworth Family, 1878, 3 vols.; Roberdeau and
Shippen Families, 1876-7, 2 vols.; Thomas' Genealog. Notes,
1878, 2 vols.; and the following in one vol.: Whipple's GeneaL
of Whipple Family, 1857 ; Dudley's Genealog. and Archaeolog.
Collections, 1861; Welles' Geneal. of Welles Family, 1876;
Holton's Winslow Memorial, 1877 ; Jones' Domesday Book ;
Wiltshire, Eng., 1865; Ingraham Family, 1871; Ammidown
Family, 1877 ; Burwell Family Picnic, etc., 1870 ; Pierson Gen-
ealog. Records, 1878; Bergen's Geneal. of Lefferts Family, 1878;
Whitmore's Grave Yards of Boston, 1878; O' Hart's Irish Pedi-
grees, 1876; Crane's Rawson Geneal., 1876; Gerard's Chapman
Geneal., 1876; Allen's Geneal. of Aliens of Ct, 1876; Johnson
Geneal., 1876; Worcester, Mass., Burial Ground Inscriptions,
1878 ; Briggs Geneal., 1878 ; Burrage Geneal, 1877 ; Turner's
Hist and Geneal. of Greenes of R I., 1877; Mann Geneal., n. d.;
Jillson Geneal., 1876 ; Dunster Geneal., 1876 ; Bartow Geneal.,
1878 ; Wynkoop Geneal., 1878 ; Moseley Geneal., 1878 ; Kippas'
Church Yard Literature, 1877 ; Morse's GeneaL of Sherborn and
Holliston, Mass., 1856; Pierce's Genealog. and Histor. Contribu-
tions, 1874; Smith Geneal, 1874; Genealog. and Topogr. MSS.
in British Museum, 1825; Foster's Lancashire Families, 1873;
Yorkshire Visitations, 1875; Heraldry of Smiths of Scotland,
1874 ; Edwards' Family Meeting and Memorial, 1871 ; Hunting-
ton's Memories, eta, 1857; Early Settlers of Eliot, Me., 1851;
Harrison's Maitland Family, 1869 ; Somerby's Ancestry of John
Cotton, 1868 ; The Browns of Nottingham, Pa., n. d.; Elbridge's

Twenty-Fifth ANSUAr. Report.

Sermon and Rockwell Family, 1852 ; Archer'a Monumental la-
Bcriptions, etc, in West Indies, 1875 ; Finlayson'a Surnnmed, and
Sirennmes, n. d,

English and ConUnenlal Ilistonj nnd LUeratvre. — Almnnach da
Gotba, 1776-1361, 70 vols.; Edinburgh Cabinet Library, v. d.,
87 vols; British Public Characters, 1798-1809, 10 vols.; Camp-
bell's Lives British Admirals, 1817, 8 vols.; Birch's Collection of
Thurloe State Papers, 1742, 7 vols.; Tracts on Public Records,
V. d, 7 vols.; Daniel's ElisL of France, 1732, 5 vols.; Dyer's
M:odernEiirope{li53-1871), 1877,5 vols.; Harris' Hist, of CharJea
I, Charles 11, and Jamoa I, 1766-72, 5 vola; ihc following each
four vola: British Museum M.SS., 1836-53 ; McPheraon's HisL
Great Bri la io, 1775; Seward's Anecdotes of Distinguished Per-
sons, 1798; HItchins' IlisL and Antinjiities of Dorset, 1861-70;
Hazlitt's Remdns of Early Eng. Poetry, 1864; the following,
each three vols,; Antiquitatem Teulonicarum, etc, 1728; Dun-
lop's Hist of Roman L teraturft 1824; Libberton's Oatlines of
History, 1872; Brodie's Con.-ititntional Hist of British Empire,
1866; Shipp's Memoirs of Military Career, 1830 i Correspond enca
of Countess of Hartford, 1806 ; Burton's Life, etc, of D. Hume,
1816; Old Book Collectors' Miscellany, 1871; Collier's Eng.
Dramatic Poetry, 1831; the following each two vols.: Johnsoa
and Steevens' Ed, of Shakspeare, 1793 ; Seward's Biographiana,
1799; Vertot's Hist of Bretons in GanJ, 1722; Hutchinson's
Hist, and Antiquities of Ca Cnmberlond, 1791 ; Life of Duka of
Monmonlh, 1844 ; Glover's HisL of Co, of Darby, 1829 ; Mac-
kenzie's Histor, View of Co. of Derby, 1834 ; Hitchins' and Drews'
Hiat of Comwali, 1824 ; Huitfeldt's Chronicles of Denmark
(Latin), 1652; Malcomb's Hist of Persia, 1829; Murray's Hist,
of European Languages, 1823; Martin's Natives of Tonga Is-
lands, 1817; Bruhyn's Life of Unniboldt, 1S73 ; Livingstone's
Life and Expeditions to Africa, 1860-74; Motley's Life of John
of Barnevald, 1874 ; Letters to and from Countess of Suffolk
(1712-67), 1824 ; Bailey's HiHt. Co. of Nottingham, 1858 ; .Tcsae'tf
Celebrated Etonians, 1875; Allibone's Prose, and IVtic.il Quo-
tations, 1876-78 ; Courtenay's Memo, of Sir. W m. Tempid, 1836 ;
and the following each one vol.: British Annual Necrology,

72 Wiscx)NsiN State. Historical Society.

1797^8; Portraiture of His Most Sacred Majesty, eta, 1548;
Nelson's English Libertiea, 1774; Gage's Hist and Antiquities of
Suffolk, 1837 ; Eastern Counties Collectanea, 1872-3 ; Hist, and
Antiquities of Glamorganshire, 1874; Roberts Social Hist of
Cos. of England, 1856; Robinsons Derbyshire Gatherings, 1876;
Culloden Papers (1625-1748), 1815 ; Dunlop's Hist of Fiction,
1845 ; Zouch's Memoir of Sir Philip Sidney, 1809 ; Histor. Il-
lustrations of the Passions, 1825; Hazlitt's Literary Remains,
1836 ; Lyson's Hist Bedfordshire, 1806 ; Tucker's Records, etc.,
of Sir Isaac Brock, 1835 ; Jones' Hist and Antiquities of Hare-
wood, Yorkshire Co., 1859 ; Marshall's Annals of Yorkshire, 1861 ;
Warren's Story of Three Judges, 1873 ; Campbell's Shakspeare's
Legal Acquirements, 1869 ; Shakspeare Not an Impostor, 1857 ;
Walker's Shakspeare's Yerification, 1854 ; Senoir's Essays, 1865 ;
CoUett's Relics of Literature, 1823^ More's Life of Sir Thomas
More, 1828; Worrai's Fasti Danici Universam, etc., 1643; Slei-
danus' Commentaries, 1555 ; Porter's Campaign in Russia, 1815 ;
Murphey's Mahometan Empire in Spain, 1816; Stanley's How I
Found Livingstone, 1872 ; Felton's Ancient and Modern Greece,
1869 ; Sale's Translation of Koran, 1876 ; Hawes' Synchronology,
1875; Gayarre's Philip 2d of Spain, 1866; Boothby's So. Aus-
tralia, 1876; EngUsh and, French Ancient Hist etc., 1831;
Norwegian Invasion of Scotland (in 1263), 1862 ; Hotton's Hand
Book to Eng. Topography, n, d. ; Stuart Papers, 1847 ; Domes-
day Book of Essex, 1864; Smith's Hist of Warwick, 1837;
Mackintosh's Miscell. Works, 1871 ; Catalogue of Herald's Yisi-
tations, 1825 ; Cunningham's Works of Burns, 1876 ; Works of
Byron, 1878.

Works on Science — Antiqrdtes^ etc. — London Society of Anti-
quaries, Publications, 1779-1873,45 vols; International Scientific
Series, 1874-5, 16 vols. ; London Ethnological Society Journal,
1848-70, 13 vols; Minnesota Acad, of Science Reports, etc.,
1874-78, 9 vols. ; Jackson's Antiquity, etc., of Ancient King-
doms, 1752, 3 vols. ; Madden's Shrines and Sepulchres, 1851, 2
vols. ; Michaux Flora Boreali Americana, 1803, 2 vols. ; Muel-
ler's Hist etc., of Doric Race, 1880, 2 vols. ; and the following,
eaohonevoL: Ohio Geolog. Survey, voL 2, 1874; Annual of

TwENTY-FiFrH Annual Report. 78

Scientific Discovery, 1869; BartoD on the Rattlesnake, 1796;
Giraud's Birds of Long Island, 184i; Winchell's Sketches of
Creation, 1870 ; Janet on Materialism of the Day, 1866 ; Journal
of Franklin Institute, 1851 ; Prichard's Ethnography of the
Celtic Race, n. d. ; Newton's Principia (in English), 1846; Kan-
sas Acad, of Science Transactions, 1877 ; Amer. Assoc, for Adv.
of Science, Proceedings, 1876 ; Amer. Philosoph. Soa Proceed-
ings, 1878; Fergusson's Rude Stone Monuments, 1872; Combe's
Terra Cottas in British Museum, 1810; Salt on Phonetic System
of Champollion, 1825 ; Young s Ace. of Hieroglyphic Litera-
ture, 1823 ; Smith's Assyrian Discoveries and Explorations, 1875 ;
Smith's Chaldean Ace. of Genesis, 1876 ; Keller's Like Dwell-
ings in Switzerland, 1866 ; Illustrations of Northern Antiquities,
1874 ; Westwood's Palaeographia Sacra, 1845 ; Sammes' Britan-
nia Antiqua Illustrata, 1676; Catalogue of Royal Irish Academy,
etc., 1863 ; Smucker on Pre-Historic Races of Ohio, 1877 ; Jones'
Dead Towns of Georgia, 1878; Jones' Tennessee Aboriginal
Remains, 1876.

Cyclopedias and Dictionaries. — Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia,
1832-1842, 133 vols.; Encyclopedia Britannica, vols. 1-8, 1878
8 voI&; Newman & Barretti's Spanish Dictionary, 1876, 2 vols.;
Chambers' Cyclopedia Eng. Literature, 1876, 2 vols. ; Sewall &
Buy's Eng. and Dutch Dictionary, 1766, 2 vols. ; Richardson's
Dictionary of Eng. Lioguage, 1833, 2 vols. ; Barretti's Eng. &
Italian Dictionary, 1831, 2 vols. ; and the following, each one vol.:
Cruden's Concordance, 1878 ; Smith & Hamilton's International
Eng. & French Dictionary, 1875 ; Halloway's Dictionary of Pro-
vincialisms, 1838; Jamieson's Hist of Scottish Language, 1867;
Penrice's Dictionary and Glossary of Koran, 1873 ; U. S, Biograph.
Dictionary, Pa., 1876.

Maps and Atlases. — Cram's Map of Wisconsin, 1839 ; Blanch-
ard's Map of United States, 1875 ; Richardson's Map of Texas,
1867 ; Abraham's Map of Iowa, 1851 ; Disturnell's Map of Mex-
ico^ 1848 ; Col ton's Middle and Western States, n. d.; Brown's
Map of Marion Co., Ohio, 1852 ; Battle Field of Gettysburg, n. d.;
Map of Illinois, 1827; Rossler's Map of Texas, 1878; Mendal's

Map of Chicago, 1857 ; Lipman's Map of Milwaukee, n. d.; Mill-
6— St. Hi8. Soc.

74 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

tary Maps of Civil War, v. d.; Historical Atlases of the States of
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, 1868-78, 5-
Tols.; Walling's Atlas of Ohio, 1868.

Miscellaneous. — Thomson's Translation of the Scriptures, 1808,
4 vols.; Sufferings of Quakers, 1753, 2 vols.; Anderson^s Norse
Mythology and Vikiag Tales, 1876-7, 2 vols.; Wright on Sorcery
and Magic, 1852 ; Easton's Human Longevity, 1799 ; and the fol-
lowing, each one vol.: Matthews' Coinages of the World, 1876;
Howe's Life and Death on the Ocean, 1870 ; Higgins' Anacalypsis,
1878; Hone's Ancient Mysteries, 1823 ; Poor's Money and its
Laws, 1877 ; Brerewoods' Diversity of Languages, etc., 1674 ;
Sumner on Amer. Currency, 1874 ; Walker on Money, 1878 ;
Parsons on Origin of Languages, 1767 ; De Bustis' Rosary of Ser-
mons, 1503.

Periodical Literature. — Journal of Classical and Sacred Philo-
logy, 1854-6, 3 vols. ; Greenbank's Periodical Library, n. d,, 2
vols. ; Amer. Ann. Register, 1796, 1 vol. ; N. Y. Weekly
Museum, 1815-16, 2 vols. ; American Museum, 1798, 1 vol. ;
London Mercury, 1780, 1 vol. ; Western Jour, of Agr. and
Mechanic Arts, 1848-55, 14 vols. ; Trans, of Histor. and Literary
Comm. of Amer. Philosoph. Soa 1843, 1 vol. ; Phila. Magazine,
1789, 1 vol. ; Fireland's Pioneer, 1874-6, 2 vols. ; Canadian Jour,
of Industry, 1852-5, 2 vols. ; Saturday Review of Polities, etc.^
1854-76, 38 vols. ; Graham's Magazine, 1841-2, 1848-50, 4 vols. ;
Knickerbocker's Magazine, 1834, 2 vols. ; Christian Jour, and
Literary Register, 1823, 1 voL ; Ladies' Repository, 1867-69, 4
vols. ; Christian Review, 1836-56, 21 vols. ; Roberts' Semi-
Monthly Magazine, 1841-2, 1 vol. ; Gentleman's Magazine (Phil.),
1839-40, 2 vols. ; N. Y. Maejazine, 1793, 1 vol. ; The Casket,
1838, 1 vol. , Hazard's Commer. and Statist. Register, 1839-42,.
6 vols. ; N. Am. Review Index, 1815-77, 1 vol. ; Southern Lit-
erary Messenger, 1835, '36, *52, 2 vols. ; Potter s Amer. Monthly ,^
1877, 2 vols. ; Magazine of Amer. History, 1877, 1 vol. ; Pa.
Magazine of History, 1877, 1 vol. ; Library Journal, 1876-8, 2
vols. ; Littell's Living Age, 1877-8, 8 vols. ; N. Amer. Review,.
1817, 18, 76-8, 6 vols. ; N. Eug. Hist and Genealog. Reg. 1877-8,
2 vols.

Twenty Fifth Amxdal Report. 75

Bound Xewspaper Files. — The following additions indicfite their
number and the period of their publication:

Ttar*. Volt.

London Observalor 1S34 .... 8

Pennsylvanlft Qazetle 1750 1

Boslon Herolil of Freedom 17U0 ... 1

New London (Coqd.) GitzeUe 1704-80 1

Albany Da-W AdTerliaer 1814-10 8

WbeeliDg, Vs.. N. Wesiern Gazette 1818-30 . , . . I

New Enitland Galaiy 18B1-28 .... 8

Boston Weekly Messenger 1884-88 1

Hampshire, Mats., Gazette lt<35-20 ,,., 1

Sew York Mirror 1888 .... 1

Qeorxetonn, D. C, Gazette 1829-1833 i

Galena. Ill, N. Western GajetM 1837-18*8 S

Albany Tocsin of Liberty, etc 1848-13 1

Chambers' Edlaburph Journal 1S44-1854 83

Albany Mechanics' Journal 1840-47 .... I

Sew York Weekly Herald 1B48-49 .... 1

New Yoik Seuii-freekly Post 1849-1857 .... 18

New York Weekly Tribune 1850-18.18 .... 8

Albany Evening "transcript 1BS3-18.'SS 2

Congreaslonal Record 1874-1877 9

CblCBBO Daily Tllnea 1B77-78 .... i

Chicseo Daily Tribune 1877-78 .... 4

New York Dally World 1877-78 .... S

New York Daily Tribune 1877-78 .... 4

IflacooaiD daily and weekly papers 1845-1878 .... li

106

These additions make the total number of bound newspaper
files of the seventeenth century, 64 volumes; of the eighteenth,
306; of the present century, 2,552; grand total, 3,012.

Unbounil Xcivapaper Files and Serials. — Wisconsin Journal o£
Education, 18T6, 1877, from Hon. W. C. Whitford; Gentleman's
Magazine, 1836, 18-11-47, purchased; Journal of Social Science
Tnos.; Jour, of Speculative Philosophy, 31 nos., purchased; The
Bepabtic, 18 noa.; Amer. Naturalist, 1867-75, purchased ; Bostoa
Index, 1877. from E. Burdick; Western Spy, 1814-1822, par-
flbaaed, and a collection of 717 nos. Amer. periodicals, purchased
to complete seta

There are now received by the Society 223 periodioala — 14
more than last year; of which, 4 are quarterlies, 18 monthlies,
1 bi-monthly, 2 semi-monthly, 193 weeklies, 1 BemJ-weekly and 9
dulies, of which IdS are Wisconsin publications.

76 Wisconsin State Histobioal Society.

LIBRARY ADDITIONS — SUMMARY.

VoU.

American Patents 12

British Patents 110

American History and Travel 79

American Local History 120

American Revolutionary War History 27

American Indians 24

State Histories and Documents 198

United States Documents and Surveys 518

Slavery and Civil War 54

Canada 16

Magazines and Reviews 183

Historical and Learned Societies 61

Biography 114

Genealogy 46

European History and Literature 188

Antiquities and Archseolo^y 15

Cyclopedias and Dictionaries 155

Ijfinguage and Literature 48

Bibliogiaphy 8

Political Economy, etc 7

Politics and Qovernment 25

Religious History, etc 21

Education 5

-Science 89

'Secret Societies 5

Directories 17

Poetry and Fiction 12

Almanacs and Registers 74

Voyages and Travels 7

Bound Newspaper files 108

Atlases 6

Miscellaneous 7

Total book additions 2,214

DONORS OF BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS.

Books.

Allen. Prof. Wm. F 2

American Philosophical Society 2

Andover Tbeolocical Seminary

An thon , Pro f . C. B

Argentine Republic Centennial Commissioner 1

Astor Library

Bagg^M.M 1

Bailey, W.T 1

Baltimore, Md., Park Commissioners

Barton, E. M

Bartow, Rev.E 1

Bascom, President J

Battle, K.P

Beloit College

Benet, S.V 1

Betts, Rev. B. R

Blue,M. P. 1

Boardman, S. L 1

Bodley, Miss R. L

BoleD8,E. B 1

Boothby, Josiah 1

Pamph.

2

1

2

1

» • •

5

1

8

1

1

* . •
1

2

2

» ♦-►

Twenty-Fifth Annual Bbport.

7T

Book9,

Boston Public Library

Bostou School Committee • 1

Boudlin, P 1

Bradford. Hod. G. W 2

Bradlee, Kev. C. D

Bradley, I. 8 1

Briggs, Col. 8 I

Brock, R.A 1

Bross, Hon. Wm 1

Buchanan, R 2

Buck, J. 8 7

Bunker Hill Monument Association 2

Burrage, John 1

Burrows, Hon. Qeorge B. 2

Butterfield, C. W 1

Cameron, Hon. A 4

Carr, Hon. E 8 1

CaUin. Mrs. J 4

Cayuga County, N. Y., Hist Soc

Chadwick.H.E

Chamberlin, Prof. T. C

Cheney, T. A

Cheever, Hon. D. G

CTieriy, P. P

Chicago Historical Society 81

Chicago University

Clarke, Roberta Co 2

Clarke,8.J 1

Clement, John

Col bum, Jere

Columbia College, N. T

Cover, John 2

Craig, Isaac

Crowell, Dr. J

Cunningham, G. A 1

Curtis, D. W

Daley,C. P

Davis, J. C. B

Dawes, E. C

Delaware Historical. Society

Doerflinger, C. H. . .'

Doyle,P.Hon 4

Draper,L.C 6

Drowne, H. T

Dunstln*, Henry 1

Dunster, SamU 1

Durrie,D. 8. ...; 1

Earlp, Dr. Pliny

Field, B.K

Plagler,D.W 1

Garrison, W.P 5

Gatschet, A. 8

Georgia Historical Society 1

Gould, 8. C

Gray, W. H

Great Britain Patent Office 110

Vi reen, x^r. o. £^ ...•••••••>••• •• •>•«•••••••■.••• x

Green. D. H 1

Grimm, G 1

Guernsey, O 1

Hale, Dr. Geo

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Pamph.
1

1

19

• •
24

» •
12

1
1
1
1

1
2
2

81
6
2

22

• •
8
5

10

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5
1

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4
1
1

21
11
11
108
28
4

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1

2

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85
2

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12
1

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55

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78

Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

Booki.

Harney, Geo. J

Hartranft, Gov. J. F 8

Hawley.Dr. Jas

Hesperian Soc (U. W.) by exchange 51

Holden,C.C.P 2

Hough, Dr. F. B 1

Xl'J inr 17} £1UD. X . v/ .•■•.•••••••••••••••••••.•■••••• V

Humphreys, Gen. A. A •..•• 7

Indianapolis, Ind., Public Library

Iowa Historical Society

James, C. L

Jenkins, Hon. Steuben

Jillson, David 1

Johns Hopkins University . .

Johnson, Rev. W. W 1

Jones, C. C, Jr 1

Jones, H. G

Jones, M. M •. •

Kansas Historical Society 10

Kansas State Board Agriculture 1

Kennedy, D

Kenosha Co., Wis., Historical Society 1

Kidder. Fred

Lang, R.W 2

Long Island Historical Society ^. 1

Luce, S. S / 1

Ludiogton, Gov. H 1

Mann, Rev. J 1

Harcv, Oliver

Haryland Historical Society 2

Hassachusetts General Hospital

Massachusetts Historical ScKsiety 3

Massachusetts Horticultural Society

Massachusetts Secretary of State 7

Matson, N 1

Medburv, Rev. A. R

Milwaukee Chamber of Commerce

Miner, Rev H. A

Minnesota Academy Nat. Science • 2

Minnesota Historical Society 1

Missouri State University 1

Moravian Historical Society 1

Moseley, B. S 1

Mott,H 1

Munsell, J

New England Historic-Gecealog. Society 8

New York State Library

NichoUT. M

Northrop, G. V. N

Nova Scotia Historical Society

Oregon Pioneer and Hifttorical Society

Parker, B. F

Peabody Institute, Baltimore • •

Pennypacker, S. W

Perkins, Mrs. Geo. A 1

Phelps, O. S 1

Philadelphia Social Science Association

Powell, J. W :

Preble, Admiral G. H

iirDiciieri &xon* U'» xx .•■•• ••••••• ••••••••..•*•••• ••

Pamph
I

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8
7

18
1

1
1
2
5

2

1
1
1
2
1
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1

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2

1
2
1

8

1
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5

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2

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1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
7
1
1

1

4

2

10

Twenty-Fifth Annual Bepobt.

79

Books,

Jruuivy f V/Oi* f • XX •*•••••••■•••••••••••••••••••••• X^

<)aebec Literary and Historical Society 8

Reed,E.R 1

ReeyeB,Mr8.W 8

Reynolds, Rev. 8 1

Rhode Island Historical Society 1

Richardson, E 1

x%llCOf XlOUa V* •«! •••••■••••••••••••••■••••••••••• ••

Robbins, Miss V 1

Rogers. H. W 1

Saint Louis Board of Education.... ••.•• 2

San Francisco Library Association

Sawtelle, Lti 1

Sears,A.T 1

:Shaw, Prof. S

Sherwood, Rev. Adiel 8

Shipman, CJol. 8. V...

Slaughter, Rev. P 2

Slocum, G. B 1

fimith, Hon. P. H 1

Smithsonian Institution 1

•Smucker, Isaac 2

Spalding, E.H 1

Spencer, Mrs. J. W 1

•Starbuck, Alex 1

Dill I son « X%6y. £^m \j .•••^••••••. ••>*••••. •••••••••• ••

stone, Re?.E. M

Strong, Dr CO

Stryker, Gen. W. S 8

Tennessee State Medical Society

Thomas, Rev. L. B 1

Thomson. P.G 1

Turner. H. E 1

Tuttle, Dr. J. F 1

United States Coast Survey 1

United StRtes Commissioner of Education 1

United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs 6

United States Commissioner of Patents 18

United States Naval Observatory 1

United States Secretary of Interior 62

United States Secretary of SUte 2

United states Secretary of Treasury 1

Vermont Historical Society 1

Tilas, Dr. Chas. H ;

Warren. Moses...

Western Reserve Historical Society

White. Son. Philo

Wh Itmore, W. H 2

Whitney, D. R

Wilder, W. R

Willey, O.S

Williams, Hon. James

Wisconsin, State of

Wisconsin State Board of Charities

Wisconsin State Board of Health

Wisconsin State Horticultural Society

Wisconsin State Library 8

Wisconsin State Superintendent ot Public Instruc-
tion 2

Wisconsin State University

Woodhull, J. W., Secretary 22

Pam

T-

1

22

1

1
1
1

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8

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4

20

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1
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160

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80 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Booki, Pamph.

Woodman, Cvras 18

Worcester (Mass.) Society of Antiquity 1

Wright, Hon. H. B 1

Wright, Silas 1 .... 1

Wynkoop, Richard 1

Tale College 8

Young,Hon.V.B 2 .... 8

ART GALLERY.

There has been added to the Art Gallery, during the year, a
fine cabinet sized photograph of Hon. Henry D. Barron, neatly
framed, from Judge Barron ; a crayon portrait of Isaac Lyon, with
rosewood and gilt frame, from the artist, Miss W. Fillans ; also,
from the same, a crayon portrait of Hon. Chas. Sumner, neatly
framed, and a plaster medallion of Hon. John W. Hoyt, Governor
of Wyoming Terr. ; an oil portrait of the Winnebago chief Yel-
low Thunder, painted and deposited by the artist, S. D. Coates, of
Merrimac, Wis. ; a fine, life size, plaster ^ust of Solomon Juneau^
executed by K P. Knowles.

contributions for exchanges.

Twenty copies of Gov. Smith's Message, Jan. 10, 1878, from
Gov. Smith ; 10 Vols. 2 Wis. Geol. Report, from State ; 25 North-
ern Wis. Agric. and Mechan. Association, 1876-7, from State ; 10
Reports State Bd. of Charities, 1872 ; 6 Synoptical Index; 25 Gov.
Ludington's Message, 1877; 20 Ann. Repts. of Sea of State, 1871-
1873; 10 Ryan's Opinion on R. R Injunctions; 50 Nat Insur-
ance Convention, 1874, from Hon. Peter Doyle; 12 Ann. Report
Wis. Geolog. Survey, 1877, from Prof. T. C. Chamberlin ; 25 Re-
ports of Stale Bd. of Charities, 1877, from Sec. of Board ; 15
Eepts. Madison Board of Education, 1877, from Prof. S. Shaw,
'Uid'SO Reports of previous years ; 94 vols, of Wis. State Docu-
lentB V. d , from Hesperian Society, by exchange of duplicate
X)k8; 12 Ann. Rept of Supt of Public Instruction, 1877, from
don; W. C. Whitford; 12 Wis. Editorial Association, 19th Ses-
fiion, 1877, from Gen. D. Atwood ; 10 same, 20th Session, from Hon.
R D. Coe ; 24 Ann. Rept of State Bd. of Health, 1877, from Dr.
J. T. Reeve, Sec; 10 Milw. Trade and Commerce, 1877, from
Ohamber of Commerce ; 18 Wis. Hoit Soc. Rept 1869, and d

Twenty-Fifth Annual Bepobt. 81

'Madison Pamphlets, from Dr. Jos. Hobbins ; 25 Legislative Man-
uals, 1878, from State ; 50 each Laws of Wis., 1878, Senate and
Assembly Journals, and Messages and Documents; 100 Wia
Agr. Society Transactions, 1877-8 ; 40 Wis. Dairymen's Asso-
ciation Reports, 1877-8; 25 No. Agr. and Mechan. Assoc.,
1877-8, from State ; 6 Wis. State Treas'rs Kept 1877, from State
Treasr. ; 6 Wis. State Teachers* Assoc., 1853-78, from Prof. A.
Salisbury ; 25 State Ilorticult Soc. Kept 1878, from State ; 45
Cat of Univer. of Wisconsin, 1878-9, from Pres. Bascom ; 6 Wis.
Dairymen's Asso. Eepts. v. d., from D. W. Curtiss, Sec.

ADDITIONS TO THE CABINET.

Pre- Historic Implements, — A copper spear, with socket about
6J inches long, from L. McGovern, Elkhart Lake, Sheboygan Co.,
Wis. ; also a copper rounded spear, point about two inches long,
from the same ; a copper spear head, with socket six inches long,
found on Section 32, Town 24, Bange 15 east, Outagamie Co.,
Wis.; a copper axe, found on Section 17, Town 22, Bange 15
east, Outagamie Co., about six inches long, and two and half
wide, and a collection of broken earthen pottery, from C. W.
Malley, New London, Wis. ; a piece of float copper, weighing 4
pounds 10 ounces, flattened in shape of an axe, found on prem-
ises of Orson Tichenor near city of Waukesha, from Mr. Tiche-
nor; a barbed spear, ten inches long, found in town of Merton,
Waukesha Co., Wis., 1877, from lion. John A. Rice ; copper knife,
with handle, five inches long, found at Spirit river, near Wausau,
Wis., 16 feet below surface, from G. C. Young, Wausau.

Other Antiquities, — Broken stone pipe and stone chisel five inches
long, found in Dane county, Wis., from Mra Wm. Reeves; stone axe,
grooved, found on an island in LakeMendota, near State Hospital
for Insane, from Dr. J. N. De Ilart ; stone hammer, seven and a half
pounds, from Rockland Mine, Lake Superior, in Ontonagon Co.,
Michigan, from Dr. John A. Rice ; stone axe found on premises
of Frank Grault, Dane Co., from John Dohr ; petrified wood, from
Placer Co., California; human skull, from No. Platte river,
Nebraska, found in a tree forty feet from the ground, from D. R
Phelps; collection of seventy-five stone arrow heads, found in the

82 Wisconsin Statjj Historical SociKTy.

town of Richmond, TValworth Co., Wis., and a stone axe foand
at same place, from W. L. R Stewart, Whitewater, Wis. ; twelve
small fossil pipes and flint arrow head, from a mound in Bath Ca,
Kentacky, from Hon. V. B. Young.

Autographs, — An autograph document signed by Andrew Jack*
son and Hugh L. White, from Dr. J. G. M. Ramsay, 1804 ; three
autograph letters of Chevalier Johnstone to Gen. Murray, of
Canada, 1759 and 1763 ; signature of Hon. W. T. Barry, 1816,
from Hon. V. B. Young; writ of attachment on property of Thos.
Marshall, of Va., 1757; from Otis Guernsey; also, purchased,
autograph letters of the following signers of the Declaration of
Independence and Constitution of the United States : R Stock-
ton, Geo. Taylor, David Brearley, Pierce Butler, Jona. Dayton, J.
Dickinson, "Vf . Few, T. Fitz Simmons, J. Ingersoll, W. Livingston,
J. Langdon, W. Paterson, Hugh Williamson, F. Hopkinson and
James Madison. *"

Coins^ Medals and Currency. — Russian copper coin, 1840, from
W. Rosman ; 25 cent bill State Bank of North Carolina, 1864,
from M. J. Paine ; copper penny, Bank of Upper Canada, 1850,
f rom W. H. Loomis; a certificate of one share of $100, in Amen
Colonization and Steam Ship Co. of Yucatan, 1859, and a com-
mission of W. H. Toler, of Arkansas, as Major of American
Legion of Knights of the Golden Ciicle, 1859, from John Cover ;
small silver piece of reign Leopold 3d of Hungary, 1670, from
C. Hoeflinger; ten dollar Mineral Point bill, 1839, from C. Wood-
man ; 10 cent silver piece, Republic of Peru, 1866, from E. Qua-
mer ; five dollar bill. Bank of Morgan, Georgia, 1857, from C. 0
Morgan; 48 American and English pennies, various dates — a
Continental bill, one third of a dollar, 1776 — a Confederate bill,
1861 — counterfeit 10, 25 and 50 cents, U. S. fractional currency,
from W. L R Stewart, Whitewater, Wis.; $10 Confederate bill,
1861, from Dr. B. O. Reynolds.

Natural Science Specimem, — Specimens of fibre from which pa-
per for manufacture of greenbacks, drafts and checks, is made by
a secret process ; portions of stalactites found in a cave in Water-
ville, Pepin Co., Wis., from Miletus Knight ; specimen of ozo-
cerite (mineral wax) from Utah, from Frank Olmsted : bill of a

sturgeon found in Miaaiasippi river, from D. S. McArthur; a largo
seotioQ of Bandatone with a corrugated surface, showing wave
lines, found in a quarry near Wisconsin river, at Stevens Point,
Irom Stevens Point Library Association ; six specimens of geo-
logickl formations found in Dane Co., Wis., from Mrs. Wm.
Beeves ; a piece of float copper, 18 ounces, found in Chippewa
Co., Wis, by Mr, Jones in 1877, from Mrs, Kob'tMariner; section
of a sappling, one and a half inches in diameter, from center of
ft large tree, which bad grown around and distinct from the
iormer, from Mrs. Shater, Beaver Dam, Wis.

Mincellaneoiis. — Winter moccasins made of seal skin, from
Karilee Island, near Japan, from W. A. Spaulding; antique pair
of brass dividers or compasses, found in an old building in Corn-
wall, Eng-, from liev. J. Kalph ; haiqua and Indian needles, from
Tan Coaver's Island; three photoRrapha of Indians from same
locality- — provision bag made of bUiIder, and fish hooks from
Alaska, from Prof. R W. Laing, of University of Minnesota;
photographic group of infant childrsn exhibited at the Centennial
Exhibition, 187fi, from Heury Ash; cavalry sword brought from
"Va. by LieuL CdI. Catlio, 5th Wis. Vol., evidently of ancient
time, presented by Col. Catlin ; section of apple tree under which
Generals Grant and Lee made a treaty, April 9, 1865; fragment
of flog staff at Fort Darling, Va. ; Rebel minnie ball, with sup-
posed poisoned wood attachment; fragment of Washingtons
piano CO taken at Arlington, Va, Dec. 14, 1861 ; friction primer
fopartillery from Va., from Otis Guernsey ; group of members of
TVia State Senate, 1878, and of the employees, neatly framed and
'glazed, from lion. D. H. Pulcifer; group of the reporters of both
Houses of the Legislature, 1878, with similar frame, from Miletua

.bight: and a small photograph of the old State Capitol at
JIadison, from Gen. Simeon Milla

The venerable Isaac Lyon has devoted another year to the care
of the Cabinet without reward — save the consciousness of doing
good, anil making others happy.

NEW CATALOGUE.

TkuLibrary. — The ith volume of Library Catalogue of 750
pegth, recently issued, exhibits the accretions of the ^stsbtluea

84 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

years, and is its own best commentary on the growth of the col-
lection. The four Catalogue volumes, embracing nearly 2,600
pages, with their direct and cross-references' to titles, subjects and
authors, render it an easy matter for the student or investigator
to ascertain the strength of the Library on any given topic ; and
the books being grouped by subjects, are readily found when
wanted.

The Library is in as good condition, save in ventilation, as could
be expected, when its overcrowded state is considered. In the
hopeful " good time coming," a collection so rich in nearly every
department of American literature, and in general European
history, will surely be provided with ample room for the preser-
vation and safety of these precious gatherings.

manuscript collections.

The additions to our store of materials for publication have
been but few, yet valuable of their kind :

A sketch of the early adventurous missionary and explorer of
the West, Jean Nicolet, by Benjamin Suite, Ottawa, Canada.

Several original papers, presented by Lyman C. Draper, touch-
ing the Pontiac outbreak of 1763, and briefly relating to Fort Ed-
ward Augustus at Green Bay — some written by Edmond Moran,
then engaged in merchandizing at Green Bay, representing Capt.
Evan Shelby & Co., of Frederick County, Maryland, and showing
their losses of goods, by the Indians capturing the fort there, at
£1440, which seems subsequently to have been reimbursed'by
the British Government.

Tradition of the Sac or Sauk Indians, by George Johnston,
written in 18i5.

The Pottawattomie Council at Chicago, in May, 1832, by Dn
Enoch Chase.

Incidents of the Black Hawk War, by Peter Parkinson, Jr.

Settlement and History of the Swiss Colony at New Glarus,
Green County, by Hon. John Luchsinger.

In concluding our report, we must not omit to record the great
loss we have sustained in the recent death of Prof. Stephen H,
Carpenter, LLD., who had, for nearly twenty-five years, an official

TwKNrr-FiFTH Annual Report. 85

connection with the Society, and always rendering it cheerful ser-
vica Thus is added another to the long list of able and sympa-
thizing friends of the Society who have passed on to the better
world — Wm. R Smith and I. A. Lapham, two of our honored
Presidents ; Charles Durkee, Henry Dodge, James D. Doty. Henry
S. Baird, Ebenezer Childs, Daniel M. Parkinson, Ebenezer Brig-
ham, Charles Bracken. George Gale, George Hyer, John Y. Smith,
John Catlin, Stephen Taylor, and many others. When the last
summons shall call us hence, may it be truly said of each, that in
the line of his duties and opportunities, '*he did what he could.''

IN MEMORIAM.

Prof. STEPHEN HASKINS CARPENTER, LL. D.

state Hiatorical Society, Dec, 17, 1878.

Gen. Simeon Mills, in the chair, announced the sudden death
of Dr. Carpenter, for many years a prominent member and officer
of the Society. The Secretary, Lyman C. Draper, Prof. J. B.
Parkinson, and Hon. H. H. Giles, were appointed a committee to
draft suitable resolutions expressive of the regard of the Society
for their late associate, who reported the followin^j; resolutions :

" Resolved^ That the Executive Committee of the State Histor-
ical Society of Wisconsin, enter upon its records this testimonial
to the unswerving fidelity to principle, to duty, and to friendships^
of the late Prof. S. H. Carpenter, LL. D., a man whom we long
since learned to recognize as a scholar of large and varied culture,
devoted to the cause of education and to the elevation of our race ;
ever a Christian gentleman, kind and courteous in his intercourse
with his fellow men ; charitable in thought, and liberal in all that
pertains to benevolence and humanity.

" Resolved^ That this Society, of which Prof. Carpenter has been
an active officer for nearly a quarter of a century, and to which he
has freely contributed his gifts and his services, deeply deplores
the loss it has sustained in his death, and tenders its profound
sympathies to his bereaved companion and relatives."

Several members of the Society, who were intimately connected
in life with the lamented Professor, either professionally or soci«
ally, sustained the resolutions of respect with remarks on his
his character and life-work.

Prot R B. Anderson, of the State University, submitted the
following memoir :

Stephen Haskins Carpenter, was a son of Calvin G. Carpenter,
a Baptiiit clergyman, and was bom on the 7th of August, 1831^

In Memorial — S. H. Carpkster.

atLiltle Falls, Herkimer county, New York. Ris early educa-
tioD wa^ given him at iiome ' He prepared tor college at Munro
Academy, Elbridge, N. Y., then under the charge of Professor
John Wilson. In 184S, he entered the Freshman class of Madi-
BOn University, at Ilamilton, and remained there two years, when
lie entered t!ie University of Rochester. He was gradaated at
this uoivefiity, receivitrg the def^ree o£ Bachelor of Arts, in 1852,
ol Maner of Art? in 1355, and the degree of Doctor of Laws in
1872 from his almn muter.

He early showed a predeliction for languages. Having been
taoght Latin at home in hia early childhood, that language was
quite easily mastered; and at college he acquireil a taste for
Greek which led him to read the classic authors extensively. I
frsquently heird him tel! that he had read the Iliad twelve times
through, and the Odyssey s\k times. In 18.^2, failing of a tator-
aliip at Rochester University for which he had applied, he accepted
the appointment of tutor in the University of Wisconsin, which
position he held tor two years. He came to this institution at the
request of Chancellor Lathrop, and was recommended for the po-
sKion by President M. B. Anderson, of the University of Roches-
ter, He resigned his position as tutor to open a furniture and
music store in Madison, as promising better pecuniary results ; but
"biB partner soon dying, he closed up the business in a few months.

From 185-i to 185"i, he was engaged rather unproStably and
■uncongenially in newsp.aper work. On Nov, 20, 1854, he became
the publisher, and one of the editors, of the Wisconsin Patriot,
retiring July 28, 185fi. In Jan., 1857, he began editing his Wrsl-
«m Fireside, a model family and literary paper; but he continued
it only tor one year. While he was engaged in his editorial pur-
sails, he also filled for a brief period the office of clerk for the
city of Madison — the incambent, W. N. Seymour, having been
disabled by paralysis, Mr. Carpenter was chosen to fill the vacancy
from Oct 7, 1857, to March 3, 1858, when he resigned. From
1853 to 1860 he was Assistant Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion for the State of Wisconsin, having been appointed to that po-
eitioD by Lyman C. Draper. With Mr. Draper, he established
order in that office, and inaugurated much of the system which is
■till in use there.

88 Wisconsin State Histokical Society.

Id 1860, he was elected Professor of Ancient Languages in St-
Paul's College, at Palmyra, Missouri, which position he held until
the war broke up the institution. Returning to Wisconsin, he
taught a select school one winter in Richland county, and then
came back to Madison to remain permanently. Failing again of
literary employment, he maintained himself by working at the
printer's trade, while employing his spare time in literary work.
On June 11, 1864, he was elected clerk of the city of Madison,
which position he continued to hold until October 10, 1868, when
he was elected Professor in the University of Wisconsin. But he
also engaged in various literary enterpriseswhile he held the po-
sition of clerk, acting as member of the City Board of Education,
and serving a term of two years as Superintendent of Schools for
the Western District of Dane County. During this period he
was also often called by the late Professor Read to fill his chair
in his absence; and he was frequently consulted by University
students who came to him for advice in reference to their debates,
compositions, and commencement exercises.

In 1866, the Exe3utive Committee of the University appointed
Professor Carpenter to fill temporarily the chair of Professor Read,
who had been called to the Presidency of the University of Mis-
souri ; and in 1868, he was regularly elected Professor of Rheto-
ric and English Literature, and his connection with the University
continued from that time without interruption until his death,
although the title of his Professorship was changed in 1870 to
Logic, Rhetoric and English Literature, and in 1875 to Logic and
English Literature. In 1875, he was elected to the Presidency
of the University of Kansas, but declined, believing that he could
accomplish more good by remaining hera

From the year he graduated until his death. Prof. Carpenter was
a close and indefatigable student, and a diligent writer. He has
made numerous and valuable contributions to the religious and
educational periodical press of our country. Ten of his educa-
tional addresses have been published, the last of which is a very
interesting, eloquent and scholarly lecture on " Moral Forces in
Uducation." This was thought by many his happiest effort, and
it attracted the attention of many of our foremost educators. Pres-

Iir ^EMORiAM — S. IT. Carpentsb, 89

ident M. B. Anderson, of Rochester Universitj, aaya of it: "It
13 sound, timely, and worthy the attention of every teacher. I
shall put it in our library lo be bound up for reference.

Ilia " Lectures on tJm JjJvidences of Christianifij " — twelve in num-
ber— originally delivered in the University, were published a few
years ago in Madison, and were well received. The Penn MonlJilij
in Philadelphia, and other publication?, have contained in all,
eight ariiclea translated by Dr. Carpenter from the French, con-
spicuous among which are Emile de Laveleye's articles on Politi-
cal Economy and the Future of Oatholic ^Nations, and stories of
George Sand from Revw de-i Daitx Hondas.

Professor Carpenter was also a successful student of metaphysics,
and published in the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of
Science, Arts and Letters, papers on the " ifclaphysical Basis of
iSt'/V/icr," and on the " Philosophy of Solution," glviag a logical
basis to this theory. These papers have attracted considerable
attention iimong scholars, and were favorably noticed in the
Prinalon Beview, and elsewhere. Professor Carpenter took a
prominent part in the organization of the Academy, and was from
its foundation until liia death, one of its chief officers.

His talents were very varied, and not alone confined to litera-
ture. He had a fine taste for music, played the organ well, and
also wrote original music. In 1867, he issued a little book of
" Songs for (lie S'xhhath jSc/<cw/," the music of which was all com-
poeed by himself, with a single exception, and the words to sev-
eral of the hymns were also written by liira.

But what has most contributed to Dr. Carpenter's national fame,
IB bis excellent work in the field of Anglo-Saxon and Early En-
glish, of which language, to quote Uis own words, he '■' was aa
enthusiastic admirer."

He was.in the broadest sense, aTeutonist, and believed that the
English should sit in the high seat in our American schools, con-
tending that English, Anglo Saxon and sister tongues of Odinio
lineage, when properly taught, are as suitable tor disciplining the
mind and aa worthy of critical study as are the South Europeaa
languogea Indeed, as an old English and Anglo-Saxon scholar,
Dr. Carpenter had but few peers in this country, and he had al-
" Br. HiB. Boc.

90 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

ready taken rank with such men as Prof. T. A. March, . of Lafay-
ette College ; Prof. Corson, of Cornell ; Proi Lounsberry, of
Yale, and Prof. Child, of Harvard.

The first fruit of his study in this direction was his " English
in the XIV Century " (pp. XIV, 313), published in Boston in
1872, which contains a critical examination of the English of
Chaucer, and is illustrated by copious, grammatical and entomo-
logical notea This work was well received by the press anl by
scholars in various parts of the country ; and it was introduced
as a text-book in several Colleges and Universities.

Professor William Swinton, the well-known author of historical
text-books, and at that time Professor in the University of Cali-
fornia, said of it : '* I have tested the book in the class-room.
Your work is admirably done — a model of neatness and con-
densation."

Professor John S. Hart, of the College of New Jersey, gave the
volume the following recommendation: "The work was one
much needed for schools, and has been executed in a careful and
scholarly manner. It is a most valuable addition to our apparatus
for instruction in the English language and literature ;" and Pro-
fessor John S. Sewell, of Bowdoin College, said of it ; "I can
truly say that it comes nearer to my idea of a help in studying
our language at that early period than any text-book I have seen."
Many more similar indorsements might be quoted, but these will
suffice to show the unanimity with which scholars of our most
prominent educational institutions spoke in praise of the work.

In 1875 Professor Carpenter published " An Introduction to
the Study of Anglo-Saxon,'' a work that has already leached a
third edition, a fact which alone is a great compliment to the
author.

This work of 213 pages contains all the essentials of Anglo-
Saxon grammar, selections for reading, carefully written notes,
and a full vocabulary, giving root forms of the words found in
the book. This work was also very highly commended by the
press. The New York Tribune spoke of it in very high terms of
praise, and it was received with marked favor in England. The
School Board Chronicle in London, England, says of it: '^ Ameri-

In MbkoeiaK — S. H. Oarpknter. 91

can edacalionalists are generally very elear-headad and practical,
and their school and instraction books are worthy of our attention.
This is one of ihem, and the popular form in which the study ia
presented indicates that our American cousins perform a good deal
of intellectual work, apart from the common subjects of every
day necessity and utility." These words, coming, as they do,
from the old world, where the reviewer is not influenced by per-
sonal friendship or national pride, carry great weight.

Last year Dr. Carpenter published his "Elements of English
Analysis, illustrated by a New System of Diagrams." This little
work of only forty pagea hai already found its way into many of
the schools of this and adjoining states, and has recently appeared
in a second edition.

He frequenily prepared the University catalogues, and in 1876
he wrote the "History of the University of Wisconsin" for the
Centennial celebration. He frequently lectured in various parts
of the slate, and often filled the pulpit in various Madison
cliBrchea. His Centennial address delivered in Madison was an
able production, and found a place in a volume of Centennial
addresses published in New York in 1877.

His last work has not been published, but was about rendy for
the press at the time of his death, and it is to be hoped t!iat the
public may soon get this last fruit of his literary industry. It is
a translation of the famous Anglo-Saxon poem, Beowulf, care-
fally annotated, and furnished with an elaborate introduction.
He had the finest Anglo-Saxon and early English library in the
Northwest; and his Bwivulf, as well as his other works, bear the
evidence of wide and pains-taking research.

My own and Prof. Carpenter's studies were closely related ; and
BO we were in the habit of reading to each other much of what
we wrote before giving it to the public ; and the last composition
he read to me was the introduction of his Beowulf. I was struck
with the warm glow of enthusiasm pervading every page of it,
and with the extensive and varied learning which he brought to
bear on his topic. Should it not be published, thecause of Anglo-
Saxon literature in this country will, in my opinion, suffer a aeri-
ooa loss.

92 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Of the State Historical Society, Dr. Carpenter was a prominent
and active member. He was elected into its Executive Board in
Jan., 1851 ; was Librarian for the year 1855 ; wrote for several
years the reports on the Art Gallery acquisitions, and continued
a member of the Executive Committee until his death, excepting
the brief period of his absence from Madison. I frequently heard
him speak, with pride, of the growth and increasing usefulness of
the Library of this Society ; and I doubt whether any other man,
excepting Mr. Draper, and Mr. Durrie, was as thoroughly posted
as he in regard to all the books found in this Library.

In addition to his regular duties at the University, and the
extensive literary pursuits already mentioned. Dr. Carpenter found
time to respond to numerous calls throughout the State as a popu-
lar lecturer, and to engage in frequent pulpit servicea He took
a prominent part in the proceedings of the State Educational
Association, acted on the State Board of Examiners, on the Madi-
son Board of Education, visited the Normal Schools, etc. ; and
had the rare faculty of being able to do all these things well.

On the 14th of May, 1856, he married Miss Frances Catherine
Curtiss, in whom he found a loving and trusting wife, a woman
who entered with great zeal into all his work, rejoicing with him
in his successes, and taking her full share of the burden in times
of adversity. They had no children, and she is now left alone to
mourn the loss of a devoted and faithful husband.

About a week before Thanksgiving Day, the University Fac-
ulty, with their ladies, were gathered at Dr. Carpenter's cheerful
and hospitable house, where they spent a most delightful evening.
How little did we think that many of us then bade good-bye for
the last time 1 On the 28th of November — Thanksgiving Day
— having already been informed of the death of his nephew, he
received a dispatch that his brother. Dr. Calvin Carpenter, of
Geneva, N. Y., was very ill On the next train he left Madison,
and reached Geneva just in time to receive a fraternal blessing
from his brother, who died immediately after his arrival A day
or two later, Mrs. Carpenter, the Professor's wife, who remained
at their home in this city, received a letter trom her husband, say-
ing that he would not be able to return as soon as he had antici-

In Memobiam — S. II. CARrENTER. 93

pateil. That was all he said about himself. He cautiously with-
held the fact, thM he wa9 even then suffering Trom the terribly
fatal disease, n malignant type of diphtheria, which had felled his
nephew and brother. Saturday morning Mrs. Carpenter re-
ceived a postal card, stating that her husband was suffering from
quinsy, an old enemy of the Professor. But a few moments later,
Mr, A. IL Main received a telegram from Prcfesaor Carpenter's
niece, dated December 7th, 1878, announcing his sudden death
that morning — probably from a piece of membrane falling into
or over the windpipe.

This was a sad message. It came like a thunderbolt from a
clear sky, and with almost crushing effect upon the partner of
his bosom. Deep grief pervaded all classes ; for the Univer-
eity, the church, the Masonic fraternity, the Historical Society,
SDd various benevolent institutions, had all suffered a loss that
could not be easily estimated.

Ob account of the contagious and malignant character ol the
dieease by which Prof. Carpenter was stricken down, it was at
nt proposed to bury his remains in Geneva, but he being amem-
ber of the Masonic order, his brother Masons soon took the neces-
sary steps and had his body brought to Madison for interment.
The corpse reached here on Monday afternoon, December 9tb, and
the funeral took place from the Baptist church, on Carroll street,
at 10 o'clock on Tuesday morning, of which church he had been
ft member from the time he came to Madison. An able faneral
diAiourse was delivered by Rav. C. O. Maltby, pastor of the
ibarcb, and appropriate remarks were made by President Bascom,
PfoEeteor Sterling, and Rev. E. D. Huntley, when his remains
rera conveyed lo Forest Hill Cemeterj', and placed in their Bnal
ostiiig place by the impressive ceremonies of his Masonic brethren.

At a Faculty meeting held in the University on Monday after-
ihe 9th of December, the following resolutions were
idopted and spread on the records of the proceedings:

"As Stephen H, Carpenter, a member of the Faculty, has been
removed from us by sudden death, we wish to cxpressour feeling
ihat the University has lost a most faithful and accomplished
Iweber, and this Faculty an experienced and iudiciouscoiiaa«V\ot.

94 Wisconsin' State Historical Society.

" We wish also to extend our profound sympathy to his afflicted
widow, and to the other members of the family."

It is proper for me to say, that some of the data in reference to
bis career in Madison have been kindly furnished me by Dr.
Lyman C. Draper, of this Society ; but the most of them were
given me by Professor Carpenter himself. I happened to get
them in this way: The publisher of a Philadelphia Literary
Journal — Robinsons Epitome of Literature — requested me to
write a few biographical sketches of western literary men. This
I agreed to do. Professor Carpenter and I were intimately ac-
quainted, and very fond of each other. Like school boys we
used to wait for each other at the post office in the morning, so
as to walk together to the University. One morning as we were
making our way up State street, I told him of the request made
to me, and added, that I had made up my miod to begin with
him, requesting him to furnish me with notes for the basis of such
a sketch. With his scholar-like modesty, he shrank from having
anything to do with the proposed memoir ; but consented at last
to prepare some notes in regard to the facts. These notes I made
such use of as my judgment and knowledge of him and his works
dictated; and just before his deparature frvim Geneva, I was able
to show him proof sheets cf what I had written. He read the
proof and returned it to me, stating the facts were all correct, but
that he thought I had been rather lavish in my praise.

It did not occur to me then Ihat the last tragic part of this
sketch would need to be written for twenty-five years to come I
But so uncertain is our hold upon life ! The Epitome was re-
ceived by me on Fiiday, the sixth of December, and on the
seventh he passed away from earth. He did not, consequently,
live to see a copy of it I was in Chicago on Saturday, chiefly
on private business, but partly, too, for the purpose of negotiating
with my publishers for the issuing of his new work, the Beowulf.
There I stumbled upon a paragraph in the Chicago Journal^ con-
taining the appalling news that my friend was no more.

In the premature death of Professor Carpenter, the country has
lost an able educator, an erudite scholar, an able and lucid writer ;
the University has been robbed of one of its most efficient

In Mbuorum — S. IL Carpkntkk. 95

teachers, and Madison mourns (or one of her beat and most ro-
spected citizens. Yet, great as tbla noble man was in his public
work, be was still greater and more loved in private lifa Hia
friends can never forget that genial face, and the frankoesa and J
goodness of his heart

Prof- 0. M, Conover, formerly a member of the University fao-
olty, spoke substantially as follows :

Mr. Conover said that although be bad been requested by the
proper committee to make some remarks on this occasion, and bad
piomised to do so, yet, in view of the tributes which had already
been paid to Dr. Carpenter in another place, and of the paper
which had just been read by Pro! Anderson, and the remarlra
which were still to be made here by others who had been for many
years more intimately associated than himself with the deceased,
be had shrunk from rising to address the committee. He should
be most unwilling, however, lo keep silence, if his silence could
be construed into any want of profound sympathy with the feel-
ings which bad found sucii general utterance, and which are ex-
pressed in the resolutions reported.

A little more than twenty-six years ago {said the speaker), I
first welcomed Mr. Carpenter to Madison, He had come to join
the small body of us, then constituting the faculty, who were
striving, in the midst of narrow and discouraging conditions, to
lay the foundations here of a great institution of learning for this
State. He was then just arrived at legal manhood, justturned of
twenty-one years of age, and just graduated from collega Both
in personal appearance, however, and in the extent and range of
bis acquirements, he seemed four or Bve years older. I quickly
perceived that he was a remarkable young man, of strongly marked
individuality, ot unusual self-reliance, and in many respects o£
remarkable attainments. His work in the University was in large
p«rt in the same line with my own ; and our intellectual tastes
aod pursuits and professional duties were so fiir alike, that we were
thrown much together. From the first, he interested me greatly;
and perhaps the very diversity in our characters and previous
education made bim only the more an object of interest to me.
Though several years Mr. Carpentei's senior, I was myself but a

96 Wisconsin State Historical Sociktt.

very young man ; and I sympathized deeply with the freshness of
feeling, the enthusiasm, the eager hopes and the ardent ambition
of this still younger man. Daring the two years he then remained
in the University, I knew him well, and our relations were always
cordial and friendly.

If he was sometimes rash and hasty in the formation and ex*
pression of opinion ; if he sometimes amused and sometimes pro-
Toked me by his excessive self-reliance and over confidence, I
soon learned to recognize in these only the generous ebullitions of
a large and quick brain, flushed with the triumphs of a successful
student life, and grasping with eager desire at all forms of knowl-
edge. Perhaps it is true that even amid the larger and riper treas-
ures of scholarship of his mature life. Prof. Carpenter did not
always distinguish quite as sharply as more cautious men would,,
between what he actually knew and what he only supposed; and
naturally this characteristic was more striking in the warm blood
of his immature youth. But no man capable of judging could
know him well then without perceiving that his acquirements for
so young a man were really remarkable, and justified him in a
large opinion of his own powers.

Of his Latin scholarship at that period I cannot speak with con-
fidence. It is rather an impression than an opinion — an impres-
sion largely derived from his own conversation — if I^ay that he
had acquired a sufficient knowledge of it for his college purposes
so easily that it had ceased to interest him, and his acquaintance
with it, though superior to that of most graduates, was still rather
superficial. But Greek was evidently his hobby ; he was obvi-
ously a favorite student of his distinguished Greek professor, Dr.
Kendrick, of Rochester, and he had delivered a Greek oration as
his Commencement performance. And I have never personally
known any man of his years, any graduate fresh from an Ameri-
can college, who had so large an acquaintance with Greek litera-
ture, especially with the Greek poets. He had already read all*
the Homeric poems through several times, and was singularly
familiar with several of the Greek dramatists, especially Eschylus-
and Sophoclea I well remember the surprise with which I heard
him propound to me, shortly after our acquaintance began, sey*

In Mkmobiam — S. H. CARPKimtn. 97

eral bold conjectural emendations o£ his own in the received texis
of these authors. I am bound to say that these emendations
seemed to me at the time as either entirely unnecessary or entirely
inadmissible; and prabably in his maturor years be would hira-
seU have rejected them. But the mere tact that a youth of twen-
ty'One should have such emendations to propose, and should urge
thera with considerable cooAdenoe, is a characteristic fact which
it gives me pleasure now to recall.

I soon found, too, that Mr. Carpenter's power in acquisition
was no greater than his power in imaprting iostructioa. He was
born to be a teacher. It in that early day he was not always
gcrupulously accurate or self consistent, If his memory sometlmeB
bpcame fused into his imagination and his ingenuity grew rank
iolo crotchets, yet he had something in him as a teacher that was
better even than accuracy, and belter than self-consistency. He
had a zeal, a freshness, a vivacity, a personal piquancy, a genuine
enthusiasm in the subjects which interested him, that acted like &a
iiiqiiratioa upon the youug men who were capable of being iu-
Bjnred.

At the end of the year Mr, Carpenter left us, greatly to our loss.
1 never cared to inquire narrowly into the circumstances of his leav-
ing. Those were stringentand somewhat discouraging days at the
Slate University'. The income was small ; the faculty was small ; the
nuniberof students was not large,especially in the collegiate classes;
and though the nominal standard was perhaps high enoagh for a
new State, there was always an enormous temptation to lower the
actual standard far below the nominal. TheState was apparently
indifferent or hostile. The fund which the State should have
wholly devoted to instruction, library and apparatus, was per-
mitted to be sunk in the necessary buildings ; and the income was
■wholly inadequate to the needs of the institution. Hard and ex-
hausting work, with slender pay and few thanks, was for the most
part what the faculty had to expect In this day, when the Uoi-
Tersity is in the full tide of success, with its noble I'difices built
mod building, its large instructional force, its manifold depart-
ments and numerous students in them all, enjoying as well as de-
serving State support and confidence, and general popularity, it

WiBCossiN State Historical Societt.

ia difficult to undei^tand the condition of things in those earlier

days. After two years of hard work and menger pay, as tutor,

Mr. Carpenter, with his fine talents and acquirements, bis unusual

I maturity, and his just ambition, naturally desired to see before

I irim some definite prospect of advancement But the Ilegeota

"were probably quite unable then to establish any new, chair

adapted to his special qualifications ; and we need not wonder

thai, with all his physical and mental vigor, his various tastes and

capacities, and his habitaal self-reliance, he turned aside to other

I pursuits, and plunged into the " struggle for existence" outside

I of college walls.

Of his career from that time (1854) until his return to the Uni-
versity as a professor, in 1868, you have heard a somewhat fall
account in Prof, Andereon's excellent sketch of his lite. Many of
tho=e years were spent in various occupations remote from his
I earlier studies and from his predominant tastes ; occupations, too,
as I suppose, which often yielded him but scanty remuneration.
My personal and intimate knowledge did not follow him closely
in those occupations ; but so far as I have ever heard, or had rea-
son to believe, I believe that he " touched nothing which he did
not adorn " — undertook to do nothing which he did not do well
Doubtless to him, as to some of us who understood hia scholarly
attainments and tastes, and his unusual gifts as a teacher, it some-
times seemed as if his powers were to some extent being wasted.
Why should one cut blocks with a I'azorV But standing now,
Mr. Chairman, at the close of his life, and summing up the results
1 of his last ten years as a professor in our University, may we not
[ say that all his various and often hard experiences during the
I previous sixteen years only fitted him the better for hia later career
I ss a professor, only made him more of a man, matured and
strengthened his character, ripened his judgment, increased his
practical knowledge of and sympathy with men, and fitted him
the better to be a wise counsellor in the Faculty, and a wise,
faithful and 83'mpathelic guide to young men and women in his
I classes, while they could never quench his imperishable thirst for
knowledge, or choke fatally the growth of his scholarship ?
Siace 1854, my own life has been absorbed in labors and cares

In Memorlam-

IL Carpenter.

whicb left me little time to cultivate Mr. Carpenter's acquaintance,
I hive always been pleased to meet him, when we have been
accidentally thrown together; but our knowledge ol each other
has not been intimate. Yet the announcement o£ his death — so
sudden, so unexpected, apparently so untimely — moved mo mo3t
deeply. Since that dark winter day when it was said to me that
Byron Paine must die, and then, boou after, that Byron Paine
was dead, hardly any event of the kind baa inflicted on me so
deep a shock. The men were much unlike in their characters, in
their opinions and habits of thought, in their professional careers
and relations to society. But they were alike in eelf-reliance and
hardihood ot characier, in largeness and activity of brain, in
frankness of speech and simplicity of manners, in rapidity of ac-
qaisition, in fondness for conversation and e-vposition, in equal
fondness for and proneness to disputation, in strung prejudices, in
rapid processes of liiought, leading often to hasty conclusions,
and in the kindly, cordial humanity and cheerful courage and
flowing vitality with which they fought the battle of life, mingled
with all classes of their fellow men, and did the work assigned to
them to do. Above all, they were alike in this, that they were
soddenly taken away in the full bloom of their manhood, with
the blood still warm in their veins, and when their work for
themselves, for their families and for the world, seemed only half
dona I did not mean to compare the two men except in those
particulars which made the death of each so great a shock to my-
aelf. Notwithstanding these resemblances, they were far apart in
many ways. At different periods in my life, I kaew them both
well. My own opinions, convictions, tastes and habits of thought
were widely different from those of either ; perhaps equally re-
mote from each. Bui I respected and honored them both, as in
their several ways eminently able and eminently manly men ;
and while iny own life lasts, and memory holds its own, I shall
never cease to lament their too enrly departure from the world,
and from the work which to our short sight seemed given iheni
to accomplish. Over the grave of each, with the immortelle must
be blended the "lily of a day," the lily of May, of whose too
brief bloom Ecu Jonson wrote:

100 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

"* AlthoQgh it fall and die that nieht,
It was the plant and flower of light"

President John Bascom, of the State University, spoke as
follows :

The rendering of deserved honors is a very pleasant, and a
truly profitable, service. Indiscriminate praise obscures moral
distinctions and weakens just incentives; but praise well bestowed
elevates the mind and heart which give it, even more than the
person who receives it Professor Carpenter was worthy of honor
as a man and as an instructor. His mind was vigorous and inde*
pendent, and he used his powers with direct reference to the well*
being of others.

His thought was pre-eminently logical. He saw quickly and
traced rapidly the relations of things. Logic was a favorite
science with hrm, and be gave it more enforcement in the minds
of pupils than any other teacher whom I have ever known. It
was the stronghold of his instruction. He was also a man of
quick personal feelings.

These two facts explain his character and his influence. His
emotions were easily aroused, and directed, for the most part, by
a philanthropic purpose. He then brought to their aid an active^
penetrative mind, and was sure to make himself felt, whether in
conversation, in the pulpit or in the recitation room. Indeed, it
was not easy to resist him ; he moved with so much decision,
confidence and clearness.

This combination gave him, in a high degree, the one indis<
pensable quality of a superior instructor — the power to convert
every process of thought into a living experienca Knowledge
was thus made always to minister to the constructive activity o£
the mind, and its interest and value were instantly felt To this
fact were chiefly due the respect and attachment which the pupils
of Prof. Carpenter felt toward him.

His success as a teacher was quite unusual. Few could bear
comparison with him in this relation. He was accustomed, also,
to keep the mind fresh and full by outside study and literary
work. The superiority of his instructions brings a rebuke, much
needed with us, to that narrow policy which is willing to load

Is MtMOBiA'M — S. H. Oahpkstkr.

101

dowa the leaclier, t3 the estent of his burden-bearing capacity,
with the daily routine Inbor, and sn to cut bim off from all access
to the perennial fountains of intellectual lite. The inner nutrltioa
of the mind itself is a first duty anil right of the instructor.

Oat of these same qualiiita arose the defects apparent in hia
charucter. Hia feelings were so active and personal, that they
were sometimes liable to capture his critical power.*, and send
them on a service of their own choosing. Bright, logical minds
ate capable of very sophistical, yet very acute, reasoning. This
familiar tact occasionally showed itself in Prot Carpenter, I felt
ihu I could always rely on his judgment, when his jut^gmoot
had free play : but that hia feelings were liable to anticipate, by a
hasty rush of impressions, calm consideration. There are few
types of mind more induential and valuable than the type which
fell lo Prot. Carpenter, Its very faults bring grave compensa-
tions, and most persona are won by its iieadstrong energy.
Though my acquaintance with Prof. Carpenter has been compara-
tively brief, I am glad to unite with hia many life-long friends in
a tribute of honor. I may alao add that my predecessor. Dr.
Chadbourne, was accustomed to speak with the highest respect
o! Dr. Carpenter's character, attainments and work.

Prof. J. B. Parkinson of the University educational corps, I
next addressed the Society, He referred to some of the mental'i
characteristics of the deceased, as follows :

Many in this presence have known Prot Carpenter longer, some,
perhaps, even more intimately than I, but I am none the less glad
to bear teatinjony to his worth aa a scholar and an educator.

Prof. Carpenter had a mind quite independent, and exception-
ally vigorous and active. lie was a thorough student, and hia
powers of acquisition and retention were remarkable, flo was not
A mere book-worm, groping among library shelves without end
or aim, and devouring books for the sheer love of it He read
much, but always aeemingly for a distinct purpose and to good
«ffect. But his helps to knowledge were not in books alone. He
seemed to absorb information in a peculiar manner from every-
thing with which he came into contact Ho took pride in his pro-
fessioD, and, while hia primary aim was to hold his own special

102 Wisconsin State Histobical Societt.

department of instruction well in hand, he always found time to
keep familiar with the best thought upon all the leading questions
of the day. He was emphatically a ready man — reaching his
conclusions upon most questions at lightning speed. His exten-
sive reading, close observation and retentive memory gave him a
fund of information upon a multitude of topics from which he
could draw upon the shortest notice. Conclusions hurriedly
reached are often inaccurate. His were occasionally so. But it
is rare to find a man who can think as rapidly, and at the same
time think as well.

But ProL Carpenter was distinctively an educator — teacher.
In his ability to impart instruction — his aptness to teach — lay
his special power. Not one man in ten thousand could equal him
as a teacher. Here was his chosen field. In it was the work that
lay nearest to his heart He thoroughly appreciated the chief re-
quisites of the successful instructor. It is not enough for one
barely to know what he is called upon to teach. He should know
it well ; and to know it well, he must know beyond it In the
matter of means and methods, too, he must make improvement
his aim. The stereotyped teacher, as well as lawyer, doctor,
preacher, will be very apt to find the world moving on and leav-
ing him. Proi Carpenter seemed to aim at a thorough mastery
of his department ; and his familiarity with what he had in hand,
his wealth of happy and forcible illustrations, and his genuine
enthusiasm, constituted ' the chief secrets of his suocess in the
class-room. As a teacher, then — and I use the term in its tech-
nical sense — his impress has left the deepest furrows. As a
teacher, his influence will reach the farthest and abide the longest
The best years of his life were spent in the University of Wis-
consin. His work speaks for itself. That institution is not insen-
sible of its present bereavement, nor will it soon forget Prof. Car-
penter's faithful services.

Some lives seem finished when the " summons comes," and the
oolumn that symbolizes them may fitly be capped and crowned.
Not so when the strong man is stricken down in the very prime
of intellectual manhood, and full of hope and promise. Death,
under such circumstances, brings peculiar sadness, for it deals a

doable blow. Such la tlie feeling that now penrades not the Uni-
versily onlj, but this whole community andcommoDwealth. Bat,
after all, the mere lapse of years ia not life. It is not always
they who can boast of length of days, that really live the moat
and longest.

" Wo live in deeds, not ycare : ia tbougUU, not breaths ;
Id lecliogs, not in Hgureaon a dial.
We should count lime by heartthrobs. He inoal lives
Who ihiolts most, feels the noblest, acts the best."

Prof. "Wm. F. Allen thus spoke of Dr. Carpenter as an educator
of youth :

The first time that I remember seeing Prof. Carpenter, was on
the occasion of a public debate of the Athenu^an and Ilesperian
societies, during the first term of my connection with the Univer-
flity (autumn of 1867). He was oDe of the judges, aud I remem-
ber at a particular point where there was a little obscurity, or per-
haps a fallacy in the argument, ho addressed to the speaker a
question which went right to the marrow of the point under dis-
cussion, and brought the debate back to the fundamuntal principle
upon which the question hinged. Nothing could be more char-
acteristic of the man than this act. It exhibited the logical clear-
nesa and precision of thought, which were his most prominent
intellectual traits.

I do not remember that I made his personal acquaintance until
more than a year after this time, when he became a member of
the faculty. In our faculty meetings he always took a leading
part, and I was from the first forcibly struck with the wide range
of hifl acquirements. He appeared as much at home in the class-
ics, the political and moral sciences, and mathematics, as in his
own department; and it was not merely the knowledge of the
iacts, but the completeness with which his knowledge wassystem-
atized and ready for application that struck me. Except, how-
erer, in his own depar'.ment of the English language and litera-
ture, his knowledge was not of the sort that would be called
erudition; it was rather general thau detailed, and consisted prin-
cipally of such facts as had an importance outside of the science
to which they belonged. It was such knowledge as a man of

- * • ^-•" •.~'3\f?T!iT7 "vzoee leading trait ^^as the

■■ *r- -:-^ :; ii._i^ would gather from aa

■■ ~ - " - "-: .-.. i?Ll- y> doabt his varied exre-

- •" -• -x^ ::-' ^i-TiTi :' bis scholarship, where
r^^v T .. ^ nLi^: • liiT* beea rendered sd per-

- ».■• T :: :,-.r.x*r "Jis qaalitj of breadth of
_ ■ _r - T ■ : . s:^:j :• i :!l: =\ore valuable one —

■ - ■ ^- . ^- :::.. T:.&:vX\ mainly derived from

c > • ■ :. v-:< r'ai'- ids; *:ed by an experience

-. ... ^ -. ! > ■*-.."-. li. s 7c :;i«i lot of a scholar by

v^. ^- -.:■:- t: i : z^iaI degree of firmness

-^ T .>.:*:-— V :eiL: -i^'in every question

' ^ ■ : \ : . : vi* :z :he highest degree

* . . >• :• • i : ■": sLn:::T which can come

.; : :- •^- :j ■ •. v :i :^e affairs of lifa I

^^ . ^ . ". . \ . > i^-:\v. V : : < :• evasions; but I can

^, . . .- - . : . :. '. '- V s s * >:^i-'e«i :\^r his opinions and

^ .^ . ^ ^ > .V .. : v ;.r ::l * , ■ i I rir^> made up my mind

. . . ^. I '.M.-.-. •• :.i*. -•: 111 to say upon the

<^ . . . . • >i '. ■ ; * V ;:•■? • ;: .v.:" :c:oi with the XJniver-
: ; , ■ ..** S.I ,' -I -If. 1' -I ijivir.g the same gen-
,^ A- .^ . ^ , v^'.js *' -' ":o. .1 •• : *:. ■-*. i:e: ;i".i I almost always

^ . .: . •>;• > .": .v:5 . : wlv.s.*:: I was interested.

W 'c ^. V V ' vv '. i' . •.i>."...M.* : *.;s::-\: :.^ viociie, in matters out-

. : . , V ->. •'. ,:■ A .IS .:i i.^ub: w::h rc^rird t3the or^ani-

. ^.. , . : ^. ■ — • ■'* -.v .L'v.ir:::ie:::. or Je<':r\\l v.vunsel in any

Va»i*'^ '^ * ^ ^^■^■*' < r ..i::.vu>!v :.> aim. an J always got help-

\\ • > . .N,' • I :'.os lo .vu\l r.ot fail to oxert a strong in-
•» owv. -s- •■\* <;.uU'v.:so: I'is olas'es : his counsel was very

^stcu Av.is^-' '^^ '•*-'■*•• ^^''•^•' ^ ''^'^'''^'' ^'^^ valued highly. There

I nuitkiu's:; ;iv.;i tVioiKi;:!io5S III his intercourse with the

'.uknW w-^^**^ svVv-.ivvi \\\\\\ MX inrliionce which the weight of his

'^hIooiui bv it.<clt lui^l^t r^^rl^-^r^ ^^^^'^ ^^''^^ *^ establish. This

"^^^ 'mal lUiUionoo, joinovl with his remarkable powers as a teacher,

In Memobiam — S. H. Carpeutkr. 105

made bis personality one of tlie strongest and lieahhieat agencies
in moulding the minds and character of lite young men and
women of the institution.

So powerful an influence aa that which be exerted could not
have been attained by intellectual gifts alone, or even by moral '
excellencies. He waa a man of strong individuality, as, indeed,
every man muat be whose judgment is valued by others. His
mind worked with activity and clearness, because he possessed a
moral integrity, joined to his aculenesa of intellect, which did not
Bufjfer his judgment to wander oEf to different and irrelevant
points, but fastened always upon what was eaaeolial. He was an
independent thinlrer, but there waa no waywardness or caprice in
his independence ; right or wrong, his opinions were — I will not
say the logical outcome of his individuality — they were the man
himself, and were stomped with the strength and lucidity of bis
natura When we take account of the lo^a we have sustained in
him — the admirable teacher, the public-spirited citizen, the pillar
of a Christian church — after all, the chief loss is that which no
community ran afford, a man of weight of character, a center of
healthlal influence.

Gen. David Atwood, of the Wisconsin Stale Journal, referred
aa follows to his many yeirs of intimate, warm relations with Dr.
Carpenter, in varied capacities :

Mb. PBasiDE>fT : I did not come here expecting to speak, but
to hear from those who were immediately connected with the late
Dr. S. H. Carpenter in his educational work. But, as my name
has been called, I cannot remain entirely silent, aa it might be
construed as showing a want of sympathy in the subject of thia
meeting, otan unwillingness to indorse the high praise bestowed
Qpon the character of the deceased, in the able and truthful re-
marfci that have been previously made at this meeting, I am
proud to know that Dr. Carpenter was my friend. Like Prof.
Anderson, I was in Chicago when the news of his death reached
thia city; and in the afternoon of the same day, picked up the
Chidgo Jo'tnvil, and the first paragraph that met my eye was
the announcement of the death of Dr. Carpenter, of the
"Wisconsin University. I was startled and pained; and felt that
8— St. Hia. 3oc.

106 Wisconsin State Histobical Socmtt.

the loss was not only an irreparable one to bis afflicted family,
but was a very serious one to the University, the State, and to the
cause of education throughout the world. For myself, 1 felt
keenly the loss of a highly esteemed and valued friend; one
whom I had known and respected, as long, perhaps, as anyone
here present It was my fortune to make the acquaiDtance of
Dr. Carpenter in the autumn of 1852, within the first week of his
residence in Madison ; and the acquaintance then formed was
continued through the remainder of his life, and ripened into in-
timacy many years ago.

His character impressed me favorably from the first, on account
of its practical bearing. He was a man who could adapt himself
to circumstances with wonderful facility, as bis life work has
shown. While he possessed the scholarly attainments and the
ability to grace any position in life, he did not shrink from acting
in any honorable calling, in order to earn an honest support for
himself and family. As has been well delineated in the admira-
ble sketch that has been read before this Society by Prof. Ander-
son, it is^seen that the life of the late Dr. Carpenter has been one
of varied employments. It was not always that he could receive
position in his chosen field of education, and the one for which he
was best fitted ; and, when such was the case, he never remained
idle, but would seek other fields of labor. I have known hira
intimately, as printer, as editor, as publisher, as Assistant Super-
intendent of Public Instruction, and as City Clerk ; and in all
these positions, he was cheerful, industrious and happy, discharg-
ing thoroughly their duties, and in all things, acting the part of a
true man. Of his great superiority as a teacher, his associates
have spoken in appropriate terms ; and I will only add that io
traveling a few years ago in Massachusetts, I met Dr. Paul A.
Chadbourne, formerly the President of the Wisconsin University,
and in conversation about men, that gentleman remarked, that
were he to point out the I'e^^ best college professor within the scope
of his acquaintance, that man would be Professor S. H. Carpen-
ter. This is a high compliment from a distinguished source, and
is well deserved.

In a high degree, Dr. Carpenter was a ready and a useful maa

Ik Mxmobiam — S. H. Carpsnteb. 107

in society. He could deliver an address, preach a sermon, or write
a magazine article on short notica He was always prepared, and
always performed well the part assigned him. In addition to the
accomplishments that I have thus imperfectly set forth, he was a
thoroughly cultivated musician, and composed music with facility.
It is extremely rare that a man is found, who possesses so versa-
tile a character as did our friend, and one who never made a fail-
ure in whatever he undertook. He was a man of vast resources,
power and usefulness; and, though cut off in the prime of life, he
leaves a record of faithful works that would do honor to one who
had Uved the full term of three score years and ten, allotted to
man. He was popular and effective as an educator; a pillar in
his church ; an author of distinction ; a preacher of great power;
a literary man of superior taste ; a true friend ; a kind and indul*
gent husband; and an ornament to society. In his death, all
classes of the community have sustained a great loss; and most espe-
cially has this Historical Society lost a true friend ; one of its-
founders and most earnest and liberal supporters. It will be diffi-
cult to supply the high places in the State, in its several' public
institutions, and in the literary and social world, that were so ably
and so gracefully filled by the late Dr. Carpenter.

The resolutions of respect for Dr. Carpenter's character, and
high appreciation of his literary and educational work, were
passed unanimously ; and the proceedings ordered to be pub-
lished.

PROFESSOR STEPHEN H. CARPENTER, LL. D.

*^ Quamti* H^rnfu uteri$ conftuu§ a»»M,"
** Laudo tamin.^^

— [JuyxHAL, Sat., m, 1.

We loved him well and he is dead; bat yet
80 fixed was his wise hope, his life so Just,
We scarce cao weep that he has paid the debt
We all mast solve, with so serene a trust
A lire well finished in its aseful prime.
By death unselfish as that life has been,
Thioslates oot ill the trembling child of time
Into that lasting bliss we all would win.
Thoogh busy hand and brain have passed away

108 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Though he, onr master, comes not at our need,

His better portion rising o*er decay

Mounts a new life, shoots from the perished seed.

Ob ! stricken wife and kindred, be content

That his probation hath such bless'd event

Thus we discourse and pitifully seek

To warm our chilled hearts with our short breath ;

Bnt vain the task ; poor fleeting words are weak

To lift the clay-cold burdening of death.

On yonder hill, where neighbored by the dead.

He sleeps, I note the sacred hillocks grow

Soon like the common sod, save at the head

Of each the white stone tells who rests below, ^

And tenderly recounts his name and deeds

To ev'ry passer-by that reverent reads,

I^or marks the low mound with its homely weeds.

Thus shall his memory from all pain bpart

Live when swift years have soothed its earlier smart.

And guide when it no longer grieves the heart.

Chables Noblb Gbbgobt.

Hon. GEORGE B. SMITH.

State Hmarical Society, Sept. 19, 1879.

Hon. Harlow S. Orton, in the chair, announced the death of
Hon. George B. Smith, and paid a brief but touching tribute to
his memory. He alluded to their co-labors in the up-building of
the State Historical society, and to their successful efforts of twenty-
seven years ago in inducing Hon. Lyman C. Draper to accept the
secretaryship of the infant society, and to remove from his home
in Philadelphia to Madison.

Messrs. Bashford, Van Slyke and Mills were designated to
report suitable resolutions expressive of the los3 the society, and
the public in general, had sustained in Gen. Smith's untimely
death ; who, through Mr. Bashford, reported the following,
which were unanimously adopted:

"Death has again been among us ; and we who recently assem-
bled here to give expression to our grief in the loss of Professor
Carpenter and bear testimony to our appreciation of his character

In Memorum — Geo. B. Smith, 109

and wortb, are again called together to give voice to ibe profound
sorrow ibat overflows each heart and casta a gloom over the entire
comraunitj, by reason oE the sudden removal from us o[ Honorable
George B. Smith, and to express in this formal manner the high
and affectionate regard we bore him as a man and our love an^
■veneration for him as a friend and associate.

" George B. Smith came among us not in the maturity of
manhood and in the possession of all his great faculties ; but as a
youth whose untried powers were yet to be developed, strong only
in the high hopes and wortliy aspirations that filled hia bi-east.
During the full period of a generation has he lived in this com-
munity, sharing its burdens and hardships, growing with its
growth, and enjoying its prosperity. Here matured all those
great facultie^ of mind and heart that formed a character rich in
all the attributes of true manhood. His natural endowments
were marked by the prei-minence of no particular talent, but
rather by the strength and symmetry of the whole. His learning
was varied rather than profound, and his familiarity with books
waa excelled by his thorough knowledge of mankind. Hts con-
victions were deep and sincere, and hia devotion to principle un-
awerved by the most vigorous assaults; and if he ever wavered
it was not from force, but thorough kindness and alfection, and if
he ever betrayed a weakness it sprang from the generous impulses
of tho heart.

" Public life might have had its charms for him, but his ambi-
tion could accept no preferment that did not come through the
triumph of his principles. He at different times rendered the
state and the city of Madison signal service in official station ;
but his earliest achievement the incorporation of the exemption
act in the organic law of the state, will be his most enduring polit-
cil monument

"To bis chosen profession was devoted his highest talents and
the best years of his life; and the success which attended his
efforts, the victories, the honors, and the more substantial re-
wards, filled out the measure of his usefulness and won for him
a front rank as a lawyer and an advocate.

"His professional and political career, though national in char-

110 Wiscoysw State Historical SodKrr.

acter, and already a matter of state history and state pride, will
be less endaring than his fame as a private citizen ; the man will
oatlive the lawyer or the statesman. It was the great heart, the
qaick sympathy, the fine feelings, that endearel George B. Smith
to his fellow men, and will ever keep his memory green so long as
one of them survives.

" Of the State Historical Society, General Smith had been an
honored member for more than a quarter of a century, cheerf uU j
derottng to its advancement his great talents, often representing
tb? interests on public occasions, and serving eighteen years con-
9ecttttvety as a member of the executive committee. He was in
feet art oariv pioneer, and always entertained a most profound r«-
$(:>ect for the men and women who founded this great common-
w^Itb. Kverytbing that related to the settlement and history of
lht;» $tati? awakened in him a most lively interest, and his last
l^bHo effv>rt in this city was consecrated to this subject This
tt^vi^ty has iudeed lost a strong support in the death of such a man,
iiikI K> whvMH can we look to fill the vacant place? It is therefore

** AWitM^ Tuat we deplore the loss of the Honorable George
K ^«:th ; ^h^t in his death this society has lost one of its most
VM^iu' jiikI ho^KHwi members, the bar of the state one of its most
siicu»f>:<^»u'JWvl *vlvvvates^ and the community one of its most intel-
b^isHs 'J^^v\;h5 Aud publiC'Spirited citizens.

' V:.M'*>«u*. rh;*t we s^-^rrowfully and respectfully tender to the
tKH\M^v\t fi^r^itv v^£ Oenoral Smith our most heartfelt sentiments
v^i vv^avK^.^v^Nv *i»vl*Yiuj>athv.**

tNv^i. J ^^»H^< IX l^uiler added a few remarks upon the rilre fac-
v^'u v\»iN^tkt Snuth (K>s*essod in captivating a jury or a popular

v^i »iK^Kv»^ oJ Pr, PrajH^r, lion. David Atwood, Hon. A. B.
^V^\^\. Ai»vl Iv M. Iv^jthloixl K<q., were appointed to prepare suit-
.^N*V f»»^^a>vM «;4U \*\pr\^^ing the appreciation of the services and
w^l^iii** v< tbko K>ih» Uv^o- GtMfge B. Smith, to be read at a future
i*K\>^i'»i< *\^ tv vH^Ui^l fv>r that purpose.

Ik Msmoriah — Geo. B. Smith. Ill

State Hiitorical Society, November 10, 1879.

Gen. Simeon Mills in the chair.

Gen. David Atwood submitted the following remarks :

Mr. President and Oentkmen of t/ie State Hisioi'ical Society:

As we meet here from time to time, to pay a slight tribute to
the memory of an associate member of this Society who has been
taken from us, we are forcibly reminded of the shortness of life
lind the certainty of death. The pioneers in the noble work of
building up an Historical Society in Wisconsio, are fast falling by
the way, and the time is near at hand when its destinies will be
left to the care of those who know nothing, by experience, of the
toils and struggles attending the first few years of its existence.
Its early founders will have done their work on earth. It is emi-
neatly proper, however, that, as they pass away, a brief record of
their lives be left with the Society, that their successors, to the
last generation, may know to whom they are indebted for so much
that is of substantial historical value as is found gathered together
in these rooms. Our meeting at this time is to deposit a record of
one who, in his life, has done very much — perhaps as much as
anyone who has not devoted his whole time to the work — in ad*
vancing the interests of this Society. His heart was in the work
from the start, and his labors were constant and efficient I have
deference to Hon. Ge:»rge B. Smith, whose career on earth suddenly
closed on the morning of September 18, 1879. It is to pay a proper
tribute to his memory that we are here to-night I feel entirely
inadequate to perform the task assigned me, ot presenting an ap-
propriate paper on this solemn oscasion. Taken from us, in the
prime of life, as was Mr. Smith, and at a time when his friends
least expected, forcibly warns us, his old associates, to be ever
ready to meet death ; that, at best, we have but little time for
work ; for doing good ; and no time for doing evil. We are ad-
monished to '* work while it is day, for the night cometh when no
man can work." A distinguished writer, in terse language, has
said:

" There is no appeal for relief from the great law which dooms
us to the dust; we flourish and fade as the leaves of the forest;

112 Wi5co:ysix State Histobical Society.

and the leares that bloom and wither in a day, have no frailer
hold upon life than the mtghtiest monarch that ever shook the
«artii trita his &.x?cscer& Generations of men will appear and dis-
appear. IS :ae grssL aod the maltitade that throngs the world to-
dav. will iisapceir » the foocsteps on the shore. Men seldom
^nk ec rte ^reac ereat of death until the shadows fall across their
cwn !7acnwaT. anixnar &oai their eves the faces of the loved ones
wtti?^ lerfn^ :iiitile was the santight of their existence. Death is
^ ;mta^?ai2$t oc !if& and the ooli thought of the tomb is the
akmetcn v?c all 5»s^ We do not want to go through the dark
isule^. altai>a;g& i&s dark passage maj lead to paradise ; we do

!i\?t wane tjL> litf i?wn La the damp grave, even with princes for
^ ^ * *■»► *♦

SEu>w 9tt^ an* CK@e word? as applied to alL While our friend
!)[)ck:()i£ xcvQ otMktii :n a philosophical manner, and perhaps was as
wiirtmc x> vlie as are most men^ still he did not want to die; but
W ^tfc^ vvmf^I^jd to vield at the call of the grim messenger —
^i^ca — 43v£ w^ a:^ tect a short time to mourn our great loss.

t^ !nv xvrtiott o£ the revxxd made here at the present time, I
^cCr v\Hii ix> 3tv^t: orincitxillv to a recital, somewhat in detail, of
^ihj^ \»ifcvti*t^ «j%Tfit55^ :dL tbe life of our friend.

v^vv?c<f Pw :Ntt th was K>ni at Parma Corners, Monroe county,
\^^ '^.HS^ \L.t5 ii 1<2S. His father, Reuben Smith, was a na-
v^v^ s< X^xttf UTartxi His RK>thers maiden name was Betsy
t\;v. ^v >ix\i wiSftt :cte $ytb;ect of this sketch was but ten
^vv <>^ vNv^^ *As:'t ^:Wr aavl mother posaessed much strength of
^t.Hv.vx. Atvi :.v ru:Hvr ti*U\t many places of honor and trust,
sh«^svv5i*>*»; H.*^>;u^> s-\vrv <lvi^y. In 1825, the family removed
^v v,Nv>^v»'u.tx^ v^>\\ ii^i i-^ l^* ^»k up their residence in
H\v'-»-s v^t^ vN \* vfc*5t Jtt t^^s pUoe that our subject received a
H^^ vv^^ixs^ >\^V.\v'^>^. ^A^t^{ ^i^ertxi upon the study of the pro-
kt>i^AM ^< ^^^1 ^^''^'^ H W VU\v\l K^vi., of Medina. In about a
\y\i^ vi>vsvM:NN K^ s^xhvVn tit^ v^vv of Messrs. Andrews, Foot &
>tvvv. vs vNi^>,vsH kI ^Nv>*v W |Htrsuevl his studies with great dili-
^v^*>v \s ^\^ i- ^ ^v'^- ^^^\^ * \vung man possessing much
^vv;i NxSi^KV '^ s^\<^^^*t>^^^^5^Mh*t never left him in after life —
k^ vmi>»»^-v WUN\( tv^ tb^ swat west, which was then

Is Memorum — Geo. B. Sjhth. 118

■ttracting attention in all parts ot the country, and, with his father,
came to Wisconsin, locating first at Kenosha (then Siiilbport),
and there pursued bis studies in the office of the late ETon. 0. S.
Head. lie was admitted to practice at the bar o£ the United
States court, Hon. A. G. Miller presiding, on the fourth of July,
1843. Spending a short time in Kenosha after liis admission, he
returned to Ohio, and united himself in marriage with Miss Eugenia
Weed, of Medina, Then, with resolute courage, he again turned
westward, and, in the fall of 18i5, located in Madison, ihe capital
of Wisconsin, II was here that he literally fulfilled the Greeley
advice of growing up with the conntry. Wisconsin then con-
tained but a small population ; Madison was a village of three or
foar hundred souls. The you ng attorney at once took a leading posi-
tion in his new home ; and rapid a3 was the growth of the west,
he kept pace with it, and in all after-lifs, kept in the front rank of
its citizens. He at once entered upon the practice of his chosen
profession — and one which he dearly loved — in the several
courts of the then territory, and continued a prominent member
ot the Wisconsin bar, to the time of his death.

In January, 184l>, Mr. Smith wasappointedDiatrict Attorney for
Dane county, and tor si.t years held this important position, giv-
ing to the discharge of its duties rare ability, close attention and
thought, and a fidelity to the trust reposed in him that is seldom
bestowed in professional life. He was prompt and efficient in the
discharge of every duty, and rendered the county and state very
valaable service. He soon became marked as a young man of
more than ordinary ability. This was shown in his being selected
by his fellow eilizeos, when he was less than twenty-four years of
age, to represent them in the Constitutional Convention that as-
sembled in Madison in October, 1846. He was the youngest man,
in years, there was id that very distinguished body of able men ;
& body generally conceded to have contained the largest amount
of talent of any that ever assembled in the state. Young as was
Mr. Smith, he was able to bu slain himself with great credit in con-
tests with these brilliant minds, and was acknowledged to have
been one ot the moat active members of that Convention. He
was chairman of the committee on a Bill of Rights, and performed

114 Wisconsin State Historical Socibty.

much labor on other committees. He favored liberal exemption
laws, and to him, perhaps more than to any other man, are the
people indebted for the liberal laws that row exist on that sub-
ject He urged with great vigor, that the matter be enccrafted into
the Constitution, and the instrument produced by that Conven*
tion contained advanced views on this subject The principles
were so advanced, and carried out so much in detail, that this fea*
fcure was strongly objected to in the discussions of the Constitution
before the people, and afforded one of the strongest reasons for its
rejection; not so much en account of the principle involved, as
in the details. It was deemed best to simply declare a principle
in the organic law, and leave the details to the legislature. But
our friend was soon gratified, after the State was admitted into the
Union, by seeing the principles of a liberal homestead exemption,
for which he had battled so manfully in the first Constitutional
Convention, become a part of the statute law of the State;
and it still remains so. The Constitution then presented was
rejected by the people, after an excited contest, on account
of a few ot its provisions that were deemed too radical for the
time. But its main features were adopted in the second Con*
vention, which met the next year, and now form the organic law
of the Stata

In the fall of 1853, Mr. Smith was elected Attorney General of
the State, and served for a term of two years and declined a
re-election. During this term, there were many exciting questions
before the people, and party spirit ran high. Mr. Smith took
bold ground in favor of his party, and was censured for some of
his acts; but, as a whole, he discharged the duties of the position
with eminent ability and to the full satisfaction of his own party,
and, in most acts, to the satisfaction of his opponents.

Mr. Smith served as Mayor of the city of Madioon, in the years
1858, 1859, 1860 and 1878, and always acted as he deemed for
the best interests of the city. In the years 1861 and 1869, he
represented the Capital district in the Assembly, and was deemed
one of the ablest men in those bodies, both as a worker on com-
mittees and as a debater on the floor of the House. He occupied
the position of party leader on all political questions. His ability

Tit Memoriam — Geo. B. SsiiTn.

«nd experience fully entitled him to that distinction. The inter-
ests of his constituents never suffered in his hai^da.

In 1801, and ngjin in 1872, Mr. Smitliwaa the Democratic can-
liidate for Congress in his district In both instances he canvassed
the district with much ability and thoroughness, but met with
defeat on bolh occasions, not oo account of hia own unpopuhirity,
bat from the tact that his party was id the minority. In 1869,
fae received the Democratic vote for United States Senator,
in opposition to Ilonorable MatL H. Carpenter, the successful caa-
didale.

He was a candidate for Presidential elector in 1863 and in 1872.
In ihe latter campaign, he look an active part in favor of the elec-
tion of Horace Greeley to the Presidency. He represented his
State twice in National Conventions of his party. At St, Louis,
in 187G, he made a speech, deemed the greatest political effort of
his life, which gave him much national reputation, and would
doabtle&s have been followed with distinguished preferment had
the candidates there nominated been successful before the people.
It has been suppose! that had Mr. Hendricks declined the nomi-
nation for the second place on the ticket, Mr. Smith would have
received the high honor of filling the vacamy on the ticket
The only other public position ot prominence that Mr. Smith has
Occupied was, in 1876, when he was designated as one of the dis-
tingu'shed visitors to Louisiana, to supervise the canvass of the
vote of that State for Presidential electora

flavingijeenanearly pioneer to the State, and a conspicuous mem-
ber of the fir.'il Constitutional Convention, Mr, Smith naturally look
& deep interest in the affaire of the Wi-sconsin Pioneer AssociatiOD,
•nd in the meetings of the surviving members of the two Constitu-
tional Conventions. In July, 1879, he delivered an address before
tbeae two organizations in Madison; a duty he performed faithfully
«nd ably, not only giving the history of theae conventions, but fur-
nishing also a very interesting and valuable sketch of the early
history of Wisconsin. It could hardly have occurred to him and
to those who heard him upon that interesting occasion, 'that he
"Was so soon to be called away from the fellowship of his old associ-
ates of the conventions of the earlier days. But he contemplated

118 'Wisconsin State Historical Socikty".

the lime when their voices should all be hushed, and when tho

placea which had known them on earth should know them no mor»
forever. Prophetic of such a time, he closed his address with the
following finely coDceived paragraph, which, now that he is gone,
will have a touching and mourofiil interest to his surviving
frienda He said:

" 1 hope these meetings may be continued from year to year,
that they may increase in interest as the members entitled to be
herediminisb. Each recurring meeting, I am sure, will in many
respects be sadder and sadder for those who come, until finally^
when the last of this noble baud of pioneer patriots and public
benefactors, enfeebled by age, shall come witli trembling steps,
and with conflicting feelings oE pleasure and pain — pain that b«
sees no more the noble forms and familiar faces of those wh^
helped him to lay the foundation of this grand CDmmonwealth
pleasure at the joyful greeting be will be sure to receive from th«
grateful people he so faithfully served ; when this time comes,
it surely will cORie, I bespjak for this survivor, whoever he may
be, a reception and a welcome that shall forever make that day
memorable in the history of Wisconsin."

Little did those who heard this address think that the speaker,,
the youngest member of either convention and a man of apparent
robust health, would be among the very first to pass over the river.

Mr. Smith has not occupied the high positions _in public life
which his talents would have commanded, had his party been in
the majority. He had the ability nnd acquirdments to make his
mark in any position. This has been shown in hispracticeat the
bar, which has been very extensive, and where he has maintained
a high standing, ranking among the ablest lawyers in the North-
west As an orator, as an advocate, and as a political speaker,
he has had few superiors in the country. He had a fine presence,
a splendid voice, a forcible manner of speaking, that rendered his
oratorical efforta fascinating and effective. His private life was
without spot or blemish. He has been a great reader of the gen-
eral literature of the day, and liis mind was richly stored with its
treasures. Socially he was one of the most engngirg and enter-
taining of men ; instructive in conversation, quick at repartee,

Jv Mkmobiam — Geo. B. Smith.

bright and witty, pleasant in manner^ he enJeared himself to all
■who met him in the social circle.

As a politician, Mr. Smith belonged to the Democratic party;
he was positive in bis opinions, and hulj and UQCompromisiog ia
advocating them. As a strong partisan, he waa always armed,
ready to defenJ his own parly and attack the oppmition. Few
men in the State performed more eKeclivo work for his party.
His labors upon the stump were great, and acceptable to his
friends. As it was ray fortune to stand opposed to Mr.
Smith through many political contests, it is not my purpose
to speak at any length of his political life ; but to leave that duty
toothers who better appreciated those labors. I may be permit-
ted to say, however, that political differences never interrupted
our social and friendly relations. Mr. Smith was unusually (rea
from malice in his make up. Ila would strike hard blows to his
political opponents, and receive the samo, without disturbing
personal friendship. He was courageous, quick to resent and re-
pel insull and injury; free and prompt lo forgive, and ready to
meet his adversary half way in the settlement of a difficulty.

On the 29th of August, 1844, Mr. Smith was married to Miss
Eugenia Weed, of Medina, Ohio, an estimable lady, worthy of
him, and one to whom he was devotedly attached in all the rela-
tions of life They were blessed with the birth of five children,
two of whom, James S. and Anna, now Mrs. Robert J. McCon-
nell, survive, and the other three preceded the father to the grave,
and it is hoped they are now joined with him in the life of the
Blessed.

In hi.'j family relations, Mr. Smith was peculiarly happy, and it
was athia home where his real character shone out most brightly.
Asason.he was dutiful, alfectionate and considerate; as a husband,
fatber, and grandfather, he was kind, loving, patient, and tender,
and doted with the strongest affection upon his wife, his children,
and his grandchildren. It is in these sacred relations of lite that
the true and noble character of the real man ia shown ; and herein
our friend stood prci-'minent, and beautifully illustrated the truth
of the word,s of the poet, in the lines :

118 Wisconsin State Historical Sochtt.

** Domestic happiness, thoa only bliss
Of Paradise, that has sarvived the Fall I
Thoa art the muse of Virtae ; in thine arms
She smiles, appearing, as in truth she is,
Heaven-bom, and destined to the skies again.

ft

As a citizen, Mr. Smith was generous, and labored earnestly and
zealously for the development of the material interests of his own
beautiful city, the state of his adoption, and of the whole country.

In the matter of accumulating a fortune, Mr. Smith was not a
great success. He was too generous to lay up money. He could
earn it, but the saving of it was not to his mind. He felt that
money was good only for its uses; for the happiness it misjht pro-
cure ; and, for the comfort of his family, he would freely expend
it In the estimation of some, he was in error in this respect;
but all must admit, if error at all, it was error in the directiim of
generosity, humanity and kindness — free from all selfishness.
His great object in life was to render happy his family and his
friends ; to act well the part of a citizen and a neighbor. In this,
he has succeeded in a marked degree. While he has not acquired
wealth, in the common acceptation of the term, he has secured
that which is vastly more valuable — a life of home happiness.
As circumstances would permit, he has made improvements about
his premises, until he expressed himself only a few weeks before
his death, satisfied with his home ! And he had reason to be sat-
isfied with it, as it was a comfortable, a pleasant and a happy one.
He leaves this home regretted and mourned by a large circle of
friends in all parts of the State and nation. The grief of the
immediate family cannot be measured ; their afiliction is almost too
grievous to be borne.

Mr. Smith stood preeminent in his chosen profession. For
many years he was the leader of the Dane County Bar, and the
senior in the years of practice. In the state, most of the asso-
ciates of his early years, in practice before the several courts, pre-
ceded him to the grave. In brief remarks by Hon. Harlow S.
Orton, one of the early friends of Mr. Smith, delivered at a meet-
ing of the Dane County Bar Association, on the 7th of Novem-
ber, 1879, he made reference to the prominent men in practice at

Uemobiaic — Qsa ]

Skith.

ii»

tlie bar of the Supreme Court ftt the time he first met Mr. Smith,
in these words:

"There were theo in attendance upon the Supreme Court, Gen.
Wm. It. Smith, Albert Smith, A. D. Smith, Judge Dunn, Samuel ,
Crawford, James IL Knowllon, Alexander Botkin, Diivid Noggle, |
James HoIIiday, James S. Brown, James B. Cross, D. A. J, Up-I
bam, H. N. WeHs. Jonathan E. Arnold, Gen. Paine, Isaac P.
Walker and Judge Chandler, and on the bench of the Court,
Judges Whiton, Stowe, HubbeH and Knowltou, all oC them long
once sleeping with the dead ; and amongst them are all the mem-
bersof the first separate court; and to this grand array of great
lawyers and able men, now in another and a better world, our de-
ceased brother has been added, a fit associate of such high society.

In these rooms will our friend be greatly missed. He took a
lively interest in this Society from the start. He lovei to spend
bis leisure hour3 in l^otcing over the rare trenures in this
library. He was ever ready to defend the interests of the Society,
and to bring to hear all the powers of his great mind for its pro-
tection and advancement It will be hard to fill, in all respecld^
the great void the death of Mr. Smith creates in this placa All
our members mourn him as a true friend to the Society; aa an
efficient worker for its best interests; and as a man of -generous
impulses, pussessing a large heart, that ever beat strongly in favor
of all good works.

Mr. Smith was truly a western man. He loved the state of his
adoption, and never failed to defend her interests in all places,
with that force and eloquence with which nature had endowed
him. His oratory was western— bold, aggressive and strong. His
rhetoric may have been faulty at times, showing a want of a lib-
eral education, but it never lacked clearness and force. His style
of speaking was natural. His words flowed easily, and his ges-
ticulation was impressive. Force was a leading characteristic in
his speaking, and as he warmed up in his aubiect, be was oftentimes
lofty and truly eloquent As an effective political speaker, Mr.
Smith had (ewsuperiora in the west He was apt in illustrating his
speeches with pointed anecdotes, culled from his extensive general
reading. Being generally well informed on most of the current

120 Wisconsin State Historical Socibtt.

topics of the day, Mr. Smith was prepared to be called upon for
remarks on almost any subject at short notice. He rarely failed
to meet the high expectations of his friends, in his speaking,
whether he was specially prepared or not In this respect, he was
a remarkably useful man in community. Nature had endowed
our friend with a form of manly dignity and a face, presenting
remarkable suavity and benevolence.

** Death found strange beauty on that polished brow and dashed it out**

George B. Smith is now at rest In the peaceful shaie of his
own beautiful resting place, the winds are now chanting their
requiem ; the loving and loved husband, the indulgent parent, the
generous and true friend, sleeps that sleep that knows no earthly
waking. Time, with swift and tireless flight, speeds each one of us
on towards the land of shadows. May it be our lot, when the great
summons calls, to leave behind the heritage of a good name, the
legacy of a well spent life, and may we meet our old friend, whose
memory we are here to cherish, when we pass over the river and
reach

** That Shore
Where storms are hashed, where tempests never rage ;

Where angry skies and blackening seas no more
With gnsty strength, their roaring warfare wage ;

By them, its peacefVil margents shall be trod,
Their home be Heaven, and their friend be God !*'

Judge A. B. Braley spoke substantially as follows :

Mr. President and Oenilemen of Uie Slate Historical Society :

There are words that strike us with the force of a violent blow,
and that fall upon the unprepared heart like a paralytic shock.
The dazed mind laboring under the weight of a great burthen,
struggles in vain to give suitable expression to lacerated feeling,
and then takes refuge in speechless despair. In this mortal world
of ours, so full of sorrow, of anguish and of woe, we sometimes
meet with exceptional griefs, and suffer losses, the full extent of
which no thought can grasp, and no immagination can compre-
hend. They may come upon us suddenly and we can only con.
template them in painful amazement, and time alone will enable

In Mkmobiam — Gsa B. Smith. 12X

UB to measure and realize how deep the grief and bow irreparable
the loss. Suddenlj, and unexpectedly, and with blinding force
came to me the words : " Geonje B. Smith is dead! "

There was no warning, no chance for preparation, but like a
Uow from an unseen hiind, came the dreadful tidings, so stunning
that the surprised heirt seemed to stand still in the extremity
of painful astonishment.

In that fearful moment, what availed the clear sky, the bright
auDshine, and the wealth of autumnal bloom. The transfixed
mind in its great consternation, could discover no beauty and
no cheer in these associations. Indeed the gladness that smiled
80 bountifully around, seemed like the mockery of derisive
laughter. Clouds and darkness would have been more welcome,
because in harmony with the gloom within.

But a ievi brief hours before the sad news reached me, that my
Doble friend was dead, I had heard with inexpressible satisfac-
tion that he was rapidly convalescing; and this coupled with the
iact that I had seen him upon the street only the night previous
aggravated the shock of the blow. The solemn words deadl
dead! dead! rung in my ears like a knell, and echoed and re-
echoed through the chambers of my soul. Inscrutable, impenetrable,
incomprehensible affliction. How could I have it so. How real-
ize the painful truth, that he was really no more. How walk the
streets and know that I should never again behold his massive
face; bask in the sunny glow of his kindly smile, or feel the clasp
of his friendly band. It is indeed a hard truth to comprehend.
And yet I know that it is so. The words have been spoken
■which cannot be re-called, and the irrevocable decree has gone
forth, that dismisses ray distinguished friend from the circles he
has so long ornamented. Submission to the implacable decrees
of orerrulling heaven, is a hard lesson to learn; but there is no
avenue of escape left open, and we must bear the instruction of
the Great Master, simply because there is no help for us, and no
way to evade the stroke of the inevitable. Sooner or later, death
must overtake all, and perhaps it would suit us poor mortals
better if we could choose the time; but that privilege is denied
HA Our illustrious friend is gone forever from our midst. He
9— St. His. 8oc.

122 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

has passed away from the scenes of his trials, his toils, his tri-
umphs and disappointments. After life*s fitful fever he sleeps
well. He is at peace, and the pnssions, the resentments, the slanders
and the tempests of the world, can never more disturb his repose.
And now it only remains for us to do justice to his splendid
memory and to profit by the example of his pure life. I have
been cho?en as one among others more worthy, to cast a few flow-
ers upon his honored grave. The task is a solemn one and I un-
dertake it with feelings of melancholy pleasura

George B. Smith was my friend, my trusted intimate honored
friend. In his honor and integrity I placed the most implicit
confidence and was never betrayed. When trouble and sorrow
overtook me, and I felt myself sinking beneath the submerging
nerves of misfortune, I always found his rescuing hand out-
stretched ready to sava During twenty-five years we have been
friends, and during that long period of time, no intentionally unkind
act or harsh spoken word interrupted or marred the harmony of
onr affectionate intercoursa

The contribution I have to make to his memory, will be an
offering of pure friendship. If there is anything in his life to
criticise, I shall not perform the task. I owe him nothing but
gratitude. If he committed errors and made mistakes, I shall
not attempt to point them out On the contrary, it would be
far more congenial to my inclinations to draw the vail of impen-
etrable oblivion over them all, for now while I write here in the
deep seclusion of my own room, my mental vision takes a retro-
spective journey over the long pathway of the unforgotten past,
and oh, how often does grateful memory pause to water with its
tears the flowers of friendship which his generous hand planted
all along the way. In his death the public have suffered a great
lotis, and I have my share in that, but besides, and far beyond all
that, it touches me in a much nearer and deeper sense as a '* fee
grief.** I bore for him a deep and abiding affection. Had he
been connected with me by the closest ties of consanguinity I
iH>ttUl not have loved him more.

In entering upon my chosen task of writing something as a
Uibut^ of respect to the memory of our noble friend, a feel-

In Memoriam — Geo. B. Smith. 123

ing of oppreaaiun bangs heavy over me, and my nerveless hand
almost refuses to perform its office. It ia always ao when the
heart lies prostrate adder the burden of some great affliclion.
All words are then too tame, and all languages too feeble to give
fitting expression to ihoaght and feeling. At such times we feel
as if our ordinary vernacular tongue was altogether too unexprea-
sive, and the soul longs for a language every word of which is
pregnant with grief, instinct with the eloquence of sorrow. But
alasl I must be content with the means at my command, and with
the limited gifts that I possess. In speaking of the lamented dend,
it is my purpose to tell only the exact truth, but, I could not I re-
peat that if I would say anything unkind, or let fall a word of
censure. Indeed, it is pleasant to feel that I can give free
scope to the eentiments of friendship, without running into aa
excess of praise or exaggerated encomium.

I thiuk I knew George B. Smith well. Wide as was his fame,
and high as he stood in public estimation, in my judgment, those
who saw him at a distance failed to comprehend the full stature
of his grand manhood. I alootl close to him and had the honor
to be numbered among his most intimate friends, and I could see
the inner and nobler nature of the real man. In the society of
his friends, he abandoned himself to the searching eye of th&
most critical ob-iervation. In that conddential circle, he put on
DO disguise, sought no concealment, but was as transparent as-
glass. On such occasions it seemed to be his delight to exposo
himself in the broad sunlight of open day. He put up no screen
between himself and his friends, wore no mask, but with a charm-
ing abandon, born of conscious integrity, he discarded all reserve,
and with fr.ink unconcern submitted himself to the closest scru-
tiny of bis confidential companions.

I have had the best of opportunities to judge of his character
both iotellectuaily and morally. I have seen him often upon the
roetrum, at the bar and on the stump. I have met him again and
Bgain, in the social circle, in his office, and in the privacy of his
own hospitable home, and at my own fireside. In every spot
aad every place, he never failed to meet all the requirements of
nj admiration and respect. I propose first to speak ol \\\aTOOt?\

124 Wisconsin State Historical Society. 1

qualities, and I have no hesitation in saying that he had not a
" dishonest hair in his head " nor a mean trait in hia character.
George B. Smith was connected conspicuously with the early his-
tory of Wisconsin, when dissipation was ao common that occas-
ional excess was hardly criticised. Beginning his career io the
midst of associationfl that were well calculated to lead any ona
astray from the path of strict social purity, yet he stood the
severe test, and was never contaminated by the touch of pernicious
«xample. lie walked in the very midst of social evils, hut cov-
■ered as he was by the iron shield of his robust will, discomfited
vice shrank from the attack, and left hia character untouched.

He could listen to the voice of the syren when she sang of
pleasure, but it was always with a firm band that be thrust aside
the proffered cup. His entire freedom from a single contaminat-
ing touch of intemperance, of licentiousness, or any social evil,
alone mark him as an extraordinary man. If he possessed no
other claim to distinction, this exceptional purity, this moral
grandeur would elevate him above the roll of common men. Iq
this particular respect General George B. Smith stands out a
glorious example tor the guidance of the youth of the state. Hia
moral frame, bright, pure and lustrous as the morning star, shtnoB
around the strong, powerful and intellectual man like a hala It
is easier to be great than to be good, and the brilliant genius, the
man of commanding talents and of superior natural endowments,
who can control his own passions and resist successfully the tempt-
ing allurements of vice, and thus acquire genuine greatness, be-
comes indeed truly great, and a real hero, for he conquers him-
self. High on the roll of fame among the immortal few who
have left behind them an unspotted reputation, the pen of truth
and impartial justice, in letters of light, will write the name o£
General George B. Smith.

Indeed, his title to this moral rank is the more conspicuous
because of his habits and associations. His genial temperament,
bis strong social inclinations, and his keen sense of humor, nat-
urally led him to seek, o^ 1 have already said, the companionship
oi those among whom the revel ran high, and where wit and mer-
riment abounded, and where the song, the story and the jest kept

Is Mehoriau — Geo. K Smith.

125

the table in a. roar. Among these, General Smith was always
the merriest of the merry, but he reaorted to no fictitious means,
DO external stimulus to enable him to keep up his part, but his
homor and his sociality flowed spontaneously from the abundant
resources of his genial nature. He was not unfi-equently in tho 1
midst of such circles the only example of total sobriety, the only '
one strong enough to overcome and defy temptation.

The picture I have bere drawn is but a feeble tribute to the
moral worth oF such a man and the value of such a reputation.
It ie a rich legacy, worth more than silver and gold, or houses
and lands. It will endure loug after the treasures of earth have
passed away, and ahed over and around his memory the unfading
lustre of imperishable truth, when worldly riches have lost their
power to comfort the soul or attract the eye. It is a holy JIame,
kindled by the quenchless torch of immortal virtue, and is send-
ing its stream of pure light all along the pathway of the lamented
dead, and it burns like a halo around his tomb.

It is not my purpose to enter into an elaborate analysis of tho
intellectual constitution of General Smith. His character as aD
orator, politician, statesman, and lawyer, I shall only touch upon
in a general way, nor shall I in this article enter upon the histori-
cal details of his useful life. I only wish to present the inner j
ind nobler nature of my friend. In all of his private relations,
he was as nearly faultless as human nature in its best and purest ]
conditions can well be. As a husband, he was immaculate in hia
fidelity to the vows he took upon himself at the altar of Hymen.
Hia constancy, truth, and aCectionate devotion to the lovely and
amiable wife of his youth, through his whole life, and under all
circumstances, were deep, sincere and manifest. The lapse of
years and time'w changes wrought no diminution in bis tender love,
his manly respect, for the woman of his early choice. The holy
flame, which had been kindled in the first ardor of passionate
joatb, burned with an ever continuing lustre through his whola
life, and was only extinguished by death. Chaste and pure as
the fire upon the altar of Vesta it began, and unmingled with any
darker flame so it shone to the end. In this relation was ezem*
plified the beautiful description of Milton;

126 Wisconsin State Historical SodBTT.

^ Hail, wedded love ! mysterious law, true source
Of human off^^pring, sole propriety
In Paradise of all things common else.
By thee adulterous lust was driven from men,
Among the bestial herds to range; by thee.
Founded in reason, loyal, just and pure.
Relations dear, and all the charities
Of father, son, and brother, first were known.
Here love his golden shaft employs, here lights
His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings ;
Reigns here, and revels ; not in the bought smile
Of harlots, loveless, joyless, unendearM."

But, indeed, it is perhaps enough for me to say in concluding
this part of my theme touching the personal character of Gen.
Smith, that whether as a husband, a father or a friend, he never
failed in fidelity to truth and the obligations of duty. Toward
his family his indulgent generosity, was so profuse, that they,
from prudential considerations had to check its manifestations.
I shall dwell but briefly upon the public part of my friend's career
in life. As an orator he possessed a remarkable force to charm
the ear and enlist the attention. Always graceful in his appear-
ance and easy in his gestures, there was an indefinable magnet-
ism about his air, manner and address that won upon an audience
unconsciously and at once.

He was extremely self-reliant, cool and possessed, and seemed
conscious that he could at will draw on his own plentiful re-
sources. His voice was full, powerful and pleasant, and some-
times when he became excited, it swept over his audience like the
blast of a bugle. He never sought the aid of ornament with
which to illustrate or adorn his oratorical eflEorts, but employed
the simple words that came to his lips for the purpose of convey-
ing his thoughts to the understanding of his hearers. Mr. Smith
was not gifted with what is called a brilliant imagination, but
sometimes his strong sentences, plain and unadorned, produced
effects as startling as if they had been couched in the burning
language of lofty poetry. I always loved to hear him speak in
public, no matter what the subject or the occasion. His air, his
manner, and the open, bold and manly way he had of addressing
his hearers, impressed me with the full conviction that he felt and

Is MBHOKUH^GbO. B. SlOTH.

127

believed what he said. Now while T write tliese broken sen-
tences, there sweeps down upon my throbbing heart a Bhock of
irrepressible sadness when I remember that his eloquent voice ia
bushed forever in the silence of death, and that Ishall never hear
it again. Alas ! alas ! that it should be so ! Why should he be
■stricken down in the prime and vigor of his mature manhood, in
the very noon-tide of his success, and iu the very midst of his
usefulness. Why should the strong and vigorous oak, rich with
the harvest of ripe fruit, and its spreading branches under which
so many found shelter, why should that fall beneath the ax, when
there are so many kuarled, crooked and worthless trees that sur-
vive to encomber the ground with their worthless lives? Who
-can tell?

Impelled by a strict sense of duty, I shall in this connectioD
■devote some space to the lask of rescuing the pure memory of our
departed fiiend from the odium of the only slander that ever
«louded his bright fume. I should not allude to the subject at
all, had it not been for the fact that several newspapers of the
state have attempted to revive the unjust charge since his death.
I refer to the election frauds of the Barstow and Bashford cara-
paigD. For reasons which I could never comprehend, General
■Smith was made the conspicuous object of attack in counecliou
with those false returns. The cause of truth and right alone de-
mand his full vindication from the foul charge. The slander
should fall lo the ground by its own weight. A man of his ad-
mitted sense and ability, of his honest and noble nature, could
no more be guilty of originating or consenting to a known fraud
than the bright sun could cohabit with darkness. Between hira
Mid fraud there stood an impasijable wall. Every instinct of bis
heart, every aspiration of his soul, and every thought of Ida strong
mind were against it What evidence has ever been given tend-
ing even to convict him of complicity with these election frauds ?
None whatever that would be even considered in any court of
impartial Justice. On the contrary, a thorough investigation by
A partisan committee, urged on by party and rancor, failed to
«licit a fact or circumstance showing complicity or guilty knowl-
■edge on his parL In the result of the then pending canvass,

Wisconsin Statk Histobical Sooiett.

where the false votes were counted, Mr. Smith had no possible
personal interest, contingent or remote. He was not a candidate
for office in that election, and he could not be personally bene-
fited or harmed whichever way it went. And yet, strange as it
may seem, and flagrantly unjast as it really is, he haa bad to
bear the chief odium of those frauds. He was made the object
of suspicion merely, for proof there was nona Now against this
partisan suspicion, I confidently and proudlj' oppose his blame-
less Jife, his uniform integrity, and the pure and spotless moral
reputation he has earned for himself. No man can be politically-
bad and dishonest who is morally pure.

The traits of character that prompt the commission of one vil-
lainous act, would inevitably lead to others. Initiating or even
tacitly consenting to a known fraud, indicates a bad heart, and a
lack ot moral integrity absolutely incompatible with the whole
character of our deceased friend. His more than ordinary pure
life — his fidelity to truth and his steadfast virtue, and his natur-
ally open, bold, and manly bearing in all situations, furnish a com-
plete answer to this one proofless slander. Is it not, indeed, time
that the voice ot detraction should be hushed, and this one great
libel forever set at rest, and that the vindicated character of Gen.
Smith should be allowed to shine forth with its natural lustre. It
is perhaps true that

" No might nor greatness in mortalil^
Can censure 'scape; back-wouDding calumoj
The whitest virtue strikes. What king so strong
Can tlo the gall up in (he etanderous Uingae?"

4

And yet truth must prevail in the end, and then the one shadow
that for a time darkened the fair fame of the lamented dead, will
roll away forever, leaving his memory free, unsullied and unob-
scured.

And here I would leave the subject, but I deem it my duty to
add what General Smith told me about the matter, years after the
event transpired. This was said in the privacy of his room. In
substance it was this : He said that he " did not know of, or be-
lieve, that fraud had been committed until some time after the
canvass ; and then," continued he, " when I became aware of the

Ts Mbmoriam— Gko. B. Smttit. 129

real truth, the cold sweat started from every pore of my body."
This was said in a tone, a manner and words tbat canied com-
plete conviction of its truth to my heart. I believed him then,
folly and abaoluiely believed bim, and no doubt or suapieion ot
his truth ever aftenvards changed my mind on the subject.

One conspicuous trait in the character of Mr. Smith I have
omitted to mention, and it is one that adds largely to the royal
nobility of his nature. I allude to his kindness of heart, and bia
disinclination to say or do anything that was calculated to pain
or wound the feelings ot others. A touching little incident will
furnish a better illustration of this trait than anything I can aay.
I met him in Milwaukee about three weeks before his death. Ha
seemed in unusual health and spirits. After the first friendly
greetings were over, he said, while his brow saddened, and a
shadow of regret swept over his strong features: "A circum-
stance occurred, while on my way here to-day, that baa left a
very painful impression on my mind." I asked him what it was.
"I will tell you," answered he. "A lady got on the train at
Milton Junction, and as she came into the car where I sat, she
bowed to me, and as I was taken somewhat by surprise, for I did
not recogni;^e her, I neglected to return her salutation ; but after-
wards, when too late to correct my seeming impoliteness, it flashed
into mj mind who she was, and that I had known her very
well when she was in better circumstances than now. It
pained me exceedingly to think that my neglect might have
wounded her feelings, and even now, if I knew her address, I
"Would write her a letter of apology, for I feel bad about it" I
replied tbat he would doubtless have the opportunity hereafter to
correct the error. "At all events," answered he, "I feel belter
for having told you about iL"

A few words more, and mj mournful task is ended. It would
be impossible to do full Justice to the worth, integrity and ability
of such a man as General Smith, within the limits to which I am
confined.

I can only add here, that in hia character were most happily
combined all the elements of true and noble manhood. Ho waa
trae to his own convictions, true to his family and friends, true to

180 Wisconsin State Histobioal Sooibtt.

his party and his profession, and true in all the relations of life,
whether public or private. I do not believe that he ever failed
to perform what he honestly believed to be his duty to the full
extent of his power. A mind gifted with rare intellectual power,
a heart quickly and keenly alive to every generous impulse, a
moral courage that eschewed fear and defied temptation, a charac-
ter upon which vice could fix no impress and has left no stain,
and a disposition bright, cheerful and unsuspicious, such was
our genial, social, lamented friend. Gen. Geo. B. Smith.

*^ See what a f^race was seated on this brow :
Hyperion's curls ; the front of Jove himself;
An eye like Mars, to threaten and command ;
A statare like the herald Mercury,
New-lighted on a heaven.kis6ing hill ;
A combinationi and a form indeed,
Where every god did seem to set hii seal,
To give the world assurance of a man."

Mr. R M. Bashford submitted the following remarks :

«

Mr. President and Oenikmen of ike Stale Historical Society:

Hon. Georsre B. Smith was one of the earliest and most distia-
guished pioneer settlers of this State. Before he had arrived at
manhood's years, or had completed his professional studies, he
removed to what was then the Territory of Wisconsin, from the
State of Ohio, where he had passed his youth from earliest infancy.
He commenced the practice of the law in this city, and his whole
active life was spent among our people. Fie was one of a class of
men who have made the Great West known and honored through-
out the world ; men who have literally grown up with the country, a
country, too, in whose brief history has been epitomized the tedious
and painful progress ot centuries in the march of older nations
from barbarism to civilization.

The early opportunities of Gen. Smith for acquiring an educar
tion must have been somewhat limited; they were such as a
country village on the frontier could furnish forty years ago.
If the higher branches were taught there, it is not probable ho
gave them much attention, as he quit school at the age of eighteea

In Mehobiah — Qso. B. Smith.

to begin the study o£ hU profession. His edimation was of that
kiml tluit is usuiilly acquired with little aid from itie school -mastEsr.
It was the same son of training that the early lawyers, statesmen
ajid divines of the West were compelled to purBue. A few terms' at-
tendance at the common school, a year or two devoted to the study
of 8 profession, and then a launch out into the world to further
develop their powers in its rugged conteata. There was no gradua-
tion in this course; education was a life-work. It was such train-
infi; as this that developed men like Jackson and Clay and Doug-
lad and Lincoln. It lacked the drill and discipline, the deep learn-
ing and culture of the college, but it supplied a knowledge of
human nature, and a ready fund of practical information; it pre-
served the individuality of the man, and forced into active growth
his strongest facultie.'. He who could by his own unaided eflorts
overcome the disadvantages ot frontier settlement and rise to dis-
tinction in public and professional life, must have been endowed
with greaL natural ability and force of character, A process of
education, However, which fostered and promoted such intellectual
development under circumstances so unfavorable, is worthy of
tespectrul consideration. It did not stimulate a hot-bed growth;
it had no tendency to fashion every mind in the same mould, to
afflother genius, and to root out that intense individuality which
is tbe germ of true greatness in man.

Gen. Smith was self educated; he had chosen his own studies
and pursuits, and grown to the full maturity of his powers with
little assistance or direction from others. He was, perhaps, never
ft close student of books, lie certainly was not during the later
years of his li'"e. He seemed to have more capacity to learn
than inclination to study. He had evidently pursued the com-
mon and higher branches of learning only so far as he deemed
them useful in his profession ; and after his admission to the bar,
he studied law only as it was necessary in the argument and trial
of his causes, His knowledge, wa3 not therefore, profound, it was
not always accurate, but it was varied, extensive and practical.
fiis personality was not lost in his attainments, but gave directiua
and character to all his learning. His acquirements could not
over-shadow his native talents ; and in an emergency ha relied le^
on memory than upon mother-wit.

Before he had reached bia majority, Gen. Smith was admitted
to the bar, and a year or two later opened an office in Madison.
His talents and ability soon won for him honor and distinction id
hia chosen profession. When but twenty-two years old be was
appointed to the office of District Attorney for Dane county, and
discharged its arduous duties in a manner so successful and satis-
factory to the people that he was continued in the same position
for six years. A further proof of the high regard entertained for
the ability of the young lawyer by his early acquaintances was
his election in 1846 as a member of the first Constitutional Con-
vention for Dane county, lie was the youngest member of that
able body of men, but be made his influence felt in their delibera-
tions. It was largely through his efforts in that Convention and
subsequently in a private capacity that the provision in our State
Constitution relating to the exemption of property from execution
I was incorporated in that instrument The protection thus afforded
■ the poor debtor and his family encouraged immigration, promoted
the material development of the State and ensured the perraaDent
prosperity of its people. It showed the wisdom and foresight o(
the young legislator, not less than his broad philanthropy and his
deep sympathy with those in poverty and distress. The service
he thus rendered the infant Commonwealth was a great and last-
ing benefit, and will be the most enduring monument of his pal^
lie life.

In 1853, the popular young attorney was called to the discharge
of the responsible duties of the office of Attorney General of the
state, and held the position two years, declining a re- nomination.
This term of public service, Gen. Smith in after life considered a
great misfortune to himself, owing to the chaises made against
his official conduct by the opposition press, in connection with
the frauds alleged to have been perpetrated to secure the re-eleo-
tion of Gov. Barstow. That he was ignorant of any attempt to
manufacture fraudulent returns was never a matter of doubt in
the minds of those most familiar with all the circumstances, and
who best knew the character of the man. But that such an at-
tempt should have been made, aroused popular indignation, and
the public is never very discriminating in meting out punishment

In MEMORLiir — Geo. B. Smith.

for such oBeoses. Suspicioa is aroused, conGdeuce in those boM-
iog bigh official stations is shaken, and the slightest circumstance
is accepted as conclusive proof. Gen, Smith's promineoee, and
his activity as a politician, made him a conspicuous object of
attack by the opposition press, and this was the only charge that
could be brought against his official conduct. It is not strange,
therefore, in the heated political controversies of the past twenty-
five years, that this single imputation should be made the most of ;
that it should be hurled against him whenever he was a candidate
for the suilrages of the people. It was not as an open, direct accu-
sation, but with the facts perverted, and with every circamstance
distorted and mac;nitied, that he was compelled to meet the insinua-
^ona of guilty complicity in an attempted fraud upon the ballot
box. It ia always hard to silence the tongue of calumny, when
prompted by malice, and it was a great source of annoyance and
pain to Gen. Smith that be should ever be called upon to refute a
slander groundless in fact, and damaging only in the coloring that
was given to acts which were prompted by the purest motives,
and to circumstances for which he was in no wise accountable.
The people of Madison, however, never lost confidence in the man,
but showered their honors thick upon him. Four times was he
elected to the office of Mayor, in I808, 1859, 1S60, and in 1878,
being the only citizen of the Capital who ever enjoyed this dis-
tinction. In 1859, ho was also chosen as a member of the Assem-
My, and was again elected to that office in 1864, and in 1809. As
a legislator he was able and influential, ^d never failed to meet
the highest expectations of an exacting constituency.

Notwithstanding the hostile criticism of the opposition press,
Qen, Smith's standing and influence in his own party was not
shaken. His political friends had absolute confidence in his per-
sonal integrity and in the rectitude of his official conduct. He
yras frequently chosen a delegate to the conventions of his party,
and labored with unfaltering zeal to maintain the organization in-
tact under the most discouraging circumstances, and in the face of
overwhelming defeat He accepted a nomination for Congress in
1864, and again in 1872, and made a thorough and vigorous can-
vass, though be could not hope to overcome the opposition major-

t

WiscoKsm Statb Histomcai, Society.

ity in the district With no better prospect of succeas, he coa-
sented to ran as a candidate for Presidential Elector in 1863, and
again in 1872, and in both instances stumped the Stnte for the
ticket Such wai his devotion to principle, and bia fidelity to the
parly which represented his political views. In 1869 Gen. Smith
received the unanimous vote of his party in the Legislature as a
candidate for the Unite*! Slates Senate, in opposition to the Hon.
Matt H, Carpenter, ihe successful candidate; and repeatedly rep-
resented the State in the National Conventions of his party. While
he was thus able, active, zealous and popular. Gen. Smith was still
lacking in some of the elements of soccessful party leadership.
If he aspired to that distinction he ignored some of the most
effective means by which it is usually acquired. The considera-
tions of policy had little weight with him. He was net disposed
to be a time-server, and would rather suffer defeat in a just cause
than to triumph through the sacrifice of cherished principles. The
key of politics he first touched he steadfastly adhered to without
variation. He possessed little sympathy with the pr.igressiTe
tendencies of political associates, and at times jeopardized his
standing in the party by his extreme conservatism. Nor did be
seek a personal following in the parly. He cuUivaled no plaoe-
meo. He never, during the later years of his life, accepted a nom-
ination when be did not feel that be was rendering a service to the
common cause, and therefore recognized no personal obligation to
others for their support of his candidacy. In a successful candi-
date, this independence of character would have been charged to
indifference and ingratitude to friends, and might have weakened
or destroyed his influenoe. Should public men generally pursue
a like course, official lite would be relieved from one of its greatest
burdens and annoyances. The disposing of the spoils would then
cease to be one of the most difficult and arduous duties connected
with a high and responsible office. The ambitious politician, how-
ever, who attempts to inaugurate the reform will jeopardize his
party sLinding and endanger his future popularity and succeaa.

In 1876, Hon. George B. Smith was chosen as a delegate for
the State at large to represent the party in the national conven-
tion which met at St Louis, and during the session made one of

Is Meuoriam — Geo. B. Smith. 135

the happiest efforts of his life iit seconding ibe nomioation of
Gov. Tilden for the Presidency. Indeed the impression he then
made upon the convention was so favorable, and his reputation
am! prominence so generally recognized, that had Gov, Hcndriclcs
declined the nomination for Vice President, Gen. Smiih would
doubtless have been accorded that place upon the national ticket.
But had he been nominated and elected to that high oflicc, he
would not have been more loved and honored, or bis loss more
deeply deplored by this Society, or by the community, in which
he had lived so long and was known so well. His noble quali-
ties of mind and heart would have been more widely esteemed,
but they would not have been more kindly cherished or more
fondly remembered by his old neighbors and friends. Had he
held high official station, there would have been no feeling of
estrangement between him and them, for they knew he was
worthy of the most exalted position, and honored him the more
because he would not sacrifice his principles for political prefer-
ment. But had the public service called bim elsewhere, there
would have been less of that feeling of local pride and intimate
friendship surrounding our late distinguished fellow citizen,
which, mingling with the profound grief we feel over his depart-
ure from among us, deepens the dark shadow of a great calamity
into the heavy gloom of a personal bereavement

The position to which Gen. Smith so rapidily rose in his chosen
profession, and which he continued to maintain, at a bar disiin-
ttngaished for its learning, ability and eloquence, ia the highest
proof of the native talenta ot the man. But it was not in the court
room only that his true chaiacter as a lawyer was displayed ; hia
broad views, his fairness and impartiality, and his instinctive hon-
esty made him a very safe counsel for ihosa ia difficulty. His
candor and courage io giving advice professionally, showed the
melal that was in him, and exhibited, at the same time, a thorough
knowledge of human nature. He would say to his most wealthy
and influential client, "you are wrong," in a manner so decided
and firm, that it would inspire confidence in his judgment, and
carry conviction without giving offense. lie was always hon-
orable, frank and courteous in his intercourse with other mem-

WrsoONaiN- State HisTOWOiLi. Socibtt.

bers ot the bar, and regarded his word aa sacred as the most sol-
emn written aiipulation. In a trial, however, be was a most form-
idable antagonist, and dealt the heaviest blows- It was in the
court room and before a jury that he felt most at home, and
appeared to best advantage as an orator, llere be acquired his
earliest and highest reputation, and hia fame as a lawyer will rest
upon his great power as an advocate, rather than upon the learn-
ing and ability be displayed as a jurist

The great advocate seldom leaves in his written speeches any
fitting monument of his life-work. The eloquence of bis tongue,
and the effect it has produced in controlling the actions of men,
lives only in tradition. This is especially true of Gen. Smith, who
seldom committed his speeches to writing either before or after
delivery. His ability as an orator may safely rest upon the solid
reputation acquired at the bar and maintained for more than a
quarter of a ceatury. During that period, however, he also dis-
cussed with great force and ability every question of a political or
social character that agitated the public. Such of his speeches and
addresses as have been published, have been received with great
favor even by the most critical ; but those that have heard him
most frequently will concur in the statement, that his best efforts
can never be reproduced on paper. It was hia Sne presence, his
quick and accurate perception, his perfect self-reliance and his
native eloquence, that gave Gen. Smith his great power over the
jury as well as the popular audience. His style and manner were
forcible, yet pleasing and persuasive. He grasped the main
points in bis argument tenaciously, and never lost sight of them;
but his speeches were seldom finished in matters of detail. He
was not logical in little things. In minor matters some of bis
utterances might appear inconsistent, even contradictory at times,
but the great controlling ideas of the speech were always in exact
harmony. But what was lacking in completeness and polish of
style was more than compensated for by the force and eloquence
of Gen. Smith's oratory. His power over an audience was won-
derful, and it had its secret spring in his own masterly self-com-
maud. Though be addressed multitudes of excited men in the
most turbulent times, he was never carried away by the crowd.

tflMOKIAU — GEa B. SUITH.

Iq the Presideotial oampaign of 1864 he presided over a raaaa meet-
ing in the Capitol Park which was constantly interrupted and
■violently disturbed by newly enlisted soldiers from Camp Ran-
dall ; and had it not been for bia presence, bearing and address
on that occasion a serious collision could hardly have been avoided.
The moml grandeur of the man never shone forth with greater lus-
ter than when he stood before the excited and almost infuriated
multitude and commanded peace and order and obedience to law.
Theprofessional and political career of Gen. Smith, though liational
in character and already a matter of State history and State pride,
vill be less enduring than his fame as a private citizen. And if the '
■wishes of the deceased could be consulted, be would doubtless have
itso. No man placed a higher estimate upon the honor, the dignity
»nd the usefulness of independent citizenship in a free country.
Pnblio position may afford broader opportunities, and carry with it
bigher responsibilities, but it almost necessarily cireumacribes the
sphere of action to the narrow limits of party politics. The moral
gtaodeur and intellectual greatness of Charles Sumner could not
overstep these bounds without losing the suffrages and the support
of the most conscientious, the most cultured constituency on the
globe. Wm. Lloyd Garrison, the earliest, the ablest and most
loyal advocate of the abolition of human slavery in this country,
will outlive the men who were carried into power and place
when his teachings became popular. Whether or not he ever held
public office is forgotten in the recollection of the great service he
rendered to the cause of human freedom. His name is linked
with a great idea, and it will stand as the representative of an im-
portant era in the world's progress when the renowned of his age
shall slumber in unremembered graves. There wa-s none of that
radicalism in Gen. Smith's nature which originates great reforms,
and atill less of that burning enthusiasm ibal inspires the zealot
and the martyr. He, however, possessed a character which, though
less rare, is hardly less useful in a democracy. With deep con-
victions and Srmness of purpose, he united an independence of
thought, and an impartiality of judgment, which enables a man to
be truly conservative without being wholly indifferent to public
flSairs. Such, during the later years of his life, was the position
10 — Bt. His. Soc.

Hon. George B. Stnitli was content to occupy in the civil state.
Not aspiring to lead tbe massea, he proteateil against being led by .
tbem into the support of measures which he believed to be op-
posed to aoand principle, aod fraught with evil to the commoa-
wealth.

Of the man as he was, as he appeared every day, passing in and
out among ub, how shall we speak in fitting terms? To attempt
an analysts of his character would be to do him an injustice, 03
he possessed no single faculty peculiarly marked or unusually
developed. Those might easily be named among his old Hssoci-
atesin whom some particular talent has been much more con spicu-
ous. Bui the just harmony of excellent qualities, the symmetrical
development of all the powers of the man, distinguished him from
all the prominent gentlemen with whom his active life was
cast In aucb a character, it is difficult to locate the secret energy
that vitalizes every faculty, and inspires the whole man. He was
strong in body, strong in mind, and strong in the generous impulsea
of a great heart, and stronger yet in the harmonious union of all
the powers to form a noble manhood. The unspotted purity of
private life, the kindly feeling, the warm sympathy, the un-
bounded charity and good will that found expression in every
word and deed, endeared him to all with whom he came in con-
tact, and these shall perpetuate his name and fame among men.
He was always genial and companionable. He enlivened conver-
sation with wit and pleasantry, but never even in jest intentionally
uttered a word that could wound the feelings of another. It envy
or ill-will ever found a lodgment in his breast, they were smoth-
ered in the generous impulses of a benevolent and overflowing
heart He was not incapable of anger, but his strong passions
were under complete control, and were counterbalanced by an
unbounded good nature. Who among us, even of the mildest dis-
position, carries less of personal malice or resentment ? Who pos-
sesses more kindliness of heart, more real charity for our fellow-
men? That such a man should have been idolized in his own
household, where his daily life was the constant manifestation of
every generous and noble impulse, and of the purest and tender-
est affection of a great and overOowing soul, is only too deeply

In Mkmoriam — Geo. B. Smith. 139

attested by the unspenkable sorrow of those who survive. Cato,
who lived in an age when the slate demanded the service of the
highest talents, and when the charms of private life were obscured
by the splendor of public station, declared that he would rather
be a good husband tban a great senator. Such was unquestion-
ably the heartfelt sentiment of our deceased friend. No prefer-
ment, however flattering, no position, however exalted, no temp-
tation, however gilded, oould ever for one moment supplant in his
mind and heart the purity, the happiness, the peace and love that
centered around his own hearthstone.

Hon. George B. Smith was not afraid to die ; he felt prepared
for the great change. To an intimate and life-long friend, shortly
after the last attack, he ao expressed himself. He said it was
a matter of very little consequence when a man died, if he had
lired as he ought ; that life was no chance work ; that there was
a great architect over and beyond it all.

His life-work was indeed finished, and though he knew it not,
he was only awaiting the summons. Ue has gone in the full
possession of all his faculties, in the full vigor of a mature and
honored manhood. It is a loss, not to him, but to those who
remain to mourn his untimsly departure. His life was one of
usefulness, of happiness and of honor, and, sustained by an un-
faltering trust, be approached the grave,

" Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch "
" About him, and lies down lo pleassnl dreams."

THE ANCIENT COPPER MINES OF LAKE SUPERIOR.

By JACOB HOUGHTON.

It is proper to remark that the following paper was written by Mr. Houghs
ton for Mr. A. P. Swineford's work on '* The Mineral Region of Lake Supe-
rior,** first appearing in the Marquette Mining Journal early in 1876. By the
writer*s consent, it finds a place in this connection.

Mr. Houghton, the writer, is a brother of the lamented Dr. Douglas Hough-
ton, of Michigan, and, when only seventeen, accompanied him to Lake
Superior in his valuable geological and mineralogical explorations in 1844;
and ever since his brother's unfortunate death in 1845, Mr. Jacob Houghton
lias been intimately connected with the mining interests of Lake Super ior«
though not always residing there; and, fVom time to time, opened af large
number of ** ancient mining pits *' in the Lake Superior Copper Region, and
became deeply interested in the study and investigation of the ancient copper
mines and their products, of that section of the country. It was an interest-
ing field for such study, and it is apparent that he availed himself of the rare
opportunity with more than ordinary zeal and success. For over a year past
Mr. Houghton has had the superintendency of the Moose Mining Company,
at Dudley, Colorado.

Schoolcraft, in the fifth volume of his " History of the Indian Tribes/*
pp. 895-896, remarks : ** Recent discoveries in the basin of Lake Superior,
denote that these veins [of native copper] have been pursued by miners Jn
ancient times, in their natural courses, with more skill and energy than be-
longs to the Indian race. Vestiges of ancient mines have been discovered of
80 important a character, in this basin, that modern miners have paused in
astonishment to behold them. The subject appears destined to shed more
light) indeed, on the Aboriginal history, than even the mounds of the West;
for it denotes the application of a peculiar system of labor which was never,
in known periods, a characteristic of savage tribes, in which, at the best, they
could only have been employed as auxiliaries.** L. C. D.

Geologists now find that the antiquity of man far antedates the era assigned
to his creation by the received chronology, and submit the evidences of their
belief to an enlightened public sentiment. However strange these new views
with regard to the origin and history of our race may appear, they cannot be
disregarded. We must weigh the value of observations, and press them to
their legitimate conclusions. The investigator at this day must not be tram-
eled, in the language of Humboldt, by " an assemblage of dogmas bequeathed
from one age to another '* — " by a physical philosophy made up of popular
errors.'*— J. W. Postbb,

Ancient Copper Minks of Lake Soperiob. 141

The preparation of this paper is undertaken at the urgent so-
licitation of the editor of this work. Tlie limits into which it is
necessary to condense the facts, and the deductions therefrom, are
unavoidably contracted. To fully elucidate the subject, and to
present the comparative proofs, whould rerjuire a work of many
pages, and involve an amount of labor that could be only given
by those who have at their disposal the lime to devote to the most
fascinating study of the day — the pre-hisloric races of man.
This will be more fully appreciated when the general statement is
made, that the traces which the ancient copper miners of Lake
Superior have left of the work performed by them, indicate aa
intelligent and industrious race ; that their mining labors extended
through centuries of time; that there was a general movement to
the southward, through a vast number of years, of the greater
portion of the people ; that on the route of this transition they
have left a wonderful record of their works, proving an advanc-
ing and increasing intelligence, indicated by the ancient mounds
throughout the United States, and the ultimate achievement, in
the erection of massive structures of Mexico and Central America.
This advancement is also indicated in the lesser arts, in the grad-
ual improvement in the numbers, forms and embelishmentsof the
utensils of the household, and of ornaments for the person.
Therefore, treiting the subject with the brevity required, the
writer will make no excuse for the use of postulates, while at the
same time feeling confident that sufficient connected proofs exist
to warrant the assumption that they may be made.

On the south shore of Lake Superior the works of the ancient
miners extend over a district of countrycomprising what is known
as the Trap range, having a length of one hundred and fifty miles
through Keweenaw, Houghton and Onlotagau counties, with a
varying width of from four to seven miles. They also wrought
the copper deposits of the Trap range of Isle Royal, covering an
area of about forty miles in length by an average of five miles in
width. Their mining operations were crude and primitive. The
process was to heat the embedding rocks by building fires on the
out-crops of the veins or belts, to partially disintegrate the rocks
by contraction produced by the sudden throwing on of water,

Wisconsin State Histobioal Sooibtt.

and to complete the removal of the pieces of native copper bj
mauliDg off the adhering particles of rock with stone hatnoiers.
This is attested by the presence, in all of the ancieat pits, of
large quantities of charcoal, and of numberless hammers, the lat-
ter showing marks of long usaga. That the miners had not ad-
vanced to any knowledge of the artificial elevation of water, is
shown by the fnct that apparently, in all cases, the pits have only
been sunk to a depth where the limit of man-power in bailing
out the water, is reached. Between the successive pits are ridges
o£ unremovcd rock and soil, rather indicating that they were left
as dams to prevent the water from passing from a pil already filled
with water into one in process of being wrought

The pits, the charcoal, the stone hammers, and the implements
and tools made of copper, are the only relics left of the race that
wrought these mines. Neither a grave, vestige of a habitation,
skeleton or bone has been found. Among the Indians inhabiting
the region, from the earliest acquaintance of the white man, neither
tradition or legend remained of these ancient miners The Indi-
ans ihemselve-s had no knowledge of the existence of copper in
the veins and belts, so throughly had the debris of agea covered
them. Their knowledge was confined to the float pieces of cop-
jjer in the soil.

When considering the extent of country previously stated, over
which this mining work extended, the crude and slow process of
the labor and the enormous amount of work performed, it be-
comes evident that the work extended through centuries of time,
and was carried on by a vast number of people. The largest
aggregation of ancient pita yet discovered, is on what is known aa
the ^inong belt on Isle Eoyal. Here, for a di:jtance of one and
three-quarters miles, and for an average width of four hundred
feet, the successive pits indicate the mining out of the belt (solid
rock) to an average depth of no less than twenty feet. Scattered
over this ground are battered stone hammers, numberless, but
running into the millions.

It is not to be presumed that these ancient people were unac-
quainted with the advantages of the division of labor. There
were undoubtedly miners, bailers of water, and men whose part it

AnoiBNT Copper Mines of Lake Scpebiob. 143

"was to manufacture tools and implements out of the pieces of
rough native copper by the miners. Others were engaged in pro-
curing and transporting food and other necessaries of life, and still
others were employed in collecting and iransporiing from the
shores of the lake the rounded, water-worn boulders of dioritc and
porphyry, which were used by the miners as hammers and sledges.

Many of these stone hammers have been grooved by manual
attrition or impact for the purpose of fastening them into withes
or split handles, but by far the greater number are unwrought,
pounded boulders which have been held in the hand when in use.
Mr. A. C, Davis, now of the Menong mine, informing me that at
one place, near the mouth of the Ontonagon river, be had seen
quite an area of ground strewn with stone chips and broken and
discarded pieces of diorite and porphyry, indicating it to have
been a workshop for preparing the hammers before being trans-
ported inland.

The ancient miners made few mistakes in the selection of de-
posits to be wrought. In almost every instance, in the places
wljere they had carried on extensive mine work, have been wrought
the suceesifal mines of thesa latter days. This fact is often
quoted to advance the idea that those ancient people were gifted
with some mysterious knowledge, by which they were able to dis-
cover and trace out mineral veins and lodes. This day, when the
divining rod is lost to faith, and the mysteries of the alchemist
have been opened to full light by the science of chemistry, should
be too late for such a superstition. The explorers of to-day have,
as aids to discovery, the dip and traverse needles, and still the
Biost experienced and observing of them in the reconnoiaance of
the surface which overlies beds of magnetic iron ore, where the
needles develop the most actively, are simply enabled to approxi-
mate conclusions; and are only satisfied when a full development
has been made by a system of costeaning. It may be considered
improbable that the ancient miners possessed Any aid approaching
to the value of ihe magnetic needles of the present day. It is
£ar more ressonable to assume that the ancient miners, following
oomparalively close upon the recession ot the glaciers, occupied
the country at a period before the action of the elements had dis-

I'll Wisconsin State Historical SociETr.

integrated the surface oE tbe rocks, and when the mineral vein*
and beds or belts were exposed to view. In this coonectioa
should be stated the fact, that, without exception, the copper de-
posits o£ the country are contained between the walls of hard
rocks (crystalline trap) that have served the purpose of with-
standing, to a great extent, the grinding force of the glacteis. ia
consetjuence of this protection, they occupy tbe high points o£
the country, and are now covered with a comparatively Bmalli
depth of soil, tbe product of the disintegration of the rocks them-
selves; while the valleys of the riyers, and the lowlands border-
ing on the lake, have a greater depth of drift, probably the de-
posits of the receding glacial period. At the time the ancient
miners were carrying on their work, under a climate milder and
far more inviting than now, these high points were destitute of
soil or trees, and for timber and fuel for their mining work they
resorted to the valleys of the streams, and the lowlands bordering
the yreat lake — where, also, were carried on their agricultural
pursuits.

Tbe implements and tools into which tbe pieces of native copper
thus worn from the rocks were fabricated, were axes, knives,
chisels, fieshers, spears, daggers, arrow-heads, awls, needles and
bracelets. These tools are found scattered in wonderful profusion,
from Lake Superior to Central America, and from eastern Peon-
Eylvania on the east, to Arizona on the west In 1870, I saw at
Pittston, Pennsylvania, several of these tools, that had been re-
covered from the soil in that vicinity ; and in a newspaper corre-
spondence from Arizona, in tbe winter of 1874-5, (Detroit .fVe*
J^ess.) I was not in the least surprised to see mentioned the dis-
covery, in that Territory, of, what was called, by the correspond-
ent, a copper fountain. It matters not for what purpose the arti-
cles may have been used ; the fact of the find is sufficient for the
present purposa These tools, however, have been found in the
greatest numbers buried in the works of the mound builders-
throughout Wisconsin, Lake Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Iowa, Missouri, Tenuesse, West Virginia, Kentucky, Misfissippi
and Louisiana.

Bernal Diaz, who accompanied Cortes in his exposition of tha

Ancient Copfbs Mines of Lake Supekior.

Conquest of Mexico, says that upon entering Tuspan they found
that "each Indian bad, besides bis ornaments of gold, a copper
axe, wbich was very highly polished, with handles curiously
carved, as it to serve equally for an ornament and for the field o£
battla We first thought that these axes were made of an inferior
kind of gold ; we therefore commenced taking them in exchange,
and ia the space of ten days hadcollected more than six hundred,
with which we were no legs rejoiced, as long as we were ignorant
of their real value, than the lodiaQS with our glass beads."

When Columbus in his forth voyage, was visited at the Guanaja
islands by a trading canoe of Yucatan, the crew, according to
Herrera, had small hatchets made of copper, small bells and
plates.

That the copper from which these tools, scattered over such a
vast area of country, were manufactured, came from the ancient
mines of Superior, does not admit of doubt. Although large and
numerous deposits of copper ore are scattered through Arizona,
New Mexico, Mexico, and Central and South America,
there is no evidence that the Aborigines of the country had suffi-
cient metallurgical knowledge or skill to reduce the ores to refined
copper. On the other hand, the great Creator, for provision to
the wants of that ancient race, had planted the shores on Laka
Superior the only known workable deposits of native copper ia
the world The term virgin copper is well used to denote ita
purity. In the latter day it out-ranks alt others in the world.

The occurrence of this native metal in segregations of various
weights, enabled theaocieut miner to easily follow the deposit, and
to readily separate the pieces of metal from the containing rock.
These segregations were peculiarly adopted for the ane of the
^ forgers of the tools. The extreme ductility of the metal, due to
its purity, was also a provision of great advantage to the ancient
artisan. In examining the tools that have been recovered, one ia
involuntarily amazed at the perfection of workmanship, and at
their identity in form with the tools made for like purposes and
used at the present day, the prototypes of the implements of our
present civilization. The sockets of the spears, chisels, arrow-
heads, knives and fieshers are, in nearly all instances, formed as

Tfiaoossts State Histohical Socirrr.

sjm metrically and perfectly as coulii be done by tbe best smith
of the present day, with all of the improved aids to his hand.
The sockets ot these tools, however, are in all instances left open
on one side, showing no attempt at welding or brazing.

While acknowleding that the greater portion of these tools

r were forged from the native metal, several investigators of the
subject assert that many ot them were cast. Their position is
princip^illy based on the observation of certain raised marks upoQ
the tools, which are claimed to be the marks of the joining of
molds. The writer believes that the weightot evidence is against
the theory ot meltingand casting. It ia probable that the raised
marks are due to unequal oxidation, or to incompleteness of fab-
rication, Had the tools which are made with sockets been east, it
is reasonable to suppose that the sockets would have been cast
complete. Without exception the sockets all open on one side;
on the sides of the open part lips are turned sufficient for holding
the handles. The presence of spots of native silver in the tools,
isagainst the theory of casting. Native silver lo a large extent
is present with the copper throughout the region, and always as
a distinct and separate metal, occurring in macules and strings
upon and through the copper. In melting for easting the two
metals would form an alloy, and as the proportion of copper
would be the greatest, ihe silver would not be visible. In all of
the relics of the mound builders there is no evidence of any ves-
sels that would serve the purposes _of crucibles or melting pots.
In excavating the mounds, pieces of galena are frequently re-
ported to have been found lying in the immediate vicinity of the
copper tools, but there is no record of any lead implements, what-
ever. When it is considered that the melting point of lead ia
only 594 degrees Fahrenheit, while that of copper is 2,543 de-
grees, it would certainly be remarkable i£ the ancient race bad
progressed so far in metallurgy as tomelt the latter, and had failed
to melt and utilize the former. None of the tools are hardened;
they are simply pure native copper. Any process of alloying

I the copper with tin or zinc, for the purpose of hardening, was en-

Itirely unknown to the race

It is an established fact that in the Old World (a gross miano-

AiTGiBST Copper Mines of Lake Supehior.

147

mer as applied to the age of the Eastern hemisphere when com-
pared with that of the Western hemisphere) man in the Stone Age
existed contemporaneously with the Siberian elephant, Siberian
rhinoceros, mammoth, cave bear, etc., while scientists have beea
loth to concede the existence of the mound builders have beeu, A
not rightfully, assigned to the more recent age of Bronze.

Mr. J. W". Foster, in speaking of the discovery, in Illinois, of a
copper knife and a bone of a mastodon, iu the same geological
formation, and separated from each other but a tew miles, says:
"One of two suppositions ia true — either that here has been an
intermingling of the relics of two distinct ages, or that if the syn-
chronism is established, man on this continent as a contemporary
with the mastodon was far in advance in the mechanical arts ot
man as the contemporary of the fossil elephant on the European
continent."

The existence of copper tools among the relics of the mound
bnilders has been the stumbling block in this matter. ' In these
metal implements of man in the Stone Age in America, there was
only the advance over the man of the Stone Age in Europe, that
was due to the obtaining of native copper that could be hammered
and drawn out into the desired shapes without any resort to the
process of metallurgy. It was with a view to this point that I
have throughout this paper endeavored to constantly impress upon
the reader the fact of the purity and dustiliiy of the native cop-
per. It was also for this that I so fully discussed above the reasons
that lie against the theory of the melting of the copper and the
casting of the tools. The relics ot the Stone Age left by the
monnd builders arc the stone hammers used for mining copper,
and tor hammering out copper tools — axes, hatchets, fleshers,
pestles for pulverizing maize, chisels, knives, arrow-heads, amu-
lets, pendants, pipes, etc — a list of sufficient extent to warrant
the claim for the mound builder of the high antiquity of the Stone
Age, and at hxtd of a contemporaneous existence with the pre his-
toric man of Europe. As proof of the contemporaneous existence
in this country of man with the mastodon, the following extracts
are given from a paper ot the late Dr. Koch, of St. Louis, Missouri,
communicated to the St. Louis Academy ot Sciences ;

148 WiscoHsiN State Histokical Society.

" In the year 1839 I discovered la Gasconade county, Mii
at a spot in the bottom of t!ie Bourbeuae river, where there was a
spring distant about four hundred yards from the bank of the
river, the remains of the above named animals. The bones were
sufficiently well preserved to enable me to decide positively that
they belonged to the mastodo7i giganteus. Some remarkable cir-
cumstances were connected with the discovery. The greater por-
tion of these bones had been more or leas burned by fire. The
fire had extended but & few feet beyond the space occupied by the
animal before its destruction, and there was more than sufficient
evidence on the spot that the fire had not been an accidental one,
but on the contrary, that it had been kindled by human agency,
and, according to all appearance, with tbe design of killing the
huge creature, which had been found mired in the mud, and in an
entirely helpless condition. This was sufficiently proven by the
situation in which I found, as well as those parts of the bonei un-
touched by fire, as those which were more or leas injured by it, ot
in part consumed ; for I found the fore legs of the animal in a
perpendicular position in tbe clay, with the toes attached to the
feet, just in tbe manner in which they were when life departed
from the body. I took particular care in uncovering the bones to
ascertain their position beyond any doubt before I removed any
part of them, and it appeared during the whole excavation fully
evident that at the time when the animal in question found its
untimely end, the ground in which it had baen mirei must have
been in a plastic condition, being now a grayish colored clay.
All the hones which had not been burned by the fire had kept
their original position, standing upright, and apparently quite un-
disturbed in the clay; whereas those portions which had been ex-
tended above the surface had been partially consumed by the fire,
and the surface of the clay was covered, as far as the fire had ex-
tended, by a layer of wood ashes, mingled with a layer of smaller
pieces of charred wood and burnt bones, together with bones be-
longing to the spine, ribs and other parts of the body which bad
been more or less injured by the fire.

" The fire appears to have been most destructive aroucid tha
Lead of the animal. Some small remains of the head were left

UQConsamed, but enough to show that the; belonged to the mas-
todon. There were also found, mingled with Ihe ashes and bones,
and partially protruding out of them, a large number of broken
pieces of rock, which had evidently been carried thither from the
shore of the Bourbeuae river, to be hurled at the animal by his
destroyers, tor the above-mentioned layer of clay was entirely
void even of the smallest pebbles ; whereas, on going to the river
I found the stratum of clay cropping out of the bank and resting
■on a layer of shelving rocks of the sime kind as the fragments,
from which place it was evident they had been carried to the scene
of action. The layers oE ashes, eta, varied .in thickness from two
to six inches, from which it may be inferred that the fire had been
kept up for some length of time. It seemed that the burning of
the victim and the hurling of rocks at it had not satisfied the de-
stroyers, for I found also among the ashes, bones and rocks, sev-
eral arrow heads, a stone spear head and stone axes, which were
taken out in the presence of a number of witnesses, consisting of
the people of the neighborhood, attracted by the novelty of the
excavation. The layer of ashes, etc, was covered by a strata of
alluvial deposits, consisting of claj', sand and soil from eight to
nine feet thick."

The preceding statements and reasonings are, therefore, suffi-
cient for the position that the ancient miners and mound builders
were contemporaneous with the mastodon, and were occupying
this country at a period corresponding with the Stone Age of
Europe.

The mound builders warn not confined to the occupation of the
country lying to the south of Lake Superior. Well attested and
authenticated statements are made of the existence of the well-
known artificial mounds in the valley of the Red River of the
Korth, throughout Dakota, Montana and British Columbia. It is
possible that future explorers may trace their works still further
to the North-West than investigators of this day dare predict

It is generally conceded that during the glacial period, North
America was covered with ice between the Rocky Mountains and
the Atlantic coast, and from the north pole nearly to the tropics-
There is suflicient evidence to suggest the belief that man inhabited

160

WiacoNsiN State Historical Societt.

the tropics as early, at least, as ''the latter portion of the glacial
period. On the recession and disappearance of the glaciers, prob-
ably accompanied with a subsidence, beneath the ocean, of a large
portion of the northern continent, and followed by a modified,
warm and genial climate, man, together with the mastodon, mam-
moth, etc, moved north and occupied the land to a comparatira
high latitude. This movement, of course, occupied many ages.
Subsequently there was a gradual elevation of the'land above the
ocean causing a gradual change, through long time, in the temper-
ature of the country until brought finally as it now exists. It was
during the changes of this period that the copper miners and
mound builders flourished. The effect of the final change in 'em-
perature, due to the elevation of the continent, was to drive this
race further and further southward, until the seat and centre of
their power became fixed in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, and
in the region of the Great Lakes, In this southward movement, it
is possible that the drones were left behind, and the nomadic people
of the far north, and some of the tribes of worthless and shiftless
Indians that it is impossible to win to industrious lives, have de-
scended from the out-casts of the people who were the miners of
copper and builders of the mounds.

The Mexican records, as interprelated by the Abbe Brasseuc
de Bourbourg, are to the effect that the mound builders were fiae-
ally driven from the Mississippi valley by prolonged and contin-
uous incursions of fierce, predatory and warlike tribes which came
from the west. Leaving their long occupied homes, they became
dwellers in Mexico and Central America, and leading participators
in the work of the early civilization that was the glory of those
those countries. The beginning of this forced migration, accord-
ing to Abbe Brasseur, was more than a thousand years before the
christian era. How long prior to this was the first occupation of
the Mississippi valley by this ancient people? is a question the
writer will not attempt to answer. The writer, however, does be-
lieve, that in the height of their power the population of that
portion of the United States occupied by those ancients, was equal
in numbers to the present population of the same area. As pre-
viously stated, the mound builders were intelligent and industri-

Akgibnt Coppxb Mines of Lake Supxriob. 161

ous peopla Thej followed peaceful pursuits, and their works
bear evidence of the efficiency of their government Their staple
food was maize. Their works do not exist on the Atlantic coast
except far to the south. Their pursuits being agricultural, they
occupied the Mississppi and Ohio valleys and the Lake region as
the country most suitable for those purposes, — thus being the
precursors of the present race of men who, led by the same in-
stincts, are occupying the same lands, and for the same purpose,
but with an advanced civilization which is capable, of making the
territory once occupied by the mound builders of the Stone Age,
the grain producing country for the world, and the centre of the
governmental power. The mound builders being driven out,
their territory was occupied by their assailanta Under the sway
of a nomadic and war-like people, the works of the ancient race
were left to decay, and their cultivated fields laid to waste. Thus,
through centuries, was rest given to the soil, in order to renew fer-
tility and prepare it for the occupation of the present raca After
ns, is in the future.

PRE-HISTORIC COPPER IMPLEMENTS.

[AN OPEN LETTER TO THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN.^

BY THE REV. EDMUND P. 8LAJTER, A.M.,

00BBV8P0NDIKO XSXBKB OF THV WISCONSIN' HI8T0SICAL SOCISTT; CORRKBPONDINO
BKCBBTABT OF THK NEW MNOLAND H18TOBIC-GKNKALOGICAL SOCISTT; BONOBABT
XXMBXB OF THX BOTAL HI8T0BICAL SOCIKTT OF GBKAT BBITAIN, dC., AC.

Gentlemen of the Society : — An examination of your Re-
ports and Collections, issued within the last few years, reveals an
extraordinary progress in the objects which your organization was
designed to promota This is eminently true of the department
of pre-historic remains. Of sione implements you report in 1876,
as belonG:ing to the Society, six hundred rollers, pestles, knives,
scrapers, awls, pikes and anomalous forms ; three hundred and
sixty-five axes of various sizes and descriptions ; about fifty pipes
and perforated ornaments, and nearly eight thousand spear, lance
and arrow heads, making in all over nine thousand pieces, repre-
senting, we may well suppose, most of the occupations, if not all,
in which a rude and uncultivated people could have been engaged.

The collection constitutes a volume of history, whose study,
unaided by any other sources of information, may reveal to us a
very satisfactory general knowledge of the habits and mode of
life of the people by whom they were made and used. As they
were all found within the limits of your own State, and the places
and circumstances of their discovery are for the most part re-
conled, they constitute a local history of special and peculiar
value.

But this array of stone implements, so numerous and in so fine

*Thi8 letter was printed in the New England Hittorieal and OenealogUal BegUUr^ for
January, 1879. It is here re-prodaced without alteration of the text The note nambered
11, has been added by the author.

Pbb-Historio Coppkh Implemints.

16S

a state of preservation aa we are informed most of them are, ia
nevertheless, in present interest and importance, over-matched and
dwarfed by your collection of pre historic copper utensils. This
department may be said to be new. Anterior to the present de-
cade, and to the time when your Society began to form its collec-
tion, there were but a smali number of pre-historic copper imple-
menls known to have been discovered in this country. These
were widely scattered, makingan insignificant figure in collectiona
of pre-historic remains, and naturally claiming and receiving very
little study or attention from antiquaries or historical students.
But the large number of copper implements which joa have re-
cently brought together, found within the limits of Wisconsin,
amounting, at your last annual report, in 1878, to one hundred and
ninety different articles, a few of them bearing the indubitable
mares of having been cast in moulds, besides forty ornamented
beads, apparently made from thin sheet copper, give to this de-
partment a new significance and a fresh interest.

These implements are classified as spear or dirk-beads, knives,
chisels, BXCF, augurs, gads and drills.'

The value of this collection to your Society consists in the
means it furnishes of illustrating the pre-historic period of Wia-
consin. The question therefore which forces itself at once upon
the attention is this : Were the makers and users of these copper
implements the same people who were in occupation when the
country was first discovered by Europeans? Or were they of au
earlier race, which had passed away, and their places become oc-
cupied by the American Indian? While there are some intima-
tions in your publications that these copper tools must have been
made by an earlier and superior race, no eleborate defense of this
view has appeared in any paper published by the Society, which
' haa come to my notice. It is undoubtedly wise not to propound or
adopt a new theory, until the means of establishing and de-
fending it are ample and undeniable. The old maxim, feslina
lente, may be safely adopted in settling a question like this. In

. Perkins, K»q..of Bndlnglon, Wii., and a« a noblo
BDd Eial Id tlili deputmoat. Bla method U dciccJ

f. Vol, vii. pp. v^-^3.

154 • Wisconsin State Historical Society.

all matters of historical inquiry, we can well afford to " make
baste slowlv."

It is obvious that the question, as to who were the makers and
users of these implements, must be finally settled by two lines of
evidence. The one will relate directly to the pre-historic copper
utensils themselves, and from them will seek to determine the
character, capacity, and progress in civilization of the people who
manufactured and used them. The other will relate to the testi-
mony that may be found in the journals of early European ex-
plorers or colonists showing that implements of copper were in
use or were made by the Indians then found inhabiting the coun-
try. The latter class of evidence, of course, is complete to-day^
and to obtain it we have only to examine the documents or jour-
nals in question. The former class is in the process of accumula-
tion. The collection of pre-historic coppers is probably now
incomplete. Not only a greater number, but a far greater variety,
and even new kinds or classes of implements may be brought to
light If utensils shall hereafter be discovered, designed for new,
curious and more complicated uses, such as always accompany an
advanced stage of civilization, it is plain that such discoveries
will throw new light upon this interesting and historically impor-
tant question, and we may be forced to the conclusion, in such
an event, that a race superior to the Indian was once in possession
of the country, by whom these copper implements were used, and
by whose superior skill and ingenuity they were mada

But if no further discoveries are made, if no new classes of im-
plements are found, then, as the matter now stands, I think the
following considerations will have a decisive bearing on the final
disposition of the question.

By a careful comparison of tho copper and stone implements,
it will be seen that they are essentially identical in kind. The
same class, which we find in copper, we find also in stone. If
there be any exception, it must be in one or two small utensils
denominated *'borers" or "piercers," which are too delicate to be
useful in stone, and were easily supplied by the Indians in bone or
very hard and tough wood.* It is a fair and logical inference, I

* Vide Ancient Monuments of the Miniesippi Yalley^hj Sqaier and Davis, Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge Vol. I, p. 890.

Pre-Historic Copper Implements. 155

think, that if a people used the same or essentially the same class
of implements, they must have been accustomed to the same mode
of life, have had the same wants, the same habits, and the same
tastes. In other words, if the implements they used were of the
same class, we cannot refer, reasoning from these premises alone,
that those who used them were more or less advanced in the arts
of civilized life, had any greater or less intellectual capacity, or
difiEered in any essential quality. Now it is admitted universally
that the Indians used and manufactured the stone implements.
The early explorers found them in use by them on every part of
this continent. And they are now at this day. exhumed and
picked up in every quarter of the country. As the copper im-
plements, which have recently been discovered, arc of the same
class as the stone, and were evidenlly designed for the same uses,
the natural and logical inference is that they were made and used
by the same people, viz., by the American Indians.

But another consideration in the decision of this question, re.
lates to the estimate we may form of the capacity of the Indian
to manufacture the pre-historic copper implements. While these
implements appear to have been made by a people in the same
stage of civilization as the Indian, if it can be made to appear that
he had not the intellectual or mechanical capacity to manufacture-
them, then we must refer their origin to some other source. The-
capacity of the Indian can be satisfactorily tested by the ingenuity
and skill displayed in the manufacture of articles which he is ad-
mitted to have made. In the construction of implements of stone,,
of various forms and adapted to many uses, he exhibited a patient
ingenuity and delicate and skillful use of the hand, which are
certainly not surpassed in any of the coarser and more common*
branches of the mechanical arts among civilized men. With his^
stone axe and chisel, a skillful and ingenious use of fire, which he-
drew out of two bits of wood by friction, he brought down the-
massive forest tree, and moulded out of its trunk a boat, service-
able for all his uses in the navigation of rivers or estuaries, and
particularly in the transfer of his corn and other heavy
burdens from one place to another. His canoe was inge-
niously constructed of the bark of the birch, the elm or the

156 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

oak. With a full appreciation of the law of resistance that
characterizes water , he gave it a shape or figure, arrived at, doubt-
less, after many experiments, of really fine proportions, and at the
same time best adapted of all others to glide smoothly and rapidly
over the surface of the water. The seams of the bark were nicely
and closely united, cemented over with gums from the forests,
which, by observation and experiment, he learned would resist
the action of the water. The whole fabric was stiffened and made
firm by a frame-work of wood, wisely adjusted to the purpose.
We cannot fail to see that, in the construction of this canoe, no
little skill and ingenuity were displayed, particularly when we
remember that the whole was accomplished without the use of
iron, steel, or any other metallic implement, but by tools made by
the Indian himself, of horn-blende, prophyry, chert or other hard
stone, which he picked up on the surface of the earth.

To facilitate the movements of his canoe, the Indiam sometimes
called in the friendly aid of the winds by hoisting a sail, which
he patiently manufactured by sewing together the membranous
ribbons, which he had the wit to discover could be obtained from
the intestines of wild beasts.*

The stone-arrow and spear heads were made by a process of
cleaving and chipping, requiring a mechanical skill, a precision
and accuracy, not easily matched by the stone cutter of the present
day, particularly it he were required to perform the same task
with the same implements.-

The arrow-heads which they used in war were so ingeniously
contrived with barbs, and purposely attached so slenderly to
their stock, that, when hurled by the bow, they pierced the flesh
of an enemy, they could not be withdrawn, but, breaking from
the shaft, remained buried in the wound, insuring the desired
fatal result.

Observing the resistance of the atmosphere and the consequent
irregular movement of his arrow, the Indian skillfully attached a
feather at the end of it, imparting to it a steady and sustained
movement through the air, thus increasing its effective range,
and causing it to respond more perfectly to the exactness of his aim.

* Sails of this kind were In nse by the Esquimaux, commonly esteemed the most inferior
class of American Indians. Vide Frobi$her"t Second Voyage^ naklnyt. Vol. III. p. 63.,

Phe-Historic Copper Implembnts. 157

In pottery ibe Indian displayed inventive genius and practical
skill. He moulded, out of day and sand, vessels useful to hira
for many purposes. The material was kneaded and wrought with
patient and studious care, and moulded by the hand into forma
suggested by convenience and taste. Specimens of his pottery
are exhumed, even at this day, ai> well tempered and baked that
they have resisted the action of air aud frost for more than two
hundred years.'

These are only a few among the many instances in which the
American Indian has not only displayed a capacity for machaol-
cal execution, but a marked power in the line of invention or
contrivance.

If under the most unfavorable circumstancea be could devise a
boat, of a figure and material eminently adapted to his purpose,
of gliding rapidly and safely over the surface of the lake or the
river; if he could invent a sail, made of animal substance, which
should prove for his purposes a fair substitute for canvass ; if he
could shape an arrow-head, which by its construction should be
peculiarly adapted to carry death to his enemies ; if lie could add
a feature to the same implement that should extend its range and
give effectiveness to its purpose; it he could oombine clay and
sand, and mould them into vessels of excellent quality and last-
ing service in his rude mode of life, can it be regarded as at all
remarkable that he should discover a method of fashioning the
native copper, which be picked up on the surface of the earth or
drew out of the crevices of the rocks, into the utensils which he
needed for daily use, shaping it with the hammer, or even casting
it in moulds of the simplest and lowest forms of the art? The
Application of beat for melting was entirely within his power.
The forest furnished abundant material. The native potter would
Baturally, and almost in the line of bio art, furnish the moulds
for the casting* Thus the step seems to be hut a short one, and
by no means above his ordinary achievements, between what we

'For* ae«ctlptlon of thf mode of munofnctnrlog pollEryhytha In (Han?, rifle ni'Mf
dii CBitaaa par Oobrlcl Sugiinl TliDodnt, PnHn. od. 1886, Vol. 1 p. asa S>g»rd published bU
Matorr !□ ISas. and U ladlepatiblo alflborll;, not only » to Iho mctbod bat to the fact of
^ nnnn fact ore Id big tlms. Hi* dvscHptloa mST be ranud tn Enellib In Ckamptakn't
' 7»ragtt, FilDGi Social; ed., Vol. II., note ITD.

158 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

know the Indian did do, and what he must have done, had he
been the manufacturer of the copper implements.

It does not, therefore, seem to me to be an act of credulity to be-
lieve that the Indian, who occupied the territory of your State
when the continent was first visited by Europeans, was capable of
manufacturing the copper implements which have been recently
found, by shaping them under the hammer, or by casting them in
moulds.

But another line of evidence, bearing upon the decision of this
question, and to which I have already alluded in the early part of
this paper, relates to the testimony that may be found in the jour-
nals of early European explores or colonists, showing that im-
plements of copper were in use, or were made by the Indians then
inhabiting the country.

The early English explorers, Sir Martin Frobisher, John Davis,
Sir Humphrey Gilbert and others, made their land-falls in high
latitudes. They found the Esquimaux clothed in skins of wild
beasts, with boats and huts made chiefly of the same material, but
they report no copper implements as found among them.

The French explorers were the first to penetrate the gulf and
river of Sl Lawrence. Jacques Cartier, in 1531, discovered the
Bay of Chaleur, Gaspe and the region about the island of Anticosti,
and took home with him to France two natives of the country.
The next year, 1535, on his second voyage, he advanced up the
river as far as Montreal, passing the winter, however, near Quebec.
On his way up the gulf, when somewhere between Anticosti and
Tadoussac, his two Indians, who were returning with him to their
home, informed him that they were then at the beginning of Sag-
uenay, and from that country came red copper.

Before proceeding further, it is important to obtain as clear an
idea as possible of the country which the Indians called Saguenay.
The geographical lines of the Indian were exceedingly indefinite.
Where there were no natural divisions, as lakes or rivers, the line
that separated one country from another was never clearly fixed
in his mind, nor was it important tl|^t it should be. What he
called Saguenay was a vast territory beginning on the St. Law-
rence below Tadoussac, embracing that watered by the river bear-

\

Prb-Historic Copper Implements. 169

ing the same name and its tributaries, extending northwesterly
beyond the sources of the river Ottawa, and including the whole
region about Lake Superior.^ It was inhabited by the great Al-
gonquin family of Indians under several different tribal names.
Closely related, they maintained a constant intercourse through
hunting and trading partie?, more or less frequent doubtless, ac-
<X)rding to the distance of their separation.*

I will now give several extracts from Cartier's journal, or Brief
Eecital, with an English translation. I present them in the old
French, that the critical reader may have before him the exact
language of the original.

Et par les sauuaiges que anions, nous a este diet que cestoit le
<K)mmencement du Saguenay & terre habitable. Et que de la
venoit le cuyure rouge qu'ilz appellet caiejnetdaze. Brief Recit,
par Jacques Cartier^ 1545, D*Avezac's ed., p. 9 et verso.

Translation, — The savages that we had with us told us that
here was the beginning of Saguenay, and that the country was in-
habitable, and that from thence came the red copper, which they
called cnignttdaze.

When Cartier was at Montreal, the Indians took him to ths top
of the well-known mountain in the rear of the present site of
that city, and describeJ, as well as they could, the surrounding
county, and pointed out the liver Ottawa coming from among the
hills on the north, referred to in the following extract

Nous estimions que c*est la riuiere qui passe par le royaulme
du Siguenay, & sans que leur feissions aucunedemande & signes,
prindrent la cbaine du sifflet du cappitaine qui estoit d'argent, &
vng manche de poignard, lequel estoit de laion iaulne comme or:
lequel pendoit au coste de Tung de noz compaignons marinyers,

*The location of Saguenay, as here given, Is often referred to by Cartier. John Gilmary
Shea, LL.D., who is excellent authority on thid subject, sayd, ^^The Saguenay of the St.
Lawrence Indians was evidently the Lake Superior region, and possloly the parts accessible
bj^the Mississippi. The River Saguenay was not so called from being in, but from leading
to, Saguenay/' Vide Shea'n Charlevoix, foot note. Vol. I. p. 125.

* By reference to Gallatin's map in his Synopsis, Transactions Am. Antiquarian Society^
Vol. II., it will be seen that the Algonquins occupied the whole territory about Lake Sa>
perior. The close relation of the different tribes into which they were divided is clearlj
chown by Mr. Gallatin, who is good authority aa to the geographical distribution of the
ladians.

160 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

& montrerentquecela venoit d'amond ledictfleuue, &c. &c. — BrieJ
Hecitj p. 27 verso.

Translation. — We thought it was the river that flows through
the kingdom of Saguenaj, and without any sign or demand made
upon them, they took the chain of the captain's whistle which was
of silver,^ and the handle of the poniard, yellow like gold, which
hung at the side of one of our mariners, and showed us that such
came from up said river.

Again, at the same interview, we have the following statement:

Nostre cappitaine leur monstra du cuyure rouge, qu'ilz appel-
lent caignetdaze, leur monstrant vers ledict lieu, demandant par
eigne s il venoit de Ik & ilz commencerent ksecourre la teste disant
que non. Et mcnstrerent qu'il venoit du Saguenay, qui est au
conlraire du precedent — Brief Recit^ p. 27 verso.

Translation. — Our captain showed them red copper, which they
call cnigneldaze^ pointing out to them a particular place, asking by
signs if it came from there, and they began to shake the head,
saying that it did not And showed that it came from Saguenay,
which is in a direction contrary to the former.

After Cartier had returned from Montreal, called Hochelaga by
the Indians, to Quebec, he obtained from those dwelling there the
following additional information. After stating that the direct and
convenient route to Saguenay is by the river Ottawa, he proceeds
as follows :

Nous ont faict entendre que les gens sont vestuz & habillez
conime nous, & de draps, k qu'il y a force villes & peuples, &
bonnes gens & qu'il ont grand quantity d'or & cuyure rouge, &c.,
&a — Brief Recit. p. 34

Translation. — We were made to understand that there are peo-
ple there clothed and habited in cloth like ourselves, and that

V *^ AmoDfC the namerons masses of copper which have been picked up on the shores of
the lake, some have contained a considerable quantity of sliver interspersed through them.^*
Vide Geology and Topography of Lake Svperior^ by J. W. Foster and J. D. Whltner,
Washington, 1850, p. 18.

^* Native silver occurs by no means nnfrequently, at various points of the Trap range,
lh>m one extremity of the district to the other. It has, however, been found in the greatest
quantity at the Phoenix, Cliff, Copper Falls, and Minnesota mines; the largest specimen
hitherto obtained was taken from the workings of the Phoenix (formerly Lake Superior)
Company's mine. It was a rolled, detached lump, perfectly pure, which weighed over six
pounds, and is now In the collection of the mint at Philadelphia." ~ Idem^ p. 178.

Prk-Historic Coppkb Implements. 161

th^re are there many populous villageB and ffood people, and tbat
tbey have a great quantity o£ gold' and red copper.

Having passed the winter near Quebec, on the 6th of May, 1536,
Cartier set sail for home, having oapliired Donnacona, tbe chief of
tribe at Quebec, and nine others, whom he took with bim to
France. When they were at the Isle aux Condrea, about fifty
miles below Quebec, a party of the subjects of Donnacona, just
from the river of the Saguenay, came on board to bid their chief
adieu, and present him with valuable parting presents. Tbe fol<
lowing are Cartier 's words :

Douerent audict Donnacona troia pacquetz de peaulx debyeures
& loups marins auec vng grad couateau de cuyure rouge, qui vient
du Saguenay k autres chcsea. — Brief lieciL p. i^ verso.

Trarislalion. — They gave to the above mentioned Donnacona
three packages of beaver and seal skins, together with a large knife
of red copper which came from Saguenay, and other things,

I find no further important testimony in the reports of Cartier,
or in that of Jean Alfonse, relating to the voyage made by the
latter under Roberval, in 1542. From this time onward, for the
next seventy years, the Basques and Normans visited the waters
of the St. Lawrence, but they were only private adventurera and
desultory fur-traders and fishermen, and left no record of discov-
'eries and observations.

In I60S Champlain laid the foundations of Quebec. In the
month of June, l(ilO,heleft Quebec by appointment to join a war
party of Algonquins," Ilurons and Montagnaia, at Three Rivers,
who were preparing to attack tbeir enemies, the Iroquois. When
he had gone not more than twenty-five miles, he met a canoe con-
taining two Indians, an Algonquin and a Montagnaia, who had
been despatched to urge bim to hasten forward with as much speed.
BB possible. He enlertaine<i them on bis barque, when the (ol-

•Uni<i.ll.a.c

been dlfflca

UOf It.

tDdl.II*

lo 41illDciil*h be

W«D

fuld IDd cop [11

waaldfHmptob

«bic thii u

ClIOD HM (uUuOcd

.dot rrMtdlJT.tf«

bilks color of 11)

c •peclan

* >hicli

hrjhti

leen.

rcIBUk Ihi

Algonvul

1. »yvt>i to

til ih. tr:bu -111

BOrlbbukoflh

BLL.-™

SHUdO

tbiUlu

■.luIDine

HBIlbM

■ ulM

lonulDi lu llii •

KDck, Ihcn >^u

*bicb <h

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lUKXHlKiaofllH

oiuiii.

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ti to Lak* bnpctlvr

162 Wisconsin State Historical Socikty.

lowing occurrence took place, "which I give in Champlain'n
"words :

Peu de tempa aprea auoir deui86 auec eux de plusiers choses
touchant leurs guerres, le sauuage Algoumequin, qui estoit vn de
leurs chef'?, lira dVn fac vne piece de cuiure de la longueur dVn
pied, qu'il me donna, lequel estoit fort beau & bien franc, me don-
nant a entendre qu'il y en auoit en quantity \h ou il Tauoit pris,
qui estoit sur le bort d'vne riuiere proche dVn grad lac, & qu'il le
prenoiet par morceaux, & le faisant fondre le mettoient en lames,
& auec des pierres le rendoient vny. le fus fort ayse de ce pre-
sent, encores quMl fut de peudu valleur. — Vide Les Voyages dv
Sievr de Champlain^ Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7.

Translation. — Shortly after conferring with them about many
matters concerning their wars, the Algonquin savage, one of their
chiefs, drew from a sack a piece of copper, a foot long, which he
gave me. This was very handsome and quite pare. He gave me
to understand that there were large quantities where he had taken
this, which was on the bank of a river, near a great lake. He
said that they gathered it in lumps, and, having melted it, spread
it in sheets, smoothing it with stones. I was very glad of this
present, though of small value. Champlain's Voyages^ Otis's trans.,
Prince Society's ed., Boston, 1878, Vol. 11, p. 236.

The extracts, which I have thus presented from the journals of
these early explorers, render it certain that the territory called by
the Indians Saguenay was a copper-bearing region, and that cop-
per was found there in great abundance. The Indians, both at
Montreal and Quebec, in 1535, as we have seen, were familiar
with the fact, and their testimony to this point is spontaneous,
clear, direct and full. This historical evidence is confirmed by
discoveries, within the last forty years, of vast quantities of native
copper near the shores of Lake Superior, the only place in the
United States where it is found to anv considerable extent.

It should he observed that both Cartier and Champlain were,
"when they had the interviews referred to in the above extracts, at
a great distance from the centre of the copper-bearing territory,
probably not less than eight hundred or a thousand miles, as tra-
versed by the Indians. They saw, nevertheless, at this remote

Prb-Historio Copper Implembnts. 168

distance, where copper could hardly be expected to find its way
except at rare intervals, at least two example?, and we know not
how many others of which they make no record, in which copper
was wrought into forms in which it has recently been found, and
of which you have specimens in the archives of your Society.'^

But in addition to this, the Algonquin chief, in 1610, fresh from
the region where the copper was found, testified to the mode of
its manufacture. They gathered it, he informed Champlain, in
lumps or small pieces; melted it; spread it into sheets and pol-
ished it off under the stone hammer. This is a genei'al statement,
and shows that the two processes of melting and mallcation were
familiar to the ludiam in the manufacture of copper. But some
of your implements were plainly cast in moulds.^^ The Algon-
quin chief does not testify as to this mode of manufacture. He

i*The Historical Society of Wisconsin reports in 1878, ** forty copper beads, one-half inch
In length, apparently made from thin rolUd C4>pi}er.^'' In the description of fac-similus of
copper implements', Col. Vol. VII, p. 101, ^*Fig. 7 shows a handle rolled ont of the tamt
plate of copper with its blade/* The knives and arrow-heads, whose sockets were made by
taming np the edges, were apparently cat from copper sheets or plates. Vide Laphatn't
Antiquities of Wisconsin^ p. 76. Also, Foster^t Fre-Historic JSacet qf the United States^
p. S54, et paxsim.

" The hietory of the pre-historic copper implements, anterior to their recent discovery, is
unrecorded, and only inferentially known. All evidence as to the mode of their raanafac-
tare is derived from their superficial appearance. That they appear to have been cast in
moulds, is the testimony of most writers on this subject, so far as wo know, who have exam-
ined them. The weight of evidence^ therefore, as to the mode of their manufacture, goes to
show that they were cast in moulds.

If the theory that they were ca^t in moulds be denied, it will be reasonable to demand that
some other method of manufacture bo suggested that shall not be encumbered with obsta-
cles and difficulties to be overcome even more insuperable than those supposed to be con-
nected with the process of casting them in moulds. To present an implement of a similar
appearance not cast, but " s wedged** by means of an iron matrix, would hardly be admissi-
ble as disproviug the theory, unless it could be shown that the Indians used the iron mat?
rlx for the same purpose. Nor would a matrix cut in a granite boulder by the 8tone-cutter*8
chisel of steel be admissible, unless it could be proved that the Indian had the same kind
of tools which he could use for the same purpose. When implements similar to those
alleged to be pre-historic castiugs shall be otherwise made by means which the Indian
had at his command, it will go iar to prove that these implements having the appearance of
castings, may have been fabricated without the use of moulds.

A series of experiments might well be instituted to illustrate the Indian method of con-
atractlng copper implements. The conditions should coincide strictly with such as were
possible to the Indiann. Copper melts at about 20U0o, more or less. Wood produces a heat
ofdOOOo, more or less. With such a blast as the Indian could easily avail himself of, it
would be possible tu test ihe practicability of melting copper by a heat produced by wood»
andllkewitjie by casting it in such moulds as he could construct from sand, loam and clay.

Nothing U more remarkable in the hii«tory of man, than the ingenuity and practical skill
iNrhich, in hit» rudest state, he summons to his aid whenever his necessities demand them.

164 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

bad indeed no occasion to do so. This is the only point, in
acounting for the origin of the pre-historic copper implements, it
will be observed, "which is not fully covered by the evidence de-
rived from the early explorers in the citations which I have made.
But, if the Indian potter could shape clay into jugs, kettles, bowls
and vases, we can hardly doubt that he possessed, likewise, the
mechanical ingenuity and skill to devise and construct moulds for
casting implements, at least in the very simple forms in which
specimens have thus far been found. If this be admitted, we are
led to the conclusion, as the evidence now stands, that the origin of
the copper implements must be referred to the American Indians.

As a corresponding member of your Society, of many years
standing, I am sure I need oflfer no apology for bringing to your
notice and to that of others interested in the subject, the consider-
ations contained in this paper, which I have done with the hope
that they may be useful in solving a question of great interest to
all students of American history.

Boston, January, 1879.

MODE OF FABRICATION OF ANCIENT COPPER IMPLEMENTS.

By LYMAN C. DRA.PER.

The paper in Vol. VII of our Society^s CoUectioDs, by Prof.
Batlerj on Pre-Uistoric Wisconsin^ describing the collection of
ancient copper implements in the cabinet of our Society — the prin-
cipal portion of which, was on exhibition at the Centennial cele-
bration at Philadelphia in 1876 — has elicited not a little discussion
among. our archaeologists as to the mode of their fabrication. Dr.
Butler contended that some of them, at least, gave evidence of
having been cast in moulds. This view has been stoutly con-
tested by others. All the light we can get on this interesting
subject, pro and con, is desirable.

Prof. Thomas Egleston read, in March, 1879, a paper on Pre-
Historic Copper Mining at Lake Superior^ before the Academy of
Sciences, of New York. And in the Proceedings of the American
Antiquarian Society at its semi-annual meeting, April 30, 1879,
was read a valuable paper on Mexican Copper Tools^ by Philipp
I. L Valentini, Ph. D., translated from the German by Stephen
Salisbury, Jr. •

These papers throw much light upon this discussion. Both of
these distant people, the primitive Mexicans and the Indians of
Lake Superior, were unacquainted with iron — the Mexican
natives having been ignorant of it until the arrival of the Span-
iards in their country ; both were trained in the arts and practice
of war, yet neither had shaped their copper into warlike imple-
ments, the metal being appropriated solely to the uses of peace —
in Mexico, apparently, because of its comparative scarcity.
** Whilst the Northern Red Man," says Valentini, "attained to
his highest achievment in the production of the axe, the native of
Central America could boast of important additions to his stock
of tools. He possessed copper implements for tilling the fields,
and knew the uses of the chisel. Besides, when he wished to

166 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

impart to the copper a definite form, he showed a superior inge-
nuity. The Northern Indian simply took a stone, and by physical
force hammered the metal into the required shape. But the
skilled workman of Tecoatega and Tezcuco, subjecting the native
copper to the heat of the furnace cast the wood-cutter's axe in a
mould» as well as the bracelets and the fragile ear-rings that
adorned the Princesses of Montezuma."

The fact of smelting metal is proven by the picture tables,
called the Codices Mexicana, containing representations of their
early historical, religions, social and commercial life. Ee-produc-
tions of these ancient pictures may be seen in Lord Kingsborough's
great work on Mexican Antiquities — one of which shows a native
in a sitting posture, blowing apparently a pipe or flute to increase
the heat of the fire on the tripod before him, on which appears a
crucible containing metal.

And melting was followed by casting into forms or moulds, as
is plainly indicated by Torquemada. in his Afonarquia Indiana,
1613, in which he says: "The goldsmiths did not possess the
tools necessary for hammering metals, but with one stone 2^iffc€d
above another one, they made a flat cup or a plate " — so the moulds
were made of stone. Gomara, another early writer, who was
Secretary to Coates, in his Historia General de las Indias, 1552-
55, observes of the native Mexican goldsmiths, ** they will cast a
platter in a mould."

"We learn from Bernal Diaz, in his History of the Conquest of
New Spain, 1632, that Cortes had seen for sale in Mexico, " trink-
ets made of gold and silver, of lead, bronze, copper and tin ; '*
and Diaz, his companion, adds: " I saw axes of bronze, and cop-
per, and tin." So the great Spanish conqueror took joy and cour-
age when he now discovered not only a ready means of replacing
the arms he had lost, but also a source from which to equip his
faithful Indian allies; and Cortes immediately ordered the native
goldsmiths of Tezcuco to cast eight thousand arrowheads of
copper, and these weapons were made ready for delivery within a
single week.

It is quite apparant that the .Mexican natives were no rude
workers in casting metals ; and it is not far-fetched to infer that

Fabrication of Ancient Copper Implements. 167

the more northern Indians, in their intercourse with their southern
neighbors, may have learned the art from them. They had over-
come whatever difficulty there may have been in procuring cruci-
bles, as the skillfulness of their productions sufficiently attest.
The historian, Gomara, states : " They will cast a platter in a
mould with eight corners, and every corner of several metals —
that is to say, the one of gold, the other of silver, without any
solder. They will also cast a little caldron with loose handles
hanging thereto, as we used to cast a bell. They will also cast in
a mould a fish with one scale of silver on its back, and another
of gold; they will make a parrot of metal so that his tongue shall
shake, and his head move, and his wings flutter ; they will cast
an ape in a mould so that both hands and feet will stir, and hold-
ing a spindle in his hand, seeming to spin — yea, and an apple in
his hand, as if he would eat it Our Spaniards were not a little
amazed at the sight of these things, for our goldsmiths are not to he
compared to iheirs.^^

Thus we see that the Mexican natives cast copper implements
three hundred and fifty years ago. Some of the specimens found
in "Wisconsin show flecks of silver, proving conclusively that
they were laminated ; forbad they been cast, the silver would
have become amalgamed with the copper, forming an alloy. But
why not others, exhibiting the rude ridges, or raised marks, and
quite uniformly lengthwise of the implement, as if formed by
the imperfect joining of the moulds, have been fabricated, as by
the Indians of Mexico, by melting the metal and pouring it inta
forms or moulds? Is it any more improbable that oar ancient
copper manufacturers of Wisconsin and Lake Superior should
have had the knowledge of moulding, than that the Mexican
tribes should have practiced such an art?

This question of the mode of fabrication of the ancient copper
implements, touched incidentally in the preceding papers of Mr*
Houghton and Mr. Slafter, is further discussed by Mr. Perkins,
Col. Whittlesey and Dr. Hoy.

168 Wisconsin State Historical Socibtt.

By FRED 8. PERKINS.

In January, 1873, I expreased to Dr. John W. Foster, of Chi-
cago, my belief that many of these ancient copper implements
were cast in moulds, and when I showed some specimens, he be-
came convinced, and re-wrote the portion of his manuscript that
related to the manner in which these objects had been made.^

In February, 1876, I showed similar specimens to Sir Wm. E.
Wilde,*'* in Dublin, Ireland. He examined them attentively, and
said they had certainly been cast, " probably in clay moulds."

M. Gabriel de Mortillet, and other French archooologists, were
of the same opinion. I intended to show them to members of
the Anthropological Society, in London, but it so happened that
1 could not stop there on my way homa

Since my return to Wisconsin, I have obtained many ancient
copper objects, which show to my mind very good evidences of
casting, and also some that do not bear any such evidence ; but,
on the contrary, by their laminar structure, show quite clearly
that they were made in a diflferent way, probably by hammering.

Burlington, Wis., June 2, 1879.

By Ck)L. CHARLES WHITTLESEY.

In reply to your inquiry of the 31st ult, I can only say, in
in brief, that I have never seen a veritable ancient copper imple-

> In *'*' Pre-Hletoric Races/' by J. W. Foster, LL. D., p. S59, the learned author remarks :
*■*' Mr. PcrkinSf to whose archoeologlcal collections, I have had occasion so often to refer,
* * * had arrived at the same conclusion as mjself ; that, by reason of certain markings,
it was evident that the mound-builders possessed the art of smelting copper, and he has
ftirnished me with the foregoing illustrations, in which the traces of the mould are clearly
defined. It is Impossible to infer, after a careful examination of these specimens, that the
ridges could have been left in the process of hammering, or that they have resulted from
unequal oxidation.'' — L. C. D.

* Sir Wm. R. Wilde, a learned antiquary, vice president of the Royal Irish Academy, and
author of a descriptive catalogue of the antiquities of that institution, embracing articles
of stone, eaithurn, oopper and bronze. In describing the copper celts found in Ireland,
Mr. Wilde does not, In his work, express any opinion as to their mode of manufacture, but
adds: *'Upon the steppes of Tartary, and in some of the wildest parts of Russia, the
remains of very ancient copper furnaces, of small size, and of the most rude construction,
have been discovered."

The fact that bronze implements are found in Ireland, as they were by Cortes and his
followers in Mexico, is evidence that the natives knew how to form the amalgam of copper
and. tin, and this would>ery naturally. lead to the use of moulds. — L. C. D.

Fabrication of Ancient Copper Implements. ISd

ment that was cast in a mould, or where the metal was ever
melted. The great bodkin, mentioned by Mr. Foster, from the
collection of Mr. Perkins, now I think in your Society collection,
I examined at Philadelphia in 1876. The tortuous ridges which
were regarded as due to creases in the moulds, are merely the
result of irregular oxidation.

A gentleman from Syracuse, whose name I have not in mind,
said to me that he had immersed an ancient cold wrought copper
implement in weak acid:*, and the corroded portions were very
like those on the bodkin. Cold wrought copper cannot be mis-
taken for ingot or melted copper. In pounding the native nug-
gets into shape, they become laminated, and the hardness is irreg-
ular. I should expect the oxidation to be irregular also.

It is very strange that the mound builders did not melt copper;
but I have seen no evidence that they did. There is a popular
belief that they knew how to tefmper it and make it harder than
ingot copper. No people of any age are known to have hardened
copper in that way. All the hard copper is an alloy with tin.
The Lake Superior copper, in its matrix, is as hard as the ancient
implements, and both are harder than the copper of commerce.

Columbus, 0., June 4, 1879.

BY P. R. HOY, M. D.,

President of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.

I propose, briefly to consider the manner in which the ancient
inhabitants of this country fabricated those curious copper imple-
ments, which the plow and spade turn up all over Wisconsin and
the adjacent States. A few of the specimens, upon a superficial
inspection, seem to be cast Did these rude people possess the
skill and intelligence requisite to cast articles of pure copper?
Before a cast be made, it is necessary to have an exact cop}'
moulded either in Fand, plaster, clay, metal, or other suitable sub-
stances. The formation of sand moulds is by no means so simple
a matter as it seems at first thought. It requires long practical ex-
perience to overcome the disadvantages attendant upon the mate-
rials used. The moulds must be sufficiently strong to withstand
12 — St. His. Soc.

170 Wisconsin Statb Historical Society.

the pressure of the fluid metal perfectly, and at the same time to-
permit the escape of the gases formed by the action of the metal
on the damp sand. If the material be air-tight, then danger would
be from pressure, arising from the rapid generation of the gases^
and the casting would thus be spoiled. In moulding, an accurate
pattern must first be made, generally in two or more parts.
Pattern-making involves much knowledge and skill.

Copper is a refractory metal, which melts at from 2200 to 2600-
degree Fahrenheit — a temperature that can be reached only in a
furnace, assisted by some form of coal, and an artificial blast.
We must have good evidence before we assert that these dwellers
by the Lakes possessed these indispensable auxiliaries to success-
ful working in metals. Copper, when melted, is thick and pastj'',
and without the addition of some other metal, will not run inta
the cavities and sinuosities of the mould. Even now there is no
article smaller than a three pound hammer cast in pure copper.
In casting in copper, it is positively necessary to put the materials
in a crucible, and that the surface of the melting mass be cov-
ered with a flux in order to protect the melting metal from the
oxidizing action of the atmosphere. The manufacturing of good
crucibles, such as will withstand the heat necessary to melt the
more refractory metals, involves such a degree of knowledge, that
for many generations the entire civilized world was dependent on
a smill section of Germiny; and even now Hessian crucibles are-
unsurpassed. It will sufficiently indicate difficulties and scarcity
of the materials used, when it is known that America to-day is
dependent upon Europe for the immense number of crucibles used
in this country.

A large majority of these copper implements have specks of
points of pure silver scattered over their surfaces. Now I am
prepared to prove that one single particle of pure silver, visible
even with the aid of a microscope, is evidence positive that the
specimen was never melted. A fibrous texture is another evi-
dence that these implements were hammered or rolled out This
fibrous quality is well exhibited by the stria of hard bands found
in all specimens. We certainly would expect to find some evi-
dence of a sprue — the point where the metal is poured into the

Fabrication of Ancient Copper Implements. 171

mould, more especially if they were so carelessly finished as to
leave the imprint of the mould visible, as erroneously supposed
by some. Surely if these slight elevations and ridges are the im-
print of the moulds, then such specimens are of recent casting, for
it is evident that these delicate marks would be the first to be
corroded by the tooth of time.

I make here a short extract from a paper entiled *' The Ancient
Men of the Great Lakes," read by Henry Gillraan at the Detroit
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science. Mr. Gillman is a close observer, and an accomplished
archnpolo^ist, and has made the ancient mines of Lake Superior a
specialty. He says : " I cannot close, however, without express-
ing my wondering admiration of a relic, which, taken in connec-
tion with our former discoveries, affords some of the most import-
ant evidences of the character of the ancient miners, the nature of
their work, and the richness of the mineral field selected for their
labors at Isle Royal. On cleaning out of the pit the accumulat-
ing debris, this mass was found at the bottom, ai the depth of six-
teen and one-half feet It is of a crescent shape, and weighs
nearly three tons, or exactly 5,720 pjunds. Such a huge mass
was evidently beyond the ability of those ancient men to remove.
They could only deal with it as best they knew how. And as to
their mode of procedure, the surroundings in the pit, and the cor-
rugated surface of the mass itself, bear ample testimony — the
large quantities of ashes and coals lying around it ; a great num-
ber of the stone hammers or mauls, were also found near by^
many of them fractured by use. With these the surface of the
mass had evidently been beaten up into projecting ridges, and
broken oE The entire upper face and sides of the relic presented
repeated instances of this ; the depressions several inches deep,
and the intervening elevations with their fractured summits cov-
ering every part of the exposed superficies. How much of the
original mass was removed in the manner described, it is impossi-
ble to say. But from appearances, in all probability it must have
been at least one-third larger. Innumerable fragments of copper
chips lay sireicn on all sides^ and even the scales of fish, evidently
the remains of the meals of the miners, were recovered from the

172 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

pit." Mr. Gillmari was asked if there were in or about any of
these ancient mines, any indications of the copper having been
melted ? His reply was, " not the least." And now, were not
these innumerable copper chips that were strewn on every side
additional evidence that these ancient men knew nothing about
casting in copper? Those fragments would have been the most
suitable to melt, as in all metals the smaller the fragments the
more easily they melt It is evident that those chips, being too
small to make any form of their implements, were abandoned as
useless.

Finally; how were they made if not cast? I believe that I
have the key, and can fabricate any form of these, so called,
ancient implements, so exactly as to deceive good judges. These
ancient Indian?, for I believe they were Indians, (and I think I
have accummulated facts enough to prove them Indians,) used
fire in their mining operations. The vein-rock was made hot by
building a fire on or against it; then by dashing on water, the
rock could not only be fractured, but the exposed pieces of cop-
per be softened, s:) that it could be beaten into shape. When the
metal became condensed and hard, in consequence of its being
pounded, it was again heated and plunged into cold water ; for
copper is, in this particular respect, the opposite of steel ; the one
is softened, while the other is rendered hard. In this way copper
was fashioned simply by pounding. In addition to the hammer-
ing process, cylindrical articles were evidently rolled between two
flat rocks, which is the manner in which several of the articles in the
collection in the State Historical Society might have been mnda
Some of those implements that have been supposed to be cast were
swedged; that is a matrix was excavated in stone, into which the
rudely fashioned copper was placed, and then by repeated blows the
article was made to assum-j the exact shape of the mould. Many
of those plano-convex articles were undoubtedly made in this
manner. Of twenty axes taken from mounds near Davenport,
nearly ihree-fourths were of this patern. I will quote a few lines
from R H. Farqaharson on Btcent Explorations oj Mounds near
Davenport J Iowa.

*' The Davenport collection of Copper implements consists at

Fabrication of Ancient Copper Implements. 173

present of twenty axes, six of which were more or less covered
with cloth, four copper awls or borers, over one hundred beads,
and a curiously spoon-shaped implement. The axes are all of
two forms; one plano-convex, the other with flat sides. They
are all cold wrought by hammering; some retaining the original
scales or laminae on the surface; none of them show signs of use.''

All of these interesting implements are figured in the proceed-
ings of the American Association, Detroit meeting, page 304.
We can learn more from this Davenport collection than from any
other, for the reason of the perfect condition of the specimens,
having never been used, and, in some degree, protected by their
covering. Besides, his half-swedging process, I am persuaded
that, in a few instances at least, there was a complete mould
worked out in halves on the face of two flat stones, so that by
placing a suitable piece of copper between them, and giving re-
peated heavy blows, the copper was made to fill the mould ac-
curately. I was so fortunate as to discover a matrix on the face
of a large granite boulder. I made a pattern of this, and the beau-
tiful axe, deposited in the collection of your Historical Society,
"were made by me of float copper, cold swedgod, first having been
partly fashioned with a stone axe. I have cylindrical implements
tapering regularly from the center to the points, as well as the
beautiful hatchet referred to, made to illustrate in evidence of my
position.

Eacine, November 12, 1879.

THE PICTURED CAVE OF LA CROSSE VALLEY,

NEAR WEST SALEM, WISCONSIN.

By Rev. EDWARD BROWN.

The subject of ladian Pictography is an interesting one, and has been
more or less treated by Schoolcraft and other American archteologists. These
pictorical or symbolical represcntions constitute one of the earliest observed
traits in the customs and arts of the American Aborigines. The best speci-
mens have been found among the Toltecs and Aztecs of Mexico. Picture
writing, Schoolcraft informs us, is very limited among the Sioux; tlie most-
they use is by warriors denoting feats of bravery, representing wounds, pris-
oners, and killed — this is about all the picture-writing they have. The rude
representations here given, found in the La Crosse Vallc}' Pictured Cave, and
doubtless made by the Sioux, serve to corroborate Mr. Schoolcrafl*s state-
ment

Of the general subject of Indian Pictography, Mr. Schoolcraft very aptly
remarks: ** The topic is certainly illustrative of the Indian mind - By pick-
ing up and persevering to future time his wild pictographic jottings and no-
tations, tlie inquirer is put in possession of the means of judging of the
wild, dark, and incoherent images that pass through the Indian mind. It
could hardly otherwise be judged how vague, and utterly distracted in its
mental and moral garniture, is the grade of his thoughts, theories and opin-
ions." L. C. D.

This curious cavern is situated on the farm of David Samuel,
in the town of B^rre, four miles from West Salem, and eight
miles from La Crosse, on the north-west quarter of section twenty,
of township sixteen, ronge six. It was discovered in October,
1878, by Frank Samuel, a son of the owner of the land, eighteen
years of age, who had set a trap for raccoons at a hole of consid-
erable size in the hill. Finding that he could, with a little diffi-
culty, crawl into the aperture, which had been dug by wild ani-
mals through a land-slide, at the foot of a cliff of Potsdam
sandstone, he entered, and finding that it opened into a spacious
cavern, he procured lights, and with two older brothers and a

The Pictured Cave of La Crosse Valley. 175

friend, explored it They found the walls extensively covered
with pictures and hieroglyphic character, and charcoal paintings.
It thus becaaie known to a few neighbors, and a few boys, who in
the winter resorted to it and built fires and carved their names
and their own pictures.

About the first of June, 1879, I heard of such a cave with such
pictures and characters, and immediately visited it. I quickly
saw that there was something of much value to the cause of arch-
icological science ; that the rude pictures were evidently quite old ;
that the now close chamber had been an open cavern in the cliff,
which had been closed, not less than one hundred and fifty 3^ears,
by a land-slide from the hill above. A poplar tree, two feet in
diameter, having one hundred and twenty growths of circles,
stood as a dead tree twenty-five years ago, when Mr. Samuel first
came there, and had rotted and fallen ; and a birch tree stood
iipon the edge of the cliff where the land slide had passed over,
of from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and sixty annular
growths. I visited Mr. Samuel and informed him of the value to
science of the inscriptions and possible discoveries to be made by
digging. He immediately took measures to stop the vandalism
that was fast destroying them ; to enlare^e the opening, and clear
out the sand that had washed in from the landslide, and half filled
the cave. In the meantime I took fac similes of the pictures and
characters by pressing tissue paper into the grooves, and with black
crayons followed each line to its termination, preserving also its
original width. In this way I got perfect outlines; and by plac-
ing other sheets over them, in the light of a window pane, took
small copies that showed the pictures in their original form and
size. I sent one set to Prof. Chamberlin, State Geologist, not in-
tending to make anything public till an examination had been
made by an archaiological expert, and their value to science ascer-
tained. In the meantime, it having become noi.scd about that I
was examining such a cave, I was called upon by the h>cal editor
of the "Chronicle,"' of La Crosse, to whom I gave copies of some
of the most prominent of the pictures, from which hasty and im-
perfect wood-cuts were prepared, which appeared in the " Chron-
icle." The article was seen by Mr. Lyrnan C. Draper, Secretary

176 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

of the State Historical Society, who wrote to me for information
in regard to it. I sent him copies of the pictures, so far as I had
taken them, and designated a time — June 27th — to dig into the
bottom of the cave, requesting him to come, or'send a competent
archaeologist. He communicated with Dr. J. A. Rice, of Merton,
Waukesha countf, who came at the time appointed, with Mr.
Rockwell Sayer, of Chicago. A company of seventeen men re-
paired to the place, with shovels, wheel-barrows, and other neces-
sary things for exploration. Several intelligent ladies also at-
tended, and prepared a dinner.

Commencing at the back end of the cave, the sand was care-
fully dug up and wheeled out, every load carefully inspected, and
the work continued till the whole had been examined. We came
upon four layers of ashes, each from four to six inches deep, and
containing charcoal, and burned and nearly vitrified sand-rock.
They were separated from each other throughout the whole length
and breadth of the cave by layers of clean, white sand, of from
ten to fourteen inches in depth. Below the whole was water, of
the same level as a marsh that lies in front of the cliflF. The
lower stratum of sand and ashes contained nothing. In the
second were fragments of pottery made of clay and ground shells.
These were smooth, and of the oldest kind found in mounds.
In the third, more elaborately wrought pottery, the newest found
in mounds ; with numerous fragments and whole sides of Missis-
sippi river bivalve shell?, and a bodkin of bone, seven inches
long. This, according to the opinion of old hunters, was of the
"hock-bone" of an elk. It was in dry, white sand, and is quite
sharp and smooth with use, and in a perfect state of preservation,
even retaining the glassy polish of wear and handling, as if used
but yesterday.

All the layers had become compact and well stratified, and all
contained bits of charcoal, and charred and rotten wood. In the
upper layer we found two bones of birds, and two of small ani-
mals, and a " clue-claw " of a deer, and a cartilaginous maxillary
inferior of a reptile. The four completely diffused strata of ashes,
separated by a foot average of clear sand, showed that there had
been four distinct periods of occupancy, separated by considerable

The Pictured Cave of La Crosse Valley. 177

intervals of tima This was also indicated by two orders of pot-
tery, one always below the other; but nothing to measure the
time. The only conclusion we could arrive at was, that the first
occupation was very ancient, and the last before the land-slide, or
not less than one hundred and fifty or one hundred and sixty years
ago. The zone of the pictures agreed best, for convenience of en-
graving, with the third occupancy, the age of the figured pottery.

Before the land-slide, it was an open shelter cavern, fifteen feet
wide at the opening, and seven feet at the back end. Greatest
width, sixteen feet — average, thirteen ; length, thirty feet ; height,
thirteen feet ; and depth of excavation, after clearing out the sand
of the land-slide, five feet The pictures are mostly of the rudest
kind, but differing in degree of skill. Except several b'sons, a
lynx, rabbit, otter, badger, elk and heron, it is perhaps impossible
to determine with certainty what were intended, or whether they
represented large or small animals, no regard being had to their
relative sizes. A bison, lynx, and rabbit are pictured in one
group, all of the same size. One picture perhaps suggests a mas-
todon ; another, the largest, a hippopotamus; but whether they
were really intended to represent those animals is quite uncertain.
Others seem to refer to animals yet in existence. Many pictures
are fragmentary by the erosion of the soft sand rock on which
they are engraved. In one place is a crevice eight feet long, two
feet high, and extending inward two and a half feet, with frag-
ments of pictures above and below.

The appearance and connection of the pictures and characters
indicate that they were historical, rather than engraved for mere
amusement, and suggest that thorough exploration of caves may
yet shed much light on the history of the pre-historic Aborigines
of our country.

While these representations are exceedingly rude, it is deemed
best. to preserve tracings of them, to subserve the investigations of
archaeologists. They were made by placing thin paper over the
engravings or paintings, pressing it down, and tracing the lines
with crayons. The more important of them are herewith sub-
joined, having been engraved by Messrs. Marr & Richards, of
Milwaukee, in reduced size, with care and accuracy :

178

Wisconsin State Historical Society.

No. 1, perhaps, suggests a
mastodon, and has the oldest
appearance of any in the cave.
The size of the original is six-
teen inches long, by ten and a
half inches from the top of

Pig. 1. the head to the bottom of the

feet.

No. 2, perhaps, indicates a bison, or buffalo, and is the best ex-
ecuted picture of the
whole collection. Its
size, nineteen inches
long, by fifteen and a
half inches from tip
of the horns to the
feet

No. 3, perhaps a
hip popolamus — or,
perhaps, a bear; the
rear portion crumbled
off, and the largest
representation in the cave,
thirteen inches from the hu

Fig. 2.

It is twenty eight inches long, and
mp to the feet

Fig. 8.

No. 4, an elk with its hunter, whole length eighteen inches;
the animal is ten inches long by fourteen from tip of front prong
of horns to the feet ; the Indian, partly defaced, eleven and a half

Ths Pictured Oaye of La Crosse Yallet.

179

i]r-^

inches bigh, by four in-
ches from end of arms to
the opposite side of the
body. The weapon is
nine by five inches.

No. 5, represents a
hunter, with a boy behind
him, in the act of shoot-
ing an animal, with his
bow and arrow weapon.
The whole representation is twenty-five inches long ; the animal
from tip of tail to end of horn or proboscis, twelve inches, and

"■nf^x.

Fio. 4.

Fig. 5.

from top of head to feet, seven inches; the hunter eleven inches
high ; the boy four and a halt

No. 6, is a group of five figures, representing perhaps a bison,

Fio. 6.

a lynx, a rabbit, an otter, and a rudely formed man — or possibly
a bear in an erect attitude. The group, for the convenience of

180 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

engraver, is not arranged as in the cave — the figures in the original
were in single file, covering a space of three and a half feet in length.
The bison, the upper left hand figure, is twelve inches long, eight
inches from top of the horns to the fore feet, and nearly ten inches
from tip of the tail to the hind feet. The lynx, the lower left
hand figure, is ten and a half inches from the tip of the nose to
the tip of the tail, five and a quarter inches from the tips of the
ears to the fore feet, and eight inches from the tip of the tail to
the hind feet The otter, the upper right hand figure, is eight
and a half inches from the tip of the nose to the end of the body,
while the tail is seven and a half inches long; from the top of the
rump to the hind feet, five inches; and four inches from the top
of the shoulders to the fore feet The rabbit, the lower right hand
figure, is ten and a half inches from the nose to the end of the
tail, five and a half inches from the top of the neck to the fore feet
and five and a quarter inches from the top of the rump to the rear
hind foot The upright figure, in the center, is seven and a half
inches tall, and three inches from the end of the arm to the back
of the body.

No. 7, represents, perhaps, a
badger; thirteen and a half inches

TJ ■ ■ -^^ /; long, four inches and tbree-quart-

PiQ 7 ers from the top of the head to the

fore feet, and three and a half inches from the rump to the hind feet

No. 8, an Indian painted
on the wall, and the rude
drawing of an animal cut
in the rock — occupying the
relative positions represent-
ed in the engraving. The
animal is sixteen and a half
inches from the lower ex-
tremity of the head to the
tip of the tail, and seven Fio. 8.

and a quarter inches from the rump to the rear hind foot: while
the Indian figure is ten inches in height, and nine and a half inches
from the end of one arm to that of the other.

The Pictured Cave of La Crosse Valley. 181

No. 9, represents a wounded animal, with the arrow or weapon
near the wound. This figure is twentj-one and three quarter

inches from the
l^wer extremity of
the no5e to the tip
of the tail; eight
and three quarter
inches from fore
shoulders to front
Fig. 9- feet, and eight in-

ches from the rump to the hind feet The weapon is four and a
half inches long, by five inches broad from the tip of one prong
or barb to that of the other.

It may be remarked, that the two prongs or barbs of the weapon
or arrow, in this figure, are doubtless altogether too long and dis-
proportioned. We are justified in this supposition, from the
general fact of there being no recognition of the relative sizes of
the animals represented in the several figures in the cave.

No. 10, an animal, fifteen
and a half inches long, eight
inches from top of rump to
the hind feet, six inches from
the fore shoulders to fore feet,
and four inches from top
the head to the end of the nose.

SA «

No. 11, probablv a bison or

Fig. 10.
buffalo as the hump indicates,
piinted on the rock with some
black substance. From the nose
to the end of the body, eleven
inches; eight and a half inches
from the hump or shoulders to
the feet, and seven and a half
inches from the rump to the hind feet As the tongue protrudes,
the animal would seem to be in the act of bellowing for its fel-
lows or its young.

Fio IL

182

Wisconsin State Historical Sociktt.

No. 12, a heron; from
end of bill to the toes,
seventeen and a half in-
ches, and four inches from
the top of the back to the
opposite part of the body.

No. 13, perhaps design-
ed to represent a canoe,
twenty-eight inches across
from the extreme point to
the other, and five and a
half inches from the top
to the bottom at the larg-
est point.

Figs. 12 and 18.

No. 14, a chief with eight plumes

and a war club; eleven inches from

Fig. 14. top of head to the lower extremity

and six inches and three-quarters from the tip of the upper finger

to the end of the opposite arm. The war club six and a half

inches long.

Fig. 15.
No. 15, implements or weapons ; the engraving Fig. 1(J.

thirteen inchesby nine — the one on the right, with a handle, eight
and a half inches long; and the arrow beside it, nine inches.

The Pictured Cave of La Crosse Valley. 183

No. 16, perhaps an altar, with its ascending flame; twelve
inches in height, by nine wide.

No. 17, perhaps a representation ot flames, as given in Quack-
enbos' School History of the United States, edition 1808, p. 24;

Fig. 17.
or it may be designed to represent ears of corn. Twenty-four
inches in length by seventeen in breadth ; the longest flame, or ear,
ten and a half inches, and an inch and a half thick ; the smal-
lest three inches long, and three-fourths of an inch thick.
West Salem, Wis., July 2, 1879.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE PICTURED CAVE.

By Hon. JOHCl A. RICE.

I visited the Pictured Cave you so kindly requested me to do
in behalf of the State Historical Society, and avail myself
of the earliest opportunity to examine my notes, and also the fac-
simile sketches of the animal representations there found, courte-
ously presented to me by Rev. Edward Brown, and from them
have prepared the report, which I now submit for the use of the
Society. Great credit is due to Mr. Brown for bringing the dis-
covery of the cave to the' notice of archaeologists. This cave is
situated on the farm of a Mr. Samuel, near West Salem, in the
county of La Crosse, and was discovered by a son of Mr. Sam-
uel when trapping coons in a hole some animal had dug into the

184 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

cave. The cavern is simply an enlarged fissure in the soft Pots-
dam sandstone, which abounds in that region, and is situated on
the eastern edge of a small marsh surrounded on all sides, except
the north, by a high ridge of this sand rock. The original open-
ing to the cave was on a level with this marsh, and was about
fifteen feet wide. At some former time, a " land-slide " had
occurred, which must have completely closed the opening. On
this slide there is a stump two feet in diameter, far gone into de-
cay. This stump stands above the top of the cave, and the roots
have had to be cut away to eCEect an entrance. A careful exam-
ination revelled the fact that the tree (a poplar) was one hundred
and twenty-five years old, and Mr. Samuel says it was a dead
tree twenty-five years ago. On my arrival, a large opening had been
made, which was closed with a door, kept securely locked. About
three feet of sand had been removed from the entire floor of the
cave.

In company with Rev. Mr. Brown, and three other reverend
gentlemen, Revs. A. Clark, P. Hitchcock and J. C. Webster, with
many of the people living near by, I commenced excavations by
making a cross section of the back part of the cave, carrying it
down to the water, a distance of over five feet, and had the sand
wheeled out of the cave, thoroughly examining every load. This
section revealed four separate and distinct layers of ashes and
burnt sand, in some places almost vitrified. These layers varied
from four to six inches in thickness, and between them
were as many layers of clean, white sand, varying in thick-
ness from nine to twelve inches. The e.^cavation was thus car-
ried forward until the entire floor of the cave had been carefully
examined, the layers of ashes and sand continuing throughout.
In the first la^'er of ashes nothing whatever was found. In the
second layer a few pieces of pottery were discovered. These
pieces were smooth on both sides, and were made of clay and
pounded shells. In the third layer several pieces of pottery were
also found. These pieces were all made of the same material as
that found in the second layer ; but it was all ornamented on the
outer surface. Many fragments, and whole sides of fresh water
bivalve shells were found in the second and third layers of ashes.

The Pictured Cave ok La Cbossk Yalley. 185

In the clean sand just above the third layer a bone dagger or
bodlcin, seven inches long, and in an excellent stale oE preserva-
tion, was found.

■ Careful search was made for human bones, but not a trace waa
found, and, with the exception of a few bones belonging to some
of the feathered tribe, none others were discovered.

The loaf of the cave is an irregular arch, extending backwards
thirty feet, and, before the occurrence of the land slide, was sim-
ply a rock shelter with a western exposure, and an opening of
fifteen feet, extending back, as already related, thirty feet, and
presenting a height of about fifteen feet.

But the only thing remarkable about this cave is the crude and
rough representations of men and animals on its sides, fac similes
of which you already have. These representations include the
bison, the elk, lynx, rabbit, and the heron, with two or three rep-
resentations of men, one with a bov and arronr, in the act of
shooting a deer or elk, and with the head ornamented with eight
plumes or fealhei-s. One of the pictures suggests the hippopota-
mus, and it is one of tlie largest representations in the cave ; but,
on the other hand, there is in one group a bison, a lynx and a
rabbit, all of the same size, so that the mere fact of size may,
and may not, mean anything, and is quite as likely to represent
the bear as anything else, and perhaps more so, as, it this does
not delineate that animal, thei'c is no representation of him in the
cave, which would seem strange, as the bear must have been
(juile as well known as the three otliers named.

In regard to the antiquity of these drawings there can be no
quesiiou, for some itf them were covered with sand, and besides I
iound pieces of the rock buried in the sand, which had fallen from
the sides, with portions of the inscriptions upon them, which fact
must be regaixled as proof positive of a greater or less antiquity.
These are all the facta in regard to the cave that I think worth
noting.

Now, as to the conclusions to be drawn from the representa-
tions here found, and which are the only objects of interest The
fact that we find four distinct and separate layers of ashes, with
pottery in two of them of a diHerent order and make, would cer-
13-St. H18.80C.

186 Wisconsin State Historical Socibty.

tainly indicate four separate and distinct occupations of the rock
shelter, each occupying a greater or less length of time, and when
we recollect that the Indian always contents himself with the
smallest possible amount of fire, and take into consideration the
thickness of the layers of ashes, it is fair to conclude that each
occupation of the cave must have continued some considerable
period of time. The layers of sand are easily accounted for, as
resulting from the disintegration of the soft rock above the cave,
as it fell down from the edge of the cliff which would naturally
drift into the cavern or shelter, and, more or less, rapidly, make
the layers mentioned ; and although the rock of the sides and roof
of the cave are quite soft, the disintegration has been exceedingly
slow, as there has been no percolation of water, and especially
since the closure of the opening the forest has not acted upon the
walls, so that the change since that time at least has been very
slight indeed, and accounts for the well preserved condition of
the pictures.

It is, perhaps, impossible to say during which of these occupa-
tions of the shelter the drawings were made ; but taking into con-
sideration the height of the zone of pictures above the first and
88cond occupations, they could hardly be referred to either of
these, and therefore must have been made during the third or
fourth occupation, and from the proof positive of the closure of the
cave for a period of at least one hundred and fifty years, a consid-
erable antiquity must be allowed.

I have an interesting/ac simile of an attempt at history-writing
by the Sioux, with its interpretation. It is a rough representa-
tion of some one event in each year, occurring during the period
from 1800 to 1870; and very much resembles some of the
sketches in this cava After a careful comparison of these and
similar Indian drawings I have, I am forced to the conclusion that
these representations in the La Crosse Valley Pictured Cave are
also of Indian origin. Everything about them indicates this ;
especially the drawing of the human figure with eight plumes on
his head can be regarded in no other light than as an Indian of
some note, who displayed his eight feathers as indicating the tak-
ing of so many scalps, and would be so interpreted by any Sioux

The PiOTURiD Cave of La Crosse Valley. 187

or other North- Western Indian. If these conclusions are correct,
the greatest antiquity allowable would be from perhaps three to
eight hundred years.

It is a little remarkable that so few animal bones were found,
as we would expect, from the great amount of ashes, and the
length of time the place has been occupied, to find the bones of
animals used for food; but this can be accounted for from the fact
that it was an open shelter, and the bones so used would have
been in all probability, thrown out of the opening into the lake
or marsh, as the case might be, and an examination of this locality,
I think, would reveal considerable refuse of this kind; but the
sand resulting from the land slide, and that wheeled out of the
cave, would make this a matter of considerable labor, so much so
that while there I had no time to make it

As you have fac similes of the most of the drawings in this
cave, and as you will also have the specimens of pottery, together
with the .bone dagger found, you will have, with the descripttott
here given, together with that of the Rev. Mr. Brown, which,
accompanies this report, all the facts in regard to this cave, about
which so much has been said, and will be able to draw an intelli-
gant conclusion in regard to the antiquity of the representations
there found.

Merton, Wis., July 4, 1879.

NOTES OxV JEAN NICOLET.

By benjamin SULT6, Ottawa, Canada.

It seems proper to explain what called forth the following paper on Jean
Nicolet. The advent of this early and hardy explorer to Wisconsin is not
noticed by our great hintorian, Bancroft, nor by our own Wisconsin historian,
Oen. Wm. R. Smith. And even that careful antiquary, Dr. J. G. Shea, has not
given him the credit of visiting our territory as early by some five years as he
is justly entitled.

Father Le Jeunc, in his letter of Sept. 10, 1640, published in the Jesuit Re-
lations^ states substantially that " Nicolet, who had penetrated farthest into
those distant countries, avers that had he sailed three days more on a great
river which flows from that lake [Green Bay], he would have found the sea; "
hence, Mr. Shea infers, as this was written in 1640, that Nicolet*s Wisconsin
visit must have occurred not very long before, and thus, in his Discooery of
the Mississippi, 1B52, places it "as early as 1639,*' and again *' about 1689;*'
while in his Indian Tribes of Wisconsin (Wis. Hist. Colls.. 1857. iii, 126), he
says " in 1639," which he repeats in his edition of Charlevoix's New France^
1866, ii, 187, note.

Parkman, following Shea's earlier work, places this event, in his France
and England in North America, 1869, as occurring '* in or before the year
1639; " and in his Jesuits in North Amertcay 1870, has it "as early as 1689."
NeiWs Minnesota adopts Shea's later date of 1639.

In 1876, Mr. Suite, the author of the following paper, published his excel-
lent Melanges D'llistoire et de Litterateur, in which he devotes a chapter to
Jean Nicolet, showing that he made his Wisconsin exploration in 1634-35.
Mr. Suite's attention was called to a possible later period as the time of Nico-
lei's visit; and this inquiry drew from him t^e subjoined paper, proving quite
conclusively that he made his eventful journey to Wisconsin in 1634-35, and
could not have made it at a later period.

The further question which Mr. Shea avers, and Parkman twice repeats,
that Nicolet partly descended the Wisconsin, and which the Canadian histo-
rian, F. X. Garucau, in the Journal de Quebec, of April 20, 1854, admits may
have been so, if "the most liberal interpretation " be assumed. Mr. C. W.
Butterfield controverts this point, with apparent success, in a monogram on
Nicolet' s Discovery of Wisconsin, which will soon be given to the public, and
will deservedly attract the attention of all lovers of the truth of history.

That " Nicolet was a remarkable man," as Parkman asserts, is abundantly
shown by the Jesuit Relations, Ferland's Notes sur les Registres de Quebec, the
works of Shea and Parkman, and the forthcoming volume of Mr. Butterfleld.

L. C. D.

Notes on Jean Nicolet. 189

At what time was Nicolet appoioted interpreter of the Com-
pany of New France, otherwise called the Hundred Association or
Partners ?

Nicolet arrives in the country in 1618, being a nominee or a
protege of Champlain. He goes immediately to Allumettes
Island, on the Ottawa, in order to study the Indian language.
Id 1622, he is noted as having already a very extensive influence
among the Algonquin Indians. And for a period of eight or
nine years after 1622, says Father Le Jeune, a particular friend, he
lived with the tribes of the Nipissing — that is, from 1623-31.

In 1627, the Company of New France is founded, fulfilling the
views of Champlain, whose friendship towards his protege, Nicolet,
may have induced him to give him the rank of official interpreter,
which he fully deserved. It is to noted that Hertel, Godefroy,
Marguerie, Marsolet, Brul6 and Le Tardif, were, as well as Nicolet,
all young men of thirty years, or thereabout, at this period —
1627 ; and that they had had already a good many j'^ears of ex-
perience among the Indians. In speaking of them, our histo-
rians have always styled them interpreters, and so they really
were. I may add, that I believe I have always noticed the above
named persons mentioned in the writings of this period as "inter-
preters." We know, also, that Hertel, Brul6, Godefroy, Mar-
guerie and Le Tardif, were located, or had charge of various
localities of trade between Gaspe and Montreal, during the time
that Nicolet was living among the tribes of the Upper Ottawa
and the Nipissing reojion, and 1618-1629, leaving that country to
himself, and partly to Marsolet who resided there, I believe, for
some period prior to 1629.

In my Life of Nicolei^ I say that I am not certain that he did,
or did not, return to Quebec before 1629. My impression is that
he might have been there in 1628, to receive orders from Cham-
plain on account of the new state of things inaugurated by the
creation of the system of 1627 — " The Hundred Associators ; "
but I see no reason why he should not have ranked from that
time with the interpreters of New France. The Relation says that
he remained with the Nipissing during the occupation of Quebec
by the English — 1629-32.

190 Wisconsin Statk Historical SociETr.

July 19th, 1629, Quebec is taken by Kertk; surrendered back
to the French in July, 1632, when Emery De Caen took posses-
sion, and landed with the Jesuit Fathers.

In July, 1632, was the month, I might say the only month,
during which the trade of the Great Lakes was performed on the
St Lawrence, mostly on the spot where Three Eivers stood after-
wards. The flotilla of bark canoes used to spend from eight to
ten days, and no more, in that place, very seldom reaching Que-
bec. Therefore, so soon as De Caen arrived in July, 1632, he
was in a position to send orders to the most remote interpreter of
the country, Nicolet, through the Indians returning home that
very month. Generally it took five weeks for them to reach
Georgian Bay.

It was in 1633, I firmly believe, that Nicolet was ordered to go
down to Quebec, as I have thus explained. The Relation says
positively, that on the French resuming possession of Quebec, he
was called to the Colony. Champlain arrived from France on
the 23d of May, in that year. In June, he caused a small fort to
be built about forty miles above Quebec, to afford protection to
the trading flotilla descending the St Lawrence, and which was
always much exposed to the attacks of the Iroquois, especially
when having landed at Three-Eivers to trade. It was thought
advisable to draw the trade nearer to Qaebec, and thus the St«
Croix fort was established in June, 1633. During the same
month, and in the early part of it, one hundred and fifty Huron
canoes arrived to trada They must have left their country by
the 1st of May, and traveled fast No doubt that that " engresse-
raent," and the great number of them, can be explained by the
news of the return of the French to Quebec in the preceding year.
Nicolet must have been with them. In the meantime vessels
arrived safely from France, loaded with provisions, people and
supplies of various kinds. The promise of a bright period would
seem to have dawned upon the Colony. No wonder that Cham-
plain should have taken advantage of this happy state of affairs
to develop his scheme of exploration in the far and unknown
country, the door of which he had reached in a single day, and
where Nicolet had resided for so many years. Even supposing

Notes ox Jean Nicolet.

that Nicolet did not go dowu to Quebec in 1633, be could have
gone; and he certainly went there in the month of June, 1634,
because he started from that place oo the 2d of July with Father
Brebeut to proceed to the West

Js'ow, as I have already said, he had every right to be regarded
03 an inierpreier from at least 1622. He may have been placed
as such on the pay list in 1627; but having, as I presume, ren-
dered very little service to the Hundred Asiociators between 1628
and 1633, it is likely that his employ as interpreter in full pay
only dated in reality from the summer of 1632. So soon as he
reached Quebec with the Indiana of his " Agency," either in 1633
or 1634, he was nothing else, I am sure, but an interpreter of the
company, paid by them, and receiving his orders from them,
through Champlain, their representative.

Why not say, therefore, with the livtnlion, that he was an inter-
preter oE the ITundred Associatori when he was sent to explore
Wisconsin? That, in my estimation, would be quite correct.

That Nicolet was interpreter at Three Rivera is not staled ; and
be could not have been beciuse the fort at that pla<'e was not yet
buill, and the trade of 1632 and 1633 which took place partly at
St. Croix, and party at Quebec and Three Rivers, must have been
attended by the various interpreters already mentioned in tnese
notes, whilst nothing can explain how Champlain wouid have em-
ployed Xicolet at that period of this life on the St. Lawrence,
after having prepared him with so great pains to carry on the
business in ihe West

It happened that when Father Brebeuf and Nicolet left Quebeo
for the West on the 2d of July, 1634, an expedition had sailed from
there on the 1st of that month to go to Three Rivers to establish
a fort. On the 4th, they were all arrived at that latter place ; and
the first pickets were planted under the eye of Nicolet, who imme-
diately after renewed his journey lo the West, in company with
the Eurons who had been trading at Three Rivers that year; for
they were determined not to go any farther in the direction of
Quebec, and that is the reason why Champlain abandoned St.
Ctoix, and established Three Rivers. In 1635, trade was carried
on with the Hurona at Three Rivers between the loth aod tho

192 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

23 J of July. Had Nicolet returned from Wisconsin with them ? I
calculate that the trip from Quebec to Wisconsin must have
taken ten weeks each way, leaving thirty weeks of the year —
from July, 1634 to July, 1635 — for the transactions connected
with the object of his voyage, which is plenty. Consequently, he
had time to start in July, 1634, and return in July, 1635.

From that moment, or rather from the 9th of December, 1635, we
find Nicolet residing at Three Rivers as interpreter — and so con-
tinued till the year of his death, 1642.

Jean Nicolet, it will be seen, arrived in the colony in 1618, and
immediately went to reside on the Ottawa river and Lake Nipis-
sing. The Relations des Jesidies say that he remained there until
the country was restored to France by the English, in 1632. The
first time we find Nicolet below Montreal is in July, 1634, when
Father Brebeuf states that he traveled up with him to Allumettes
Island, on the Ottawa. The party with which Brebeuf was,
passed Three Rivers, half-way between Quebec and Montreal, on
the 4th of July, 1634. From Allumettes Island, where Nicolet had
landed, Brebeuf traveled to the Huron missions, on the shore of
the Georgian Bay. These facts are taken from the Relations,

Now comes my supposition, which is entirely new to historians.
Nic^et left Allumettes Island about September, 1634, and went
to Wisconsin. He must have spent the winter there, in order to
return to Canada with the trading parties the following summer.
The Indians from the Great Lakes used to reach Three Rivers in
July and August ; never before nor after that period. They were
there on the 20th of July, 1635.

On the 9th of December, 1635, I find Jean Nicolet, interpreter^
at Three Rivers, as recorded in the register of the church ; and
again on the 21st, 27th and 29th of the same month. Again on
the 7th and 9th of January ; 20th of April ; 30th of May ; and

e 2!ith of Augu:<t, 1636.

Nicolet must have spent the winter of 1636-37 in Three Rivers^
because we find him on the 16th of April, 1637, leaving that place
to go to Quebec at the call of the Governor-General. Eleven
days after he is present at a council at Quebec, in the interest of
the establishment of an Indian settlement at Three Rivers. Dur-

Notes on Jeak Nicolet.

ing ihe summer of that year he is mentioned in the Rehlions two
or three times in connection with the defence of that village
against the Iroquois.

At Quebec, 7th of October, 1837, Nicolet marriea Marguerite
Couillard. The marriage coatract is dated in that city, 22d of Oc-
tober, 1637. On the following 18th of November, he is mentioned
in the church register at Three Rivers, where he spent the whole
winter of 1637-38. From that moment his wife is present at
church nearly every month in Three Rivers up lo 1642, the dale of
Nicolet's death, as the register shows.

The church register of Three Rivers for 1638, only contains the
first five months of that year. Nicolet's presence, during that
period of five months, is mentioned only on the 19th of March.
After that we find him again at thesame place on the 9th of Janu-
ary, 1639. There is no probability that he went to Wisconsin
and returned during that short period of less than ten months, of
which the half was not fit for traveling back from that remote
point lo the St. Lawrence. Besides, we know that the spirit of dis-
covery had died with Champlainon the 25th of December, 1635; and
we may also believe that Nicolet, after his marriage, never again
attempted those daring excui'sions among unknown nations that
marked his early career. He is present at church in Three Rivera
9th of January, 4th of March, the 16th, 18th and 20th of July,
and the 7th of December, 1639. Go the 9th of October of the
same year, he was present at Quebec to attend the marriage of the
father and mother of Jolliet Nicolet is at Three Rivers again
on the 26lh of January, 1640. lie died two years after that date;
and during all that time we trace hira month by month in the
parish register of Three Rivera.

In brief, Nicolet must have traveled to the Mississippi in the
year 16S4-5, from July to July, because that period ia the only
one during which we cannot find him on the shore of the St, Law-
rence.

Nicolet had nothing to do with the Jesuits. Therefore, it is not
possible that lie traveled on discovery in connection with those
Fathers, who, at that time — 1636, and afterwards — were the only
persons taking an interest in Western discovery. Being an em-

194 Wisconsin Statk Historical Society.

ploye of the Hundred Partners, Nicolet remained at Three Rivers
from 1635 to 16i2 ; and we know that neither the Hundred Part-
ners nor M. de Montmagny, the Governor General, who came to
succeed Champlain in June, 1636, troubled themselves about
the Great Lake*, and the country beyond them. I cannot see any
reason why Nicolet would have visited Wisconsin after the death of
Champlain ; after he had abandoned the life of the woods ; after
he had got married ; after he had became an employe of the prin-
cipal commercial company of Canada ; when nobody seems to
have wanted him to resume his old style of life ; but, on the con-
trary, at a time when his presence at Three Rivers was so important
both winter and summer.
August, 1877.

EARIY mSTOlUC RELICS OF ME NORTH-WEST.

Br PRor. JAME3 D, BUTLER. LL D.

In the seventb volume of the Oilkrd'ons of this Society, I con-
tributed an account of a Weatphalian meilal of 16i8, which had
been plowed up iu oar North- West, in BufTalo Co., Wis., in 1861.
It was my endeavor to show that that relic might very possibly have
I been brought lo America by Hennepin, the first while man who
I ascended the Mississippi lo the FulU of St. Anthony.

A Venetian Medal of 1685.

Oddly enough, I have now fallen in with a sort of counterpart
[■ to that Buffalo finciing — a medal which, it may be, belonged to
in who discovered as much of the Souihern Mississippi as
I Hennepin did of the Northern,

The oldest of all portable monuments are coins and medals.

They are "eternal jewels." The places where they turn up are

I as surprising as their age. Suob an antique lately came into my

I hands at Ottawa, Illinois, where a countryman or peddler had sold

t as old silver to a dealer in bric-a-brac.

Its date is 1685; it is in perfect preservation, and evidently a

I Venetian medal. On the rim between the two faces are the words :

iVirtuteeifoi-tiuia VeneCorum — " By the valor and suc;esa of the

i Venetians."

The obverse is the Yenetian lion triumphing. His left paw
r Isolds an open book inscribed, Pax tilji, Marce, evangdisla metM —
"Peace to thee, 0 Mark, my evangelist" Beneath iiis feet are a
I umeter, spear, and three chains, which hold captives, who are tur-
I baned and kneeling, one bearing the crescent badge, another with
r bands bound behind his back. Other captives are half seen. Be-
I bind all, and beneath a star, is a warrior wearing a cap peculiar
J the doge of Yenice. Above all are the words, L^oai UlViTt —

196 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

«

" To the Lion, the Avenger ; " and below these words, an arm
thrust out of a cloud and laying a crown decorated with a palm
branch on the head of the winged lion. Below all are the figures,
1685. The reverse shows a wonderful map of Greece southward
from Prevesa on the west, and Euboei on the east. The names of
twenty-two places are more legible than in almost any modern
map. The position of each city is indicated by something resem-
bling a wall and gate. Over ten cities there rises a cross, over
five a crescent The outlines of seven islands are marked ; those
of bays and rivers, forests and mountains, are still more numerous.

The medal is of silver, and four and one-half inches in circum-
ference. It weighs two hundred and sixty-two grains. Its age,
lacking only six years of two centuries, renders it miraculous that
I behold it untouched by time's effacing fingers. Many letters are
delicate, but not one is erased. The lion's nose was stamped in
high relief, and it has been a little snubbed and fiatteaed. In all
other respects, we survey this relic with nothing of that artistic
finish marred, and nothing of that polished brightness dimmed
with which it came forth from the mint where all Christendom
learned the art of coining.

On the whole, few specimens of the Numismatic art are more
creditable than the medal before me. Bat as an historical memo-
rial it is far more memorable.

It celebrates the last great triumph of Venetian arms. The war
to which it relates was waged between Venice and Turkey for
fifteen years ; from 1684 to 1699. The Venetians, under Moro-
flini who had become world-famous by defending Oandia at the
close of the longest siege recorded in history, invaded Greeca
They first attacked the Ionian Islands on its Western coast They
conquered Santa Maura in sixteen days; then over- ran Cephalonia
and Zante. Next they captured Prevesa and Arta north of the
Corinthian Gulf. Afterwards, landing on the Morea, which Turk-
ish tyrants had held for more than two centuries, they mastered
Navarino, Modon, Coron, and before the end of two years they
had driven the Turks out of the whole Southern Peninsula, ex-
cept Naplia and Corinth. In 1687, they besieged the Acropolis
of Athens, and at length took it. In the annals of art, this siege

Eakly IltsTORic Rklics of the North-West.

1&7

will be evermore lamentabla It has " dumraed itself to everlast-
ing tame." In the course of il, a Venetiaa bomb falling upon the
Parthenon, which wag the Turkish powder mflgazioe, blew out
both sides of the raost exquisite architeciural miracle which the
world has ever seen — at once the glory of Phidias and Iclious,
and the shame of all ages since. Worst of all, the talcing of
Athens was no permanent gain. In a few months Morodini'a forces
were so out-numbered that they were obligsd to retire from that
city they had bought so dearly. But they held out for a genera-
tion in the Peloponnesus

Theconrjiiesisor Moroaini, which may now appear insigniScant,
in his own time were almost beyond belief. They were the first
foothold gained in the Levant by any Christian state since the
crusades, the first break in the prestige of Ottoman invincibility.
The joy at Venice was unbounded. Thestatua of Mor isini was set
up in the "hall of ten." He was honored with the sonorous title
of Peloponnesiacus, and the ring and cap of supreme magistrate or
doge were sent to him while he was among his soldierj and sail*
ora in Greece. Hence, on the medal, his costume betokens alike
the warrior and the doge. Indeed, the occasion of stamping it
seems to have been his triumphal career in liehalf of the city
which had sent to him, saying : " Come thou and rule over us !"
The history of the Czar to-day is only repeating that of Morosiai,
two. centuries ago.

But neither in an historical nor in an artistic point of view is
I my raedal mo.^t interesting. It fascinates me moat becausii it was
I found where one would no more look for it than that it should
appear dropping down from the clouds, or picked out of the
stomach of a pickerel. It Srst met my eye in Central Illino's —
not tar from the rock of St. Louis, which was the Gibraltar of La
■ Salle, and I suppose was discovered in the ground there, or there-
abouts. It was by no means old when lost or buried. Had it
been, it could not possibly remain to-day so fresh and new in aspect.
How came it in tllinoia? I hold that this plate of Italian sil-
ver may have been sent to the Italian, Tonty, the ollicer who dia-
. covered one mouth of the Mississippi on the same day that La
Salle discovered another, and who, for twenty years afterward,

198 Wisconsin Statb Historical Society.

commanded at the Bock of St Louis, near which the medal was
found. Its date was ri^ht in the midst of Tonty's holding this
command. It showed Italian successes among Eastern barbarians.
Nothing could have greater attractions for an Italian who was
grappling with Western barbarians. More than this, Tonty had
himself fought near Turks, — and like Cervantes, lost a hand iu
battling there. What could he love better than to see those infi-
dels, as on the medal, in chains and trampled on by the Italian
lion? Nor were opportunities wanting for this blazon of Vene-
tian glory to reach Tonty. Goods, dispatches, traders, soldiers,
and, above all, missionaries, notably St Cosme, whom Tonty.
escorted for mora than a month, and those sometimes from Italy,
came to him every year.

That some Italian medals were brought into our North- West, by
early missionaries, is certain. One of them was discovered in
May, 1878, by Patrick McCabe, a railroad laborer, while digging
out gravel by the site of old Fort Howard, near Green Bay. This
medal beafs the Jesuit escutcheon, namely, an orb inscribed with
the three letters, I. H. S., having a cross above them, and three
nails below them. Beneath this coat of arms two angels kneel.
At their feet is the mint mark Roma, while an Italian inscription
forms an arch over all the figures. It has been ascertained by
Bishop Krautbauer, from the General of the Jesuits, that no such
medal has been struck since the restoration of the order in 1814.
It must then be older than the abolition of the order in 1773.
Its antiquity is probably much greater, as the permanent French
mission at Green Bay was given up in 1729. The certainty that
sacred medals came from Italy into our early North- West, will not
let me think it incredible that secular medals simultaneously pen-
etrated that distant region.

These considerations may serve to strengthen other proofs
which, I confess, do demonstrate thinly. When a more plausible
conjecture is presented, I will give upmina Meantime, however,
I have reason to prize the Morosini medal as a memorial of Tonty,
and hence, to the best of my present knowledge, the most ancient
and hence honorable relic of any white settler which Illinois, in
all its length and breadth, can boast, a witness whose tales, if he

Eably Historic Relics of the North-Wbett. 1S0

Iiad a tongue, vould lack only six years' of running back two
ceotunes.

It is unlikely that the Morosini modal was braugbtinto Illinois
in recent years. After inquiry among numismatists in Boston,
New York, Fbiladelpbia and Washington, I find no duplicate
of it in America. Only two specimens hare I been able to dis-
cover in a European tour of a year, namely, in the British Mu-
seum, and the City Library of Leipsic.

A SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 03TENS0RI[JM.

I^errot's Present — Math to the St. Francii Xaoier Mission at Oreen

Bay m 1686 — The first Freitch fool-print now traceable in Wis-

a>nsin.

Sixteen hundred and eighty-one is the date of the oldest tomb-
stone at Plymouth on the hill above the rock where the Pilgrim
Fathers Ian Jed. Wisconsin baa a relic as old wanting five years,
attesting the presence oE European settlers within her borders. It
is a memorial as indubitably genuine as the Massachusetts grave-
stone, and more wonderful for many reasons.

This curiosity by a strange good fortune stands before me as I
write. It is a silver ornament fifteen Inches high, and elaborately
wrought A standard nine inches high supports a radiated circlet,
closed with glass on both sides, and surmounted with a cross.
This glass cose, accessible by a wicket, was intended to contain
the sacramental wafer when exhibited for popular veneration.
The sacred utensil is called a soleil, as resembling in shape the solar
orb, and also a monstrance and an ostensorium, because used to
demonstrate or rstentate the Corpus Christ!.

The antiquity of the relic before me is beyond doubt or cavil.
Around the rim of its oval base I read the following old French
inscription, in letters every one of which, though rude, is perfectly
legible :

200 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

c>

\

%

%

''

•*« .X, *»'***

***'ff ri i« «t^▼lC

That is in English : " This salary was presented by Mr. Nicola^
Perrot to the mission of St Francis Xavier, at Green Bay, in the
year 1686/' For the reason of the name Puans, or, in Perrot's
orthography, Poants, being given to the Indians at Green Bay,
see Wis. His. Coll, Vol. VII, p. 126.

A lawyer, full of skeptical suggestions, like the Satanic toad
squatting at the ear of Eve, whispers that this inscription might
be cut in our times as easily as two centuries ago. So, too, it
were as easy to write his legal documents, if forged, as if genu-
ine ; yet he believes in them.

The ostensorium was sent to me by Rev. F. X. Krautbauer, the
Bishop of Green Bay. The inscription on it was printed by
Shea, in his " History of Catholic Missions " in 1854, who cites
for his authority McCabe's Gazetteer of Wisconsin, of which only
fragments were published in a Milwaukee paper with which he
was connected. But the shrine on which it is engraved had been
turned up fifty-two years before, at Green Bay, in 1802. Such
is the Catholic tradition which we have no reason to distrust.

Regarding Perrot, the donor of the ostensory, little was known
when it was unearthed. But it is now ascertained that he was
traversing the North-West in 1663, and for a quarter of a century
thereafter. He was the earliest and ablest of those French agents
sent west of Lake Michigan to gather up fragments of nations
scattered by the Iroquois, and confederate them under French
leadership against those inveterate foes of France. His adven-
tures, largely in Wisconsin, he wrote out, not for publication, but
for the information of Canadian governors. These memoirs, laid
up in Parisian archives, were never printed till 186i, and remain

Early Historic Eelics of the North- West. 201

to this day untranslated. The date on the ostensory tallies with
the period when he was governor of Green Bay and all the North-
West Such a present was in keeping with his devotional procliv-
ities, his fondness for the missionaries, and his desire to make his
favor for those apostles manifest to Indian converts.

The mission at Depere — five miles above Green Bay — was
the oldest west of Lake Michigan, except that at La Pointe. It
was established sixteen years before the date of Perrot's present,
that is in 1670. The first chapel was probably a bark wigwam,
but in 1676 a fine church was erected through the efforts of
Charles Albanel. The same year, Father Silvy reported as bap-
tized at that station, thirty-six adults and one hundred and twenty-
six children. But within a twelve-month after the benefaction of
Perrot, the Depere church was burned by pagan Indians. It is
natural to suppose that at the first alarm, the ostensory was buried
in the earth by its guardians, who sought to save it from sacrile-
gious hands, and who succeeded so well that they were never able
to recover it themselves. The earth near Depere was a sort of
Pompeii, sealing up in secrecy and safety a witness who stood
much nearer the cradle of our history than Pompeii to that of
Italy.

In 1802, about one hundred and fifteen years after the Depere
chapel was burnt, workmen digging a foundation for a bark-house
in Green Bay about five miles distant, and near the river bank,
dashed against a silver vessel which proved to be Perrot's present.
This finding seems to have been made on the old Langlade-Grig-
non estate, and to have been taken in charge by Mrs. Grignon.
It was used by traveling missionaries who were wont to celebrate
divine service in the upper room of her house. After the first
Catholic church had been built in 1823, it was used there. After
the burning of that church in 1828, it was carried by Father Badin
to St Ann's, in Detroit. Discovered there in 1838 by Father
Bonduel, the Green Bay priest, it was redeemed by him for
twenty-six dollars, or gulden^ and brought back to Green Buy.

A fac simile of the marvelous monstrance has been taken by
our Madison photographic artist, Mr. N. P. Jones, for preservation
in the halls of the Historical Society. The original I restore to the
14 — St. His. Soc.

202 Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

Bishop of Green Bay, who keeps it in his vault Its weight is a
trifle over twenty ounces, and the repousse work, rayonnant and
flamboyant, attests that it must have been manufactured in France
itself, — just as the rudeness of the lettering bears witness of a
Green Bay provincial goldsmith. An odd bit of proof has fallen
in my way that the soleil is at least seven years older that 1686,
the date of its consecration to the mission. It is this. In 1679,
Louis XIV issued a decree that every soleil should have a mark
and countermark stamped on its oval base. The soleil now before
me bears no such stamp. Either therefore it is older than 1679,
or through pious fraud it evaded the royal order. The base was
broken from the standard by the pick ax, but the fracture has
been well repaired.

There are four memorials older than the ostensorium of Perrot,
proving the presence of white men in Wisconsin, — but they are
all treasured far beyond its borders, and I fear will be for a long
time. One is the original manuscript of Marquette, detailing his
journey across Wisconsin and down the Mississippi, which was
written at Green Bay in the winter of 1673-4. This writing is in
the college of St. Mary at Montreal. The second memorial is
Joliet's notes on the same journey, written on his return to France
in 1674, and preserved in the seminary of St Sulpice at Paris.
The other two are maps — both preserved in Parisian archives,
one is of Lake Superior, drawn up in 1671 — the other dating
from 1679, ^^ shows the Messipi from -49® to 42°, wh^re Hie Misconsing
comes in,^^ according to an inscription upon it.

Fragments of French arms — and other metallic, glass or
earthen articles, doubtless exist in the North- West, that are older
than the sacred silver of Perrot But none known to me can be
proved of so great antiquity, for none of them bear dates that are
tell-tales of their age. In Otta^va, I saw a bronze cross picked
up at the foot of Starved Rock, and called Marquette's. But it
bears no date. There is another of silver that was found at
Green Bay, and presented long ago to our State Historical Society.
But how old it is no one knows, or can know, as it has no in-
scription or mark of any kind to indicate its age.

Some ottier dated votive offering to the La Pointe or Green

Bay missions, even before 1686, miy possibly come to light But
asiJe from such an improbable windfall, it seems impossible that
any antiquarian di-covery this side of the pre-hisLoric period,
either in Wiscoosin, or, indeed, out of it, in alt the length and
breadth of the Mississippi valley, can, ever be made that shall
rival as a work of art — as a religious relic, and, above all, aa a
historical memorial, the silver oatensorium of Nicolas Perrot,

With good reason, then, has Wisconsin fostered her Histnrioal
Society, till it is pre-eminent throughout the West. It had the
moat precious memorials to enshrine.

The volume by Perrot which I have mentioned, treated of the
manners, customs "nd religion of the Aborigines in our North-
Weatern lake region, intermingled with much of personal narrative^
It* exact tit'e is, Memoire siir ha ifoeurs, coulumes et reliijion des
Sauvages de tAmeriqiie Seplejttrionnle. Paris, 186-i, 8vo. From
this work and La Poiherie, "L'Amertque Septmlrionale," Paris,
1703, you may glean the pergonal history o£ Nicolas Perrot,
and what is more, facts regarding Wisconsin in Ihe seventeenth
century, in greater abundance than from all other sources. Ac-
cording to these authorities, as early as 1661, Perrot reports some
Frenchmen already among wandering Snu teurs or Chippewas, in or
near the present bounduries of Wisconsin. In 16t>5, he describes his
visit to the Ouligamis. In May, 1667, he was at Green Bay. la
1669, with four French foUowena, he was an auxiliary of the Eurona.
In 1670, we find him at Green Bay, embarking tor the east in a
fnr tleet of thirty canoes. In 1671, he lefJ representatives of
eleven tribes, mostly from the territory of Wisconsin to Mackinaw,
and served as their interpreter, while ihey swore friendship to
each other and allegiance to the king of France.

In the spring of 1685, Perrot arrived at Green Bay, as Gov-
ernor of the country, embracing the whole North-West,
like Cuss, in 1820. lie was well known to the Indians, and
of great influence. lie came just in time to be a mediator
between the Ottawas and the Outagamies, who were then
beginning an internecine struggle. Ilis negotiation was much
faciliiated by his rescuing a female captive of distinction from
one of these parties, and restoring her to her friends belong-

204 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

ing to the other. He then, passing down the Wisconsin to its
mouth, and up the Mississippi about eighty leagues, built a fort
on the Minnesota side of the river. The next year, 1686, he spent
in part at Green Bay, and it was this year in which he presented
the mission the ostensorium, which, but for his book, would be the
only monument of his presence in Wisconsin. The next year,
1687, he headed several hundred Indians, largely from Wisconsin,
on an expedition against the tribes of Western New York.

In 1690, Perrot was again in Mackinaw. In the year following,
lead was brought to him at his fort on the Mississippi, twenty -one
leagues above the Des Moines river. In 1695, he brought five
Wisconsin chiefs to Montreal, and his final recall from Green
Bay was in 1699. On the whole, Perrot, the man, should figure
in Wisconsin history as conspicuously as his unique monstrance
stands among its monuments.

To my great surprise, another ancient French ostensorium has
been discovered by Bishop Krautbauer, of Green Bay, and sent
to me for comparison with Perrot's present It now belongs to
Eev. Wm. Faerber, of St. Louis, but it was brought there from
the French mission in Kaskaskia, by Father T. P. Klein. It is
identical in type with Perrot's relio. Its height is the same, but it
weighs four ounces less. It bears on its cross and base the marks
and counter-marks prescribed by the royal order in 1679, already
alluded to, which was dated December 30th, and was as follows :
" Les soleils seront marques et contre-marques a la croix du
rayon, et aux deux grandes faces du pied, s' ils sont carres, si non,
aubouge." [Ostensoria shall be marked and counter-marked on
the rayed cross, and on the two principal faces of the base, if it is
square ; if it is not, on the oval base.]

The relic from Kaskaskia bears three stamps on its cross.
One is an inverted crown standing over a letter E. One of the
other two stamps shows the French lily beneath a crown, and
above it a cross with two dots, said to be Jesuit symbols of the
wounds of Christ, and the letters I. L. B. The other stamps on
the base are similar to those on the cross. These marks prove
the handiwork that bears them to be less than two centuries old,
but who can tell how much less? In 1870, a woman of Kaskas-

Early Historic Eklics of the North-West. 205

kia, who was then ninety years old, told Father Klein that this
monstrance was in use there from her earliest remembrance, and
that her mother could not remember when it was brought thither.

Notice of another ostensorium at Green Bay, even more ancient
than that of Perrot, has come to my knowledge. This notice oc-
curs among the documents edited by Pierre Margry, regarding
French discoveries and establishments in our West and North-
West. [Vol. II, p. 178.] It appears in detached leaves of an im-
perfect letter of La Salle, written in 1632. The writer treats of
the productions of the Mississippi Valley. He speaks of red
copper, and says he knows of one mass weighing more than four
quintals. He also describes a species of sand which he supposed
to contain quicksilver. In the midst of these accounts I find
the following paragraph :

"A savage named Kiskirinanso, that is to say Wild Ox, of the
Mascoutin tribe [who are laid down in Franquelin's map of 1684
as north of the Wisconsin river], a considerable war-chief among
his people, says that in a little river to which he wished to lead
me, he had discovered a quantity of white metal, a portion of
which he gave to Father AUouez, a Jesuit, and that brother
Gisles, a goldsmith who resides at Green Bay ( the Bay of the
Paans), having wrought it, made the sun-shaped article [/iokil]
in which they put the holy bread. He means the ostensory
which this same brother has made there. He says that Father
Allouez'gave him a good deal of merchandize by way of recom-
pense, and told him to keep the matter secret, because it (the
metal) was a manitou, that is to say a spirit, who was not yet
developed."

It is scarcely possible that any Green Bay workman two cen-
turies ago can have had the molds and tools needful for executing
the elaborate repousse work which we see in the gift of I'crrot,
and its Kaskaskia counterpart

Perrot's motives for making the grand present of silver we can
only conjecture. Those who believe that he had attcm[)tcd to
poison La Salle eight year.4 before, may fancy that he was remorse-
ful, and sought Uj quiet con.s^;ience by a gift laid on the altar.
But those who think him to be unjustly charged with such a das-

206 Wisconsin State Historical Socibty.

tardly attempt, will hold that his oflfering was brought in payment
of some vow made in perils, and not forgotten after miraculous
preservations. Combining with one or both these considerations,
may have been a desire to increase his prestige as Governor of the
North-West by associating himself, in the minds of savages, with
those priests whose power already passed among them for super-
natural.

American Puritans seldom understand the dignity of the osten-
Borium among Catholic regalia. It is, therefore, worth noticing,
that an ostensorium is the central figure in one of the most famous
paintings in the world. In 1508, Eaphael, who at twenty-five
years of age had become the acknowledged head of Florentine
artists, was invited to Rome, and asked to show his genius in the
Vatican. In the center of a wide wall he painted an ostensorium,
with Popes and all minor ecclesiastics on the right and left.
Above it he added the Holy Dove, Christ and God the Father amid
cherubim, seraphim, and beati6ed saint'', all bending their eyes
on the sacred symbol below. Thanks to this inspiration, Raphael
at once became as preeminent in Rome as he had before become
in Florenca

TRADITION UF THE FOX INDIANS-1T30.

TliB rullowiag Iradilion h copkd from Ihe NilcB, Hicb., Regitter and Ad-
v*rtt'»er tiT Vec. 12, lB9i), and has the appenrance of having heon selected
matter, with do refurence as l<i its origio. It has some resembtanue to the
s&mc Iradition given by the late iugustin OriguoD, when vlsiteil by tlie writ-
cr of this Dole in 1837, and given in the third voiurao of Ibe Society's Col-

This paper, brief as it is, is something of au addition to our tradlonal hia-
tor/i and us the details are somewhat different trom Orignon's version, U
■would eeem not lo have come through him.

The name of the French captain slain at Grceu Bay la not given in tliia
narrative; Oapl. Grignon gave it, as derived from the lips of his grsndfatlier,
DdYelie — so be pronounced it; and which the Ciiaudlaa historian, Joseph
Tassc, coDFludes was DeViliiers.

The datu of Ih; event here commemoratea is somewhat doubtfuli ibough
tbe occurrence would seem to have taken place mil very long nnlcrior to Ma-
ria's expedition of March, 1730 — some vague account of which is given in
the HRb volume of our OalUHiaai, coupled w ith Grlgnon's tradition as re-
corded in our third volume. Though this terrible defenl of the Foxes, de-
ECtibedby tradition as inSicted by Morand's, or more properly Marin's, ex-
pedilion, may have Iteeu the capital stroke of the Sieur DeVilliers in tjcptem-
ber of the same year.

. The period assigned for the almost total destruction of the Foxes at the
Grand Butte dcs Morts, in the following tradition — that it occurred during
Troctenac's Canadian administration, wbicb extended from 1673 till his
death in 1098 — cannot ba correct. There is no record of any military expe-
dition within the burders of Wisconsin, prior to Louvignj'a in ITIQ.

L.C.D.

During the time of Frontenac'a governmeiJt of the Canadas,
the French occupied a post at Green Bay, nearly opposite the
point on wliich Fort Howard now stands. Two yourg Menomo-
nees of those days killed two Winnebagoes. The officer in com-
mand of the post demanded a surrender of the murderers. The
surrender was promised. But Indians are proverbially slow, ex-
cept in the cliase or in battle. In all matters concerning life and
death, they coun.sel, and delay to act. Pending the interval be-
tween the promise to surrender, and the time of its fulfillment,
the French officer, becoming impatient, armed himself with a
rifle, and taking a servant with him, went to the lod^e to demand
the instant surrender of the two young Menomonees. He found
the Indians in council ; a negotiation was pending. There had

208 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

arisen a difficulty. The two murderers were the adopted sons of
an old Fox woman, who was loth to give them up. Hope was
entertained, however, that her consent would finally be obtained.
Thereupon, exasperated at the delay, and at what he perhaps sus-
pected was Indian cunning, he levelled his rifle at the chief who
represented the council, and shot him dead on the spot. An an-
stantaneous rush was made on the officer to revenge the death of
the chief, when another chief, rising and interfering, said: "It
was the delay to act, that killed the chief, and not the officer.
They owed what had happened to themselves." The party gave
back, when the officer again demanded the instant surrender of
the two young offenders. An answer was given : " We expect
to get the old foster woman's consent soon." The officer having
charged his rifle, shot down the speaker, whereupon a young In-
dian standing by, seized his gun and shot the officer.

The news flew — the French camp was presently in motion.
War and revenge were resolved on. Reinforcements came in, in
aid of the French, and the then powerful Chippewa and Menom-
onee bands. An immediate march was taken up, and the Fox
Indians were now doomed to stand alone against the united power
of the French, the Chippewas and Menomonees. The parties
met on that beautiful piece of table land, in nearly the center of
which stands " Le Petit Butte des Morts." The Foxes were sur-
rounded, and a desperate fight was fought, which resulted in the
killing of vast numbers on both sides, but in great havoc among
the Foxes. The survivors retreating further up and along the
shores of Lake Winnebago, were overtaken, and made another
stand on the ground where now stands *' Le Grand Butte des
Morts." Here the parties fought to desperation, but the Foxes
were literally cut to pieces. The tradition says all were slain,
except about twenty ; and these flying before their blood-thirsty
pursuers were overtaken at the La Prairie du Chien, and made
prisoners.*

*Id the report of the Land Conimlssioner for the acUQf<tment of land ciaims in Michigan
Territory, in 1820, occuri* thii« reference to this war: "The Fox IndiniiB were attacked and
signally defeated by the French troops under Captain Morand, with the aid of their allies,
the Chippewas, in the winter of 170C, at a place since called *La Bnttc des Morts'; a great
proportion of them were destroyed in this engagement, and many driven from the couop
try." L. C. D.

LANGLADE PAI'ERS-17157-1800.

The stranger visiting the ancient settlement of Green Bay as late as 1827,
would have found it in very nearly its primitive condition. No dwellings,
save one or two, of modern structure, no vehicles similar to those found else-
where, and, in fact, no highways in proper condition of improvement for
their use.

About a half mile above the fort, which was near the mouth of Fox river,
was the usual landing from vessels, where were the remains of the old Lang-
lade and Grignon mansion — on one side the ruins of a grist-mil^, and on the
other several buildings, more or less in a state of decay, scattered along the
river bank, at short intervals; the Langlade and Grignon possessions extend-
ing, either way, a distance of a mile or more.

After the death of Pierre Grignon, in 1795, his eldest son, Pierre, Jr., be-
came the head of the family, and so continued until his death in 1823; when
his brother, Augustin Grignon, assumed a similar position, and managed the
large estates which the family had acquired during^ their long residence at
the Bay. His residence was at the Grand Kaukauna, but by his tenants the
whole Langlade and Grignon estate was occupied.

In the early spring of 1828, 1 took up my residence within the limits of the
present city of Green Bay. Soon after, having procured a site from my
friend, Mr. Augustin Grignon, who was in possession of the premises for-
merly occupied by his brother Pierre, my office was erected immediately op-
posite, and within a few feet of an old trading-house then in ruins. In pass-
ing the building which had remained unoccupied for several years, the floor
of the lofl still remaining Intact, I discovered a large quantity of rubbish
which seemed to have been abandoned to the action of storms of wind and
rain, pouring in at will through the open gables.

There were several bushels of old accounts, books, letters and other papers,
with dates recurring back a period of nearly one hundred years. Curiosity
led me to spend hours in looking them over, as they proved to be an accumu-
lation, during the life time, of Sieur de Langlade, Senior, his son Charles,
and son-in law, Pierre Grignon, Sr., all of whom had been dead many years.
The settlement of Green Bay, at the time of my search, consisted of very few
families of the old stock, chief of which were those of La we and the Grig-
nons. It was natural to suppose, that these papers being treated as of no
value, others of importance had been preserved by the descendants of Lang-
lade, who were quite numerous, and that these would be of little consequence
in fbmlshing an historical account of men and events occurring during the
flnt colonization of our State.

210 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Those wliicli were selected bore dates as far back as 1733, and embraced
several letters relating to the Indian troubles of the period of 171^5-60; and
there were also a namber written daring the Pontiac war. They were taken
to my office and kept several years, open to inspection by the curious; and, I
regret to state, that some were abstracted without my cognizance; it is still
more to be regretted, that I did not gather up all, of every description, and
deposit them beyond the reach of idle or mischievous intruders.

" Grignon's Recollections," as given in the third volume of the Society's
Collections^ very interesting and truthful as they are, may be corrected in a
few, perhaps unimportant particulars, by the papers now transmitted. These
manuscripts, having been faithfully translated from the French originals by
my two daughters, may also help to give authenticity to his traditions, which
they would not otherwise possess. M. L. Martin.

LANGLADE PAPERS.

We the undersigned have ceded, and do cede, to Monsieur de
Lang\ide, our father-in-law, all which belongs to us in the estate
of the late Daniel Villeneuve, and Doraitelle his widow, and wife
of the said Sieur Langlade, with so much of the goods possessed
and to be posseseed. The declarants make no claim to the said
estate either for themselves or for their children, on the charge
and condition, nevertheless, that the Sieur Langlade pledges him-
self to support, and maintain as his own, the three last children
now unprovided for, issue of the marriage of the said late Daniel
Villeneuve, and his T^idow Domi telle, until the daughter who is
to be provided for, shall be married, and the sons obtain positions
in the army.

Done at Michilimackinac, this 23d of July, 1737.

Anton Guillory,

Annie Villeneuve.

wife of Guillory.
J. L. De La Pierre,

Missionary of the Company of Jesus.

The Marquis de la Jonquiere, Commander of the Royal Military
Order of St Louis, Chief of squadron of the naval armies, Gov-

Langlade Papers — 1737-1800. 211

ernor and Lieut General for the King in all New France, lands
and counties of Louisiana :

It is permitted to Miss Bourassa to sell at auction or otherwise,
all the effects left by Sieur de la Corne, seigneur, heretofore com-
mander at Michilimackinac, and to retain the proceeds of the said
effects to the said de la Corne at Montreal. We order Sieur Du-
plessis Fabers, not to oppose the sale of said effects, and to give
the matter all the aid Miss Bourassa may require.

Dated at Montreal, 20th June, 1750.

JONgUIERB.

We concede with the good pleasure of the General to Mr.
Bourassa, Sr., dwelling at this fort, a meadow or marsh, which
lies on the road leading to Grand Lac, three-fourths of a league
in depth at the distance of some arpents from the pinery where we
cut the wood for his house in the eighth concession for him in
property, or for his use us long as it pleases the General.

Done at Michilimackinac, the first of June, 1754.

Lecuyer.
App'd. : Herbin.

Louis Herbin, Captain of Infantry, Commandant for the King
at the post of Michilimackinac:

Mr. De Langlade, Jr., is ordered to start from this post, as sion
as he receives the present order, to go and take the command of
the whole of Grand river and dependency, and will locate his
establishment at the place named Gabagouache.

First Article of Instruction. — We order him to leave Kanamazo

0

[Kalamazoo River] free for all traders who may desire to go there.

Second Article. — We very expressly forbid him from going to
trade in any or all other places under penalty of punishment re-
served to us in this order to him.

Third Article — We direct him to exert all his authority with
"which we entrust him, that the Indians be not debauched by any
[person] under his authority ; and also to exert all his power to
live in peace, and have a grx)d understanding between them and
the Indians, and that they obey in all things commanded them
for the good of the service.

212 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Fourth Article. — He shall not permit any trader nor hired man
to absent himself without permission, and shall not permit any
hired men to gooff hunting without seeing them when they start.
He shall see that they du not carry any goods to interfere with
the trade of others ; this is on the supposition that the Indians do
not bring any provisions themselves for your supply. He will
take every precaution necessary to avoid the abuses which creep
in ; rendering me an account of all such abuses, and punishing
by a good fine those who shall commit such frauds.

Fifth Article. — Having been further informed that a number
of hired men were libertines in their intercourse with the squaws;
and being desirous to remedy an abuse so prejudicial, we order
Mr. De Langlade to take every care that the master (bourgeois)
of each hired man give me the names of such guilty ones on their
return, in order that a public example may be made of them.

Mr. De Langlade will take all necessary precautions to prevent
the Indians of St. Joseph from inducing any portion of our hired
men from going to the country of the Ilinois, or other place,
which might be prejudicial to our interest, in view of the want
which we might have for the men in the spring.

We enjoin him to encourage them (the Indians) to come and
listen to my words, which will be the sentiments of their father
Onontio, [the Governor of Canada.]

We enjoin him, moreover, to give information to the gentleman
in command at St. Joseph, of the difficulties which might arise be-
tween his nation and mine — to give him correct information of
such things as he might be ignorant of, or in which he might be
deceived by the people in his employ.

We rely upon the vigilance and exactitude of capacity of Mr.
Langlade for the discipline of the men under his command. We
give him power to act in the place in matters which I cannot
forsee, and in all cases for the good of the service, being always
careful to act in such manner that no reproach or complaint be
made to me on your account, under penalty of the punishment
inflicted by the ordinances.

Made at Michilmackinac, 15th October, 1755.

[seal.] Herbix.

Langlade Papers — 1787-1800. 213

We hereby direct all traders to return together from their win-
ter quarterci, and in case that some arrive or start before the
others, they shall pay a fine of four hundred francs.

Duraais, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis,
Captain of Infantry, Commander of the Belle Keviere (Ohio
River) and its dependencies :

" It is ordered to Sieur Langlade, Ensign of infantry, to set out
at the head of a detachment of French and Indians, to strike
Fort Cumberland. In case the Indians determine to leave the
main route, Sieur Langlade will detach a few reserves, with a
company of French to follow them — the principal object of his
mission being to ascertain if the enemy is inaugurating any move-
ment in this quarter.

** lie will march with precaution and watchfulness, in order to
avoid all surprise and ambuscade. If he attacks with the Indiana,
he must do all in his power to prevent them from inflicting any
cruelties upon those who may fall into their hands.
Written at Fort Du Quesne, Aug. 9, 1756.

Pierre Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Governor and Lieutenant-General
for the King, in all his New France, lands and territories of
Louisiana : '

We order Sieur Langlade, Ensign of troop.*!, to leave this city

immediately, and to proceed to the post of Michilimackinac,

where be will serve in the capacity of second officer, under the

orders of Monsieur de Hsaujea, Commander of the post

VArmiKL'ir^
Made at Montreal, September, 1757.

MoNTiiKAL, }h>j 8, 1753.
La Sieur Giassox:

Monsieur. — I will not l^-avc you in ignorarK^cof the arrange*

ments that I have made if} rdrfibar?e jou for lua .HJj>j>lie^ that

yoQ have advanced to thfs Indians in parsing throu;;j!» to Detroit

214 Wisconsin State Historical SociEnr.

I am very much pleased to be able to render you a service, per-
suaded that you will neglect nothing that can furnish new proofs
of your devoted zeal toward the King.

I am very sincerely, Monsieur,

Your very humble and very obedient servant,

Vaudreuil.
Monsieur de Langlade,

Officer at Michilimackinaa

To Mons, Langlade^ officer second in command at Michilimackinac:

Sir. — Your uncle (Kinonchausie*) has requested, in starting
from here after the Chappelet, to say to you, that he did not think
that he could procure any corn for you, first, because there is
none — those who used to raise eighty sacks will possibly make
np ten ; second, because there are at Arbre Croche purchasers
who give as much as seven fist-fulls of powder, three hundred
balls and [one line here illegible] per sack.

I owe you many thanks, which I hope to make good to you by
word of mouth on your passage, for the Indians have told meyoa
were going to winter at Grand Riviere.

My respects, if you please, to your wife and to your parents.
This is a year of crisis and desolation for us Michilimackians —
the Indians only bringing sorrowful news from the neigliborhood
of Belle Riviere (Ohio.) A most impetuous wind is now blow-
ing, at ten o'clock in the evening, which is going to finish the ruin
of your field. Bless God that it is no worsa
I am with much respect. Sir,

Your very humble and obedient servant,

P. DU Jaunay.

At Pointe St. Ignace, 24:th September, 1758.

By the King:

His Majest}'' having made choice of Sieur Langlade to serve in
the capacity of half-pay Lieutenant with the troops holding Can-

* DoabtlcBs a brother of Langlade's mother, as was also "R-Xng Nis so-wa qnct, whom.Col.
De Peyster, in 1779, denominated '* the great Nls-so wa-qaet, the Ottawa Chief.'^

L. C. D.

Langladb Papers— 1737— 1800. 215

ada, he commands the Lieutenant-General of New France to re-
ceive him, and cause him to be recognized in the capacity of half-
pay Lieutenant by them and all others whom it may concern.

Done at Versailles, February first, 1760.

Berryer. Louis.

Kegistered at the Comptroller's office of the Marine, of New

France, at Montreal, ihe 16th of June, 1760.

Devilleke.

Pierre Kigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, Grand Cross of the Royal
and Military Order of St. Louis, Governor and Lieut General for
the King in all New France, lands and countries of Louisiana:

To Sieur Langdale, half-pay Lieutenant of the Colonial troops,
whom ^e have intrusted with charge of the Indian nations of ihe
Upper Countries, who are returning to their villages :

It is ordered to use the utmost diligence to report with them at
Michilimackinac; to keep watch that they commit no theft nor
insult upon those canoes of voyagers, which they may meet on
their route; to encourage them always in their attachment to the
French nation, giving them to understand that if we have the mis-
fortune to be taken by the enemy, the Colony will remain but
a few months, at most, in his power, for peace, if not already de-
clared, is most certainly on the point of being so.

We notify Sieur de Langlade that he will, by our ordcr.j, pass
two companies of deserters from the English army through the
Upper Country, on their way to Louisiana, They are commanded
by two sergeants, one of whom is Irish, the other German, both
very intelligent men, and capable of maintaining discipline among
their troops; the Sieur de Langlade will, therefore, give attention
that hij Indians stir up no quarrel with these deserters, and that
they do not rob nor insult them while of the party; he will also
procure for them the faciliti^jn they may need along the route, and
when they separate; he will besides enjoin upon the Canadians
destined to act as their K^idcH, not on any account to abandon
them.

Done at Montreal, the M S^ pt, 1760.

VAUDREUILb

216 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Montreal, 9th. Sept., 1760.

I must inform you. Monsieur, that T was compelled to surrender
yesterday to the array of Gen. Amherst. This city is, as yoa
know, defenseless. Our troops were greatly diminished, our means
and resources totally exhausted. We were surrounded by three
armies, numbering at least 80,000 men. General Amherst was
from the sixth of the month within sight of the walls of the
city ; General Murray within reach of one of our out-posts, and
the army of Lake Champlain stationed on the prairie and at
Longueville.

Under these circumstances, having nothing to hope from any
advance, not even by a great sacrifice of our troops, I have deemed
it the wiser course of capitulating to General Amherst, under
conditions very advantageous to the Colonists, and especially for
the inhabitants of Mackinac. I short, the terms preserve to them
all the free exercise of their religion, and leaves them in possession
of their goods, furniture, real estate and peltries. They have also
reserved to them a free commerce, the same as is enjoyed by the
proper subjects of the king of Great Britain. The same privileges
are also accorded to the military. They are permitted to commis-
sion agents to look after their claims during their absence; they,
as well as the Canadian citizens, can sellto the English and French
their goods, sending the proceeds thereof, either to France, or
retain them in their own possession, should they judge it best to
return and remain in the Provinces when peace shall be declared.
They may retain their negro serfs; but obliged to return any that
have been taken from the English.

The English General, having pronounced the Canadians subjects
of His Britannic Majesty, the people will for this reason discard
the Coutuiiie de Paris*

With regard to the troops, the condition imposed on them has
been, not to serve during the present war, and to lay down their
arms, belore being sent to France.

The citizens and inhabitants of Michilinackinac will conse-
quently be under the command of the officer that General Am-
hei*st will have detailed for this post

•The lawa of France, by which they had hitherto been governed. L. C. D.

Langlade Papers — 1737-1800. 217

You will traosmit a copy of my letter to St Joseph, and to
the posts of the siirroanding couotry, in order that any soldiers
who still remain there, may conform to instructions.

I count on the pleasure of soon meeting you in France, together
with all your gentlemen.

I have the honor to be, very sincerely. Monsieur,

Your very humble and very obedient servant,

Vaudreuil.

Michilimackinac, April 13tb, 1763.
I have this day given permission to Messrs. Langlade, father
4ind son, to live at the post of La Baye,* and do hereby order that
no person may interrupt them in their voyage thither, with their
wives, children, servants and baggage.

Geo. Etherington,

Commandant

L'Arbre Croche, 28 June, 1768. +
Sir — I have had the pleasure of receiving four of your letters,

* While Charles de Langlade was married at ^Aackinaw, In 1754, and was doubtleBB much
there, while not engaged in distant military service, daring the French and Indian war of
that period, yet it would seem that at the close of that contest, in 1760, he returned to Green
Bay. There is no evidence that the French settlement at Green Bay was abandoned daring
that war — at least, Augustln Grignon, the direct descendant and representative of the
Langlade family, and himself born there in 1780, expressed no donbt of its continued occu-
pation to the writer oi this note during his visit with him in 1857, while fully disoussing
every point upon which he coald throw light, and noting down his interesting narrative of
traditions and recollections.

Judge Martin, who has resided at Green Bay since 1827, never heard from the ancient
settlers, anything that ever led him to suppose that there was at any time any abandon-
ment of the settlement after the Langlades first settled there; and in this vit^Wi Lonis B. Por-
tier son-in-law of Augustln ('rignon, and all his life, of sixty-four years, a resident of the
Green Bay and Fox River Valley rei;:ion, and his father, thirty-four years before him, fully
coincides.

Hon. Wm. Woodbridge, Maj. Henry B. Brevoort, and J. Kearsley, commissioners of the
United States for the settlement of land claims in Michigan Territory, in 1820, state that
**■ the settlement at ' La Baye^ does not seem to have been discontinued while the French
remained masters in Canada,'' as shown in Vol. IV, Public Lands, Am. State Faptrg, p. H51.

L. C. D.

tThis letter has no address, and is found on page 852, vol. iv. Public Lands, American
Staff Papei's. It wa8 unquestionably addressed to Charles Langlade, who, as the Diary (^
the Siege of Detroit shows, was appointed by Capt. Ftherington to the command of the
Mackinaw Fort, after its capture by the Chippewas, which appointment M«y. Gladwyn con-

15 — St. See. His.

218 Wisconsin State Historical Society. .

but, as I had nothing new to write to you, I have deferred answer-
ing you until now.

The boat from the Bay has arrived, which brings us word that
the tribes of the Bay are at the present moment clamoring to come
and join us; and gives us reason for expecting them at every mo-
ment, with all the English wbo were at the Bay. The command-
ant at the Bay observes, that they are extremely well disposed
toward us.*

The news which you noted for me in respect to Monsieur Du-
channe, were told to me yesterday ; but they are so extraordinary
that I cannot believe them.f

As I expect every moment the four tribes (nations) from the
Bay, I pray you to send me a boat with twelve sacks of wheat
(or corn), twelve rolls of tobacco ; and, if it is possible to get
them, four or five porcelain (China) necklaces, with the wheat
and the tobacco, to-morrow. If the boat is not ready, send a man
by land with the news to-morrow.

You have written me something of the bad talk of our traders.
I have questioned them, and they deny it ; but, as I am per-
suaded that they bad no reason fpr holding that sort of discourse,
do me the kindness to inform nie what was said ; and if it is
possible to convict any one of it, jie shall be severely punished.
Upon the subject of the two Ottawas, you will give them some
little present, and encourage them to work well, and that they
shall not be forgotten when matters shall be arranged.

Armed, till farther orders. The Fort was some thirty miles from L^Arhre Crochc — a proper
distance to correspond with the statement in Etherington's letter, that it was to be con*
veyed to the Fort in one day, and a return made the next This letter was placed in the
handH of Is&ac Lee, the agent sent to Green Bay In 18S0, with other Langlade papers, by
Langlnde^s daughter, Mrs. Domitilde Langevln, formerly Mrs. Pierre Grignon Sr., or her
son, Pierre Grignon Jr., in support of the laud claims of her family. It has been kindly
translated by O. M. Conover, LL. D. L. C. D.

* Lieut. Gorrell had abandoned the post at Green Bay in obedience to Captain Ethering-
ton^B orders; and, with his command, was escorted to L^Arbre Croche by a body of friendly
If enomonees, and arrived there June 9uth, two days after the date of this letter.

L. C. D.

tLaurent Dncharme was an Indian trader, and was present at the capture of Mackinaw in
176S, as stated in Grlgnon's BeeolUetionty Wis. Hitt. Colli , Hi, 283. The *' extraordinary
news ^^ concerning Dncharme, has reference, doubtless to some bold robbery committed on
him; as Elherington, on the day of this letter, wrote to Lieut. Gorrell : ^'The Sautenrs
or Chippewas continue their mischief— t|iey have plundered all the canoes they have met
with since I have wrote you last.'' — WU. Bitt ColU.y i, 44. L. C. D.

LAyGLADB Pafkbs — 17S7-1800.

219

Upon tbe subject of Suvan [Sullivan ?] if you think the risic
of [keeping him under] guard in the fort is too great, you can
Bend him to the misaion [here] ; but as for Filzpatrick, you will
do well to send him in by the firet opportunity ; and semi a let-
ter, as you have done so often, by the Englishman, and after
that, keep him well concealed from the Indian lodges. As I am
expecting a great many people from the Buy, I have need of six
ponnds of vermillion. As it is uncertain what effect the news
from the Bay will have upon the Sauteurs [Chippewas], I beg
you to keep upon yonr guard.

Monsieur Lesley * is at present with me. We take tbe liberty
of saluting all your family, and all our friends in the fort.

I am, Sir, your very bumble and ve^y obedient servant,

Geo. Ethkrington".

[The following is apparently added lo, or endorsed upon, the
above — perhaps by Father Du Jiunay, of i he mission of St.
ignace, at L' Arbre Croche, who had probably by this time re-
turned (rom Detroit, whither he had gone early in the month :]

I transmit to you the orders of the Commandant (or the grain
and other articles. It you have need. Monsieur La Comb will
fnrnisb you men and send them here.

To Mr, Langlade, officer commanding at Michilimackinac :
Pte. St. Ignack, 3d Aug., 1763.
Sir : It was not, doubtless, your expectation, but such has
been the fact, thai Cardinal has sulTered a complete robbery of
his three canoes — he has scarcely been able to save any of the
goods. Others beside himself have also suffered by the robbery.
It is ea^y to get the multitude scirted ; but once started it is not
easy to control it. He had, however, yesterday evening, acceded
to the demands of the old men assembled at my hou*e, not to go
any further ; but the drunkenness that ensued spoiled everything,
and 10 what extent have I suffered ! Ruffert, the dear brother,
has been struck, and his life made to bleed ; such, again, was not
your expectation, but such is tbe case. Such is the sad occur-

•8ee IT**, ffuf. Ci,lU

220 Wisconsin State Historical Socikty.

rence which has taken place last night, and to-day without reck-
oning what more may follow, for the drunken row is not yet over.
I remain none the less with attachment,

Sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,

P. Du Jaunay.
I shall not be able to say mass on the 4th December.

In the order of time, here follows a letter, dated at Michili-
mackinac, Aug. 16, 1763, signed Cardin — perhaps Cardinal ; but
the whole of the body of the letter, thirty-two lines, is entirely
illegible. It is addressed to " Monsieur Langlade, pere, a la
Baye'* — thus showing that the senior Langlade was residing at
Green Bay at that period, a fact worthy of preservation.

MiCHiLiMACKiyAC, July 19, 1775.

Permission is hereby given Mr. De Langlade to prcxseed tvom

hence to La Baie upon his lawful business with two canoes, with

merchandise, and navigated by nine men.

A. S. De Pevstek,

Cuinma/tf/'tfif..
To all concerned.

MiciiiLiMAOKiNAC, ISth April, 1777.
Sir : This is the first moment we can avail of. If I had been
able would have sent sooner, for I flatter myself that Capt Lang-
lade on his part will not fail to seize the first opportunity. Mr.
Lamothe arrived here on the 11th of this month, and brings us
very good news, that General Howe, near New ^"ork, has gained
two battles lately, and it is hoped the Americans are very niiicli
depresse 1, and have made overtures of accommodation. Ilowever,
Gen. Carlton has determined to join Gen. Ilowe, early in the spring
at Albany, in order to give a decisive blow, and teach them the
respect due their King. If these, my children, wish to be of the
party, they must not stand on ceremony ; but come at onoe to
Mackinac. I pray you not to wait for a great number, for I be-
lieve we will have too many volunteers here.

Langlade Papbrs — 1787-1800. 221

I send you eighty poands of tobacco, a sack of corn — ground, in
order that the gentlemen may not compel their wives to grind it
— two ban-els of sco-ta-wa-bo (whisky), that they may not drive
you wild. Besides, I send my best respects to Madame Langlade,
and, beg her accept two kegs of brandy, one barrel of salt, a small
barrel of rice, and twenty pounds of tobacco, if necessary, I also
send for Madame, a sack of one hundred and twenty- three pounds of
flour, as a present. These, Monsieur, are all the gifts I am able
to send at present It is necessary to await the boat Tell Car-
ron that I shake him by the hand, as I also do all my children at
the Bay. Messrs. Airs and Lamothe desire you to send them by
the Corporal, fifteen or sixteen packs, more or less, which the late
Mr. Barcellon left with you for them, acccording to the account of
Mr. Catte and Amable Roy. The Corporal will give you a re-
ceipt for those gentlemen.

I am, sir, with all consideration.

Your very humble and obedient servant,

A. S. De Peystbr.
To Capt Langlade.

MicuiLiMACKiNAC. Aug, 27, 1778.
Sir — You will proceed to-morrow morning, as soon as it is
daylight, with ten corves [baskets of supplies], which Mr. Lassey
will procure for you, in a canoe to Round Island, and there use
your endeavor to get ten Indians, in order to go on a scout

John Mompason,

Commander,
To Capt Langlade, Jr., of the Indian Department

(Copy.)

By the Honorable Patrick Sinclair, Esq., Captain in the 84th
Regiment, Lieutenant Governor, Superintendent and Commander
of the Post Michilimackinac and dependencies, etc., etc.*

♦ This Madame de Langlade was the widow of the elder, or Slenr Agustlne do Langlade,
who died about 1771, as represented in Ghgnon'a Jiecollfctionty in 3d Vol of Wis, IIUL
Collections; and she had probably been visiting or residing awhile with her relatives ai
Mackinaw. This was the view of her grandson, Augustin Grignon, In which Hon. M. L,
Martin fully concurs. There is no reason to doubt its correctness. !•• CD*

222 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Madame Langlade has permission to go to the Baje and re«
possess herself of her houses, gardens, farms and property ; she
may take a hired man with her.

Given under my hand and the Post seal, the 14th Sept, 1782.

Patrick Sinclair,

Lieutenant Oovemor. [seal]
By order of the Governor.

John Coates.

I hereby certify that the above is a true copy of a permission
granted to Madame Langlade by his Excellency Lieut Governor
Patrick Sinclair, dated on the fourteenth day of September, A. D.|
one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two.

Z. Taylor, Major.

Given at Fort Howard, Green Bay, this 20th of June, 1818.

It is enjoined upon merchants passing to the Bay not to give

liquor to Indians.

Patrick Sinclair.

[No date ; but about 1781 or 1782.] Lieutenant Governor.

IsLK St. Joseph, March 11, 1800.
Monsieur : — It is with much pleasure that I learn from your
letterof the 25th February,* that you have succeeded in arrest-
ing the quarrels among the savage nations who have been at war.
I hope it will be the means of securing a general peace among
them, and at the same time convince tiiem of the attention and
regard bestowed upon them by the Britannic Government

* This proves that Charles de Lan<;lade did not die quite so early as his grandson, Aogos-
tln Grignon, supposed — January, 1800. As he died after a sliort illness, and in cold weath-
er, we may place it in March, 1800; and this letter of Lieut. Drummond was probablj re-
ceived after Mr. Langlade's death.

St. Joseph's Island is in St Mary's River, near to Drummond's Island, at the montk
of that stream, where it flows into Lake Huron; and the latter Island, long British head-
quarters for Indian aflTairs, very likely received its name from Lieut. Drummond.

L. C. D*

Langlade Papbrs— 1787-1800. 228

I hope that you will continue your efforts in ensuring this
peace, which is so much desired by the whole world.

I will take care to inform them at Quebec by the first oppor-
tunity of your success. The two Indians have received presents
for their trouble and provisions, to take back with them for their
nourishment The savages will bring the gun you sent for.
Awaiting the pleasure of seeing you this spring, I am

Yr. very humble servant,

Peter Drummond,

Commanding.

Capt Langlade.

I certify that I have baptized a child of Mr. Grignon, named

Bernard, at Green Bay, the 22d of June, 1806. Born the 12tli

of June, at 9 o'clock, A. M.

Chas. Eeaume,

Justice of the Peace.

* ^

AN INCIDENT OF CHE60IMEGON-1760.

We have been permitted to extract the following from the
journal of a gentleman who has seen a large portion of the coun-
try to the north and west of this place, and to whose industry our
readers have been often indebted for information relating to the
portion of country over which he has passed, and to transactions
among the numerous tribes, within the limits of this territory,
which tend to elucidate their characteristics, and lay open the
workings of their untaught minds:

Monecauning (abbreviated for " Monegoinaic-cauning/' the
Woodpecker Island, in Chippewa language) — which is sometimes
called Montreal Island, Cadott's Island, or Middle Island, and is
one of " the Apostles " mentioned by Charlevoix. It is situated
in Lake Superior, about ninety miles from Fond du Lac, at the
extremity of La Pointe, or Point Chegoimegon.

On this island the French Government had a fort, long previ-
ous to its surrender to the English, in 1763. It was garrisoned by
regular soldiers, and was the most northern post at which the
French king had troops stationed. It was never re-occupied by
the English, who removed everything valuable to the Saut do St.
Marie, and demolished the works. It is said to have been strongly
fortified, and the remains of the works may yet be seen.

In the autumn of 1760, all of the traders except one, who traded
from this post, left it for their wintering grounds. He who re-
mained had with him his wife, who was a lady from Montreal, his
child — a small boy, and one servant During the winter, the
servant, probably for the purpose of plunder, killed the trader
and his wife; and a few days after their death, murdered the

*Thlfl paper was originally pablUhed in the Detroit Oaz€tU, Ang. 80, 1829. Hon. C. C
Trowbridge, of Detroit, a resident of that place for sixty years, states that Mr. Schoolcraft,
withont donbt, contribnted thisaketch to the Oautte; that Mr. Schoolcraft, at the time of
Its publication, waa residing at the Sant St. Marie: and Mr. Morrison, who was one of Mr.
Astoria most trusted agents at ** L'Anse Qal-wy-we>nong,^* came down to Mackinaw every
inmmer, and thus gaye Mr. Schoolcraft the information. L. C. D.

An Incident of Chegoimegon — 1760. 225

child. He continued at the fort until the spring. When the
traders came, they enquired for the gentleman and his family ;
and were told by the servant, that in the month of March, they
left him to go to their sugar camp, beyond the bay, since which
time%e had neither seen nor heard them them The Indians, who
were somewhat impliqited by this statement, were not well satis-
fied with it, and determined to examine into its truth. They
went out and searched for the family's tracks ; but found none, and
their suspicions of the murderer increased. They remained per-
fectly silent on the subject ; and when the snow had melted away,
and the frost left the ground, they took sharp stakes and ex-
amined around the fort by stickino; them into the ground, until
they found three soft spots a short distance from each other, and
digging down they discovered the bodies.

The servant was immediately seized and sent off in an Indian
canoe, for Montreal, for trial. When passing the Longue Sauty
in the river St. Lawrence, the Indians who had him in charge,
were told of the advances of the English upon Montreal, and
that they could not in safety proceed to that place. They at once
became a war party, — their prisoner was released, and he joined
and fought with thenL Having no success, and becoming tired
of the war, they sought their own land — taking the murderer
with them as one of their war party.

They had nearly reached the Saut de St Marie, when they held
a dance. During the dance, as is usual, each one ^^ struck the
post," and told, in his manner, of his exploits. The murderer,
in his turn, danced up to the post, and boasted that he had killed
the trader and his family — relating all the circumstances attend-
ing the murder. The chief heard him in silence, saving the usual
grunt^ responsive to the speaker. The evening passed away, and
nothing farther occurred.

The next day the chief called his young men aside, and said
to them : " Did you not hear this man's speech last night ? He
now says that he did the murder with which we charged him.
He ought not to have boasted ot it. We boast of having killed
owe enemies — never our /rieurfj. Now he is going back to the
place where committed the act, and where we live — perhaps he

226 WisooNsnr State Historical Socibtt.

will again murder. He is a bad man — neither we nor our friends
are safa If you are of mj mind, we will strike this man on the
head.*' They all declared themselves of his opinion, and deter«
minedthat justice should be rendered bim speedily and effect-
ually.

They continued encamped, and made a feast, to which the mur-
derer was invited to partake. They filled his dish with an ex-
travagant quantity, and when he commenced his meal, the chief
informed him, in a few words, ot the decree in council, and that
as soon as he had finished his meal, either by eating the whole
his dish cont<iined, or as much as he could, the execution was to
take placa The murderer, now becoming sensible of his peril-
ous situation, from the appearance of things around him, availed
himself of the terms of the sentence he had just heard pro-
nounced, and did ample justice to the viands. He continued,
much to the discomfiture of the " phiz." of justice (personified by
the chief, who all the while sat smoking through his nose), eating
and drinking until he had sat as long as a modern alderman at a
corporation dinner. But it was of no avail— when he ceased eating
he ceased breathing.

The chief cut up the body of the murderer, and boiled it for
another feast — but his young men would touch none of it —
they said, " he was not worthy to be eaten — he was worse than
a bad dog. We will not taste him, for if we do, we shall be worse
than dogs ourselves."

Mr. Morrison, who gave me the above relation, told me he had
it from a very old Indian, who was present at the death of the
murderer."

CAPTURE OF MACKINAW, 1763-A MENOMONEE TRADITION.

By LOUIS B. PORLIER*

On the 14th of October, 1848, Hon. William Medill, Commis.
Bioner of Indian Affaire, called a council at Poygan, Wisconsin,
to negotiate a treaty with the Menomonee tribe of Indians. H.
S. Baird was appointed Secretary to the Commissioner. On the
morning of the day of the meeting, Osh-kosh came to our tent
and said to Augustin Grignon, Sr., " I have been notified to at-
tend the council ; will you go with me ? " Mr. Grignon replied
that he would, and they both started towards the council-house.
Immediately after I told Augustin Grignon, Jr. to call our men to
put up our shanty so as to be in readiness for the annuity pay-
ment, which was to take place immediately after the treaty should
be concluded. As soon as the shanty was up so they could get
along without me, I told the younger Grignon that I was going
over to listen to the council, and started towards the council-
house.

Just before reaching the place of assembly, I saw Sho-no-nee,
or Silver — one of the principal Menomonee chiefs, coming out
of the council-house, and walking towards a group of Indians
who were gathered at a short distance away. I followed him
thither, as I knew that he would relate what had been said in the
council. He seated himself on a log and they all thronged close
around him, anxious to ascertain what was the business of the
Commissioner.

* This paper is an advanced portion of a work for which Mr. Porlier has long been coUect-
lngmatcrial9, relative to Indian traditions, history, aod prominent chiefs, Indian trade and
traders, French and American settlers, and slcetches generally of the Fox Kiver Valley,
from the earliest settlement of the country. As Mr. Porlier's father, the late Judge James
Porlier, settled in the coantry in 1781, and the son has lived a long and observing life of
Bixty-fonr years In the Valley, much engaged among the Indians, and in the Indian trade,
and connected with the Grignon and other early pioneer families, he is well fitted to pre*
pare a work of interest and value, which would doubtless meet with a cordial reception b^
the people of that prosperous portion of Wisconsin. L. C. D.

228 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

In a laughing manner he replied : " You don't expect he bai^
come to decorate your ears with silver ear-bobs ? No, he come»
here simply to get the balance of our country ! Not being satisfied
with what he has already obtained, he proposes to remove us
across the Mississippi, which country he represents to be far better
than ours ; he says there is an abundance of all kinds of game
there; that the lakes and the rivers are full of fish and wild rica*'
Several of those who were listening, here interrupted the speaker
with evident anxiety, saying, " Why don't he go himself and live
in such a fine countfy, where there is an abundance of every-
thing? He is mistaken! and you ought to have told him at
once not to say any more about it Sho-no-nee replied : " That is
what we did ; but you know how the Ke-chemoco-man (or the
Great Knife, as they name the American) never gets rebuked at
a refusal ; but will persist, and try over and over again till he ac-
complishes his purpose. I left our chief Osh-kosh to debate with
him, and I will not adhere to any proposition he may make/'

Sho-no-nee then made running remarks about different tribes
of Indians who had been removed from their country to distant
lands, referring especially to the Winnebagoes and the Pottowat-
tamies ; and in winding up his remarks, said : ** We know by
those who have come back from the country whither they have
been removed, to what dangers they are exposed ;" and, after a
pause, he added : ^* It is but the result of what Pontiac had fore-
seen and foretold." The by-standers inquired who Pontiac was,
and what he had foreseen. Sho no-nee then resumed by saying :
"Pontiac lived before my time; but I will simply state to you
what my ancestors have related to me in regard to him. He was,
they told me, a noble-minded Indian ; he had come to Milwaukee
at one time,^ and then and there had assembled different tribes of
Indians, and addressed them as follows :

" My Friends ! I have come here to consult you in behalf of
our common cause. When the white man came across the ocean,

•See Giignon'B Recollections^ WU. Hist, CotU, III., 396, for some reference to this grand
Hilwaakec assemblage early In 1763. Sho-no-neo^s tradition showB that Pontiac was its
master-spirit, and probably his influence and eloquence so alienated those Indians ttom
the English, that Col. DePeyster, sixteen jears thereafter, denominated them as ^Mhose
renegates of Milwaukee — a horrid set of refractory Indians.'* L. C. D.

Capture of Mackinaw, 1768. 229

and landed on our shores, be spoke with a sweet and silver-
tongued mouth, saying that we had large possessions of land, and
that he had none, and asked to be permitted to settle in a corner,
and live with us like brothere. We received and admitted them
as such ; and they lived true to their proposition and promise,
until they had gained strength. They then commenced to en-
croach upon us more and mora Their purpose is plain to me —
that they will continue to encroach upon us, until they discover
that they have sufficient power to remove us from our country
to a distant land, where we will be confronted with all kinds of
•danger, and perhaps be annihilated. The time is not far distant
when we shall be placed in a critical position. It is now in our
power to force the whites back to their original settlements. Wo
must all join m one common cause, and sweep the white men
irom our country, and then we shall live happy, and we shall
have nothing more to do with the hated race. We shall have no
unsatisfied desires, as we have an abundance of game in our
loresfe — our rivers and lakes are teeming with all kinds of fish,
fowl an^ wild rice — we shall live as did our forefathers ; we shall
with our furs and skins obtain all necessary supplies, and — be
•happy."

The inquiry was then made, what answer did Pontiac receive
from the assembled nations. " Well," said Sho-no-nee, " with the
exception of the Menomonees, they all joined with him, and placed
themselves in readiness to take the war-path at the first warning.
Mackinaw was the first point to be attacked ; and after its capture,
messengers were to be sent eastward, and the successive attacks
would have been like a large prairie set on fire, with a strong wind
spreading the flames in every direction, making the whole one
solid muss of fire, destroying everything before it as it rushes
along! And this would have been the result; but you are
familiar with our customs in regard to incantations. The spirit
that gave the power to the war-chief, required of him to make a
sacrifice of the officers captured at Mackinaw, before taking any
further step. The Chippewa war-chief* succeeded in capturing

♦See Vol. VII., }yh. Ifht. Co/It., pp. 18S-94, for evidence that Match-e-ke-wis was the
Chippewa chief who captured Mackinaw in 1763. L. C D.

280 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

the post of Mackinaw ; but before he could make the sacrifice,
the Bravest of the Brave came and snatched the officers out of his
hands — and the war-chief squatted down, foiled in his purpose."
It was then asked, who was this Bravest of the Brave? — and why
did the war-chief not stand his ground, and prevent him from res-
cuing the officers ? " The Bravest of the Brave, " said Sho-no-
nee, " was Au-ke-win-ge-ke-taw-so, or Defender of his Country —
Charles Langlade, the grand-father of Augustin Grignon — and
he was too well known all over the western world for any one to
dare oppose him."

The Poygan Council continued day after day. On the morning
of the fourth day, H. S. Baird saddled his horse, and, as soon as
he had had his breakfast, started for Green Bay as angry as he
well could be, having lost all hopes that the treaty could be made.
The vacancy of Secretary was filled by the appointment of
Morgan L. Martin ; and, when the council was adjourned at the
close of the day, Mr. Martin came to our tent and said : *' Mr.
Porlier, I wish you would tell Mr. Grignon that he had better
advise the chiefs to make a treaty while they have an oppprtunity.
They ought to make the most advantageous one they can ; for if
they should persist in refusing to treat, the President can at his
pleasure order their removal, without giving them another chance
to make a treaty, and then it would be optional with him whether
to give them anything or nothing, because it is provided in the
existing treaty, that whenever the President should want their
lands, they should relinquish their title — they only possessing
such lands as hunting-grounds. The President has now fent a Com-
missioner to make a treaty, and they ought to embrace the op-
portunity to make the most favorable one they can ; it is a matter
of course that the Commissioner cannot give beyond his instruc-
tions, but he can give to the utmost limit."

I told Mr. Grignon what Mr. Martin had advised. ** Well/'
said Mr. Grignon, "tell Mr. Martin I will attend to it." Then
Mr. Martin told me to go and see Osh-kosh, and to tell him that
he wanted to see him on business, and further requested me at
the same time to go and see the chiefs of the Shawano band, and
state to them what Mr. Martin had said. 1 went on my mission,

Grssn Bay and thb Frontiers, 1768-^. 231

and after having given a full statement of Mr. Martin's views
and advice, to the Shawano band, I suggested that thej should
call on the rest of the chiefs and have a consultation on the sub-
ject, and to do their best to promote the welfare of their nation,
and to be prepared to meet the Commissioner in council the next
day. They accordingly met in council with the Commissioner,
and in the course of the day the treaty was concluded.

GREEN BAY AND THE FRONTIERS, 1763-65.

The following letters, written by Edmond Moran and Lieut James Gorrell,
the former of whom was a trader at Green Bay, when the latter abandoned
the fort at that place, in June, 1763 ; together with a brief letter from John
Clark, at Cumberland, Maryland, all relating to the frontier trade and diffl-
<iulties of that period, and never before published.

Moran's first letter, written at Green Bay, is so faded towards its close, that
i#is impossible to decipher or restore some portions of it ; but the sense is
probably fairly conveyed by the aid of words in brackets.

These old documents were long preserved by the Shelby family, in Ken-
tucky — Capt. Evan Shelby referred to, having been the father of Gov. Isaac
Shelby ; and though they impart no important or detailed facts, yet as they
relate to an interesting period of Wisconsin and frontier history, concerning
which documents and reliable information are scarce, it is deemed advisable
to publish them entire.

It is possible that the trader, Edmond Moran, may have descended from
Capt. Moran, or Marin, the early commandant at Green Bay, who so distin-
guished himself against the Sauks and Foxes in 1730. But this is only sup-
posititious. He was furnished with goods by the large mercantile establish-
ment of Capt. Evan Shelby and Capt. Samuel Postlethwaite, of Frederick
County, Maryland, who were largely engaged in supplying goods for the
Indian trade. It is natural to suppose, that Moran, having some knowledge
of Green Bay, proposed to take a stock of goods there as a promising trading
point ; and this design was carried into effect apparently in the early part of
1762. It must have been a very respectable stock,amounting after a year's sales,
to £1,440, Pennsylvania currency — between six and seven thousand dollars in
value; and among the sales, as shown by GorrelPs Journal, published in the
Society's first volume of CoUectionSt were goods amounting to £935, 12s, 2d,
sold to Lieut. Gorrell for presents to the Indians.

The very day, June 15th, 1763, that Mr. Moran was to have started from the
Bay to Detroit, bearing dispatches from Lieut. Gorrell to Major Ghulwyn, in-
telligence was received from Capt. Etherington of the capture of ^lackinaw,
and directing the abandonment of Fort Edward Augustus; when all his un.
sold goods were seized and appropriated by the Indians. Moran and the
other traders then retired with Gorrell's party first to Mackinaw, and then
down the Lakes.

It would seem probable, as a portion of the goods lost by Shelbj' & Postle-
thwaite on the Monongahela, by the Indian outbreak of 1763, was reimbursed
by the British Government, thus tacitly acknowledging the justice of the
claim, that the loss at Green Bay was also subsequently made good. We

Green Bay and the Frontiers, 1763-65. 283

hear no:!iln§ further of Moran after the date of his Carlisle letter of August
81, 1705.

Lieut. Gorrell was a Marylander, and had served in the Sixtieth or Royal
American regiment during the latter part of the old French and Indian war,
on the borders of New York, and in the conquest of Canada, having entered
the regiment as an Ensign, May 30th, 1750. fie was sent with a small force
to establish a garrison at Green Bay, in October, 1761; was promoted to a
Lieutenancy, March 2, 1763. After abandoning Green Bay, by order of Capt.
Etherington, in June, 1763, he retired to Montreal, where he arrived in Au*
gust following.

On the reduction of the army, at the close of the war, Lieut. Gorrell was
placed on half pay, till he was assigned as a Lieutenant to the Seventieth reg-
iment of foot, March 18th, 1767, stationed at the Caribbee Islands,in the West
Indies, where he probably died in 1760, as his name last appears in the Brit-
ish Army List in that year, without transference, or replacement on the half-
pay list. L. C. D.

Fort Edward Augustus, or La Baye,

Maij 14, 1763.

Dear Sirs:— If you have received every letter I wrote you
last year which I believe you have, as I always sent them by
good opportunities, you will before this know what I then thought
would answer in the trading way for these posts — which scheme
I hope has so far met with your approbation, that before this can
come to hand, and before you will be at Detroit ; at which place
I hope to meet you about the last of June. The goods you
bring, if there is not a good market at Detroit for them, keep
them until I come; but by no means let your assortment be
broken as you may be assured this place will afford good sale for
them.^ I have sent most of my goods to a gentleman whom I
fell in with, one Lewis Constant, at Detroit, on the out limits of
Canada. They are expected here the last of this month, when I
shall get off.

I have done everything in my power for the best, and am in
hopes it will turn out well ; as yet I have a good prospect of its
so doing.

Lieut. Jas. Gorrell commands here, who has used me exceed-

* Fort Edward Anj^nstus, sometimes called Baj dcs Puans, is a very good post for trade.
• ♦ ♦La Bayc Vcrto [Green Bay] will have a great trade with the Sakie, Paanta,
Foxes, and Indians west of Lake Michigan. — Sib Wm. Johnson, Oct. 8. 1761, In N. Y. Cot'
cniat Document*, vii, CQ6, 661.

16 — St. His. Soo.

284 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

ingly kind ever since I have been with him, for which, reason if
you arrive at Detroit before m^, and can in any way send him a
ten gallon bag of spirits, I will pay for it myself. You may re-
member 3'ou desired me to engage goods to sell to the French,
wholesale.

I wrote you from Michilimackinac last fall, respecting my hav-
ing engaged between two and three thousand pounds' worth to be
delivered at Detroit The men will have the pay ready, I under-
stand ; and they depend on the bargain [i. a rely on its fulfill-
ment]. I am in hopes I shall not be disappointed in it The
proposal of bringing cattle, I am assured, would be very advan-
tageous, otherwise I would not so earnestly recommend it to you.

I am very much surprised that I have never heard a word
from one of you since I left home. It gives me no small uneasi-
ness, for many reasons, you very well know.

I would inform you, however, that I hourly expect to hear
from you now, as L-eut Gorrell expects news from Detroit very
soon. [They go] from here to Michilimackinac by Indian
[canoes] ; but it's not safe going over the waves [in such small
craft], as many [accidents occur]. There has been no opportu-
nity before this year ; but [whether] any offers by [sail is a]
question. I intend going as soon as Mr. Lottridge* and Jimmy
Daugherty arrive, which is expected soon.

Enclosed is a letter to my wife, and one to Mr. Clallen, which I
would be obliged to you [to deliver to them]. The Indians seem
well inclined if [it were not] for those d — d Canadians; they
[appear to be as well] attached to the English [as any we] have
ever yet had. Pray [give] my compliments to your families and
all friends. I hope in everything I act to meet your approbation,
as it is my wish [to do].

Dear Gentlemen, your much obliged and very humble ser-
vant Edmond Moran.

•Gorreirs Jonnial, in Wit. Hist. Collg.y 1,37,45, shows that Lottridge was an Indian
trader, who had been engaged in trading np Fox river daring the preceding winter and
spring. When Gorrell abandoned the poi<t at Green Bay, and on his arrival with his garrison
and the Wisconsin traders at Mackinaw, *'thv Indians belonging to the Isle Castor took one
Mr. Lottridge and Mr. Croghan; the former was taken from them by a chief of the Sacs,.to
whom he gave considerable presents ; but the latter was obliged to buy himself clear.'^

L. C. D.

Green Bay and the Frontiers, 1768-65. 285

Ye 15th — This morning this Dennis Croghan * arrived here
from the Sauk country with no news. He has been there all
winter, and has seventy packs of beaver with him ; each weighing
thirty pounds, French weight. Pray let me hear from you. This
country affords abundance of peltry.

For Messrs. Suelby & Postletiiwaite. E. Moran.

Evan* Sftelby & Go's account of losses in the Indian trade, in
the year 1763, Penn. currency :

1763. Dr. To the amount of goods taken at Fort Edward

Augustus, at La Baye, by the Indians £1440 00 00

June 8. — ^To goods lost and destroyed by the Indjans near Ft.

Burd, on the Mouongahela River, as per invoice 4^ 17 4

£1860 17 4

To 8 Horses taken by the Indians at £10 per horse 80 00 05

£1940 17 4

Or. Received in part of the loss at the Monongahela 89 8 0

The balance remaining is £1851 9 4

Cumberland, July 1, 4 o'clock, 1763.

Dear Gentlemen. — This moment arrived here an express
from Pitt, and brings us the following account : That all the
back forts are taken, and all the traders, officers and soldiers put
to death in the most cruel manner. They burned down every
place so soon as they take it. They were five days putting Lieut.
Gordon to death at Venango. Pitt is constantly invested, and
two thousand Indians more expected every day for to help fifteen
hundred that is now against it Two men were killed in sight of

'Dennis Croghan was probably a brother of Col. George Croghan, long Sir Wm. John-
son^B Sab'Indian agent, and a native of Ireland. He was one of Col. John Parker's de-
tachment of New Jersey troops, who were attacked and defeated in July, 1757, at Sabbath
Day Point, on Lake George; and Croghan was among the .mlBsIng, probably taken among
the prisoners to Canada. The next wo hear of him is what we learn from Mr. 3Ioran's
letter and Gorreirs Journal, that he was trading in the country of the Sanks, probably on
the Wisconsin River, during the winter of 1762-63, and was captured at Mackinaw, in July
1768, bat succeeded in purchasing his release. In 1775, we find him a lumber merchant at
Southwark, Philadelphia, where he left his family on a visit to Ireland, on private busi*
ness, and was detained in consequence of the war; but as it was made to appear that he
was a friend of the cause of America, his estate in July, 1779, was exempted from forfeiture.
This is all we are able to learn of this early Wisconsin trader. ] Ia. C \^ .^

236 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

it the other day, and one wounded in the fort The express
tracked the Indians all the way from the Laurel Hill to within
ten miles of this place. I hope we will be able to keep this post,
though God knows.

They write that no less than twelve hundred men would be
sufficient to escort provisions to Pitt; so you may consider what
condition they are in there. They have war ships against Detroit,
and have been agsinst it these five weeks with fifteen hundred
Indians. The French will not help the English there.

I shall open the goods in the manner you direct. A hogshead
or two of rum would sell very well here ; sugar, tea and coffee,
coarse and fine linen, and trimmings of all sorts, would sell well
here likewise. If you think of carrying on the trade at this place,
you can judge what will suit the camp and country yourselves —
shoes and stockings, without fail.

I am so confused — as are all the men here — I cannot write.
The provisions were all taken from Lieut Coulier ;* and eight
hnndred barrels since then are taken at Little Niagara.

Eemember me to all friends.

I am, gentlemen, your most humble servant,

John Clark.

N. B. — I have not yet got a house for the goods. If you think
the goods are not safe here, as dangers soon will be, [give the
necessary directions].

To Capta Shelby and Postlethwaite.

TuscAKOWA, AT Camp No. 13, OcL 21, 1764.
Dear Sir : — Yesterday evening we arrived here. We were
kindly received by Col. Bouquet, who was holding a conference
with the Indians, of whom there is a tolerable number, and some
of them are the d — st rascals that now live. The speech the
Colonel made co-operated with their character. I believe a peace
will ensue ; if so, we must return without scalps ; but if a peace,
we may be assured it will be much to our advantage, etc. I wrote
you from Fort Pitt, that I intended coming here in consequence of

*.Lleat. Cayler'B defeat, near Detroit. See Parkman^s Fontiac^ U S6&-68. L. C. D.

Green Bay and the Frontiers, 1768-65. 287

Col. Gladw3''n's not being yet gone to New York. He is now with
Col. Bradstreet, not above eighty miles from here. I could wish
Lieut Gorrell was here, then we might go to him and have our
business settled at once. I hired nine horses to Mr. Elliott, who
IS to return them at Fort Pitt. I have ordered them to be sent
home I left the greatest part of our goo<ls with Mr. Spears'
clerk at Fort Pitt. Two small loads of goods, with one of tobac-
co, I have here, and shall sell them. I believe we shall sell all
our goods this fall to good advantage. I shall go twenty-five
miles further, then will return ; if Captain Postlethwaite should
come up, he may proceed. Mr. John Gibson is here, given up
to us by the Indians, with many other prisoners.

The Indians are d — mnably scared, which you may believe on
their seeing such an army in their country. I believe I shall see
Col. Gladwyn before I return, and before I go home. At every
opportunity I shall v/rite you. To-morrow we shall march with
all the army. All the gentlemen send their compliments to you.
My best respects to Mrs. Shelby and all friends, and believe me to
be, with the utmost sincerity and kind regards, dear sir,

Your most obedient, humble servant,

Edmond Moran.

N. B. — Please keep my horse until I come in, and take care
of him with your own.

Capt. Evan Shelby, Frederick county, Md.

New York, J/ay ilie 21lh, 1765.

Dear Shelby. — I have the pleasure to assure you that I have
got all ^he King's accounts passed, and the cash is now in the
General's hands, who will pay it on the certificates, which you
know are in the widow Devisme's hands. As Mr. Moran lodged
them with her brother Stillwell in pledge of the sum which he
borrowed of him, as well as the sum due to her by Stidman and
Taylor, the whole not amounting to four hundred pounds, York
currenoj, and as she is threatened by Stephen West, I was obliged
to eater a protest against the cash being paid on these certificates,
wbieh the General approves of. Therefore West ie

288 Wisconsin Statb Historical Society.

set oflE from this in order to get a later power of attorney than
mine, you will set oflE as fast as possible the nearest way to this
place ; and you'll not only miss West, but also by ray giving yoa
other certificates, as they have not lawfully a right to receive the
cash by them without a power of attorney, and you know there
are other things which will answer. I have been advised to this
by the lawyers and others of my friends.

You may come in the night from Dagles' [Douglas?] ferry to
me at William Tayler*s, who lives now at Crinling [?] wharf,
known by the name of Peck slip. It is the best and remotest
place in town, where I shatl be glad to see you as soon as possi-
ble. As the post is just going, you'll excuse haste. It you had
Mr. Postlethwaite with you, it would be f»o much the better, or at
least have his approbation, as well as Mr. Moran's, in writing, and
all will be well. Compliments to all friends, in particular to Mrs.
Shelby. Don't fail in making all the haste possible. As we shall
not let above two or three friends know anything about the mat-
ter untis all is finished, which will be done in two hours' time
after your arrival here, and then I hope to have the pleasure of
riding home with you. Which is all from your sincere friend and
well wisher, Jas. Gorrell,

Capt Evan Shelby, Frederick county, Md.

Lieutenant James Gorrell, to John Morin Scott, Dr.

To two different written opinions relating to the certificates of

Moran and Company at 40 shillings eacli £4 0 0

Perusing and amending a letter of substitution to Major

Moncrief c £1 9 0

Dr. Protest 19 9

Perusing the bonds to be executed by Messr*s Gorrell and

Stearndal for indemnifying Mr. Stillwell and Mrs. Devisme £ 1 9 0

Attending and advising on incidental matters relating to the

settlement of this affair, including two different conferences %
' with Mr. Smith, and Mrs. Devisme's council, in all 18 at-
tendances at 10 shillings each £9 0 0

£16 17 9
A fee on Mrs. GorrelPs first application to me £ 1 12 6

£18 10 8

New Y<yi% July 12, 1765, received of Mr. James Gorrell,
eighteen pounds, ten shillings and three pence in fall lor Uie
above bill John morin Sooth

Gbeek Bay axd the Pboxtikhb, 1768-65.

New IVi', 12th July, 1765, received of Lt. Jutnes Gorrell two
pounds, lea shillings, for my trouble in receiving the money o£
General Gage.

JoNA. Holmes.

New York, 15th July, 1765. Some time ago, I think in April
last, Mr. Gorrell took my opinion relating to certain certiticatea
to the General, and paid me for it, I think forty ahillinga.

WiL Smith, Jr.

Caiilislk, 31st Atigust, 1765.
Dear Sir — I ara favored with yoars of the 27th inst, which,
as I am at present very much hurried, on account of the bearer,
I shall answer briefly. I am much surprised to hear that Mr.
Stephen AVest should not have received that money, as Crohon
[Croghan] told me he had ; it ia moat certain that the money has
come in to be paid, As for Lottridge's bonJ, I do assure yoa
that I am very sensible we don't owe him anything; but on tha
contrary, always imagined he was in our debt; and if I had time,
would send you his account, and a paper from under his hand to
oblige him to settle whatever amount should happen to be proved
by me against that bond. The first opportunity 1 have, which-
ever day offers, I will send you the accounts, and the jiaper or
obligation I have from under hia hand. The other account you
make mention of, is one \Vm. Bruce'a. It was in his custody I
left them goods you heard me make mention of, at La Baye, tha
amount of which was far above hia account against us ; and I am
lately credibly informed that he arrived safe at Detroit with the
proceeds of them, which must, as I always allowed it, over pay
him, so that I don't regard what West can do in that affair, and
can assure you I c.innot charge myself with anything faulty, in
any sense, toward you, since I commenced company with you,
but in not giving you a particular detail of everything, when I
came in. Ilowever, in my next, when I send you Lottridge's
accounts, which you shall have against "Wednesday or Thursday
next, I Hatter myself you will acquiesce with me in it. I am well
saliaSed to give you all my lands, warrants, etc., as nothing could

240 Wisconsin State Historical Society'.

render me more satisfaction than to see you satisfied ; hut would
not allow that West should have them, neither have I the war-
rants here to assign you — my wife is not yet come home. I am
very sorry that it did not suit you to answer my request ; as I
know full well when Ward and Crohon [Croghan] find that noth-
ing will be done here for me, they will immediately fall upon you
in Maryland (for which I should be exceedingly sorry), as would
they all, knowing you are equally liable. All they do to me, is
to keep me here, which I expect they will, perhaps as long as I
live ; and if that would satisfy them, I would willingly resign to
it, though my fate will be (as it is very nigh now) to live upon
bread and water. I shall enclose you an account of my sales to
the northward, and which I expect will be satisfactory, and in-
form you who we are indebted to. I am, as I before mentioned,
ready to comply with your request of the land, and shall write
you more fully about it in my next Please let me know what
Capt Postlethwaite has done in regard to the resurvey on Janes'
Run. I have opportunity almost every day to write to you, and
shall embrace the first that offers, in which I will enclose the
papers you request, and those I mentioned above, which may
perhaps be the last you will receive from me (as I am almost
tired of writing,) while I am here.
I am with the utmost respect,

Your ever devoted, humble servant,

Edmond Moran.

If it would suit, do let West know what I say in legard to
those debts he has industriously brought against me. I will
write to him the first opportunity.

Capt. Shelby.

THE INDIAN WARS OF WISCONSIN.

By Hon. MOSES M. STRONG.

The law of destiny demands that the aboriginal Mongolian in-
habitants of the cultivable portions of the North American conti-
tent, should give place to the advancing civilization of the Cau-
casian race.

The demonstration of this proposition does not require a resort
to any ethnological theories, nor the application of the {)rinciplc8
of natural selection, or the survival of the fittest The history of
the occupation and settlement of this portion of the globe by the
white man during the last three or four centuries, and of the In-
dian wars incidental to the suostitution of the ideas and modes
of the white man for those of the red man, abundantly attest its
truth. If it were otherwise, the desire on the present o^rcasion to
present historical facts rather than maintain theories, forbids any
metaphj'sical investigation of the remote causes which have re-
sulted in supplanting savagism with civilization.

It is not the design of this [laper to present anything novel or
original ; but only to collect from the scattered authorities where
they are to be found, and present the aatbentic contemfjoraneous
accounts of the Indian Wars which have '«r>>urred upon the coil
of Wisconsin, from its earliest occupancy to the present time,
embracing their causes, casualties and crinsequencesL

Indian wars, with their attendant horrors and savage; atrocities,
have ever been eoDcomitantu of the primitive jK;nnanent settle-
ment of every part of tKe r'fiiie^l .States, fr^rn ih^f*^ which fol-
lowed the settlement it J;»m^t^^wri and I'lvrnoutfi, Uf th'j Wte
wars with the .Sioax arid S*:z Percdi in I>akotA, Wy^/fniiijf and
Montar;:^ — with. fA^f^^a^. ti*e Mfi^rle ^xf:^^iou of tb'? ^I'^^^^f^r n^
tiementsio Pef;rj!T!var:A,

When %xA %j »,v/f;. ti,e f*:fy ^rlie*! rmUttiou^. of white mett

242 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

were made to Wisconsin, is involved in some doubt It may have
been by Nicolet in 1634 ; but it is well authenticated that fur
traders were temporarily at Green Bay as early as 1654 to 1659 ;
and that in 1665 a Boman Catholio priest established a mission
at Chegoimegon. But there is no authentic account of any per-
manent settlement within the State until the founding of the
mission of St. Francis Xavier at Des Peres in 1669, and the es-
tablishment, two years later, of the fortified post at Green Bay,
called St Francis.

The white inhabitants gradually, but very slowly, increased
during the next fifty years; but as all who were not engaged in
missionary labor were connected with the fur trade, and furnished
the Indians in exchange for their furs and peltries with such ar-
ticles as contributed to the gratification of their tastes and to their
success in hunting, fishing and trapping, the missionaries and
traders were permitted to remain without molestation.

But at length this tranquillity was to be disturbed. In 1712
the Outagamies or Foxes attempted the destruction of the post of
Detroit They were repulsed and compelled to surrender at dis-
cretion. These reverse:?, and the desperate fight which ensued
near Lake St Clair, materially affected their ability to annoy the
French, and to war with their savage enemies ; but yet added
fresh and implacable inspiration to the savage spirit of hate and
revenge, which prompted them to resort to another locality for its
gratification.

They collected their dispersed bands on the Fox river, where
they robbed and butchered all travelers on this great highway of
nature from the Lakes to the Mississippi. The Sauks were their
old and natural allies, and the Sioux were induced to openly join
them, while many of the Iroquois were allied to them clandes-
tinely. Indeed the danger of a general alliance among the sav-
ages against the whites appeared threatening.

This threatened danger induced the French Governor of Cana-
da, whose dominion and protection then extended over the whole
Valley of the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, to propose a
union of the friendly tribes with the French, in a war of exter-
mination against the common enemy, to which these tribes readily

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 243

feiiisented. A party of Freneli was raised, and the command of
the expedition was wisely confided to tbe bravp, energetic and
discreet De Louvigny, the Kin>f'a Lieutenant at Quebec.

Dh Louvigny and his commanil left Quebec on the 14th March,
1716, and was joined on h's route by □ number of savages, so
that his force amounted to eight hundred men. resolved upon the
total destrQclioQ of the Fox nation. He returned to Quebec OQ
the 12th of October, and the next day gave to the Council the
following account of his expedition :

" After three days of open trenches, sustained by a continuous
fire of fusiieers with two pieces of cannon and a grenade mortar,
they were reduced lo ask for peace, notwithstanding they bad five
hundred warriors in the fort who tired briskly, and more than
three thousand women; they also expected shortly a reinforce-
ment of three hundred men. But the promptitude with which
the (ifliuera, who were in this action, pushed forward the trenches
that I had opened at only seventy yards from their fort, made
the enemy fear the third night that ihey would be taken. As I
was only twenty-four yards from their fort, my de-ign wa^ to
reach the triple oak sticks by a ditch of a foot and a half in the
rear. Perceiving very well that my balls bad not tbe effect I
anticipated, I decided to take the place at the first onset, and to
explode two mines under their curtains. The boxes being prop-
erly placed for the purpose, I did not listen to the enemy's first
proposition ; but they having made a second one, I submitted it
to my allies who cinsented to it on the following conditions :
That the Foxes and their allies would make peace, with all the
Indiaus who are submissive to the King, and with whoru the
French are engngeJ in trade and commerce, and that they would
return lo mo all the French prisoners that they have, and those
captured during the war from our allies. This was complied with
immediately. That they would take slaves from distant nutivea
and deliver them to our allies, to replace their dead ; that they
should hunt to pay the expenses of this war, and as a surety ot
the keeping of their word, they should deliver me six chiefs or
children of chiefs, to take with me to M. La Marquis De Vaud-
reuil as hostages, until the entire execution of our treaty, which

244: Wisconsin State Historical Society.

they did, and I took them with me to Quebec. Besides I have
re-united the other nations, at variance among themselves, and
have left that country enjoying universal peace."

The scene of De Louvigny's engagement was at the Little
Butte des Morts, some thirty-seven miles above Green Bay.

The Foxes, — whom Bancroft characterizes as " a nation pas-
sionate and untamable, springing up into new life from every de-
feat, and though reduced in the number of their warriors, yet
present everywhere, by their ferocious enterprise and savage dar-
ing"— failed to send deputies to the Governor General. He flat-
tered himself for a long time that they would keep their plighted
faith ; but he was only taught by the renewal of hostilities that
an enemy driven to a certain point is always irreconcilable. Dur-
ing the twelve years that followed De Louvigny's expedition, all
the peaceable efforts of the French to restrain the hostile conduct
of the Foxes were uuavailing.

In 1728, the Governor of Canada sent a force of four hundred
French troops, and eight or nine hundred Indians, principally Iro-
quis, Hurons, Nepissings and Ottawas, under the command of
Sieur Marchand De Lignery, who it is probable had served under
De Louvigny in his expedition against the Foxes in 1716, and
who was now commissioned to go and destroy the Fox nation.

De Lignery had previously, on the 7ih June, 1726, held a coun-
cil at Green Bay, with the Foxes, Sauks and Winnebagoes in
presence of Monsieurs D'Amariton, Cligancourt, and Rev. Father
Chardon, in which the chiefs of the three nations all gave their
words that they would maintain peace. But these treacherous
and lying savages paid no regard to their plighted faith, and con-
tinued their robberies and butcheries as they had done before.

The troops commanded by De Lignery commenced their march
on the 5th of June, 1728; and taking the route of the Ottawa
river and Lakes Nipissing and Huron, arrived at the fort at the
mouth of Fox river on the night of the 17th August Father
Crespel, who accompanied the expedition as almoner of the four
hundred Frenchmen, and who wrote an account of it, says :
" Notwithstanding the precautions that had been taken to conceal
our arrival, the savages had received information of it, and all

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 245

had escaped with the exception of foar. These were presented
to our savages who, after having diverted themselves with them,
shot them to death with their arrows."

The expeclition continued up the Fox river as far as the portage
of the Wisconsin ; but none of the enemy could be found, ex-
cept two women, a girl and an old man, who were killed and
burned by the savages. De L^gnery learned that the Foxes had
fled four days before ; that the old men, women and children
had embarked in canoes, and the warriors had gone by land. He
urged his Indian allies to follow in pursuit; but only a portion
would consent, the others saying the enemy had gone so far that
any attempt to catch up with them would be useless.

The French had n'>thing but Indian corn to eat, the season was
far advanced, and they had a distance of four hundred leagues
to return, so that the safety of half the army was endangered by
further pursuit It was, therefore, decided to burn the Fox vil-
lages, their forts and huts, and destroy all that could be found in
their fields — corn, peas, beans and gourds, of which they had an
abundance. Messrs. Beauharnois and De Argemait, from whose
letter to the French Minister of War of Sept 1, 1728, the fore-
going facts are taken, add : ** It is certain that half of these na-
tives, who number four thousand souls, will die with hunger,
and that tbey will come in and ask mercy."

Subsequently, probably in the autumn of 1729, a party of over
two hundred Indians — Ottawas, Chippewas, Menomonees and
Winnebagoes — fell on a party of the Foxes consistino^ of eighty
men, and three hundred women and children, who were returning
from a buffalo hunt The party was surprised, and all of the
men except three, and all the women and children, were killed
and burned, and twenty flat boats were destroyed.

The Sieur Perriere Marin was a native of France of decided
and energetic character, and was a prominent trader among the
Sauks, and the Indians on the Mississippi. He had a place of de*
posit for goods and peltries on the left bank of the Mississippi, a
short distance below the mouth of the Wisconsin, near what is
now called Wyalusing, then called Fort Marin, and another near
Mackinaw known by the same designation. Between these two

246 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

places, Maria found it necessary to conduct an extensive traffic
on the highways of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers ; and his boats
heavily laden with valuable cargoes were obliged often times to
pass the village and fort of the Foxes on the bank of "the Fox
river at the Little Butte des Morts, and as often to submit to the
forced exactions of the Foxes, in the form of tribute.

These repeated piratical levies determined Marin to drive the
marauding savages from their position. The traditional and oth-
er accounts of his valiant exploits leave some doubt about the
exact date of his first attack, but it was probably as early in the
year 1780 as the breaking up of the ice would admit of the pas-
sage of boats up the river.

Marin raised a volunteer force at Mackinaw, which was in-
creased at Green Bay by the friendly Indians. All were em-
barked in boats, each having a full complement of men well
armed, and an oil-cloth or tarpaulin large enough to cover the
whole boat and conceal the men, such as was generally used to pro-
tect traders' goods from the effects of the weather. Near the Grand
Chute, some three miles below, but not within view of the Little
Butte des Morts, the party was divided, one portion going by
land to the rear of the village to aid and support the attack,
which was to be made in front by the others from the boats.
The men in the boats, with their guns ready for use, were con-
cealed by ihe coverings, and only two men to row each boat were
in view, thus presenting the appearance of a trader's fleet.

When the Foxes discovered the approach of the boats, they
placed out their torch, and posted themselves thickly along the
bank, and awaited the landing of the boats and the payment of
the customary exactions.

The boats having approached near enough for an effective at-
tack, the tarpaulins were suddenly thrown off, and a deadly vol-
ley from the musketry of the soldiers, and the discharge from a
swivel gun loaded with grape and canister shot, scattered death
and dismay among the unsuspecting savages, to whom the num-
ber of their enemies seemed treble the reality. They fled precip-
itately to their village to prepare for defense, pursued by the
troops. Here another horror confronted them. A Menomonee

The Indian Wabs of Wisconsin. 247

warrior had stealthily entered the village and set on fire the frail
bark dwellings on the windward side, which were soon wrapped
in a sheei of flame. The Foxes in vain sought safety in the for-
est; but were met by the party which had flanked their retreat,
and they found themselves placed between two hostile fires.
Then burst forth one heart-rending, agonized shriek, and the de^
voted band of free-booting Indians prepared to defend themselves
with a courage born of despair. Ball and bayonet now began
their bloody work, apd the tomahawk and scalping knife were
active participants in the terrible work of death. No quarter was
asked, and none was given. The time occupied by this bloody
tragedy was not long ; but in its strategy, surprise and sanguinary
execution it probably has no parallel in the annals of Indian
warfare. Most of the Foxes were killed or taken prisoners, but
a few escaped up the river, and others were absent at the time of
the engagement.

The same season the remnant of this savage tribe having been
driven from their village at the Little Butte des Morts, took post
about three miles above the Great Butte des Morts, on the south-
ern or opposite side of the river.

In May of the same year, Du Buisson, who commanded at
Mackinaw, left that post with six hundred men, among whom
were fifty Frenchmen, to complete the extermination of the Foxes,
so effectually commenced two months before. Marin went with
him. The only account of this expedition which is known to
exist is the traditionary one that a severe battle took place at the
Great Butte des Morts, and many Foxes were killed, though not
so manuy as at the Little Buttes de Morts, and that they were
again forced to fiy.

From a more authentic account, it appears that in September,
1730, an attack was made on the Foxes by a force under the
command of Sieur De Villiers, consisting of twelve or thirteen
hundred men, including Indians, which resulted in the almost
total defeat of the Foxes. Two hundred of their warriors were
killed, or burned, after being taken as slaves, and six hundred
women and children were destroyed.

The surviving Foxes located themselves on the northern bank

248 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

of the Wisconsin river, about tweutj miles above its mouth, and
propably not far from the present villnge of Wauzeka. Marin
was unwilling that they should remain here, where they could
still obstruct. his great thoroughfare and collecting his tried and
trusted band of French and Indians, he made a distant winter ex-
pedition against them. The Foxes were taken completly by sur-
prise; and surrounding the place with his followers, Marin came
suddenly upon them, killed twenty warriors, and took all the
other prisoners, together with the women and children. Having
fully conquered the Foxes, and having the last remnant of them
in his power, Marin gave them their freedom ; but required them
to retire beyond the Mississippi, which they did.

The date of the final expulsion of the Foxes from Wisconsin,
is involved in some obscurity ; but the little light which can now
be obtained, appears to fix that event in the year of 1746. For
thirty years or more the war between the French and the Foxes,
with their allies, had been kept up in the heart of Wisconsin,
with more or less continuity, and with a determination and ani-
mosity rarely if ever equalled.

No apology can be necessary for the time devoted to the detail
of the incidents of this long war, which forms so interesting a
portion of Wisconsin's primeval history.

At the time of the final expulsion of the Foxes, the village of
thier allies the Sauks, was on the east side of the Fox River, near
the present site of Green Bay, where they had until that time de-
meaned themselves well. About that time a difficulty arose be-
tween the French and the Sauks, which resulted in the shooting
by Capt De Velie or De Villiers, who had been in command of
the garrison, of three of the Sauk chiefs, and the shooting of the
Captain in return, by a young Sauk, only twelve years old, named
Black Bird, who subsequently became a distinguished chief among
his people.

The garrison being reinforced and joined by the French set-
tlers under the lead of Chas. De Langlade, attacked the Sauk
nation at their village, where a severe battle occurred, in which
several were killed on both sides, and the Siuks driven away.
The Sauks now retired to the Wisconsin river, and located upon

The Ikdian Wars of Wisconsin. 249

that beautiful plateau of table land, upon which the twin villages
of Prairie du Sac and Sauk City are located, where they had a
fine village with comfortable houses. They were living here in
1766, when Carver visited the county ; but must have left soon
lifter, as in 1795, according to the authentic statement of Augus-
tin Grignon, the village appeared to have been several years de-
serted: and there were then only a few remains of fire-places
and posts to be seen.*

It seems probable, judging by the dim light to be derived from
any authentic history and from tradition, that the Foxes and
Sauks having become confederates, wrested from the Illinois their
possessions, and incorporating the remnant which they spared of
that numerous tribe, with their own, occupied the territory which
had been the home of the Illinois. The principal seat of their
power was the country about the mouth of Rock river, from
whence in 1831, and more formidably and effectively in 1882,
they made those forays upon the pioneer settlers of Illinois and
Wisconsin, which resulted in what is generally known as the
Black Hawk war.

For about eighty years immediately following the expulsion of
the Fox and Sauk Indians, not a hostile conflict occurred between
the white inhabitants of what is now Wisconsin and any Indian
tribe. Besides the few missionaries who gave no oflfense to the
Indians, and who were the apostles of the gospel of peace, there
were no inhabitants who were not directly or remotely connected
with the Indian trade, who for reasons already stated were suf-
fered to pursue their vocation daring this long pirifyl without in-
terruption. Moreover, a large proportion of these traders were
Frenchmen, many of whom bad intermarried with the Indians of
the various tnbcs, and their hybrid progeny exerted a f^^werful
influence in creaving a kiridly feelir^g towards all PVendi p'^^^ple,

Ba: verr d'rTrrfini: U:f:lUi'j^ \,TtUH(\(A the savajre br^^st UfK^xt^ln
those who carr..^ V/ '/tfy^yj th'j f'/,riuUy for »iftU:u]inri\ yxT\/fihf:Si',
and, con«e:| i*:'ii>/, \^ th':y r//u\.'j \f^uW4K*\ Ut \xu\^ir \U va!-je

Sft3k«, m'w, --i.»i ,:ms: v\ --w II.m.*^.»,\. ' \^.if\*AA trrt, :tt^ "A U^yyr,*;.*. %vv*.-. '^r./ $r«
yeart •?>" — \^y\i.Xix..v } iirixx M.^ ^#^^ ;* 17*5, •fr-T 4Vnt \ <^/j!WV 7%*.** VO^* Mt,

17 — Si^lLtt.l^/1^.

250 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

for their nomadic use. And most especially were the Winnebago
Indians jealous of, and determinedly opposed to, any intrusion
upon or occupation of the country, which should threaten to in-
terfere with their exclusive occupancy of the Lead Mine Region,
the sole right to which east of the Mississippi, was claimed by
that tribe.

Mr. John Shaw, who died a few years since in Green Lake
county, was engaged between 1815 and 1820, in running a trading
boat between St Louis and Prairie du Ohien. In one of those
trips he was anxious to visit the Lead Mines at Galena, with one
of his trading boats; but was told by the Indians that the ** white
man must not see this Lead Mines;" but as he spoke French
fluently, he was supposed to be a Frenchman, and was permitted
to go up Fever river where he traded with the Indians for
lead.

Tlie first occupation of the Lead Mines by white men was in
1822, when Col. James Johnson, brother of the famous Richard
M. Johnson, took possession with a small party of men, under the
protection of several detachments of troops sent forward by order
of the War Department. A very few persons, probably not more
than twenty, spent the ensuing winter at Galena.

Col. Morgan was then in command at Fort Crawford, and had
charge of the troops, and some sort of treaty or agreement was
probably made between him and Col. Johnson on the one part,
and the Indians on the other, by which the occupancy by the
whites was assented to; but whatever it was, it does not appear
te have been ratified by, if ever submitted to, the Senate.

In 1823, some accessions were made to the population ; and in
August, by a census there taken, there were seventy four persons,
men, women and children, of whom a number were negroes. The
total product of lead shipped that year was 425,000 pounda*

*R. W. Chandler, of Galena, drew, and had published In Cincinnati, in 1829, a valnablo
map of the Lead Mines, inclnding all that part of Wisconsin west of the Four Lakes, giv-
ing the location of the few Indian villages, and all the lead diggings of that day.

Some statistics of the lead manufactured, and the estimated popniation of the Lead Re-
fion, are given on the margin of the map — inclnding, of course, the small lend section
around Galena, as well as the territory now constituting Western Wir<consin. These
early data are well worthy of a note In this connection.

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 251

There was a slight increase of immigration in 1824, and the
mines at Hazel Green and New Diggings were discovered, and
worked with great profit.

Two officers of the ordnance department — Maj. Anderson and
Lieut Burdine — were sent out to protect the interests of the
Government; and subsequently Lieut. Martin Thomas was ap-
pointed superintendent of the Mines.

The fame of the Upper Mississippi Lead Mines, and their fabu-
lous value and richness, had been spread far and wide throughout
the Mississippi Valley ; and by the year 1825, the desire for gain
and love of adventure and spirit of migration had taken posses-
sion of its inhabitants, especially in Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky
and Tennessee, so that the determination to occupy and utilize
these mines of wealth could no longer be restrained by any
pretensions of the red man to the exclusive right of their pos-
session.

The time had now come when this beautiful country was to be
occupied by a hardy, resolute, adventurous, as well as a brave
and persevering population. The laws which generally confine
migration of the human race to isothermal zones and similitude
of climate, were to be set at defiance ; and the emigrant from the
mild climate of Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri and southern Illi-
nois, was to exchange the balmy and genial atmosphere to which he
had been accustomed, for one in which, during nearly half the
year, all nature is bound in icy chains and covered with its robe
of snow. But no matter ! The migratory spirit, stimulated by
the greed for suddenly acquired wealth, and the irrepressible love
of adventure, had taken possession of the pioneer immigrants to
the Lead Mines, and the years of 1825 and 1826 witnessed a rush
of emigration which had never before had its parallel, and the

"Amount of lead manufactured:

In ISes . 439,473 lbs.

!»»•••• 1,66(»,M6 lbs.

1817 6,«4,3S9 lb8.

1*W ia,«57,lOO lbs.

1829— first quarter 2,494,444 lbs.

** Estimated number of inhabitants:

InlKa5 800

18« l.OOJ

18i7 : 4,000

1838 10,000

** About one-twentieth are femilet, and one hnndred are free blacka." \4« Q«T^«

252 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

like of which has never since been seen, unless in the migration
to California, which succeeded the war with Mexico.

Most of these pioneers came with the expectation of soon get-
ting rich, and returning to the homes they had left behind them.
Many came in the spring and returned npan the approach of win-
ter, thus exhibiting so close a resemblance to some of the piscatory
tribe, that they received the designation of "Suckers" ; and the
results of their temporary and unsystematic labor were known as
^'Sucker holes."

Others, however — some influenced by success, and some com-
pelled by the necessities resulting from adverse fortune — re-
mained, and soon became permanently attached to the country ;
from the occupation of which no apprehension of Indian hostili-
ties could deter them.

Such was the march of progress in the development of these
newlv-discovered Lead Mines, that before the Indian title was ex
tinguished in August, 1829, the lead product exceeded fifteen
million pounds ; and this notwithstanding the continued disturb-
ance of the settlers by hostile Indians, against which they were
wholly dependent upon themselves for protection, until, by their
own well-directed efforts, Government protection was no longer
necessary.

In the summer of 1825, a grand council, or treaty, was held at
Prairie du Ohien, with the different tribes of Indians. Gov. Cass,
of Michigan, and Gen. Clark, of Missouri, Superintendents of In-
dian Affairs for their respective regions, were Commissioners on the
part of the United States. The Indian tribes represented were
the Sioux, Sauks and Foxes, Chippewas, Winnebngoes, Menomo-
nees, lowas, and a portion of the Ottawa, Chippewa an<l Potawa-
tomie tribes living upon the liiinois. The object of this treaty
was to make a general and lasting peace between these tribes, and
also to settle the boundaries between them respectively. Gov.
Cass, when asked what good he thought would result from it,
shrugged his shoulders, and smiling, said : " They would have it
so at Washington." A treaty of perpetual peace was made, and
the boundaries settled between the different tribes, which resulted
in keeping the Indians at peace — until they were ready again to
go upon the war-path.

In October, 1826, by a positive order from Washington, the
troop3 were removed from Fort Crawford, up the river lo Port
Snelliiig. nnd Fort Crawford was abandoned, the Comniandant
taking with him two Winnebago Indiana wbo had been confined
in the guard-house for some supposed offense of a trivia! nature.
He left behind, in charge of the sub-Indian agent, a brass swivel,
a few wall pieces, all the damaged arms, and some provisions.
This removal induced the Winnebagoea to believe that the troops
bad fled through fear of ihetn.

Several times during the winter of 1826-27, some of the older
citizens o£ Prairie du Chien, who best understood the Indian
character, nnd the peculiarities of the Winnebagoea — and especi-
ally Mr. Michael Brisbois — expressed serious fears of sime out-
rages from those Indians in the spring, and that they were bent
on war. But it was generally thought impossible that, surround-
ed, as they were, with Americana and troops in the country, they
should for a moment seriously entertain such an idea.

In March, 1827, one of the residents of Prairie du Chien named
Melhode, went up Yellow, or Painted Rock creek, about twelve
miles above the village, to make sugar. His wifH, said to have
teen a most beautiful woman, accompanied him with her five
children. Besides these and his faithful dog, the wolves and the
trees were his only companions. The sugar season being over,
and he not returning nor being heard from, a party of his friends
went to look for him. Methode'g dog was first found, shot with ■
half a Bcore of balls, and yet holding in his dead Jaws a piece of
scarlet cloth, which he had apparently torn from an Indian leg-
ging. After further search the camp was found, consumed by
fire The whole party or seven had been killed, all — Madame
Methode in particular, she being enceinte — were shockingly
mangled.

It afterwards appeared that a party o( Winnebagoea had been
seen near Yellow creek, after Methode had gone there, and one of
tbem — Wa-man-doo«-ga-rak« — having been arrested nnd ex-
amined, is said to have confeaaed his guilt, and implicated several
others.

In the spring of 1827, a rumor very extensively circulated

264 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

among the Winnebagoes, and generally believed, that the two
prisoners of their tribe who had been removed from Fort Crawford
to Fort SnelHnjr, had been turned over to the Ohippewaa, to run
the gauntlet through a party of the latter tribe, armed with clubs
and tomahawks, and the race for life had resulted in the killing
of both of them. Something like this occurred with reference to
some Sioux prisoners at Fort Snelling, but had no truth as ap-
plied to the Winnebago prisoners.

Hitherto the Winnebago chief, Eed Bird, had not only been
well known at Prairie du Chien, but had the confidence and res-
pect of all the inhabitants to such an extent, that he was always
fiought after as a protector ; and his presence was looked upon as
a pledge of security against any out-break that might be at-
tempted.

When the unfounded rumors of the killing of the Winnebago
prisoners at Fort Snelling were heard and believed, the leading
chiefs held a council and resolved upon retaliation ; and Red Bird
was called upon to go out and "take meat" as they phrase it
Beckoning to We-kau and another Indian named Chic-hon-sic,
he told them to follow him. They proceeded to Prairie du Ghieo,
and on the 26th of June went to the house of Hon. James Lock-
wood, who had left home the previous day, leaving his house in
charge of his wife, her brother, a young man of sixteen, and a
servant girl. Red Bird and the other two Indians entered the
cellar kitchen, loaded their guns in the presence of the servant
girl, and went up through the hall into Mrs. Lockwood's bedroom,
where she was sitting alone. The moment they entered her room
she believed they came to kill her, and immediately passed into
and through the parlor, and crossed the hall into the store to her
brother, where she found Duncan Graham, who had been in the
country about forty years as a trader, and was known by all the
Indians as an Englishman. He had formerly been Commandant
at Prairie du Chien, when under British dominion. The Indians
followed Mrs. Lockwood into the store, and Mr. Graham by some
means induced them to leave the house.

Red Bird and his savage accomplices then went the same day
to McNair's Coulee, about two miles south-east from the village,

Thb Indian Wabs or ^

wlic'e lived Rijeste GagmVr and hia wife wiili two small eliiMren
■ — a buy three years old, and a daughter aged eleven months ; and
living with them was an oM discharged soldier by the name of
Solomon Lipcap, The three Indians entered the cabin, and, such
visits being common, were received with the usual eiviJitv, and
were asked if they would have something to eat. They said yea,
and would like some fish and milk. As Mrs. Gagnier turned to
get the lisli and milk, she heard the click of Red Bird's rifle,
which was instantly followed by its discharge, and her murdered
husband fell dead at her feeL At the same moment the Indiao
Chic-hon-sic shot and killed old Lipcap ; when Mrs. Gagnier see-
We-kau, who had lingered about the door, she wrested from him
his rifle ; but from trepidation or some other cause was unable to
use it, " feeling," as she expressed it, " like one in a dream, trying
to call or to run, but without the ability to do either." She then
with her oldest child, and hearing the rifle with her, ran to tha
village, and gave the alarm. A party ot armed men returned
with her, and brought away the two murdered men, and the in-
fant which she had left covered up in the bed, which they found
on the floor beneath it. The helpless child had been scalped by
Wekau, who had inflicted upon its neck a severe cut to the bone
just below the occiput, from which she afterwards recovered, and
is still living, the mother of a family, but despoiled of the glorj ■
oE her sex.

On the same day (June 26th)| two keel boats commanded by
Capt Allen Lindsay, which a few days before had ascended the
river laden with provisions for the troops at Fort Snelling. passed
the mouth of the Bad Axe on their way back to St Louis. Oa
the upward trip some hostile demonstrations had been made by
the Dakotas, which induced Capt. Lindsay to ask that his crew
should be furnished with arms and ammunition. Col. Snelling,
the commanding officer, complied with his request, and the thirty- i
■two men of which the crew consisted, were provided with thirty- I
two muskets and a barrel of ball cartridges. The Dakotas occu-
pied the right bank ol the river, and Capt. Lindsay and his mea
were on their guard against any attack from them ; but they had
no apprehension of any attack from the Winnebagoes who occu-
^ pied the left bank of the Mississippi.

256 "WiscossTN State Histohioal Society.

The village of Wii-ba-shaw, ihe site of the prcsciu town of
Winona, was the lowest point on the river at which tlmv expected
to encounter the Dakolns. Having pn?:4ed this point ia safety,
and a strong wind having sprung up, the boats parted oonipany,
and one of them, the 0. H. Perry, by the time it reached the
mouth of the Bad Axe, was several miles io advance of the
other.

In the meantime thirty-seven Winnebagoes, inspired by the
same common feelings of vengeance, cruelty and hate, which had
led to the murder of Melhode and his family ; and which was, on
thai very day, instigating the invasion of the peaceful home of
Gagnier, and the murder of its inmates by Red Bird, We-kau and
Ohic-hon-sic, had, in pursuance doubtless of a common purpose
to exterminate the whites, concealed themselves upon an island
'in the Mississippi nearlhe mouth of the Bad Axe, between which
ind the left bank oE the river, it was known that the two keel-
'■'boats would pass on their return from Fort SnelHng,

These boats, in model and size, were similar to ordinary canal
boats, and furnished considerable protection t'om e.tterior attacks
with small arms, to those on board, who concealed themselves be-
low its gunwales.

As tiie " Perry " approached the island where these hostile sav-
ages were concealed, and when within thirty yards of the bank,
the air suddenly resounded with the blood-chilling and ear-pierc-
ing cries of the war-whoop, and a volley of rifle balls rained
across the deck. Of the si.xteen men on board, either from mar-
vellous good luck, or because they were below deck, only one
man fell at the first fire. Be was a negro named Peter, his leg
was dreadfully shattered, and he aflerivards died of the wound.

The crew now concealed themselves in the boat below the
water line, suffering it to float whithersoever the current and the
tigh east wind might drive it The second volley resulted in the
in the instant death of one man, an American named Stewart,
who bad risen to return the first fire, and his musket protruding
through a loop-hole, showed some Winnebago where to aim. The
bullet passed directly through his heart, and he fell dead with
his finger on the trigger of hia undischarged gun.

i

The Tnwas Wars of Wisconsin. 257

Tie boat now grounded on a sand bar, and the Indiana rushed
to their canoes, intending to board it The crew having recovered
from their panic, and geeing that the only escape from savage
butchery was vigorous war, seixed their arms and prepared to
give the enemy a warm reception. In one canoe containing sev-
eral savages, two were killed, and in their dying struggles upset
the canoe, and the rest were obliged to swim ashore, where it was
some time betore those who were not disabled by wounds could
restore their arms to fighting order. Two of the Indians succeed-
ed in getting on board the keel-boat, both of whom were killed.
One feli into the wuter, and the othbr into the boat, in which he
was carried down the river ; but in this hand-to-hand conflict the
brave commander of the crew, named Beaueharap, was killed by
the first of these two hoarders, who in his turn was killed by a
daring sailor named Jack MsndeviUe — called "Saucy Jack," who
shot the ra.oh warrior thraugh the head, aud he felt overboard,
carrying his gua with him.

Mandeville uow assumed command of the crew, whose num-
bers had been reduced to ten effective men. He sprang into the
water on the sand bar for the purpose of shoving off the boat
and escaping from their perilous position, and was followed by
four resolute men of his crew. The balls Ilew thick and fast
about them, passing through their clothes ; but they persisted,
and the boat was soon afloat. Seeing their prey escaping, the
"Winnebagoes raised a yell of mingled nigeand despair, and gave
the whites a farewell volley. It was returned with three hearty
cheers, and ere a gun could be re-loadcd, the boat had floated out
of shooting distance, and the survivors were sate, arriving at
Prairie du Cbien about sunset the nest day, the 27th of Juoa

The casualties of this engagement wew, two of the crew killed)
two mortally and two slightly wounded, while it is supposed that
ten or twelve Indians were killei, and a great number wounded.

The other keel-boot, ia which was Capt Lindsay, had on hoard
Mr. William J. Snelling, a son of Col. Snelling. Mr. Snelling,
the son, is the putative author of an interesting anonymous crticle
in relation to the " Winnebajo Oulbrealc of 1827 " which was re-
published in the r " ame of the RepoTla and Collections oi

258 Wisconsin State Histobical Socistt.

tbe State Historical Society of Wisoonsin, and from which many
of tbe incidents now given are taken. Gapt. Lindsay^s boat
reached the month of the Bad Axe about midnight The In*
dians opened a fire upon her, which was promptly retarned ; one
ball only hit the boat, doing no damage; the others passed over
harmless in the darkness through which she pursued her way, and
arrived safely at Prairie du Cbien on the 23th.

A slander upon Cipt Lindsay and his crew is contiined in
Reynolds* ** Life and Times^'^ which ought not to escape contradic-
tion. It is stated in this work that the two keel-boats, in ascend-
ing the river, " stopped at a large camp of the Winnebago In-
dians on the river, not far above Prairie du Chien. The boatmen
made the Indians drunk — and no doubt were so themselves —
when they captured s )me six or seven squaws, who were also
drunk. These captured squaws were forced on the boats for cor-
rupt and brutal purposes. But not satisfied with this outrage on
female virtue, the boatmen took the squaws with them in the
boats to Fort Sneliing, and returned with them. When the In-
dians became sober and knew the injury done them in this deli-
cate point, they mustered all their forces, amounting to several
hundreds, and attacked the boats in which the squaws were
confined."

Mr. Sneiling, whose means of knowing the facts were far 'supe-
rior to those of the author of Reynolds' " Life and Times" in the
paper to which reference has been made, in speaking of the
ascent of these keel-boats, says : " They passed the mouth of
Black river with a full sheet, so that a few Winnebagoes who
were there encamped, had some diflBculty in reaching them with
their canoe?. They might have taken both boats, for there were
but three fire-locks on board; nevertheless, they offered no in-
jury. They sold fish and venison to the boatmen on amicable
terms, and suffered them to pursue their journey unmolested.
We mention this trifling circumstance merely because it was af-
terwards reported in the St, Louis papers, that the crews of these
boats had abused these Winnebagoes shamefully, which assuredly
was not the case." Mr. Sneliing also says, that " thirty -seven
Indians were engaged in this battle." It is probable that the St.

The Indian Wabs of Wisconsin.

Xiouis papers were the authority upon wbiuh the stntemeot now
contradicted was made.

The inhabitauls in and about Prairie <ln Cbien were generally
and very greatly alarmeJ. They left their houses and farms, and
crowded into tlip now dilapidated fort, and speedily established a
very effective disi^ipline. A military company wan orgmized,
with Thomas McNaJr, captain, Joseph Briabois. lieutenant, and
Jean Brunei, ensign, all of whom had previously been cornmis-
gioned for tliese offices by Gov, Cass. Mr. Snelling and Judge
Jjockwood acted as supernumeraries under Capt. MflNair, and the
force was found, on muster, to number ninety effective men and
women who couIJ handle a musket in case of attack. The fort
and block-house were put in as good state of repair as circumstan-
ces and materials' would admit. The ewivel and wall pieces were
found and mounted, and all the blacksmiths were put in requisi-
tion to repair the condemned muskets. Judge Loekwood, fortu-
pately, hart an abundance of powder and lead, which he liberally
furnished, so that the old fort and its occupants were in a respect-
able state of defense.

An old voyageur was engaged to cross the Mississippi, and go
back thruugh the country to report the situation to Col. Snelling
at Fort Snelling. He pe.rformed this service ; and after consider-
able delay, Col. Snelling came down the river with two companies
of U. S. infantry.

An express was sent to Galena, and the effect of the alarming
news is described by Col. D. M. Parkinson in these words: "The
teports being spread over the country, a scene of the most alarm-
ing and disorderly confusion ensued — alarm and consternatioa
were depicted in every countenance — thousands flocking lo Ga-
lena for safety, when, in fact, it was the most exposed and unsafe
place in the whole country. All were without arms, order oroon-
trol. The roads were lined in all directions with frantic and flee-
ing men, women and children, expecting every moment to be
overtakeo, tomahawked and scalped by the Indians. It was said,
and I presume with truth, that the encampment of fugitives at the
bead of Apple river, on the first night of the alarm, was four
miles in extent, and numbered three thousand persons."

260 "Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Gov. Cass, who had come to Butte des Morts to hold a treaty
with the Winnebagoes, learning from rumor that there was dis-
BStiBtaction among them, started in his canoe, and arrived at Prai-
rie du Chien on the morning of the 4th of July. Having ordered
into the service of the United State?, McNair'a military company,
he proceeded hastily in his canoe to Galena, Tliere he raised a
volunteer company, wiih Abner Fields as captain, William S.
Hamilton and one Smith aa lieutenants, in mhich D. M. Parkin-
son was sergeant The command of Fori Crawford wass assigned
by Gov. Cass lo Oupt. Fields, who, with his company, immedi-
ately proceeded to Prairie da Chien on a keel-boat, and took poa-
session of the barracks. LieaL Marl.in Thomas, of the U. S.
army, went up and mustered the two companies of militia into
the pervice of the Government

In a few days Col. Snelling arrived with his troops, and as-
sumed command of Fort Crawford. He soon after discharged
CapL Field's company ; but CapL McNair's company was retained
in service until some time in the month of August

Gov. Cass proceeded from Galena to St Louis to confer with
Gen. Atkinson, then in command of Jefferson Barracks and of
the Western military department This resulted in Atkinson's
removing up the Mississippi with the disposable force under bis
command.

During this time the miners in the Lead Mines had organized
a company of mounted volunteers, which numbered over one han-
. dred men, well mounted and armed, and chose Col. Henrjf
Dodge aa their commander. While it was the peculiar duty o£
this force to protect the settlers of the Lead Mines against any
attack of the savages, they were as ready U) pnrsue them and give
battle as to resist attack.

Red Bird and the other Winnebagoea, having, as was supposed,
fled up the Wisconsin, it was the plan of Gen. Atkinson to go
up that river in boats ; and he also secured the co-operation of
Col. Dodge and his mounted volunteers, who marched to the
Wisconsin, a detachment going to Prairie du Chien, and the re-
mainder to English Prairie, (now Muacoda). This mounted force
scoured both sides of the Wisconsin river from its mouth to the
Portage, driving every Indian before them.

Thb Indian Wars ok Wibconbin.

Major Wbistler, in command at Fort IlowarJ, hiJ been ordered
to proceed up Fox river with any force at his diaposal, or which
might volunteer w aid him. A company of Oneida and Stock-
■bridge Indians, sixty-two in number, were raised by Ebeiiezer
Childs and Joseph Dickinson, which was mustered into Maj.
Wbisller'a detachment at Little Butte des Moris. This force
arrived on the Ist day oE Se^itember, 1827, on the high bluff,
where, during the next year, the erection of Fort Winnebago was
commenced. Here, in pursuance of orders from Gen. Atkinson,
sent by express announcing the approach of his force and Dodge's
volunteers, Major Whisller encamped to await the arrival of the
general.

The Winnebagoes were now in a desperate plight With Col.
Enelling in command at Fort Crawford, with a large force of reg-
ulars and voJunteerA confronted by Major Whistler and his troops,
and with Gen. Atkinson foHowiog their retreat, aided by Dodge
and his mounted volunteers, who drove them out of every hiding
place, there seemed to be no alternative f jr them but to appeal to
the lenient mercy of their pursuers.

Soon after the arrival of Mujor Whistler, it was learned that
'the Wiiinebngoes were encamped a little more than a mile distant
on the Wisconsin, where Portage City is now located, and were
several hundred strong. The Winnebagoes had heard of Gen.
Atkinson's approach, and of Dodge's pursuit, before they were
known to Major Whistler, and in a few days a great stir was dis-
covered among the Indians, and a party of thirty warriors was
observed by the aid uf a field glass, to be approaching his com-
mand. The Indian parly bore three flags. On two — one in front
and one in rear — were the Acnerlcan stars and stripes, while the
other, in tbe center, borne by Eed Bird, was white. They bore
no arms. When they had approached near to the Fo.\ river, they
stopped, and singing was iieard. Those who were familiar with
the air, and whia recognized the bearer of the while flag, said : " It
is Red Bird singing his death song." When they had reached
the margin of the river, Maj. Whistler ordered Capt Childs, who ]
was officer of the guard, to take the guard to the river, and ascer-
tain what the Winnebagoes wanted. They replied they had come

262 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

to deliver up the murderers. They were received by the guard,
and taken across the river into the presence of Maj. Whistler.
In the lead was Car-i-mau-nee, a distinguished chief. He said :
" They are here. Like braves they have come in. Treat them
as braves. Do not put them in irons." The military had been
drawn up in line, the Menomonee and Oneida Indians in groups
on the left, the band of music on the right. In front of the cen-
ter stood Red Bird and his two accomplices in the Gagnier mur-
der, while those who had accompanied them formed a semi-circle
on the right and left. All eyes were fixed on Red Bird, as well
they might be, for of all his tribe he was the most perfect in
form, face and gesture. In height he was about six feet ; straight
without restraint His proportions from his head to his feet were
those of the most exact symmetry, and even his fingers were
models of beauty. His face was full of all the ennobling, and, at
the same time, winning expressions; it appeared to be a compound
of grace and digniiy, of firmness and decision, all tempered with
mildness and mercy. It was impossible to conceive that such a
face concealed the heart of a murderer.

It was painted, one side red, the other intermixed with green
and white. He was clothed in a Yankton suitof dressed elk-skin,
perfectly white, and as soft as a kid glove, new and beautiful.
It consisted of a jacket, ornamented with fringe of the same ma-
terial, the sleeves being cut to fit his finely formed arm, and of
leggings also of dressed elk-skin, the fringe of which was varied
and enriched with blue beads. On his feet he wore moccasins. On
each shoulder, in place of an epaulette, was fastened a preserved
red bird. Around his neck he wore a collar of blue wampum,
beautifully mixed with white, which was sewed on to a piece of
cloth, whilst the claws of a panther or wild cat with their points
inward, formed the rim of the collar. Around his neck were
hanging strands of wampum of various lengths, the circles enlarg-
ing as they descended. There was no attempt at ornamenting
the hair, after the Indian style ; but it was cut after the best
fashion of the most civilized. Across his breast, in a diagonal
position, and bound tight to it, was his war pipe, at least three
feet long, brightly ornamented with dyed horse hair, and the

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 263

feathers and bills of birds. Other ornaments were displnj'ed with
exquisite taste upon his breast and shoulders. In one of hia
hands he held the wliite flag, and in ihs other the cilumet or pipe
of peace.

There he atood. Not a muscle moved, nor was the expressioa
of his face changed a particle, He appeared consciouj that, ao-
cording to the Indian law, he had done no wrong. IIiiT conscience
was at repose. Death had no terrors for him. He was there pre-
pared to receive the blow that should send hirn to the happy
hunting grounds to meet his fathers and brothers who hud gone
before hira.

All were told to sit down, when a talk followed between the
tead men of the Winnehagoes and Major Whistler, in which the
former claimed much credit for bringing in the captive.=i, and
hoped their white brothers would accept horses in commutation
for the lives of their friends, and earnestly besought that in any
event they might not be put in irons. They were answered and
told that they had done well thus to come in ; were advised to
warn their people against killing ours, and were impressed with a
proper not'on of their own weakness and the extent of our power.
They were to'd that the captives should not be put in irons, that
they should have something to eat, and tobacco to smoke.

Red Bird then stood up, facing the commanding officer, Major
Whistler. After a moment's pause, and a quick survey of the
troops, and with a composed observation of his people, he spoke,
looking at Major Whistler, and said: "I am ready." Then,
advancing a step or two, he paused and said, " I do not wish to
be put in irons. Let me be free. I have given away my lite —
(stooping and taking sttme dust between his finger and thumb and
blowing it away) — like that," (eyeing the dust as it tell and van-
ished), then adding, "I would not take it back. It is gone."
Hawing thus spoken, be threw bis hands behind him, indicating
that he was leaving all things behind him, and marched briskly
up to Major Whistler, breast to breasL A platoon w.is wheeled
backwards from the center of the line, when Major Whistler step-
ing aside, the prisoners marched through the line in charge of a
file of men, to a tent that had been provided for them in the rear,

264 • Wisconsin State Historical Society.

where a guard was set over them. The other Indians then left
the ground by the way they had corae, taking with them the ad-
vice they had received, and a supply of meat, flour and tobacco.

Gen. Atkinson's troops, very soon after the surrender of these
captives, arrived at Fort Winnebago, as did also the volunteers
in command of Col. Dodge. The Indian prisoners were delivered
over to Gen. Atkinson, by whom they were sent to Fort Craw-
ford. Gen. Atkinson met the Grey-Headed De-kau-ray at the
Portage, who, in presence of Col. Dodge, disclaimed for himself
and the other Winnebagoes any unfriendly feelings towards the
United States, and disavowed any connection with the murders on
the Mississippi. Gen. Atkinson then discharged the volunteers,
assigning two companies of regulars to the occupation of Fort
Crawford, and ordering the other regulars to their respective posts,
while he himself returned to Jefferson Barracks. And thus ended
the Winnebago out-break.

It may be thought that the results of this war are very meagre
for the amount of force employed in it If measured by the
amount of bjood shed after the murders at Prairie du Chien and
on the keel-boat, the criticism is very correct. But if it be in-
tended to suggest that there was no sufficient reason for appre-
hending that the Winnebagoes contemplated a general rising
against and massacre of the whites, the thought and suggestion
are the results of great ignorance of the intentions of the Winne-
bagoes, and of the facts of the case. There is satisfactory evi-
dence that the Pottawatamies were allied with the Winnebagoes,
and that they were to fall upon and destroy the settlement at
Chicago, and it is probable that but for the movements resulting
from the efforts of Gen. Cass, who was fortunately near the seat
of war, the whole country would have been overrun with a gen-
eral Indian out-break.

Red Bird died in prison at Prairie du Chien ; and in Septem-
ber, 1828, his two accomplices, We kau and Chic-hon-sic, were
indicted, tried and convicted at a term of the U. S. Court held by
Judge Doty, as accomplices of Red Bird in the murder of Gag-
nier and Lipcap. They were sentenced to be hung on the 26th
December following; but before that day, a pardon arrived from

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 265

President Adams, dated November 3d, and the two Indians were
discharged.

The lennination of the Winnebago war brought a temporary
restoration of peace, which revived anew the adventurous spirit
of immigration, and brought with it a large influx of miners and
others to the Lead Mines, and prosperity and progress constantly
attended the increasing settlements of the country, which received
no material check until the occurrence of the Black Hawk war
in 1832.

The village of Black Hawk, or, as he called himself, Black
Sparrow Hawk, on the left bank of the Mississippi, near the
mouth of Rock river, included the site of the present city of Rock
Island. This Indian village was all embraced within the limits
of the territory ceded by the treaty with the Sauks and Foxes,
made at St Louis on the 3d November, 1804, by Gen. William
Henry Harrison. The validity of this treaty, which was not
signed by Black Hawk, was denied by him, and although it was
ratified and confirmed by another treaty made in May, 1816, to
which Black Hawk affixed his mark, he pretended to be ignorant
of what he had done, and denied that the second treaty had any
more validity than the first

Previous to 1831, the white settlers were in possession of much
of the country east of ihe Mississippi, around Black Hawk s vil-
lage, and even of the village itself; and in the spring of that
year, the chief, driven to desperation in his fruitless attempts to
resist what he chose to consider the lawless encroachments of the
"white settlers, and aggravated by a recent murderous attack of
friendly Menomonees, near Prairie du Chien, crossed the Missis-
sippi from the west, with his own band of about three hundred
warriors, u<uallv calk-d the British band, to;rether with the wo-
men and children, with a purpose to regain, if possible, the posses-
sion of the home of his people, and the burial place of his fore-
fathers.

He ordered the white settlers away, threw down their fences,
unroofed their hou:re-, cut up tljcir ;rrain, drove off and killed
their cattle, and threatened tlie people with d<;ath if tliey re-
mained. Aoout the first of June, six companies of the United
18 — St. His. 8oc.

266 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

States troops were, upon tbe applicalion of Governor Reynolds,
sent from Jefferson Barracks to the scene of the disturbance ;
and by the 10th of June, fifteen hundred volunteers, on the call
of the Governor, assembled at Beardstown, on the Illinois river,
and were duly organized under General Joseph Duncan of the
State militia. On the 26ih of June, the volunteer force having
united with the regulars under Gen. Gaines, marched to the Sauk
village; but no enemy was found thera The Indians had quietly
departed on the approach of the army, and in their canoes had
crossed to the western side of the Mississippi, which it was not
claimed had been embraced in the territory ceded by the treaties.

The army remained encamped for several days on the site of
the town on Rock Island, where Black Hawk and his chiefs and
braves sued for peace, and a treaty was entered into on June 30th,
by which the Indians agreed to remain for ever after on the west
side of the river, and never to re-cross it without the permission of
the President, or the Governor of the State. Gen. Gaines report-
ed that " the Sauks were as completely humbled as if they had
been chastised in battle, and less disposed to disturb the frontier
inhabitants." In this the General was greatly mistaken ; for
scarcely a year elapsed before Black Hawk, with all the savage
forces he could command, again crossed the Mississippi, when tbe
real Black Hawk war ensued.

This war, although originating on a portion of Rock river some
distance from the settlements in the Lead Mines, and inaugurated
by a tribe who laid no claim to our territory, justly caused great
alarm to the inhabitants. The Lead Mine region was not so dis-
tant from the scene of the first hostile demonstrations, that it
could not easily be reached ; and the relations between the Sauks
and the Winnebagoes were such, that serious fears w^ere enter-
tained that the two tribes would make the war a common one.

These apprehensions induced Col. Dodge, in the month of
Mav, to assemble a company of fifty volunteers, commanded by
Captains James H. Gentry and John H. Rountree, who proceeded
to the head of the Four Lakes, where, on the 25th day of that
month, Col. Gratiot, the Indian Agent for the Winnebagoes, had
induced them to meet in council.

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 267

Col. Dodge, in his ** talk " to the Indians, said : " My friends,
Mr. Gratiot, your father, and myself, have met to have a talk with
you. Having identified as both as your friends, in making a sale
of your country to the United States, you will not suspect us of
deceiving you.

" The Sauks have shed the blood of our people. The Winne-
bago Prophet, and, as we are told, one hundred of your people,
have united with Black Hawk and his party. Our people are
anxious to know in what relation you stand to us, whether as
friends or enemies.

•' Your residence being near our settlements, it is necessary and
proper that we should explicitly understand from you, the chiefs
and warriors, whether or not you intend to aid, harbor or counsel
the Sauks in your country. To do so will be considered as a declar-
ation of war on your part.

"Your great American Father is the friend of the Red Skins ;
he wishes to make you happy. Your chiefs, who have visited
Washington, know him well. He is mild in peace, but terrible
in war. He will ask of no people what is not right, and he will
submit to nothing wrong. His power is great. He commands all
the warriors of the American people. If you strike us, you strike
him. If you make war on us, you will have your country taken
from you, your annuity money will be forfeited, and the lives of
your people must be lost. We speak the words of truth. We
hope they will sink deep into your hearts.

** The Sauks have killed eleven of our people and wounded
three. Our people have killed eleven of the Sauks. It was a
small detachment of our army who were engaged with the Sauks;
when the main body of our army appeared, they ran.

" The Sauks have given you bad counsel. They tell you lies,
and no truth. Stop your ears to their words. They know death
and destruction follow them, and they want you to unite with
them, wishing to place you in the same situation with themselves.
" We have told you the consequences of uniting with our ene-
mies. We hope that the bright chain of friend-^hip will still con-
tinue, that we may travel the same road in friendship under a
clear sky.

268 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

" We have always been your friends. We have said that you
would be honest, and true to your treaties. Do not let your ac-
tions deceive us. So long as you are true and faithful, we will
extend the hand of friendship to you and 3'our children. If un-
faithful to your treaties, yo\i must expect to share the fate of
the Sauks."

The Winnebagoes promised to be faithful to their treaties, and
remain at peace ; but it is well known that their promises were
inspired alone by fear, while the desire for revenge was with them
the predominant passion.

Black Hawk, regardless of the obligations of the treaty into
which he had entered the previous year, crossed the Mississippi
early in the spring of 1832, with the intention of using all his
endeavors, even unto war, to recover possession of his village.
Governor Reynolds again called upon the militia of Illinois, and
in a few days eighteen hundred men responded to the call.
They were organized into four regiments, and a spy battalion, un-
der the general command of General Samuel Whiteside, of the
State militia. The line of march wws taken up from Beardstown,
on the 27th of April, for the mouth of Rock river. General At-
kinson had left Jefferson Barracks on the 8th of April, and set
out for the Upper Mississippi with the regular forces of the United
States' army; and Black Hawk, with his whole tribe of followers,
began to move up Rock river. General Whiteside, in pursuance
of arrangements with General Atkinson, moved up Rock river to
the Prophet's town ; and finding that Black Hawk was still in
advance, they burned the Prophet's village, and moved on about
forty miles to Dixon's Ferry, where a halt was made to await the
arrival of General Atkinson with the regular forces. At Dixon
were found two battalions of mounted volunteers, consisting of
about three hundreJ men, under command of Majors Siillman
and Bailey.

Major Stillman, with his force, was ordered up Rock river to
spy out the Indians. He began his march on the 12 ih of May ;
and, about the middle of the afternoon of the l-ith, the battalion
halted for the purpose of encamping for the night. It bas been
said, and is probably true, that many of the men were intoxicated,

Thb Indian Wars or Wisconsin. 269

and the pursuit was generally regarded as a big frolic. Nearly
all the horses had been picketed out, turned loose or othcrwiao
disposed of. The men were lazily engaged about camp, some
gathering wood, some pitching tents, and others drinking whisky,
with which they were abundantly supplied. But suddenly a
great commotion arose. The Indians raised the war-whoop, ancl
appeared on the open prairie a short distance in advance. Then
the rush began, and a strife ensued as to who should firnt mount
and give chase. Pell-mell was the order of march, which contin-
ued for two or three miles. Two of the Indians were overtaken
on the prairie, and killed.

At length the rear of the army reached the Sycamore Creek,
where they met the van, in full retreat in the same (lis^^raceful
disorder, with the whole body of Indians in hot pursuit. The
valiant men, who a few minutes before were so anxious to pursue
the enemy, were now more anxious to escape ; and they continued
their retreat, until they reached Dixon. In this confusion Oopt
Adams, with the company from Peoria, succeedetl in crossing the
creek, aad took a position between the Indians and the fugitivc«.
This position they held for .some time again.st the whole force of
the enemy, an il no doubt saved the lives of many ; but at the cost
of the life of Capt Adams and several of his men. The total C8»-
ualties in the first and most disgraceful encounter with the
Indians were eleven of Stillman's battalion killed, and three
wounded, while only three Indians were known to have \f<^n
killed. This was the fir.^t hhxfd shed in the Black ILiuk war.
The nexi day ij^neral Whiteside, and the volunU.-erH under his
command, marched for the scene of the di.saster; but the Indiana
had scattere 1. and could not V; found. The volunteer army ouried
the deal, arid r-i:turned t/# Dixon, where General Atrrirj-on rirrived
the follow! '.:/ diy with tr,'; re'^jular force -t and Hipp!Ie-. of pr^/-
vi-sior.s. o: -v?,>;h *Ke vo! jr»V:er.H Ht/'K/l in m'jch need.

Color.';! l)'A'jh. yi'u'>, by ^ common irj'jitive ^:';'i^;^ fr.c^ r*^
garlvi i- :'.*', \tz-A<ir '4 \*j'. ;//fffUz o( tf,'; f/;-i'i .\f!.'.':-, ;:'.'i fioru*
ma'. i-:r of \'.\ vvr.r :u.\,\^r f fov/!*. a-*- h': '^'x^. fil/o t'le ',-. '•'.! ''JAtX"
ma';:-::'.: \ .*-. 't. .\,\ u^ '.>,*t r>o;^, of if >;''i ; j/-i ri T': .'?>//.' / or. th^

S:cl of Mi.' iii-'ri-yp-: ^ jr.'/.f imu Mir»';r'il Point t^/ Oovemor

270 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Reynolds, asking for information in relation to the movements of
the Illinois forces, expressing fears of a union of the Sauks and
Winnebagoes, and requesting that a part of the Illinois forces
might be sent across Rock river to co-operate with a mounted
force to be brought into the field from the Lead Mines. This
letter was sent by a special embassy, consisting of Judge Gentry,
Col. Moore and James P. Cox.

At the same time, Col. Dodge, with twenty-seven of his neigh-
bors, who were well mounted, among whom were his son Augus-
tus C, started on an expedition to Rock river to ascertain the
position and probable movements of Black Ilawk and his follow-
ers. The small party proceeded by way of Apple river to Buf-
falo Grove, where an Indian trail was discovered, and followed to
a point nearly opposite the Kishwaukee, and within a few miles
of the ground from which Maj. Stillman was on the same day
disastrously beaten, and put to flight. After Stillman^s defeat,
Governor Reynolds sent an express at night to Col. Dodge, inform-
ing him of the facts, and that his country in the Territory was iQ
imminent danger from the attack of the Indians. Col. Dodge im-
mediately returned home, having been absent about a week, re-
ported the results, and advised the inhabitants to protect them-
selves by forts and other precautions, and to organize immediately
for defence.

The inhabitants of the Lead Mines were now thoroughly
alarmed by constant dread of attack from Black Ilawk and his
warriors, who had small parties scattered all over the country, be-
teen the Rock, Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, which "occupied
every grove, waylaid every road, and hung around every settle-
ment," and induced the most serious alarm in the minds of all
the inhabitants of the mining region. The bravest hearts tliought
it no evidence of cowardice to use every precaution against sur-
prise and sudden attack. Forts, block-houses and stockades were
erected by the people at numerous places, for the protection and
defense of themselves and their families, and into which they re-
moved. Among these were Fort Union, the head quarters of
Col. Dodge, near Dodgeville ; Fort Defiance, at the farm of D. M
Parkinson; Fort Hamilton, at Wiota; Fort Jackson, at Mineral

The Indiajn' Wars op Wisconsin. 271

Point; Mound Fort, at Blue Mound; and others at Wingville,
Cassville, Platteville, Gratiot's Grove, Diamond Grove, Elk Grove,
White Oak Springs, and Old Shullsburg, besides many others.

It was soon ascertained that the mode of warfare adopted by
the Sauks, was to keep the main body concealed in strong holds,
and avoid a conflict with a superior force, while small detached
parties should attack the undefended settlements, and any strag-
lers who could be found away from the protection of the forts and
block-houses.

It is difficult to state definitely the number of names of the
numerous persons whose lives were sacrificed to the ferocity of
the savages.

On the 21st of May, about seventy Indians attacked a party of
whites assembled in the house of Mr. Davis on Indian Creek, near
Ottawa, and killed and scalped fifteen whites, and took two
young women named Hall prisoners, who were afterwards sur-
rendered at the Blue Mounds through the agency of a party of
Winnebagoes who were inspired by a large reward of $2,000, of-
fered by General Atkinson, for their restoration.

These female captives were brought to the Mound Fort on the
3d of June. Col. Dodge, who had returned home only a day or
two before, from his " talk" with the Indians on the 25th of May,
had been sent for on the 1st of June, on account of an apprehend-
ed attack by the Indians. He immediately collected about two
hundred mounted men, and was fortunately present with this
force when the young women were brought in by the Winneba-
goes, of whomthfU'o were about fifty, including such distinguished
chiefs and braves as White Crow — a famous orator — Spotted
Arm, Little Thunder, Little Priest and others. Col. Dodge pur-
chased and furnished them a large beef stew, upon which they
feasted sumptuously; furnished them with comfortable quarters
in miner's cabins, and in all suitable ways sought to impress on
these Winnebagoes that the whites had no other than friendly
feelings towards them, and to inspire, if possible, a reciprocal feel-
ing on their part. Their friendship for the Sauks and Foxes
was well known, and suspicions and apprehensions of an alliance
oflensivc and defensive between the two tribes had long been

272 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

generally entertained, which were by no means allayed by their
promises of fidelity, friendship and peace made to Col. Dodge at
the talk held only a few days before.

When Col. Dodge retired for the night, no appearance of dan-
ger or disaflfection could be discovered. But during the night he
was awakened, and informed that the Indians had left the quar-
ters assigned them, and gone into the bush ; that White Crow,
the orator, had been endeavoring to stir up the other Indians to
hostility ; that they were sulky, moody and stealthy in their con-
versation and movements; that they had been grinding their
knives, tomahawks and spears, and that two athletic young war-
riors had gone stealthily in the direction of the Four Lakes, where
the main body of the Winnebagoes were encamped.

Col. Dodge, taking the officer of the guard, with six men and
an interpreter, marched to the "bush" where the Indians were
encamped, and took While Crow and five others of the chiefs and
braves, and marched them off without ceremony, to a cabin near
by, and ordered them to lie down there, and remain until morn-
ing ; and then laid down with them, at the same time directing
the officer of the guard to place a strong party around the cabin,
and a double guard around the whole encampment, which re-
quired nearly all the men in the command.

The next day, these captive chiefs and a number of young war-
riors were marched, much against their will, to Morrison's Grove,
fifteen miles west of the Blue Mounds; Col. Gratiot, the Indian
Agent, was sent for at Gratiot's Grove, and on his arrival the next
day, another council was held. Col. Dodge told the Indians,
frankly and plainly, what were his suspicions and apprehensions
in relation to their treacherous intentions. They stoutly denied
any such design ; but failed to satisfy Col. Dodge, who retained
as hostages for the good faith of the Indians, three of their leading
chiefs — Whirling Thunder, the principal war chief, Spotted Arm
and Little Priest. These three were conveyed to Gratiot's Grove
the next day, and all the other Indians were discharged, and the
Hall girls were received and restored to their friends. The three
hostages were kept in prison until Posey, Henry and Alexander
arrived with their command, when they were set at liberty.

The Indian Wars op Wisconsin. 278

The detachment of volunteers returned with Col. Dodge to
Fort Union (Dodge's residence), and on the 5th of June proceeded
to Gratiot's Grove, where they were joined the next day by Capt
Stephenson's company of volunteers from Galena.

•On the 22d of May, the body of one Durley was found, mur-
dered and scalped, near BuflEalo Grove, and on the next day an
Indian Agent, named St. Vrain, together with John Fowler, Wil-
liam Hale and Aaron Hawley, met the same fate near the same
place.

The object of this assemblage of the volunteers at Gratiot's
Grove, was to find and punish the Indians who had been engaged
in the perpetration of these murders, and to protect the country
from the hostilities of the Sauks, in whatever manner they might
be directed by the Commandant-in-Ohief.

Henry Dodge was one of the early pioneers of the Lead Region,
to which he had removed in 1826 from Missouri, where he had
held the office of United States Marshal, and was highly esteemed
as a worthy, brave and patriotic citizen. He brought with him a
large family of sons and daughters, and was largely engaged in
the business of mining and smelting lead, to which his personal
efforts were industriously devoted. He was assigned to the com-
mand of all the Wisconsin volunteers, as well as those from Ga-
lena. He was under the command of Gen. Atkinson, to whom it
was his purpose to report in person at Rock river, with the volun-
teer forces now under his command.

On the 7th of June, Col. Dodge, with his volunteers, marched
to Kirker's farm, at the head of Apple river, where they camped,
and Col. Dodge addressed them as follows :

"Volunteers: We have met to take the field. The toma-
hawk and scalping knife are drawn over the heads of the weak
and defenseless inhabitants of our country. Let us unite, my
brethren in arms; let harmony, union and concert exist ; be vigi-
lant, silent and cool. Discipline and obedience to orders will
make small bodies of men formidal)Ic and inviri^iiblc ; without
order and subordination the largest b(xlies of armed men are no
better than armed mobs. Although we have entire cr^nfilencc in
the Government of our choice, knowing, as wc all do, that ours is

274 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

a Government of the people, where the equal rights of all are pro-
tected, and that the power of our countrymen can crush this sav-
age foe; yet it will take time for the Government to direct a
force suflScient to give security and peace to the frontier people.

"I have, as well as yourselves, entire confidence, both in the
President of the United States, and the distinguished individual
at the head of the War Department ; that our Indian relations are
better understood by those distinguished men, Jackson and Cass,
than by any two citizens who could be selected to fill their sta-
tions. They have often met our savage enemies on the field of
battle, where they have conquered them, and have often also met
them in council. They understand well all the artifice, cunning
and stratagems for which our enemies are distinguished ; they
well know our wants, and will apply the remedy. In Gen. Atkin-
son, in whose protection this frontier is placed, I have the most
entire confidence. He is well advised of our situation. You will
recollect the responsibility he assumed for the people of this
conntry in 1827, by ascending the Wisconsin with six hundred
infantry, and one hundred and fifty mounted men, to demand the
murderers of our people. Many of us had the honor of serving
under him on that occasion. He has my entire confidence, both
as a man of talents in his profe^ssion, and as a soldier and a gen-
tleman. If our Government will let him retain his command, he
will give us a lasting peace, that will insure us tranquility for
years. He knows the resources as well as the character of the
Indians we have to contend with, and if the Government furnishes
him the means, our troubles will be of short duration.

" What, my fellow soldiers, is the character of the foes we
have to contend with? They are a faithless banditti of savages
who have violated all treaties. They have left the country and
the nation of which they form a part. The policy of these ma-
rauders and robbers of our people appears to be, to enlist the dis-
affected and restless of other nations, which will give them
strength and resources,, to murder our people and burn their prop-
erty. They arc the enemies of all people, both the whites and
Indians. Their thirst for blood is not to be satisfied. They are
willing to bring ruin and destruction on other Indians, in order to

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 275

glut their vengeance on us. The humane policy of the Govern-
ment will not apply to these deluded people. Like the pirates of
the sea, their hand is against every man, and the hand of every
man should be against them. Faithless to the Government in
everything, it will surely be the policy of the Government to let
them receive that kind of chastisement which will quiet them
effectually, and make a lasting example for others. The future
growth and prosperity of our country is to be decided for years
by the policy that is now to be pursued by the Government in
relation to the Indians. Our existence as a people is at stake, and
great as the resources of our country are, the security of the lives
of our people depends on our vigilance, caution and bravery. The
assistance of our Government may be too late for us ; let us not
then await the arrival of our enemies at our doors, but advance
upon them, fight them, watch them, and hold them in check.
Let JUS avoid surprise and ambuscades. Let every volunteer lie
with his arms in his hands, so that when he rises to his feet, the
line of battle will be formed. If attacked in the night, we will
charge the enemy at a quick pace and even front. The eyes of
the people are upon us ; let us endeavor, by our actions, to retain
the confidence and support of our countrymen."

The command marched to the scene of the murder of St. Vrain,
Fowler, Hale and Hawley, near Buffalo Grove (which is near
Polo Station, on the Illinois Central rail-road), where they found
and buried the bodies oi the three former; the body of Hawley
was never recovered. At this point, Capt. Stephenson separated
from the command, and returned to Galena, with his company.
Col. Dodge proceeded with the remainder of the mounted volun-
teers to the camp of the regular troops, at Dixon's Ferry. Gen.
Hugh Brady was in command here, Gen. Atkinson's head-quar-
ters having been removed to the rapids of the Illinois river (now
Ottawa), where he was engaged in organizing three brigades of
Illinois volunteers. Col. Dodge, with twenty-five of his mounted
volunteers, escorted Gen. Brady to Gen. Atkinson's head-quarters,
where, on the 11th of June, the plan of the campaign was agreed
upon, and Col. Dodge received his orders. The whole command
of volunteers then returned to Gratiot's Grove, where, on the 14th

276 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

of June, they were remanded to their respective posts, to hold
themselves in readiness for such further services as might be re-
quired of them. On the same day, Col. Dodge returned to his
head-quarters at Fort Union, having first communicated to the
Winnebago chiefs. Whirling Thunder, Spotted Arm and Little
Priest, held as hostages, a "talk" sent to them by General At-
kinson.

On the 26th of May, Gen. Atkinson sent, as an express. Col.
Wm. S. Hamilton, from Dixon's to Gen. Street, Indian Agent at
Prairie du Chien, requesting the latter to send forward as many
Sioux and Menomonee Indians as could be called within striking
distance of Prairie du Chien, to be employed, in conjunction with
the troops, against the Sauks and Foxes. A similar message was
sent to Col. Boyd, the Indian Agent at Green Bay. Col. Street
sent Thos. P. Burnett, who was then sub-Indian Agent, up the
river, to recruit the Sioux, and whatever Winnebagoes were, will-
ing to join them. There were no Menomonees in that quarter.
Mr. Burnett, taking John Marsh with him, went up the river
about one hundred and thirty miles ; and returned, before the 10th
of June, with one hundred Indian warriors, of which eighty were
Sioux, and twenty Winnebagoes, and fifty or sixty more were ex-
pected to join them. The Indians were placed under the com-
mand of Col. Hamilton, who, taking Mr. Marsh and an interpreter
with him, proceeded to join the troops under Gen. Atkinson.

Col. Boyd employed Col. S. 0. Stambaugh, who had recently
been th? Indian agent, to recruit the Menomonee Indians, who se-
cured the services of Col. Ebenzer Childs, to collect them. Over
three hundred were obtained for the service, who were divided
into two companies; one commanded by Charles A. Grignon, the
other by George Johnson, and both under command of Co], Stam-
baugh. These Indians allies proceeded to join the pursuing troops.
At Blue Mounds they learned that Black Hawk with the main
body of his followers had crossed the Wisconsin, and that Col.
Dodge and his command were in pursuit. They, therefore, went
directly to Prairie du Chien. Before reaching there, they learned
that a part of the Sauks and Foxes has gone south. They found
the trail, and pursued with one company, and overtook the fugi-

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 277

tives about fifteen miles north of Cassville, not far back from the
Mississippi. There were only two men and a boy, three or four
women, and as many children. The Menomonees killed the two
men, and the others were taken prisoners.

On the 6th of June, James Aubrey was killed at the Blue
Mounds, and two weeks later Force and Green lost their lives by
the enemy at the same place. It is probable that Aubrey was
murdered by the Winnebagoes, as there is no reason to suppose
the Sauks and Foxes had been near the Blue Mounds as early as
the time of his death, and the murder of Force and Green was
more likely the work of the Winnebagoes than of the Sauks and
Foxes.

On the 14th of June, five men whose names were Spafford,
Spencer, Mcllwain, Million and an Englishman called John Bull,
were at work in a cornfield owned by Spafford, situated on the
Peckatonica near Spafford's Ford, in what is now the town of
Wayne, when they were surprised by a band of Indians, and all
except Million, who most mirculously escaped, were murdered.
Tne Indians stealthily pursued their way to a place of conceal-
ment within four hundred yards of Fort Hamilton, at which
place Capt Gentry's command of mounted men had by order of
Col. Dodge, rendezvoused for the purpose of pursuing and killing
them. On the morning of the 16th, at about eight o'clock as
Col. Dodge was approaching the fort to take command of the
troops, he heard three guns fired, which proved to be from the
hostile Indians, who were lying in ambush, and who killed, in his
saddle, a German named Apple, who was preparing to join in
the pursuit, and whom they butchered and scalped. Col. Dodge
immediately ordered the mounted men under arms in pursuit of
the savage foe. Fortunately they were enabled soon to come
upon the Indian trail, and after running their horses about two
miles they came in sight of the retreating enemy, who were seek-
ing the low ground where it was difficult to pursue ihem on
horseback. The Indians directed their coui'se to a bend in the
Peckatonica covered with a deep swamp, which they reached be-
fore their pursuers crossed the stream.

The following account of the action, which for daring bravery

278 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

and cool undaunted courage, is not excelled in the history of In-
dian warfare, is from the official report of General Dodge to Gen.
Atkinson :

"After crossinor the Peckatonica, in the open ground, I dismount-
ed my command, linked my horses and left four men in charge of
them, and sent four men in different directions to watch the move-
ment of the Indians. I formed my men on foot at open order, and
at trailed arms, and we proceeded through the swamp to some
timber and under-growth where I expected to find the enemy.
When I found their trail, I knew they were close at hand. They
had got close to the edge of the lake, where the bank was six feet
high, which was a complete breast-work for them. They com-
menced the fire, when three of my men fell, two dangerously
wounded, one severely but not dangerously. I instantly ordered a
charge on them made by eighteen men, which was promptly
obeyed. The Indians being under the bank, our guns were brought
within ten or fifteen feet of them before we could fire on them.
Their party consisted of thirteen men. Eleven were killed on the
spot, and the remaining two were killed in crossing the lake, so
they were left without one to carry the news to their friends.
The volunteers under my command behaved with great gallantry.
It would be impossible for me to discriminate among them. At
the Word ' charge,' the men rushed forward, and literally shot the
Indians to pieces. We were, Indians and whites, on a piece of
ground not to exceed sixty feet square.''

The precise spot on which this terrific battle occurred is section
eleven, town two. range five, east, in the town of Wiota.

Col. Hamilton arrived, with the friendly Sioux Indians, about an
hour after the battle; and some Winnebagoes who professed to be
friendly came with them, among whom was the chief De-Kau-ray.
The friendly Indians went to the ground where the Sauks were
killed. They scalped them, and literally cut them to pieces, and
appeared to be delighted with the scalps.

On the 18th of June, while a company under the command of
Capt. Stephenson were engaged in scouting, three of his men were
killed and himself wounded by Indians near the Peckatoncia,
among whom Black Hawk was said to have been present.

On the 24th of the month, Black Hawk, with a large body of
Indians, made an attack on Apple river Fort, near the present vil-

The Isdian Wars of Wisconsin.

lage of Eliaiabeth. which was vigorously defended. The battle
lasted fifteen hours. The loss of the Indiana was considerable;
that of th<? whites one man killed, and one wounded.

lu the " Li/e of Black Hank" dictated by himself, and edited
by J. B. Patterson, of Rock Island, ami undoubtedly authentic,
Black Hawk gives the following account of his attack on this gar-
rison:

" When we arrived in the vicinity of the Fort, we saw four men
on horseback; one of my braves fired and wounded a man, when
the others set up a yell as if a large force was ready to come against
ua. We concealed ourselves. No enemy came. The four men
ran to the Fort and gave the alarm. We followed them and at-
tacked the Fort, and killed one man who raised bis head above the
picketing to fire at us, Finding that the^e people could not all
be killed without setting fire to their houses and Fort, I thought it
more prudent to be content with what flour, provisions, cattle and
horses we could find, than to set fire to their buildings, as the tight
would he seen at a distance, and the army might suppose we were
in the neighborhood, and come upon us with a force too strong.
Accordingly we opened, a house and filled our hags with fiour and
provisions, took seveial horses and drove off some of their cattle."
Black Hawk in this marauding raid was accompanied by about
two hundred of hia warriors. The next day, on their return to
Rock river, the savages met Major John Dement (now residing at
Dixon) in command of a spy battalion, near Kellogg'a Grove. A
severe contest ensued, in which five whites were killed, and three
wounded, while nine Indians were left dead on the field, and five
others canied away-
Black Hiiwk in his "Life" gives the following account of this
engagement:

" We started in a direction towards 'sun-rise.' Aftenuarching
a considerable time, I discovered some white men coming towards
us; we concealed ourselves in the woods, and when they came near
enough, we commenced yelling and firing and made a rush upon
them. About this time, their chief, with n party of men, rushed
up to rescue the men we had fired upon. In a little while they
commenced retreating, and left their chief and a few braves, who
seemed willing and anxious to fight. They acted like braves; but
were forced to give way, when I rushed upon them with my

280 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

braves. In a short time the chief returned with a large party. He
seemed determined to fight, and anxious for a battle. When he
came near enough, I raised a yell, and firing commenced from both
sides. The chief (who seemed to be a small man) addressed his
warriors in a loud voice; but they soon retreated, leaving him and
a few braves on the battle field. A great number of my warriors
pursued the retreating party, and killed a number of their horses
as they ran. The chief and his few braves were unwilling to leave
the field. I ordered my braves to rush upon them, and had the
mortification of seeing two of my chiefs killed before the enemy
retreated. This young chief deserves great praise for his courage
and bravery; but fortunately for us, his army was not all composed
of such brave men. During: this attack we killed several men and
about forty horses, and lost two young chiefs and seven warriors."

On the 29th of June, three men were attacked in a field near
Sinsinawa Mound, two of whom, John Thompson and James Box-
ley, were killed, while the Indians, though pursued by Captain
Stephenson, made their escape by crossing the Mississippi in a ca-
noe. These Indians were probably a straggling party of Sauks,
as the principal body had already returned with Black Hawk to
Bock river.

During the months of May and June the number of settlers who
fell victims to the merciless warfare of Black Hawk and his follow-
ers, was probably not less than fifty. But by the early part of
July, such was the organization and vigorous pursuit by the whites
of all straggling bands of marauders, that the great mass of the
Indians were concentrated upon Rock river, above Lake Koshko-
nong, at the outlet of which General Atkinson was now encamped,
and where he had been joined by General Alexander's brigade.

While Major Dement was engaged with Black Hawk at Kel-
logg's Grove, he sent an express to General Posey at Dixon for
relief, who marched with his whole brigade for that purpose; but
did not arrive until after the retreat of the Indians. General Posey
awaited the arrival of his baggage wagons, and then proceeded
with his brigade to Fort Hamilton, where he was met by Colonel
Dodge with his entire command of mounted volunteers. In pur-
suance of the plan of the campaign, as formed at head-quarters at
Ottawa, on the 17th June, these two commands composed the left
wing of the army. General Alexander's command formed the cen-

Thb Indiatt Wabs op "WiscoNsra". 281

ter, and General Atkinson, with General Henrj's brigade, formed
the right wing, and advanced up Rock river.

The lefb wing marched acroas the country by the way of the
Peckatonica battle-ground, and Sugiir river, to the first of the Four
Lakes, being reinforced at Sugar river by the Galena company of
volunteers. At the First Lake they were joined by White Crow
and about thirty Winnebago warriors, who avowed their purpose
of showing the path of the Saukn to the pursuing army.

Some dissatisfaction existing between Colonel Dodge's command
and General Posey's brigade, a change of position was made.where-
by General Alexander's command was associated with Colonel
Dodge's, while Posey's brigade took the place of Alexander's.

The left wing as re-organi/.ed then moved up the right bank of
Rock river, accompanied by their volunteer guides, the Winneba-
goes. Having marched two days, until Rock river was reached a
short distance above the mouth of Bark river, they retraced their
ateps in consequence of an exiiress from General Atkinson, and
crossed Rock river Iwlow the mouth of Bark river, where is the
present village of Fort Atkinson. Here they met General Atkin-
son.

At this time; and at General Atkinson's encampment, Captain
Charles Dunn, subsequently appointed Chief Justice, on the or-
ganization of the Territory of Wisconsin, four years later, while
acting as officer of the day, and goiug around to relieve the guard,
was accidentally shot by one of the sentinels, and dangerously
wounded. He was so disabled as to be compelled to return home,
and was conveyed to Dixon by an escort.

It appeared subsequently, by discovery of the trail and other ev-
idences, that a considerable ambush bad been formed on the east
bank of Rock river, at a point where the left wing would have been
obliged to cross the stream. White Crow hod been anxious that
Colonel Dodge and General Alexander should continue their march
up the river, where they had been re-called by Oener.il Atkinson:
and it was supposed that this treacherous Indian was acting in
concert with Black Hawk, and was guiding the army to this point.
This suapicitm was strengthened by his conduct at the Blue
Mouuds at the time of the surrender of the Hall girls.

The Indians, in the meantime, finding them.selves closely pressed
by the advancing troopi, had pushed on up the river, evidently
Ifl — Bt. Hia. Soc.

282 Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

more anxious to escape their pursuers than to make war upon
them.

General Atkinson being short of provisions, now dispatched
Dodge's command of about two hundred and fifty men, together
with Henry's and Alexanders brigades, to Fort Winnebago foi
supplies, and General Posey's brigade was ordered to the Mining
Region for the protection of the forts and settlements in that
quarter.

The detachment arrived at the Fort on the second day without
casualty^ and secured the requisite supplies. Colonel Dodge, find-
ing a large number of Winnebagoes at the Fort, and the faithful
Pauquette, the interpreter, with whom he was well acquainted, and
in whom he had the utmost confidence, at once set to work to find
out from them the position of the Sauks and Foxes. He soon
learned that they were encamped at the Rapids of Rock river, since
known as Hustisford. To return by this route would require a di-
vergence to the east of more than thirty miles from the route by
which they had come. A council of the oflScers was held. Gen-
eral Alexander objected that the divergence would be a violation of
General Atkinson's orders, which required the detachment to re-
turn immediately. Colonel Dodge insisted that as there was no
route specified in the orders, they might return by any route they
should deem proper. General Henry concurred in this opinion^
and he and Colonel Dodge agreed to return by way of the Rapids,
while Gen. Alexander was to return with the supplies, by the route
they had all come.

The worn down horses were sent home, and the forces thereby
reduced, so that the effective men which went to the Rapids was
about seven hundred, accompanied by Pauquette and twelve
Winnebagoes as guides. The command reached its objective point
on Rock river on the third day; but no indications of the Indians
of whom they were in pursuit were found, except some trails that
appeared to be several days old. An express was immediately
started to go to General Atkinson, which, after proceeding a few
miles down the river, found afresh trail, evidently bearing towards
the Wisconsin river, and immediately returned and reported their
discovery. Early the next morning the pursuit of the Sauks and
Foxes was commenced on this trail; the express was again sent to
General Atkinson, but this time it did not return. The pursuit

Thb Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 283

was rapid and persevering until it reached the Cat6sh, near its
entrance into the Third Lake, where the force camped the second
night from Rock river. Many Indians were now discovered by
the Rcouts, and the main body of them were on the peninsula be-
tween the Third and Fourth Lake, at the time their pursuers were
encamped on the Catfish.

In the morning of the 21st, the pursuit was continued over the
ground where the city of Madison is now located, with occasional
glimpses of straggling Indians — one of whom was shot near the
present Capitol, and left dead — until about five o'clock in the
afternoon of that day, when the bluffs of the Wisconsin were
reached, together with Black Hawk and his retreating band, pre-
paring to cross the river with their women and children.

When the army arrived, the Sauks and Foxes were in the low
grounds which skirt the river. The immediate commands of Col-
onel Dodge and Colonel Wm. L. D. Ewing were in advance of
the main army, and on their arrival at the bluflfs, they were met
by Captain Dixon s spy company, which had preceded them, with
information that the Indians were in sight These two commands-
having dismounted, formed the line, and advanced to the edge of
the bluffs, where they were met by the Indians, who were in-
pursuit of the spy company. The battle began, and the Sauks
and Foxes were repulsed. The position of the advanced com-
mands was maintained under a heavy fire for about an hour,
when Colonel Henry s brigade arrived, which deploying to the
right and left, formed the line of battle, leaving Colonel Dodge's
command in the center. A general charge was now made upon
the In(iians, in which many of them were killed, and the balance
driven into the bottoms of the Wisconsin, where the tall grass
was reached, which was wet, and concealed the Indians, and it
being nearly dark, the pursuit was continued no further.

The battle began about five o'clock in the afternoon, and about
sundown the firing on both sides had mainly ceased. The Amer-
ican loss was one killed, and eight wounded. The loss of the
Indians was sixty-eight killed in the battle,* and a great many

* niack Uawk acknowledged no such dcstraction of his warriors; but the trath is, ho was
in ito silnatiun to know with any certainty the extent of the losses he and hl« \>^qV^^ vqa>
Ulned. \^. ^.Ti.

28-t Wisconsin State Historical Socihty.

were afterwards found dead, on the north side of the Wisconsin
river, on the route to the Bad Axe. The number of wounded is
unknown. This engagement has ever since been known as the
Battle of the Wisconsin Heights.

The morning of the morrow disclosed that the Indians had all
crossed the Wisconsin river, and disappeared. The array marched
to the Blue Mounds, where Colonel Dodge's command, being all
near their homes, with worn out horses, were temporarily dis-
missed to their respective posts, until again called to active duty.

Expresses were sent to General Atkinson and to Prairie du
Ohien, and. it was a few days before the army could again be
brought together to continue the pursuit General Atkinson with
Lis army marched by way of the Blue Mounds to Helena. Here
the volunteers under Colonel Dodge were again assembled, and
the whole army crossed the Wisconsin, and soon discovered the
trail of the retreating Indians. On the 2d of August — the
twelfth day after the battle of the Wisconsin Heights — the army
came up with the entire body of the Indians, near the mouth of
the Bad Axe, about forty miles above Prairie du Chien. A
steamboat, the Warrior, had also been sent up the river, armed
with a six-pounder, to prevent their escape across the Mississippi.
Thus surrounded, the Indians fell easy victims, and the battle
soon terminated in the total destruction of a very large portion of
Black Hawk's followers, men, women and children, and the cap-
ture and dispersion of the remainder.

General Atkinson's official report states the loss of the regulars
at five killed and four wounde^l ; of the Illinois volunteers at nine
killed and wounded, and in Henry's brigade seven killed and
wounded; and this, the final engagement of the Black Hawk
war, is known to this day as the Battle of the Bad Axe.

Most of the Sauks and Foxes who got safely across the Missis-
sippi, including women and children, were pursued and killed by
their implacable enemies, the Sioux. For the proud and haughty
Black Sparrow Hawk, as he called himself, it was too degrading
and humiliating to submit as a prisoner, therefore instant flight
became his last and only alternative. He hastily retreated to a
neiMiboring height, accompanied by his faithful adjunct, the

The Indian Wars of Wisconsin. 285

Prophet ; and giving vent to a loud long yell of revenge, he has-
tily fled to seek a temporary refuge among h\s pseudo friends, the
Winnebagoes, in the valley of the Lemonweir — over the bluffs
and cliffs of which he had in former days roamed in security, and
hunted witli success.

A large reward had been offered for the capture of Black
Hawk, and he found now, when he most needed their friendship,
that the Winnebagoes were in no way disposed to sympathize
with him in his adversity. The fugitives pursued their lonely
retreat to the Dalles of the Wisconsin river, and were there cap-
tured about two miles above Kilbourn City, by Cha-e-tar and the
One-Eyed Decor ra, who afterwards brought them to Prairie du
Cbien, on the 27th of August, and delivered them as prisoners to
General Street, the Indian Agent.

In addition to the regular forces under General Atkinson, Gen-
eral Scott with nine companies of artillery was ordered from the
sea-board to the scene of hostilitiea These troops left Fortress
Monroe on the 20th of June, and arrived at Fort Dearborn on the
8(.h of July. But the conflict was over before they reached the
scene of action. They, however, encountered a more fatal foe.
The Asiatic cholera, which for the first time visited America,
coming by way of Montreal, seized the troops at Detroit on their
way to Chicago. The camp became a hospital, and more than
four hundred of these soldiers fell victims of this terrible pesti-
lence.

The loss on the part of the Americans in the Black Hawk war,
independent of the ravages of the cholera, and the murders of
the settlers, is believed to have been about fifty. The loss of the
Sauks was not less than two hundred and thirty killed in battle,
and probably a greater number who died of their wounds, and of
disease and starvation ; while the deaths of the women and chil-
dren who accompanied the warriors, in the battles, and from their
wounds, and by disease, starvation and drowning, cannot be ap-
proximately estimated.

The companies of volunteers under the immediate command of
Colonel Dodge, at the battle of the Wisconsin Heights, were Cap-
tain Stephenson's, from Galena; Captain Clarke's, from White

286 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Oak Springs; Captain Gentry's, from Mineral Point; Captain
Parkinson's, from Fort Defiance ; Captain Jones*, from31ue river;
and Captain Dickson's, from Platteville. Lieutenant Charles
Bracken was Adjutant of the battalion, and aid to Colonel Dodga
Black Hawk knew and feared Colonel Dodge, and said, **lf it
had not been for that chief, Dodge, *the hairy face,' I could easil}-
have whipped the whites; I could have gone anywhere my peo-
ple pleased in the mining country."

Black Hawk was sent as a prisoner from Prairie du Chien to
Jefferson Barracks, under charge of Lieut. Jefferson Davis — then
in the United States Army at Prairie du Chien, and thirty years
later, President of the Confederate States. Black Hawk was
kept a close prisoner until April, 1833, when he was taken to
Washington, together with some of his family, and the Prophet
After an interview with President Jackson, and being emphati-
cally told by him that the Government would compel the rod
men to be at peace, they were sent as prisoners to Fortress Mon-
roe, for " levying war," as Davis was, thirty-two years later, for
the same offense. On June 4, 1833, by order of the President,
Black Hawk and his fellow prisoners were liberated and sent
home, under officers appointed to conduct them through the prin-
cipal cities of the Union, in order to impreas them with a proper
sense of the power of the whites, and of the hopelessness of any
conflict, on the part of the Indians, with the Government of the
United States. Black Hawk ever after remained quiet. He
died October 3d, 1838, and was buried on the banks of the Miss-
is:?ippi, in the State of Iowa, near the head of the Des Moines
Rapids, where the village of Montrose is located.

This was the last of the Indian wars upon the soil of the pres
ent State of Wisconsin.

WISCONSIN IN 1818.

By EDWARD TANNER.

Mr. Edward Tanner, brother to John Tanner, respecting whom
we published a communication last week, was, by the Hon. A. B.
Woodward, introduced to the Lyceum of this city at its sitting of
November 12, 1818. Mr. E. Tanner had travelled from St Louis,
by way of Prairie du Chien and Green Bay, to this place; and
Messrs. Woodward, Rowland, and Shattuck were appointed a
committee to wait on him, and obtain such information relative to
the soil, climate, and statistics of ihe country through which he
passed, as he was prepared to give. The following is extracted
from the report of the committee:

Mr. Tanner left St Louis on the 15th of August last, in com-
pany with the Agent of the Sauk Indians, and arrived at the vil-
lage of Prairie du Chieu, about 560 miles nearly north from St
Louis, on the 10th of September. On the 13th, he left Prairie du
Chien and descended the Mississippi river four miles, to the mouth
of the Wisconsin, and ascended that river to its portage, about
200 miles ; course generally north-easterly. He arrived on the
29th of September, and drew his canoe across the portage, a mile
and a quarter, to the Fox river ; on the 22d, he descended the
Fox river to Green Bay, where he arrived on the 29th of Septem-
ber. He sailed from that place, on board the ** Widow's Son,"
and arrived at Mackinac on the 31st The 4th of November he
sailed from Mackinac, and on the 10th arrived at Detroit

From St Louis to Prairie du Chien the Mississippi is generally
bordered by low banks, with bottoms from a half mile to four
miles wide, subject to inundation. These bottoms are composed
in part of prairies, covered with high grass or marshes, and in part
with land heavily timbered with walnut, black and white sugar
tree, mulberry, ash, and oak of all kinds. These possess a soil of
the most luxuriant kind. The land approximating the bottom is
generally hilly, and sometimes abounds with high cliffs of rocks.

« Originally published in the Detroit Gazette, Janaary 8th and 15th, 1813. L. C. D.

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'l/.^ftr-.* r;.'/-? '/f lri';.ar,>, afv:; ^^vir.^ Sl Louis is ^"ne Oji-
w ;» y < .• ''• 'I f I ; i: » r . ' f<: » I v '; ;* »/'/ ^ I o ', '; ;- 'i L 'i :': i in i les fro.T. ;be wesi
pmW n\ U*': M.«< •^x,jf/{/j, Of! tri*5 M<;rjornorjf5f:, and have aboc: four
l«*iri'lM 'J /.;i //»'//:•. 'I'h*; fi'rxt Ifily; arc the Sauks, wrio live on the
M»i'.i).:i:i|/|/jj fi/i'i af;'/«it f'iiif fjurj'lr':'! r/iil';salxjve St. Louis. They
«/Mif/Mii"i ff'/ffj th(; O'jirA'oriHirj about thirty-five j'ears agou
'Diiiir iiiilir;iry :-.tM;ri;/tli i^. about eight hundred warriors, exclusive
«'f old fi(<:/i and hoy>% and arc <livid(;d inUj two divisions of four
hundnd fn<:ri. I'iach divfKion ii4 commanded by a war chief. The
It r til. aif^ thof.r who hfivf! bef:n nioHt distinguished for deeds of
valor, and llm mwond this ordinary warriors. They have also two
vdliif/n I'hii'fn who Mp|M'ar Lo prcHidc over the civil concerns of the
nnl.ion. 'IMhmimxI. trihn Ih the; Kox Indians. This tribe have a
fnw loil^riui on thn nuNt Hichi of the Mississippi near Fort Armstrong,

Wisconsin in 1818. 289

and about four miles from the Sauk village. Thirty miles a^ove
this, at the mine De Buke, on the west side, they have another
village, aod another on Turkey river, thirty miles below Prairie
du Chien. Their whole military strength is about four hundred
warriors. They are at this time in a state of war with the Sioux ;
and as the Sauks are in strict amity with the Fox Indians, and
have the influence and control of them, they are also drawn into
the war. This war was in consequence of depredations committed
by the Fox Indians on the Sioux.

Prairie du Chien, on which the village of that name stands, is a
handsome plain, about half a mile wide from the bank of the
river to the bluff or commencement of the rising ground, and out
of danger from inundations. In consequence of the serpentine
course of the river, the plain widens above and below the village.
The soil is a black sand about fifteen inches deep, appearing to
be verj'' productive. The foundation is gravelly, containing am-
ber stoaes susceptible of a handsome polish. Timber is scarce.
The upland in the vicinity is very broken, poor, and nearly bar-
ren. In the settlement are about fifteen hundred inhabitants, ex-
clusive of the military, who are principally Creoles. As a place
of business, it now appears on the decline.
/ The river Ouisconsin is about half a mile wide — common
depth one to four feet — no falls, but generally a brisk current.
The channel is subject to change, from the numerous bars of sand
which lie in it. and frequently alter their position. In the river
are numerous islands, on which grow the principal timber of the
country. The banks are generally low and sandy — some plains
lined with the common granite stone. The bordering country is
very broken, sandy, and barren. In the interior, as far as Mr.
Tanner could learn from his companions, the same description will
answer. Barren, broken, and destitute of vegetation, few places
can be found that will admit of settlements. The Winnebago
Indians inhabit the country bordering on the tributary streams of
both sides of the river. They appear to go abroad for their game,
and have no conveniences for dwelling, except a kind of lodges
which they carry with them wherever they go. Their territory
extends from the Mississippi to the vicinity of Green Bay, and
the number of their warriors is seven hundred.

290 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

At the portage between the Ouisconsin and Fox rivers, canoes
and boats are drawn over a level, rich prairie, but so much sub-
ject to inundation that during high water canoes have been known
to pass from one river to the other without obstruction. The land
being perfectly level, and there being nothing to obstruct excava-
tion, Mr. Tanner thinks that the two rivers might be united by a
canal of only one mile in length, the greatest depth of which need
not exceed seven feet. At this prairie the Fox river does not
exceed sixty feet in width, and is usually from three to ten deep,
has little current, and is full of a thick growth of wild rice. It
abounds with some geese and an immense quantity and variety of
ducks. This river passes through a low country of prairie, usu-
ally a sandy barren, and is almost destitute of timber, till, passing
down the river, you arrive at Ox Lake,* a distance of about fifty
miles. This Lake is twelve miles long and one and one-half
broad. The river becomes a little wider at the lower end of the
lake. Mr. Tanner relates the following curious ceremony, per-
formed by the Winnebago Indians who were in compan^ with
him:

Near the lower extremity of the Lake is a small river, called
DeviPs river, which discharges itself into Fox river. As soon as
the canoo approached in sight of it, the Indians dropped their
paddles, and one of them commenced speaking apparently in the
form of a prayer, and continued until they came opposite the
river, when they strewed the surface of the water with tobacco,
feathers, painted hair, and other articles by them considered valu-
able After which, they chanted a kind of hymn and then re-
sumed their paddles. Mr. Tanner was informed by a half-breed,
who was in company, that this ceremony was a sacrifice to the
Evil Spirit, to propitiate and secure his favor. Other religious
ceremonies, which are frequently performed by the Umbagof In-
dians, are various kinds of smoking. These ceremonies are per-
formed by puffing volleys of smoke towards the object they wish
to adore — to the sun, because he gives them light and heat — to

^Buflfalo Lake, Marqnette County: and Dcvirs river, referred to, is now known as Duck
creek, the mouth of which is at Montello. L. C. D.

t Doubtless Winnebagoes. L. C. D.

Wisconsin in 18ia 291

the moon, because of the benefit of her light in the night, nnd
because they suppose she influences vegetation — to the earth,
because it gives thein support — to their hands, because with
them they obtain it — to their feet, because of their use in trans-
porting them from one place to another — to the fire, because of
its benefit in cooking their provisions, and giving them warmth
in winter — to the Good Spirit, for providing all things necessary
for their benefit — to the Evil Spirit, to appease his anger.

Mr. Tanner states that above the Ox Lake there are occasionally
some high lands which, compared with the surrounding country,
and viewed at a distance, resemble islands. On the south side of
the Lake, the lands are high, tolerably well timbered, and appa-
rently capable of admitting settlements. On the other side, the
lands are low, and covered with lofty timber. The growth is oak,
hickory, and aspen. Twelve miles from this, he came to the Rush
Lake, * about ten miles long and t^^o broad. In passing down this
Lake, the lands on either side appeared considerably elevated, and
the timber increased in size and quantity. Great numbers of
Winnebago and Menomonee Indians were employed in gathering
wild rice:|: on the rivers and lakes. The river gradually grows
wider. In about fifty miles, the Wolf river intersects, on which
a part of the Cbippeway tribe reside. Five miles below this, is
what is called the great ** Death Ground." || It derived its name, as
Mr. Tanner was informed, from the circumstance that about the
year 1750 a great battle was fought between the French troops,
assisted by the Menomonee and Ottawa Indians, on one side, and
the Sauk and Fox Indians on the other. The Sauk and Fox In-
dians were nearly all cut off,and this proved the cause of their event-
ual expulsion from that country." At this place, the Death Lake,
larger than either of the others which he had passed, commences.
Tlere Mr. Tanner left his canoe, being informed that the distance

• Puckaway Lake. L. C. D.

t Wild ncc grows abont four feet abovo the water, and has ears from three to flvc inches
long. The kernel is about tkrec-fourtbs of an inch long, of a dark elate color, and unicd by
the Indians as a Hubstitutc for bread. Tbey gather it by row ing t'.ioir canoes by the »ide of
it ; a'ld, after bending the ears into the canoe, beat the ) ice off. After the canoe; Is full, it is
rowed to the shore; the rice is spread on blankets, and, when dry, is beaten till separated
from the cbatf. It is then wmnowed and becomes fit for use.

i Big Butte des Morts.

292 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

from the Death Ground to the lower extremity ot the Winnebago
Lake was by land only eighteen miles, but by water was a voyage
of two days. On this road the land is good, covered generally
with a thin growth of timber, and interspersed with open prairies.
The growth is various kinds of hickory and oak, with fine high
grass. No springs were discovered. At Winnebago Lake, Mr.
Tanner resumed his canoe. Seven miles below the Lake, com-
mences the rapids of Fox river. On the west side of the river,
the bank is apparently about seventy feet high, but level after
ascending it; on the east side, it is bordered with high hills, cov-
ered with timber of a luxuriant growth. At this place, the river
falls perpendicularly five feet, and continues to be rapid about
nine miles below. In this course are three principal falls which
afford excellent mill sites. Below the last one are several French
families. The river continues to increase in width ; the lands
become more level and, particularly on the east side, more open.
From this place to Green Bay it is about fourteen miles. In the
river there is usually a brisk current, in some places a rapid one.
In its whole course the wild rice abounds. The lands on the west
side of Fox river, in the vicinity of Green Bay, have a very rich
and productive soil, resting on a foundation of red clay ; on the
east side, it is black and sandy, upon a gravelly bottom, and not
so productive as the west. As an instance of the products of this
soil, Mr. Tanner took the measure of a radish which grew in Col.
Bowyer's garden, which was two feet five inches in circumference*
and nineteen inches in length. The cord with which it was meas-
ured was shown your committee, from which this statement was
taken. Lest some should doubt this unusual fact, Mr. Tanner
has referred us to Col. Bowyer and the officers of the garrison for
its proof. At the same place the produce of eight potatoes,
planted in sixteen hills, was five bushels. Mr. Tanner states the
fact of a regular tide at Green Bay. It falls from six o'clock to
twelve, and rises from that time to six. This was known from
his particular observation ; its usual rise is fifteen inches. He
also stales the periodical rise and fall of the. Lakes once in sevea
years.

REMINISCENCES OF THE NORTH-WEST.

The interesting rcminisccnses which follow, appeared originally in Col. E
A. Calkins* Milicaukee Sundny Telegraph, March 30th, April 2Tth, 3Iay 18th.
and June loth, IbTO. They attracted the attention of the veteran, Gen. A. G.
Ellis, who had been the writer's teacher at Green Bay — and both had long
lost sight of each other. Gen. Ellis very gracefully wrote of his old pupil iQ
the columns of the Telegraph: " Your correspondent, Mrs. Bristol, is very
well remembered by the old settlers at Green Bay as Miss 3Iary Ann Bre-
voort. She was a very attractive young lady; with her symmetrical figure,
her blooming countenance, sparkling black eyes, and genial smile, all adorn-
ed with graceful, courtly manner, she is not easily forgotten. Nay, it was
not the * young Indian,* only, who * fell in love with her.' Not one, but
many, of the young Americans contested the claim with the young Meuomo-
nee brave. But, to the best of my recollection, she escaped them all, quite
heart whole to the last

The old Major, sociable and approachable enough in general, was entirely
inaccessible as to his beautiful daughter. None of the young frontiersmen
were familiar in his presence.

His daughter, in consequence, rather a recluse, had one amusement from
which she would not be debarred — she wiis pa.sslonateIy fond of skating.
As soon as the old Fox river was mirrored with ice. Miss Brevoort was among
the first to prove its glacial qualities; and if she had been attractive in her
walk on terra firma, she was perfectly bewitching with her skates, on the ice.
So irresistible was she thought, that a couple of the young fellows considered
it a f:iir challenge; and putting themselves on their irons, gave chase! The
3'oung enchantress appreciated the compliment, and entertained them coquet-
tishly, dallying with them coyly for a few moments, but perceiving the in-
tent of the foremost to cut her off frodi the open way home, put forth the
utmost ctlbrt of her skill and strength, and left him like a flash of light, re*
treating to her father's castle before her admirer was awake to her move-
ment." L. C. D.

By Mrs. MABY ANN BREVOORT BRISTOL.

I imagine myself in a house at Detroit one hundred and twen-
ty live years oUl. I refer to the old homestead, where my mother
\vas born, married and died ; to facts related to me by her^ and

29-t Wisconsin State Historical Society.

events that I have witnessed with my own eyes. The house is
built of hewn pine logs, clap-boarded on the outside ; all of the
nails therein were made by hand, and very few at that ; the frame
of the roof is put together with wooden pins, from eight to ten
inches long, and so much timber is used the garret looks like a
barn or mill ; wiih a number of snow shoes, cannon balls
shot over from Canada by the British, and ancient furniture — a
table and chair which I have now in my possession. The chair
was my mother's, in which she often sat by the deep window sills.
The cross-beams upon which the floor rests, and which answer
for ceiling, are about twelve or fourteen inches through ; the walls
have been whitewashed so often that you could take a knife and
peel off the different layers as deep as six inches, which made it
thick and warm ; in fact, nothing ever froze; the laths were small
poles split, with the smooth side to the logs, and the rounding
side out to plaster upon, nailed diagonally ; cellars were not
known, everything in the shape of vegetables being buried in the
ground, and it was hard work to get at it, after the earth was
frozen.

The way the bread was made and baked, was like this : There
was a large box, something like a chest with a cover, which had
four legs for supporters, like a table; the dough was mixed at
night; this chest was called in French, " unelniche ;" in the morn-
ing the dough was kneaded and moulded, placed on boards to
rise.

A log house was about two hundred feet or more from the
residence, in which there was an oven built of poles and clay ; the
oven was heated with just so much wood split very fine and
burned to coals, which were burned out; it was then mopped
with a mop and a pail of cold water, which left the oven warm
and clean ; the bread was carried there on the boards ; it was
placed on wooden paddles or shovels, and put in the oven, which
had a sheet iron door and a wooden one over, that closed tight —
what sport it was to carry it there ; when baked, what a beauti-
ful sight to look at, eighteen or twenty loaves of bread, all yel-
low as gold.

We had wooden churns and wooden water buckets, made

Reminiscences of the North-West. 295

something like kegs of the present day ; we had also a wooden
yoke made to 6t the shoulders and neck, with a piece of rope on
each end, and a hook made of iron to hitch to the bucket, and
every drop of water which we used, was carried from the river,
no matter how far the house stood from it

Every family had from two to three canoes, and thought noth-
ing of paddling over to Canada, Many a time did I puddle a
canoe across the Detroit river. The shore was not obstructed as
it is now ; the beach was covered with white sand, shells and
stones; the banks were overhung with wild grapes, blackberry
bushes, wild roses, etc.

Saving ice was an unknown thing in those days. The water
was brought from the channel of the river, put in large jugs, and
buried in the ground to keep it cool.

When the young men, members of the family, wished for fresh
meat, all they had to do was to step back of the house at the
edge of the woods where the Michigan Central road now passes,
and kill a deer, put a rope around his neck and draw it home.
In one of the rooms a large spike was driven, upon which they
hung the deer to dress it ; the spike is still in the beam. They
thought nothing of dressing from four to five per week.

They also set traps to catch wolves, which were numerous, by
digging a hole in the ground, about eight feet deep, and large
enough to catch as many as possible at one time ; they would
place a door on top, and put fresh meat in the hole. The minute
a wolf stepped on the door, it would tip, let him in and close up ;
another would come, he was served in the same way. In that
way, they caught great numbers ; each head brought a bounty ;
it was great sport, and money making business at the same time.

Chimneys were built the same as the oveas, with poles, straw,
and clay, which when dry were solid and very hard.

All the washing was done in the river, by driving two stakes,
and placing a piece across to hold the end of a plank or log,
eight or ten feet long, the other end resting on the shore. Upon
the end on the water, whoever washed, would sit on a stool, dip
the piece in the water, rub on the soap, and pound with a short
handled paddle called a -^battois."

296 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Thero were no matches in those days. The way a fire was
produced, was to take a gun flint, a piepc of punk (dry rotten wood),
put the flint and punk together, and strike with a steel ring, and
the sparks of the flint would set fire to the punk. During the
war of 1812, it was dangerous; every one was afraid to have fire
in the house. They had beeswax candles, lighted, and put in one
of the water buckets covered with a piece of board, upon which
sorae one would sit, during the presence of Indians, to keep it
from them, their delight being to set fire to anything they came
in contact with. Many a barn filled with grain, and all a poor
family possessed, did my mother see burn, night after night
Often did forty or fifty Indians come in and ask for fire, but they
were told there was no fire, while some member of the family was
sitting on the bucket, with a lighted candle inside for use in case
of an emergency.

The family had taken up the floor, dug a deep hole, and hid-
den all their valuables, clothing, furniture, silver plate, consisting
of spoons, fork?, goblets, cups, plates, platters, soup tureen, wait-
ers, all of solid silver. The house was bare, and looked poverty
stricken. My mother had two beautiful and lovely sisters, the
hair of one a burnished gold color, and when she sat on a chair,
it hung and covered the floor; she could not comb it herself; it
required two persons, which she could well afford, as the family
had colored servants.

My great-grandmother lived so long that she crept on the floor
like a child. Sallie, the colored girl, used to take her in her
arms and put her in bed. I remember poor old Sallie, when she
was so aged she could hardly walk alone; she was well and ten-
derly nursed to the day of her death.

At that time, the ladies wore trails to their dresses, as they do
now ; elegant black satin dresses ; trails lined with silk, which
were carried on the arm; embroidered white silk hose and slip-
pers, half and half of colored satin, for instance, the heel blue and
the front white ; buckles of diamonds or brilliants; others were
covered with spangles.

One of my mother's sisters, Marie A. Navarre, was betrothed to
a merchant of high standing, from Quebec. He went on a voyage

Reminiscences of the North- West. 297

to China, and died while absent. She had many oflEers of mar-
riage afterward from noted men ; one from a German count, who
would have made her a countess. But no ; she remained true to
the one she loved, and died in 1866, aged eighty-four years. She
-was a very brave woman. During the war of 1812, there were so
many Indians in and about the homestead, ** Brevoort Place," at
Detroit, that she learned to speak their language, and made them
love and respect her. They would often go upon the frontiers of
Ohio or Indiana, perhaps forty or fifty warriors together, be absent
two or three weeks, and return with their laurels, which consisted
of human beings' scalps.

When they returned, they were heard a great way off by the war-
whoop. All were painted red around the mouth, a sign that they
wanted blood to drink. They gave just so many whoops, for the
same number of scalp?. Some had long poles with scalps at-
tached, generally those of the father, mother, and children who
had been afraid and had cried. Those who were brave and did
not cry, bad their lives saved, faces painted, hair cut, feathers on
their heads, and rode on horses. Once they came in, with a
woman's scalp tied to a long pole; it had beautiful, long hair,
with the comb ; the father's scalp, and three little innocents'
curly golden locks. Two persons were on horseback, who were
brave. They had many scalps in their sacks. They would come
in, sit on the floor, and make a grand display, scrape the scalps,
and eat all the fat and stuff that came off, put them all on frames,
and take them to their British father, who rewarded them amply.

In 1867 and 1863, when the water and gas pipes were laid, and
the street paved in front of the old house — it was formerly called
the river road, now changed to Woodbridge street — they
found bones, remains of many Indians, and old Indian relics,
such as red paint, vermillion, bunches of hair, pipes, stone axes,
brass kettles, bottles, some filled with whisky just as dark as
brandy — the best whisky ever drank, as the laborers said. No
Indians were buried there in recent times. After my grand-
father, Robert de Navarre, purchased of the Indians, they were
permitted to bury their dead on the placa, but not in the street.

These relics, thus unearthed, were in the ground over a hundred
20 — St. His. See.

298 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

years. They also found silver brooches and silver bracelets, of
which we have a number. When found, they looked like iron.
There are also two large pear trees on the place, the seed of
which was brought from France. They are over one hundred
years old; the fruit is delicious; and they bear quite abun-
dantly every year.

In those days, gentlemen wore knee breeches, made of black
satin, silk stockings, brilliant buckles at the side, buckles of steel
or silver on their shoes, and swallow-tail coats. No gentleman
was admitted at a reception, unless he had slippers or pumps,
gloves, and a swallow tail coat Some had breeches of white dimitj^
white ribbed goods; ladies made underskirts of the same. They
wore white straw, home-made hats, with wide rims, lined with
green satin, and a wide ribbon round the crown to match. Who-
ever bad those were considered distingue. The waists of la<iies'
dresses wore made like infants' dresses, very short, gathered at the
top, and a band under the arms, skirts very narrow, cut goring,
and trails very long, made of elegant silks. Wedding and ball
dresses were made of white satin, overskirt of white lace or crape,
covered with gold or silver spangles, lace and fringe to match.
Some were trimmed with pearls, which were very fashionable at
that time, strings of pearls, five or six strings, hanging belo^ the
knees — some were quite large ; with ear-rings, brooches ,and comb,
all of pearls.

My father's ancestors came from Holland to New Amsterdam,
now New York, as early as the year 1683, and purchased lands.
Mynheer Brevoort owned a farm on the corner of Broadway and
Eleventh street, also where the St. Denis hotel now stands. My
father, Maj. Henry B. Brevoort, was born on Long Island, Jan.
13, 1775, nearly a year and six months before the Declaration
of Independence.

My great-grandfather, on my mother's side, came from France,
in the year 1682. He was of a noble family, and a man of great
learning, was appointed, under the French Government, Suh De-
lige Xotaire Royal^ at Detroit, on the first establishment of the
colony. He married Madame Bourroir, by whom he had Catha-
rine, who married Alexander Macomb, father of General Alexan-

REMIfaSCENCES OF THE 'NORTH-'W'SST.

2ft f*

der Macomb. Ilis name was Robert <le Navarre, and he was a
lineal descendant of Henry IV, King of France, He purchased
from the Chippewav Indians a tract of land, in othet words, a
farm of four acres (arpenta) wide, and three miles deep, with the
understanding that they oiild, and would, make it their home,
whenever they came in from the wilderness. He would furnish
them with blankets, clnth, tobacco, everything which was neces-
sary to malie them comfortable, and would also bury their dead
whenever they desired it. Years afterward his eldest son, also
named Kobert de Navarre, who was my grandfather, built a house
oE hewn pine logs, which stiil stands, in the city of Detroit, and is
one hundred nnd twenty-four years old, where my mother was
born, married, and died. Four generations were born in that
house. I have a piece of oue of the logs which is in a state of
perfect preservation.

I have more knowledge, perhaps, of Indian life and ways than
a great many, because I had a good opportunity oE seeing them.
During the war of 1812, the Indians came, after Gen. Hull sur-
rendered. All the citizens were taken prisoners, my father in-
cluded, and be was very ill at the time. My mother begged on
her knees of the British cimmauder to let her husband remain,
until such a time as his health would permit, and, after many
supplication?, her request was granted.

When the Indians came to take mj father, and make a pack-
horse of him, they had their wooden saddle, bridle, all of their sacks
filled with their traps, to strap on his back, and make him gel on
his feet and hands (on all fours), and start for the woods. My
mother's grief knew no bounds. What was to be done? She
knelt and prayed to Almighty God to give bar strength, and to
save her husband, and to grant her prayer. She felt inspired,
came forward, pointed to heaven, and spoke oE their great Father
the " Manilou." It frightened the cowards so they let fall their
weapons, 'shook hands, and all said, "ta-yaw, ta-yaw," which
means great, brave. They were very angry with my grandfather
because he allowed his daughters to marry American ofBcers;
they called them "Long Knives" fswords). My father belonged
to the Second U. S. Infantry. The Indians swore vengeance on

800 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

the poor little cues — I was one of them, eighteen months of age.
My mother kept me hidden in a barrel, up in the garret of the old
house, and had the stairs taken dojvn to keep them from going
up. When I attained the age of ten years, I remember how they
came to bury their dead, and took possession of the house. We
gave them food, beds, et'j.; we had to do it — it was the agree-
menL

In June, 1812, began the war with Great Britain, a war into
which our country was forced bj^ injuries, and aggressions which
had exhausted forbearance; a war in which American skill and
valor upon land, were more than equal to British prowess, and
ivhich upon the ocean, broke the charm of British invincibility;
;a war in which the American character attained a proud emi-
nence, from which it is hoped and trus'ed, it may never descend.
"Major Brevoort was a man of the most dauntless courage ; it was
.attested at the battle of Lake Erie, where he ft)ught desperately,
and was honorably mentioned by Commodore Perry in his dis-
patches. He fought hard and bravely, c )ming out of the engage-
iment covered with blood, and begrimed with powder. I often
heard my father relate that while fighting on the Niagara, a tall
hian stood behind him and dodged the shnts, but just as he looked
once too often, the shot took his head oBf. Father was almost
blinded with the brain of the unfortunate man. He was an inti-
mate, bosom friend of Commodore J. D. Elliott, who was also in
the engagement on Lake Erie; in fact it was by his good man-
agement that the fleet was rescued from destruction, and the cap-
ture of the British effected — in other words, the victory of Lake
Erie secured.

My father received a medal from Congress for his services in
the action, which is in the possession of the family, and they will
hand it down to posterity from generation to gmeratioo. In this
naval engagement on Lake Erie, Major Brevoort conducted him-
self with distinguishe i gallantry,* as the herein mentioned medal,

• Gen. Ellis adda these reminiscences of Major Brevoort's military services: "It was
•aid — and wo gave It full credit at Green Bay — that he dlslingulHhcd hiiujjolf in Porry's
n ival victory on Lake Erie; that at the reduction of the army after the war of 181-2 -1.% only
those were retained who had in some way dldtiuguiiihed them'»elves in the service; and, a*
such, he wa* early uppointcd to the Indian Agency at Green Bay. and wa^, 1 believe, con-
tinued in Govcrnmeat omploymeni till his death.**

Reminiscences of the North- West. 801

and the copy of a government certificate, abundantly show. The
Detroit GnztUte oi Feb. 21, 1823, introduces the subject of this
medal and certificate in very complimentary terms. The certifi-
cate is in the following words:

Navy Department,

January 2, 1823.

Sir: In compliance with a resolution of the Congres? of the
United States, the President directs me to present you with a sil-
ver medal, in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress
of your gallant conduct and services in tne decisive and glorious
victory gaine<l on Lake Erie, on the 10th day of September, in
the year 1813, over a British squadron of superior foroe.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Smith Thompson.
Capt n. B. Brevoort,

late commanding marines on Lake Erie.

Commodore 0. H. Perry was first cousin to the late Charles L.

Judge J. v. Campbell, In his able Political History of Michigan^ thns testifies to Major
Brevoort's important services on the memorable 10th of Sept., 1813: Commodore Perrj
"had received accurate Inrorniation of the strength of each of Barclay's [Britii>h] veHsels,
through Major Ilcnry B Brevoort of the army. This gentleman, whose family rcMdcd In
Detroit, was equally at homo on the laud and on the water, and was well known to all the
old citizen*) of Detroit as one of the most tranr«parontIy honestt and single minded men,
brave. Intelligent, and one when he swore to another disappointed him not, though It were
to his own hindrance. lie rendered good service in the fleet as Conimandcr of Marines
on the Niagara; and the knowledge which he had obtained enabled Commodore Perry to
plan the work of each of his vessels In advance, so that the general scheme was arranged
the night before the vessels came ont, althongh some changes became necessary when the
time of action approached.'*

Commodore Perry, in his ofllcial report of his great victory, thus testified to Major Bre-
Toort's good conduct: '* Captain Brevoort, of the army, who acted as a volunteer In the
capacity of a marine officer on bo ird that vessel [the Niagara], is an excellent and brave
oflftcei, and with his musketry did great execution/*

The Dictionary of the Army gives the dates of Mi^or Brevoort* s successive military pro-
motions: Appointed Second Lieutenant in Third Infantry, Feb. 16, 18^1; retained on re-
duction of the army. May, 18)3, as Ensign In Second Infantry: Second Lieutenant, July,
1802; transferred to First Infmtry, in 18M; First Lieutenant, Nov., 1805; commanded the
transports on Lake Erie r Captiin, May, 1811, distinguished In battle of Maguago agaiuht
British, and Indians under Tecnmseh, August 9, 1812; commanded marines, on boa d the
** Niagara,*"' in Commodore Perry's victory, September 10, 1818, for which he received a sll-
Ter medal; Major Forty Fifth Infantry, April 15, 1814; disbanded, June, 1815; at the period
of 182V-]i, he was Register of the Land Office of the Detroit district; and was subsequently
appointed C. S. Indian Agent at Qrven Bay.**

Ii may be added, after Major Bievoori'i* return to Detroit, ho had an appointment con*
nccted with the Custom House; and died In that city, Jan. 30th, 185S at the age of eighty-
three years. His widow survived till the 26th December, 1868, when she passed away at
the good old age of elghty-six, L. C. D.

302 Wisconsin State Historical SociKnr.

Bristors (my husband's) mother ; her maiden name was Lucy
Perry Ball Mr. Bristol was well known throughout the State of
Michigan for his business abilities and qualifications.

At one time, early in the war of 1812, my father matured a
plan for cutting out and destroying a British war vessel of eight-
een guns, which was stationed in Detroit river, and which com-
manded the entire upper end of the Lake, and was a great annoy-
ance to the inhabitants. He obtained Gen. Hulls leave to carry
out the enterprise, and accordingly built a floating battery, with
which he intended in the night to push alongside of the vessel,
and complete the desperate undertaking by boarding the vessel,
and engaging in a hand-to-hand fight. Just as he finished the
work of preparation, orders came from Gen. Hull not to carry it
out My father was greatly ince sed, and it is said, went so far
as to insult Gen. Hull, to whose orders as his superior officer, he
was compelled to submit* Had he made the attempt, he would
probably have succeeded ; and had he succeeded, the surrender
of Detroit would never have taken place. Among the company
whom Major Brevoort had enlisted in his desperate enterprise was
Judge Shubael Conant, and Col. H. L Hunt

In December, 1822, my father was appointed Indian agent, un-
der President James Monroe, at Green Bay ; and went there him-
self the next year. At that time there were no rail-roa is or
steamers. We left Detroit on the first of May, 1824, with a foot of
snow on the ground; went up (5n the schooner Andrew Jackson,
and were twenty-two days making the trip; eleven daj's at an-
chor in the St Clair river ; would spend the time on shore pick-
ing up stones and shells ; at last, on the 1st of June, we reached
our new home. The flag was always raised at Fort Howard, the
name of the military post, at the first sight of a ves-el, which was
invariably a great source of pleasure to all. There were no ve-
hicles, except one two-wheeled affair, which was called a *' gig/*
owned by Daniel Whitney. All the tra\eling and pleasure rid-
ing was in boats and birch bark canoes on Fjx river. Fort How-
ard was located on the right as you left the Buy and entered tlie
river. There were verv few lu)uses on that side, in fact not m.>re
than three or four. The village was on tLc opposite side, and

Reminiscexces of the North-West. 808

was so small it was called ** Shanty Town.** There was no church
edifice ; the meeting, as it was called in those days, was held in
the school house. There was not a hotel at either place, i

On the 4th of June, Mrs. Curtis and a hired man were struck
by lightning ; the old soldier was washing and Mrs. Curtis stood
near. She was a sister of Major Whistler, and left four or five
<5hildren. Cadamus, the oldest boy, I met in school, little Irene
I knew, afterwards Mrs. Rucker. The Ruckers were connected
to the Macomb family, of Detroit

I remember well when the First United States Infantry were
ordered away, late in the fall, to build Fort Winnebago. The
officers had made extensive preparations for a lively winter; all
were provided with splendid horses and elegant sleighs. The
Government anticipated trouble with the Indians when the order
came. It was almost a death blow to our pleasures ; many a
tear was shed ; the army officers were the life of the place.
/ At that time there was nothing between Fort Howard and
Fort Winnebago but Grand Kankaulin, where stood one house,
occupied by Mr. Augustin GrignonJ where I was invited to at-
tend his daughter's wedding. * She married Mr. Ebenezer Childs.
Quite a large party attended. All came in a large boat called a
batteau. The bride was dressed in white muslin ; on the table
for supper were all kinds of wild meat, bear, deer, muskrat, rac-
coon, turkey, quail, pigeon, skunk, and porcupine with the quills
on. Iler mother was an Indian woman ; most of the old settlers
were married to Indian women ; splendid looking, clean and re-
spectable. Some of their children had light hair, blue eyes, fine
complexions; no one could tell that they had a drop of Indian
blood; and all were well educated.

I remember well when Milwaukee was a wilderness, the Indians
coming from there to the Green Bay Agency on foot, clothed
in the skins of wild animals. The}' came for ammunition, blan-
kets, etc., and often was I called in the council chamber to smoke
the pipe of peace, with my four brothers, younger than myself,
and to listen to their speeches, which were interpreted by Richard
Pritchett It was a great delight to me to watch them cook.
There was a log house with an immense fireplace, and iron crane

304 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

with iron hooks, upon which hung the kettles, holding a quarter
of a barrel of pork, and one or two bushels of potatoes. Tnen,
after taking out the head of a barrel of flour, they would make
a hole by removing some of the flour, pour in a pail of water,
make a great bunch of dough, put it on the soiled floor, roll it
out in long rolls about two feet long, and large as a good sized
rolling pin, and put it in the same pot. When cooked, it was
dished up in wooden bowls ; some had wooden ladles, and some
wooden paddles. They would sit on the floor to eat their deli-
cious repast I was often invited to partake. They called my
father, their father; of course I was their sister. A young Indian
fell in love with me. He followed me everywhera I will not
attempt to describe his dress; it was too ridiculous.

My father remained at Green Bay six years ; in that time I be-
came well acquainted with the old settlers, Mr. Daniel Whitney,
Grignon, Lawe, Irwin, Baird, Dickenson, Dousman, Ducharme,
Martin Beal, Capt. Arndt, his sons Hamilton, Charles and John,
and his daughter Mary, who married Lieut. Cotton, of the United
States Army. There I met General Winfield Scott, General Z.
Taylor, with the famous Captain Martin Scott, who could shoot
birds on the wing, ride his favorite horse, call out fifteen or twen-
ty hounds, drive out into the woods and return with one or two
deer; Col. Whistler, with his large family of daughters and two
sons, his wife being a resident of Detroit, with whom I was inti-
mately acquainted; Mr. A. G. Ellis, who was school teacher;
Rev. Mr. Cadle and his estimable sister ; Rev. Eleazer Williams,
who married Miss Jourdain, whose father, Joseph Jourdain, was
blacksmith of the Agency. I have an iron fire shovel that Jour-
dain made.

I used to think that all Indians dressed alike. It was a mis-
take ; each tribe dresses diflerently. The Foxes wore dressed
deer skin, soft and white, one-half of their heads shaved clean,
with a great bunch of cook's feathers on the top. The Sioux
dressed in deer skin, colored black, worked with porcupine quills,
their hair brushed up and tied on the top of their head in one
large square cushion. The Winnebagoes had their blankets
daubed with paint, and large rosettes of colored ribbons; hair ia

Reminiscences of the North-West. 805

two square cushions on the back of the head. The Chippewas
and Menomonees dressed plainly, with nothing by which they
could be distinguished. ^

Several Indian councils were held at Green Bay. They had a"^
prophet; he wore a long black gown made of black silk hand-
kerchiefs; another skin for a turban, with a red star in front.
Young men who were in love wore cotton shawls of various colors,
rattlesnake skins tied around their shoulders, bird feathers, small
bells, claws of wild aninials tied around their legs for garters.
Every step they took, the bells jingled. A drum and Qute were
in constant requisition night and day, which was very annoying.

The young women were very modest ; they covered their heads
and faces in their blankets. It was very amusing for me to watch
them court or make love. They had a peculiar way of express-
ing themselves by small bunches of sticks, something like a
bunch of matches, which the man threw at the woman. If the
love was reciprocated, she threw it back at him; if not, she
walked away.

When the husband died, the wife arrayed herself in rags, paint-
ed her face black, with her hair down, (by the way they all had
beautiful long hair) and put a stick across the grave. She then
jumped and ran away to the woods, returning at the end of one
week, almost starved, the picture of despair.

The man does the same, and buries all the effects of the de-
ceased with the remains; and taking a pan or dish of victuals,
places it at the head of the grave. Sometimes the husband would
cut his wife's nose close to her face, as a punishment for infideli-
ty, so that no other man would fall in love with her. The wife
would do the same to her husband; it was no uncommon thing
to see them with a black plaster and bandage to cover the loss of
the nose.

They are very superstitious and revengeful ; they never forgave
an injury. They never washed themselves, nor their clothing,
but wore it until it dropped off.

On the 13th of July, 1827, the officers of Fort Uoward gave a
milit:iry ball. Lieut E. Kirby Smith came for me in a small
boat, there being no other mode of conveyance at that time, and

306 Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

we enjoyed a row or sail on the river exceedingly ; on this day
the weather was very threatening, the clouds were black and
heavy, thunder and lightning in the distance ; for fear of not be-
ing able to attend in the evening, we started about four o'clock
in the afternoon, and had about three miles to go, the Indian
Agency being about that distance from the Fort. We arrived at
the Fort safely, and were received by Colonel Lawrence, who had
command of the post, a very polite and agreeable gentleman, es-
pecially to the ladies; several ladies from Shanty Town had ar-
rived early on account of the impending storm, which threatened
to burst upon us at any moment; but notwithstanding, we had a
delightful time, and a sumptuous repast was partaken of at the
mess-house. We were all happy, and dancing commenced ; the
music was enchanting, and we danced until twelve o'clock with-
out interruption. Just then a terrific storm came up, and put an
end to our enjoyment. It lasted about an hour; then all was
clear; the stars were peeping ; the wind abated, and all was still
again. We prepared ourselves to go home, the ladies from Shan-
ty Town going in a large batteau. I was invited by the ladies
of the garrison to remain all night; but no — home I must go,
and home I did go. I had never been from home a single night
in my life. Lieut. Smith and myself embarked in the little boat;
it was so small that it was called the *' Pill Box."

When about half way home another storm came up very sud-
denly, the wind blew a gale, and we were on a sea of space, an-
gry clouds burst asunder, revealing vivid streaks of fire; the
weird, wild grandeur filled me with awe indescribable, the com-
mingling elements roused to the highest, played pitilessly with us.
Would we escape ? The thoughts of my brave father, and the
kind, tender mother watching and praying for me, gave me cour-
age for what I thought surely inevitable. The ruin fell in tor-
rents, and the darkness was intense ; wave after wave swept over
us. Oh, God I the peril of that moment! The frail boat, its
name fatally suggestive, the ^' Pill Bjx," rojked in the surf;
speechless I waited — I knew not what. Lieut. Smith became
very excited, arose to hi.s feet, and, taking off his cap and coat,
begged me with all the eloquence and ardor of a doomed man.

Reminiscences op the North- West. 307

to leap into the angry waters and swim to shore. With superhu-
man strength I held him do^n ; my fice expressed the supplica-
tion to refrain, which my tongue refused to utter — believing that
as long as I bad the boit to hold on to, I was safe. In the con-
fusion the rudder was lost, and the boat fast filling with water.
The four brave soldiers, seeing that further attempts to control
the boat were useless, let go the oars, took ofiE their caps and
bo)t3 with which to biilout the water,and prevent the boat sink-
ing, at the same time feeling and knowing the imminent danger,
assured me there was none, saying, " Do not fear, Madam, there
is no danger."

They afterwjrds said, at the lime they assured me of safety
they momentarily expected we would sink, and thanked me a
thousand times for my presence of mind ; the boat rocked to and
fro, at the mercy of the waves. After being in the water three
long hours, we drifted on a sand bar about two miles from home;
the men were not slow in getting out to ascertain the depth of the
water, which was waist deep. I was elegantly dressed, having a
dress of Bgured lavender satin, trimmings of white satin and
white lace, white kid slippers, white silk hose, white lace shawl,
white kid gloves, longer than those worn at the present time, and
a covering for the head called a " calash," made of green silk and
rattan, which could be folded flat, and pulled out over the face
when worn, and answered as a parasol or bonnet ; they were very
fashionable at that lime, but I have never seen the like since.
Coming out of the water we landed in the mud, there being no
sidewalks; we walked two miles; what a sight when I reached
home, just as the sun was rising; the weight of the water had
lo<>sened the trimmings on my dress, and hung five yards behind
me, black as the earth. My dear mother met us at the door, my
escort bade me good morning, after being pressed to remain to
breakfast, and mother said, *• Go right up stairs, you do not know
the danger you are in." I wanted to tell her what had happened ;
she knew it all, she had seen me in imagination struggling in the
angry waters for my life. She had not closed her eyes, and at
times was almost frantic. After dancing and being overheated,
hen in the water three hours, I was chilled ; the long walk saved

808 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

my life. The next day many called to ascertain whether we
were saved or drowned, the boat, caps, boots and oars being found
along the shore, but no Lieutenant, nor young lady. Some lime
after the occurrence, Lieutenant Smith was ordered to Mackinaw.

When our family returned to Detroit, in 1829. the vessel
stopped at Mackinaw. There I met Lieut. Smith, and we had a
long chat, and a good laugh over our narrow escape, and he
thanked me a thousand times over for my presence of mind and
composure, which was the saving of our lives. We proposed a
walk and had another adventure, after cutting our names on a
tree near the Arch- rock, we walked over the arch and came very
near going into the deep water once more; that was the last of
our most pleasant acquaintance — we never met again. He went
to the Mexican war, in which he distinguished himself, particularly
at Cherabusco, and was mortally wounded at El Molino Del Eey.

Gen. Hugh Brady was there at the Bay, while I was a resident
of that place. He was an intimate friend of our family. He al-
ways entered the ball room in full uniform, silver spurs over his
boots; he compared a lady in full dress to a ship in full sail.
Going down in the center of the room, which was the custom
then, in dancing what was called *' country dances," fifteen or
twenty couples, standing, ladies on one side, gentlemen opposite.
Such beautiful tunes, such as ** Monie Musk," " Two Sister.-*,"
" Two Dollars in my Pocket," *• Cheat the Lady," '' French Reel."

Lieut. Bean took me to singing school at the old home on the
hill, one evening. I was in the sleigh seated on the back seat all
wrapped in robes; Lieut Bean and a cousin of mine, Miss Rosalie
Navarre on the front seat The hill was steep, and the horses
took fright and ran away. My companions became alarmed, and
jumped out into the deep snow, but I remained in the sleigh, had
a delightful ride of about two mile?, over fallen trees, mnskrat
houses, and everything else, way acro?s the river and back. I
remained in the sleigh, perfectly quiet, remembering what my
father often told me, never to attempt to jump on such occasions
but remain quiet. The horses came back to the same place from
where they started; and there were my two companions, lament-
ing and wondering whether they would ever see me alive or not

EARLY TIMES AT FORT WINNEBAGO,

AND BLACK HAWK WAR REMINISCENCES.

By Hon. SATTERLEE CLAKK.

The subject which I have selected for this paper, is the Early
H'story of Fort Winneha(/o and its Surroundings, To give a prop-
er understanding of the history, not only of the Fort, but of the
persons connected with it, il will be necessary to detail my early
recollections, from my arrival in what is now the State of Wis-
consin. (On the 14th day of April, 182S, I landed at Green Bay,
then considered a small French settlement. Fort Howard was
then situated near where the passenger depot of the C. & N. W.
rail-road now stands. On the opposite side of the river where the
city of Green Bay is located, there was a wilderness. Three miles
above on the river, was a small group of houses that could hardly
be termed a village, but which was nevertheless called ** Shanty
Town." J Residing there were several American families, among
whom were Daniel Whitney, Henry S. Baird, RobL Irwin, Alex.
Irwin, Samuel Irwin, and quite a number of French and half-
breeds. The Fort contained three companies of U. S. Infantry,
and was commanded by then Major, afterwards General Twiggs.
The companies were severally commanded by Captain and his
brother Major Buell, Captain Spence, and Captain, since General
William Harney.

The ^ame season, 1823, the 1st Infantry was ordered to the
Portage t) luild a fort to be called Fort Winnebago. They were
relieved at Fort Howard by four companies of the 5th U. S. In-
fantry under command of Col. William Lawrence. Previous to
1827 (the year of the Winnebago war under Red Bird, a Winne-
bago chief), the Indians had be^n in the habit of levying tolls on
the goods of the American Fur GompaDj, and others who were

310 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

obliged to unload to cross the Portage. At the earnest solicita-
tions of John Jacob Astor, who was then the head of the Ameri-
can Fur Coinp^iny, the Government concluded to erect a fort for
their protection.

Major Twiggy then left for the Portage, where he erected tem-
porary barracks of tamarack logs in which to winter his com-
mand, and detailed a party to go up the Wisconsin, and procure
pine timber with which to erect a permanent fort. Another party
was detailed to quarry stone at what was called "stone quarry
hill." With the first rise of water in the spring of 1829 the tim-
ber and logs were floated down to the Portage, were hauled by
^eams to the Fort, where all the lumber was sawed by hand with
whip-saws, with which to build the entire fort. The brick neces-
eary for the chimneys, fire places, etc.. were burned just oppo-ite
the narrows on the Wisconsin river, a short distance above here.

Of the officers stationed at Fort Winnebago from 1828 till the
6th of July, 1831, only two survive, to-wit : Gen. Wm. Harney
and Lieut Jeff. Davis. Harney at that time was a Captain, and
Davis was his subaltern. Both were considered among the best
officers in the service. I think it is conceded that for frontier ser-
vice Captain Harney had no superior anywhere. There was no
better disciplinarian, and no more indulgent officer to his men
when their behavior was good. It has been said of him, by per-
sons in civil life, that he was cruel to his men ; but this wos not
true. He was, however, a terror to evil doers, whether soldiers
or citizens. To give an idea of the man, he was over six feet in
height, well proportioned, and exceedingly active and strong. I
will relate an anecdote or two, which will give a more correct
idea of his character.

Gen. Harney once took offense at an Indian, and determined to
cowhide him ; but was persuaded to give him "a chance for his
life." He had him taken half a mile above the Government wjish
houses on the bank of the river, gave him one hundred yards the
start, with the agreement, that if the Indian passed the wash
houses before he was caught, he should go free for that time.
Pierre Pauquette gave the word, and away they went. Harney
gained on him so rapidly that he seemed sure to overtake him

Early Times at Fort Winnebago. 811

There was a spot about two hundred yards from the wash liouse
that only froze over in very cold weather, and opened again dur-
ing the day. The night before was very cold, and this point had
frozen over about half an inch thick. When they reached this
point, Harney was just ready to put his hand on him, when the
Indian, being quite light, crossed the thin ice safely. Not so,
however, with the Captain ; he carried too many pounds, and
down he went He came to the surface at once, and called to a
sentinel to shoot the Indian. The sentinel fired well and the ball
struck the ice half a mile from the Indian. All the officers were
on the bank witnessing the race, and of course were convulsed
with laughter.

On another occasion it was necessary to punish the champion
pugilist of the Fort, a very large man named Hewitt The man
said to the Captain, " If you were an enlisted man, or I was a
Captain, you could not treat me in that way." Harney took him
out behind the barracks, told him to C9nsider himself a Captain,
and do his best Hewitt pitched at the Captain furiously, when
the Captain knocked him down. This was repeated about a doz-
en times, when he said, " Captain, I have been a Captain long
enough to suit me, I would now like to be reduced to the ranks."

At another time Harney caught a citizen from the Lead Mines
selling whisky to his men. He tied him up to the flag stail, and
cowhided him wiih his own hand.

Neither Harney nor Davis were addicted to those habits that
destro^^ed so many worthy officers, and it in some measure ac-
counts for their being still aliva

In June, 1830, I was appointed sutler at Fort Winnebago, by
General Jackson, who was then President Being under age, I
was obliged to farm the privilege out to Oliver Newbury, of De-
troit ; and as the sutler was required to remain at the post, I was
employed by Mr. Newbury as clerk, devoting most of my time
to the Indian trade. I arrived at Fort Winnebago on the 21st of
July, 1830.

THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

The mo.st interesting event huicc my advent into Wisconsin was
what is known as the '' IMack Iluwk War,'* the truthful history

312 Wisconsin State Historical Socikty.

of which has never been published) and I think the ('.auses that
led to it, and the incidents connected therewith, are known to
very few people now living.

^ In 1831, in violation of a treaty stipulation, the Sauk and Fox
Indian?, under Black Hawk and the Prophet, crossed the Missis-
sippi into Illinois. Black Hawk was a Fox Indian, and the
Prophet was a Winnebago, who, with a small band, became dis-
contented and left the Winnebagoes and joined the Sauk and Fox
tribes, where they had intermarried, and became part of the same
tribe. Gen. Atkinson was ordered to remove them. They offered
to go back and remain for sixty thousand bushels of corn, and
as corn was only five cents a bushel, he gave it to them and they
retired.

The following summer, thinking to get sixty thousand bushels
of corn quite easily, they again crossed the river, and again Gen.
Atkinson was ordered to remove them. Instead of buying corn
for them he ordered all the available troops into the field, and the
President ordered out the Illinois militia under the command of
Gen. Henry and Gen. Alexander, all under the command of Gen.
Atkinson. The Indians started up Rock river, pursued by the
troops, committing occasional depredations as they went along.
After they got into Wisconsin the troops lost track of them, and
Gen. Atkinson continued up Rock river to where the village of
Fort Atkinson now stands, where he established his headquarters
and built a temporary fort.

In the meantime Black Hawk, learning from the Winnebagoes,
who also promised to assist him, that only thirty men remained
in Fort Winnebago, determined to burn it and massacre its in-
mates. They accordingly came and encamped on the Fox river,
about four miles above Swan Lake, and about eight miles from
the Fort. Every possible means that could be devised was adopted
to protect the Fort, and save the lives of tne inhabitants, most
of whom were women and children ; but after all had been done
that was possible, the commanding officer concluded that without
re-inforcemenls we would be lost, and determined to send to Gen.
Atkinson for troops. I was selected for that duty for several
reasons ; among which was my thorough acquaintance with the

Early Times at Fort Winnebago. 813

•country, and another was the probability that the Winnebagoes
would not harm me. ^

Every day some Winnebago would come to me and advise me
to go at night and stay in his wigwam, where he said I would be
safe. At nine o'clock at night I left the Fort, with many a God
f^peed you, armed with a small Ruggles rifle, my dispatches, a
tomahawk and Bowie knife. I crossed the Fox river at a shallow
point just above where tlie public stables used to stand, and keep-
ing the Indian trail that led from here to White Crows' village*
on Lake Kosh-konong on my right, I traveled rapidly all night,
walking uphill, and running down hill and on a level I struck
the trail several times during the night, but left it immediately as
I feared some Indians might be encamped upon it, whose dogs
would discover me before I would discover them. I arrived safe-
ly at the Fort at half past 11 o'clock in the forenoon, and delivered
my dispatches to Gen. Atkinson, who sent 8,000 men at once to
relieve Fort Winnebago. I may add, that Fort Atkinson was
constructed of log pickets, with loop-holes for musketry, with
block-houses on the south-east and north-west corners, with about
an acre of ground within the enclosure.

I slept till 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and then started on my
return, following the trail of the mounted militia for twelve miles,
when I passed them, and reached the head of a stream that used
to be called Rowan's Creek, about twelve miles from the Fort
shortly after daylight; and fearing to go further till night, I
crawled into some brush and went to .sleep.

As soon as it was quite dark, I left my hiding place and return-
ed to the Fort as near as possible by the route I left it, arriving
between ten and eleven o'cUxik i*. M. 1 reported that the troops
were on the way, and would arrive next evening. We kept close
watch all that night, and at 4 o'clo^;k P. M. next day tlie troops
arrived. It rri jv H'jrpr!.-;e .some of my reader-?, that I should travel
so rapidly. ar-A tiie rnount'^'l tr^x>p.s should be ho \ou*f on the road ;
but you rn'j--t re';o!lect the rnar^he^ wftre very wet at that time,

• Mr. Clark ■wrlvt*. *..'*••. 'AhlUs Cr'/i*> ■•iliag* W4> \,-iV.t. \u ih«; n**;*! •?/'" oflo'i'j'-n. r.ot ^
wijjwam*. nrio** ..'<»i hu .•**-.% tj,**:T*:*\ ni'h white tf-A.\t ^*rx . *xA c^/ntai;."! a po;.*iU*.;ori of
Aoont l,afj> *o-.. «, \.. '-. li.

814 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

th:it the whole country was a wilderness, and that when I jumped
into a stream and waded through or walked across the marsh, the
troops bad to build bridges and causeways.

The war would h'we been ended within two days if the militia
had been in condition to follow the Indians ; but the horses needed
rest and food, rations had to be issued to the men, and many of
them were without a change of under-clothing, and it was abso-
lutely necessary to wait at least one day at the Fort.

The second night the horses took fright (probably at some
Winnebago Indians), and there was a regular stampede. Proba-
bly some of my readers may not thoroughly comprehend a stam-
pede; and it may be proper to describe it, if possible, though only
an eye witness can properly appreciate how terrible it is. Some
horse, or mav be a few horses eret frightened and start to run ; the
entire drove may see nothing to alarm them, but presuming there is
danger, they fall into line, and once fairly under way nothing
can stop them.

Those in front cannot stop without being run over, and those
in the rear run to keep up. On this occanon several hundred
horses started with a noise like thunder, running so close together
that when one is so unfortunate as to face a tree he wa3 either
killed or so badly injured as to be unable to proceed, and was run
over by the whole drove; so if a horse was unable to keep up he
was knocked down and killed ; between the bank of the Wiscon-
sin and the point of land between there and the Fort, thirty-seven
horses were found dead. They took the trail they came on, and
ran to the prairie, a distance of about sixteen miles, over sixty-
horses were killed, and it was late. next day before those recover-
ed were brought back.*

• In Wakefield's History qflhe Sauk and Fox War^ pablistacdat Jacksonville, 111., In 1834,
the following account is given of this stampedo — the writer then serving with the Illinois
troops: *'Oar horses were given to fright and rannlng in a most fearful manner; and the
army was constantly in danger of sutTering great damage by their taking those frights^. Na
one can tell what a horrid sight it is to sec two thousand horses coming at full speed toward
an encampment in the dead hour of night. This night — at Fort Winnebago— ,thcy; got
more scared than common. There were about three hundred on this night, that ran about
thirty miles before they stopped; and that, too, through the worst kind of swamps. This
circumstance caused us to stay hero two days, trying to recover our horses; but all. could
not be found; our road back the way we had came was hunted for upwards of fifty miles
and still a great number of them were missing.' L. C. D.

Early Times at Fort WiNNEBAoa 815

This of course occasioned another delav, and it was not till the
fifth day, that they left the Fort in pursuit of the Indians.

The enemy, in the meantime, went to the Four Lakes where, as
I learned later, they were advised to cross the Wisconsin and the
Mississippi as soon as possible. A few reliable Winnebagoes
under Peter Pauquette and myself were secured for scouts. We
had no difficulty in following their trail, and gained upon them
rapidly, overtaking them on the bank of the Wisconsin about
twenty-five miles below, where the battle of Wisconsin was fought
That battle inide many heroes, and so it sliould.

About one hundred and twenty half- starved Indians defended
the piss against nearly three thousand whites, while the remainder
of the Indians in plain sight were crossing the Wisconsin with the
women and children, and as soon as these were safe, the Indians
broke and ran. Then came the struggle for scalps. Every man
who could run started down the hill at his top speed, my Indian
scouts and myself farahead of the militia, and I was about thirty
feet ahead of them all. Just as I commenced raising the hill on
the other side of the valley, Pauquette passed me on horseback;
and as he went by I caught his horse by the tail and held on till
we reached the top of the hill, where we found four dead Indians;
Pauquette took one scalp, I took one, and the Indians scouts took
the other two. The Indians lost four* killed all told, and the
whites one. This ende<I the battle of the Wisconsin, about
which so much has been written.

The Indians travelel as rapidly as possible to the Mississippi
near the mouth of the Bad Axe river. I went home. Shortlv
after Capt Alexander Johnson was ordered to take command of
the regular troops, and endeavor to intercept the Indians, and
prevent their crossing the Mississippi. A steam^>oat was sent up
the river from Fort Crawfonl, commanded bv Jefl. Davis. Ue
drove the Indians back, and they were all killed or taken prisf>n-
ers, ex<:epi Black Ilawk and the Prophet and their faiuilies, who
crossed th'r river before the steam Vx/ai arrived.

•Blfcck Hi»k ]•. f.U Ufcrra: I vt. d ■';:»• trd \'> J. h. J'*;ier»ofj. ifny* t«; hfcd kIz killed. Mt*
KiDzie. iu Ler *' Vt't^'^^y. ■>." mrr i\ wut n-'i/'.»rt*<J tLn'. f ftr Kkokfe tLd K'/rtfrloift iLd* Jht*- on
thW oc^^'iot : » Lit •Vuii.cLfc:-!. ju bit Hi«wry of ib . H.itr.k. Jf»wk w*r, >•«•.«.-* \\.k .«-»*- of :ne
lDdiBL« HI *:/'; -v.;,"^'.. i^uc lint.*, twi;rjli.5v« (jf ikvii «ivi.JUfi(*d kul/kefjUvju'.'/ died.

L. C. D.

816 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Gen. Winfield Scott offered a reward of $2,000 for tbe capture
of Black llawk and the Prophet, which was earned by a Winne-
bago called Little Thunder.* All were then taken to Rock
Island, where Gen. Scott had established his head-quarters. From
there the leaders were taken to all the large cities in the country,
to show them how impossible it was for them to wage success-
ful war against the whites. That ended the Black Uawk war.

I now come to that part of my recollections in which the peo-
ple of Portage and the Fort Winnebago region, feel the greatest in-
terest, and have the most curiosity. I allude to my acquaintance
with Peter Pauquette. His strength was so immeasurable, and
his exploits so astonishing, that while relating what I have seen
I shall tell only the exact truth, I will promise not to be offended
if some of my readers should be a litile skeptical.

Peter Pauquette was born in the year 1800 of a French father
and a Winnebago mother; the latter was buried nearly in
front of the Old Agency house opposite the Fort He was thirty
years old when I first knew him, and was the very best specimen
of a man I ever saw. He was six feet two inches in height, and
weighed two hundred and forty pounds — hardly ever varying a
single pound. He was a very handsome man, hospitable, gener-
ous and kind, and I think I never saw a better natured man.

1 had heard much of his strength before I left Green Bay, and
of course, was anxious to see him perform some of the wonderful

• As In the case of Hon. J. T. Kingston ( Vol. VIL page 332, Wit. Bitt. CoWt,) so hero
there appears to bo an error in regard to the captora of Black Hawk. Traditions are valu-
able, when siiHtainlng and ulHborating historical docaments written at the time, and npon
the spot, by reliable men; but it will not be safe to sot aside such written documents, and
substitute traditions. Geo. Joseph M. Street, then Indian Agent at Prairie du Chlen,
writes from thnt place August 27, l^'H: " At 11 o'clock to day, Black Hawkand the Prophet
were delivered to (Sen. Joseph M. Street, by .he One-Eyed Decorri and Chaetar, Winneba*
goes, belonging t ^ this Agency ^^ — and then gives in full the address of Decorri and Chae-
tar, the latter claiming the chief roerii of the capture, saying: '^Near the Dalle, on the
Wisconsin, I took Black Hawk. No one did it but me— I !>ay thii* in the cars of all present,
and they know it — and I now appeal to the (ireat Spirit, our ;i;rand-father, and the earth,
our grand-mother, for the truth of what I say.'' In a subsequent letter of September 3,
Gen. Street adds:' *T)ie day after Gen's Scott and Atkinson left this place, I sent out two
parties of Winnebagoes to bring Black Hawk, the Prophet and Neopope to me.'^ Thus
Little Thunder may have been with the unsuccessful party, and would perhaps speak of it
fiubsequcntly in 8ueh a way as to convey the idea that he aided in tbe capture of Black
Uawk— that is, searched for him; but probably did not mean to be understood that he actu-
ally captured him. L. C D.

Early Times at Fort Winnebago. 817

feats of strength of which I had hearJ. From m}'' first acquaint-
ance with him to the dav of his death, I was his most intimate
friend, and consequently had a better opportunity to know him
than any other person. 1 will now endeavor to give an idea
of his strength and activity, which to me seemed almost super-
human. He often told me that all persons seemed alike to him.
When I was nineteen or twenty years old, my bu-iness kept me
constarjtly in trainin^^, and thougli I weighed less tlian one
hundred and fift}' pounds, my muscles were like iron ; notwith-
standing he often said it was no more trouble to take me across
his lap than a child one year old, and so it seemed to me. I was
told that on one occasion when he was making the Portage with
a heavy boat, one ot his oxen gave out, and he took the yoke off,
and carried the end against an ox all tlie way over. I did not
see this, but I asked him if it was so, and he replied it was.

I once saw him take hold of the staple to a pile driver weigh-
ing 2650 lbs., and lift it apparently without any exertion, and
swing it back and forth a minute of time. I have several times
seen him get under a common sized horse, put his arms rounil
the hind legs, his back under the horse's stomach and lift the
horse clean off the ground. A great many other things I have
seen him do which would tire the readers patience were I to relate
them. It can readilv be ima<rined, however, that scarcelv jmv-
thing could be imjxj.ssiUe to such a man.

He wa<5 employed by the American Fur Company up to the
dav of his death. For the last yf>ur vears of his life he had a
bookkeeper, but previous t/i that tim*», (not l>eing able to read or
write) he gave credit t^) hundreds of Indians, relying entirely on
his memory, arid their honest v. Thf>>e who have b^'Cfi a^*-
quainted witn the Indian character only since their as.so-
ciation with tljr; whites hay de^'^raded them, will be amused to h'rar
of thfr hone.-ty of the Indians; and I desire V> do them the just-
ice to say, lijat wijile they ;-;aw no impropriety itj Kl'-aling from
anoii.'.-r i'jA a ijo'-til*; tnl^';, I n<rver knew Vnnn Vj -t^.al Irr.n a
trader, or lo r-rf'Jv:; V/ f^v wlj:U th«jv owed \i\in. till whi->:v -.vas
introda^y.-'; xx:u*>u'/, I'j'rnj oy Iti'r wof>rt ':Ia>;>: of v/iiiU:.-;. 'luit woru'Mi
were e.-.iAviul'v iioa«ret arid virtuo'jj^. Their marriaj^e amounted

818 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

to the purchase of the daughter from the father, whether by an
Indian or a white man ; when as soon as the trade was made, the
girl considered herself the wife of the purchaser, and accompani-
ed him home often (when purchased by a white man who could
not speak the Indian language), very reluctantly, and in tears;
still the right of the father was never resisted.
/^But to continue as to Pauquette. In the last of Sep-
tember, 1836, the War Department (then having the Indian
Bureau,) directed Gov. Dodge to assemble the Winneba-
goes, at Fort Winnebago, and if possible treat with them
for all the lands they owned east of the Mississippi ; and he
called to his assistance all the half-blood Winnebagoes he could
get The council lasted several weeks, during which time every
possible effort was made to induce them to sell ; but there seem-
ed to be an under-current somewhere to prevent it, and the Gov-
ernor failed. This he attributed to the influence of Pauquette
and myself, and I think we never denied it In the Governor's
next official report, he recommended that no license be granted to
one Satterlee Clark to trade with the Winnebagoes, for the reason
that his influence with the Indians was so great that he prevented
them from doing what the Government desired, and caused them
to do what the Government did not desire to be done ; and that
he further induced them to give large sums of money out of
their annuity to himself and friends. Pauquette would undoubt-
edly have been included with me in this report, but for his death.
This council closed on the 17th day of October, 1836, and the
next day Pauquette came to my store to rejoice over our victory.
On this occasion he drank too much wine, and became just
enough intoxicated to be impatient of contradiction. In this
condition he started home on foot, and when within about one
quarter of a mile of the ferry, opposite his house, he found an
Indian and his wife sitting by a little fire in the bashes. The
Indian was Mah-zah-mah-nee-kah, or Iron Walker, who was also
drunk. What there occurred, is only known as related by the
squaw that night She said Pauquette kicked the fire apart, the
Indian arose up and said something that offended Pauquette,
who slapped the Indian's face, knocking him down. The Indian

Early Times at Fort Winnebago. S19

got up, saying, *'You knocked me down ; but I got up, I will
knock you down, and you will never get up. I will go for my
gun." Pauquette only laughed, and sat down. The Indian re-
turned, when Pauquette stood up, pulled open his coat, placed
his hand on his breast and said, *' Strike and see a brave man
die." The Indian fired, killing him instantly, the ball severing
one of the main arteries leading from the heart No man in Wis-
consin could have died who was so much regretted. His death
•can safely be attributed to intoxication, though it was the first
time I ever knew or heard of his being in that condition.*

Mah-zahmah-nee-kah was tried, convicted and sentenced to be
hung; but the judgment was reversed by the Supreme Court,
and he never was punished. lie is long since dead.

There has been some doubt as to where Mr. Pauquette was
buried, and I will state what I know of his burial. In the first
instance, while he did not claim to belong to any religious denom*
ination, his wife being a Catholic, he built a small church near
the centre of what is now Portage City. At his death I assisted
to bury his remains under the floor of this church. Subsequent-
ly the church was burned ; and still later while I was living at

* The Galeua Advtrliser^ of Satardaj, Oct. 23d, 1836, that referred to Pacqaette's death;
After mentioning :hat Governor Dodge had failed in his negotiation with the Winnebago
Indians for a further cessiun of their landa to the United States, stated: *"■ On Monday evening
last [Oct. 17thl, Mr. Pauqaette, long and favorably known as an Indian trader and inter-
preter, was shot by a son of Whirling Thander, a prominent chief of the tribe.** The Bel-
mont Gazette gives the following accoant of i'aaqnette's death from an eye witness: ^'Some
of the lodlanA, instigated, it wa« said, by a family of half-breeds, named Griguon, propa-
gated a report that Panquette had acted treacherously in his capacity of Interpreter. Indig-
nant at having his correctness quesUoned, he pursued several of the Grlgnon family, all
of whom fled before him, until he was some considerable distance from the place where tho
treaty was being held. While returning ttom. the AmiUess pursuit, his murderer emerged
from :i copse of wood, and ordering him to stand, avowed his inteution of shooting him.
Pauquette deliberately bared bis bosom, and remarking that he feared not to die, bade him
fire. The ball of tho Indian passed through his heart, and he almost instantly expired
The author of the deed, with stoical indifference, expresred a perfect willingness to expiate
his offence with his own life. Mr. Pauquette, we are informed, was a ma of noble and gener*
oust qualities, and had scarcely an enemy in the world, lie was in our service during the
Black Hawic war, and distinguished himself by his cool and collected courage in every em-
ergency.'*

In Vol. Vllth, ir/«. Bi$t. CoJIa.y are two accounts of Pauquette*s death— one by John T.
De LaKonde and the other by Hun. JIunry Merrill. Col. Ebenezer Childs, in a letter to his
wife written at Helmont, Nov. I, 1H:W, speaking of his journey there, states: "At Pau-
quette 8 farm, I got the news of poor Pauquette's death, and was never more astonished in
my life." XA.^.^i,

820 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

(Jri»on Lake, T received a summons to come up and point out the
gnivo, some of his frictids being desirous to remove his body. I
came up and found the locality without any difficulty ; but never
lioard whetlicr he was removed, or, if so, where. At that time
Portage city had been surveyed, and his grave was in the middle
of a street.

The old man Crelie was an important element in the early his-
tory of this locality, and I cannot well avoid giving him a pass-
ing notice, ifr. Crelie was the father-in-law of Pauquette, and
was sixty years of age when I came to Fort Winnebago in 1S30,
so that when he was on exhibition at the several Soldiers' Home
Fail's in ISt^o, he wa^ ninety-three years old. This corresponds
with the opinion of Mr. Beouchard, a Frenchman who came to
Wisconsin much earlier than I did, as given in bis letter to the
Milwaukee S^niiuzL while the old man was beins exhibited as
one hundrcvl and fortv. In 1832. during the Black Hawk war.
he was bearer of disp itches, much too fat'guing a duty for a
man more than sixtv-two vear? of asre.

Not long after the death of Mr. Paui|uette, a detachment of
reoraits arrivcvi at Fort Winnebairo. amoai: whom was a man
KanuM Oanvr.ter, who wa? disoV.anreii because he was unable to
jwss the surgeon fv'^r :nus:er. He had a wife, and determined to
re!v.ain ir. the iVuntry, He a^>sN>rd:ngly kvaied i;T>:>n the bank
of t'u* Wis.vr.sir. river. a::d ker: a uivern for :he aeoomoiarloa
of Iu:r.\vr:v.en. I: inav safe'.v be saivi of hi.ix, tba: he was :be
fir>: wVi:o oiviV.A" x^f P^ r:age Ci:y. if his bouse was i- :'ie o::y

A . . 1 . « .^^

« «

X« » w . ^ • » soft

Early Times at Fort Winnebago. 821

packers. De LaRonde was so enlisted, and was assigned to work
for Pauquette.

Shortly after his arrival, he married the daughter of Whitehead
Dekauray, who had once been a sort of morganatic wife of an of-
ficer of the army,* and had been left a widow when be was
ordered off. He lived with her till she died, and since then I
have known very little of him.

I must say something of Count Ilaraszthy and his family. In
about 1842 or 1843, I am not certain which, Count Agostin Har-
aszthy came to Wisconsin, bought some property at Sauk City
on the Wisconsin, and settled there with his family. He was a
nobleman in every sense, and he and his wife were among the
most refined people I ever knew ; and both were exceedingly good
looking.

I saw them frequently both at home and at Madison. At the
latter place they had a large number of friends and acquaint-ances,
by whom they were much respected. Early in the spring of 1849
he joined a parly that left Madison to go overland to California.
Among tho?e who went out with him was the Hon. Thos. W.
Sutherland, who had formerly been United States District At-
torney of the Territory. Harazsthy was quite successful in rais-
ing grapes, and in the manufacture of wine and distilled spirits.
Within two or three years last past, I read in some paper a thrill-
ing account of his death. It seemed he had procured the exclu-
sive privilege of manufacturing distilled spirits in Central Amer-
ica ; that he went with a small party in search of a good locality
for raising grapes and establishing a distillery ; that the party
came to a bayou filled with crocodiles over which there whs a
small foot bridge. Haraszthy being in the advance attempted to
cross the bridge, which gave way precipitating him into the water,
and before he could be recovered by his friends, a large crocodile
caught him by the middle and carried him off, while a large
number followed. His fate can well be imagined.f

* Capt. Thomas Page Gwjnne, who had entered the army as a cadet In 1813, serving In the
Black Hawk War, hid risen through regular grades, to Mi^or, in 1847, and died at Norfolk,
Ya , Feb. S6, 1861.

t Coant Haraszthy was horn In Hungary In 1813, and lost his life in Nicaraugaa, July 6,
1870, In CTOMlng a awolleii stream on a fallen tree, alone, he slipped in and was drowned.
fil* te4ar vat aefw iMorered. So Ids iniTiTlog Mm relates. L.G«D«

RECOLLECTIONS OF REV. ELEAZER WILLIAMS.

By Gbn. a. G. ELLIS.

My acquaintance with Mr. Williams began in November, 1820,
when he was residing at Oneida Castle, Oneida county, New
York.

^ It was at his earnest solicitation that I went to live with him,
the proposal being made by Mr. Williams through an aged friend
of my father, Mr. Samuel Sackett Williams had obtained the
confidence of Mr. Sackett ; and, at his request, I consented to
visit him at Oneida with my old friend who introduced us.
I found Williams very earnest to please, and captivate. He held
up a most glowing picture of the advantages I was to derive by
joining him ; chief among which was leisure to pursue studies and
acquire an education. He had learned from Mr. Sackett that I
had left the printing business for the express purpose of improv-
ing myself in general knowledge, and especially in mastering the
English language, and the common branches of the mathematics,
and that with such intent I was at that very time attending a
grammar school at Verona, my native place, three miles from
Oneida. Notwithstanding the fine promises of Mr. Williams, I
had many misgivings; but finally, on the urgent advice of my old
friend, who was like a father to me, my own having died many
years previous, I consented to make trial of a life with the Rev.
Eleazer Williams, at Oneida Castle.

I had a two-fold purpose to fulfill, that of school master to
some Oneida children, and companion to Mr. Williams, who in
turn, was to teach me the languages, Latin, Greek and French. I
joined him about the middle of November, 1820 ; found him liv-
ing in tlie old homestead of the old head chief of the Oneidas,
dead some years before, Skanandoah, at the famous old butternut
orchard. Williams appeared quite comfortable; had but littlo

Eecollections of Eev. Eleazer Williams. 82S

furniture, but quite a library ; some very rare, choice books ; a
good number in the French language, and withal a set of Romish
missal, one volume about fourteen inches by twenty four, and
very heavy, printed in different colors ; the mass book complete,
in Latin. But I cannot give a catalogue of his library. He ap-
peared very fond of the books, though his reading was mostly
confined to narrative and history. He wanted me to read the
theological works, but scarce ever touched one himself.

My first inquiry, after getting rest, was for the school housa
** Oh,'' said he, *' all in good time, my son ; we are building the
school house." In fact there was a small addition going up, to
the old Skanandoah mansion, which was at length completed, but
it was never used for a school house; and the whole time — near-
ly four years — that I was with him, I never had an opportunity
to teach an Indian child letters. I was permitted, nay, urged, to
teach them singing, and this I did more or less every week while
at Oneida. .

It was not long, however, before my services were required as
teacher. Not, indeed, for Indian children, but a single adult
scholar, the Rev. Mr. Williams himself. And I soon learned the
great object he had in inviting me to Oneida, was to teach him to
read, to pronounce, and to write the English language. My
astonishment was great. I had observed that in conversation he
made bad work with the language, but regarded him as an edu-
cated man — a graduate of a college; at least, I supposed he
could read and probably write the English, but I soon found that he
not only failed in the pronunciation, but that he could not write
the simplest sentence correctly. That while he could understand
common conversation, and to some extent join in it, he could
neither speak nor write the most simple sentence with accuracy.
He made me spend hours every day in helping him to utter
words, to get correct sounds, and to pronounce so as to be under-
stood. In all the time that I was with him, he made almost no
progress perceptible in the construction of the language. The
cases of nouns, the moods and tenses of verbs were unintelligible
to him ; and to the last of my acquaintance with him, he could
not write five lines of English decently.

824 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

He had a great incentive to learn to pronounce the language;
it was that he might preach io the whites. He had several sermons
which he had endeavored to copy from old manuscripts of his
forefathers, the Williamses ; but in which there occurred words
and passages which he could not make out, and so he had left
blanks. These sermons he called on me to decipher and com-
plete, and then to help him in the pronunciation. Weeks and
months were spent in this manner ; at last he mastered two to that
extent, he thought fit to try them in public. Later he preached
them several times before the garrison at Green Bay ; after which
several others were prepared in a similar manner — always from
the old manuscripts — never did he attempt a composition of his
own. Of these old manuscript sermons of the Williamses and
other New England ministers, he had at least a barrel.

He kept me at this task of learning him to pronounce English,
and to get some knowledge of the language, more or less for the
whole three years and a half that I was with him. The painful
tedium of the thing did not consist in the labor, irksome as it
was, but in the almost total lack of progress and improvement

Besides these daily exercises of pronouncing English, one of
the services required of me was to assist him in his correspond-
ence. He had a mass of unanswered letters, besides others to
write himself. He had attempted some of the answers, but sens-
ible of deficiencies, and fearing blunders, he had held them, and
now it was my business to render his attempts into intelligible
English, which, when I had done, he carefully copied out. This
business of bringing up his correspondence to date, occupied us
several months. Never after that, till T left him, did he send oflE
a letter of the most simple kind till I had corrected the language.
After I left him, he took into his employ a discharged soldier, at
Green Bay, a tolerably fair English scholar, named Weightman, *
who continued with him many years, and was finally drowned in
Fox river in 185i. Should the manuscript sermons, journals and
other writings of Mr. Williams ever see day-light, they will be

• Mrs. French, in her HiPtory of Brown county, etatce that " the private pccrctary of El-
eazcr W^llliamfi, F. J.Woatman, who had done all his employers' writing for many ycari*.
uras drowned in the fall of 185:^. and his body was not recovered until Bometime in I85i/'

L. C. D.

Recollections of Rev. Eleazer Williams. 825

found largely in the handwriting of Mr. Weightman, sometimes
incorrectly written Woutraan. This service, as his amanuensis,
threw into my hands all his private papers ; they were all sub-
mitted to my care withoot reserve, for arrangment and filing.

Mr. Williams was of a jovial temper when not crossed. It was
one of his maxims to enjoy lifa He was a good feeder, and laid
himself out to have his larder well supplied, and to live cheer-
fully, even gaily, in high spirits ; but he had some draw -backs.
Frequently, I discovered, soon after joining him, that he had his
troubles. They were mostly controversies with his neigh-
bors, and I was astonished to note that they were generally about
matters of deal. The white denizens of the Oneida Castle, of
which there were quite a number, were coming to him almost
daily with claims, large and small, for labor and for supplies,
which claims he was as constantly contesting. These differences
began to affect his reputation for honesty and fair dealing; and it
was soon quite apparent that the claimants were not always in the
wrong. As these were mostly with persons of small influence,
he affected to pass them off gaily, as of little consequence.^

But there came up an officer about this time, December of 1820,
that was not so easily dismissed. Williams had been with the
Oneidas sonce two and a half — nearly three years. In this time
he had pursuaded the old Pagan party — nearly three fifths of
the tribe, to abjure Paganism, and to accept Christianity. f They
had done it, so far, at least, as to consent to its being taught to
their young people; and had gone so far, under Williams* influ-
ence, as lo repair to Albany and to sell to the Governor a few
hundred acres of their reservation, with the proceeds of which to

* Dr. F. n. Hough, In his introdactlon to the lAft qf Thomas Williamt^ the repated
father of Eleazer WiUianie, makes reference, on page 9th of that work, to the Utters bad
repatation among his creditors in the locality where ho resided and died— Hogansbnrg and
St. Regis. L. C\ D.

t The venerable Oneida chief, Jacob Cornelias, who was bom In January, ISO"^ states

nnrei^crvcdl}', as a living witness of the faot, that William?, by his eloquence, reason and

persuasion, induced the Pas^an portion of the Oneidas to abandon their ancient Pagan

customs, their three days' feasts and dances, &c., and give heed to the teachings of

Christianity. Verbal statement made in Nov. 1877, to the writer of this note.

** So great was Mr. Williams' nucccss." says Mrs. Hammond, in her Ilfittory of .Uadl-
fon County X. }"., *' that a large portion of the Oneidas, who had hitherto been known
a<3 the Pagan party, embraced the christian faith. « • * Bishop Ilobart visited the
Mission and contirmed in all five hundred Indiana.^* L. C. D.

826 Wisconsin State Historical Socibty

raise a fund expressly to build a church ; and one hundred acres
were donated to Williams. The Governor ordered the amount
obtained by this sale, some $1,000, placed in the hands of two
commissioners, Judges Williams and Miller, of Utica, for perfect
security of faithfal application. Messrs. Williams and Miller, in
the fullest confidence, had placed the money at Mr. Williams' dis-
posal for the purpose of building the church. He employed me-
chanics, submitted the plans, furnished the material, and in rea
sonable time the church was built. It was up, finished and oc-
cupied the fall I went to Oneida, and was a credit to the Indians,
and quite a feather in Williams' cap.

In the early part of that winter, Mr. Williams was notified
that the commissioners, Messrs. Williams and Miller, would wait
upon him in a few days, to see the new church, and examine his
vouchers for the expenditure of the money. Williams was ex-
ceedingly exercised about it, for he had no vouchers that would
bear inspection. He got an amount figured up to cover the
$1,000; but in such equivocal shape as would not bear the light.

The commissioners came and viewed the church — a small build-
ing of a cheap construction, about twenty -eight by fifty-eight feet,
with a small vestry room, and a belfry. They did not express
any opinion as to the cost They then repaired to the house to
examine the accounts. Judge Williams, after looking them over,
begin asking Williams questions, none of which could he satis-
factorily answer. After some half hour of colloquy. Judge Wili-
iams threw the papers on the table in anger, saying: **I wash
my hands of the whole matter ; those accounts are a mystery/'
Judge Miller said as much, and they both left the room. I do
not think the matter was ever adjusted. The church was sup-
posed to have cost at mo^t $1,200 to $1,400 dollars. The balance
of the $4,000 was not accounted for, and the Indians made it a
charge against Mr. Williams for lon{^ years aftervvar^l. This
matter seemed to affect Williams' mind somewhat seriously ; but
did not cure him of his habits of equivocation.

Soon after I ha<l completed his back correspomlence, he brought
a new ihin<jf on the tapis. Tdis was to write out an Indian speech.
In 1819, Rev. Dr. Jedcdiah Morse had traveled through the

RECOLLEcmoxs OF Rev. Eleazer Williams. 327

Korlh West, as far as Green Bay, and mnlo an elaborate report
to the War Department. The subject of finding a home west of
Lake Michigan for some of the New York Indians had beeti dis-
cussed. The Stockbridge, Indians were in favor of it. Dr. Morse
was their friend and adviser, and as such he visited them the next
year after his return from Green Bay. They suggested that their
friends and neighbors, the Oneidas, should be sounded, and in-
vited to join in the project. Dr. Morse visited Oneida in October,
1820, and saw Williams who was already rips for the adventure.
Williams always claimed that he himself was the originator of
the whole scheme. A council of the Oneidas, and especially the
Pagan party, or, as designated, the second Christian party, was
called, all the chiefs attending. Dr. Morse opened the council,
and set forth the great advantage it would be to them to remove
to Gieen Bay; Mr. Williams acted as the interpreter; and the
Indians answered.

After the council adjourned. Dr. Morse asked Williams for the
speech of the Indian chief in writing, Williams promised to have
it ready in a day or so. The time went -by and the speech was
not ready ; but Williams would send it to him. The Doctor said it
might be left with his friend, Judge Breese, who lived only two
miles from Williams' house. It was this speech of the chiefs of
the second Christian party, in reply to Dr. Morse's address, that
Mr. Williams wished me to write from his notes. It took him
two days to prepare it from his memoranda, and me nearly as
long to write it out, presentable for Judge Breese. It was finally
accompli?hed ; Williams signed the names of the Indian chiefs^
and the speech went off to Dr. Morse.

The next year, 1821, Dr. Morse, (it might have been Judge
Breese, acting for Dr. Morse,) on a visit to the Stock bridges, was
told the chiefs of the second Christian party of the Oneidas were
opposing the removal to Green Bay, with all their might. lie
immediately repaired to Oneida, found the tribal interpreter, Nfar-
tinus Denny, Mr. Williams being absent, with whose help the
cliiefs of the second Christian party were assembled in council.
Dr. Morse to!d them he had come a .second time to ^;onfcr with
them about their removal to Green Bay ; that the matter was in

828 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

favorable progress, a party being then oat there, under the pat-
ronage of the Government, and that he was disappointed to learn
that, though the first Christian party ot the Oneidas were repre-
sented in the delegation, the second Christian party were unrepre-
sented. He then reminded them of their answer to his proposi-
tion made to them on the subject in council a year ago. They
asked what it was ? He then read, and had interpreted to them,
extracts from their speech to him as furnished by Mr. Williams.
After reading and having interpreted several sentences, their
chief speaker stopped the interpreter, and asked Dr. Morse where
he got that speech ? He told them it was what they answered
him a year before, and was interpreted by Williams.

The chiefs then answered that they had never made any such
answer to him a year ago, or at any other time ; that the whole
thing was a lie from beginning to end, and advised him to burn it
up at once, as it was none of theirs. That while they were made
to say in that paper, that as ** they were old men, perhaps they
would not go out there themselves, that nevertheless they would
make provisions for their young men to go." They did, in fact,
say to him in reply, that they would not remove to Green Bay ;
and that they would furthermore advise their people, young and
old, to have nothing to do with that scheme, and that they would
oppose it in every way possible. That is what we did say ; and
the chiefs repeated with great earnestness that the paper from
which he had been reading as their speech was a lie, a wicked lie,
and again begged of him to burn it

Williams being then at Green Bay, with a delegation of Onei-
das, Onondagas, Tuscaroras. and Stockbridges, no explanation
was oftercd Dr. Morse. But afterward, on his attention being
called to the repudiation of the speech by the chiefs of the Pagan
or second Cliristian party, he was ready with an immediate ans-
wer, ** that interested white men had pursuaded them to change
their minds and oppose emigration to Green Ba}'." How far this
explanation might have satisfied Dr. Morse, it had no weight
whatever with either the Indians or intelligent white people in
the vicinity — all united in stigmatizing it as only another of
Williams' subterfuges. Accidents of this sort occuring almost

Recollections of Rev. Eleazer Williams. 829

<laily, were beginning to affect rather seriously the character of
the Rev. Eleazer Williams for truth and veracity, especially with
the Indians and the whites in the neighborhood ; while at a dis-
tance, with Government officials and dignitaries of the Episcopal
church, they were still regarded as so much persecution of the
poor missionary to the Indians.

But to go back a little. I have already spoken of the school
house or addition, bein^ built to the old Skanandoah mansion for
school purposes, but which was never used in that connection. I
roust now explain the object of its erection as soon after disclosed.
Williams was a " great man," as he was constantly in the habit of
so referring to himself; and of course, he must do as other great
men did. He must have an audience room. He did, in fact,
hold every Thursday afternoon levees of the Indians, at this new
room, which seemed to have been erected expressly for this pur-
pose, as I never discovered any other use for it At these levees
he assembled any of the Indians of both sexes, and all classes,
who would attend. They were, however, mostly young persons,
young men and women, and the more aged women, with but few
elderly men, and never, as I recollect, a single one of their chiefs
and head men. They were marshaled in with graat state and
ceremony ; salutations and hand shaking were never omitted.
The audience being assembled, the exercises commenced. I
looked at the first one for prayers and singing, but there were
none ; the opening, the middle, and the closing, were always sim-
ilar, and consisted of the talk of Mr. Williams, always in Oneida,
or rather Mohawk, the Indian dialect which he spoke, and which
differed only slightly from the Oneida. He gracefully occupied
them for an hour and a half to two hours; his diricourse almost
without exception was concerning himself, and how it happened
that he was the " great man he was." He was methodical, and
began at the beginning, and spent a number of afternoons in the
history of his early childhood, where he was born, at Caughna-
wauga, or St. Regis. Of cjurse at first I understood but little of
these harangues; after a few months I could understand sufficient
to follow him in his talk. The marvelous precocity of his boy-
hood, from three years old and upwards, was his favorite theme.
22 — St. His. Soc.

3*i0 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

He reaited a thousand and one incidents of his child life, contrasts
with his little playmates — strifes for the mastery, in which some
how it always turned out that he was the victor. From week to
week in these auiiences he led his hearers on, with incidents of
his life as he grew older. He had marvelous stories to tell of his
ancestors, the Williams family, and how he was descended from
the whites; of his accompanying his father in his hunting, trap-
ping and fishing excursions, at a great distance from their village
to Lake George, where they often encamped for several weeks.
It was in these excuriions, while yet a small boy, that he became
"a mighty hunter." Then came his account of how the white
men, his fore-fathers on the American or white side, came to get
him and his brother to go to school in Massachusetts ; how he re-
sisted, and how they had to come several times before he would
consent to go with them.

In these addresses to the Oneidas, in explanation of his child-
hood, boyhood, manhood, and present ministerial character, he
occupied more than a year, and daring the whole time it was his
only theme to the simple Oneidas.

Mr. Williams, in the Mohawk, was a born orator. Perfect
master of the language, he held his audience, whether in these
levees, or in the church, perfectly enchained. Till Williams came
among them, they had heard the gospel only through the clouded
vehicle of an interpreter, and their missionary, Jenkins, a man of
low order of intellect, obscured by bad habits, presented only a
dim view of the great subject, and gave but a faint picture of the
glorious gospel of good news to fallen man. Williams addressed
them in the mother tongue, and with enthusiasm. They were
soon captivated, and poor Jenkins only had empty beeches.

Williams revised Brant's translation of the first part of the
Prayer Book. Brant had used about twenty of the Roman al-
phabet in writing Mohawk, and the French priests something
less. Williams made a radical reform, using but eleven letters to
write the language, to-wit : a, e, h, i, k, n, o, r, s, t, w. This
simplified the orthography so much that an Indian child could
be taught to read in a few lessons. Williams got the morning
service printed, and introduced in his church services ; and no

Becollkctions op Rgv. Elbazkb WlLUAMg.

English congregation ever responded in their prayers more fully
tban did the Oneidas in theira Williams also composed and got
printed a small spelling; and mdiniental book, which greatly facil-
itated the leirning of the young people to read Oneida or Mo-
hawk. It was this thoroagh knowledge of the Mohawk, hia
mother tongue, and the captivating, forcible, elegint use he mido
of it, that gave him such a holil on the Oneida^, and all other In-
dians who heard him ; and which he might have retained through
life, but for his repeated and inexcuaible equivocations, which
finally lo3t him forever their confidence and respect.

Having now been with Mr. Williamj something more than half
a year, kept closely occupied, hearing him pronounce English,
arranging his numerous papers, superintending hia correspond-
ence, correcting and Anglicizing his sermons, teaching his Indian
congregation to sing the aongi and chants of the church, witbf
scarce a moment for study myself ; and seeing no hopes of realiz-
ing those expectations held out tt> me by him at the commence-
ment, of improving myself in an educational direction, I began
to be ill at eaae, and to entertain serioua thoughts of severing the
connection. Pausing in my labors, I invited Mr. Williams to a
discussion of the subject — recalleil to his recollection the prom-
ises made to me at the outset, of facilities for study, which had
thus far at least proved delusive ; that the main inducement I
bad in joining him was his promise to teach me. himself, the lan-
guages, to enable me to read the classics. That I had found he
could read neither Latin or Greek himself ; that while he could
m&ko out a little easy French, he could not speak it intelligibly,
or pronounce it at all ; but that worat nf all, he had made no mo-
tion toward my instruction; that all I bad learnei was to pro-
nounce a little of the Mohawk, iii which I acknowledged his
complete competency. I added that to me, the time had been a
complete loss.

Mr. Williams then opened to me more fully than he had yet
done, hia intentions and expecutions with regard to a removal of
the Indians to Green Bay. I could but admire the comprehen-
sion, grandeur, even, of his scheme. Not the Oneidas only, but
the whole Six Nations were to be included. The country west

882 Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi, and perhaps further, was to
be mapped out, and a large area to be set off to each of the
tribes — the St. Regis to occupy the mouth of Fox river and
head of Green Bay. A new form of government was to be
adopted. The wisdom of the past was to be searched for a model ;
it should not be a republic, but some plan of empire, with one
supreme head. Not a doubt would he permit to be entertained
of its success. The United States Government had expressed its
approbation, and would set apart the country ; and a glorious fu-
ture awaited those who should lead in the enterprise. Would I
not be one to go forward in the advance ? He thought he could
assure me almost any situation in the new government I could
name. I have only given a glance at his immense project, which
he elaborated for hours, in the most extrav»igant, impossible
manner. The grandeur of his plans had little attraction for me,
chiefly because it looked so Utopian — so improbable of attain-
ment. Bat the single idea of seeing new countries, and especially
the Great West, had a charm for me indeed, and in the contem-
plation of it my resolution for a separation was a good deal
shaken; and with a promise of reconsidering the matter, the con-
ference was adjourned. Another thing occurring about this time,
inclined me still further to a continuance with Williams. One of
the young Oneiia chiefs, a man of the best of morals and un-
shaken fidelity, a^ well as of high standing in the tribe, named
Cornelius Bear, had made up his mind to look with marked favor
on the project of emigration. He had spoken to me, to ascertain
if I intended to accompany the delegation next year to Green
Bay, and intimating his wish for some person to assist him if he
should go, and undertake to commit his band to the project. We
very soon came to an amicable understanding. I found he in-
tended to employ me as a kind of agent, should he and his band
ever remove.

Williams had made more progress with the emigration scheme
than I had supposed. The dream of his life was the establish-
ment of an Indian empire west of Lake Michigan. He had com-
municated with all the Iroquois nations, endeavoring to prepare
their minds for the project. The first Christian party of the

Heoollections op Rev. Eleazer Williams. 333

Oaeidaa had given their forma! aaaent; the former Pagan, now
second Christian party, were in violent opposition. The Onon-
dagis were now committed — the Tascaroraa appeared favorably
dispoied. In the spring of 1821,1 accompanied Williams on a
visit to New York and Pbiladelphta, At New York he van in
long consultation with Tho* L. Ogden, Eii] , chief man of a New
York Lind Oompiny, which hell thi pre-emption right of pur-
chase of the mostof tha Indian reservationa in that Sia'e, especial-
ly those of the Senecas near BafEilo. Mr. Ogien conceived that
Williams would be a powerful agent in effecting the removal of
the Seneuaa, and from him Mr. WilHaois received agood sum, —
several hundred doUsira. in money. These largesses were repeated
by Mr. Ogden, many times after. At Philadelphia the confer-
ences wee with the executive co-nmitle of the Domestic and For-
eign Missionary S')2ieiy of the Protestant Episcopal church, and
from whom Williams solicited aid for the establishment of a mia-
eion of that i^hurch among the Indians at Green Bay. Those
gen'lemen, Rev. Mr. Boyd, Rav. J. Kemper and Dr. Miinor treat-
ed us courteously, but with e/ident caution. No money was ob-
taineil at tiiat visit, though small sums were supplied Mr. Wil-
liams from that source for two or three yeirs after.

Quite a voluminous correspondence was carried on with the
War D.;partment of the iJeneral Government Other parties sup-
plemented Williams' efforts in this direction— as the New
York Land Company, the Presbyterian Board of Missions in be-
half of the StJckbridgc Indians — which resulted in obtaining per-
mission from the President for a numerous deleg-it'on of the sev-
eral bands of the New York Indians to visit Green Bay, always
under the patronage, protection, and with the assistance of the
Government; the object being to treat with the western Indians
for K ces.sion of their land for a home for the several tribes. The
enterprise began to wear a favorable aspect. Mr. Williams was
greatly elated; "the General Government had pledged itself —
it would never look back; the great State of New York had ta-
ken the matter in hand; and tbe most infloential men in the
country — men of weilih and high portion — Senators and Gov -
ernors; there was no po9«ibilily of fnilure." It was the great

834 Wisconsin State Historical Socxbtt.

theme of Williams by night and by day. He could hardly re-
strain his conversation within the bounds of reason or probability.

What of the Indians? But a meager state of favor toward it
had as yet been pro luced among them. The great object was to
gel the consent of the Senecas. Runners and emissaries were
employed; and finally a grand council of all the bands was as-
pembled. Williams laid the project before them in his best style.
The chiefs treated the proposal with grave consideration — heard
the reasons proposed for it with most serious attention. After a
days' consideration they were ready with their answer. In most
emphatic terms they refused ; the famous Red Jacket being chief
speaker.* The council was ended, and Williams resorted to
other means which was, to find individuals^ some of the young men
who would go as delegates on their own private account. After a
weeks' time one was discovered, a young Seneca of good parts, who
remained true to the undertaking for years ; but who never could
p^rs'iade another of the tribe to his way of thinking.

And here it is to be observed, that in the whole of this effort to
remove the New York Indians to Green Bay, not one of the sev-
eral tribes, except the Stockbridges and the first Christian party
of the Oneidas, ever yielded their assent in due form, in any regular
council, or appointed delegates to attend any of tha parties going
west It was, however, claimei by Williams, that the St. Regis
Indian? had duly and solemnly assentel ; but this was denied,
and himself alone was the only delegate; so far as recollect Not-
withstanding these discouraging set-backs, Williams retained the
most enthusiastic faith; said the single men going out on their
own accord would serve every purpose, with the sanction of the
General Government, of making the treaties; and that the good
reports they would make on their return, would raise the enthu-
siasm of the masses ; ani the chiefs, the old fogies, would be com-
pelled to fall in and sanction the noble enterprise.

* This dlflcomfltare on the part of Williams mast have been all the more morti lying
from the fact that he had been saccessful, two years before, in conjunction with the
Scnc'ca Agen's. Jasper Parrish and Horatio Jones, in persuading the Senecas to estab*
llsh schools and other improvements among them— a large miOority of whom had hith
erto Httvauoasly opposed any advance towards civilization. See NUet* HegUter^ Dec. 11
1819, p. 244. L. C. D.

Recollections of Rev. Eleazek Williams. 835

Besides the oppoaitioa of the Iniliana to his granJ scheme, Mr.
WilHams was constantly goaded with petty annoyam-es, thai gave
him no peace. There was a population around Oneida that he
was having dealings with almost every day, for supplies of diff-
erent kinds, labor, &c. In these matters of deal he was always in
hot water; they complained of his refusing them justice in every
way, mostly in delaying payment of their just dues. Almost
every day he would have high words with some of them, and
they charging him with all manner of injustice. These contro-
versies went so far that he was open'y and notoriously charged
with dishonesty; and to which accusations he seemed perfectly
iodifferent. He had no mmd or thought for anything but Indian
empire. In pursuance of this he was in daily correspondence
with the War Department, the Ogdcii Land Company, and the
Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of theEpiscop^l church,
making in these communications, most unwarrantable representa-
tions of the readiness of the Indians to engage in the enterprise,
when, E8 it appeared to me, most of them were in heated opposi-
tion.

Early in the summer of 1821, a delegation set out from Oneida
and Stockbridge for Green Bay. E.tcepting those of the Brat
Christian party ot the Oneidas, and the Stockbridges, all these
delegates, lo-wit : one from Onondaga, one from Tuscarora, one
from the Senecas and one, Williams himself, from St. Regis, went
OD their own private responsibility, without any authority from
their tribes. If any exception should be made in case of Wil-
liams, as for the St. Regis, it never appeared, so far as I could
discover, in any authentic form. In fact, with the exception of
the first Christian party of the Oneidas, and the Stockbridges, the
sentiment was universal, and most emphatically expressed against
removal from their homes in New York.

On arriving at Detroit, Gov. Cass added C. 0. Trowbridge, E^q.,
to the delegation to represent and protect the interests of the
General Government. If human action can be accepted as testi-
mony, the western Indians were taken entirely by surprise. There
was no Indian Agent at Green Bay, Col. John Bowyer having
died in 1820, and the Indians had not been apprised of the coming

886 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

of their New York brethren. It was only after some days, and
much exertion, that the Menomonees and .Winnebagoes could be
got into council; at first they refused most peremptorily to treat
for a sale of any of their lands to the new comers. The Commis-
sioners, Williams and Mr. Trowbridge, found it necessary to Uike
council. They applied to the French inhabitants and traders.
Through their influence the Menomonees and Winnehagoes were
induced to reconsider the matter; and at last they ofTered the New
York Indians a little strip about four miles wide, crossing Fox
river, at right angles with the Little Chute as a center, and run-
ning each way equi-distant with their claim to the country. This
was accepted, and thus terminated the negociations of 1821* To
many this seemed little better than a defeat of the whole scheme
of colonizing the New York Indians in the West. Not so with
Mr. Williams ; he was still sanguine, and made it his chief busi-
ness to impress the OgJen Land Company, and the church author-
ities, both Episcopal and Presbyterian, of the fair prospect of final
success.

The delegates of the first Christian party, on their return from
Green Bay, in 1821, had a lively time in giving an account of
their mission ; their doings were criticised severely, not only by
the Pagan party, but by members of their own, the first Christiaa
party, and they found much difficulty in giving satisfactory
explanations. Movers in the opposition caused a written remon-
strance against the whole proceeding to be circulated, which was
largely signed, in which quite a number of the first Christian party
joined. This remonstrance was a free indictment of Mr. Williams,
who was characterized a3 chief instigator of a scheme to rob the
Oneidas of their homes, and make them a kind of wanderers and
vagabonds of the earth. It was directed to Bishop Hobart, whom
they cautioned against recognizing Mr. Williams as having any
authority whatever to represent them anywhere, either civilly or
religiously ; and they particularly protested against the proceed-
ing which they alleged he had set on foot without their authority
for their removal to the West They closed their remonstrance

*Thi8 treaty was concluded Aug. 18, 1821, a» the original, deposited by the Indians with
Hon. M. L. Martin, shows. L. C. D.

Recollections of Rev. Eleazer Williams. S37

with the refiueal that the Bishnp slirtulil immediately withdraw
him from among them as a religious teacher."

Mr. Williams, assuming that all this was only the mrichinationa
of a few b:id white men, opposed to the removal of the Indians,
had the address to persuads the Bishop, and to place all his matters
fair with the War Department, with the oharch authorities, and
the Oneida Land Company, all which lent their influence to pro-
curing an order from the President for a new delegation to visit
Oreen Bay in 1822.

By the spring of that year, although the opposition among the
Six Nations was rather intensified, the Stockbridges had extended
their operations S0.1S to include the Brothertowns, tbo Munsees,
and the While river band of the Siockbridges ; and these several
bands brought considerable influence to bear on the United States
Government, and philanthropists of several Christian churches.

The delegation ihia year was larger than ever before. Oa
aniving at Detroit, the authorities of the Indian Department for
Michigan appointed Mr. .lohn Sa'geant to act in behalf of the J
Grovernmenl. The deputies arrived at Green Bay on the first of J
September, and procee'ied immediately ti bnsincss. The two
tribes of Winnebagoes and Menomoneea assembled in less than a
week. In conformity with the treaty ol ayear before, the amount
of $1,500 in goo.is was paid, and equally divided between the two
tribes. As soon as decency would allow, after the feasting and
dancing, the deputies made a speech to theMenomoneesand Win-
nebagoes, asking for an extension of the cession o£ last year.
They were heard with courtesy. The Winnebagoea answered

•A« cortohomtna orideDOH th»t Oen. Bills (Ifei » hithfnl niprfHnlallop of WUIIwih'

eODdDEtiit Uiispcriod, andof tbsaUor dlalruatDflhcOacidulnhim. tliorollnwIuiifi'Dinthft
VtwTortTitiieoiu.otJnwattt.liii.i'itnfoiat: A writer iatbe PAUuilitpMa Siformtr^
• nsldeat of Onelds coont;, M. Y., la trtiani tbo sdltoi decUna " Ibe fultnat coDdd^ace MU
be pliced," (Ules ibst WUliam Jonklaa wu mtialouiiry lo thu Oaeldu figru ifOi, wLofs
"uodnclwu unartilifiiclarjrlo thfllndluia; Ilmj rooianitriitDd aiiitlnrt bim. nnd hs «■< r^
moved Id UUe sot biving laeceeded In gettiag hold ot tor o( tbelr taadi. Elcaigt Wil-
liams, a hatf-blood Inxiual;, wbo waa vfrybuay In TeiDonirratlagagalDBtJeiililus, wuitmt
byBKboptlohart, oriliePratoBUnlBpItcapa1chDrc1i.u tals auccorsor. Tbla WlllUma U
tnl promlaad fair; bat, llks olber hlrBllDe>, hla ovrn pflcunlary iDtereaU got lbs iKCendenCf,
add by mmaaomunt and Inirlgue h« ^ot Bffcen hnndred dollar*" worib of tboit landi. Alt
pvtie*. Pagan and Chrlatlsn, aniled against blni in an animated ind Hellwrllloa ivnioiia-
tnilCala(hBBIabap,dBlodI:;ibKov., ISai.'and published lb the Plain TralA and In Uw
Stfarmtr." L. C. D.

838 Wisconsin State Histobical Society.

firat, promptly but positively refusing an extension of the grant
Then shaking hands, with a grand "ftonyour " all round, they left
the council ; and in two hours time there was not a Winnebago to
be seen.

The Menomonees lingered, and it was soon surmised they were
not inaccessible. A couDcil was appointed for the next day,
which was pretty fully attended. After some houra debate, this
tribe proposed, for a consideration, to admit the New York Indians
to an occupancy in common to all their lands in the country.
This was accepted, and regarded by Mr. Williams as the grand
triumph.

The treaty was immediately drawn and duly signed.* The
Stockbridge delegates, with some of the Six Nations, returned
home ; most of the Oneida delegates, with Williams, remained at
the Bay the ensuing winter. The Stockbridges were fairly em-
barked in the enterprise, as were also the Brothertowns ; and the
next year the White river band of Stockbridges, beaded by John
Metoxen, came through by land to the Bay.

Thus, in 1823 and 1821, some one hundred and fifty of the
'Oneidas, and as many ot the Stockbridges, had removed and
entered on their new possessions. But none of the other tribes,
and none of the second Christian party of the Oneidas, evinced
any disposition to join m the emigration scheme; but, on the con-
trary, steadily and implacably opposed.

The following year another large party of the Oneidas came on ;
the whole of them settled on Duck creek, about eight miles from
Green Bay. The Stockbridges had located at the Grand Kauka-
lin. The consenting of the Menomonees, in 1822, to a joint occu-
pancy of their whole country by the New York Indians was
"unexpected ; and Williams and all the delegates were as much
surprised as elated. This should be explained, and may be as
follows: As before remarked, these Green Bay Indians, especially
the Menomonees, were greatly under the influence of the French
inhabitants, with whom they were largely intermarried. The
better class of these French people had come to set a high estimate

* Concladed Sept. S3d, 183-2, as shown by the copj of the treaty deposited with Hon. M. L.
Hartin. L. C. D.

Becollkctioks of Rev. Eleazer William& 889

on education; they were at that very time endeavorinf? to get
English schools established in the settlement. Williams, always
profuse in cheap promises, had caused it to be circulated among
them, that if they would use their influence with the Menomoneos
to grant the New York Indians a participation in their country,
they should forthwith have established among them the several
institutions of civilization, emphasizing that of schools, where
their children and young people should receive proper instruction.
The Indians as well as the French people comprehended the im-
portance of this proposition ; and the latter especially noticed that
many of the New York Indian deputies wore the dress of civiliz-
ation : that they spoke the white man's language, and even some
of them could read books and write on paper. These things did
not escape their observation, and the proposition of Williams to
give them schools made a deep impression ; and it is beyond a
doubt that both the Indians and the French traders were influenced
to consent to the great thing of a joint occupation of the Menom-
onee country, by these propositions, as much as, or more than, by
any pecuniary consideration promised.

It is strange how soon William? for>2^ot his engagements in this
behalf, by which he lost the confidence of the people of the new
country, both of the Indians and half-breeds, and of the French ;
which had he been careful to retain, it is possible the efforts to
colonize the New York Indians west of the Great Lakes had not
miscarried.

Through the courtesy of Col. Ninian Pinkney, commanding
Fort Howard, Williams had been parmitted to occupy the old
Indian Agency buildings, left vacant by the death of Col. Bowyer,
late Indian Agent. The buildings were somewhat extensive, very
comfortable, ani affording not only room for family purposes, but
also a large, square room which might have been occupied for a
school. I proposed that disposition of it to Williams, reminding
him of his promise to the people, as also his and my own en^i^age-
ment u> the Missionary B:>ard, not doubting he would give it a
hearty approval. I wa« mortified by his only replying with a
ribald remark ridlcnlinir my //*fil at so early an hour. Theinhab-
itants were \u exp*/3tAt»/>n ; \^yl\\ the French and Indians impor*

840 Wisconsin State Histobical Society.

tuned u«, wishing to know when the school would open. Urging
Mr. Williamson the subject, he flitly told me at last that we
should not be able for that year to commence the school, alle«^ing
as a reason, that the Missionary Board had furnished no means,
and as for the square room, that was wanted for other objects.
And then and there ended Mr. Williams' purposes and promises
of establishing schools for the Indians at Green Bay.

It is trne, however, that, with the aid of an enterprising Ameri-
can citizen. R)bert Irwin, jr., postmaster, a very small room was
obtained at a short distance from the Agency, a stove and a few
other articles of furniture obtainel, and a small school was opened,
mostly filled with children of the whites, few of those of the
French people, and none of those of the Indians, attending. Mr.
Williams did not seem to give the affair a single thought In a
few weeks it was interrupted by the owner of the building, a
young lady, contracting matrimony, and wanting the room. Then,
by a good deal of importunity, I got permission from Mr. Wil-
liams to remove the school to the old Agency buildings, where it
continued but a few week^, before it w«as broken up again — this
time by Mr. Williams himself contracting matrimony with a
young lady,* one of my scholars, and having indispensable use
for the room for his wife's occupancy.

I have alluded to this matter of schools, and the encouragement
held out to the people of the country for the establishment of
institutions of civilization amoncr them at the making of the treaty
of 1822, as an inducement to them to consent to the joint occu-
pancy of the Menomonee country by the New York Indians; as I
have no doubt it was this pledge given by Mr. Williams that car-
ried the question, deciding the Indians, under advice of the French
and half-breeds, to give their consent; and I am equally sure th\t
to the failure finally and completely to redeem these pledges, is
largely to be attributed the opposition, years afterwards, of the
Menomonees, French and half breeds, to a settlement of the New
York Indians in the comtry. It must be remarke 1, however, that
the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society, withdrawing all
confidence from Mr. Williams, appointed some years afterward —

• Wm Unj Joordtln. This marrUge took plsce in 1813. L- C. D.

Hkcollections of Rev. Eleazeb Williaiis. 341

1827 — the Rev. Ricbard F. Cadle ibeir inisaionary, who eatab-
lisbed a large school nl Menomoneeville.

The disiEEection oE the Mfjnoniorieeg towards M^ W^illiama and
his operations, was first openly manifesteil in 1827, at the treaty
held at tlie Butte dea Morts by Messrs. Casa and MtKenney, com-
miasioaers. Six years liaJ now elapsed since the making of the
first treaty betweeo the Winneliagnea and Meiiomonees and New
York Indians; iu all which time, with the country open to them, and
the treaties aa yet unimpeaclicd, but few of the New York Indians
had como on to possess their new country; and all such were from
the Oneidas and the Stockbrid<;;es, and their dependants, the
BrothertowDs and the Mansees; none of the other tribes had
appeared, and it was notorious that they never intended to emi-
grate to thecountry. These facts decided the authoritira of the
Michigan Indian Department, and. aa is believed, also that of the
War Department, against a policy of conceding to a few hundred
of the New York Indians, territory west of Lake Michigan suf-
ficient for an empire, while the great body of ludiana tor whom it
had been intended utterly refused to accept it

This is doubtless the true, as it is a sufUcient, explanation of the
policy disclosed by the com missionera at tlie treaty of Butts dea
Morts in 1827. The recognition of the rights of the New York
Indians, if not completely ignored, were but slightly regarded ■
either by the commissioners or the Menomonees. Any man but
Williams would have seen the inevitable in this treaty. Not so
with him; almost blind to the true temper of the Menomonees, he
affected to look on Guv, Cass and Col. McKenney as a couple of
tricksters whose doings he, with the New York Senators and half
of Congress at his back, would, as soon aa he could leach Wash-
ington, totally annihilate! With all his efforts, supplemented,
too, by the New Yoik Senators and the Ogden Land Company,
matters progressed adversely to his views. The only encourag-
ing circumstance was a division o£ the second Christian party of
the Oneidas, a new parly called the Orchard party, under the care
of ihe Methodists, arising; this party, amounting to nearly half
the old Pagan party, adopted the emigration policy and removed
to Green Bay.

842 Wisconsin State Histobioal Society.

The policy of the Menomonees, influenced by the French and
half-breeds, tended more and more in opposition to the New York
Indians. In 1829, Col. Samuel C. Stambaugh, of Pennsylvania,
came on to the Bay to take charge of the Indian Agency. His
advice to the Menomone?s was to repudiate entirely, and at once,
all claim of the New York Indians; to repair to Washington,
make a treaty with the Great Father for the sale of part of their
country, and so secure large annual annuities in money, as other
tribes were doing, and have something to live on as well as to
clothe their women and children. It was unnecessary for him to
repeat this advice; the whole tribe adopted it at onca

In November, 1830, this Agent left Green Bay with a delega-
tion of fourteen Menomonees, two interpreters, besides other assist-
ants. Arriving at Detroit, Gov. Cass added R. A. Forsyth, Esq.,
and Hon. John T. Mason to the party, on the part of the Govern-
ment Mr. Williams, with his wife and two Oneida?, had followed
the party, and they were here added to the delegation by Gov.
Cass.

Arriving at Washington, President Jackson named Maj. John
H. Eaton, Secretary of War, and Col. Stambaugh, commissioners,
to treat with the Menomonees. A treaty was soon made, whereby
the Menomonees cedel to the United States more than half their
possessions west of Lake Michisjan, taking but slight notice of the
claims of the New York Indians. Its ratification was opposed in
the Senate, as also the confirmation of Col. Stambaugh's appoint-
ment as Indian Agent at Green Bay, claiming that neither the
treaty nor his appointment was likely to get through. The New
York Senators opposing, Stambaugh proposed adding a codicil to
the treaty, recognizing the claims of the New York Indians, and
assigning to them some forty miles square in the North- West — a
most undesirable selection. Still the New Yorkers were dissatis-
fied; the treaty was suspended, and Mr. Stambaugh*s confirmation
fell.

The events of this winter disclosed two important facts — that
the Menomonees could no longer be depended on to favor the
ingress of the New York Indians to their country; and that the
fixed policy of the Governmental authorities, both of Michigan

BscoLLficnoNS OF Bey. Eleazer WiLLiAHa 843

an I the Uoitecl States, would henceforth be for restricting them
to only so much territory as they shouli in a limited time occupy
by actual settlement. To all the world but Mr. Williams this
was a complete discomfiture of his grand scheme of Indian empire.
But he, sanguine in the power and influence of the New York
Senators and the Ogden Land Company, still refused to accept the
situation.

On returning from Washington to New York and the West, he
told his friends with much assurance, that Col. Stambaugh and
the enemies of the New York Indians had sufferei a great defeat
at Washington ; that the spurious treaty would never be realized ;
that their friends were in the ascendancy in the country; that
there was nothing to fear — they had only to move on, and possess
the country ! In a short time, nevertheless, the truth got abroad.
The Menomonees returned, and although Col. Stambaugh was
defeated personally, the treaty was not

It is not necessary to pursue this history further in detail. The
policy of the Government was clearly developed — to have
assigned to the New York Indians so much of the Menomonee
country as they should, within a given time, not far distant, come
into and occupy ; the balance to be brought into market, and
offered for sale to citizens of the United States. The final settle-
ment occupied some years; but was at last made, restricting the
Stockbridge, Munsee and Brothertown tribes to a tract about eight
miles by twelve, on the east shore of Winnebago Lake, and the
Oneidas and others of the Six Nations to a tract west of Fox river,
on Duck creek, about twelve miles squara Mr. Williams con-
tinuei to the last to combat these proceedings, his resistance grow-
ing weaker and weaker to the final catastrophe, which came in
1836, in what is known as the Schermerhorn treaty.

Thus at last came the final ruin of the emigration scheme, and
with it the Indian empire west of Lake Michigan, and the waking
of Mr. Williams from his life-long dream of grandeur and princely
dominion over the Six Nations. Up to this time he had been
sustained by hope ; his fall was complete ; he subsided, retired
from the world, withdrew to his little place at Kau-ka-lin, and led
the life of a misanthrope, spending but little of his time at Green

344 Wisconsin State Histobical Socibty.

Bay, but mostly in traveling up and down the Lakes, and between
Buffalo and the Atlantic States and cities.

He had declined slowly for years ; had almost dropped out of
sight while in the West in his ministerial charaoter; had neglected
almost entirely his ministrations to the Oneidas at Duck creek,
although still claiming the name of their missionary, to the Mis-
sionary Boards and philanthropists generally, and constantly draw-
ing money in that behalf. He had no pretense of residing at
Duck creek; but whenever in the Green Bay region, he lived in
his house at the Little Kau-ka-lin, some twelve miles distant

The poor Oneidas, thus abandoned, lost all patience. Apply-
ing to Missionary Boards at the east for religious instructions,
they found Mr. Williams claiming to be their missionary, was
drawing and consuming the fund, but rendering no service.
About 1832, as near as recollected, the Oneidas roused up for a
united effort to be rid of the incubus. Calling the United States
Indian Agent, Col. Geo. Boyd, to their assistance, a council of the
tribe was convened at Duck creek, in February of that year. Col.
Boyd, not yet quite sure of the object of the council, invited sev-
eral citizens of Green Bay to attend. On arriving at the council
rooms, we found a general assemblage of that part of the Oneidas
known as the old first Christian party ; but few of the Orchard
party, so called, were present.

Daniel Bread, one of the young chiefs that had long adhered
to Williams, opened the council with an address of one hour to
the Indians in their own language, in which he re-counted from
the beginning, his connection with the tribe; then review-
ing their present condition, showing how he had failed of
all his promises for long years, and how it was owing to his want
of good faith, his fraud and deceit, that they were in the wilder-
ness, utterly abandoned, without schools, churches, or religious
privileges of any kind ; and, worse than all, that the little fund
provided by the kindness of the christian public in the East, was
anticipated, caught on its way to them by him, and consumed for
entirely contrary purp3se3. The response to Bread's address was
emphatic, universal ; not a dissenting voice was heard. One of
the older men, their chief speaker, then addressed the Agent, go-

ing over the same ground — accuaitig Williams with utter neglect
of his charge, and tbe practice of many grevious wrongs. He
concluded by paying to CoL Boyd, that ibey had invited him
there to assist llietn in making a final separation from Williams,
and dissmissing him entirely — henceforth repudiating him as a
religious teacher, and warning tjie United States Government,
that of the State of New York, and the church and Missionary
Societies against recognizing him as having any authority to act
for them, to speak in their name, or in any possible way meddle-
ing with their affair* That they wished the United Slates In-
dian Agent to draw an instrument of writing, to be signed by
them, to be witnessed by him and the several white gentlemen
present, setting forth distinctly and plainly these protestations;
and that it should be in three copies — one to be addressed t> the
Oovernor of the State of New York, one to the Secretary of War,
and one to the proper authorities of the Episcopal Church, Col.
Boyd proceeiled, to the task, and about four o'clock P. M., the doc-
uments were read, interpreted to thfl Iadi*ns, every one of whom
signed ; and after being witnessed, were committed to the Agent
to be forwarded to the proper parties.

It was a terrible indictment, utterly annihilating; tbe only at-
tempt to break the force of which was one by Williams' eminent-
ly characteristic of the cunning of the man, to palm off on Dr.
Hanson a story of ''church discipline" which he claims to
have administered to " refractory and immoral members" of the
ohun^h at Duck Creek (Vide ■' Lost Ptince," p. 318 ) This ac-
count of the " discipline," like very many others in Dr. Hanson's
book, is pure fiction — never was heard of at Duck Greek —
never had an existence till it made its appearance in the " Xo*i
Prince." At this time, Williams had no church a:; Duck Creek
under his control ; the "consent of the religious portion of the
congregation" to such proceeding was never a-*ked by Williams,
and would*not have been granted, had he solicited it. Doubtless
it was an after- thought, invented and promulgated to effect Dan-
iel Bread, and to break the force of the indictment by the Indians
at the council held by Col. Boyd. It, indeeJ, any such "disci-
pline" waa ever attempted, it must have been in comparative pri-
es — St. Hia. Soc.

846 Wisconsin State Histobical Society.

vacy — not at any regular council or meeting of the church a»
such , and not at Duck Creek. It might have been at Little
Kau-ka-lin, twelve miles from Duck Creek, and the religious part
of the congregation, consisting of at most three old women, Wil-
liams' creatures. But I doubt if it ever had existence in any
shape save in Williams pro^jfic brain, and as an after-thought —
an expedient to offset the charges of the Oneidas made at the
Boyd council.

The out-come was a withdrawal from Williams of all confidence
and patronage by the church, and an admonition by the Bishop
that he should leave the Oneidas to their own devices in the fu-
ture ; and the closing of the New York State and the United
States Government departments against him forever thereafter.
Thus terminated, after nearly twenty years, the connection of the
Rev. Eleazer Williams with the Oneida Indians ; and practically
ending his career as a missionary to the Western tribes, and a
minister of the Episcopal church — brought about by no one's
fault but his own — certainly not that of the Oneidas ; nor were
they incited to the course taken finally by any extraneous influ-
ences, but solely on their own motion, and by the imperative ne-
cessity of self defenca ,

From this time on till about 1853, this strange man was scarce-
ly heard of — seemed to have dropped out of sight ; till, presto I
he re appears in the new role of the Dauphin. And now I am
asked, could he have been the Dauphin — the lost Prince, Louis
XVII? And further, did he in the whole time of my acquaint-
ance with him, ever give out, by word or sign, any claim to it?
The answer to the last part of the question must be special — to
give him and his apologists the full benefit of all he ever did say
in my hearing, that would bear such construction. After I had
been with him near a year he dropped a few remarks, that, but
for his Diuphin claim, thirty years after, I should have entirely
forgotten.

Willianis was not a little vain of his personal appearance. As he
was one day making his toilet, after shaving, and while adjusting his
clothes and admiring himself in the glass, he challenged me
to admire his fine looks, especially his keen eye, rosy cheeks and

bright countenanos ; and truth to say, be was not bad looking at
the age of thirty or thirty-five. " See," said he, " is this the face
ofaaavage? How much Indian blood is there?" "We will
see," be aays, " in time, whether the Indian or white man prevails
in this face." Such is the substance — almost the precise words
he used, and it was the first, last and only time of his talk of the
kind to me. Could that be construed into a claim to be the Dau-
phin or a Frenchman? I understood it to be an illusion to his
descent from the Williams family, as bis paternity on that side
was ever his theme — hia constant boast — and such I still believe
it to have been. This is all that ever fell from his lips, in my
hearing, that could by any possibility have been construed into a
claim to anything but his Williams-Caughnawaga Indian origin.
"Well, then, could he have been the Dauphin ? He had never
conceived the idea till after his fall from the dizzy height he had
soared to in his dreams, as despot of Indian empire. A consider-
able part of his library remained; his reading was ever that of
narrative and history ; of course that of France was not omitted.
The suggestion of Dauphin might have been drawn from his
books, tnough Col. Eastman claims it was had from him.

I shal! not attempt a discus.sion of the possibility of Louis
XVII having escaped from prison in France, and his subsequent
arrival in this country, further than to observe, if, indeed, he did
so, and, as claimed by Dr. Hanson, was domiciled with the Caugh-
nawaga Indians at St. Regis, it is no more than a reasonable pre-
sumption, that subject to the hardships of Indian fare and diet, in
his weak and eickly state, he died there very soon after his ar-
rival.

With the.se possibilities in view, why may not the Indian,
Eieazer Williams, as well set up in the Dauphin business as
Naundorffand many other pretenders? Shall I be answered tiiat
on account of Wdliaras' child-like simplicity, rendering him
totally incapable of intrigue or deceit, the thing would be impos-
eible? I answer that mal/re all that is said on this point to the
contrary by Dr. Hanson in the Losl Prince, and by Dr. Hawks,
Eieazer Williams was the most perfect adept at fraud, deceit and
intrigue that the world ever produced. That it Naundorffand

34 S Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Eichemont could so far impose on the whole French ministry aa
to make the king on his throne tremble for safely, Williams was
just the mm with his assumed simplicity to impose successfully
upon the easy credulity of Dr. Hanson, who, by his own showing,
was more than half convinced in advance. It is no pleasant task
to differ with one of Dr. Hanson's high standing; and if seeming
in any way to impeach the record of the Lost Prince^ we would on
no account be understood as doubting the entire good faith of the
author of that work. As to the testimony therein given to the
public in support of the pretensions of Will'ams to the claim to
be Louis XVII, nearly all that is material seems to have been
derived from Williams himself, and as such is inadmissible.

I am not insensible of the bewitching idea of a "Bourbon
among us," and the great eclat derived from it The volume, to
he uninformed reader, seerrs something better than romance ; to
one that has been ** behind the scenes," as it were, — who knew the
pretender most thoroughly, the narrative is anything but reality,
and can hardly be read with patience.

But to the consideration of his being Dauphin or not? He
could not have bean ; first, because he was born of half-breed
Indian parents at Caughnauwa^a. His own testimony before he
had thought of being Dauphin supports this. He maintained
this for days and months before the simple^ Oniedas, when he
first came there giving numerous instances of his child life, and
his early youth.

His person bore ample evidence of his Indian extraction. His
skin was dark and of peculiar In iian texture. His hair, eye-
brows and eyelashes were of the most inky raven blackness, axich
as no blonde ever wore.

His father, Thomas Williams, visited Oneida twice while I was
with his son. The remark was special, and made by many, how
much Williams favored his father. If, as is maintained by Dr.
Hanson, Williams had the Bourbon cast of countenance, the
father, Thomas Williams was a Bourbon before him ; as the par-
ticular cast of countenance named by Dr. Hanson was stronger in
the father than in the son. As to his being a Frenchman, it is
not at all impossible ; half the Caughnawaga Indians through their

i OF Rev. Eleazer Williams.

marriage with the Canadians, might have been Frenchmen —
Thomas Williams with others.

Eleazer Williams spoke the Mohawk language (the dia'ecl ■i
the Sl Regis Indians) in perfection. Had he been the Dauphiii,
he never could have learned it in the lin;ie he claim?" to have been
with the Indiana. This profif is irretragible — this fact is equally
bo: he could not speak a word of French decently, which, had be
been a son of Marie Antoinette, he never could have so completely
forgotten. I have heard his wife, a French lady, say to him, and
more than once, " Now, Mr. Williams, I do beg of you never to
try to talk French ; jou cannot speak a single worl right." And
tbia was true. He spoke just such French as you would expect
an ignorant band of Indians on the borders of Canada to acquire,
and nothing more, and even that but poirly. H-j could read the
easy French of narrative and hiitory quite well ; but pronounce it
he could not at all. Instance the word poisson, a 63h, which there
was frequent occasion for speaking at Green Bay ; instead ol giv-
ing the sharp pound to the 83, he would immediately convert it
into X, and make the word poison ; and so of nearly all other
French words. The reason for all clearly was that he had never
heard the language spoken in his childhood. But with the
Mohawk the case was exactly the reverse.

He had not a scintiilatiun of memory of events in Europe —
did not pretend to have ; and attempts to account for that deficien-
cy, by making himself out tr> have been idiotic till the twelfth or
fifteenth year of bis life, and to have recovered his senses by an
accident — the pounding of his head against a rock on Lake
George! ! The story is too ridiculous and absurd lo find place in
a reasonable mind, and may be dismissed without further colloquy ;
which brings us to the true reason of his non-recollection of Euro-
pean events, viz. — he never was there.

But Dr. Hanson persists that he is not an Indian, and would
prove it by the adidavit of the mother, old Mary Ann Williams.
Poor old lady ; she seems to have bean a great stumbling block
in the way of the would-be-Dauphin. Dr. Hanson styles it the
"battle of the affidavits" ; meaning, I suppose, the two given by
old lady Mary. The first is straight forward enough, as published

850 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

in the Oourrier des Etais Unis ; but destroying, as it did totally,
all Williams'- pretensions, it had to be got rid of in some way.
Dr. Hanson says it was " taken down in Mohawk, by an Indian."
This is curt enough, and I have no doubt is as true as it is curt ;
hut he does not tell us who the Indian was that ^' took it down in
Mohawk." I propose inquiring a little after this Indian that
wrote the Mohasvk language so nicely. This affidavit has certain
earmarks, revealing to my mind most clearly its paternity.

It will be remembered that I have already stated, that Williams
had made a radical reform in the manner of writing the Mohawk
language, especially in the orthography. Hitherto Brant and the
Catholic priests had used three-fourths or more of our English
alphabet in writing the Mohawk. Williams changed all that,
using only eleven of our letters, all told. He was the man that
made that change, and the only individual ever I knew that
adhered to that system in writing the language. All others would
still get in more of the letters, as q, u, for Williams' k, w; and g,
e, for k, e; and chi for Williams' tsi, and many others. Williams'
method was unique, and peculiarly his own. Any person who
will examine this affidavit, " taken down by a Mohawk Indian,"
will find Williams' orthography of the language throughout — not
transgressed in a single instance ; evidence to me that the Mohawk
Indian who took it down was Eleazer Williams himself. Not
another living Indian anywhere would have used that orthography
faithfully to the end. But there is still further evidence, and that
is the language — the terms used. They are not such as would
proceed from the mouth of poor old lady Mary by any means.
Many of them are high, refined, such as are used by the Indian
orators in their speeches in council — the Indian council court Ian*
guage. No old Mary Ann Williams, nor any common Mohawk
Indian, ever gave utterance to the language of this affidavit. It
was drawn by Williams himself, beyond a doubt

But what about Dr. Hanson's "correction of the translation "?
Just this, that the language was so high that the interpreter may
not have understood it — the correction had to be made by Wil-
liams, tlie only one who did understand it ; and whetlier this cor-
rection was true or otherwise, one thing is certain — that the said

Recollectioss of Rev. Eleazer "Williaiib. S51

alteration of the renJerina of the interpreter is made in iJie inter-
est of ibe woulJ-be-Daupbin. Seeing, then, that this Mohawk
Indian aflidavit was made by Williams, and is inadmissible, old
lady Mary Ann's fir.jt affidavit is unimpeached. We are left thea
to the leslimony of Dr. Ilanson'a book, the "Lost Princf," Is that
conclusive'/

I make no comments on the map Br. Ilanson brings from
abroad, because I know nothing of it personally, unless, indeed,
I except the single case of the Frenchman Da Forriere, mentioned
on page 350. The eSort is to make oat this min De Ferriere to
have been a French refugee, and a foimer aWiicAe' of the royal
family at the [ime of the Revolution, and that he knew Williams
as being Louis XVII, i&c. This man was living near Oneida in
1820 to 1830. I knew him well ; he bad married a sister of Mar-
linus Denny, tbe tribal interpreter. He had amassed a compe-
lence, having a good farm with mills, about eight miles west of
Oneida. I knew well ihe estimation in which he held "Williams
■ — that he regarded him as a fraud, living on the credulity of the
Indians. The men were at swords' points while I was there;
Williams hated him cordially, and was always cautioning the In-
dians Bgainst him. They had no interpreter whatever. It is not
I think, " well known that he, De Ferriere, went to Eui'opa a,
poor man," nor "that he returned a rich one," as stated in the
Loat Prince. He had a handsome property when he went, and it
was Dot, as any body knew, much increased on his return. I
never heard before that " he was in correspondence with the roy-
al family,"*

• B«*. C. F. HobertionbeammpoMeaiiedot Mr. Wllliimi'i pipera, ■nd wrote mirUclfc
ThtLiul 0/ thi Bourbon fforVi wblcb uppeired ia Pulnam't ilaaa:iininJa\j,\tfB,l'B.
which (III* carroborillviavldeiiu of UflD. EUIi' vlewn actoii: "la glvlne Ibl> [tecoad]
amdartt, Xr. HiintDD mmkeo dd mcnlioD of Mi. WlllUm>- conaeclioa Klib II, but layi tbat
ttvMntlsrudneeljbjMri. Wil1iiim( la Mohuwk.and iirienitrds ttiniUled Inla EdiIUIu
What sDtpiliud nt, Iberorora, InluiklnE ovgrtbs ptpara.WM to find aciariJ mcinoruida la
Hr. Wlillama' hudwrlt[ng In English. wbl«h ihoircd ibtt the atUdavll hid resllv been lom-
poMdbjrblm. There Aire rDii|;h cuplua conUlDlne crunrea and inliitltDustioDa. ihowlag
kow tho amdaTlt had born mada np. and all Indlcallug an apparent pnrpoeg to ileit tha
.dMired avowal of hie acIoptlDn from hia laolber. without making too broad an iatne."

L, C. D.

• Ura. Ilammond'a eicsUent Bittom ot IfadUon Cou»ly, If. T.. enablea ua to add B
brlet note cDncemlog Col. Angel He Ferriere. Hn waa of a nobis Fnitch tamllr, ftdoca-
«d U a mUltar/ acbool, and aerved In llia armj of Loala XVI, anltl tho raTolattonur

852 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Great importance is attached by the author of the Lost Prince
to Xfr. Williams' journals. I cannot endorse this. For the four
years I was with him, the custodian of his papers, I never saw
these journals. I feel confident they had no existence at tint
tima There was, truly, a large mass of old papers, in every con-
ceivable form, — - mostly old letters ; but among the whole, noth-
ing that would bear the name of journal.

Further, during the time I was with him, he had no custom of
keeping a journal, or making any daily record of events. He
claimed to have, and really did pass off, a most tenacious memory
— - his record was kept in his head.

These journals, as they appear in the Lost Prince^ with
much more show to me that they, like most of his Dauphin doc-
uments, were after-thoughts, produced for a purpose, and were
not written by Williams. Most of them are in tolerable English,
while up to the time of my separation from him, covering the
period during which many of these papers purported to have been
written, Williams could not write a sentence in tolerably decent
English — could not pen an order on a store for a pound of tea,
without some bad blunder. Whoever, then, wrote these journals
and a hundred other papers, (witness his supposed letter to Dr.
Stephen W. Williams, on pp. 443-44, of the Lost Prince, with
many others,) it is clear to my mind it never was Eleazer Wil-
liams.

Stevens Point, Aug. 21, 1879.

party forced him to flee to Holland; whence, in 1798, he sailed for America, bringing
means with hfm ; married a Miss Dennie, possessing a tinge of Indian blood, and be-
came wealthy in farms, mills and hoases, in Madison county ~ having about 3,000
acres of valaable lands. After .this, in 1817, he returned to France, and realized quite »
large sum from the princely estates of his family.

It was out of this fact that Mr. Williams manufactured the mysterious innuendo that
De Ferricre obtained this wealth from the Bourbon family. L. C. D.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON ELEAZER WILLIAMS.

By LYMAN C. DRAPER.

It is not pertinent to the subject of Eleazer Williams' claimft
to the Dauphinship to prove, or disprove, whether young Louis
actually died in his prison in the Temple, in June, 1795.

In 1852, there appeared in Paris a work on " DmU XVI f —
h>s Li/e — his Su(}eni)rrs — his Ikuth" by A. De Beauchesne.
This work was translated into English nnd edited by William
Hazlitt; it appeared in London in 1853, and was published the
same year in New York by the Uarpera. An abbreviated edition
of the same work also appeared in New York in that year ; and a
second French edition at Paris in 1871. This work has, on all
bands, been regarded as faithful, pains-taking and trust-worthy.

De Beauchesne gives the records of the Temple as to the Dau-
phin's death. The corpse was visite<l, and its identity recogniz-
' ed, by above twenty persons, oE whom five were olBcers, and four
commissioners on duty at the post; and the majority of those
persons certified that they had aejn the Dauphin at the Tuilleries
or the Temple, and knew t/ie d/iad Mr/ to be his. The author inti-
mately knew Lasne and Gomin, the two last keepers of the Tow-
er, and in whose arms Louis the Seventeenth expired. This able
writer has produced what he asserts, and all unprejudiced readers
believe, " not only the certitude, but also the m ilerial, authentic
proof that the D.iuphin of France, son of Loui* XVI. really died
within the Temple" in 1795: that bis convictions of the Dauph-
in's death have " the character of a certainty auOienticillff demon-
etraled," and adds : " A curse upon me it my mmd, in possess-
ion of the truth, should suffer my pen to lia"

But were it possible that the D.iaphin ejcapad from his prison,
ai) the facta in the case go to prove that Eleazer Wdliams could

854 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

not have beea the Lost Prince — for he was too young, and was,
moreover, a veritable Indian.

In the further discussion of the Dauphin question, a few points
may be especially noted.

1. Mr. Williams' birth-year and age do not correspond with
those of the real Daaphin, who was born in 1785. If the proof is
pretty conclusive that he was some five years younger than Louis
XVII, then his claim to the Dauphinship was preposterous, and
falls to the ground. In this view of the case, it matters little
whether the young Louis was actually abused by his tyrant -
keepers while incarcerated in prison till death released him from
his suflferings, or whether he was spirited away — Eleazer Wil-
liams was not, and could not have been, the person thus secretly
removed from prison, if, indeed, the Dauphin was thus myster-
iously disposed of. And had he been brought to America, there
was no possible reason for concealing his escape and safety, but,
on the contrary, every motive for proclaiming it

The late Eev. Calvin Colton, who was somewhat Williams'
senior, and his fellow schoolmate at Long Meadow, Massachusetts,
mentions in his Tour of t/ie American Lakes in 1830, that when he
first met this member of the noted Anglo-Indian family of Wil-
liams— in 1800 — he was " perhaps ten years old." The late
Dr. Stephen W. Williams, who knew him from the time when
** he was quite young,' says : " Eleazer has frequently told me
that he was born about the year 1790 — by this he did not mean
five years before, or five years after. We have often compared
ages, and he called his age about the same as mine, and I was
born in the year 1790." Dr. Williams adds, that Nathan Hale,
LL. D., long editor of the Boston Daily Advertiser^ with whose
father, at Westhampton, Massachusetts, Eleazer lived for some
time, says, when he '* first saw him, in 1800, he was then but ten
years of age ; " and the late Gov. Charles K. Williams, of Vermont,
who knew Eleazer Williams from 1812, wrote to Dr. Williams in
1853: *' Although I cannot fix upon any particular data, yet my
impression is the same as yourj, that he was born in 1790."

Gen. A G. Ellis, in a letter before me, states : " When I first
knew Williams at Oneida, in 1820, he appeared to be about

Additional Notes on Eleazer "WiLLiAsra 3o5

thirty years old, and claimed to be about tweaty-sevea ; " and
■. IL S. Baird, who knew him well, says when he first became
acquainted with him, in 1823, he judged him to have been about
thirty. Hon, M. L. Martin, who became aoqaaioled with him

irae four years later, thinks his appearance at that time indicated

person born about 1790-92. A careful examination of Catlia's
portrait of Williams, taken in 1832, and which bi» nidow and
others pronounce a faithful llkenesa, left the strong conviction on
the minds of Judge Martin and the writer, that he could not
much, if any, have exceeded forty when taken.

But Williams' own statement — in his own hand-writing, pen-
ned many years before the Dauphin scheme had been concocted,
fixes his birth-year in 1792, This curious document, his applica-
tion for membership in the Masonic Lodge at Green Bay, now
preserved, through the kindness of the late Hon. £L S. Baird, ia
the archives of the Stale Historical Society of Wisconsin, is as fol-
lows;

" To the Master, Wardens and Brothers of Menomonee Lodge :

"Your petitioner humbly states, that having long had a favor-
opinion of your ancient institution, he is desirous of becoming
iber thereof, it found worthy.
He was born at SauU St, Louis ; is thirty two years of age ;

f profession a clergyman. Eleazkr WilLIAMS."

" Green Bav, Oct 7, 1824.

Although Mr. Williams asserts positively that he was born in
1792, yet it is quite certain that neither he nor his parents knew
the exact time of his birth. His parents — part Indian — and
aneducated, evidently kept no family record ; and Mr. Williams
approximated, aa nearly as he could, to the period when he was
born. His mother, in her first, and doubtless only genuine affi-
davit, stated that Eleazer was "about nine years old " when he
went to the Long Meadow school — which was in January, 1800 ;
and this would point to about 1790 as his birth-year. His mother
also declared that he was her fourth child, and was born in the
spring, or in June. Eleazer Williams, in his information com-
municated to Dr. S. W. Williams for hia Geneahyy of die Wil-
liams' Family, places himself as the fourth in the order of births

856 Wisconsin State Historical Societt,

of his mother's children. The church register proves that the
thni child was bora April 28th, 1786; and the fifth, on the 5th
of M.iy, 1791. Eleazer was therefore probably born in the spring
of 1790, which would have made him in his tenth year when he
went to Long Meadow. The weight of evidence goes to sustain
this conclusion.

While the church register at St Regis has preserved the dates
of his brothers and sisters, that of Eleazer does not appear. This
is accounted for by Rev. Dr. S. K. Lothrop, of Boston, who lec-
tured in that city on the Dauphinship claim, in Feb., 1853. He
had, when a youth, known Mr. Williams in Oneida county, N.
Y., during the period of 1816-18, and had visited him in Wis-
consin in 1845, and received visits from him in Boston in 1843
and 1848. Thus it was, that Dr. Lothrop felt in some measure
prepared to speak of Mr. Williams in his Boston lecture. In a
recent letter, Dr. Lothrop writes, that wishing further information
concerning Williams' birth and parentage, he applied to an old
friend, Rev. Mr. Wetmore, then a Presbyterian Missionary in
Northern New York, who personally knew both Williams and
his mother ; and who, through a friend, procured and sent the
Doctor a letter from Mrs. Williams, " in which she insisted that
Eleazer was her son ; that the reason why his name did not ap-
pear on the baptismal register with the other children was that
he was born while she and her husband were on a hunting tramp,
and that he was baptized by the Catholic priest at Whitehall, N.
Y.; that the idea that he was the Dauphin was put into his head
by some French officers, some ten or twelve years before, who
coming from Montreal to Caughnawaga, met him at her house
and told him that he looked like the Bourbons (which was un-
doubtedly the case); that he was about the same age the Dauphin
would have been, and that perhaps he was the Dauphin himself;
and that he had brooded over this till it had made him crazy ;
but that he was certainly her son, and no Bourbon at all."

It may be addeJ, that after having talked over the subject of
his being the Dauphin at Dr. S. W. Williams*, in 1851, some one
of the family inquired of him concerning his age, when he replied :
" If I am Williams, I am so old ; but if I am the Dauphin, I am

AnDmoNAT, Notes on" Eleazer Williams.

older." Neither Mr. Williams' widow, nor lua son, have any
record of his age, nor any definite opinion on the subject.

2. lie was an Indian, and no Frenchman. Bishop Hobart, the
€arly patron and Icng personal friend of Williams, declares m his
address on the stale of the church, in October. 1815, published in .
the Christirin Rprji'stei- of July following, that Mr. Williams " was
born among the Indians " ; and in Dr. Morse's Rr^porl of his visit
to the Indian tribes in 1S20, Bishop Hobart again refers to him as
"of Indian extraction," Dr. Moi-se himself, who must have known
Williams personally, speaks of him as "of Indian extraction,
and the son of a chief of tfae Iroquois nation, among whom he was
born." The late Dr. Stephen W. Williams, who had known him
Irom his youth, declared in 1853, that he had no doabt of his
regular descent from Eunice Williams, the Deerdeld captive ; and
" nothwiihslanding all that has been said about his having no
Indian appeirLince about him, and no Indian blood in hia veins,
I think in many respects he resemblcl an Indian half-breed,"
and added that he examined a scar on his side, where he was
wounded in the war of 1812, and the skin on his body " at that
time was more the color ot an Indian than a white man."

"One who had been much accustomed to see Indiuna and half-
breeds."' writei Gen. A. G. Ellis, "could hardly be mistaken in
regard to Williams. He had all the marks of a half-breed; bis
skin, even in youth was quite dark, his hair a jet black. He
could not possibly have been a blonde, as ia claimed for the
Dauphin. His copper co'or increased greatly with his age; the
last lime I saw him, when he was about sixty years of age, he was
dark enough for a three-quarter Indian, and looked just like ones.
About his ears, whether evidence of bis Indiun blood or not,
they were much turned forward — protruded from the head ; and
he always made an effort in walking, to turn out his toes; but
forgetting it, he would, Indian-like, immediately turn them in.
One of the most decisive marks of his Indian parentage, to my
mind, was his mother-tongue-- his speech; be was most perfect
in the Iroquois, while he could not pronounce a syllable correctly
in Fitnch. Could be have entirely lost the use of his mother
tongue, and gained the other, it be had been the child of the

858 Wisconsin State Historical Society,

French queen ? Most assuredly he could not. He was never in
France."

Speaking of Williams' first trip to Green Bay, in 1821, Hon. C.
C Trowbridge, of Detroit, observes: "I knew him well at that
time, and long afterwards. Governor Cass also knew him well,
and saw him often. We used to compare notes about him, and
we regarded him as * rather fishy*. And when his claim to heir-
ship of the throne of Le Grand Monarqiie came before the public,
the Governor laughed heartily. Williams had all the peculiari-
ties of a half-breed Indian, as undoubtedly he was. If he had
been otherwise, mentally or morally, his hair and complexion
would have stamped him as of mixed savage and civilized blood ;
and he had, moreover, that peculiar tint of complexion which dis-
tinguishes the half-breeds among the Six Nation from those of
the West."

A writer in the New York Ttlescope, of June 25th, 1825, who
signs himself " An Oneida County Observer," declares that Wil-
liams was a ^^ half-blood Iroquois" — tnking pains to put the word
" half-blood " in italics, as if to make it all the more emphatic.

The late Hon. John Y. Smith, who also knew Williams well
from 1828 till 1837, and was for some time a fellow boarder at the
same table with him at Green Bay, states : '* I was familiar with
mixed blood of every grade, from octoroon whites to octoroon
Indians. Half-breeds, as everyone knows who has seen much of
frontier life, present opposite extremes of complexion in diflFerent
individuals, some being nearly white, and others being darker even
than pure Indians. Williams would have passed for a pure Indian,
with just a suspicion of the African in bis complexion and features.
Gov. Cass, who was as familiar with every variety of mixed bloods
as any man in the country, ridiculed the idea that Williams,
whom he knew well, was a pure Frenchman, and declared in
a published article, that he was a fair type of the Indian half-
breed."

In Gov. Cass' newspaper article, he said of Mr. Williams : " I
have known him for almost thirty years, and under various circum-
stances of official and personal intercourse. I have known him
as an Indian half-breed of the St Regis band. * * * No man

Adhitional Notss on Elbazkr Wit>liam8. 369

acquainted with our aboriginal race, and who has seen Mr. Wil-
liams, can lor a momeot doubt his descent from that stock. Hia
color, his features, and the conformation of his face, testify to hia
origin. They present the very appearance which everywhere marks
the half-breed Indian,"

John G. Shea, LK D., the distinguished antiqaarian and histo-
rian, declared in the Ainenmn Historical Sixord, in July, 1872 :
" Indianologists assure me that his ears were a sure mark of his
Indian origin."

A writer in the New York Christian Inquirer, of Feb. 12, 1S5S,
states of Eleazer Williams: "He ia one quarter Indian, as his
physiognomy, it must be confessed, pretty plainly shows."

The Cillin portrait of Mr. Williama certainly gives him the full
average Indian tinge of complexion.

Eunice Williams, the Deerfield captive of 1701, became assimi-
lated with the Indians — married a young Indian chief, and one
of their children, Mary, married a Frenchman and became the
mother of Tboma.s Williams, the father of Eleazer; and Thomas
married an Indian woman. In her affidavit, Mrs. Williams
declares that "her son Eleazer very strongly resembles his father,
Thomas WiHiama"; and Gen. Ellis refers to two visits Thomas
Williams made to Oneida Castle while he was there; during
which that " the remark was special, and made by many, bow
much Eleazer Williams favored hia father."

In his conversations with Rev. Calvin Colton, in 1830, Mr. Wil-
liams is twice recorded in Mr. Colton 's " Tour" as declaring : " I
am a Canadian by birth, you know." Prince de Joinville's secre-
tary wrote that Williams stated to the Prince in their interview in
1841, that "his mother was an Indian woman." While Eleazer
Williams was corresponding with Dr; S. W. Williams, Commuui-
eating facta for a genealogy of the Williams' family, he frequently
spoke of his "grandfather" or "grandsire," in the sense of an
ancestor — referring to the Rev. John Williams, the father of
Eunice, the captive, from whom he lineally descended.

When rehearsing the story of his early life at Oneida, in 1S20-21,
as related by Gen, Ellis, he mentioned that Caughnawaga was, as
he supposed, his birth-place, and Thomas Williams was his father;

"Wiscoirem State Historical Society.

and in his application, in 1S24, for Ma«onio membership, ha
stated that he was, as he believed, born at Saalt St. Louis, which
is bat another name for Caughnawaga or St. Regi«, on the border
of Canada, near Montreal.

Mr. Williams, when he fii-st visited Green Bay, in 1821, called
on his old acquaintance James J. Porlier, a native of Montreal,
and who came to Wisconsin about the time, or bsfore Williams'
birtli, but often visited Montreal in the procurement of goods for
the Indian trade, the sale of his furs and peltries, and to place his
children there for their education. During these visits Mr, Porlier
frequently saw Thoma* Williams and his family at Sl Begt&
After Mr. Williams left, Judge Porlier's young son, Louis, who
was present at the interview, and judging that the visitor was of
Indian descent, made inquiry of his father who the stranger was ?
*' Why," replied Mr. Porlier, " you have often heard me speak of
the St. Regis chief, Thomas Williams — this w his son." Judge
Porlier, who had known him from his very boyhood, never inti-
mated any suspicion that Mr. Williams was other than a blood
descendant of the St. Regia chieftain.

3. His hypocrisy and tergiversationa Dr. F. B. Hough, the
well-known historian, who knew Mr. Williams well, says: "It
is believed that nii person iniimately acquainted with Mr. Will-
iams will deny, that he possessed an ingenious faculty for colla-
ting the plausible coincidences which make up the warp and woof
of the narrative" of his Dauphinship claim.

It is evident that much of the " warp and woof " of this story
was the result of Mr. Williams' " ingenious faculty '' of manufac-
turing statements to suit the occasion. In Dr. Hanson's work, it
is stated, that part of the means for Williams' early elucalion
came from an unknown sourae. Rev. C. F. Robertson, WilUama*
literary executor, now Bishop of Missouri, states in Putnam's
Magazine, for July, 1868, that he found among the Williams'
papers packages of original bills for his education, and appropri-
ations to meet them by the benevolent societies of Massaohusatta,
who were educating him witb a view to futare m-ssionary labora.
Hanson quoted an Albany authority that a ilr. Bleeker. of that
city, was the agent who supplied Thomas Williams with mooey

Additional Noths on Eleazer WrttiAMB.

for the eilucatiou of the foreign boj ; Mr. Robertson found among
the papers of Mr. Williann a communication, in WilUams' hand-
writing, sent under a fictitious signature, to the Albany Knicker-
hocker for publication, giving the Bleeker story, which wjis the
authority for Hanson's stateinenL On one occ:ision, before the
Dauphin invention got before the public, Williams took a slip,
printed only on one fide of a piece ot paper, to Hon. C. D. Rob-
inson, of the Green Bay Advocuie, desiring its insertion, and it
was published. It was one of the New Orleans yarns, mysteri-
ously suggesting that the Lost Prince was believed to be in
America among the Indians, or something of that sort. The fact
that the slip was printed only on one side, was to Mr. Robinson,
evidence that it bad not been clipped from any newspaper.

In a lei'-er written by Mr. Williams to E. Irving, of N"ew York,
in July, 1848, which Rev. Mr. Robertson saw, he returned thanks
for the pains Mr. Irving had taken in going to half a dozen news-
paper officea before he succeeded in getting a notice ot the
Dauphin published.

General Cass, in his newspapsr article, in March, 1853, states:
"There is in existence a letter written by Mr. Williams, to a per-
son of bis acquaintance, some threa years ag?, in which he alluded
to a prevailing rumor ot his being connected with the Bourbons,
and asking the person to whom it was addressed, whether there
was any foundation for the story. lie made not the mo't distant
allusion to the interview with the Prince de Joinville, to his let-
lers, or to the other facts he now states, which would have ren-
dered his enquiry wholly unnecessary. He was informed that
there was not, in the opinion of his correspondent, the least foun-
dation for such an idle story. And there the communication
dropped. His letter was utterly inconsistent with any knowledge
of the facts he now asserts to be true." Mr. Williams, in writ-
ing to Gen. Cass, as it is plainly inferential that he did, seeking
some word of encouragemeul, revived from that able student of
history, quile too frank a reply to gratify his inordinate pride,
or pander to his ignoble hopes.

Mr. Hanson must have been duped when he stated in Mr. Will-
iams behalf, that so far from bringing his claims before the public,
24 — Bt. Hia. Soc.

862 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Mr. Williams had been strongly averse to it Bishop RobertsoD
further states, that when Williams was requested to exhibit cer-
tain autograph letters he professed to have received from Louis
Philip, King of the French, the Secretary of Louis Napoleon,
several French Bishops and one Cardinal, also important medals,
he always found it convenient to say that they had been lost, or
burnt, or mysteriously stolen ; yet large quantities of less impor-
tant correspondence were very carefully preserved.

Mr. Williams, in his conversations wiih Mr. Hanson, represent-
ed that when Prince de Joinville disclosed to him at Green Bay,
in 1841, that he was the son of a king — the long lost Prince —
heir to the throne of France — the communication was so start-
ling and unexpected, that he was dumbfounded and incredulous.

To show the hypocrisy of Williams, not to say his untruthful-
ness, in this statement, it is only necessary to cite the communi-
cation in the New York Coarrier des Elats-Unis/in February,
1854, of George W. Haskins, long editor of the Buffalo Express,
Mr. Haskins states that nearly two years before the Prince de
Joinville's journey in this country, Williams confided to him at
Buffalo, that he was the real Dauphin of France, relating all the
imaginary circumstances Mr. Hanson has collected — the idiocy
of his early life, the fortunate fall into Lake George, and conse-
quent miraculous restoration of his memory — the residence of
his guardian in New Orleans, etc. Mr. Haskins was a well-known
and honored citizen of Buffalo, since deceased, an elder brother
of the scientist and electrician of Milwaukee, Prof. Charles H.
Haskins ; and his statement is worthy of all confidence.

The simple facts, divested of all adornment and imagination,
connected with Mr. Williams and the Prince de Joinville's inter-
view, as related by Hon. M. L. Martin, who then resided, and
still resides, at Green Bay, are these : He learned from Captain
Shook, who commanded the steamer Columbia, on which the
Prince and party reached the Bay, chat when they landed at
Mackinaw, Williams came on board ; and in response to an in-
quiry by the Prince for some proper person at Green Bay who
could impart to him information concerning the Indian tribes and
the country generally, the Captain at once suggested Mr. Will-

iams ns the very man for the occasion, and introduced him ; that
nothing was said indicating any previous Itaowledge, on the part
of the Prince, of Williams' character or history ; that their con-
TersatioQ was largely on Indians and Indian matters — nothing
whatever about the Dauphin, or anything remotely touching the
subject.

This invention by Mr. Wi!liam«, of Prince de Joinville'a pre-
tended revelation, was a moat brazen venture, utterly improbable
in itself; as it was weak and foolish to suppose for a moment,
even had it been true, that the Prince would have been irying
to sow the aeeds of family dissensiou — what might prove his
father's overthrow and the ruin of his family ; and encourage an
obscure Protestant clergyman, in the backwoods of America,
with royal hopes, when it was well known that Louis Philip, his
family, and all France, were thoroughly Catholic. It was a most
preposterous, reckless and barefaced imposition; and its prompt
and positive denial might well have been expected.

When the Hanson story reached the Prince, he, through his
secretary, pronounced the whole pretended revelation " from one
end to the other, a work of the imagination, a fable woven whole-
sale, a speculation upon the public credulity." Mr. Hanson freely
admits that the Prince "has the reputation of being a hij^fa-minded
and honorable gentleman." The Prince's testimony stands an-
impeached.

Mr. Williams frequently stated to his kinsman, Dr. S. W.
Williams and his family, as related by the Doctor in his edition
of the fieckcmed Captive, that "his visit from the Priuce was in
consequence of hie relationship to his wife," and ihal'he received
his presents from the same cause ; and that " his stories here were
much at variance with the magazine" narrative as given by Mr.
Hanson.

Rev. Dr. Lothrop writes that Mr. Williams gave him, both in
1813 and 1848, an account of his interview with the Prince de
Joinville, but differing from each other, and differing in many
important points from Dr. Hanson's statements in Putnam's Mag-
nzineoi January 1852.

And other stories of Mr. Williams were much at variance with

864 WiscoKsm State Historical Socxett.

each other. As Gen. Ellis relates, that Williams at the period of
1820-21, was a whole year or more rehearsing to the Oneidas the
story of his younger life, full of details of his Indian father, that
he himself was born, as he believed, at Caughnawaga or St.
Begis; relating many a wonderous tale of his boyish ex-
ploits from three yeara old and upwards; but when the
Dauphin idea got possession of him, then he suddenly found
out he had no memory of his youthful days whatever, and
never had : ** I know nothing about my infancy. Everything
that occurred to me is blotted out, entirely erased, irrecov-
erably gone. My mind is a blank until thirteen or fourteen
years of age," and adds that he " was an idiot ; " then accidentally
striking his head on a rock in Lake George, his faculties were
brightened — except so far as related to his boyhood days. When
about ten years of age, as we have seen, he was sufficiently bright
to be sent to school with a view of being fitted for the ministry
and missionary life ; and no one at that period suspected him of
being in the least demented. On the contrary, a writer in the
Boston Daily Advertiser^ of February 17, 1853, stales on the au-
thoritv of one of Williams' school-mates at the time, that Eleazer
** soon became fond of his books'* and "made satisfactory pro-
gress " in his studies, which could not, in truth, be said of any
idiotic boy.

The story related of Mr. Williams by Hon. J. Y. Smith, in the
sixth volume of Wisconsin Historical Collections^ on the authority
of Gen. Ellis, and recently corroborated with some unimportant
corrections, by the General himself, is thoroughly characteristfc
of the man. Williams and Ellis accompanied Col. Stambaugh
on his mission to Washington on Indian affairs, in 1830, and
while tarrying at Detroit, Williams and the General were invited
to tea by the lady of a prominent Episcopalian of that city — the
commanding officer of the garrison. When asked if he would
take tea or coffee, Mr. Williams declined on the plea of the ex-
treme delicacy of his health — and so of milk ; and only accepted
some warm water, with a little milk in it. And so with the var-
ious good things with which the table was spread, and were offer-
ed him; only a very thin bit of dry toast would suit his delicate

ADDinosAL Notes on Eleazer 'Wiluams.

365

stomach. And ao he nibbled his dry toast and sipped his cup of
warm water. Returning to his hotel late in the evening, Wil-
liams determined to moke amends £or his enforced spare diet, and
ordered the waiter to set on some cold ham, and other subslant-
ials to m^tch; and Gen. Ellis declared that he verily believad
"Williams ate fully two pounds of that ham — enough for three
stout meo ; he then arose, gave a hearty Indian chuckle, and re-
tired for the night, and the General could not perceive thai the
parson's delicate stomach was any the worse for his hearty meal
the next day.

He ate so enormously as to excite the attention of the whole
Indian party ; and when Gen, Ellis informed them of Williams'
refusal lo eat at the officer's party, and the reason he assigned for
it, they all laughed immoderately, declaring it was one of bis
tricks to excite sympathy, or perhaps induce a donation by the
means. Such hypocritical acd'/ij was a very common occurrence
with him. Gen. Ellis conclades this characleriatic anecdote with
this remark : " It was his chief effort never to speak or act a truth,
but always a fahehood. If he could not mislead his hearers, he
would scarcely talk at all : with him words were not used to ex-
hibit, but always to conceal the truth ; and he was the most I
perfect adept at fraud, deceit and intrigue that the word everl
produced."

Dr. John G. Shea, in the American Historical Record, for Julj, 1
1872, asks if Eleazer Williams was not insane, or led away 1
Btrange delusions? He then states that while in Canada, prior*
the publication, in 1852, of his Discovery and Mi^)lorati<m (^ i
i/iss'ssijipi Valley, with the original journal and map of Marqoia
in his hands, he recei ved a letter from the office of the Secrel*rv d
State at Albany, stating that the Rev. Eleazer Williams propon
to sell lo the State, Marquette's original journal and map, winat
with other papers he professed to have found in a box Jti ^
walls of the old church at Sault St. Louis, Canada, at a liinn^^
it was abandoned and in ruins. Dr. Shea replied that thegp^^
church was never in any auch ruinous condition ; tb«l imsm^m
cesser had been taken down to make way for the fi^^^^»
s before, and the box-finding was, therefore. cltiufVyiwJ^^i*

years

368 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

and that he tben having the Marquette journal and map in his
hands, strongly favored the idea that Mr. Williams had fallen into
a delusion on that point also. Mr. Williams was careful never to
produce the documents he pretended to have, either before or
after Dr. Shea's publication, to correct or dispute his work. Dr.
Shea adds : "When, at a later day, he claimed to be Louis XVII,
I put it down as simply another freak of an evidently insane
man."

Rev. Dr. Lothrop, in his MS. letter, states, that such were the
discrepancies between Williams' two narratives made to him, and
that made to Mr. Hanson, with reference to the Prince de Join-
ville interview, and other matters, could not have been made
by a perfectly clear and sound mind ; and hence came to the con-
clusion that the only satisfactory solution of the matter was that
Mr. Williams was a monomaniac upon this Dauphinship subject,
and his mother, as already shown, declared that her son had
brooJed over the Dauphinship matter, after it had been suggested
to him by the French officers, till it made him crazy.

It might, perhaps, be charitable, as Dr. Shea, Dr. Lothrop, and
Mrs. Williams suggest, to attribute all of Eleazer Williams' vaga-
ries, deceptions and tergiversations to insanity ; but not a few
would feel disposed to conclude that there was too much method
in his schemes to warrant such an explanation.

Mr. Williams' christian name, Eleazer, is somewhat signifi-
cant We learn from his memoir of his father, Thomas Wil-
liams, written in 1852, and published with an introduction by Dr.
F. B. Hough in 1859, that the mother of Eunice Williams, the
captive^ was a daughter of Rev. Eleazer Mather, of Northamp-
ton ; and, doubtless, in honor of this progenitor no less than nine
of his descendants in the Williams' connection alone, as shown by
Dr. Stephen W. Williams' Genealogy and History of the Williams
Family^ bore the name of Eleazer ; and our Dauphin hero makes
the tenth. It is very suggestive that this name was given him to
recognize and perpetuate that of his ancestor, who is said to have
been *'a man of talents and exalted piety."

Had he really been young Louis XVIIth, domiciled among the
Indians at the age of ten, it is not at all probable that the humble

Additional Notes on Eleazeb "WiLLiAiia

Puritan name of Eleazfir would have been selected forliim; and
ibe introduction of a French youth into an Indian seulement, so
strangely diflerent from the Indian lads around him, mould have
excited uncommon attention, and beeo well preserved in the
memories of the people.

A couple of anecdotes will serve so show that Mr. Williams,
when among those who knew him well, made no pretention of
{ailh in his D^upbiuship uluim. Ke solicited H>n. Cbarlea D.
Kobinson, of Green Bay, since SsL-retary of State of Wisconsin,
to prepare a volume on h'u claim — that be might occupy his
library while writing the work, and hu should be supplied with all
needful documents for the pur.iose. With this understanding,
Williamssoon after left forthe East, fell in with Rev, Mr, Ilan-
son, who prepared " T/ie Losl Prince." Tlio next time Col. Rob-
inson met Williams was at Baltimore, when the latter inquired of
bis friend if he hid seen Llaiisun's work? Col. Ribinson re-
plied that he had, and had read it with a great deal of interest.
What do you think of it, Mr. Robinson 7 " It is admirably writ-
ten," rejoined the Colonel, " far better than I could have done it ;
but I don't believe (here IS a word of truth in it." Williams broke
■oat into a hearty laugh, see.ning to appreciite the point, and
added, "Nonlo I, eit/ter."

After the Daupbinsbip story had appeared, Williams visited
Butte des Mort:!, and meeting bis old friend Alexander Grignon,
asked him if he had hesrd anything about the Dauphin matter?
"Yea, I have," was the reply, accompanied with a hearty laugh,
evincing his total unbeliet in the story. ''It 13 not me," said
Williams; "they wanted it so; and I don't care." So Mr.
■Grignon related to Louis B. Porlier at the lime.

It is a little singular that Mr. Williams never referred to the
Dauphinship claim to his wife or son, as they informed the
writer ; and Mrs, Williams adds that the first she ever beird of
it was from a Green Bay friend, after its first publication ia
Puinim's Mu'jazine.*

* Aa ladlun loTiirpr«etil« to tba ptrenla »iae<lDH«nr to iscDia tha hindof Uie duakr
■Daldflu uf bla cbgice. So. aasi ttia IndUn fuhlen. when Mr. WUIIama. In 1S23. beuma
allCDllr tmltlcn wllb Ilia chirm* of lUet Xarr Jonrdaln, Itaen otilr In bar roDrlcanth :r«c. uid
ths b«l]a or ihs Fox SItci Vallaj, bs sppUad to h« parcnu, anpecUllj bar matbu, who

I

868 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

With reference to Williams' object in starting the Dauphinship
story, Hon. Morgan L. Martin, who knew him long and well, b re-
lieves that he was ambitious of distinction, and fed the flame in
such ways as his reading and reflection suggested. He used ta
talk of Pontiac's confederacy; and hinted if it could be repeated
and made strong, the Indians might even yet " wipe out the
whites." But his Indian empire scheme failed in consequence of
his own bad conduct, and the lack of faith in it on the part of
the Indians generally. Judge Martin suggests that Mr. Calhoun,
as Secretary of War, seemed to favor the setting apart of a large
territory west of Lake Michigan for an Indian Republic, perhaps
in part from philanthropic reasons, and in part to preclude the
ultimate formation of another free State ; but the Menomonee grant
of 1823 was subsequently curtailed as too large for the needs of
the colonized Indians.

Williams was visionary and of a braggadocio character — al-
ways concocting schemes; and when one came to naught, he was
fertile in inventing others. So when the idea of an Indian Re-
public measurably failed, Red Jacket and other iiffluential In-
dian chiefs opposing it, and Williams' hopes of becoming a great
leader were blasted, he naturally turned his attention to some new
project — something that would pander to his love of notoriety.
There was little prospect of Louis XVIIth rising up to confront
him, so he concluded to play the part of a king, and have a brief
strut upon the public stage. He seemed to like the attention that
his Dauphin claim drew to him; and received the visits of Con-
gressmen and others, whom Judge Martin introduced to him at
Washington one winter soon after the matter had been made pub-
lic, with no little pleasure and complacency. Though his honors
were empty, he enjoyed them to the full ; and with a certain

was a Menomonee woman, and secnred the prize, though the daughter was then the be
trothed to another, temporarily absent on business. The first Intimation Miss Jourdaln had
of this Interesting engagement, her sister Informed her that she " need not go to school that
day. as she was to be married to Priest Williams In the evening!*^ And so it proved — a
marriage without a courtship — rudely setting aside one betrothal, and a worthy one, to
gratify a suddenly conceived whim of Mr. Williams. The whole affair, as much as anything
could, sufficiently indicated Williams^ thorough acquaintance with Indian matrimonial di-
plomacy, and how readily and heartlessly he availed himself of it. A high bom Frenchman,
would have scorned such a procedure.

Additional Notes on Eleazeb Williams S69

class who had faith in his pretentions, especially in New York
city, he received not a few civilities. He seemed to be happy in
his Dauphinship invention so long as it flattered his vanity and
love of notoriety, gave him good dinners, and afforded him op-
portunities to display his powers of conversation.

He aped greatness,* but accomplished nothing. Had he possessed
integrity of character, and discarded his impracticable fanciea, he
might have proved a blessing to the Indian raca But his life
was a comparative failure, if we may judge by the limited fruits
of his splendid opportunities.

* Among the papers left by Mr. WiUiame, as stated by Rev. Dr. Robertson, are notes
addressed to him as Louis XVII, in which he is addressed as *'Yoar Most Gracious
Mi^esTy^* ; and he signs papers with the royal cipher, " L. C*^ ; and says ** he wishes to
maintain the dignity of his family by manifesting at all times in his conduct that sense of
honor which becomes his royal race.^^ He left a royal manifesto, proclaiming his course of
action should ho be called on to preside oyer the destinies of the great nation as was for-
merly done *'by my ancestors/*

EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF JUNEAU CO.

By Hon. J. T. KINGSTON.

Iq the Fall of 1836, Samuel B. Pilkington and the writer, the
former a native of Ireland, while at Helena, on the Wiscon-
sin river, heard of a very extensive forest of pine timber and
a splendid water power on the Lemonweir river, about twelve
miles from the mouth. As the Wianebago Indians had just sold
their lands oq the south side of that river to the Government, we
conceived the idea of making an exploration in that direction to
ascertain the truth of those reports, intending, if matters were
found as represented to engage in the lumber business; but not
then being just ready to make the trip, we concluded to wait
until the next year.

Accordingly, in the month of December in the following year,
1837, we packed our Indian pony and started from Racine to ex-
plore the valley in question. Our outfit consisted of a Mackinaw
blanket and butcher knife, an axe, a box of matches and provis-
ions for a week, besides the necessary camp fixtures, including a
small fly tent Fire arms and ammunition we considered of no
particular use, and carried none.

We found but few settlers after crossing Fox river, thirty miles
west of Racine, two or three at Spring Prairie, Luke Taylor and
one or two others on Turtle Creek, near the present location of
Dekivan, a Mr. Johnson on the east edge of Rock Prairie, and Mr.
Henry F. Janes living in a log house on the east bank of Rock
river, near the present site of the city of Janesville. From Rock
river to the Four Lakes, now Madison, no signs of the white man ;
but only a blazed line of trees indicating the road to the future
capital of the State.

There being six or eight inches of snow on the ground, we did

Sbttlbiiekt op JnUBAtr Col'NTT.

sn

nol reach Madison until about 9 o'clock on the second morning
after leaving Kock river. Here we found a Mr. Peck an.l f;imily,
CoL A. A. Bird and several otlier men, putting up the fracne ui a
bouse for a hotel, and abo some materials on ihu ground for the
capitol building then in course of erection. From Col. Bird we
obtained ibe proper directions by land marks to reach Mr. Eowan's
Trading Post, on the miliiary road, twelve miles from Fort Win-
nebago, and near the present village of Poyneite. On the route
from Madison, and ten or twelve miles out, we passed the body of
A log house, afterwards completed and occupied by a Mr. Law-
rence ; but DO other marks of improvement were noticed. We
reached Rowan's late in the evening, tired, and glad to find a com-
(or'able place for the night for ourselves and the pony.

Following the military road, we reached Fort Wiimebago about
Doon the next day, and found a stopping place at the Indian
Agency house, owned by the Govei'nment; but then kept as a
tavern by an Italian named Ubaldine, who bad an Irish woman
for a wife; and durmg our slay there of a week or more, we
found the wife "the better man," at least Ubaldine was willing to
acknowledge such to be the fact whenever any little family difli-
culty occurred, which was not unfrequent.

Visited the Fort next day. Met Captain Lowe, then in com-
mand, and alsj Mr. Henry Merrell, sinceof La Crosse, who kept a
sutler's store near the Fort, Procured a supply of provisions to
last for six or eight days, and leaving the pony with Mr, Ubaldine,
we proceeded. Passed the Trading Post of Silas Wala worth, situa-
ted at the high point of land near the present railroad bridge over
the canal; followed the Point Bausse trail about fifteen miles,
lo a cluster of bark wigwams, then deserted, situated on the
land afterwards owned and occupied for several years by Jiired
"Walswortb. Camped here over night. Snow about a foot deep,
Bod weather extremely cohL Tried the experiment of camping
in a wigwam, but found it a bad one on account of not being able
1» keep up a sufficient fire.

The- next morning continued on the trail three or four miles, and
t.lien struck west across the head of Dell Prairie, and reached
the Wisconsin river at the foot of the Big Dells the evening of the

872 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

second day after leaving the Fort ; but finding the ice running in
the river, and the crossing impracticable, we continued along the
east bank of the stream until we found wood convenient, and a good
shelter from the wind, and camped for the night In the morning
we started on our return to the Fort, and reached there next day.

We remained with Mr. Ubaldine about a week, and until the
river closed sufficiently to cross on the ice, and again started on
our explorations. Reaching the wigwams before mentioned, we
struck across the south end of Dall Prairie, arriving at the Wis-
consin river opposite McEwen Rock.

During our week's stay at the Fort, there was quite a heavy
fall of snow, and after leaving the Point Bausse trail we found the
traveling both slow and difficult

Before leaving on this second trip, mother Ubaldine handed us
a bottle of medicine with the remark : ^^If you get frost hited, try
Hiis — it came from Ould Ireland,''^ Feeling grateful for the kindly
feelinprs which we knew accompanied the gift, we received it with
thankfulness.

The first night, after leaving the Fort, we camped about a mile
from the east side of Dell Prairia In the morning we again
started, but now without a trail, snow two feet deep, and weather
extremely cold. Proceeding a few rods we noticed a singular
mound of snow, a short distance out of our direct course. Ex-
amined it and found a one-horse sleigh, left a few days before by
Robert Bloomer, on his way to the Grand Rapids. In the sleigh
we found a couple of smoked hams, some bread, crackers and
cheese. Made a note of it as a good place to obtain a supply of
provisions on our return, if needed.

Arriving at the edge of the Prairie, and facing a cold west
wind, we soon felt unmistakable evidence of the frosty atmosphere,
so much so that we concluded to halt and try the remedy in the
hoitle^ but here we found a difficulty — how to apply it After
mature consultation and reflection, we concluded to try an inward
application, and I must say the result was equal to our highest
expectations.

A.nd here I will digress so far from the narrative as to say, that
although we found repeated occasion to try the medicine^ and

Skttlkment of Junkau County. 373

always with the most satisfactory results, yet I would not recom-
mend it as a remedy for constant use; but only on occasions when
you are making your way on foot through snow two feet deep,
with a week's provisions in your pack.

The second day we made across the prairie, and camped only
two or three miles from ihe camping place the night before. The
third day we crossed the Wisconsin, and camped that night on the
higher part of the land at the foot of the Big Dalles. Made three
or four miles in distance this day. Weather continued extremely
cold. Made our first and only experiment with dry pine wood,
to keep up our fire for the night. Midnight, wood all gone,
almost perished before morning.

Fourth morning, up very early, made the Lemonweir about
noon ; but were in considerable doubt, owing to the crooked
nature of the channel, and the numerous sloughs, whether we
had found the river we were looking for or not. Finally to settle
the matter beyond doubt, we concluded to follow the stream down
to the mouth, and finding the country to answer the description
given us before, we retraced our steps on the ice, and camped that
night at ProvonsaVs Trading Post, about two or three miles above
the mouth of the river, which we found unoccupied.

The Lemonweir had frozen over after the late heavy fall of
snow, and this made the traveling comparatively easy.

The fifth and sixth days we followed up the river on the ice
broke through two or three times, went ashore, built fires and
dried our clothes, and then continued on. On the morning of the
seventh day we ate our breakfast, consisting of two crackers each,
on the present site of the village of New Lisbon ; and then, De-
cember 29th, 1837, started on our return down the river for
Fort Winnebago. Following the otter trails or slides cutting
the bends of the river, we found the distance greatly
shortened, tightened our belts two or three times a day,
dreamed at night of the good time coming, examined our
depot of supplies in the sleigh, but found that some "good
Indian " had been there before ua Continuing on our journey,
we arrived at the Fort on the afternoon of December 31st, the
third day after turning back, weaker but not much wiser men —

874 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

only learning that our extensive pine forest was a myth, and that
our anticipated lumber speculation was a failure.

On the west side of the Wisconsin, we saw no signs of the
white man, except the abandoned Trading Posts above mentioned.
And no signs of the Indians, except canoes covered up on the
bend of the river.

The history of the occupation and settlement of a new country
always carries with it an interest according to the nature of the
incidents and circumstances attending those events; and more par-
ticularly is this interest manifested by those who succeed the early
pioneer. The privations and hardships, and even the dangers met
with by the early settlers, tend in after years to heighten that in-
terest, and call the mind back to those early times. And it is
a matter of regret that the actors in those days and times thought
the events of so little importance, that they have been suffered to
pass almost entirely from the mind; and we can at the present day^
only here and there pick up a circumstance worthy of notice.

In preparing a sketch of the early settlement of the County,
dependence, of course, has to be placed upon information derived
in the main from the friends and neighbors remaining with us.
The writer having been a resident of the County for more than
a quarter of a century, and more or less acquainted with the ter-
ritory embraced within the limits of the County since 1842, can
of course state many facts and circumstances from his own knowl-
edge; and, although some of the minor details may not be
entirely accurate, yet the names, dates and facts are as nearly cor-
rect as the memory of the narrator can place them.

The earliest settler, for even a temporary purpose, within the
present limits of the County, of whom I can learn, was Provonsal,
the father of Frank Provonsal, killed a few years since by Bill
Dandy, an Indian. The elder Provonsal built, and for some years
occupied, a Trading Post near the bank of the Wisconsin river,
about two miles above the Peteen-Well rock, in the present town
of Armenia. Here Frank was born, and lived off" and on until
he was six or eight years old. At a later date, about the year
1836, his father built and occupied for a short time a Trading Post
on the Lemonweir, near the present residence of Mr Peter Arntz.

Settlimbnt of JuNKAr COUNTT.

87S

Frank afterwanls lived near Fort Winn-lugo, then at Provonsiil'^
Eddy, in Columbia County, about four miles below Newport;
but (luring the last ten or twelve years prdv-oua to his death, he
lived with his family at Pete- en- Well,* at which place be owned
and run the ferry across the Wisconsin river. Frank was prob-
ably about one-quarter Indian, a man of no education, possess-
ing many of the imperfections of human nature incident to his
eaily life and surroundings; but was a much belter man and
citizen than many who possessed superior advantages in these
respects.

In the winter of 1835-36, Alva Culver, a man by the name of
Bernard, and one or two other men from Helena, got out a raft
of square timber at the Dells, and along near the mouth of the
Lemonweir river, for Government buildings at Fort Winnebi^o.
Lumber operations had already commenced at the Whitney Rap-
ids, higher up the river, in the present County of Wood.

In the year 183.5, the steamboat Frontier, Captain D. S. Harris,
made a trip up the Wisconsin as high as the Delis, but did not
attempt to pa^s through. Steamboats continued to make occa-
sional trips as high as the Dells fur some years afterwards. In
1850, the Enterprise, Captain Gilbert, reached the Dells, tied up
in the eddy over night, and the next morning continued on
tbrouj^h the Dells, and a* high up the river as Point Rausse. The
same boat afterwards made two or three trips to the same point.

For several years, before the railroad reached Kilbourn City,
John B. Du Bay kept a kee!-boat on the river a considerable por-
tion of the time, carrying freight from Portage City to Point
Bausse Owing, however, to the swiftness of the current in the
Dellsinhigh water, and the numerous sand-bars in the river above
and below that point, in low water, the navigation of the WJseon-
sin above Portage was always both uncertain and expensive, and
the charges for freight, seventy-five cents per hundred, alone jus-
tified ihe expense of navigation.

The first permanent settlement in the County was made in the
month of October or November in the year 1838. At the time

!I It Dau NoCFilub, and ni

tu, or Ffii. mi. (.

nilf printed on pigc 3

876 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

mentioned, Amasa Wilson, C. B. Smith, and R V. Allen made a
location in company, and built a shanty at the Dells Eddy, for the
purpose of getting out square timber, for the lower river market
The shanty stood on the rise of ground at the foot of the Dells,
where the house of Mr. Allen now stands, and where he has con-
tinued to live since the date of his first settlement. Mr. Allen
can, therefore, justly claim the honor of being the first and oldest
permanent resident in Juneau County.

In the spring following, the timber got out was rafted, and run
out of the river, and sold at Galena. The next winter the same
parties again worked in company in getting out timber at the
same place.

These two winters' operations, together with that of Mr. Culver,
about exhausted the small amount of pine timber growing in that
part of the County.

Mr. Allen continuing to make his home at the Dells Eddy,
turned bis attention to piloting rafts through the Dells in high
stages of water, and his house remained for several years the only
sign of civilization between Point Bausse and Fort Winnebago
(Portage City), except Grignon's Trading Post, a distance of sev-
enty-five miles by the river, and became a very prominent stop-
ping place for the raftsmen on their annual trips down the river.

As previously mentioned, lumber operations had commenced
on the Wisconsin river, above the Dells, before the settlement
there by Mr. Allen. The navigation of the river with rafts of
lumber, in seasons of low water, was extremely difficult and
tedious, at times requiring several months to make the trip.

D iring the spring freshet of 1840, a Mr. Barnes left Point
Bausse with a fieet of lumber for the Mississippi market About
the first of June following, he reached the foot of the Dells ; and
from the length of time consumed in reaching this point, he became
satisfied that the greater part of the season would be required in
making the trip to the mouth of the river. At this time, owing
to the limited number of settlers along the river, it was very diffi-
cult, if not in fact impossible, to procure the necessary supply of
provisions for a crew on a trip of any considerable length ; and
for the purpose of supplying, in part, any deficiency* that might

Skttlkment of Junbau County. 877

arise ia that respeot, he planted a patch of potatoes near the
Dells^ £ddy. Starting again with his rafts on the downward trip,
he met with the same delay below the Dells thai he had above ;
and in consequence of the continued low stage of the water in
the river, he did not reach Sauk Prairie, a distance of less than
sixty miles from the Dells by the river, until late in the month of
August His provisions becoming about exhausted, he concluded
to draw on his potato patch for supplies, and taking his crew, he
accordingly started across the country, on the west side of the
river, for the Dells. Finding a fine crop of potatoes, he loaded
his men, and returned again to his rafts. Continuing on down the
river with his rafts, he reached St Louis late in the month of
October.

After disposing of their timber in the spring of 1840, Messrs.
Smith and Wilson, leaving Mr. Allen in possession of the shanty
and claim previously mentioned, at the foot of the Dells, made a
claim in Sauk County, about two miles below the present village
of Newport But remaining on the Sauk County claim only a
couple of years, they returned again to the present County of
Juneau, in the fall of 1842 ; logged on the Lemonweir river the
following winter, and in the spring of 1843 drove the logs down
the river, and boomed them at the site of the present village of
New Lisbon. Here they made a permanent location, and com-
menced the erection of a saw mill, and other necessary improve-
ments for the lumber business. The mill was completed and put
in operation the same season.

In the spring of 1846, J. H. Findlay and Wm. Armstrong came
up from Portage City, and contracted to run Messrs. Smith and
Wilson's mill by the thousand ; but they afterwards bought the
property, agreeing to make certain annual payments for the logs,
mill and other improvements; but failing to meet the payments as
they became due, the mill and other property again reverted to
the original proprietors. Mr. Wilson subsequently became sole
owner of the property by purchase, and is one of the original
proprietors of the village of New Lisbon, where he still resides.

Mr. Smith removed to Portage City in the Fall of 1846, or the

Spring of '47, where he became a prominent njerohant, and
25 — St. His. Soc.

878 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

continued to live there up to the time of his death, which occurred
in 1855. Mr. Armstrong also returned to the same place, where
he still resides. Mr. Findlaj subsequently settled on a claim
near the mill, and remained in that neighborhood until the year
1851 or '52, when he removed to the Black river country, and set-
tled in the present County of Clark.

In 1846, or 1847, Andrew Dunn, then living in Portage City,
made a location on the Lemonweir river, in the present town of
Clearfield, and commenced the erection of a saw-mill and other
necessary improvements, preparatory to engaging in the lumber
business. Men were employed to build the mill, and after it was
completed they tried to hold it, and claim it in their own
right But this course not suiting the views of Mr. Dunn, be
came up from Portage City with a crew of men, and took forcible
possession of the premises. Mr. Dunn continuing to live in Port-
age City with his family, employed D. L. Ward and Harris Searles
to run his mill on the Lemonweir, who continued to live there un-
til 1850, when they both located and built mills on the Yellow
river, in the present County of Wood. Ward afterwards removed
to Kansas, and Searles removed to Weston's Rapids on Black
River, and subsequently to Augusta, in the County of Eau Claire,
where he recently died.

Andrew Scott and Thomas Buckley came into the Lemonweir
Valley in the Fall of 1847, logged for Mr. Dunn three or four
years, then bought the mill, and run it for several years on their
own account Mr. Scott now lives in the town of New Lisbon,
and Mr. Buckley in the town of Clearfield.

The first settlement in the latter town, for other than lumber
purposes, was made in the year 1854. John Sandford, recently
deceased, was one of the oldest settlers in the town.

Andrew Dunn was of Irish nativity, came to America when
quite young, and settled near Dodgeville in the county of Iowa,
when Wisconsin was yet under the jurisdiction of Michigan. He
was engaged in the mining business for some time, and afterwards
became interested in lumber operations on Mill Creek, in the
present County of Portage, sold out his interest there, settled
his family at Portage City, and engaged in the lumber busi-

Sbttlbmbnt of Juneau County. 879

ness OD the Lemonweir, as before stated. Subsequently bought
an interest with Mr. Wilson in the mill and water power at Now
Lisbon, removed his family to that place, and became prominently
identified with the County, both in business and |>olitics. Mr.
Dunn in energy, both in busine^ and political matters, was very
much above the average of men ; and at the time of his death,
which occurred a few years since, was widely known through the
State, and as widely respected.

After the settlement within the present limits of the town of Lis-
bon, by Messrs. Smith and Wilson, in the years 1842 and 1848,
no farther improvements appear to have been made in the town
until the year 1850, although other settlers made locations within
a few miles, bat in territory now embraced within other towns.
In this year George Ilinton, Peter Webster and W. J. Webster
made locations in the town, and were the first settlers there
who came for other than the lumber business. The next year,
1851, Erastus Emmons made a location within the present limits
of the village. In 1852, S. D. McComber, 11. hL McCombcr, M.
C. Kenyon, J. A. Chase, G. Ilerniman, and W. Ilerniman also
located in the town, and but a short distance outside the present
corporate limits of the village ; and from this time the Lemonweir
Valley began to attract considerable attention for agricultural pur-
poses, particularly that portion of the Valley lying south and west
of the river.

Like the pioneers in all new countries, cbese early settlers bad
to depend main!? for their supply of provisions, Aca, on the older
settled portions of the State, and were happy and contented with
the bare neee^sgarie^ of life. Boads bad to be c^in0tructe<rl, sc^iools
and cb-i.'Trfje^ h&d v> be orgaoi;/^!; but it is still a quesstion
whether iLev did &ot, under all these faardsfiifjs, enjoy themselves
fallv as weJl &^ iV-*rv tjow do with all the lat^r evidences of civi]:-
zation sirro-id.r,;? ibefji.

Up to :jLls'M;xi.%. rj*ritJier law offices nor lavryerj- bad made laeir
appfaraoo*; \'^ \'Jt Valley : aijo ovns^^ceoi'y wijen o:.e Leighbor
bad a::iT d:f>;'.:/.v wito avxuer. tiie ujxV/tt was vrtt.eri ir. an

a>«««=-^^°"'""

° ""'tJ to ^» T^S., W5S, V.y tV,e Board ,

'' «»eJ *P" oi ,\.i* CoMty Iha Mrrilor
'p „lj »' -'^'"'°' tJ.MW Co^.y then km.

T°....-Tto» »";.... ta»?i* „otlbol*= SOI* lin"»f«

, ol ibe Lemo»«eiT rivtt. M

id <•>' j^, tte mms o! Sew Liib*

u no*

" A tow" - ™

nil? ..-,„n»'° ;, \ V

,s be\d tlie si

M,ri.>il»?' «" ^jter lo«» »lfi«"> "•"

iweir, who contin

__nled and bailt mills .esubVisW i^*"*!

■=^o£ Wood. Ward atterwarunipfe'"? '"* ''JJ

"'Ved to Weston's Rapids oi'A^ ^^^''^"^ ,pj

tusta, in the Coant/ of Eau 01^' '^ '. ^^s

Mey came into the Lemoo"*^

' several years i

^i

town of New List^*^^^

lua»^^.
SaodEord, receH
town,
to America wP
le county of Io^|^'
Michigan. ^^^
le, andatlerwarc^-^^
Creek, io t1^^
It there, aettleC^
lumber busi"

Settlement op Juneau County. 381

In the following year, 1856, the post office was removed to the
village, but retained for some time afterwards the original name
of Mill Haven. L. Van Slyke was the postmaster after the re-
moval, la the same year, the New Lisbon Republican newspaper,
was established. R. B. Rice, editor. This paper was continued
Bubseqently under different editors, Mr. Bright and Mr. Wellsi
both now dead, until it finally took the name of the Juneau
County Artjus^ M. F. Carney, publisher, which it yet retains.
During 1856, a Methodist church and Sunday school were organi-
zed in the village, Rev. John Bean, pastor. This was the first
church organization in the place. Others, however, soon fol-
lowed. The succeeding year, 1857, a district school was organi-
zed in the village, H. Tj'ler, teacher.

The village of New Lisbon was incorporated by act of the Leg-
islature, in the winter of 1869 and 70. The first election under
the charter was held in the spring of the latter year, at which
election E. C. Sage was elected President of the village.

Of the early settlers mentioned, Erastus Emmons died some
years since. The present residence of W. J. Webster, A. P.
Ayres, Rev. Mr. Knapp, Rev. John Bean and II. Tyler is not
known to the writer. Peter Webster now lives near the village of
Sparta: Ephraim Kingsbury, in Kansas; L. Van Slyke, at Has-
tings, Minnesota; W. P. Carr, in Dakota; W. B. Surdam, in
Monroe County ; R. B. Rice is connected with a paper at Lancas-
ter, in this State. All the others mentioned are prominent in the
community, and still living in the village of New Lisbon or in that
vicinity.

As heretofore stated, Andrew Dunn built a saw-mill in the
present town of Clearfield, in the year 1816 or '47 — the latter
year is probably the correct date. It was situated on the Lem-
onweir river, about four miles above the village of New Lisbon.
The next year Hugh McFarlane, of Portage City, went into com-
pany with Mr. Dunn in the lumber business on the Lemonweir,
and a second mill, called the shore mill, was built on the same
dam with the former. Both these mills were put in charge of
Messrs. Searles and Ward, previously mentioned, and operated by
them for the owners for two or three years, and were then leased

382 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

to Messrs. Scott and Buckley, who subsequently purchased the
mills and other improvements, and continued the manufacturing
of lumber for some years, and until the pine became scarce on the
stream, or was purchased by other parties owning mills lower
down on the river. Those mills have since been suffered to stand
idle ; and there are now but few signs of either mill or other im-
provements on the premises, except a small portion of the dam on
the north bank of the river.

The territory comprising the town of Clearfield, was originally
a part of the town of New Lisbon, since changed to Lisbon.

The town of Fountain was also a part of the original town of
New Lisbon, but was subsequently organized into a new town
under the name of Fountain, by order of the Board of Supervi-
sors of Adams County, November 1 6th, 1855. This town, at the
date of its organization, was composed of townships sixteen and
seventeen, range two east. The first settlement made in Foun-
tain was by Abijah Ayres, in the year 1844. He subsequently
sold the claim to Joel Bogart, who settled in the town in the
month of May, 1848. Mr. Bogart still lives in the town, and now
owns the land covered by the Ayres claim.

R. J. Clark followed next, and settled in Fountain the following
year, 1849, and built the house afterwards known as "Clark's
Tavern." He still lives in the town. John Parks made a settle-
ment in Fountain the same year. But few settlements were
aflerwards made in the town until the years 1852 and '53, when
emigration to the Lemonweir Valley greatly increased. Of this
emigration, it is fair to infer that Fountain received its full share,
from the fact that the town was divided, by order of the County
Board, and the town of Orange organized, to take effect April 1,
1857. The town of Orange is comprised of township seventeen,
range two, east.

Town of Wonewoc. As usual in this section of the State, the
lumbermen were the pioneers of civilization in this town. As
early as the winter of 1842-43, the loggers had made their ex-
plorations up the Baraboo as far as the present village of Wone-
woc ; but no permanent settlement was made in the town until
1850. In the month of September of this year, Ross Phillips

SkTTLBMENT of JuNEAEJ COLfNTT. 383

and John Qmol made claims on the middle branch of the Barii-
boo, on what is now known as Millard's Prairie. The former
located hie family on his claim in the month of October follow-
ing ; but Mr. Grant's family did not reach their future home until
the month of March. 1851. This was the first aettlemetit od the
Baraboo, above what was then known as Babbs Prairie, near the
present village of ReeJsbarg. A settlement had, however, been
made on the Little Baraboo, at the present village of Ironton.

Edward and George Willard had been engaged in logging on
the Baraboo, in the south part of the town, for several years pre-
Tious to this date : but no permanent settlement was made in the
town until the fall of 1851 or spring of '52. Other settlers sono
followed, and within a short time all the desirable locations In the
Talley were occupied.

As usual, the settlers had to suffer all the privations and hard-
ehipa incident to the settlement of a new country. The only road
waa along the valley of the Baraboo river, and as this was only
intended for the winter's use by the loggers, it was found, at other
seasons of the year, nearly impassable. They had neither schools,
churches, nor mails ; and to add to their difficulties, the crop put
in by the settlers in the spring of '51, proved an entire failure:
But still they were not discouraged. The soil was good, every
Talley had in it a brook of pure and sparkling water. (AH the
elements of natural wealth existed in the country, and time alone
was required for its development. Game was plenty in the sur-
lonodiog hills, and wild honey could be procured in almost any
desired quantity. As an instance of the abundance of this latter
article, it may not be out of place to state, that Zach. Sheldon
oame up from Port;ige City in the fall of ISol, and at the end of
a four weeks' bee hunt, took home eight barrels of strained honey.)

The year 1852 w.t3 a year of abundance to the settler. Every
thing planted in the ground yielded a bountiful harvest. The
time of scarcity and want had passed, and all things looked bright
and hopeful tor the future.

Boss Phillips was from Michigan, and at the time of his settle-
ment was forty years old John Grant is a native of England,
first settled in the State of New York, and removed thence to

884 Wisconsin Stam Historical Society.

WiscoQsio, and at the date of his settlement iu this Coantj, was
forty-one years of age. Both had large families. None of the
former family are now hera Nearly all of Mr. Grant's family
still live in the County, and near their early homa The Willards
were from Vermont. The town of Wonewoc was organized by
order of the County Board of Adams County, Novemt)er ISth,
1866.

Town of Plymouth. In the month of March, 1861, Thomas
Brown and Thomas Riddle made the first claim and settlement in
the present town of Plymouth. About two months later, D. M.
Fowler, R A. Fowler, John H. Fowler, and Daniel Fowler made
claims, and settled in the same neighborhood, and on what has
since been known as Fowler s Prairia The land was surveyed
by the Government the same year. In the winter of 1851 and
'62, there were eight families living in this settlement A district
school was organized the following year, 1852, Miss Emily Fowler
teacher. There has been a school in this district two terms each
year from the date of the organization of the district up to the
present time.

In the year 1852, a public road was laid out from Fowler's
Corners to the Stewart settlement, in the present town of Lindina.
The only outlet by road previous to this date, was down the Val-
ley of the Baraboo. From this time forward, the town settled up
more rapidly. November 16th, 1854, the town of Plymouth was
established, by order of the Board of Supervisors of Adams
County ; and soon after organized, by the election of all the ne-
cessary town officers.

In 1856, J. M. Brintnall built a saw mill on the Baraboo, at the
east end of the prairie ; and the year following, 1857, a mail route
and post office were established, R A. Fowler postmaster.
Weekly communication was now opened with the rest of the
world. Other roads were laid out and constructed to the sur-
rounding settlements, and all things indicated prosperity and
plenty. At length another great want of the settlers was accom-
plished in the year 1860 — Messrs. James and John Hutchinson
building a grist mill in the town, and thus laid the nucleus around
which has since sprung up the present flourishing village of Elroy.

SnTLEMKNT OF JUNEAU CJOUNTT. S85

In the winter of 1833-89, John De La Ronde and Judge Silas
Walsworth, both at that time engaged in trading with the Indians,
and living at or near Fort Winnebago, hired a small crew of men,
and proceeded to get out square timber on the Lemonweir river,
a few miles above its mouth. After the timber was disposed of
the ensuing spring. La Ronde returned to the Lemonweir, and
built a Trading Post on the site of the present village of Maus-
ton. This was the 6rst settlement or improvement made by the
white man at that point, even for a temporary purpo:?e. At that
time, La Ronde had in his employ a young Canadian, by the name
of Norbert St. Germaine, who was left in charge of the Trading
Post, when completed, during the remainder of that season, and
the greater part of the next

This was the only settlement made at the point mentioned un-
til the year 1842. In the summer of this year, J. B. McNeil,
and two men named Elmore and McAIiscer, after making an
exploration of the river, and finding sufficient pine timber on
the stream to justify it, entered into a co-partnership to carry
on the lumber business. Accordingly, procuring the necessary
crew of men, and a supply of provisions. &e., they commenced
the erection of a dam and mill, which were completed ; and the
mill put in operation early the ensuing season. After running
the mill and lumber business in company for three yeara, McNeil
and McAlister sold out their interest in the claim and improve-
ments to Joseph Hewlett. The company now consisted of Hew-
lett and Elmore ; but the latter dying two or three years subse-
quent to the purchase by Hewlett, and not having any relations
in the country, Mr. Hewlett became sole owner of the property,
and C3ntinued in the business in his own name until the time of
his death, which occurred in the year 1848, or 1840.

During the time Hewlett was operating the mill, he becntne con-
nected in the lumber business with Gen. M. M. Maughs, of ruiluna,
111., and at the time of Hewlett's death, Gen. Maughs came into
full possession of the mill property and other improvements, and
subsequently became the proprietor of the original villrigo of
Mauston — the village taking the name of the proprietor.

After taking possesion of the mill and premises, Gen. Maughs

386 Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

left his brother, Nicholas Maughs, in charge, who cnrried on the
business for his brother until the year 1850 or 1851, at which time
the General moved up from Galena with his faoiily, and took per-
sonal charge of the business, until the date of his death, February
18, 1863. Gen. Maughs was a man widely known, and was uni-
versally respected for his worth and integrity. In his death our
County lost one of its earliest and best citizens.

Mr. Hewlett was one of the earliest pioneers in the Upper Mis-
sissippi country. Making his home within the limits of the pres-
ent State of Wisconsin in the year 1819, he saw our territory in
the wild beauty of nature, and lived to s^e Wisconsin the peer of
many of her sister States. He was a man of a very quiet and
unassuming disposition; indifferent, apparently, to exposure and
danger; but possessing in a high degree that perseverance and
resolution so common to the early western pioneers.

McNeil was one of those jovial men, eminently social in his
disposition and habits, which led him into a course of life that in
after years he was unable to control After selling out his in-
terest in the mill on the Lemonweir to Mr. Hewlett, he floated
around from place to place, on the Upper Wisconsin and its trib-
utaries, without any fixed location or apparent idea of a permanent
business; and at the breaking out of the rebellion, he enlisted in
the Union army, and died in one of the Southern prisons.

In the fall of 1836, St Germaine, then in his sixteenth year,
hired out in Canada as a packer to the American Fur Company ;
made his way to the then Territory of Wisconsin, by the way of
Lake Superior; was sent South the same fall with a party of trad-
ers, and passed the ensuing winter on the east fork of Black river,
in the present County of Clark. In the fall of 1837, he left the
Fur Company, and was engaged the following winter by Messrs.
Perry and Vecder, on Mill Creek, in the present County of Port-
age. After working for Messrs. La Ronde and Walsworth. as be-
fore stated, he ao^ain went to work for the Fur Company ; remai ned
with them for several years, first as packer, and afterwards as a
trader with the Indians. Leaving their employ, he made his
home for some time at Fort Winnebago and Portage City, and
finally, in 1851, located at Necedah, in this County, where he

Settlkmknt of Juseau Couhtt.

387

still conCinuej to live. St. G-ermaine is a practical river-man ; and
daring the time he has lived at XeceJah, has turned his attention,
during the rafting season, to running lumber on the WiscoDsin
and Aliaiiissippi rivers.

Until the incorporation of Mansion, the village was included
within the limits of the town of Lindina. The village was sur*
veyed and platted July 16, 1854 ; and incorporated in April,
1860, John C. Webster, living at present in the town of Lemon-
weir, was an early settler in Mauston. Also William Stewart,
, still living three or four miles out of the village. And Martin
Gray was another early settler; but the date of the settlement of
these men, the writer has been unable to ascertain. Mr. Gray
died several years gince; and was, at the time of his death, a very
prominent man in business and politics. He was also proprietor
of a very important addition to the village of Mauston.

At the annual meeting of 'the Board of Supervisors of Adams
County, November 14, 1854, the town of Lindina was represented
in the Board : but no date of the esublisbment or organization of
the town appears on the records. But the boundaries of the town
are described in the Journal of Proceedings, on the 16th, during
the same session.

The first number of the Mauston -Scar, D. McBride, editor, was
issued June 10, 1857. After publishing the paper one year, Mr.
McBride sold out bis interest to Messrs. B. E. Steveus and John
Turner. After publishing the paper another year in company,
Stevens sold out his interest to Mr. Turner, who has ever since
continued the paper, and is now its sole proprietor. Mr. McBride
subsequently removed to Sparta, in Monroe County, where heatill
remains, and commenced the publication of the Sparta Herald,
which he still continues.

The original town of Lemonweir included within its bounda-
ries, all the south part of Juneau County, and was one of only
two towns on the west side of the Wisconsin, represented in the
first meeting of the County Board of .Supervisors of Adams
County, April 12, 1863 — the Lemonweir river running in a south
easterly direction nearly through the center of the town.

The first settlement within the limits of the present town of

888 Wisconsin State Historigal Soomty.

Lemonweir was mide by John Gregory, Auga^t 8, 1849. It was
made oq Spring Creek, in the west part of the town. Later in
the same year, Paal Mooney made a location in the southeast
part of the town. In the following year, 1850, John McNown,
John Smith, Wm. McOallum, E. Gr. Shute, Wm. Crane, and
Charles Minchian made settlements in the town; and several others
also made claims the same year. In the latter part of that year,
the town began to settle up more rapidly ; and within three 3^ears
from that lime, nearly all the best localities were t iken up.

John Gregory is a native of England ; Mooney of Ireland ;
McCallum of Pennsylvania; Crane of Canada; and Shute of
Massachuietts. The latter made his first settlement in Wisconsin
in 1842. John McNown whs a native of the Isle of Man : emi-
grated fii-st to Canada, and afterwards to Wisconsin. He contin-
ued to live in the town of Lemonweir, on the land covered bv his
original claim, until the breaking out of the late rebellion, when
he enlisted in the 16tli Reg. Wis. Vol. Infantry, and with many
other good and noble men, laid down his life for his adopted
country, lie was killed at the battle of Shiloh. His family still
live on the old farm.

John Smith came to Lemonwier Valley in the year 1845, when
quite a young man ; and was engaged at work in the lumber busi-
ness for several years previous to his pettlement in the town of
Lemonweir. All the pjrsons named, with the single exception
mentioned, continue to live on the land covered by their original
claims.

Town of Lyndon. After the settlement of R. V. Allen, at the
foot of the Dells, in the fall of 1888, as previously mentioned,
Charles Clemence app<;ars to have been the next settler, in Lyn-
don, locating in the town in 1850. After Clemence, came
Ephraim Kingsbury, about the year 1852. He, however, sold
out the following year to Lyman Dickens, and made a new loca-
tion and settlement in the town of New Lisbon. No farther set-
tlement appears to have been made in this town, until the year
1854. In that year, Charles Leach, Cornelius Collins, and David
Truell made locations. Other settlers soon followed ; and within
a short time, the comfortable farm house could be here and there
met with, surrounded by all the evidences of peace and plenty.

Sbttlbmknt of Junkau CountyT 889

Some of these early settlers afterwards became quite promiDent
in the political and business affairs of the County. Mr. Leach
served one term as County Treasurer, subsequently removed to
the village of New Lisbon, and engaged in the mercantile busi-
ness; and died at that place a few years since, universally
respected in the County for his business qualities and integrity.
Mr. Truell was elected Register of Deeds — holding the office for
two years; in 1877 he served a term in the Legislature, and still
continues to live on his farm in the town of Lyndon.

Charles Clemence appears to have been of a roving, restless
disposition, living mostly by hunting and trapping. At the
breaking out of the rebellion, he enlisted in the Union army,
and served throughout the war as a sharp-shooter, in which he is
reported to have done very efficient service. At the close of the
war, he returned to his old home in Juneau County; but finding
the occupation of his choice rather restricted in this part of the
State, he left for the wilds of the Lake Superior country, and
again made his home on the extreme borders of civilization.

The town of Lyndon was set off from the town of Kildare, and
organized at the annual meeting of the Board of Supervisors of
Juneau County, November, 1857.

In the proceedings of the Board of Supervisors of Adams
County, at the annual meeting held at Quincy, November 16th,
1853, the followino; order was passed : ** That all of that part of
township fifteen, range five, east, south from a line running east
to the Wisconsin river, from the southwest corner of section nine-
teen, township sixteen, range four, east, shall constitute the town
of Almira. The first meeting in said town, to be held at the
house of Jacob Rogers."

But as this town is not again mentioned in any of the subset
quent proceedings of the County Board, it is but reasonable to
infer, that the town of Almira was never fully organized by the
election of town officers. And in fact this town could not well
be organized, with the boundaries so indefinitely described.

The town of Waucedah,* was organized at the session dated
November 16, 1854 ; but after the division of Adams County,

* Wau-ce-dah means large piae, or what the lambermen term " pumpkin pine.'*

890 Wisconsin State Histobioal Socibty.

and the organization of Janeau, this town organization seems to
have been abolished, and the territory composing it divided be-
tween the present towns of Marion and Kildare.

The town of Marion, lying north and east of the town of
Lemonweir, was settled first by John Mason, in the year 1851.
This settlement was made on the Lemonweir prairie. About the
same time, a Mr. Brandebury made his home with Mason, and
took up a claim in the near vicinity; but erected no substantial
improvements. Dow Clute made a location in the town in the
year 1852 or 53 ; and John and Jacob Tolls followed, about the
year 1854. No date of the organization of the town has been
obtained.

Town of Kildare. Henry Carpenter, living at Portage City,
and a man by the name of Eandall, were engaged in the logging
and lumber business on the Lemonweir; and, in the year 1849,
commenced the erection of a saw-mill on that stream, in the pres-
ent town of Kildare. The mill was completed early in the fol-
lowing year; but after running it one season, they sold out their
claim and mill to Jacob Eogers, who continued to operate the
mill for some years afterward. Pine timber becoming scarce on
the river, the lumber busmess at that point was subsequently
abandoned.

Peter Arntz made a location in the town, and built a steam saw
mill on the Lemonweir, two or three miles from the mouth, in the
year 1852. lie also abandoned the lumber business after a few
years. A year or two previous to the settlement of Mr. Arntz,
Frank Webster and George Walker made a location in this town,
on the Wisconsin river, at the foot of the Big Dells.

Jacob Rogers at one time took quite an active part in the poli-
tics of the County, and was elected County Treasurer for one
term. He subsequently removed to the village of New Lisbon ;
but some years since left the State, and now lives in Iowa, a few
miles west of Dubuque. Mr. Arntz has also been quite a promi-
nent man in County affairs, and has several times been elected to
represent his town in the County Board.

In 1849, William Green emigrated to Wisconsin, and made his
home during the season with a Mr. Mackay, in the town of Del-

Skttlbmkn? or Juheaii ConsTr. 891

loDft, near the north line of Saak County. During that season,
he made a temporary location in the town of Seven Mile Creek,
in this County. No permanent settlement, huwever, was made in
this town, until a couple of years subsequently. In 1851, the only
settlera in the town, as now organized, were William Taylor,
Chauncey B, Strong, David Henry, Adam Stulln and Alonzo
Andrews. Mr. Taylor made his settlement in this year ; but it
is not certain whether any of the others preceded him.

At the session of the Legislature of 1649, all of township fif-
teen, and the south half of township fourteen, extending from the
west line of the present County of Juneau, east to the Wisconsin
river, were attached to the County of Sauk, and so remained
until the session of 1S53. This nine mile strip in width north
and south, included nearly all the settlements, at that time, in the
Lemonweir Valley.

The first election of officera in that district of country, was
held at Delton, Sauk County, io 1851 ; when Cbauncey B. Strong
was elected Justice of the Peace — and was the first Justice
serving io that Valley, and probably in what was afterwards
JuDeau County. At this period, the whole of the district of
ODUDtiy mentioned, was organized into a single town — Lemon-
veir.

Daring the succeeding year or two, the country settled op quite
rapidly. Among the earliest settlers after 1851, were L. E. Saxton,
C, W. Fosbinder, James Ileavey, a Mr. McEntee, Patrick SmilL,
Robert Doyle, Patrick Moylan, John FerguaoD, David Hawes, M,
Mullooey, a Mr. Looney, Thomas Hyde, John and Michael Pow-
ers, a Mr. Rogers, James Welch, and Nicholas Brown. Themoet
of the locations mentioned are now included within the boundaries
of the preseDt town of Seven Mile Creek; the remainder within
the towns of Lyndon and Summit, since organized.

The next election held within the district of country mentioned,
was in the Stewart settlement, in the present town of Lin-
diaa. At this election, Fosbinder and Heavey were chosen mem-
bers of the Town Board ; but who the other was is not remembered.
Mr. Taylor at the same time was elected Town Clerk and Asses-
sor. Big aeseesmeat district at this period included tbe present

892 Wisconsin State Histobigal Sooiett.

towns of Kildare, Summit, Lemonweir, Sevea Mile Creek, and a
part of Lindina. '

The only main road leadina; to or from this district of
country, was the one cut out by the early loggers on the Lemon-
weir. This road crossed the Wisconsin at Newport, and followed
along the valleys, avoiding as much as possible the swamps and
other natural obstructions, without any particular reference to
shortening the distance. But as the settlements increased, and the
people became more able, this inconvenience was remedied.
Good roads, on the most direct routes to the different settlements,
were opened up. A State road was also laid out and opened, lead-
ing west through the County, by way of the villages of Mauston
and New Lisbon, and was continued on, by other settlements and
counties, to the Mississippi river. The "old Troy coach "soon
made its appearance on this road, and continued its regular trips
until superceded by the Milwaukee and La Crosse road, in 1857.

Nor was it long before the settlers began to turn their atten-
tion to the organization of churches and schools, in different parts
of the town. The first school-house in Seven Mile Creek was
built near the house of Joseph Beadle, an early settler in the town.
The next was built near the house of Mr. Taylor. — Miss Cath-
erine Taylor, teacher. A church was the next thing needed. Ac-
conlingly, Taylor, Ileavey, Green, McGowen, and Smith, com-
menced building a log church. But when it was completed, they
had no priest nearer than Sauk City, a distance of about forty
miles. Without any great difficulty, arrangements were made
with Father Gardner, a German priest there, to make them occa-
sional visits. The next priest was Father Stepley, and afterwards
Father O'Neil Montague.

Mulloney and Looney both met with accidental deaths some
years ago. Nearly all the other settlers mentioned are still living
on or near their first locations. Several of them have taken active
parts in the affairs of the County. Messrs. Taylor, Green, and
Michael Powers, have several times represented their town on the
County Board. Mr. Hyde has filled the office of Sheriff and
County Treasurer for several terms; and Mr. Fosbinder has held
'the office of Clerk of the Circuit Court for two or three termg.

Settlement of Juneau County. 893

The town of Seven Mile Creek was organized by the Board of
Supervisors of Adams County, November 16, 1855.

The town of Summit, as appears from the records of Adams
County, was organized on the 15th day of November, 1855 ; the
first town meeting to be held at the house of Alexander Noble.
The boundaries of the new town included the homes uf Saxton,
Fosbindcr, and others of the above mentioned settlers; also several
who had come in about the same time, and before the date of
organization. Ellas Kingsley, C. Blish, and Alexander Noble^
came in 1852 or o3 ; J. B. Potter and H. F. Potter and Philo
Sterling, in 1854; Peter Sterling, in 1855; and XL D. and E. T.
Boyington, in 1856.

At the first town meeting after the organization, Saxton was
elected chairman of the Town Board, and J. B. Potter, Clerk. At
the date of the organization, there were no churches nor organized
school districts in the town. The Potter district, afterwards
known as district No. 3, was the first organized, in the year
1855, — Miss Sterling, daughter of Peter Sterling — now Mra
Charles HuflF, of Wonewoc — teacher. And the old settlers still
delight in speaking of it as a good school, if not the best, ever
taught in the district, although the wages paid were only one
dollar a week, she boarding herself.

Koads were laid out and opened, putting this town in commu-
nication with Mauston and Beedsburg, in the year 1854

The first settlement was made in the town of Germantown in
the year 1848, for T. Weaton & Co., by two young men in their
-employ, by the name of Uriah Hill and Usal V. Jeffreys. The
shantits and other improvements were situated on the present
site of the village of Germantown. In the spring of 1851, Weston
•& Co. sold all that part of their claim lying south of the house
now owned and occupied by Wm. Hughes, to Walter B. Gage
and Jacob Gundlach, but recently from the Lead Mines in the
south part of the State. The land was purchased from the Gov-
ernment in the fall of 1852; and a year or two subsequently Messrs.
Gage and Gundlach laid out and platted the village of German-
town. Philip Runkle locaied in the same year, 1852 ; and his
brothers, Frederick and Henry Bunkle, followed soon after.
26 — Bt. His. Soc.

394 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

WilTam Hughes and Stephen Davenport were early settlers in
the town. A considerable number of Germans, besides the Run-
kle?, also located in and near the village, both before and after
it was laid out The town was organized March 22d, 185-3.

In the month of March of the following year, 1856, John Werner,
Jr., removed from Necedah, and made a location at the present
village of Werner, in German town, and subsequently became the
original proprietor of the village. The next year Wm. Williams
and D. R. W. Williams left the place above, where they owned
mills on the Yellow river, in the present County of Wood,
bought an interest from Mr. Werner, and erected a saw mill at
that place. This mill and the improvements connected with it,
have several times changed hands, first to D. R Williams, the
uncle of William andD. R. W. Williams, next to E. D. Wightman
& Co., and are now owned and occupied b}"" McQueen, Davis & Co.

In the fall of 1858, and spring of '59, Werner built a saw-mill
a short distance below the village of Werner, on the Yellow
river; and, in the fall of 1860, sold out his interest in it to Messrs.
Reed and Arnold, by the latter of whom it is now owned and
operated. In October of the same year, Werner sold out his inter-
est in the village to E. D. Wightman & Co., and removed to Prairie
du Sac, where he still lives. Bvit few of the earlv settlers now
live in the town, several having died, while others have left that
vicinity and settled in different parts of the country, and in other
States.

Jacob Gundlach still remains in the town, but some two or three
miles from the village. He is now quite aged, and has lived in
Wisconsin about forty years. He was among the first, if not the
first, native German settler in the territory of Wisconsin, and has
always been known as a man of strict honesty and integrity, and
hence may have originated the old saying in this country, ** us
honest as a Daichman,^^ *

In the spring of 1851, Michael Banficld and Frank Callen, in
company, made the first settlement in the town of Armenia.
Their location was made near Cranberry creek, on the road lead-
ing from Necedah up the Yellow river. Their object was to keep

* Since the above was written, Mr. Gnndlach has pasBcd away.

Settlement of Ji'neau Cocnty.

tarern. Neilher of thera was married, and conseqaently they bad
to be both landlord and cook. This, together with a kind of
reckless way of doine; business, soon caused the balance to show
on the wrong side, and consequently they were unable to continua
the bnsintss, and soon sold out to Dr. Bronson. The Doctor un-
dertook to add music to the otber attractions of hia house to win
customers; but unfortunately found that although the soft strains
of the fiddle might "sootiie the savage breast," the lurabermea
traveling the road required more substantial food ; and he; tot^
was compelled to seek some other branch of business.

In the summer of 1852, Nathaniel Crosby took posaesaon of
the premises, and kept the house until the spring of 1854, wbea
be sold out to Miles Diistan, who continued to keep the house
for some years; but be finally sold out and removed to Bar-
&boo, at which place he died some years since. James Johnson,
a native of Norway, settled in the town in 1853 ; Jesje D. ijearles
and Joseph Hewett came in 1855; and E. C. Bullis and A. P.
Richer the following year. From this date the town settled up
more rapidly. But from the nature of the soil, and poor encour-
agement for farming, the population has consiJenibly decreoseci'
within the past few years.

In the fall of 1843, Esq. Rice and the writer, both at that time-
.living near the Grand Rapids, arranged to go on a hunting aod
exploring expedition down the Wisconsin river. The principal
object of the expedition was to obtain a better knowledge of the
conntry on either side of the stream, in the present Counties of
Adams and Juneau, of which little was known, except such lim-
ited observation as the raftumen were able to make on their annual
trips down the river. Procuring, accordingly, a skiff and the
necessary camp equipage, provisions for a few days, and a supply
of ammunition, they left the Rapids, and siarted down stream.

Not having to depend upon packing their provisions, etc., they
laid in a more liberal supply than they otherwise would, whicb
enabled them to spend all the time required in making a tolerablj J
thorough examination of the country bordering on the river.

Usually landing about the middle of the afternoon in some
tributary or bayou of the river, they would secure tbeiriprovisioos

896 WisooKsiN State Historioal Socisty.

by placing them in a tree, out of reach of any wild animals, and
then hunt around in that vicinity until near sun down, when they
would return, and camp for the night The following morning
the exploration would be continued, usually on the opposite side
of the river, until eight or nine o'clock, when they would again
embark and proceed down stream.

Continuing on in this way, in some six or eight days they
reached the mouth of the Yellow river, about sixty miles below
the Rapids, havin^r passed on the route the Grignon Trading Post,
six miles below Point Bausse, the only house or sign of civilized
improvement then existing on the river between this point and the
foot of the Delia

Noticing the dark color of the water in Yellow river,* they
were satisfied that it was caused by the existence of a large body
of pine timber somewhere on the river above; but after traveling
up the stream some four or five miles without finding any pine of
consequence, they returned to their camping place. Proceeding
down the Wisconsin, they reached the foot of the Dells, and leav-
ing the skiff with Mr. Allen, returned home by land.

Game was found in abundance along the river below Point
Bausse, which added materially to their supply of provisions ;
fresh signs of beavers were also seen below the mouth of the
Yellow river, on the east side of the Wisconsin. Nothing partic-
ularly attractive, however, was noticed on the trip except indica-
tions of pine before mentioned.

In the winter of 1844 and '45, Thomas Weston and John
Werner, Jr., both at that time living at the Grand Rapids, con-
cluded, from reports which came to their knowledge, that quite
an extensive body of pine timber existed on the Yellow river
waters, a few miles to the west, and that an exploration of the
country in that direction would pay. They accordingly procured
the services of Jo. Gill, a Canadian, as guide, and started west,
striking the Yellow river about eight miles above the present
village of Dexterville, in Wood county. Turning south, they

*Thl8 !■ bat the translation of the Winnebago word Necedah — yellow; the beaatifnl
Indian name being perpetuated In the enterprising village lorjited and fostered by Metsra.
Weston A Co. The Chippewa name for Yellow river Is Kaa-ne-wlnno, or Back Uorn.

SSTTLEVSNT OF JUKKAU COUNTY. 897

continued along down the river ten or twelve miles to near the
north line of Juneau county, then started east to the Wisconsin
river on their return home. They reported the discovery of very
large bodies of pine, and of an excellent quality. But as the
country on the Yellow river and tributaries still belonged to the
Indians, no present advantage could be taken of their discovery.

Under the treaty of Lake Poygan in the fall of 1848, the
Indians sold to the Government all their lands lying west of Wolf
river. This included their countrv on Wisconsin river and its
tributaries — Yellow river being one. As soon as this treat v
became known on the Wisconsin river, Mr. Werner and J. T.
Kingston, employing Jo. Gill to accompany them, started to make
a further exploration of the Yellow river country. Procuring a
skifl and the necessary outfit of provisions, eta, at the liapids,
they proceeded down the Wisconsin to the mouth of the Yellow
river. Turning up the latter stream, they tried for two or three
days to keep the skiflE along with them for the purpose of more
easily carrying their provisions; but owing to the low stage of
the water, and the numerous trees and sand-bars across the channel,
they were forced to abandon the skiff, and depend upon packing
their provisions as best they could. Continuing on up the river
for a distance of about twenty miles, they started across the
country for home by way of Point Baus^e. Game was found in
abundance, and a plentiful supply of provisions was always on
hand.

This trip wa? made for the purpose of finding a suitable loca-
tion for mills and a general lumber business; and as they could
not take posi^esfjion, as they supposed, of any desirable points, if
found, they left no marks tr> attract the attention of any other par-
ties who might explore the country for a like purpose. The mouth
of the river, and the present location of Necedah, were the only
points which they deem e^l at all desirable for milling and Irirn-
bering par{Kj«esL The same partiwi, at a subse^jnent period,
were again at th^: yi\x\\ now known as .N^roedah. They laid
up three or four rounds of a Ir>g fthanty, \fWA*'A a tr':': ^n
either bank of the riv<:r, wroV; their nnmes, date of ^;laim, and
took formal p'l'we^s^ion, n^/;ordinjr Uy the ^jlaim laws and u-,j>ge»

898 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

then existing in the western country. A day or two subsequently,
Andrew Dunn and Hugh McFarlane reached the same locality ;
but finding the land already claimed, returned home without
making any further explorations.

Werner and Kingston, returning to the Rapids, met Mr. Wes-
ton, and a day or two afterwards formed a company to operate
on Yellow river, under the name of T. Weston and Co., consist-
ing of Thomas Weston, John Werner, Jr., and J. T. Kingston —
the first a native of Vermont, the second of New York, and the
third of Illinois.

Arrangements were then made to immediately commence oper-
ations. Uriah Hill and Usal V. Jeffreys were hired to run a
small raft of lumber down to the mouth of Yellow river, with
instructions to put up a shanty about eighty rods below the mouth,
on the west side of the Wisconsin, and also to clear off and fence
a small amount of land adjoining.

A few days after HiU and Jeffreys left with the raft, Weston
and Werner started for the Yellow river country, for the purpose
of selecting a suitable place for logging operations during the en-
suing winter. Reaching the river near the point where they had
loft, in the winter of *44 and *45, they traveled down stream a few
miles ; and finding a grove of pine which they thought sufficient
to answer the purpose, Werner returned again to Grand Rapids,
and Weston continued on down the river, intending to meet
Kingston at the shanty at the mouth of the stream. On reaching
the shanty, he found that Kingston had arrived there two or three
days previously. Remaining over the next day, the two started in
company the day following up the river, for the purpose of more
thoroughly examining the grove of pine mentioned, and also for
the purpose of looking out a suitable route for a road to Point
Bausse, the nearest point from which to obtain supplies for the
camp. Being satisfied with the timber, they took as direct a
course as possible for Point Bausse, blazing as they traveled the
route of the proposed road.

It was now about the middle of November, and there being
neither roads nor houses in that section of the country, and the
snow from six to eigh'i inohes deep, they found the trip rather

Sbttlement or Juneau County. 399.

tedious. Reachiog the Wisconsin opposite Point Bausse late in
the evening, they found the river full of running ice, which ren-
dered the crossing that night impossible. The next morning, afier
^ cold camping out, the ice was sufficiently strong for crossing.

It is proper, in this connection, to mention, that E. S. Miner
was in company wiih John Werner, Jr., in the mercantile business
at the Grand Rapids, frjm the fall of 18:t:t until the winter of
1849 and oO ; and that Mr. Miner held an equal interest with
Mr. Werner in the firm of T. Weston & Co., at the date of the
organization of that compan y near the close of 1848 ; and also, that
Miner was very much interested, an 1 was at equal expense with
the other parties mentioned, in all the explorations on the Yellow
river subsequent to the ye ir 1343 — though the facts last men-
tioned were not known to the writer at the time.

Weston and Kingston reaching the Rapids the same day on
which they crossed the Wisconsin at Point Biusse, met Messrs.
Miner and Werner, and immediately commenced to make prepa-
rations for logging on the Yellow river the ensuing winter. Three
yoke of oxen were bought, sleds procured, and all the necessary
tools proviJed to commence operations. The crew hired for the
winter consisted of nine men, besides Weston and Kingston, viz.:
Moses Vanbunker, Daniel Dugan, Prospier Beauchane, John B.
Savor, Samuel Bean, George A. Peters, Gilbert Adams, Uriah
Ilill and Usal V. Jeffreys, who came up to thq camp from the
shanty at the mouth of the river. Vanbunker, Beauchane and
Savor were from Canada, Dugan from Ireland, and Adams from
the State of Maine. Wages paid, from eighteen to twenty dollars
per month. A mill-wright and one or two other men were en-
gaged at the Rapids, to build the wheel and other machinery and
gearing for the mill, to be erected as early as possible the ensuing
season.

On December 21st, 1848, the crc\v and teams left the Grand
Rapids; and, on the22d, crossed the Wisconsin at Point Bausse,
and commenced cutting out the road through to the location se-
lected for the camp on the Yellow river, a distance of ten or
twelve miles from the Point. The snow was now from eighteen to
twenty inches deep, and the traveling for the men and teams was,

400 Wisconsin State Historical Sodxrr.

consequently, very slow. The first day they made about four
miles from the Point, and camped on the west side of Cranberry
creek. The snow was cleared away for the teams, and also for a
brush camp for the men. Supper over, and the teams attended to^
all hands turned in, and made themselves as comfortable as possi-
ble for the night The second day was more tedious and tire-
some, both for the men and teams, the latter frequently breaking^
through the ice on the marshes, making the progress very difficult.
About dark they reached Yellow river, and, all being tired, roade-
as few preparations as possible before retiring to rest.

The next morning, work was commenced upon the camp for the
men, and " hovels " for the cattle, which were completed and
ready for occupation in the course of five or six days. The camp
was built after the State of Maine plan, an open fire-place in the-
center, six by ten feet, with bunks and deacon-seats on either
side.

The men employed during this season were Alanson Eaton,
Oliver Bourbon, Morris Thomas, Edwin Thayer, Anthony Phil-
ips, Jr., Nicholas Bateman, M. Fesette, A. Philips, Sen., Wm.
and Henry Harding, Levi Girneau, Bichard Baker, John Pot-
veign, Uriah Hill, and A. Wiltse, the mill-wright — twenty men
in all, including Weston and Kingston.

This was the first settlement made north of the Lemon weir
river, in the present County of Juneau, excepting the shanty
previously erected, at the mouth of the river, by the same par
ties ; and a few temporary locations formerly made by Indian
traders, but now abandoned.

During the fall of this year, 1849, a track was blazed through
in a southerly direction to the settlement made, about the same
time, by Messrs. Carpenter and Randall, on the south side of tlie^
Lemonwier; and still later in the fall, a road was cut out leading
up Yellow river, into the present County of Wood, a distance of
about thirty miles.

A considerable trade in cranberries was carried on the same fall
with the Winnebago Indians, who were much more numerous in
the country at that period than at the present time. Although-
tliey had been twice removed from Wisconsin by the Govein-^

Skttlemknt op Juneau County. 401

ment previous to this date, they were buck again within a short
time, about as numerous as before. The early settlers of the
County experienced considerable annoyance from this tribe of
Indians ; and more particularly was this the case with the settlers
who were unacquainted with the Indian nature and habits.

Early in the winter of 1849 and '60, Burley Philbrick, Newell
Carleton, M. Labaree and J. Turner came to Necedah ; and, after
slopping a short time, continued on up Yellow river, about twenty
mile?, into the present County of Wood, and engaged in getting
out square timber for the lower market During the winter they
were compelled to haul their provisions through to the camp on a
hand-sled. In the following spring, they rafted and run their
timber out of Yellow river, these being the first rafts run out of
that siream. All of those parties were recently from the State
of Maine

During the winter, the firm of T. Weston & Co. banked between
three and four thousand logs, scaling from ten to twelve hundred
thousand feet Wages paid the men, from $14 to $18 per month,
the same wages continuing until the logs reached the mill in the
spring. Early in the spring, the lumber manufactured the pre-
vious fall and winter, was rafted and run to market, and the mill
was kept in active operation during the ensuing season. The old
"sash saw," not yet being dispensed with, from eight to ten
thousand feet of lumber per day of twelve hours, was considered
good work — the latter amount rather above the average. Dur-
ing this season, the lumber sold at ten dollars and a half per
thousand delivered at Galena.

During this winter. Mr. Werner sold out his interest in the
Yellow river concern to Mr. Miner; and from this time dates the
firm of T. Weston & Co., as now constituted.

In May, 1850, Mr. Miner removed with his family, consisting
of himself, wife, and one child, and Miss Angeline Brown (now
Mrs. Alvin Blake), to Necedah, from the Grand Ripids. A frame
house, a part of the present Bentley house, had previously been
put up; and during the summer an addition was made to the
building. This was the first family, and the first frame house built
in the present County of Juneau, north of the Lemonweir river.

402 Wisconsin State Histobical Socibty.

In tbe fall of the same year was born Ella, eldest (laughter of
Mr. Miner, the first native white child born in the same territory.
About the latter part of July, Robert Thompson came up with
his family from the southern part of the State — making the
second family at Necedah.

During this season the following men were employed about the
mill and on the river, in addition to those of tbe former set who
remained at the mill, viz: Lucius Lawrence, James Trumbull,
J. Williamson, Daniel Kellogg, K Carleton, B. Philbrick, Charles
Holmes, W. Adams, J. Pixley, J. S. Hoyt, K. Bishop, C. A
McCauIey and Robert Peaslee. Late in the season, John H.
Armstrong, John McGregor and William Adderly came. The
last three were from New Brunswick, and were employed to work
for H. W. Kingsbury, of Quincy, who had a contract to log for
T. Weston & Co. the ensuing winter. William D. Peaslee came
about the same time. He was formerly from the State of Maine;
but had worked on tbe Lemonweir and Wisconsin rivers for the
preceding two years. This winter, Peaslee, in company with two
or three others, built a camp on Yellow river, near the present^
villuge of Dexterville, and were engaged in getting out square
timber.

Early in this season, 1850, a road was cut out to the mouth of
Yellow river, on the west side; and the year following was con-
tinued on down tbe Wisconsin, on tbe east side, by tbe way of
Dell Prairie, to Portage City, making a more direct route from tbe
Yellow river country to that place, tbe chief point for supplies at
that date for tbe U, •• r Wisconsin and its tributaries. During
tbe winter of 1850-51, T. Weston & Co. banked with their own
teams and by contract, about eight thousand logs, scaling over
three million feet.

In tbe early part of 1851, Weston & Co. made an arrangement
with Mr. Werner to saw lumber for them on shares, Werner to
furnish mill and power. In tbe spring he removed with his fam-
ily from Grand Ripids to Necedah, and commenced ibe erection
of a steam saw-mill at tbe latter place. Tbe mill was completed,
and put in operation tbe ensuing summer, and was tbe first steam
saw-mill built on tbe Wisconsin river waters above tbe mouth of

Settlement of Juneau Cou>*ty. 403

the Kickapoo. A road was opened through from Necedah to the
Grand Kapids daring the year.

In the course of this year the following men were employed
about the mill and on the river, lunning lumber, c.c, in addition
to those mentioned the previous year, part of whom still remained,
viz: George Barstow, E. Carleton, Louis Sharkee, W. Lawrence,
Gaston, William Adderly, John H. Armstrong, John McGregor,
E. Mitchell, L. Emery, Joseph Hilton, F. Chase, R. Huntley, S. R
Brown, N. St. Germaine, Thomas Combs, M. CluflE, James Mc-
Gregor, Cha?. Sweet, E. Emmons and John Wermoth. Emery
and Huntley brought their families during the summer of the same
year. Alvin Blake and Wm. Peck came up the same season.

In the year 1851, the new settlement, began to put on the ap-
pearance of a village. A store had been opened by the proprie-
tors, with a small stock of goods to supply the wants of the mill
hands. Several additional houses had been erected during the
season, and both mills were kept in active operation during the
summer and the ensuing winter. Lumber delivered in Galena
brought from eleven to twelve dollars per thousand.

The first death occurred in the settlement this year. A Mrs.
Kimball, from farther up the river, was brought down sick, and,
dying in the month of May, became the first occupant of the
village cemetery.

The land was surveyed by the Government during this season,
Messrs. Stuntz and Sargent running the township lines, and a Mr.
Davis, and Hon. J. T. Clark, at present of Lancaster, Grant
County, running the sub-divisions. Several parties, in the course
of the year, made locations further up the river, in the present
County of Wood, with a view to the erection of mills, and going
into lumber operations, all indicating a lively business on Yellow
river in the future.

The spring of 1852 opened up in the usual manner with luni-
bermen, driving logs, rafting, and running lumber on the river,
occupying the time and attention of the whole community. Sev-
eral rafts of square timber were run out from further up the
river in the spring. And the Owen brothers, of Baraboo, tried
the experiment of driving out shingles in the bunch and shingle

404 Wisconsin State Histobical Society.

" bolts ; " but the experiment not proving successful, it has not
since been repeated on the river.

Additional men employed about the mills and on the river this
season were: J. Dunn. W. H. Cole, O. Williams, Alex. Christian,
James Campbell, Thomas Campbell, James Nesbit, John Hodge,
Stephen Young, 0. Owens, Columbus Dawes, John Casely, John
Murphy, B. Gahen, Nicholas Brown, James Welch, Freeman
Pearsall, E Iwin Thayer, Charles Telfer, Thomas Morehouse and
Dennis Bishop. Several of these men had worked in the logging
camps during the preceding winter. Wages paid from fourteen
to twenty dollars per month.

A public school, free to all the children in the village and
vicinity, was opened by the proprietors of the place the same
year, and continued at their expense until the organization of the
district school The first teacher was Miss M. C. Faj. A Sun-
day school was also organized by a Mr. Darrow the same season.

In this year, 1852, an election precinct was established at Nece.
dah, by order of the Board of Supervisors of Sauk County, to
which tlic Counties of Adams and Juneau were then attached.
An election for Stjite and County officers was held the same fall ;
but as the returns of the election were made directly to Bara-
boo, the county seat of Sauk County, the number or the names
of the voters have not been obtained. At this election, Sauk
County pollel quite a heavy Democratic majority; but Adams
County thinking best to acta little independent in poHtical mat-
ters, oast nearly a unanimous vote for the Whig candidates for
county officers, electing the latter by a fair majority. This result
not proving satisfactory to the Democratic politicians of Sauk
County, hastened the organization of Adams as an independent
County.

In the fall of this year, the nearest post office was Dell Prairie,
in the present County of Adams ; but in the early part of the
following winter, the mail route was extended tlirough to Necedah,
T. Weston & Co. carrying the mail on the new route, for the
proceeds of the several offices between those points.

During the winter of 1852-53, there was quite an increase of
business on Yellow river. Besides the mills at Necedah, already

Skttlkment op Junkau County. 405

mentioned, several others had been built, or were in cour^se of
erection farther up the stream. All the travel to and fro from
those settlements having to pass through Necedah, gave the vil-
lage at times quite a lively appearance. The number of families
there had now increased to eleven, and several others had settled
in the near vicinity.

Necedah during this winter was set off into a separate town,
embracing all the territory from the south line of township eigh-
teen, to the north line of township twenty, and range two to six
both included, covering, with the overplus in the northern tier
oF townships, sixteen and a half townships, or five hundred and
ninety-four square miles.

On the 5th of April of this year, 1853, the town of Necedah
was fully organize! by the election of the necessary town officers,
to wit: Town Supervisors, Thomas Weston, chairman, John
Werner, Jr., and Robert Dawes; Town Clerk, J. T. Kingston;
Treasurer, E. S. Miner ; Justices of the Peace, E. S. Miner, John
Werner, Jr. and Edwin S. Knapp ; Overseers of Highways,
Charles Djiwes and J. T. Kingston ; Constables, R Huntley and
E. R Knapp.

At the general election held November 8th of this year, the
whole number of votes cast was twenty-six ; at which time the
question of a prohibitory liquor law was submitted to a vote of
the people. On this question the returns stood twenty-two votes
for, and one vote against the law ; and the same principle of pro-
hibition has prevailed in the town, with the exception of three or
four years, since that date.

During tlie summer, the Rev. Mr. Fisher, of the Baptist denom-
ination, paid Necedah a visit, and preached the first sermon in the
present County of Juneau, north of the Lemonweir river. In the
following year, 1854, the Rev. Mr. Seger, a Christian, and Rev.
Mr. Gale, of the Methodist denomination, visited this part of the
County, and preached in the village and vicinity. In the fall of
1855, Necedah and New Lisbon were organized into a circuit by
the conference of the M. E. Church, and placed under the charge
of the Rev. E. S. Bunce, who made Necedah his place of resi-
dence. He was followed the next year by Rev. John Bean.

406 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

On the 8th of December, 1854, E. S. Miner, Town Superinten-
dent, issued a notice to the taxable inhabitants that a school dis-
trict had been formed, embracing all that part of the town of
Necedah, lying west of the Wisconsin, to be known as district
number one, and appointing the 23d of the same month, at seven
o'clock P. M., as the time, and the house of E. S. Miner, the pres-
ent Dixie House, as the place for holding the first meeting. This
notice was delivered to John Werner, Jr., directing him to serve
the same upon all the qualified voters of the district. And on
the 23d, Werner certified to the Superintendent that he had served
said notice on the qualified voters of the district, thirty in all.
At this meeting, William Peck was chosen chairman, and E. S.
Miner clerk. The following persons were elected as the District
Board for the year ensuing, to-wit: Charles Dawes, director ,•
John Werner, Jr., clerk, and J. T. Kingston, treasurer. The first
district teacher was Miss Mary Morehouse.

During the years 1854-55, the lumber business greatly increased
on Yellow river, and Necedah began to attract considerable atten-
tion as a lumber point The year following, Messrs. Sadd and
Jenkins built a steam-mill in the village, and Messrs. Humes and
Beckwith built a mill on the river, about three miles norih ; the
former was afterwards sold to T. Weston & Co., and the latter was
subsequentlj' moved down to the village and sold to Messrs. A. H.
Cronkhite & Co. Other mills were shortly afterwards built, one
by Nelson Beckwith, now owned by Geo. B. Burch & Co., and
one also by the Shorey brothers. A planing mill was also erected
by Messrs. Fuller and Bay.

On November 14th, 1856, the town of Necedah was divided,
by order of the Board of Supervisors of Adams County, all that
part lying west of the Wisconsin river and north of township
eighteen was organized as the town of Armenia. At a subse-
quent period, all that part of Armenia lying west of Yellow
river was re-attached to and still remains a part of the town of
Necedah.

From this date Necedah rapidly improved, and within a few
years became the equal of her sister villages in the County both
in wealth and population. The original village was laid out and

Settlement op Juneau County. 407

platted by T. Weston & Co. in 1856, ami incorporated as a vil-
lage by act of the Legislature, February 28th, 1870.

Previous to the treaty of Fort Winnebago, in the fall of 1836,
by which the Winnebago tribe of Indians ceded all of their lands
lying south of the Lemonvveir river, and east of the Wisconsin
river, to the General Government, the territory now embraced
"within the limits of Juneau County was only known to Indian
traders and trappers. SoDn after that treaty, however, immigra-
tion began to extend west into Sauk and other Counties on the
west side of the Wisconsin; but still the country north remained
a wilderness for several years longer, and not until the attention
of lumbermen was turned to the Baraboo and Leraonweir rivers,
were any permanent settlements made in that section of the coun-
try. By the treaty of Lake Poygan, in the fall of 1848, the Me-
nomonee Indians ceded all their lands lying west of the Wolf
river, and south of Ihe Waupaca, to the General Government.

In the political division of the State, the country now known
as Juneau County was for a time cast off without a name, and
only known as the country adjoining Sauk County on the north.
The political history of the County properly dates from the organ-
ization of Adams County, in the year 1848, in which year the
latter County was established by act of the Territorial Legislature,
and attached to the County of Sauk. The boundaries of Adams
County at that date extended from the south line of township
fourteen to the north line of township twenty, and from ranges
two to seven, both included, embracing the present Counties of
Adams and Juneau, and covering an area of fifteen hundred and
gixty-six square miles. Up to this date, the settlements in the
County were confined to the towns of New Haven and Dell Prai-
rie, on the east side of the Wisconsin river ; and to the Lemon-
weir Valley, on the west sida Previous to the year 1851, the
lumbermen were the pioneer settlers west of the Wisconsin, as
they have, in fact, been throughout the central and northern por-
tions of the State.

In the winter of 1849, the boundaries of the County on the
west side of the Wisconsin, were changed. Sauk County borrow-
ing, by act of the Legislature, all of township fourteen, and the

r .-^-. .:i.Ly SrATE HisTOHiCAL Society.

V- «.: : :'::e«n, from range one, east, to the Wis-

r -; -• :: nine miles in width extending from our

: i-j^: :he whole width of the County, and

- ^ u" i< :ue present Lemonweir station on the

. . :•. L?.; St. Paul railroad.

^^s • ::' the Legislature of 1853, Adams County

■ : : ::a'. purposes, and attached to the 3d Judi-

.: s;"-. :: :he counties of Adams, Sauk, Washincr.

' : i. M.\rquette and Portage: but lat«r in the

^ . .;. O.rouit was established, composed of the

-,.;;.-:?» "»*i.:>hara. Waupaca, Portage and Marathon.

<■ : f«^:-. v>f the Legislature, the boundaries of

;o' .>v.:'.sV.i>i in IS-tS, were restored: :";:s last

. . ,ir.^ bowever, did not appear to sui: the

Vj: as Senator Daniel S. Vir.uni. who

V -:r.5 counties in the Legis'&iure iirins

•;.'.■: .-if doing justice in ihe zzlw^z. :hey

' • - ■ . -^vent the establish r-iez: :: :i:r iVrnier

• ■

■

■ •■;■. . : : uke

■ <;? ■ ;.v

1 - *l

:•■■ " . ' :-.'- \iCi'

■ ■ * 1 '

• w

' if .irricd

• •

-

•

■ -■ ■ • •■;•■*

■ .: : :::k::ie

•: iL-.e :a

■■.■-:o, and

::red into

' '. eTibrvo

■ ".fstion
: ::' v:!lage
i :ra: there

Sbttlbment of Junbau County. 409

before the election sent over a delegation of her citizens to remind
Necedah of the former agreement. But unfortunately for the
best laid plans, and particularly for Necedah in this instance)
'when the day of election came, New Lisbon, forgetting her former
agreement, voted nearly solid for a division of the County, and
thereby carried the question of division by a respectable majority.

At the ensuing session of the Legislature, a bill was introduced
to organize the County of Juneau, the act to take eflEect January
1st, 1857, the bill also fixing the point for County-seat The
county seat being yet undetermined, and Necedah, in order to
-show a proper resentment toward her near and forgetful neighbor,
4tnd in a spirit not altogether Christian, perhaps, made common
interest with Mauston to defeat New Lisbon in the County-seat
matter. But the proprietors of this enterprising village, acting
upon the. theory that self-interest is the ruling principle in man,
particularly in Legislatures, by a wise distribution of a few " cor-
ner lots,*' secured the passage of the bill, and the location of the
<Jounty-seat at New Lisbon.

This result, however, only stimulated the people of Mauston to
new and greater efforts, and in a couple of years subsequently
they secured the passage of a bill through the Legislature sub-
mitting to the people of the County the question of the removal
of the County-seat to that place. In the meantime some personal
disagreements arising between the people of Mauston and Nece-
dah, in a measure forced the people of the latter village to change
their views and votes on the County -seat question.

When the day of voting came, the people of New Lisbon, tak-
ing a just pride in the prosperity of their village, and to show
their great numerical increase since the last election, and also act-
ing, perhaps, on the principle that ^^the end justifies the means',"
became a little reckless in their manner of voting, which resulted,
when a legal canvass of the votes was made, in transferring the
Goonty offices and records to their persistent rival village.

But still the County-seat question remained unsettled, dividing
those in sentiment who otherwise would have been friends, enter-
ing into all County conventions and elections, and in a measure
retarding the growth and prosperity of the County. New Lisbon
97 — St. Hib. See.

410 Wisconsin State Histobioal Society.

and her friends again demanded a vote on the Coanty-seat ; and,
in 1867, the question was a second time submitted to a vote of
the people. Both villages now put forth every eflfort Money
was freely paid, and pledges as freely made by both to secure
votes. In the interest of one party an imaginary election pre-
cinct was located at " Hickory Grove," near the north line of the
County, and forty-three votes unanimously on one side were re-
turned ; but by a slight mistake on the part of the messenger the
returns failed to reach the Board of County Canvassers, and when
the official canvass was made the vote was declared a tie. This
result the people of New Lisbon claimed, and perhaps justly, was
reached by changing the votes of one of the lower towns after
the returns left the hands of the messenger, and before the final
count by the Board of Canvassers. N^w Lisbon failing to secure
a majority of the votes, is still without the County-seat

THE SWISS COLONY OF NEW GLARUS.

By Hon. JOHN LUCHSINGER.*

In the northern part of Green County, Wisconsin, about six-
teen miles north of Monroe, the County seat, and about twenty-
five miles south-west of Madison, is situated the little village of
New Glarus. This village, as well as the township in which it
lies, was so named after the Canton and town of Glarus in eastern
Switzerland, of which place the inhabitants are natives or their
descendants. Pleasantly located on the west bank of Little Sugar
river, on sloping ground, and in the midst of varied, rather rough,
yet pleasing scenery, it presents a romantic and somewhat un-
American appearance, owing to the diversified style of its build*
ings, and its plain yet queer church-tower, unlike any other out-
side of the old country. The houses are mostly built on the
border of the streets, there being no side-walks for foot passengers,
nor space in front for shade trees. The village contains about
fifty dwellings, with barns and other out-buildings. There are
two churches, two school houses, a grist and saw-mill run by
water power, a large cheese factory, a brewery, three stores and
four hotels and saloons.

The population is about two hundred. A physician, a minis-
ter of the Swiss Reformed Church, and two school-masters reside
in the place, and attend to the medical, religious and educational
wants of the people. There are, besides, artisans, mechanics and
laborers of all trades and occupations needed by a community of

*The writer of thit paper, Hon. John Lnchslnger, was bom in the Canton of Glaraa,
Switzerland, Jane 39th, 1839; was brought bj hla parents, whUe yet a child, to the United
Sratea in 1845, iirst settling in Syracase, N. T., and the same year removing to Philadelphia,
where roang Lachsinger received his edaoation in the Jefferson Grammar School. Ha
setUed among his eoontrymen at New Glaros, Wisconsin, in 1856, where he has held varl-
ons town offices, and served in the Legislature in 1878, 1876, 1877 and 1878, with credit to
himself and nsefhlness to the people. L. C. D.

412 Wisconsin Statb Historical Society.

this size, tbus renderiDg this settlement quite iDdependent of the
surrounding villages — in fact, it is a community within itself.

The people of the village, as well as of the surrounding country,
speak among themselves almost exclusively the German-Swiss
dialect, peculiar to their native country. It is spoken on the streets
and at home. All school and town meetings and elections, and
even proceedings in Justice's courts, are of necessity conducted in
this language. A stranger stopping here for the first time could
easily imagine that he had dropped down upon a portion of
Switzerland ; and he would not be far wrong, for the village and
adjacent country for many miles around are peopled almost
wholly by Swiss or their descendants. They occupy, with the
exception of a small portion on the northern and eastern bounda-
ries, the whole of the township; the only persons of other nation-
alities in the town being three or four families of Norwegians and
Irish. In fully one-half of the town of Washington, and large
portions of half a dozen other towns in Green County, and also in
the southern part of Dane, a number of Swiss have gained a foot-
hold. The number of Swiss and their descendants in Green
County alone exceeds three thousand — comprising about one-
seventh of the entire population of the County. The village of
New Glarus is the central point of gathering on all holidays and
festivals ; and is also the place where religious services are held
for most of the Swiss in the County.

The people of this settlement are noted for their industry, fru-
gality and economy — qualities which with them are inherited —
their ancestors having from necessity been obliged to practice
them for many centuries, owing to the sterile and mountainous
character of their fatherland, where nature yields her bounties
grudgingly, and with scanty measure. One cannot help observ-
ing, on entering the settlement, the effects of these good quali-
ties; good, comfortable houses, spacious and substantial barns,
and other out-buildings are seen everywhere; and nowhere in
Green county is so much money expended in permanent improve-
ments as here, and that, too, in the face of the fact that the coun-
try is very broken and rough, the soil on the uplands thin, liable
to wash away at every heavy rain, and in many places stony.

The Swiss Colony of New Glarus. 41S

But the people at an early period betook themselves to dairy
farming and the raising of cattle. To this branch of industry
they were well adapted, and thoroughly understood it, that being
of necessity the only branch ot agriculture possible among the
mountains of their old home. This vicinity is also well suited
for the purpose; for the hill pastures produce sweet, nutritious, if
scant, grasses, while the natural meadows in the bottoms yield an
abundance of good hay, and springs and streams of pure, cool
water abound, almost every farm being supplied with running
water. All these are requisites in order to produce excellence in
the product, and health in the stock.

The people, as a rule, are hard-working, believing that honest,
old faphioned, sturdy strokes and blows are required to secure a
livelihood and competence They are economical also, to the
verge of penuriousness ; spending less than they earn, the mys-
tery is easily explained why they get on in the world better than
many of their neighbors of American or other nationalities, who
are often heard to express wonder how people with so many ob-
stacles, natural and artificial to contend with, should have done
so well. Industry and economy will bring about the same good
result in any nation or country. The people are generally lew
involved in debt, and less complaint of hard times is heard here
than in other sections of the country.

But it will now, perhaps, be of more interest to speak of this
settlement and people more in detail ; and, to begin at the begin-
ning, first in order will be an account of the origin of the colony
of New Glarus.

Prior to the year 1345, for about fifteen years, the times in
Europe were prosperous. A long reign of peace had given an
impetus to trade, and manufactures had greatly increased, so that
the large surplus population of Switzerland, that had formerly
found vent by enlisting in foreign armies, now found employment
in the factories ; and, as long as trade was good, every one pros-
pered. About this period, a general stagnation in business oc-
curred, which threw large numbers of the poor out of employment;
and added to this, a partial failure in crops caused a rise in the
price of the necessaries of life, so that distress was great among

414 Wisconsin Statb Histobical Society.

the working classes, and it becanoe a serious question to the Gov-
ernments of the Swiss Cantons as to what would be the fate of
many of those who had hitherto obtained bread, and were con-
tented, during prosperous times.

The portions of arable land which were owned by the different
parishes, and allotted to each citizen for cultivation annually, were
becoming smaller and smaller as the population increased, being
at that time from forty to one hundred and sixty klafters of six
feet square each, for the head of every family, according as the
parish he happened to belong to, was rich or the reverse. The
parishes and communes in many instances not only owned these
portions of arable land, but also the summer pastures on the Alps,
which were leased from time to time to private parties. The in-
come from this source, and also from the forests, which are mainly
owned in the same way, is applied to the payment of salaries to
preachers and the civil officials ; taxation, in consequence of this
large income, is very light in many localities.

Every citizen in Glarus is entitled to the use of one of these por-
tions, which he may cultivate himself or by others; or he may
give or lease it to others, if not in condition to use it himself.
When any left the country, the value of such a share, together
with other ])rivilegcs, was estimated, and paid in money to those
who migrated, being, in fact, a premium on emigration. These
small parcels were mainly planted with potatoes, beans and other
vegetables, the raising of grain being almost unknown in Glarus,
the people depending for breadstuffs partly on Italy, but mostly
on Hungary. In times of depression, the food of the poorer
working classes is mainly potatoes, with salt or green cheese, called
Bchab-zieger, for s})ice or seasoning. This cheese is made from
skim-milk coagulated with acid whey, then packed in casks and
left to ripen, which occurs in about four weeks. It is then ground
in a mill, and mixed with a certain proportion of leaves of a species
of blue pansy, which are previously dried and pulverized for the
purpose. After being thoroughly mixed, the cheese is pressed into
conical moulds, which hold about two pounds ; and, after drying,
is ready for use. When ripe, it is of a dark green color, and so
hard that it can be grated like a nutmeg. The so called sap-sago

cbeese is its counterpart Coffee ia made from the roota o£ chicory,
and is drank without sugar, and in many fftmilies without millc.
The supply of bread even in prosperous limes is limited, the house*
wife allotting to each a certain portion, and no more.

The leading men of the Cauton of Glarus oust about tor means
by wbioii this overpopulation and consequent distress, could ba
relieved. Meetings were held, and it was thought that an emigra-
tion under the care and control of the Government would be the
best method of relief. Another meeting to devise vruys and
means was called, and was largely attended at Sehwanden, and a
committee was appointed to wait on the authorities and ask their
co-operation. This was extended, and the sum of fifteen hundred
gulden or iiorins was appropriated for the purpose of sending two
pioneers to the United States of America, to seek and locate &
tract of land for a colony. An Emigration Society was alao
formed, and look charge of the funds, which were increased by
private subscription ; and appointed two intelligent men to select
a suitable location, and purchase lands on which to plant the col-
ony — one was Nicholas Duerst, then forty-eight years old, who
oame out only to see the settlement well under way, and then re-
turned to Switzerland, where be died in 1874, at the good old age
of seventy-seven years; his associate was Frldolin Streiff, thea
twenty-nine years of age. Mr. Streiff agreed to remain three
years with the colony, and extend to them every assistance and
advice Before that time expired, he senl for his family, and now
resides at Monroe, Wisconsin.

On the 8th of March, 1845, the pioneers started on their voy-
age and search for a new home, accompanied by the warmest
wishes for their success of those who remained behind, but wera
Boon to follow. In due time they arrived in this country, and
and sought W. II. Blumer, in Allentown, Pa., a fellow Swiss, who
assisted them with his advice; and from his many years' residence
in America, was well capable of rendering them very essential
aid by his knowledge and experienca

They had received from the Emigration Society, instructions to
buy twelve hundred acres of land in one body, with suQicieDi
timber. After wandering through several Slates in search of a

416 Wisconsin State Historical Socisty.

location, which, according to their instructions, most have »
healthy climate, good water, and plenty of timber, they came into
the vicinity of Mineral Point, and proceeded to the Land Offiee,
then located there, for advice and directions They first examined
a tract in Bock County, close to the line of the Mineral Point and
Milwaukee Land District; but, on returning to the Point, found
that it had just been bought After further fruitless search in
the Wisconsin river Valley, in Dane and Sauk counties, they
were finally directed to Little Sugar river, where, on both sidea
of the Mineral Point and Milwaukee road, they found and located
a tract according to instructions. Twelve hundred acres were
purchased in one body, and eighty acres of heavy timber two
miles south of the main location.

It was considered an excellent selection. Springs abounded,
the soil appeared good; and as it was on one of the most fre*
quently traveled roads at that time in the State, a railroad seemed
to be a possibility ; but this expectation has not yet been realized.
Owing to locution, and the difiioult character of tbe country,.
railroads have passed us by; the nearest station is Brooklyn,,
fifteen miles east, on the Chicago & North Western Railroad. If
the pioneers had not literally followed the instruction to buy in
one body, it would have been better, as the twelve hundred acres
included much rough and worthless land which could have been
avoided, and valuable land bought instead ; but it is of little con-
sequence now, as it all, good and bad, belongs to the colonists^
their children or their countrymen.

As soon as possible after taking possession of the land, the two
pioneers commenced building a little cabin on the western bank
of Little Sugar river, near the east wall of the old grave-yard,
covering it with boards; it was a small affair, and is only recol-
lected, and referred to, as the primitive hut of the settlement.

And here we will leave them awhile, and rehearse the story of
the migration, and final arrival, of the little colony of which they
were the precursors. On the 10th of April, 1845, one hundred
and ninety-three persons, of all ages and both sexes, were col-
lected on the banks of the Linth canal, which runs alongside of
the Linth river, a tributary of the Khine, in the Canton of Glarus.

Th£ Swiss Colony of New GLARua 417

They were the colonists who had declared their rea liness to ven-
ture into the strange, far-off land, called America, of which they
had read and heard so much, as being the home and haven of the
poor; and where those who came with stout hands and willing
hearts were sure eventually to reap a rich reward. But among
all who were ready to go, but few could look back upon the
frowning, yet belovei, mountains, on whose sides they had left
their poor homes, humble friends and kindred, without feeling
their courage tried almost to failure. But in the land they were
leaving, poverty stared them in the face, and want and oppression
were always the lot of the poor, with no hope of improvement.
Before them lay the land of golden promise, where they believed
that honest labor would meet its just reward, and where they
oould lift themselves and their children to competence, independ-
ence, and equality with other men, by their own exertions —
which was well nigh impossible in their old hom& Therefore,
with hearts full of grief, and tearful eyes, they took leave of
friends and fatherland ; and with few earthly goods, but with
bright hopes for the future, they embarked in an open boat or
barge.

Before starting, M. Jenny, a delegate from the Government, ad-
dressed them in a feeling manner. He urged upon all the neces-
sity of industry and concord as indispensible to their success, and
after commending them to the care of Providence, bade them God
speed, and amid the tears and good wishes of hundreds of friends,
who had come to witness their departure, the emigrants started on
the way, and slowly commenced their wearisome journey to the
New World.

The emigrants chose two of their number, George Legler, Sr.,
now of New Glarus, and Jacob Grob, to act as leaders and spokes-
men (luring the migration, and to preserve order among the party,
and exercise general care and supervision over everything con-
nected with the journey. The colonists, on their part, promised
to render due obedience to their directions and commands. On
reaching Zurich, the weather became very inclement, and snow
fell. The women and children would have suffered greatly, but
for the kindness of a Swiss gentleman. Cosmos Blumer, the then

418 Wisconsin State Historical Society,

representative of the Gauton of Glarus in the S^nriss Legislatare,
who accompanied them on this part of their journey, and pro*
yided covered wagons, in which they followed the boat on shore
nntil all reached Basle.

The journey from this place to Rotterdam, in Holland, was con-
tinued on the Bhine ; it was slow and tedious, which, combined
with the cold wintry weather, and an uncertain future prospect,
was the cause ol much depression to all. Arriving at Rotterdam,
on the 6th of May, they learned that the ship on which they were
to sail lay at New Dieppe. Proceeding to that place, the ship was
found to be not yet ready to sail; it having been engaged in car-
rying cottc»n from New Orleans to Europe, was not provided
with berths, etc., for the accommodation of passengers. The col-
onists were thus delayed six days, until the ship was fitted for
their reception. This caused the already needy people a great
expense, which, however, was partially alleviated by an advance
of one hundred gulden by a warm-hearted Swiss gentleman, P.
Jenny. However, on the 12th of May, they embarked for Balti-
more; and, after a stormy, toilsome voyage of forty-nine days,
arrived at that place on the 30th of June.

They there contracted for passage to St. Louis, that being the
point where they were directed to await orders from the pioneer
agents, Duerst and Streiff. At Baltimore they were, for the first
time, put on railway cars, and were carried about fifty miles, to
Columbia, Pa. At the point where the road crossed a mountain,
the first cars were drawn up by an engine on the top, by means of
wire ropes, and then the descending cars were made to pull up
the others. At Columbia they were placed on board canal boats,
in which they were conveyed to Pittsburg, Pa, From thence they
descended the Ohio in barges to Cincinnati; thence for the first
time they rode in a steam-boat, which took them to St. Louis,
where they arrived on the 23d of July. They were here kindly
received and entertained by Swiss countrymen, who were settled
in that city.

No intelligence, no directions, had yet been received from the
pioneer agents. On the contrary, after waiting some days, the
discouraging but false rumor reached them, that in penetrating

Thb Swiss Colont op New Glabus. 419

into the interior, those advrentarous agents had lost their lives.
What was to be done? Loog delay would inevitably break up
the party ; some had already, through fear, dissatisfaction or
other causes, dropped oflE, and sought and found work at some of
the various stopping places by the way.

After remaining, with no little anxiety, in St Louis two weeks,
with no tidings from their agents, it was resolved that two of the
party should go and search for them. Jacob G-rob and Matthias
Duerst were selected for this service. They proceeded to Galena,
111., and there learned that those whom they were seeking had
been there some weeks before, and had gone northward. They
were advised to go to Mineral Point, where there was a Govern-
ment Land Office; and where the pioneer agents would have been
likely to enter land, in case they had bought in Wisconsin. The
searchers went to "the Point," as it was termed ; and, on inquiry
at the office, found that their agents had bought land in town
four, range seven, on Little Sugar river. The men were much
rejoiced when this good news was communicated to them, and at
ooce sent back word to St Louis for the party to start for Galena
immediately. They then resolved to find the location. Mr.
Theodore Rodolph, now of La Crosse, who was then at Mineral
Point, offered his services as guide, which were thankfully ac-
cepted. They commenced their journey at once over a track-
less country for thirty-two miles, fording creeks and streams, with
a compass to direct their course, until they came to a point di-
rectly north of the location about three miles, according to a cor-
ner stake which was found on a hill.

Bodolph led the men due south, and, on rounding a point of
brush land, came directly upon the pioneers, on the 8th of Au-
gust, who were busy erecting the primitive hut of the settlement
After the first joyous greetings were over, it was decided that
Mr. Nicholas Duerst should go to St Louis, and guide the colo-
nists to their new home.

The two new comers were eager and anxious to remain, and assist
in the work of building. Duerst at once left, and had proceeded as
&r as Galena, when just as he was about to leave for St Louis
one morning, he heard some one remark that a large party of em-

420 WisooNsiN Stats Historical Socibtt.

igrants bad arrived in town the evening before. Curiosity caused
bim to make inquiries, when, to bis astonisbmeat, be found thai
those whom he was going to St. Louis to escort, were already in
Galena. lie at once directed that the able bodied men should
start for the new settlement, and assist in building the necessary
shelter for the reception of the colonists, while he would arraoga
to follow with the main body.

On the afternoon of the same day, eighteen men started on foot
for the 9ettlemeot,with eager steps, a distance of sixty-two miles.
They traveled all night and the next day, when they arrived al
Wiota, in La Fayette County. There they obtained a night'a
shelter in a stable ; and the next morning, after procuring the ser-
vices of a guide, there being no traveled traclc there, and buying
some flour at a mill on the Yellow Stone river, they, without
much difficulty, walked the rest of the way to their land, arriv-
ing late in the evening, foot-sore and weary.

They related that every person whom they met, fled at their
approach, and no wonder; for bearded, unkempt, and ragged as
they were, carrying axes and tools of every description, and bags
of flour and provisions, they at a distance more resembled a band
of robbers than a party of honest emigrants.

Upon their arrival, they united with their three predecessors,
and erected a much larger hut than the primitive structure. This
was located near the west wall, and within the enclosure of the
old grave-yard, and close to where the district school house now
stands. Its size is not recollected. A large excavation was made
in the hill side, posts were inserted in the ground, the sides in-
closed with boards hauled sixty-two miles from Galena, and cov-
ered with boughs and wild hay. The floDr was constructed of
split poplar logs, the riven side uppermost; and no windows, nor
chimney. All possible diligence was used to complete the ruda
structure, and have it in readiness for the coming colonists. Au-
tumn was at hand, and winter approaching. Some of the men
were carpenters, who had brought their tools with them from their
old Switzerland home.

After the shelter was prepared, which took but a few days, the
colonists all arrived, teams having been hired at Galena to convey

The Swiss Colony of New QLABua 421

tfae women aod children, provisions and other necessaries; bat
DOt in sufficient numbers to carry them all So they had to take
turns in alternately riding and walking. The main body arrived
on the I5th of August, the whole long journey having been made
by water, except the short distance from Baltimore to Columbia,
and the sixty- two miles from Galena to New Glarus. One hun-
dred and eight persons, out of the original one hundred and ninety-
three, remained, the rest having, from various causes, become
discouraged, and dropped oflE along the way. Many of these,
however, in after years, rejoined their friends, and shared in
the fortunes of the colony.

Many of these original colonists brought their pots, pans, ket-
tles and other utensils all the way from the Old World, all of
which did duty for a long time in the colony, in the days of its
infancy, when it required all the means the people possessed, and
could obtain, to supply food and clothing. About a dozen pans
and kettles had to do duty for all the families; and it is related,
that for some time a single broom sufficed for the whole settle-
ment It was, no doubt, better than the modern made article.

When the colonists arrived, there was scarcely any food on
band, as their arrival had not been so soon expected, and the
necessary provision had not been made. In this emergency, the
fltreams were largely drawn upon for food, being abundantly
stocked with fish. As there were not many hooks and lines, the
party was divided — some caught fish, and others bait — namely,
grasshoppera In this way a plentiful supply of fish was caught,
which were cooked and eaten without seasoning, as the supply of
salt had given out

£ven in later years, owing to unforeseen circumstances, the neces-
sary food for the colonists was sometimes very short ; for as late
as the fall of 1850, the Rev. Wilhelm Streissguth, the first
preacher, wrote that there were not fifty pounds of flour in the
settlement, on account of the threshing machine having broken
down, and no wheat threshed. The threshers had to go to Mil-
waukee, one hundred miles, for repairs, which trip could seldom
be made in less than a week. Oxen were used to run the first
threshing machines for several seasons. The good pastor wrote

422 Wisconsin Stats Historical Society.

that be frequently made his meals three times a day upon boiled
potatoes alone, and with relish, for " hunger is the best of sauce. '^

The clannish spirit of the native valleys, in spite of the common
poverty, early asserted itself in the New Glarus settlement The
inhabitable portion of Old Glarus is mainly separated into two
natural divisions — the Great and Little Valleys. Each locality
has some peculiarity of language and customs that differ from
each other; and consequently the inhabitants of each sectioQ
cherish a sort of clannish affection for their own clan-people,
whether Great or Little Valleyites. This is more particularly true
of the people of Little Valley, perhaps from coming less in coo-
tact with the rest of the Canton and the world, because of their
secluded location. About one-quarter of the original settlers of
New Glarus were from Little Valley ; and very soon after their
arrival, began to evince their ancient spirit of clannishness, find-
ing some cause of disagreement over often very trifling matters.
This soon led to a secession, on a small scale — some twenty-five
persons, including the Little Valley portion, retiring from the
contracted quarters of the common hut or cabin, and erecting t
separate shelter for themselves on the east side of Little Sugar
river, about eighty rods from the main habitation, and close to the
bridge, on the road leading east from the settlement But in the
ensuing spring, they assisted the others in building additional
cabins, and rejoined the main body. Several families, however,
at an early day, abandoned the colony, removing some twelve
miles east, into the towns of Mount Pleasant and Sylvester, where
much prosperity has attended them. The people have since be-
come more homogeneous, and little, if any, of the old clannish
feeling of distrust toward each other is seen or cherished by the
younger generation.

The beginning was now made, it is true; the land was bought
and the people were on it, but the immediate outlook was dismal
enough. In a strange land, among strangers, ignorant of the
language, manners, customs and mode of farming of the coun-
try, and bare of clothing and the necessaries of life, with winter
approaching, it certainly looked dark to these settlers ; and if it
had not been that the sum of one thousand dollars, to meet their

The Swiss Colony of New GLARua 428

necessities, had arrived from the old home, and beea made avail-
able, it would have gone hard with the colonists. This money
was expended for food, tools, and some stock of various kinds,
and for building material.

The large cabin or hut, built partly in the hillside, answered
the intended purpose of a make-shift until others could be
erected. This original shelter for the colony was so contracted,
that at night, and on rainy days, the inmates were crowded to-
gether like sheep in a pen. New log houses, of rude structure,
were erected, some twelve to sixteen in number, so as to accom-
modate the several families, by putting two in each cabin. So,
by Christmas the several families were distributed in their new
homes, and somewhat prepared for the expected severities of the
season.

The first winter was thus encountered, indifferently provided
for, but fortunately it proved a very mild one. In the following
spring, the land was portioned off into sixty lots of twenty acres
each, and, according to the arrangement made in Switzerland,
each colonist who was the head of a family, twenty-two in num^
ber, received twenty acres of tillage or meadow land, the locatioa be-
ing determined by lot The timber lot was, for eight or ten years,
held in common, each using, under certain rules, what he required;
but it was at length divided into two and a half acre lots, and ap-
portioned among the heads of families. It was understood that the
value of the land at the time of the purchase, $1.25 per acre, should
be repaid within ten years, by the colonists, without interest ; and
should any persons abandon their portion before payment, the next
emigrant settler arriving, might make claim thereto. However, few
portions were abandoned, and all were paid for before the allotted
time expired. The remainder of the allotment tracts, after sup-
plying the original emigrants, was subsequently granted to new
comer.^, to several single men of age, and, in some cases, to
widows who claimed them.

After the division had thus been made, each colonist began to
clear and break up his lot in a small way, in which labor the
women rendered assistance, as most of them were accustomed to
out-door work from childhood. This breaking was slow and

424 Wisconsin State Histobical Socibtt.

laborious, as teams and plows had not yet been obtained. Most
of the first breaking was done with spades and shovels.

Some time during the spring of 1846, drovers from Ohio brought
a lot of cows to Exeter, a mining town eight miles east of New
Olarus. The colonists hearing of it, at once set out to purchase
some ; and, being excellent judges, soon selected the best animals
of the herd in sufficient numbers to give each family ona These
cost twelve dollars apiece, and were paid for out of the unex-
pended balance of the $1,000 aid, before mentioned. Additional
log huts were now erected in sufficient numbers, so that each
family had one for its occupation. These were built close to-
gether, apart from the twenty acre apportionments, so as to form
a small village. In after years, when the several lots had been
increased, houses were built upon the farms, while mechanics and
tradesmen occupied those in the village.

Progress toward the hoped-for independence was for some years
very slow, owing in part to poverty, and yet more to ignorance in
tilling the soil, and handling the crops after the fashion of this
country. Generally in their old Switzer homes, no horses nor
plows were used in agriculture; all spading, sowing, mowing, eta,
being done by hand. The hay and other crops are carried on
the backs of men and woman ; even nianure was, and is, still
carried there, in tubs made for the purpose, up to the steep mount-
ain slopes where- it was used. In fact, they were ignorant of all
modes of farming, except the care of cattle, in which they excelled.

This beginning certainly looked discouraging to the people.
Without money, without skill, in a strange land, and among those
whose language was different from their own, it required firm
determination, courage and faith to hold out. With some, it is
likely that it was only the want of means to return that prevented
their leaving. Most of the men, however, made up their minds
to win success by unceasing efforts. They, as well as the women,
sought and found work elsewhere, the men at the Lead Mines at
Exeter, and Mineral Point, and on the farms of older settlers ;
the women as domestic servants, washer- women, in fact anything
by which they could honestly earn something. Their earnings
were scanty — about fifty cents a day being a man's wages, and

The Swiss Colony' of New Glards. 426

ereD this was paid mostly m flour, meat, ^potatoes and other
produce, which ihey carried home on their backs, often a dis-
tance of tweuty-five miles. Money was an almost unknowu
commodity. In this way they managed to live until they
coald cultivate enough land to enable them to find work and food
at home.

As the year advanced, Mr. Slreiff purchased four yoke o£
oxen for the common use of the colony. They were used, in
turn, by each family, for breaking up land, drawing wood from
the timber tract, or anything else necessary to be done. Aftec
one person had used a yoke oi cattle the allotted time, be turned
them over to the next on the list entitled to thcni. The oxen
■re reported to have had as hard a time of it as any of the
colonists — if not harder lare, and harder aervica

When the colonista went into winter quarters, about the close
of 1845, much to the regret of all, Nicholas Duerst, one of
the pioneer adventurers and locators of the colony, returned to
bis native Switzerland. Mr. J. J. Tschudy was prevailed upon
by the friends of the enterprise to take Mr. Duerst's place as
leader and advisor to the colonists, and reached New Glarus
in the autumn of 1S46, and continued his residence there until
1856, securing, in a high degree, the confidence and esteem not
only of his countrymen, but of all classes of people. About tbia
time, the connection between the colony and the father-land was,
in a great measure, dissolved, the lots having all been dispised of,
and paid for. Mr, Tschiidy, now advanced in years, resides in
Uonroe, highly respected tor the good services he rendered the
New Qlarus colony in its infancy, and for bis worth as a man
and good citizen. The names and memories of the two Duersts,
Streifl, Tsohudy, Leglcr, P. Jenny, Sr., Egger, Stretssguth, Zim-
merman, and Etter, will long be held in graieful remembrance by
the people of New GIhtus and their descendants.

From this time, 1846, onward, although the progress of the
Swiss emigrants was slow, it was sure. The money earned by
most of them was carefully hoarded ; and as soon as enough was
saved to buy a forty acre tract, it was thus promply invested.
The journey to the Government Land Office at Mineral Point, a
28 — St. Hib. Soc.

426 Wisconsin State Historical Societt.

distance of thirty-two miles, was often made on foot, for prior to
1850. there were few horses in the settlement.

The early unfavorable reports sent home by the discouraged
ones, very naturally tended, for some years, to deter others from
following; and, until 1850, their numbers were not much in-
creased. After that time, owing to the better and nearer markets,
and afterward the outbreak of the Crimean war, and the conse-
quent rise in the price of wheat, at that time the principal pro-
duct in the New Glarus settlement, a steady acquisition of emi-
gration from Switzerland was received each year, and that mosUy
of a class who possessed means to buy land and stock, and make
needful improvements.

At length the long toiled-for result, so anxiously hoped for, yet
so long doubted and despaired of by some, was realized beyond ex-
pectation. Strong and self-reliant, the colony is not only a suc-
cess, but is a standing proof of what a small amount of money,
well directed and expended, may do to better the condition of
the honest poor of overcrowded cities, towns and localities in the
Old and New World. The money expended has long since been
refunded, so that in fact the founding of this colony cost literally
nothing, while the benefit to thousands has been priceless.

Owing to the fact that the cheap lands have all been taken up,
and there being little disposition to sell among those possessing
landed estates, immigration has now almost altogether ceased. Oo
the other hand, many young men, far more in number than the
original colonists, have gone to the fertile prairies of the West, in
some instances again forming small colonies ; but many have
dispersed, each striking out for himself.

Many of those first comers, who had nothing but their poverty
and their willing hands, are now not only in good circumstances,
but wealthy. And all, without exception, of those who retained
and practiced the old-time habits of industry, economy, and, above
all, sobriety, are much better off than it would ever have been
possible for them to have become in the country they left, to
which, though dear the memory be, few would return to stay.
And little need is there to return, for here the Swiss finds every-
thing he left at home, language, people and customs the samei

The Swiss Colony of New Glabus. 427

only lacking the towering snow-clad mountains, to complete the
resemblance.

In sketchinor briefly the cu^^toras and institutions as they now
exist here, it is proper that the church and religion of the colo-
nists should be first in order. The first house of worship was
built of hewn logs, in 1849, by voluntary contributions of labor
and money, and was for the time a roomy and substantial struc-
ture. It was also used for school and town purposes. The vil-
lage school district bought it when the present structure was
erected; and when, in process of time, a new school-house was
needed, it was sold to a farmer living three and a half miles east
of the village, who removed it, and now occupies it as a dwelling.
The present church was built of stone, in 1858, at a cost of nine-
teen hundred and fifty dollars in money, and five hundred and
fifty days' work by the members of the congregation. It is a
plain structure, with a square tower, surmounted by a dome, and
provided with two bells. The first bell was bought by the Bev.
Mr. Streissguth in Milwaukee, in 1852. It weighs three hundred
and twenty-seven pounJs, and cost one hundred and twelve dol-
lars. The second was bought in 1859, weighing four hundred
and sixty -eight pounds, and cost one hundred and seven ty-two
dollars and a half, of which one hundred and twenty dollars was
raised by subscription.

Before the arrival of a clergyman, Mr. Tschudy conducted re-
ligious services. The first preacher was the Rev. Mr. Streissguth,
now of St Paul, Minn., who was sent to the colony in 1850, and
was supported for two years at the expense of parties in Switzerland.
He remained five yeara He is spoken of as a man of good ability,
a true Christian, and in every way worthy and charitable. He had
some knowledge of medicino, which he exercised gratuitously for
the relief of the sick, at a time when physicians resided at a dis-
tance, and the people were too poor to employ them. His successor
was the Rev. Jno. Zimmerman, now of Burlington, Iowa, who was
pastor from 1855 to 1859. He was engaged when Mr. Streissguth
left, and on his recommendation. He resigned on account of dis-
agreement with the trustees in matters of government, rules, etc.
The present minister, Rev. J. T. Etter, came in 1860, and has

428 Wisconsin State Historical Sociktt.

uninterruptedly Berved the congregation ever since; and during
the eighteen year^ of his pastorate, he married one hundred and
fifteen couples, christened eight hundred and sixty-one children,
and attended the burial of two hundred and sixty-seven persons.
The second church belongs to the Evangelical Association ; the
members are few, and the manner of worship is identical with
that of the Methodists. The first itinerant preachers came into
the vicinity in 1847. They gained some converts in spite of
the opposition, distrust and dislike with which the colonists re-
garded any religious innovation. In 1859, they built a large,
frame church, on a hill, about two miles from the village; not
daring at that time to build in the village, so strong was the prej-
udice against them. In 1865, this feeling having considerably
moderated, the church was removed into the village, and worship
is held regularly without molestation or disturbance from others.
"They now seldom receive any accession to their numbers, which
are few ; but among them are some of the most worthy and sub-
stantial citizens of the colony.

The reason why the New Glarus people have so generally
adhered to the faith of their fathers, is, doubtless, because at
an early day they organized a church with regular services after
"the customs of the father-land, which, with people disposed, as
these are, to venerate everything that their ancestors did, went
far to strengthen their attachments to their ancient forms of
worship.

Of the two churches, the Reformed church was first organized
in 1849. It has a membership of one hundred and seventy heads
of families, representing about six hundred persons. The men of
families are alone calhd upon to contribute for its support; and
this is done by levying a tax equally upon all, whether rich
or poor, sufficient to pay expenses. The amount is determined
by the annual meeting of the male members, at which all rules
for the government of the congregation are made and altered;
and all such meetings are almost always fully attended, great in-
terest being taken in the proceedings. The congregation is inde-
pendent of any other church or synod of the same denomination
in America. Repeated efforts have been made by synods to bring

The Swiss Colony of.Nbw GLARua 429

them into connection ; bat all attempts in that direction have en-
countered an independent spirit of opposition on the part of this
society, which would not brook even the semblance of control.

The church is nominally in connection with the synod of
Eastern Switz"iland, but the relation is practically of little
benefit to either party. The hymn books and catechisms are
the same as tiiose used in Switzerland, and are imported as
required, none of this kind being printed or used elsewhere in
this country. The liturgy is also from the same source, contain-
ing prayers which are read for each Sunday, holiday and other
occasions of worship. Prayers are always read — never made
extempore in church service.

As it may be interesting to others to know how the services are
conducted, the following order on Sundays, will give a proper
idea : At about nine o'clock the first bell is rung, not tolled, as in
many other churches; and between the first ringing and ten
o'clock, the worshipers begin to come in, taking seats where
they please, except that the sexes sit separately on either side of
the church. At ten o'clock both bells are rung, which is the
signal that the minister has started from his house, about eighty
rods away; the ringing continues until he enters the buildings
when the people rise as he enters, and remain standing until he
reads prayers, and announces the text, and also during the sing-
ing, which is led by a good clioir of male voices, accompanied by
an organ. After the sermon is over, prayers are again read, fol-
lowed by singing, and the benediction. Then follows the singular
custom of the female part of the congregation leaving the church
first, the bell ringing the while, and the men standing; and not
until the last skirt has passed the door, does the male part follow,
led by the pastor.

The origin of this custom, according to tradition, is as follows :
Some five hundred years ago, the Austrains being at war with
the Swiss, attempted to surprise the town of Nafels, in Glarus;
or, as other traditions have it, a battle occurred between the com-
batants in the neighboring Canton of Grisons or Graubtindten.
In either case, the circumstances were the same — the people were
at church — whether Sunday or holiday is not recorded; but a

480 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

woman leaving church during service, discovered the enemy, and
gave the alarm ; and, it is related, that the women on that day
did valorous service, rolling and throwing rocks upon the enemy,
and aiding, in a great measure, to gain a decisive victory over
their old enemies, the Austrians. Since that time, tradition says,
the right and honor are accorded to the female worshipers in all
the churches of the Canton of Glarus, to leave the church first,
the men standing in deference while they pass out. This cus-
tom is rigidly, and without exception, kept up here, no matter
what the occasion for meeting and worship.

Weddings are for the most part solemnized by the ministers ;
seldom by a Justice of the Peace. Tuesdays and Thursdays are
the only d^iys on which a Swiss will be married ; the latter is the
favorite day. The other days of the week are not regarded as
fortunate ; Wednesday is especially considered the most unlucky.
Persons about to enter matrimony, some time before the cere-
mony takes place, go together to the houses of those whom they
wish to invite as guests to the wedding, and verbally request
their presence. Wedding feasts are of late mostly arranged at a
hotel ; but formerly at the home of the groom or bride. After
being pronounced man and wife, at the church or in the minis-
ter's house, the couple, with the invited guests, partake of the
wedding dinner, a'ter which dancing is indulged in till a late
hour. Before and after the marria^ire ceremonv, the lads and
young men salute the bridal party with a profuse discharge of
fire-arms. The more noise, tlie greater the honor. Very rarely do
the Swiss here intermarry with people of other nationalities ; almost
without exception, they marry among their own country folk.

The baptism of infants is another occasion for a feast. Chil-
dren are usually christened when less than tlwee months old ; and
the ceremony takes place in the church, except in a few in-
stances, a god-father and god mother invariably witnessing the
baptism at the altar. According to church rules, parents are not
permitted to act as sponsors. If parents are church membei's, no
fee is required for weldings, baptisms or funeral services ; other-
wise a fee is collceted, which is paid into the church fund, and
not as a perquisite to the i)reacher, as in other societies.

The Swiss Colony of New Glarus. 481

When a persoQ dies, the relatives, friends and countrymen are
notified bj messengers of the time of death and burial ; and the
accompanying of the dead to their last resting place is a duty
which is faithfully fulfilled, over one hundred and fifty teams
being often seen at a funeral. The church bells are made to do
duty on all of these occasions. A. couple of bell-tolls give notice
to the sponsors that the minister is at the altar, ready to proceed
with the baptism. On account of the baptisms being always per-
formed at the close of the regular services, the god-mother and
child remain in some convenient dwelling near the church, until
summoned by the bell. This is' so arranged that the congregation
may not be disturbed by any fretfulness on the part of the infant, to
whom no doubt the services would often become as tedious as
they sometimes do to older children, not only in this^ but in nu-
merous other churches.

At weddings they ring a merry peal ; and at funerals the bells
are tolled until the coffin is lowered into the grave. They are
also rung twice each day, as is the custom in Switzerland, at 11
A. M., and at dusk every evening, for five minutes each time;
and at midnight of the 81st December they are rung a whole
hour, to welcome in the New Year.

Kilbi, as it is termed here — a corruption of Klirhivcihe, or
church hallowing — is the holiday of all days. The Kourtli of
July is celebrated with American fervor; but Kilhi is a blinding
of all holidays into ona This day occurs on tlio la»t Sunday of
September of each year; and, as its name denotes, is strictly u re-
ligious festival, being the anniversary of the dedication of the
church. On that da}' the pastor, at the close of the sorvices, <l(*d-
icates the building anew; and this is as far as religious obser-
vances are kept In the afternoon, target-shooting, and dancing,
are moderately indulged in ; but Monday is the great day.
Strangers come from a distance, and neighbors and friends meet,
and renew friendships, overloaded tables and foaming glasses. The
youth, and, in fact, almost everybody, repair to the village; and
music and dancing begin about noon, and are kept up until next
morning, at three or more different halls, and all arc crowded.
In spite of the crowd, and the quantities of beer and wine drank—

482 Wisconsin Stat^ Historical Society.

bat stronger drinks are scarce, and consequently so are quarrels —
the best of humor and hilarity prevail.

The way these dances are managed is a novelty to Americana
Usually there is a committee of three managers at each dancing-
place, whose business it is to provide the music, keep order, col*
lect the >en trance fee from the male dancers; and, above all, sap-
ply them with female partners. For this purpose, the best looking
manager is sent with a gay and ribbon-bedecked team, to all
places where it is known young ladies live, and politely invite
them to take seats in his carriage; and, unless there is a prior
engagement, the lasses are always ready to comply. When his
carriage is full, he drives to the hall at which he is a manager, un-
loads, and again sallies forth in another direction until a sufficiency
of partners is secured, or the supply of lasses exhausted. His
fellow managers in the meanwhile keep order, arrange the coup-
els, and direct things generally, for the enjoyment and comfort
of all.

A good time is had at the homes, as well ; the best that can be
afforded is cooked and eaten ; and among all the cakes and dishes
of every kind, honey is accorded a prominent place. Few there
are who do not eat bread and butter and honey on Kilbi. The
general good time extends into Tuesday, sometimes, but usually
Monday night closes the feast, which not only is kept up by the
Swiss, but by American youth from a distance, who have learned
to share in the celebration.

The earliest attempt at English education was made under diffi-
culties. The first district school was taught in 1847, by a Mr.
Cowan * — only a short term — in a small log house belonging to
Balthasar Schindler. The next school was kept in the house of
Matthias Schmidt, in 1848, by a certain Mr. Jas. Kilroy, an Irish-
man, who, as report says, walloped learning into the youth welL
But conceive the circumstances : A small log house, a family of
nine persons, an Irish pedagogue and about twenty Swiss scholars,
all in one room, and not very large at that. Many are still living
in this vicinity who belonged to that primitive school ; and the log

• Aboat the time, or since, this was written, Mr. Cowan died in the Green conntj poo^
koose.

The Swiss Colony op New GLARua 48ft

house, the sceoe of these early pedagogic exhibitions, is still
BtandiDg.

A school-house was built ia 1849 in the village, and Peter Jenny
was teacher for some six years. Afterwards J. C. Zimmerman
taught three years; and since, with few intermissions, Matthias
Steussy has taught the district school in the village for the last
eighteen years. All these teachers were Swiss. The outlying
districts in the township are taught as is usual by different per*
sons almost every term. S^iveral young men of Swiss descent,
have qualified themselves for teaching at Academies elsewhere ;
but no "school-marm" has New Glarus ever produced. The
reason for this is not apparent, unless it be the general belief here
entertained, that much education for a girl will spoil her for a
house-wifa A knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic, is
considered sufficient for women. A girl is early taught the mys-
teries of cooking, washing and sewing ; and her education is not
considered complete unless she also understands milking, making
butter and cheese, and binding grain in the harvest field. In
consequence of the active out-door labor, which in addition to
their household duties, the females perform, they are in general
more healthy, robust and fit to fight the battle of life that awaits
all, than are their American sisters who seldom allow the summer
Bun to shine upon their unprotected hands and faces, and who as
a rule, are hardly allowed the needful exercise which health de-
mands. Weak nerves and hysterics are often the rule with the
latter, while with the former they are unknown.

The German schools in the village have been fully as ably con-
ducted as the English. First, a Mr. Ernst and Mr. Tschudy, and
then the Rev. Mr. Streissguth, and subsequently Rev. Mr. Zim-
merman, taught the German school; and, in addition to the
ordinary branches of study, included such religious instruction
as the rules of the church required. In 1867, Mr. F. Knobel, a
teacher from the Ciinton of Glarus, settled here, and has taught
German uninterruptedly since his arrival. Christian Luchsinger
has taught a German evening school for those who, more advanced
in years, and employed in labor, could not attend in day time,
German school books were first brought from the old country ;

484 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

but the supply giving out, Americaa printed books were adopted
The desire for education is universal ; and, as a whole, the people
of New Glarus compare favorably in learning with other rural
sections of the country.

The political partialities of the people are largely with the Dem-
ocratic party, two-thirds usually voting that way ; and it is an-
other instance of the conservatism of these Swiss settlers, that they
have adhered, through all changes, to the political creed they first
embraced when they settled here. For a man to change his polit-
ical belief is quite as rare as to change his religion. Among the
younger generation, the leaning is toward the Republican party ;
but members of both parties have almost unanimously supported
at the polls, deserving per.sons who were well known to them,
without regard to party afliliations.

Politicians are few; politics being a subject not so much dis-
cussed as among Americans. Elections are always conducted
quietly, with but little of the jobbing and pettifogging usual at
some places. J. J. Tschudy was the first Swiss elected to a
county office in Green County. He served as Recorder, then
Register, and afterward served four terms as County Clerk.
Matthias Marty was County Clerk while Mr. Tschody was Register.
John Luchsinger has, for the fourth time, been elected to represent
the north district of Green County in the legislature, and was the
first person of Swiss birth- sent to the Legislature from Green
County, and has served longer than any other representative from
that County.

No lawyers have ever found any encouragement to locateln
the settlement. The few cases where their aid has been required
were managed by the Monroe attorneys. There has been little
need of the profession, as the people are too busy and economical
to think of litigation.

Mr. Tschudy was the first to render assistance to the sick, hav-
ing some knowledge of medicine, and being provided with a
stock of medicines from his father, an experienced physician ia
Old Glarus. Rev. Mr. Streissguth afterwards administered medical
aid to the settlers. A person by the name of Bonjour, a French-
Swiss, dispensed drugs; but, in 1853, he was displaced by Dr.

The Swiss Colony of New Glarus. 486

Samuel Blumer, a good physician, who arrived from Glarus. He
remained here until 1866, when he removed to Iowa. His son,
J. J. Blumer, M. D., who received his medical education at the
University of Pennsylvania, is pow located here, and is justly
considered an excellent physician.

There is a fine glee club organized, which contains some good
voices, and is, as well as the church choir, under the direction of
Mr. F. Knobel, the German teacher. The songs and ballads of
Switzerland are sung with the same pathos and feeling here as
there, and seldom any others. A rifle club, consisting of about
twenty members, is active in drill, and numbers many excellent
shots, who have won prizes at the annual competitions in this and
other States. There are no secret societies whatever, and, as far
as known, no members of any in this settlement.

When the civil war broke out, the Swiss in New Glarus and
vicinity furnished their full proportion of volunteers — according
to the best authority about ninety-eight bbys in blue, who did
not dishonor the memory of their sires who fought at St Jacob,
Nafels, Morgarten, and other well-fought fields in the father-land.

The people are very conservative in most things, especially in
their adherence to the customs and usages of their ancestors, and
in their language, religion, and politics. It is illustrated by the
fact that the same pastor has preached, and the same school-mas-
ter taught, for eighteen successive years. There has been scarcely
any perceptible change or diminution in the hearty, homely man-
ners of the New Glarus people and their descendants ; nor in
their disposition to work, to economize, and achieve independence
in all things. Even Dame Fashion has been able to make but
small inroads among the fair sex ; a basque, pin-back overskirt,
or any other fashionable contrivance, is looked upon as a snare
and an abomination by the elderly women ; but their daughters
trespass somewhat, in a mild way, in that direction. And happily
the barbarous fashion of banged-hair has not yet a))peared.
Should any girl thus attempt to disfigure herself, there would,
without doubt, be banging enough from the unfashionable Mater
Familias.

Attachment to the father-land is strong and sincere. From time

486 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

to time fully thirty persons, who have gathered a competency herCi
have returned to Switzerland — some having been twice and even
three times ; but not to exceed half a dozen have returned to re-
main. The large farms, grand distances, and enlarged thought
of this country tend to give larger views to both sight and mind;
so that, it is said, everything in the old country appears close and
contracted by comparison ; and, as some have expressed it, that
there seemed to be hardly room to breathe thera Still the love
for the '^old home,^' as it is still affectionatelj" termed by all, is
undying; and few who were adults when they came here but
cherish the wish and hope to behold their loved native moun-
tains once more before they go hence to the undiscovered country.

How long this reverential feeling will continue, will depend
upon circumstances ; but it would seem, from past experience in
Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York, where many whose ancestors
migrated two hundred years ago, still speak only German, that
unless the iron horse finds his way to these hills and valleys, it ia
more than likely that a hundred years hence will make little
change in the language and customs of the New Glarus peopla
With all this adherence to what is ancient, and aversion to mix-
ing, and inter-marrying with, those of other nationalities, those
who read — and few do not — are well informed, and quick to
comprehend whatever is of advantage to themselves, and of gen-
eral interest From being almost entirely ignorant of the modes
of American farming, they are now considered the equals of the
best farmers in the country, taking advantage of, and purchasing,
the best labor-saving machinery, and in enterprise and endurance
are scarcely equalled by any.

In public spirit they are not lacking. In addition to the fine
district school-house, there has also been built another in which
German is taught In 1870, when a rail-road was projected in the
vicinity, the township promptly voted twenty thousand dollars to
aid in building it, besides one hundred dollars in cash to assist in
defraying the expense of surveying. As yet there is no prospect
of the road being built In 1861, news was received that the
town of Glarus, Switzerland, was almost destroyed by fire. In a
short time, the sum of twelve hundred and fifty dollars was con-

The Swiss Colony op New GLARua 487

tributed, and sent there for distribution among the suffering
people.

In 1850 the parsonage was built of hewn logs and framed. It
was then considered the finest house in the village. It is still the
parsonage, but it is sadly the worse for wear; and we may safely
conclude, that in the onward march of improvement, it will soon
be supplanted by a much better one.

In 1852 the scarlet fever raged in the colony, and in a short
time seventeen children died. In 1854 a new comer arrived, via
Freeport, III., who was iufected with the cholera; and the disease
spread, and proved a very sad scourge, no less than twenty-two
persons, adults, dying in a short time from its ravages.

The town of New Glarus was organized in April, 1850; prior
to which, the settlement had been generally known as the Swiss
Colony ; but to those in Switzerland as New Glarus. The terri-
tory comprising it had been hitherto attached, for all civil pur-
poses, to the adjoinidg town of York. The village of New Glarus
was laid out and platted, in 1851, by Mr. Spangler, of Monroe.
During the year, the first framed house was erected by Ott Bros.,
since of Madison, who opened the first store ; and 'the same year
Mr. Joshua Wild built a saw-mill with an under-shot wheel. The
first hotel was erected by Baumgartner Brothers in 1853. In
1862, David Klaessy built a grist-mill, with two run of stones, pro-
pelled by water power ; and with this mill was probably connected
the first barley hulling machine in Wisconsin. The demand war-
ranted the outlay, as hulled barley soup is a favorite dish among
the New Glarus peopla lu 1867, a brewery was built by Dr.
Blumer & Co. ; and beer has been brewed since, supplying the
settlement, which formerly received its national beverage from
Madison and Monroe.

Swiss cheese was made by many farmers as early as 1854, and
much of an excellent quality was sold ; but dairy cheese-making
has given way to the factory system. The first cheese- factory
was established in 1870; and since then eight others, large and
small, have gone into operation. Three-fourths of the cheese
made is Limburger, and is said to pay the maker better than any
other variety. The number of cows whose milk is brought to

488 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

these factories is about 2,500 ; and f ally 600,000 pounds of cheese
are now made in a season in the township of New Glarus alone.
It is a branch of farming that, on these rolling lands, assures the
farmer a steady incoma There are no fortunes made quickly by
it, but it gives a surer return for labor than any other branch of
farming industry, and is a direct benefit to the soil, more land
being in grass, and better manured than with grain culture.

The factories are built by the farmers, and l6ased to cheese-
makers, who buy the milk at a fixed price, thus differing from
many other places, where the farmers hire the cheese-maker, and
divide the net proceeds. Some Swiss cheese is still made here^
but not to compare with former years in quantity. Of the cheese
product, the most was formerly shipped to Milwaukee, Cbictgo
and St. Louis ; but of late, cheese has been sent to Great Britain,
and, incredible as it may seem, some even to Switzerland, that
land of cheese.

In the year 1819, the stock in the colony, according to the
report of the Bev. Mr. Streissguth, consisted of one horse ; one
bull; forty-one oxen; forty-nine cows; forty heifers and steers
two years old; fifty one calves; fifteen sheep; and four hundred
and eighty-two bogs. The crop of that year was sixty-five bush-
els of oats, five hundred and forty-five of corn, and four hundred
and ninety-five of potatoes — the product of one hundred and four
acres of cultivated land. The population was then rated at one
hundred and twenty-five.

Bilten is the name of a branch of this colony, in the adjoining
town of Washington, and was founded in 1817 by the authorities
of the parish of Bilten, in Glarus, Switzerland. In that year
sufficient funds were sent to Mr. Fridolin Streiff, one of the
pioneers of New Glarus, to purchase seventeen forty acre tracts ;
and in the same year twelve families, mostly from the above
named parish, settled thereon. The Bilten settlement has shared
with the main colony in reputation for thrift and industry ; and
the people, as a class, are doing well. They have by purchase
extended the original boundaries, which were about five miles
from New Glarus, so that now the two settlements have blended
into one, with no intervening settlers of other nationalities.

The Swiss CJolony of New GLARua 48^

The pastors of New Glarus formerly held divine service in
Bilten once in four ^eeks ; but for some years this has been dis-
continued, and those who do not come to New Glarus for worship
have themselves built a handsome church, at which preachers
from Monroe officiate. The chief branch of farming in this set-
tlement is also the making of cheese, for which the land is well
adapted, being rolling, and well watered by brooks and springs ;
and it now comprises about^onehalf of the township, being the
northern and rougher portion.

Thus, from feeble beginnings, has the New Glarus colony, with
its adjacent Swiss settlements, expanded from something over a
hundred poverty-stricken people, to fully four thousand in num-
bers; and from twelve hundred and eighty acres of wild, uncul-
tivated land, to over sixty thousand acres, transformed into com-
fortable homes, wifcb all the conveniences, and many of the
luxuries, of life. With comfortable residences and barns, churches
and school-houses, fruitful orchards, well cultured fields of golden
grain, well-filled granaries, with herds on many a bill-side, horses
and carriages, and pianos and melodeons scattered here and
there through the settlement, the people of New Glarus and their
descendants have abundant cause to thank God for the success of
the past, and put their trust in him for the future.

December, 187a

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON NEW GLARUS.

By J. JACOB T8CHUDY.

The colony of New Glarus was founded by an association of
several political communities of the Canton of Glarus, in Switzer*
land, who organized themselves into a society under the sanction
of the Government of the Canton, in the year 1844 ; and had the
following aims or purposes in view for the benefit of the over-
crowded population of that small and mountainous Canton, which
are copied from the records :

1. The emigration shall be executed in common, and directed
to one of the States in the northwestern portion of the United
Statea The idea is to found a community similar to that of the
Canton of Glarus. The States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and
Missouri shall be first explored in seeking for a suitable locality
for the colony.

2. In the course of 1844, two agents shall be sent to visit those
States for the purpose of selecting a tract of land large enough
for the experiment, and to arrange the necessary steps to execute
the plan in view. These agents shall have the necessary instruc-
tions for their work, and be fully empowered to carry the design
into execution.

8. Every family willing to emigrate shall receive twenty acres
of land ; the money to pay for the land shall be advanced by the
Association. AH the expenses of the voyage or emigration must
be provided for by the emigrants themselves.

4. The expenses of the agents the Association agrees to pay.

5. The several communities are invited to ratify these resolu-
tions, and thereby become members in fact of the Association.

These resolutions were ratified by the several communities, and
hj the Government of the Canton, who also donated a large part

Additional Notks on New Qlaru& 441

of the expenses of the agents, say about six hundred dollam. A.
committee was appointed who drew up the regulations for tho rule
of the Association, which were accepted and ratified ; and in the
persons of Messrs. Nicholas Duerst and Fridolin StrcilT, were found
and selected the agents for the important trust Thoy depnrte«l
for their far-away field of responsible labor tho 8th ilay of Mariih,
1845 ; and, after a stormy and disagreeable voyage, landed on the
shores of the New World, where they wore directed to oonnwlt a
commercial house in New 5fork, and an old countryman, Mr.
Blumer, in Allentown, Pa., who would anmHt them with ocMUifiol
and every needful help. Mr. Blumer iiccure<l Mr. Jof«liUA Vry^ a
man able to speak English, to accompany the agentu to the far
West, and to aid them in carrying out their iniitruotionii, which
were as follows :

1. The agents will journey from Switzerland, via Havre, to
New York.

2. They will find an amount of money (alx>ut $2,600) (\e]Hfntiefl
with a house in New York, sufBcient to boy a certain riuantity of
land for the emigrants, according to the reiipective wharfs Uf which
they will be entitled.

8. This money they will not draw before tb«y h«r« Ml^^ct^l
and bought the land, or are really to buy ; an4 ahall be ^n'uM in
this matter bv the cona^el or a/lric* of Mr lilmM^f of Alkn-
town.

4. A? *>-ja ail tiuty anrire in Xeir V^yffe, the a^ent# wVA pro
ceed u> ice «u4 Mr, B'smer, an4 a«k him eith/rr to a/y^'ymp'^ny
them, or tsud uiem wlia W\m %fiif/iif\^^t fA tbe relative Jirfr»nt«i^««
of th* .5>in:rT in th-^ ?»^>fth'Wej^

aider :ru» ^i:mift5: vA rh* ra^inr^ fA the »)il. i»Hic4f i^^^t eo' ?*^ «»
near ia C'vwir>ie «.'n;!a«' zo> caos*^ in th« oM wifvuyy, j>^] *<>i^r^S>j
for die ^^rrA^uvTMt^tn (A jpra^n ajn<l <*a^^

4 The a^t^cft ar^ nor^ ry*^«i-^«iy Iwiivl iw p»^>f-vKji»*«t O^-^^.v
men:: iami . -vis;; ^;^#»y ^«tii, f jx«»iiv.-^, V/ V> *wv.'*, ^rv/i^iA "^Jit

$I.i1 per wvi jr'v/ih > v^^ pr:c>^ vf ^>>'\>'^rtmenj; :«»n4.

r. T:ie M^»« «h'^l| rr/ to ^V>y iil th^ '.an-i in vu> V-vrt^ ip^^;

442 Wisconsin State IlisTOBicAL Sociktt.

sitaated in regard to communications with the rest of the State,
by means of roads, etc.

8. After the purchase, the land shall be divided in timber, bot-
tom and field land, so as to make as just a partition as possible.

9. The' agents will take charge of the emigrants from St Louis,
where they will wait for them ; and when they arrive on the land,
the lots shall be equitably distributed to each family.

10. The agents will also have the oversight of the families on
their first arrival in the colony ; but the emigrants must defray
their own expenses.

11. In all important matters, the agents must consult, besides
Mr. Blumer, the heads of the commercial house in New York,
from which they draw the money.

12. It will be necessary to provide for the breaking up of some
land to raise produce for man and beast, for which the agents
shall make provision.

13. The purchase of the land shall be made in the name of the
" Emigration Society of the Canton of Glarus." Mr. Duerst will
have a plat made of the lands, divided into lots, and numbered,
with the names of the owners. The head of every family will
draw his lot of twenty acres, and be the exclusive owner. The
price thereof, as well as advances made afterwards, must be repaid
within ten years, without interest Mr. Streiff will keep a copy
of said plat, and all the papers; also keep an accurate record of
the names of all owners, their increase or decrease, etc.

14. The agents will do their utmost to provide, as soon as pos-
sible, for the establishment of a church and school, and for the
relief of the poor of the colony.

15. When the agents think that they have executed these in-
structions according to the best of their ability, Mr. Duerst will
promptly return to his father-land.

16. Mr. Streiff will remain with the colonists, and report to the
Association concerning everything of interest from time to time;
he will also keep accounts of all expenses, etc.

17. Mr. Duerst shall receive for his services one dollar per day
till his return, with all expenses. Mr. Streiff shall have his per-
sonal expenses paid from his departure from home until Mr*

Additional Kotes on New Glabus. 445

Duerst returns to Switzerland ; after wfaicli he shall receive gnch
xemunenition for his services as ibe Executive Committee of the

Association shall consider just and proper.

When the people arrived on the land, in August, 18io, wholly
destitute of monej', and unable to live through the approaching
winter without help, the agents drew on the Association, which
honored the draft, to the amount of $1,000, which was used to
make advances to the families in provisions, cattle, tools, seed,
etc This money had to be refunded, with the price of the lots,
within ten years from the foundation of the colony. In 18o5, all
these debts were fully paid and cancelled, and deeds issued by
the Association to each owner. Messrs. Fridolin StreiS and
FridoUn Egger were at that lime the agents representing the
Association, with full authority to settle with every colonist The
last papers were issued, if I am not mistaken, in 1856 ; and from
that time the so-called colony was perfectly independent of the
, parent Association, although there exi.ited, and yet e-^ists, only
the kindest remembrances end relations.

In the fall of 1816, a successor to Mr. Duerst, and assistant to
Mr. StreifT, was sent from the old country by the Association, in
the peraon of J. J. Tschudy, who arrived at New Glarus in Octo-
ber, when he at once proceeded to collect some statistics in rela-
itioa to tbe financial and agricultural progress of the colony up to
that tim& On a visit made to every cabin, he found that,
although some families were suffering from sickness, and had yet
only poor accommodations, still, in general, there was a steady
improvement, a hopef'j! out-look for the future, and reasonable
contentment with the new home and the progress thus far made.
The winter of 1846-47, was a bard one. From January till the
spring of 1847, men and beasts suffered much from exposure in
the rough, unCnislied huts and stables, and with scarcity of fodder
(or the cattle. Still, spring found all well, and ready to go tt>
work with a will, and with new courage, to break land, plant and '
improve according to their best ability. They were, however,
often hindered and retarded for want of teams, tools, and other
Deoessaries, which were provided, as far as possible, by advance
from the Association.

444 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

As information "was sent by the parent Association that moi^
emigrants would be sent in the spring of 1847, the agents bought,
by instructions given them, another tract of land in the adjoining
town of Washington, on the south, which was also divided into
twenty acre lots, and distributed among the new comers in that
year. But this second colony never kept together so exclusively
as did the men of New Glarus, who named the whole township
after their old country home, together with the village therein.
The settlers of New Glarus founded their own church — the Be-
formed church — according to the rites and usages of the old
country; and had their German school from the beginning, as well
as an English one.

In 1853, the first celebration of the 4th of July, was held by a
few of the colonists, associating with it the vivid remembrance of
a day of festival kept in their father-land — very similar to the
American holiday ; and, from that time, Independance day has
been celebrated every year more or less in the village by all the
people, old and young. A number of the primitive settlers have
gone to their everlasting rest ; but those remaining may be seen on
these festive occasions, taking part in the celebration of the fourth
of July, which serves to remind them of their native land, and of the
battle day which delivered their ancestors from the tyranny of
their oppressors on the 9th of April, 1388, when eight huadred
men of Glarus defeated several thousand Austrians.

I now append the statistics of the colonv as I took them on my
arrival in the autumn of 1846 : Land broken for tillage one hun-
dred and nine acres, which I think was done well under the cir-
cumstances, oxen and plows being owned in common, and had
necessarily to be used in rotation, making it often rather difficult
to keep the work all going on in peace and harmony. Up to
November 20th, 1846, there were two births and seven deaths in
the settlement. On the 19ch of November, in that year, Mr. StreifiE
brought the first sheep to New Glarus. Lot No. 13 was selected
as the village plat, and had thirteen cabins at the time. There
were then twenty cabins in the whole colony. Poultry was
largely kept, but no enumeration of the number was taken.
Garden produce of various kinds was planted on all lots cultivated,
and gave very rich returns.

Additional Notes on New Glarus. 445

There were at that time in the colooy of New Glarus one hun-
dred and twenty-nine persons, men, women, and children ; and the
Bumber of twenty acre lots taken, and partly improved, twenty-
nine. One settler had two horses, while another was the owner
of a bull ; four yoke of working oxen were held in common by
the whole settlement ; eighteen cows were held separately, fifteen
heifers, twenty-five calves, and one hundred and ninety-nine hog&
Their first harvest, that of 1846, yielded the settlers seven hun-
dred bushels of corn, and enough potatoes for the use of the
colony. All things considered, this was a good showing for the
first year's operations, and all seemed satisfied with the results,
trusting in the good providence of God that still better days were
jet in store for them. Nor were their hopes disappointed.

Monroe, Wis., June, 1879.

WISCONSIN NECROWGY - 1876-78.

By LYMAN C. DRAPER,

A coDtiouance of the death-ioll of prominent Wisconsin per-
sons, for the years 1876-78, with passing notices of their career,
is here presented for record.

1876.

Hon. Albert M. Skeels died at Ripon, January 5th, in his sixty-
third year. He was born at Swanton, Vermont, February 27th,
1813, and removed to Ripon in 1853. He was for some seven
years post-master at that place ; and in 1865 and 1866, he served
as a representative in the Legislature, taking rank among the
ablest members of that body. He also served as a commissioner
and trustee of the State Insane Asylum near Oihkosh ; and filled
the position of President of the Ripon Agricultural Association,
and the same position in the Northern Wisconsin Agricultural
Society.

John Lewis, of Baraboo, was accidentally run over and killed
by a rail-road train, near that place, January llth. He was about
fifty-five years of age, and was formerly from Ohio, where he
had held several offices of honor and trust, among them a seat in
the Legislature. He at one time served as City Treasurer of
Madison.

Hon. Jacob Spaulding died of apoplexy at Worcester, Chip-
pewa County, January 23d, aged sixty-five years. He was bom
in the State of New York in 1810, and settled on Black river,
Wisconsin, as early as 1839. He had at first to obtain his neces-
sary supplies from Prairie du Chien, a distance of one hundred
and sixty miles. ' He was the founder of the village of Black
River Falls, and became a prominent man in that Valley. So great
was the confidence of the Winnebago Indians in him, that they

Wi3CX)NSiN Nkcbology — 1876. 447

frequently prevailed on him to repair to Washington in their be-
half— he was emphatically the Indians Friend. 11 is death was
hastened by over- taxing his strength in making such a visit for
his Winnebago friends, from which he had been but a few days
returned.

Hon. James B. Cross died in Milwaukee, February 8d, in his
fifty-seventh year. He was born in Phelps, Ontario County, N. Y.,
December 17th, 1819; received an Academic education, studied
law, and removed to Milwaukee in May, 1841. He was elected,
in 1846, a Justice of the Peace; in the spring of 1848, Judge of
Probate ; and in the fall of that year, and again the succeeding
year, he was chosen a member of the Legislature. In the spring of
1850, he was elected City Attorney ; and in 1854, he was a third
time returned to the Legislature. In 1855, and the two following
years, he was chosen Mayor of Milwaukee ; and in the fall of
1857, he lacked only 118 votes of being elected Governor of the
State. He was for five years President of the Juneau Bank, and
served awhile as Clerk of the Probate Court He presented a
fine personal appearance, and possessed many of the elements of
popularity. ** In his death," says the Slate Journal^ ** Milwaukee
loses one of its early pioneers, and ona who possessed the ability,
grace and eloquence to adorn any position in life."

George Fulton, an old resident of the Sugar River Valley, and
sative of the County of Derry, Ireland, died in Madison, Feb-
ruary 6th, aged sixty-eight years. He was known as a writer and
poet of some note.

Dr. S. Compton Smith died at his residence in Greenfield, near
Milwaukee, Feb. 22 J, in the sixty-second year of his age. Ho
■was born in Bristol, R I., Nov. 15th, 1814; but early removed,
■with his widowed mother, to E'.lisburgh, Jefferson County, N. Y.,
studying at Belleville Academy, where he laid the foundation for
the broad culture which afterwards distinguished him. He early
began the stuiy of medicine, graduating at the New York Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, eujoying the instruction of the
famous Dr. Valentine Mott. He went to the island of Cuba,
where he practiced three years, and subsequently in Ohio and in
the South. During the Mexican War, he served as a surgeon ia

448 Wisconsin State Historical Sociktt.

Gen. Taylor's army, and was present at the battle of Baena Vista.
He was, at one time, severely wounded, and nearly killed by a
party of Mexican guerillas. After the war, be settled first at
Port Washington, and then in Milwaukee, and afterwards in
Greenfield. When the civil war broke out, he again entered
the service as a surgeon, connected with various military organ-
izations, and hospitals, and was with Sherman's March to the Sea
until the battle of Goldsboro, when he was honorably discharged.

Dr. Smith for many years devoted himself to literary pursuits.
He wrote an interesting volume, Chih Con Came, or The Camp
and the Field, illustrative of scenes and events of the Mexican
war. During the civil war, he wrote a series of letters to the
Milwaukee Sentinel, and the Evening Wisconsin, detailing graphio
scenes and incidents of which he was a witness ; and subsequently
was long a regular contributor to the New York Ledger, furnish-
ing over two hundred sketches, and was on the editorial staff of
the Milwaukee Monthly Magazine, He wielded a ready and
graceful pen, and was a most genial and interesting man.

Hon. Thomas B. Stoddard, died at La Crosse, where he had
long resided, February 24th, at the age of seventy-five years.
He came west in 1850, and settled in La Crosse the following
year, and from the first took a deep interest in everything per-
taining to its welfare. He was chosen the first Mayor of the
young city, and was the first President of the Southern Minnesota
rail-road, of which he was the chief projector, and continued a
Director till his death. He represented La Crosse County in the
Assembly in 1862, and was the Democratic candidate in that dis-
trict for Congress in the fall of that year.

Sidney Foote, of Madison, died at Jacksonville, Florida, whither
he had gone for his health, March 8th, in his forty-sixth year.
He was a native of Smyrna, N. Y., and i& 1852 became a student
of the Wisconsin University, graduating in 1856; studied and
engaged in the practice of law at Madison ; was Register of Bank-
ruptcy for nine years, and District Attorney in 1873-74.

Col. Samuel Ryan died at Menasha, April 12th, at the vener*
able age of nearly eighty-seven years. He was born in Tipperary
County, Ireland, May 12th, 1789 ; he was early impressed into

Wisconsin Necrology — 1876. 449

the British naval service, and then in the army. During the war
of 1812, he saw some hard service, being severely wounded. He
was, on one occasion, shipwrecked when eighteen vessels went
down with nearly all on board on a single night, Buffering all the
horrors short of death incident to such a catastropha Escaping
from his British oppressors, he joined the American army in time
to bear an honorable part againsc those who had enslaved him.
Be-enlisling in the United States service, he came west ; and at
length, in 1826, to Green Bay. During the Black Hawk war he
forwarded stores and supplies to the troops at Fort Winnebago ;
and subsequently took part in several Indian treaties. When Wis-
consin Territory was organized, he was commissioned first, a Lieu-
tenant Colonel, and then a full Colonel, of the militia. From 184&
to 1861, he acted as Receiver of the United States Land Office, first
at Green Bay and then at Menasha. He was a good soldier, and
an honest man.

Hon. Henry Merrell, who died at Portage, May 6th, in his sev-
enty-second year, was born in Utica, N. Y., August 7th, 1804.
He came to Fort Winnebago in 1834, was post-master there twelve
years, and State Senator in 1848-49. His career and character
are fittingly noticed in the seventh volume of the Society's Oollec-
tions^ in connection with his interesting paper on Pione^ Life in
Wisconsin.

Hon. Charles A. Weisbrod, a prominent lawyer, died at Osh-
kosb, on the 21st of May. He was born in Prussia in 1822, and
received a liberal education, graduating at Berlin University.
He first engaged in civil engineering for several years. Settling
at Oshkosh in 1849, he filled many public positions ; and was
serving as one of the Normal School Regents at the time of his
death.

Hon. Robert C. Field died atMondovi, Buffalo County, of apo-
plexy, June 16th, at the age of seventy- two years. He was born
a Cairo, Green County, N. Y., May 6th, 1804, and received a com-
mon school education. He settled in Richland County, Wiscon-
sin, 1849, removing to Trempealeau in 1859. He represented
Green County, N. Y., in the Assembly of that State in 1843 ;
and Richland County, in the Wisconsin Legislature in 1856, and

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Wisconsin Necrology — 1876. 451

He was a native of Kentucky, but early removing to Illinois, be-
came Secretary of State during Governor Reynolds' administra-
tion, 1830-34; and served as an aid to General Henry in the
Black Hawk War. He was appointed in 1841, by President
Harrison, Secretary of the Wisconsin Territory ; but shortly after
resigned his position, and settled in St. Louis in the practice of
law, taking high rank in his profession. He removed to New
Orleans in 1856. In 186 1, he was a claimant for a seat in Con-
gress, which was not accorded him ; and in 1872, he was chosen
Attorney General of Louisiana on the Republican ticket He
revisited Wisconsin about a year before his death.

Col. William H. Hamilton, of Sun Prairie, died at Denver,
Colorado, August 31st, whither he had gone for his health/ He
entered the service during the civil war as a private, and subse-
quently raised a company for the Thirty-Sixth Wisconsin, of
which he was made Captain. At the battle of Deep Bottom, in
front of Petersburg, he received a ball, August 14th, 1864, which
lodged in the bones of his nose, and for a long time it could not
be found. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. In 1869,
he was S3rgeant at-Arms of the State Senate; and was subse-
quently Station Agent of the railroad at Sun Prairia His
wound never fully healed, and finally caused his death.

Rev. Thomas Bright was stricken down in the pulpit of the
Baptist Church, Madison, Sunday, Ssptember 10th, and died on
the evening of that day. He was born at Walton, England, No-
bember 8, 1810; and while a youth was brought to this country.
He commenced his ministerial labors in 1840 ; and, in 1852, re-
moved to Wisconsin, serving as pastor at Elkhorn, Walworth,
Spring Prairie, Geneva and Fox Laka In 1874, he became con-
nected wifli the B.iptist Church at Madison.

lion. Perry G. Harrington died in Sugar Creek, Walworth
County, September 18th, sixty-four years of age. He was born
in Otsego County, New York, in 1812 ; and removed to Milwau-
kee in May, 1836, and to Sugar Creek the following year. He
was a member of the County Board from 1846 to 1851, and a
member of Assembly in 1854.

Hon. W. H. Thomas died at Osso, Trempealeau County, Octo-

452 Wisconsin State Historical Socnar.

ber 2d, at the age of forty seven years. He settled there in 1854^
and represented his district in the Assembly in 1866.

William T. Hutchinson died at Neillsville, Clark County, Oc-
tober 4tb, in his thirty-eighth year. For a number of years be
had filled the office of Register of Deeds of Clark County, and
was County Treasurer at the time of his death.

Gen. Rufus King died of pneumonia in New York City, October
ISth, in his sixty-second year. He was born in that City, January
26th, 1814. He graduated at West Point Military Academy in
1883, and entered the army, from which he resigned in 18S&
He then engaged on railroad surveys; and served as Adjutant
General of New York, 1889-43; associate editor of the Albany
Evenmg Journal^ 1841-45 ; and editor of the Milwaukee Sentinel^
1845-61 ; member of the Wisconsin Constitutional Convention,
1847-48 ; colonel of the militia, regent of the State University,
visitor to West Point Military Academy, Superintendent of Pub-
lic Schools of Milwaukee, 1859-61 ; and U. S. Minister to Italy^
holding the appointment from March to August, 1861, which he
relinquished to enter the military service. He was, in May, 1861,
appointed Brigadier General of Wisconsin Volunteers, and shortly
after to the same rank in the United States Volunteers, serving in
the defenses of Washington, commanding a division at Fredericks-
burg, GrovetDn, Manassas, Yorktown and Fairfax, serving until
1863, when from ill health he resigned, and was reappointed
Minister to Rome, where he remained till 1867. In his latter
years, he suffered from impaired health.

Mrs. Polly Wheeler died at Lima, Rock County, November 4th,
aged one hundred and one years and three days. She was born
at Southwick, Mass., November 1st, 1775, removing with her
husband, Hezekiah Wheeler, first to Western New York, thence
to Green County, Wisconsin, about 1844. Her memory was un-
impaired to the last

Wm. P. St. John died in Portage, November 22d. at the age of
sixty-five years. He was born in Madison County, N. Y., Sep-
tember 12ih, 1809, and was bred a wheelwright lie labored
efficiently in the temperance cause, and left a bequest of one
thousand dollars each for Wayland and Lawrence Universities,
and smaller amounts to several other societies and institutiona

Wisconsin Necrology — 1878. 453

Hon. Willard Isham died at Delavan, November 26tb, aged
fifty-six years. He was bora in Smyrna, Chenango County, N.
Y., March 24th, 1820. He settled in Delavan in 1845, was a
member of the Legislature in 1855, and was for many years one
of the trustees for the Wisconsin Institute for the Deaf and Dumb.

Jacob Nunnemacher died in Lake, near Milwaukee, November
28th, at the age of fifty-seven years. A native of Berne, Swit-
zerland, he came to this country in 1842, settling in Milwaukee,
where, by his investments and enterprise, he became very wealthy,
erecting the Grand Opera House and other stately blocks.

Dr. J. H Lee, of Franklin, Vernon County, died of apoplexy
at the State Insane Asylum, near Madison, December 1st, at about
the age of fifty years. He was a native of Vermont, and had
spent many years in lecturing on phrenology. Seized with soften-
ing of the brain, he was sent to the Asylum. He was a man of
C3mmanding presence, weighing at the time of his prostration,
three hundred and forty pounds. He wa$ connected with the
Masonic and Odd Fellows' fraternities.

Mrs. Mary Vroman died at Syene, near Madison, December 6th,
at the advanced age of ninety-eight years, ten months and twenty-
six days. She was born in Newark, N. J., January 10th, 1778 ;
was married at Johnston, N. Y., in 1796 — seventy years before
her death.

Hon. Augustus O. Dole died at Poynette, Columbia County,
December 7th, in the sixty-first year of his age. He was born in
Shelburne, Mass., February 11th, 1816. He settled in Wisconsin
in 1856; and filled various town offices in Arlington and Poy*
nette, and represented his district in the Legislature in 1876.

David Hyer, one of the first settlers of Madison in 1887, died
at Dartford, Green Lake County, December 7th, aged eighty-three
years.

Hon. Lsvi Hubbell died in Milwaukee, December 8th, in his
sixty-ninth year. Born at Ballslon, N. Y., April 15th, 1808, he
graduated at Union College, studied law, and was appointed by
Gov. Marcy Adjutant General of the State in 1838, serving in
that position till 1836. In 1841 he served as a member of the
New York Legislature. Removing to Milwaukee in 1844, he

451 WisooNBiN State Hibtobical Sochsxt.

(practioed his profeasioD, until chosen Circuit Judge of the Second
Judicial District, in 1848, and re-elected in 1851^ serving in the
double capacity of Circuit Judge, and Associate Justice of the
old Supreme Court till 1853, at one time Chief Justice, and served
as Circuit Judge till his resignation in 1856. He was appointed
. U. S. District Attorney for the Eastern District of Wisconsin in
1871, serving till 1875. His impeachment trial in 1853 wasa^
notable event of the time ; he was acquitted of the charges against
him.

David Munson, a native of Colebrook, Conn., died at Baraboo,
December 11th, in his seventy-fifth year. After residing several
years in Alabama, he settled at Baraboo in 1818. He served as
Sheriff of Sauk County in 1852-58, and eight years as Town
Clerk of Baraboo.

liobert H Millman, a Green County pioneer, died in that County
December 18th, in his eightieth year. Born in Delaware, April
6th, 1797, he migrated when a boy to Ohio, afterwards to Indi-
ana, and in 1844, to Green County, Wisconsin.

Judge Thomas P. Russell died at Oshkosh December 22d, aged
eighty-four years. He was born at Windsor, Conn., August 31,
1792, removed when young to Vermont, where he served as Pro-
bate Judge sixteen years, and frequently served in one branch or
the other of the State Legislature. He settled at Oshkosh in 1854

Father Franciskos Kralczinski, a native of Poland, pastor of St
Hedwig's and of St Stanislaus churches, Milwaukee, died of heart
disease, near the altar of the latter church, immediately on con-
.eluding services, December 24th, at the age of seventy five years.
He was found dead, kneeling before a crucifix, with his head rest-
ing upon a chair beside him.

Rev. John Gridley died at Kenosha, December 27th, at the age
of eighty years. He was one of the first settlers there, and at one
time pastor of the Congregational church.

1877.

Prof. James H Eaton died inBeloit, January 5th, of over- work,
in his thirty-fourth year. Born in Colchester, Conn., June 21st,
1842, he graduated at Amherst College in 1865, when he spent

WisoowsDi Necboloqt — TB77.

two years in Germany, pursuing menlific studies, preparatory aa
s teacher. He served as a tutor a year at Amherst, when, in
1838, he was choseo to the chair ot Chemistry and Mineralogy io
-Beloit College, rendering eminent sen'ioe.

W. D. Stanley, a native of New Haven, Conn., died at Bara-
' boo, January 7th, at the age of eighty one years. Ho settled in
"Wisconsin ia 1847.

Harvey G, Fox died in Or^on, Bane county, January 9th, in
•the eigbtyaixth year of his age He was a native of New Yort,
'ftnd served in the war of 1812, at Lewistoo, and in other eogage-
'taents on the Kiagara frontier. He removed to Wisconsin ia
''1844

OapL J. L. Pratt, widely known in South-Eastern Wisconsin,
'and an early settler at Whitewater, died in that city January 17th,
'alter a protracted illness. During the first years of the late war,
be servefl witii honor aa a Captain in the Thirteenth Wisconsin
Infantry.

Hon. Samuel Hale died in Chicago, January 23d, aged aeventy-
' eix yeara Born in Oneida County, N. Y., he commenced his ac-
' tive life as a peddler. As early as 1838, be settled at Kenosha.
'in Territorial times, be was a Justice ot the Peace, afterwards
County Judge, and a member of the Legislatura in 1850 and
185-t, exerting great influence in that body ; and was, in the lat-
'teryear, active in securing the first annual appropriation tor the
' Slate Historical Society. In 1857, he engaged in business in Ohi-
cagn, retaining his residence in Keno.-ha.

Rev. Jos. Lane, the first priest in charge ot the Gatholio
oborches in Morrison and Holland, in Brown county, died in Mil-
'waukee, where he had gone tor medical treatment, January 25th,
'ai the age of thirty-two years. He was educated in Europe, and
ordained at Green Bay.

Frank Allen died in Stoughton, January 26th, in his forty-
eighth year. He bad been, as an attorney-at law, and editor of
the ^/wrter, many years, identified with the place ; and bis ex-
tensive reading rendered him an interesting man in social life or
forensic efforts.

Hon. David Agry, who was bom in Hallowell, Maine, in 1793,

466 Wisconsin State Historical SociBTr.

died at Green Bay, January 80th, at about the age of eighty-four
years. Graduating at Dartmouth College in 1815, he read law,
und commenoed its practice in Bangor, and subsequently in Lou-
isiana, and then in New York City. In September, 1840, he
settled at Green Bay. In 1842-43, and again in 1848-44, he was
chosen a member of the Territorial Assembly ; in 1847, of the
First Constitutional Convention, and served for more than twenty
years as County and Probate Judge of Brown County.

Hon. Daniel H. Richards died in Milwaukee, February 6th,
nearly sixty-nine years of age. He was born in Burlington,
Otsego County, N. Y., February 12 ch, 1808; received an Aca-
demic education, and devoted himself to the profession of a printer.
Settling in Milwaukee in 1835, he established the pioneer paper
there, the Advertiser^ in July, 1836. He represented his district
in the Assembly in 1868, 1870, 1871, 1874, and 1876 ; and held
many offices of local trust

Burley FoUett died at Green Bay, February 14th, aged seventy
years. He was born in Otsego County, N. Y., December 30th,
1806 : and when a youth, migrated first to Detroit, and then to
Green Bay in June, 1830. Daring the Black Hawk war, be
accompanied two companies of soldiers to Lake Koshkonong with
goods and supplies, and returned to Fort Winnebago on horse-
back, and alone. He was» Register of Deeds of Brown County
from 1819 to 1853 ; served as Treasurer of Green Bay borough,
and then as City Treasurer in 1854, Alderman in 1857, and Mayor
from 1858 to 1863.

Died in the Dodge County Poor House, February 15th, Hugh
McDermott, a veteran of the war of 1812, at the age of eighty-six
years. He had been an inmate of the Poor House twenty years,
and delighted in relating his interesting reminiscences of olden
times.

Hon. Robert Flint died at Fond du Lac, February 17th, in the
seventieth year of his aga He was a native of Wyoming County,
N. Y., early studied law, practicing awhile in BuflEalo; and set-
tled at Fond du Lac about 1850. He was, in 1860, elected County
Judge of Fond du Lac

Mrs. Ann Young died at Elkhorn, Februiry 20th, in the ninety-
fifth year of her age.

Wisconsin Necrology — 1877. 457

H. N. Comstock, an old resident and prominent lawyer of Janes-
ville, died in that city February 24:th. He was born in Wayne,
Steuben County, N. Y., in 1822, and had resided in Janesville
the past twenty years.

John A. Cariwell died in Racine, March 3d, in his sixty-eighth
year. Born in Salem, Washington County N. Y., in September,
1809, he settled in Racine in 1839. He served two terms as Sheriff
of the County, and once as President of the village Board. He
was one of the commissioners to secure the right of way for the
now Western Union rail-road, and grading the first section of it,
^ lost some $10,000 by ihe enterprise. In later yeara, he served
several terms in the Board of Supervisors ; and was Secretary of
the Pioneer Association.

Rev. Edward McGuirck died in Richwood, Dodge County, of
apoplexy, March 20th, aged sixty-three years. He was a native
of Tyrone CouQty, Ireland, and after studying for the priesthood
in France, he came to America, twenty-four years ago. He was
ordained in Milwaukee. Served some time as Professor of Lan-
guages at St. Loui.^i, and officiated eighteen years as priest between
Watertown and Portage, the last four years of which at Rich-
wood.

Mrs. Catherine Schneider, a native of Germany, died at Keno-
sha, March 22d, at the great age of one hundred and one years.

Hon. Samuel Pratt died in Racine, March 24th, in the seventieth
year of his age. He was born in Enfield, Mass., October 6, 1807 ;
his parents removing to Ohio when he was quite young, and sub-
sequently he removed to Michigan. Coming to Wisconsin in 1837,
he settled at Spring Prairie, but did not move his family till 1845.
He was a member of the Assembly from Walworth County in
1849, 1355 and 1863 ; and elected to the Senate in 1869, and re-
elected in 1871 — filling these and other positions with credit and
usefulness.

Darius C. Jackson died in Middleton, N. Y., March 28th, at the
age of sixty-three years. He was an extensive rail-road contractor,
and served six years as U. S. Marshal for Wisconsin, having been
appointed by President Lincoln.

Hon. Edward H. Janssen died at Grafton, Washington County,
80 — St. His. Sog.

45S Wisconsin Stats Historical Society.

March 29tb. He emigrated from Germany over thirty years ago^
settling in Washington County, where he became a successful
farmer and miller. Elected State Treasurer in 1851, and re-elected
in 1853 ; he paid but little personal attention to the duties of bis^
office, and at the close of his term, it was found be was a defaulter,
owing to the infidelity of an unworthy assistant, to the amount of
some $32,000. He suffered greatly in mind, and sacrificed cbe
hard earnings of a life-time to meet the defalcation. The prosecu-
tion as a criminal ofi;ense was finally withdrawn. He taught
school a number of years, and in 1872 he was elected County
Superintendent, and served by re elections till bis death.

Bev. J. D. Stevens died at Beloit, March 29th, at the age of
seventy-nine years. He was a native of the State of New York,
and began life in the West as a teacher in the Indian mission at
Mackinaw, where he remained a year. From 1828 to 1833, be
labored among the Stockbridge Indians, on Fox river, and in
1834 and 1835 he again taught at Mackinaw, when he went to
to labor among the Sioux Indians, remainihg there until 1841,
when he went to Prairie du Chien, and in 1844 to Platteville.
From 1847 to 1870, he labored at different places in Illinois and
Wisconsin. From 1847 to 1873, a period of twenty-six years, he
served as one of the trustees of Beloit College, with great advan-
tage to that institution.

Rev. Joseph C. Fuller died at Madison, April 8th, in the
twenty-sixth year of his aga He graduated, with the highest
honors of his class, at the State University, in 1874 ; when he
passed through a course of study in the Boston Theological
School, and School of Oratory. Returning to Wisconsin, he en-
gaged in Methodist circuit labors. He had written some excel-
lent poetry, and left in manuscript a scholarly production on the
poetic genius of Longfellow.

Hon. Harvey T. Moore died near Brodhead, Green County
April 24th in the sixty eighth year of his age. He was born at
Barnet, Vt, Nov. 9th, 1809. He served in the Vermont Legisla-
ture in 1849 and 1850. Removing to Wisconsin in 1857, he was
chosen a member of the Legislature as a War Democrat in 1862
and served as a Reformer in the Senate in 1874-75. He was one

WroooNsm Necrology — 1877. 459

of the early directors in the Madison, Portage & Lake Superior
[Railway, and labored earnestly for its success.

Maj. James R Mears died in Madison, April 26th, in his sixty-
seventh year. Born in Montgomery County, N. Y., July 26th
1810, he became a civil engineer, and aided in the construction of
the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. He settled in Madison in 1852,
and in 1861 was appointed a pay-master ia the volunteer service,
serving the whole war, and was subsequently appointed to the
same position in the regular army.

Dr. Chandler B. Chapman died in Madison, May 8th, in his
sixty-second year. He was born in Middlebury, Vt, July 7th,
1815, and prepared hlmselt for the profession of medicine. He
settled in Madison in June, 18^6, but spent much of his time
filling medical professorships at Rock Island and at Cincinnati ;
and in 1854 and 1875 he traveled extensively in the old world,
furnishing interesting letters of his observations to the State Jour-
nal His was a busy, exemplary life, crowned with eminent
services.

Col. John Green died at Middleton, July 17th, aged about
forty-three years. He was a native of England, and early settled
in Green County. Early in the war he raised a company for the
Thirty-seventh Regiment, of which he was promoted to Major,
October 19th, 1864, and Colonel July 21st, 1865, and performed
brilliant service in the army of Virginia. In 1867, he represented
a district of Iowa County in the Legislature.

Hon. Don A. J. Upham died in Milwaukee, July 19th, at the
age of sixty-eight years. Born in Weathersfield, Vt, May Slst,
1809, he graduated at Union College in 1830, filled a Professor-
ship of Mathematics at Newark, Del., for three years; and, in
1834, settled at Wilmington, in that State, as an attorney-at-law.
He served as City Attorney there, and was for three years editor
and proprietor of the Delaware Gazette, In 1837, he settled at Mil-
waukee. He was a member of the Territorial Legislature in 1840,
1841 and 1842 ; County Attorney in 1843, and, in 1846, Presi-
dent of the First Constitutional Convention. In 1849 and 1850,
he was Mayor of Milwaukee. In the fall of 1851, he Was a can-
didate for Governor, and his opponent was declared successfal; '

460 Wisconsin State Historical SociBTy.

bat Mr. Upbam "was, in fact," says Backus Pioneer Hifttory of
Milwaukee^ "fairly elected, but was counted out in some unac-
<*ountable manner," — by an error, ib is said, in the footing of the
returna From 1857 to 1861, he was U. S. District Attorney for
Wisconsin.

Col. James O. Bartlett, died in Ml Pleasant, Racine County,
August 2d, aged fifty-nine years. He settled in Bacine, in No-
vember, 1836, twice serving as sheriff of Bacine County, and once
a term in the Legislature, in 1866. During the war, he rose from
a lieutenant to the rank of colonel. He was President of the Old
Settlers' Society, and a member of the Grand Army of the Be-
public.

Hon. John Lowth died at Juneau, August Sd, aged fifty-five
years. Born in County Meath, Ireland, June 6, 1822, he was
taken to Vermont when young, where he received an Academic
education. In the spring of 1843, he removed to Wisconsin, set-
tling first at East Troy, and two years later in Clyman, Dodge
County. In 1849, 1850 and 1859, he served as a member of the
Legislature; and, in 1853, he was appointed Deputy Warden of
the Slate Prison, serving four years. He filled the office of Clerk
of the Court for five successive terms, and was Deputy Clerk at
the time of his death.

Judge H. C. Skinner died at San Diego, California, August 3d,
at the age of seventy-two years. He settled in Milwaukee in 1836,
and was a member of the Territorial Legislature in 1837 ; and, in
in 1849, removed to California, where he served many years as a
Justice of the Peace.

Judge James J. Petit died in Kenosha, August 5th, aged sev-
enty-three years. He was born in Hamilton, Madison County,
N. Y., May 26ih, 1804; received an Academic education, and
then attended the Albany Law School ; and settled in Kenosha
in 1850. He was subsequently elected Judge of the County
Court; and had the credit of writing the first petition ever pre-
sented in Congress for the abolition of slavery in the District of
Columbia.

Garret Vliet died in Milwaukee, of apoplexy, August 5th, aged
eighty-six years. He had early been employed, as a civil ea-

Wisconsin Necrology — 1877. 461

gineer, on the Ohio canal with the late Dr. Lapham, and came to
Milwaukee in 1835, at the solicitation of Byron Kilbourn, who
secured for him a Government appointment for the survey of pub-
lic lauds in Wisconsin.

B. W. Eeynolds died at La Crosse, August 17th, in the sixty-
fifth year of his age. Born in Abbeville, S. C , he graduated at
Middlebury College, Vt., and Andover Theological Seminary^
and migrated to La Cros?e as a missionary in 1851. In 1861, he
was appointed Receiver of the Land Office at St. Croix Falls^
Near the close of the war he went to Washington, and thence to
South Carolina, and took a prominent part in the Re-constructior>
Convention of that State, remaining there until 1868, when, fail-
ing in his political aspirations, he returned to Washington, and
about two years since to La Crosse, where he engaged successfully
in the publication of The Star. He possessed ability and eccen-
tricity, but died a m'santhrope.

Moses Strong was accidentally drowned, while engaged in
the prosecution of the Stato Geological Survey, upon the Big
Plambsau river, Aug. 18th, in the thirty-flrst year of his age.
He was born in Mineral Point, June 17th, 1846, the only son of
Hon. Moses M. Strong; and, to a sound Academic education, he
added the classical culture of Yale College, where he graduated in
1867 ; then spent a year each in scientiSc training at the Shef-
field Scientific School at New Haven, the Mining School atClaus-
thal, in the Hartz Mountains, and at the celebrated school at
Freyberg, Sa.xony. Returning to Wisconsin, he engaged in lead
mine surveys at Hazel Green, and in civil engineering on th^
Northern Pacific and Central Wisconsin rail-roads, and seveial
preliminary lines in the Lead Region. In the spring of 1873, he
was appointed, by Gov. Washburn, assistant State Geologist^
and served the State faithfully, with high credit to himseH, ia
that relation, as the results will show in the volumes of the State
Geological Survey. With a bright promise before him, his early
death was sad ; but he died, as has justly been said, amid '*the
perils that encompass duty."

Dr. Alfre.l L. Castleman died at Oakland, California, Aug. 22d^
in his sixty-ninth year. He was a native of Kentucky, and first

462 WisconrsiK State Historical Society.

settled in Milwaakee in 1835 ; then removing to Waukesha,
representing the latter County in the Second Constitutional Con*
vention. He served as a surgeon in ooe of the Wisconsin regU
ments during the war, and published a work embracing his ob-
servations and experiences in the camp and the field. Three or
four years before his death, he removed to California.

Prof. 0. R Smith, died Aug. 25th, from the accidental dis-
charge of a fowling-piece in his own hands. He had been a
prominent educator in Wisconsin for many years — at Geneva,
Janesville, and for the past five or six years had charge of the
Sparta schoola He had been President of the State Teachers'
Association, conductor of Teachers' Institutes, and, in 1871, Clerk
of the State Senate.

Hon. James C. Hopkins died at Madison, September 30th, in
the fifty- ninth year of his age. He was born at Pawlet, Vermont,
April 27, 1819, reared on a farm; eventually studied law, filled
the position of postmaster at Granville, N. Y., and in 1853, was
chosen a member of the New York Senate, serving two years.
He settled in the practice of his profession at Madison in 1856;
and in 1370, was appointed, by President Grant, Judge of the
United States Court for the western district of Wisconsin, serving
till his death.

Col. Samuel H. Scales died at White Oak Springs, September
13th, at the age of seventy-two years. He was born in North
Carolina in 1805, and settled at Whits Oak Springs in 1830, en-
gaging in lead mining operations. lie commanded a company
during the Black Hawk war; and used pleasantly to say, that the
only wound he received during that war was a military title.

John H. Rock, a native of Essex county, N. Y, and one of the
earliest settlers of Sauk county, died at Reedsburg, September
I9th, aged sixty-five years.

Hon. James J. Lyndes, died at La Crosse, September 25th, in
Ills forty-eighth year. Born at North East, Erie County, Pa.,
March 2Lst, 1830, he settled at La Crosse in September, 1853, and
engaged in the practice of tha law. He was elected County Judge
of La Crosse County in 1858; in 1859, and again in 1872, he was
chosen Mayor, and eight times elected to the oflice of City Attor-

Wisconsin NKPROLoor — 1877. 468

viey. He was several years a member of the La Crosse Board of
Education, and, from 1870, he served two terms of three years
-each as a Regent of the State Board of Normal Schools.

Lord Francis Byron died at Grand B ipids, September 28th, in
his sixty-second year. A French nobleman by birth, on accouat
of a love aSair and family disagreements, at the age of twenty
be migrated to the We^t, settling first at Galena, and a year or
two later at Grand Rapids, where hs early erected mills, and be-
•came an extensive lumber manufacturer, and an exterprising pio-
neer. His family, in after years, gave him an immense tract of
land in Canada, to which, however, he declined to remove, prefer-
ring his early home in the Pineries.

Hon. Reuben G. Doud died at the Norihern Hospital for the
Insane, September 30ih, aged forty-six years. He migrated from
bis native place, McGrawviHe, N. Y., in 1849, settling first at
f Oreen Bay, in the employ of others, until 1856, when he com-
menced steaqnboat operations on Fox river and Lake Winnebago ;
4ind afterwards in lumbering. In 1365, he represented Waupaca
County in the Legislature ; and removing, in 1868 to Racine, be
served as mayor of that city in 1872, 1873 and 1875.

John Fitzgerald, one of the pioneer settlers of Milwaukee, in
1836, died at Watertown, October 2J, at the advanced age of
-eighty-six years.

Dr. C. F. Ellsworth, another of the Milwaukee settlers of 1836,
^nd where he remained thirty years, died at Elkhorn, October
19tb, in the sixty-eighth year of his age.

Linus Thompson died at Green Bay, October 30th, in his sev-
enty-fifth year. He was born in Cherry Valley, N. Y., in 1802,
and came to Green Bay with Judige Doty in 1822, where he con-
tinued to reside for fifty-five years. He built the first brick house
in Brown County in 1825.

Hon. Edward Pier died in Fond du Lac, November 2d, in the
seventy-first year of his age. He was born in New Haven, Vt ,
March 31st, 1807. He arrived at Green Bay, in September, 1834 ;
.and, in February, 1836, visited the locality where Fond du Lac
4s now located, and where he afterwards settled. At different
4ime3 he served as County Treasurer, President of the County

46 i Wisconsin State Historical Socistt.

Board for ten years, for ten years Saperintendent of the Poor, and
two terms in the State Senate, from 1856 to 1859. He was also,
at one time, one of the Board of Trustees of the State Insane
Asy]am« near Madison; and President of two banks, and for
nearly twenty years a Director of the Madison Insurance Company.

Hon. Wyman Spooner died in Lyons, Walworth County, No-
vember 18th, in his eighty-third year. Born in Hardwick, Massa-
chusetts, July 2d, 1795, he early took up his residence in Ver-
mont, where, for about a dozen years, he published a new.^paper;
meanwhile studying law, commenced its practice in 1833. Shortly
after he removed to Canton, Ohio, and, in 1842, to Wisconsin^
stopping a short time in Racine, and then locating at Elkhorn.
In 1846, he was elected Judge of Probate ; in 1853, he was ap-
pointed Judge of the Circuit Court to fill a vacancy. In 1850,
1851, 1857, and in 1861, he was a member of the Assembly —
in 1857, he was Speaker of that body. In 1862-63, he was a
member of the Senate, and elected its President ; and, in the fall
of 1863, he was chosen Lieutenant Governor of the State, and
reelected in 1865 and 1867.

Hon. William Murray died at the Insane Asylum, near Madi-
son, November 24tb, at the age of fifty-five years. He long re-
sided at Clinton, Rock County, and was a prominent member of
the Legislature of 1853.

Hon. Benjamin Nute, one of the earliest settlers of Jefferson
County, died at Watertown, December 1st, in the seventy-eighth
year of his age. He was horn in New Hampshire in 1800, living
several years in Boston, and then in Utica ; and removed to Mil-
ford, Jefferson County, in 1837, being the first settler there. He
represented his district in the Assembly in 1849.

Benjamin E. Hale died in Brooklyn, New York, December
4th, at the age of sixty-eight years. He was, in early life, a Con-
gregational minister, and formerly resided in Beloit, where for
several years he edited a paper, and was a prominent temperance
advocate.

Hon. Stephen Taylor, who died at Philadelphia, December 8th,
in his seventy-third year, was born at Mifflinsburg, Pa., April 3,
1805, descending from early Quaker settlers of that State. As an

Wisconsin Necrology — 1878. 465

early settler of Wisconsin, a pioneer writer on its antiquities, and
a benefactor of oar Society, reference is made elsewhere in this
volume.

James Tj. Manville died in Jefferson, Wis., December llth in
the seventy-fourth year of his age. He was a native of Jefferson
County, N. Y. He was elected Sheriff of Jefferson Couniy, Wis.,
in 1850. and filled other important public trusts. In 1861, h©
enlisted as a private in the Tenth Wisconsin Volunteers; but the
fatigues of the service were too great for his years, and he was
soon after discharged.

Hon. Charles H. Walker diel in the town of Manitowoc Rapids,
December l-ith, in the fiftieth year of his age — the last surviv-
ing child of the venerable Lyman Walker, of Kewaunee. He was
born in Tully, N. Y., September 5th, 1828. Moving to Ohio when
a youth, he was graduated at Western Reserve College, and soon
after came lo Wisconsin. He first commenced the practice of law
at Kenosha, and, in 185i, removed to Manitowoc. In 1856, and
again in 1857, he represented his district in the Legislature ; and
in the latter year, he was elected County Judge of Manitowoc,
serving till the summer of 1862, when he resigned, and raised a
company for the Twenty-First Wisconsin Volunteers, seeing
active service at Perryvillc and other hard fought battles, as well
as on Sherman's March to the Sea. He retired at the close of the
war with the rank of Major. The last six years of his life, he
suffered from repeated strokes of paralysis.

1878.

Charles D. Atwood, eldest son of Geo. David Atwood, died io
Madison, February 6th, in the twenty-eighth year of his age. Ha
was born in Madison, June 4th, 1850, where he grew up and re-
ceived his education, and early engaged in the profession of a
journalist When, in 1873, E.\ Gov. Fairchild was appointed
Consul to Liverpool, he conferred the Vice-Consulship upon Mr.
Aiwood, who filled the position with credit In the winter of
1876, he resigned, to enter again upon the Journal editorial staffl
He was a young man of bright promise.

John C. Young died in Reedsburg, February 17th, in his eighty-

466 Wisconsin State Historical Socibtt.

eighth year. He was bora in Montgomery County, N* Y., in
November, 1790, and settled at Reedsburg in May, 1856. He
served in the war of 18 12, and was a member of Masonic frater-
nity for more than sixty years, having received all the degrees at-
tainable in America.

Hon. Samuel A. White died at Whitewater, March 4th, aged
fifty-four years. He was born in Franklin, Delaware County, N.
Y., August 10th, 1823, and graduated at Hamilton College, N.
Y., in 1811 ; came to Wisconsin in 1815, settling at Port Wash-
ington, where he was appointed post-master in 1853 ; represented
Ozaukee County in the Legislature in 1857, and was cbosea
County Judge in 1861. He was Assistant Bank Comptroller io
18^4-65; Regent of the Normal School Board from 1865 till
1870; and represented the Whitewater District in the Legislature
in 1871 and 1872.

Prof. John B. Feuling died at Fayette, Iowa, where he had
gone for his health, March 10th, in the fortieth year of bis ag&
He was born at or near Worms, on the Rhine, Germany, in 1838;
and received a thorough education at the Worms Gymnasium,
and Gierisen University, in which latter institution he served
awhile as instructor. He then took a post graduate course in the
Paris University; taught a German and French school in Toledo,
in 1861 ; then, for awhile was engaged in teaching Greek in Ra-
cine College; and, in the spring of 1868, he was induced by
President Chadbourne to accept the chair of Modern Languages
and Comparative Philology in the State University, where he
labored with zeal till stricken down by disease. Beyond
some valuable papers contributed to the Transactions of the
Wisconsin Academy of Science, and a Greek poem, he
left no published work — the latter is a Greek text-book, with a
Laiin introduction and appended Latin notes, for the use of stu-
dents. He had planned an elaborate work on Germanic Inflec-
tions— a subject with which he was profoundly familiar. He
had completed a Students' Arrangement on Montesquieu's Con-
siderations sur les Causes de la Grandeur et la Decadence des Romans,

Hon. Alonzo B. Jackson, a native of Connecticut, died near
Evanston, 111., March 2oih, aged sixty-four years. He was an

Wisconsin Necrology — 1878. 467

«ar]y settler in Racine county, and served in the Territorial Legis-
laturc in 1816, and the next year was a member of the Constitu-
tional Convention. In 1861, he was appointed by President Lin-
coln Register of the Land Office at Menasha, a position which he
held for several years. He removed to Evanston in the fall of
1868.

Hon. Alonzo Wilcox died in Spring Green, March 26th, at the
age of sixty-eight years. He was born at Edmeaton, N. Y.,
Mnrch 18th, 1810. He studied medicine, but, disliking the pro-
fession, never practiced it. After residing at diflFerent places in
New York and Illinois, he settled at Madison in 1843, where
he served on the first village Board, several years as Justice
of the Peace, and two terras as City Treasurer. In 1856, he re-
moved to Honey Creek, and afterwards to Spring Green, Sauk
County, and represented his district in the Legislature in 1863,
and was Sergeantat-Arms of the Assembly in 1865.

Hon. Squire S. Case died at Mauston, March 30th, in his sev-
enty-seventh year. He was born at Hillsdale, N". Y, September
27tb, 1801, and early settled in Buffalo. He served many years
as a member of the Common Council of that City, and was a mem-
ber of the N. Y Legi'»lature in 1837 and 1842. He commanded a
regiment of militia during the Patriot war, in 1837. He settled
in Waukesha in 1842, and was chosen a member of the First
Constitutional Convention. In subsequent years, he was engaged
in car-building, and as rail-road Station Agent at Portige.

Rev. Wm. H. Brisbane died at Arena, April 5th, in the seventy-
second year of his age. He was born in Beaufort District, S. C,
October 12th, 1806; and early studied medicine. About 1830,
be was ordained a minister in ihe Baptist denomination, serving
acceptably in South Cirolina, Ohio, New Jersey, Iowa and Wis-
consin. He inherited several slaves, some thirty in number,
whom he conveyed to the North, gave ihem their freedom, and
saw them well settled in life. Many of his years were spent in
the cause of negro emancipation; and in editing several news-
papers. He was Chief Clerk in the State Senate in 1857, Chap-
lain to Washburn s cavalry regiment in 1861, and a delegate to
the Republican National Convention in 1876.

468 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Hon. James Robinson died at Colton, Califoroia, April 7lh, id
Lis fifty-first year. Born in the city of New York, January Isi,
1828, he was chiefly raised in Pennsylvania, and served in the
Mexican war, participating in several engagements. Settling in
Wisconsin in 1848, he represented Calumet County in the Legis-
lature in 1852, 1853, 1857, 1862 and 1869; and was twice chair-
man of the Town Board of Chilton. He was a member of the
National Democratic Convention of 1876, and in the fall of 1877
removed to California.

Hon. James S. Brown died in Chicago, April 16th, in his fifty-
fifth year. He was a native of Hampton, Maine, and settling ia
Milwaukee in 1845, he was elected the first Attorney General of
the State in 1848, serving one term. In 1861, he was chosen
mayor of Milwaukee, and in 1862, he was elected to Congres*.

Hon. Coles Bashford died in Tucson, Arizona, April 25th, in
ihesixtythinl year of his age. Born in Putnam County, N. Y.,
in January, 1816, he wa-j educated in the Wesleyan Seminary, at
Limn, N. Y., admitted to the practice of law in 1841, and served
as District Attorney of Wayne County fiom 1847 to 1850, when
resigned and remove! to Oshkosh. He served in the State Sen-
ate of Wisconsin in 1852-55, when he resigned, and was in the
fall of this latter year elected Governor of the Stata His un*
fortunate connection with the La Crosse land grant — from which,
however, it is said, he never profited a dollar — cast a blight upon
his reputation and prospects. In 1863, he removed to Arizona,
where he was elected, in 1864, a member of the Territorial Coun-
cil, anl was chosen President of that body. He was afterwards
elected Attorney General of the Territory, and, in the fall of 1866,
elected Delegate to Congress, serving one term. He was after-
wards appointed Territorial Secretary, which he resigned in 1876.
Notwithstanding the single mistake of his life, he had many warm
friends.

Gen. John M. Binckley was drowned at Milwaukee — probably
his own act — May 5th, aged about forty-seven years. He was a
native of Ohio, studied both medicine and law ; and was Assistant
Attorney General during Johnson's administration, and afterwards
Solicitor in the Internal Revenue Department, where he began the

Wisconsin Necrology — 1878. 46?

investigations which led to the sabsequent prosecution of the
whisky ring — when pressure was made, which secured his removal.
He was editor of the Milwaukee News for a time.

Col. Fred. S. Lovell died at Kenosha, May 14th, aged about
sixty-three years. He was born in Palmyra, N". Y., in 1816, and
was educated, studied law, and admitted to the bar in that State.
He settled at Southport, now Kenosha, in September, 1837, and
at once successfully engaged in the practice of his profession. He
was chosen a member of both Constitutional Conventions — 1846,
and 18i7; and, in 1847-48, he served three sessions in the Terri-
torial Council with ability, and until the State Government was
inaugurated. In 1857, he was elected a member of the Assembly,
and was chosen pi-o iem. Speaker; and being reelected to that
body in 1853, he was chosen its Speaker. In 1857-58, he was
one of the codifiers of the Revised Statutes. lo August 1862, he
was commissioned Lieut Colonel of the Thirty-Third Wisconsin
Infantry, commanding the regiment the most of the war; and, in
January, 1865, he was made Colonel of the Forty-Sixth regiment.
At the close of the war, he wasbrevetied a Brigadier General, for
the faithful and daring performance of his duty during the ser-
vice. He was subsequently postmaster at Kenosha nearly two

jeara. when he resigned.

Hon Joseph S. Curtis died at Green Bay, May 15th, at the age
of nearly forty-seven years. He was born in Warren, Ohio, June
8th, 1831, and graduated at Williams College in 1852, when he
migrated to Green Bay, where he successively filled the offices of
City Clerk, Deputy Clerk of the Court, and Justice of the Peace,
pursuing the while, the study of law. He accepted for .i period
a position in one of the State Departments. On the breaking out
•of the war, he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Wisconsin regi-
ment, utterly refusing a commission, participating in many battles
-during the Atlanta and Vicksburg canfipaigns. At length, in
August, 1864:, he accepted a Lieutenancy in the Forty-Second
regiment, and was detailed as Adjutant, and U. S. mustering
•officer at Cairo, till the close of the war. He was chosen a mem*
ber of the Assembly in 1869, 1871, and 1873; and was some
time editor of the Green Bay Gazette, and clerk of the Re visors
of the Statutes.

470 Wisconsin State Historical Socibtt.

Lafayette Kellogg died at Madison Jane 4tta, in the sixtietb
year of his age. He was born at Elizabethtown, N. Y"., Feb. 1st.
1819, and settled at Madison in 1S33 : and, in July, 1840, he was
appointed clerk of the Territorial Supreme Court, on the resij^na-
tion of Simeon Mills. With a brief intermission, in 1849-52, be
held ihe position till his death. From 1845 to 1848, he was
elected clerk of the Territorial Legislature ; and was secretary of
the Constitutional Convention of 1846.

Capt. Daniel M. Whitney died at Green Bay, June 6ih, in his
sixty-third year. Born at Chesterfield, N. Y., July 23d, 1815, he
migrated to Green Bay in 1838. He was Deputy-Sheriff of Browa
County in 1843-i4 : Sheriff in 1861-62 ; postmaster in 1862-85;
member of the City Council during 1866-68 ; and Deputy U. S.
Marshal from about 1869 until his death.

Gustavus A. Cunningham died at Neenah, June 11th, about
thirty-one years of age. For the last four years of his life he bad
been connected with the Neenah Oazetie; in Jan. 1877, he wa»
appointed postmaster of the place, and had prepared and pub-
lished a creditable History of Neenah

Hon. Alexander D. Ramsey died at Cassville, July 17th, in the
seven ty-fifth year of his age. He was born in Kentucky, Nov.
28th, 1803. In about 1825, he migrated to Dubuque, where he
followed mining a year or two, and then settled at Cassville, where
he lived for half a century. He shared in the Indian troubles
of 1827, and the Black Hawk war of 1832. He was a member
of the Second Constitutional Convention, in 1847-48, and aided
in forming the present Constitution of the State.

Rev. P. Cagaton Krauthahn died in Milwaukee, July 17th.
He was formerly a Catholic missionary in the East Indies, and
lectured interestingly upon that country. He was a learned and
useful clergyman — was editor of The Columbia^ and was promi-
nently connected with the Catholic educational institutions of
that city and vicinity.

J. H. Ward died at Beaver Dam, July 24th, at the age of
sixty-six years. He settled in Milwaukee in 1836, and at Beaver
Dam in 1845, where he served as post-master, and was a Justice
of the Peace at the time of his death.

Wisconsin Necrology — 1878. 471

William Snyder died at Milwaukee, July 30.h, in the forty-
seventh year of his age. He was born in Bucks County, Pa. Feb-
ruary 22d, 1822, and raised in Ohio. He was for some time a
map publisher at Chicago. He was the senior publisher of the
Historical Atlas of Wisconsin^ to which he devoted three years of
unremitting energy, which undermined his health, producing
paralysis and death.

Julius C. Chandler died at Baraboo, August 28th, at the age of
forty-six years. Born at West Randolph, Vt, August 23d, 1883.
he was educated at the Military School at Norwich, and after-
wards learned the printing trade. He came to Wisconsin in 1854,
and soon after aided in conducting the Independent at Portage,
and subsequently started the Adams County Independent, con-
ducting it until May, 1864, and then served as a private in the
Fortieth Wisconsin Regiment till October. He subsequently en-
gaged for awhile in other newspaper ventures, was a vigorous
writer, bold, humorous, witty, and often reckless. But for his
erratic character, and grave weaknesses, he might have exerted a
large influence.

Gen. Henry Bertram died in Juneau, September 2d, aged fifty-
three years. He was born in Prussia, October 5th, 1825. Emi-
grating to the United States when fifteen years old, he served in
the artillery of the regular army five years, participating in the '
Mexican war. He settled at Watertown in 1858. He entered
the service in 1861 as a Lieutenant, and aided, in July of that
year, in capturing the Maryland Legislature ; and soon after joined
the Twentieth Wisconsin, and commanded a brigade at the battle
of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 7th, 1862, and was slightly
wounded ; and assisted, December 28th, in the capture of Van
Buren, Arkansaa He shared in the siege of Yicksburg, in 1863 ;
aided in the siege and capture of Fort Morgan, Alabama, and had
several engagements with the Confederates near Pascagoula. He
commanded a brigade at the capture of Spanish Fort, Alabama,
April 3d, 1865, and entered Mobile three days afterward. For
these gallant services, he was brevetted Brigadier General. He
was appointed post-roaster at Watertown in 1866, elected Mayor
of the city in 1870, and SherifiE of Dodge County in the fall of
that vear.

472 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Capt Andrew S. Bennett, of the U. S. army, was killed in a
fight with hostile Indians near Clark's Fork of the Yellow Stone,
September 4th, in the vigor of life. In April, 186 1, he was the
drst man to enlist in Waukesha County, when he was chosen
Second Lieutenant in the Fifth Wisconsin regiofient^and was sub-
sequently Adjutant, sharing in the action at W illiamsburg, the six
battles before Richmond. Antietam, Gettysburg, and the battles
of the Wilderness. In 1866, he filled a position in the Secretary
of State's oflice ; and, in the spring of 1867, was appointed a First
Lieutenant in the regular army, rising to a Captaincy, and render-
ing much meritorious service on the frontier. He was a brother-
in-law of Hon. H. D. Barron.

Capt John W. Cotton, died at Green Bay, September 10th, in
the seventy-ninth year of his age. He was born at Plymouth,
Mass., March 9th, 1800, descending from old John Cotton and
the Wioslows of Puritan fame. He early entered the Military
Academy, graduating in 1823^ and entering the army. For many
years he was stationed on the frontiers in the South and West
From long continued exposures on frontier duty, he contracted
disease, which led him in November, 1845, to resign ; and in 1848,
he located at Green Bay, where he had, in 1825, married his wife.

Hon. Edward M. Hunter, died in Milwaukee, September 13th,
in his fifty-third year. He was born in Bloomington, Sullivan
County, N. Y., February 19th, 1826, and early studied law in New
York City. In 1849, he commenced the practice of his profess-
ion in Milwaukee, and served a term in the State Senate in 1853-
64, and as Private Secretary to Gov. Barstow during his admins-
tration. For many years he served very acceptably as U. S.
Court Commissioner, and Commissioner of the Circuit Court for
the Milwaukee district. He wrote an interesting memoir of the
civil life and public services of Gov. Barstow, which appears in
the fifth volume of the Wis. Ilisi. ColltctionH.

Hon. Rufus Parks died at Summit, Waukesha County, Septem-
ber 14th, in his eighty-first year. He was born in Maine, May
24th, 1798; an 1 came to Wisconsin in 1836 — filling, by appoint-
ment of President Jackson, the office of Receiver in the Land
Office at Milwaukee until after the inauguration of President Har-

Wisconsin Necrology — 1878. 478

risoQ, in 1841, when he retired from office, and settled on a farm
in Summit When his accounts as Receiver were auditcii, he
was reported one dollar and fifty cents short in his remittances;
when he went all the way to Washington, spending three montlis,
and got the error rectified, and the correctness of his returns vin*
dicated. He was a member of the First Constitutional Conven-
tion in 1846; and, in 1858, he was appointed Superintendent of
Public Property by Gov. Randall. He represented his district in
the Legislature in 1867.

Hon. Robert H Hotchkiss, of Plymouth, Sheboygan County,
died at his son-in-law's^ in New York City, September 2J)th, in
the sixtieth year of his age. He was born at SmithiieUl, Madison
County, N. Y., December 24th, 18L8; and devoted the ourlior
portion of his life to the printing business. He early Hottlud in
Sheboygan County, representing his district in the Assembly in
1857, and in the Senate in 1859-60, and ngiin in 1868. While
in the Senate, he introduced the State printing law, which, ninoe
changed in some of its details, has worked so successfully tfinoo iUi
passaga He also held numerous local offices of trust and roitpon*
sibility.

Daniel Read, LL D., died October 8d, at Keokuk, Iowa, in hiii
Beventy fourth year. Born near Marietta, Ohio,* Juno Utii, IBOA^
he received bis education in the Cincinnati and Xeniu AuadomioM,
and the Ohio University, where he graduated in 1^2-1. I^jougli
be was admitted to the bar, be never practiced; but early fliidd
the Professorship of Political Economy and Uonntitutional huW|
in the Ohio University, and Vice IVenident (A that inMtltution.
He was, in 1843, elected Profesikjr of Ancient Laiigua|{aM In the
Indiana University; and, in 1850, a member of the Indiana Cnti'
stitutional Convention. In 1856, he wan cullml to (111 u ohair In
the Wisconsin University, where he iwrved Uin yoam; and, in
1866, he was chosen President of the UiMumn Univdrnity, renign-
ing in 1876, and retiring from coll^{(i$ life, ufutr fifty y<;arM devoted
to his osefal profession. In IHV), Uts wan otm of the vinitor* to
West Point, writing the refK>rt for th« I^mrd ; and wan nubiio-
^ueotly again a visitor, whtm residing in Wincofiniri* Ue wrote
much, mostly eulogies, and on edacaiionftl topieir The cherished

474 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

ideal of his life, and for which he had collected materials, was left
undone — a History of Education in tlie North West, His son, Geo.
Theodore Read, was killed in an engagement before Richmond,
near the close of the civil war.

Hon. Cyrus C. Remington died at Baraboo, October 13th, at
the age of nearly fifty-four years. Born in Sheridan, Chatanqua-
County, New York, November 10th, 1824, he came with his
parents to Wisconsin in 1840. He subsequently studied law, and-
settled in Sauk County in May, 1847, where he entered upon the
practice of his profession. In 1854, he represented his district,
Sauk and Adams Counties, in the Legislature; and was County
Judge of Sauk from January, 1870, to April, 1873, when he
resiorned.

Prof. S. H. Carpenter, LL. D., died when called to visit a sick
brother at Geneva, N. Y., December 7th, in his forty-eighth
year. He is appropriately noticed elsewhere in this voluma

Col. Richard Dunbar died at Waukesha, December 17th, in
his fifty-third year. He was born in Ireland, May 1st, 1826, and
came to this country at an early age. His first visit to Waukesha
was in 1850. He was engaged for some time in rail-road con-
struction in Minnesota; then served in the Executive Department
at Madison, under Governor Randall. When the war broke out,
he went to Washington, filling a position under the Government ;
and afterwards went to Cuba, on a rail-road enterprise, which
proved unprofitable. He at length located at Waukesha, and
brought the mineral waters there into great repute, by his energy
and herculean labors.

Hon. William Plocker died at Boston, December 21st, in his
sixty -eighth year. He was born in London, May 28th, 1811;
was engaged in various clerical operations in the State of New
York, until he settled in Metomen, Wisconsin, where he was
Towri Clerk, Chairman of the Town Board ten years, Chairman
of the County Board in 1857, County Supervisor of the poor
from 1860 tj 1870, and member of the Legislature in 1875. At
the time of his death, he was about to start on an extended tour
in South America and Mexico.

ADDITIOSS AND CORRECTIONS.

Pigo 67, instead of Oliver, road Walter L. Newberry.

Page 194, eighth lioe, became should be become.

Page S2T. note. Ibe dale 1781, should be ITfll, See Wit. IlUt. Colli., ViX. p. E41,

PaEe28T, whuu Ednurd Tuaner pnsscd lliroagh Wisconsin in 1818, he wns
in lenrch of a brother, who sinci; 1700. bad bcco a cnptive, and j^rown up
with Ihe IndiaoB. He liad been taken, wlica nine j'ears uld, fruin hla
fullier's Station on the Ohio; and Edward.his older brother. had inadu many
Journers in search of liim, attending Indian treaties, and visiting the vari-
ous ludino tribes of ibe North West. Sinj^ularly enough, the captive, re-
membering that he bad been lalten from Kenluclcj-, made a trip to that
region in quest of hia relatives, in llie latter part 1818, at the verv time bis
brother Edward was searching for him in Wisconsin, Mackinaw, and other
points. The latter traced liim to Detroit, and learned of his Kentucky
visit, and finally found him oc bis return from his fruitless JauQt to Ken
lucky, in Ihc uelgiiborhood of Detroit, where Ibe two brothers, after a
Iwcoty-i'iglit years' suparatlon, had a joyous meetiug. They could only
connmunicalc with eacli other through an interpreter. Edward Tanner
took his captive brother with him to his home in New Madrid County,
Uissouri; designiug to go with him the next year to the Chippewas, on
Rainy Lake, for his wife and sci-en children. But John Tanner, though
cleanly, and of temperate habits, yet so iuvelerately ludian in all his char-
acteristics, and Jealous and suspicious of everybody — in fact, much of b
misanthrope — that be soon left his brother, and returned to thn Indians.
Benry R. Scbodlcraft bad him awhile for interpreter; and in 1830. his
Narrtitict was pnblislied, prepared by Dr. Edwin Jaiues. He grew more
and more sour and morose in his disposition, because the world would not
support him in his idleness; and, in 1830, hid himself in Ihc brushes, and
shot nnd killed James L. Schoolcraft, a brother of H. R. tJcliooIcralt, and
fled to the fastnesses of Ibe wilderness, ovnding apprehension. He died in
184T, at the age of sixty six years. Hia son, James Tanner, became a iTni-
larlau Missionary.

Page S2j, twentieth line from top, llie word officer should read affair.

Page 837, seventh line from top, Oneida should read Ogden.

Page 40U, at the close of the paragraph ending wltli Ihe words " either side."
an accidental omission of several paragraphs occurs in Mr Kingston's
paper, which greatly miirs Ihe narrative, and is deeply regretted. It was not
noticed till after the form was worked off. The omission is here supplied :
Neighbors there were none, and nol even an Indian was seen at the camp

until about the opening of Spring; and not the mark of a white man was to

476 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

be found on Yellow River above the claim made by Werner and Kintongs
the fall previous, at the present location of Neccdah.

The Winter passed off in the usual manner with loggers in the pine woods,
hard work during the day, and the song and story after supper in the evening
antil 9 o'clock, when all hands would *' turn in '* for the night. Daylight
always found the men and teams in the woods ready to begin the day's work
when there was light enough to see.

Sunday was a day ot rest. Tliere being neither neighbors to visit, nor return
visits, the time of the men was mostly passed in the camp. Some had thefr
old logging experience to relate. Others were fortunate in finding an old
newspaper or perhaps a book, while others forgot the cares of life in the bunk.

The Fall of '48, and until late in the following Winter the weather was ex-
tremely cold; and it was remarked by those who paid attention to the mat-
ter, that it did nut thaw in the shade from the 5th day of November until the
21st day of February. Oq the latter day the thaw commenced, and on the
22d the camp was broken up. Kingston with two or three men and the
teams started for Point Bausse, it being necessary to get the cattle across the
swamps and marshes without delay.

Weston, with the rest of the hands, except Daniel Dugan, the cook, who
was left to keep camp, started down Yellow River for the purpose of cutting
out the leaning trees in the stream. A hand-sled of suitable proportions was
constructed on which to haul provisions, camp fixtures, etc. For the first
three or four days they made good progress on the ice ; but at the end of this
time the ice left them, and they were driven to seek a road on the bank. The
work was now more difficult, and the progress slow, and not until the sixth
day, after leaving the camp, did they reach the point selected for the miil-
Here they were met by Kingston and the men with him, who had gone
around by Grand Rapids, and from there by way of Strong and McCartney's
tavern, on the road leading to Portage City, about twelve miles east of the
Pete-en- Well Rock, with two loads of lumber for the purpose of building
shanties at the selected point. Two days were required to cut the road
through to the Wisconsin River; but on reaching tiiere the ice was found
unsafe for crossing the teams, and passing over the river on foot, they made
their way to the Yellow River, meeting Weston and his men as before stated.
After a consultation the idea of building shanties at the present time was
abandoned, accordingly a track for the sled was bushed through to Pete-en-
Well, and all hands took the road from there to the Grand Rapids, to await
the opening of navigation on the Wisconsin.

After remaining at the Rapids for a few days, a part of the hands started
again for the camp for the purpose of making ready for driving the logs.
Reaching Cranberry Creek, they found it very high; and for a distance of
thirty or forty rods on the west side of the creek, the water was from two to
three feet deep, and covered with a thin sheet of ice, not sufficiently strong,
however, to bear them up on foot. Suiting their actions to the necessity of
the case, after crossing the creek, they all assumed a horizontal position and

Additions and CoRREcnoKS.

reiltd kcrou ro the Iiisb land. This miuiner of locomolioti mislii appcEir
amoaing io a mere Inoker on ; bui siill it was more agree&ble to ibc feelings
tbsn IO warle Ihrongh the (rntcr al rliat season of the year.

Reaching the camp. Ihcj found Dngan, the cook, very lonesome; and al-
though rejoiced to see ibem. yet be was compleiely discouraged on nccount of
the failnre of hia efforts to make augar Trom Ibc "sap" of the yellow birch 1

A boitt was now built Io carry the conk ami proTiaioDS. and also for the use
of the ''jam" breakers; and a skiff for the 'Backers" — Weston wiih two or
three men taking charge of the former, and Kingston nod two others of the
Utter.

Tvrn thousand and twelve logs, sealing about seven buudred Ihousand feet,
were bsnkeil during the winter. The water being extremely high, and no(
knowing the nature of the stream In such stages, it was thought liest to hold
lite log) until the rirer shoulil cummencA to fall. The rirer was found to be
exceedingly crooked, and so mucli obstructed by snags and leauing trees tlial
the drive was compelled to hang up before gelling through. A second rise
In Ibc river occurring wilhiuafew days, the lugs were driven down, and
securely boomed at the point of deslinalinn.

After securing Ihe logs at the destined point, a part of the men were dis-
patched to the Grand Rnpids after a small raft of lumber to be used in build-
ing shanlies, etc, ; while Ibc remainder were employed, in the meantime:, io
palling up the body of a double log house, and clearing off the brush from
a few acres of land around the bouse, and eKtending down Ihe river, ao as la
Include the site of the ptnposed mill. By Ihe time this was ai'c<implished,
the men sent for the Inmbur had returned, landing the raft at Ihe Pete.en.Well
Rock. A n at- boat waa also run down to Ihe same place, briugiug the mill-
wbeels, gearing, etc., ihc boat to be used as a ferry across the Wisconsin river,
Io put the new sctllemenl in connection wilh the mad cat through from Strong
and HcCarlney'a tavern, earlier in the Sprinj;. When the house was com-
pleted, and a home established, a gang of men started up ilie river for the
purpose of getting out limber for the mill. Not having a teatn to haul the
Ambers to Ihe river, Ihe plan adopted was to place down peeled skids, and,
by means of ropes, Ihe timber waa hauled to the river, sometime:! a distance
of twenty or thirty rods.

The weather being very warm, wilh freqnent showers of rain, the mosquf-
toea annoyed the men vi^ry much, and mure particularly the cook, who, al
times not being able to mix bis bread, would substitute " pancakes," thereby
relieving one hand to biilll« wilh Ihe musqulliies, leaving the Inlter the
chances of being stirred into tlic batter, or olhenvise, as accident or circum-
stances miglil determine!

As soon lis ilie limber wna run dowo, a mill wrighi by Ihe uame of A.
Wiltae. of Marquette County, now of Slevena Point, was umployed to frame
the mill, nnd put in the machinery, which waa hauled over rroiii llie Wiscon>
Bin. In the meantime, work on Ihe dam was progressing; nod by the end of
Summer, Ihe work wns ao fur completed, that the mill w»s put in operHllon.
Page 453, the date of Rev J. C. Puller'a death ahould be April IBlh.

GENERAL INDEX.

Page,

Academy of Science, Wis., donor 51

Adams, Captain, killed in Black Hawk war 269

Gilbert, lumberman 899

W., lumberman 899.403

Adams County, referred to- • • • 407-10

Adderly, William, lumberman 403,403

Agnew, Samuel, donor 43

Agry, Hon. David, noticed 455-56

Albany Institute, donor 33

Knickerbocker, refc^red to 861

Alexander, Gen. M. K., in Black Hawk war 272, 280, 281, 282, 312

Alfonse, Jean, cited 161

Allds, Isaac, donor 26

Allen, Frank, noticed 455

Hon. G. W., donor to BIndiog Fund 61

R. v., Juneau Co. pioneer 876, 888, 396

Prot. W. F., Curator of Society , 7-12

donor 23,43,76

remarks on Dr. Carpenter 103-05

Rev. Z., donor 43

Alofsen, Solomon, donor to Binding Fund 6*3

Allouez, Father, mentioned 205

Almira, town, not organized 889

American Antiquarian Society, cited 159

Association, cited 173

Board of Foreign Mission?, donor 43

Historical Record, cited 365

Philosophical Society, donor 76

State Papers, cited 217

Anderson, Prest. M. B., referred to 87, 89

Anderson, Prof. R. B., Curator of the Society 7-13

memoir of Dr. Carpenter 86-95

Mons, donor. 26

Andover Theological Sem inary, donor 43, 76

Andrews, Alonzo, Juneau Co., pioneer . . . '. 391

Prest. J. W, donor 43

Anthon,Prnf. C. E, donor 76

Autiquities, articles, added to Cabinet 26«47,81

Apple Ri ver Fort, attar ked 278-280

Appleton, Samuel, public benefactor v ^^

W. S., donor 23

Argentine Republic, donor 76

Armenia, town, settled 894-95, 406

Armstrong, John H., lumberman 402, 403

William, lumberman 877

W. S., donor 33

Arndt, Capt. John P., mentioned 804

Arntz, Peter, Juneau Co., pioneer 890

Art Gallery of Historic il Society 25, 46, 80

catalogue 47

Ash, Henry, donor 83

AakiUf Capt. John, Jr., Britisli of&cer . , 53

General Index. 479

Page,

Astor LibraiT, donor 23. 43. 76

JobQ Jacob, solicited erection of Fort Winnebago 309-10

and sou, benefactors 31

William B. and J. J., Jr, benefactors 58

Atkinson. Gen. Henry, in 1827 260, 264, 274

in 1832 268-85,812,313,316

Atlases and maps, added to Library 21,40,74

Atwood, Cliarles D., noticed 465

Gen. David, Curator of the Society ^ 7-12

donor 23.51.80

remarks on Dr. Carpenter 105-107

remarks on Hon. G. B. Smith 111-120

Aubrey, James, killed by Indians 277

Aunlee, P. A., donor 49

Autograph and MS. additions 26,29,49,52,82, 84

Ayres, Abijab, Juneau Co., pioneer 382

A. P., Juneau Co., pioneer 380, 381

Babb's Prairie, mentioned 383

Bah Ax battle 284-85,315

Baden, Father, mentioned 201

Bagg, M. M., donor 76

Bailey, Major, in Black Hawk war 268

W.T.,donor 76

•Baker, Hon. Chas. M., portrait 46

Richard, lumberman 400

Hon. Robert H., donor to Art Gallery 46

donor to Binding Fund 62

©allou, Daniel W , noticed 450

Mrs. B. W., donor , 25

Baird, Henry C, donor 43

Hon.'Henry S., fc^ecretary at treaty 227, 230

early Green Bay settler 394, 309

cited 355

Baltimore Park Commissioners, donor 76

J3ancroft, Hon. George, commends Society 54

cited 244

H. H, donor 43

Bangs & Co., donors 43

BanSeld, Michael, Juneau Co. pioneer 394

Barber, G. W., donor 43

I. W., donor 43

Barcellon, M., Indian Trader 221

Barnes, Hon. M., donor 43

Barron, Hon. Henry D., Vice President of Society 7, 9, 11

donor 23,80

commends the Society 56

photograph of 80

Thomas, public benefactor 58

Barstow, George, lumberman 403

Baitlett, Col. James O., noticed 460

Hon. 8. C., donor 43

Barton, E. M., donor 28, 76

Bartow, Rev. E., donor 76

Barlsch, Capt. Anguste« noticed 450

Bascom, Prest. John, donor 43, 51, 76, 81

remarks on Dr. Carpenter 93, 100-101

Bashford, Hon. Coles, noticed 468

R. M., Curator of Society 7-18

reports resolutions on' Gen. G. B. Smith 108

remarks on Gen. Smith lSO-30

Bates, Phincas, Jr., donor 48

•Bateman, Nicholas, lumberman 400

battle, Hon. K. P., donor 48,76

480 Wisconsin State Historical Socibtt.

Page*

Baxter, J. H., donor ^Z

Beach, Horace, donor 28

Bean, Rev. John, meutioned 861, 405^

Lieut., at Green Bay >^ 808

Samuel, lumberman 890

Theodore, donor 48

Bear, Cornelius, Oneida chief 888

Beauchane, Prospier, lumberman 899

Beauchesne^s work on Louis XVII 853

BcckwitU, Nelson, lumberman 406

Beloit College, donor 28, 48, 76

Benet, Gen. 8. V., donor 76

Bennett, Capt. Andrew S., noticed 472

Bemculf^ translation by Dr. Carpenter 91

Bernard, early lumberman 875

Berryroan, J. R., donor 28

Bertram, Gen. Henry, noticed 471

Betts, Hev. B. R, donor 76

Big Butte des Morts, or Death Ground 207, 208, 247, 291

Bigelow, Hon. John, donor 43

Bingham, Miss H. M.. donor 43

Binckley, Hon. John M., noticed 468-69

Binding Fund, Wis. Hist. Society 14, 31, 82, 61-64

Bishop, K , lumberman 403

Black Hawk, captured 285-316

death of 286-

war 249,265-86, 311-16

Blake, Alvin, lumberman 408

Mrs. Alvin, mentioned 401

Blish, C, Ju- eau County pioneer 393

Bloomer, Robert, mentioned 872

Blue, M. P., donor 43. 76

Blumer, Cosmos, kindness to Swiss emigrants 417-18

W. H., of Penn., mentioned 415, 441

Dr. I^amuel mentioned 435, 487

Dr. J. J. mentioned 435

Boardman, S. L., donor 48, 76

Bndley, Mi-s R. L., donor 23, 43, 76

Bognrt, Joel, Juneau Co. pio: eer 382

Bolens, E. B.. donor 28, 51, 76

BoDduel, Father, mentioned 201

Booth, James H., donor 43

Booth by, J rsi ah, donor 76

Boston Atbtencum, donor 43

City Hospital, donor 48

Daily Adtertiser^ cited 864

Public Library, donor 23, 43, 77

School Committee, donor 77

Water Board, donor 43

BouUlin, P., donor 77

Bouquet, Col., Expedition of, 1764 236-87

Bourassa, M. Sr , mentioned 211

Miss., mentioned 211

Bourbon, Oliver, lumberman 400

Boyce, H., donor 43

Boyd, Col. George, Indian agent 276, 844-45

Col. James M., donor 52

Bowyer, Col. John, mentioned 292, 335, 88t>

Boy ler, John, Juneau Co., pioneer 880

Boyington, H. D. and E T., Juneau Co., pioneers . . 893

Bracken, Lieut. Charles, in Black Hawk war 286

Bradford, Hon. G. W., Hon. V. P. of Society 7,9.11

donor to Library 43, 77

donor to Binding Fund 14, 6S.

' General Idtdei.

491

... S^T

Brady. Gen Hugh, mention-id

Braley, Hon. i. B., Curalor of Sclety

lemarka on Gcu. O. B. Smilh

275. SOU

1-18

.... 180-80

B«iil,Jo»epU, Mohawk Prayer Book

Btmmu', Able, cited

8S0,8S0

160

noticed

288-808

Brigbi, Rev Tlinin as, noticed

Bri»bane. Rev. Wm.H., noticed

«1

384
407

Bristol. E, N.. donor

Britieh Government, dunor

Palenl Reporla

Btill, Chaunpey C, V. P. of Society

Brock, U. A, donor

37

.... 2M-808
31, 88. 43, 77
... ai.42, Tft
.... 7.9,11
.... 43. 77

Brocki,W.T., donor

Bross Willium. d.mor

BO

Brown, Hev. Edwaid, on La Croase cave

credit due for making it known

Hon, Jamea 8., noticed

Nicholaa, Juneau Co. pioneer -

S. F., loniljerman

. . . 174-83
183
46S

.... 391,404
403

BnicB. Wil i-ra, early Green ISay trader

Brnnel, Ensicp .lenn, mettlioned

Biyant, Gen. BJ.E., Curator of Society

23» ,^^^M

.... e-ia ^^^H

Boclianan, R., donor

7T^^^^

.... 978.399 .^^^H

Banker Hill Honument Associition, donor

.... 28.77 ■

833 ■

Barrage. Jniiu, donor

77 ■

7T ■

commends the Society

07 M

on Early Relics of Noi tb West.

services

CommhBloDor to Cenlenotal ...

e"^^M

482 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Page'

Butler, Prof. James D., LL.D., remarks on Gen. G. B. Smith 110

donor 43

cited ., 165

Mrs. James D., donor 43

Buttes des Morts, Bii? 207, 208, 247, 291

Little 208,244,246,247

Butterfield, 0. W., donor 23,43,77

M icolet monoj^ram 188

Byron, Lord Francis, noticed 463

Cabinet, additions to 26, 47, 81

Cadle, Kev. Richard F., mentioned 804, 841

Cadott's Island, Lake Superior 224

Calkins, Col. E h.., Sunday Telegraph, cMtd. 293

Callen, Frank, Juneau Co. pioneer 894

Cameron, Hon. Angus donor 43,77

Campbell, James and Thomas, lumbermen 404

J. P., donor 43

Hon. J . v.. Hist Michigan^ cited 301

Cardinal, trader robbed 218,219,220

Car-imau-nee, Winnebago Chief 263

Carleton, E., lumberman 403

Newell, lumberman •... 401,40*3

Carney, N. F., Juneau Co. pioneer 381

Carpenter, J H., LL. D., donor 23.26

Henry, lumberman 890

Juneau Co. pioneer 400

Hon. M. H., donor to Building Fund 63

8. D., Curator of Society 7,8

Prof. S. H, LL. D., Curator of Society 7-10

His. Wis. University 29.91

other literary productions 88-91

death, and eulogies 84 ,86 , 108. 474

Carr, H-n. E. S., donor 23,77

W. P., Juneau Co. pioneer 380,381

Carroll. William, donor 26

Carswell, John A., noticed 457

Cartier, Jacqu s, cited 158-63

Cartwrik ht. Rev. R. J., donor 43

Cise, F. W., donor 23,27.43

L. B., donor 23

LccMiard, benefactor 58

Hon. Squire S., noticed 407

Casehv, John, lumberman 404

Cash, W. K.. donor 28

Cass, Hon. Lewis, 1825, holds treaty ... 252

1827, Winnebago troubles 260,264

Butte des Morts treaty 341

mentionea 343,358-59,361

Castleraan, Dr. Alfred L., noticed 461-63

Caswell, Hon. L. B., donor 43

Catalogue of Library of Society 83

Picture Gallery 47

Catlin, Hon. John, donor to Binding Fund 14, 32-33, 61-63

Mrs. John, and daughter, kind offices 14, 32-33, 63

donor 77

Lt..Col., donor S3

Catte, M., mentioned 221

Cave, Pictured, of La Crosse Valley ...... 184-87

Cayuga Hist rical Society, donor 77

Centennial Commissioners, U. S., donors ••.46,49,50

awaid medal to Society 49

Chadbourne, Prest. P. A., cited 106

Chadwick, H. E., donor 77

General Index. 483

Page,

Cha-e4ar, captor of Black Hawk 285, 316

Chamberlain, Prof. T. C, donor 51, 77, 80

Champion, W. B., donor to Binding Fund 62

Champlain, cited 157,161-68

Chandler, Julius C, noticed 471

R. W., early map of Lead Mines 250

Chapin, Prest Rev. Dc. A. L., Hisi. Wis. Colleges 29

Chapman, Dr. C B., noticed 459

C. P., Curator of Society 7-12

donor to Binding Fund 62

Silas, donor 43. 47

Chardon, Father, at Green Bay, 1726 244

Charlevoix, cited 159

Chase, F., Juneau Co.. pioneer 403

J. A., Juneau Co , pioneer ; 870, 380

Cheeney, T. A., donor 77

Cheever, Hon. D. G, donor 23,28,77

Cherry, P. P.. docor 77

Chicago, noble provision for Public Library 60

Historical Society, donor 43, 77

Mil. & St. Paul R. R, donor 43

& North Western R. R., donor 23

Public Library, donor 43

University, donor 77

Chic-honsic, Winnebigo warrior 254, 255, 256, 264

Chief of Engineers. U. S., donor 46

Child, Professor, referred to 90

Childs, Col Ebenezer, inservice, 1S27 261

1832 276

marriage 302

cited, 319

E. 0., donor 43

Chile Con Carne, work on Mexicaa War 448

Christiana University, donor 43

Claiborne, Hon. J. F. H , donor 43

Clark County, earl}^ traders there 886

H. W., donor 77

John, early trader at Cumberland 135-36

John H., donor 23

Hon. John T., early surveyor 403

R. J., Juneau Co. pioneer 382

Hon. Satterlee, V. P. of Society 7, 9. 11

Eaf ly Times at Ft. Winnebago 309-21

1828. arrived at Green Bay 309

1830, locfates at Fort Winnebago 311

1832, in Black Hawk war 312-16

Gov. William, holds treaty, 1825 252

Clarke, Captain, in Black Hawk War 285

Robert, donor 23, 43, 77

8. J., donor 77

W. P., donor 50

Clemence, Charles, Juneau Co. pioneer 888, 889

Clement, John, donor 23, 77

Clipancourt, at Green Bay, 1726 244

Cluff, M., lumbermen 403

Clute, Dow, Juneau Co. pioneer 890

J. J., donor 43

Coast Survey Bureau, donor 23, 46, 79

Coates, S. D., paints Yellow Thunder's portrait 80

Cobb, Gen. Amasa, portrait received 47

donor to At t Gallery 47

Codices Mexicana, referred to 166

Coc, Hon. E. D., donor 80

Colburn, Jeremiah, donor 23, 43-79

484 Wisconsin State Historical Sociktt.

Pags,

Cole, W. H., Inmberman 40i

Collins, Cornelius, Juneau Co. pioneer 888

Colt, Mrs. Samuel, donor 38

Colton, Rev. Calvin, Tour <?/<A«JCaA»« cited 854,85»

Columbia College, donor 77

Combs, Thomns, lumberman 40$

Comstock, H. N., noticed 457

Conant, Judge Shubael, mentioned ... 803

Conover, Henry, donor 28

O. M., LL. D., Curator of Society 7-13

remarks on Dr. Carpenter 95-100

translates documents 318

Constant, Lewi?, mentioned 888

Constitution of U. S., autographs of signers 8t

Coolftdge. A., donor 50

Copper implements, ancient, how fabricated 14i-47, 153-78

Cornelius, Jacob, Oneida chief 835

Corson, Professor, referred to 90

Cortes, re: erred to 165

Cotton, CaptJohn W., noticed 304,473

Courrier d€8 Etats Unt8. died 850.863

Coutume de Paris, the French Code 215

Cover, John, donor 77,83

Cowan, eaily New Glarus teacher 483

Cox, Jnmcs P., mentioned 370

Craig, Isaac, donor 43,77

Cranberry Creek, mentioned 804.475

trade, in 1849 400

Crane, Will iam, Juneau Co., pioneer 888

Crawford, Rev. William, D. D., mentioned , 23.39

Cpelie. Joseph, noticed * 330

Crespel, Fnther, cited 344

Ciesson, Elliot, benefactor 31

Croghan, Dennis, early Wisconsin trader 234,235,239-40?

Col. Georc e, referred to 235, 289-40 ?

Cronkhite, A. H., & Co., lumbermen 405

Crosb}', Nathaniel, Juneau Co., pioneer 395

N., donor 23

Cross, Hon. James B., notic d 447

Croweli, Dr. J., donor 77

Cudmore, P., donor 23

Culver, Alva, lumberman 375. 376

Mflj. J. O., Curator of Society 7.8

CumberUnd, M d. , in 1763 235-36

Cunningham, G. A., donor 77

noticed 470

Curry, Rev. J L. M., donor 23

Curtis, Mrs., killed at Green Bay 303

Hon. Joseph 8., noticed 469

Curtlss, D. W., donor 77,81

Coyler, Lieut, defeated near Detroit 230

Cyclopedias and Dictionaries received 88.73

Daley, Hon. C. P., donor 77

D'Amariton, at Green Bay, 182*5 244

Dandy, Bill, an Indian, kills Provonsal .... 378

Darling, Mrs. Keyes, donor 48

Darrow. early Sabbath school teacher 404

Dalton, Isaac, d< nor 51

Ddvenport Academy of Science, donor 23

collections 17S

Davis, A. C, cited 143

early surveyor 40S

General Index 485

Page.

Davis, J. C. B , donor 77

Lieut Jefferson, mentioned » 286,310,311,315

Rev. J. Q., donor 43

Hon. M. M., photograph received 50

W. B., doDor 23

Dawes, Cbarles, Necedah pioneer 405, 406

Columbus, lumberman 404

E. C, donor 77

Robert, Necedah pieneer 405

Dawson, C. C, donor 43

Dean, J. Ward, donor ... 43

Dean, Mrs. Sarah Fairchild, services 29

DeBeauchesno, on Louis XVII 353

DeCorri, One-Eved, c iptures Black Hawk 285 ,816

Declaration of Independence, autograph of sinners 82

De Ferriere, Col. Angel, noiiccd, 351-52

De Hart, Dr. I. N., donor 81

De Hass. Mr. Wills commends the Society 55

De Kaury, Gray Headed, mentioned 264

k^Doon, furnishes lod an history 54

DeUplaine, (Jen. G. P., Curator ot Society 7-12

De La Ronde, John T., referred to 319, 320-21

Delavan mentioned 370

Delaware Historical Society, donor 77

De Lingery's Expedition, in 1728 244-45

Dells or Dalles, Big 37 1, 373, 375, 376, 377. 390

Dells' Eddy, mentioned 876

Dell Prai r fe, mentioned 371, 872, 402, 405, 407

Dement. M jor John, fights Indian* 279, 280

Dennie, Miss, marri s Col. De Fernere 352

Dennis, Bishop, lumberman 404

Denny. Martinus, mentioned .... 827

D« Nevue, G., donor 26

De Pcyster, Col. A. S., mentioned 214, 220, 228

his letter, Ap. 18,1777 220-21

Gen. J. W., donor 23

Detroit, (7ae/?«<j, cited 224,287,301

reminiscenses of 2^4-99

war of 1812 296,207,299-302

De Villier's expedition, 1780 207, 208, 247-48

Dexterville, mentioned 396,402

Diaz, Bernal,cited 144-45, 166

Dickens, Lyma^^, Juneau Co. pioneer 888

Dickinson, Joseph, mentioned 261

Dickson, Capt. Joseph, in Black Hawk war 286

Col. Kobcrt, mentioned 53

Dictionary of the Army, cited 301

Dodge, HoQ. A. C, Hon. V. P. of Society 7, 9, 11

Gen. Henry, 1826, settles in Wisconsin 273

1827, Winnebago War 260-61

1832, Black Hawk war 266-86

Pecatonica fight 277-78

mentioned 818, 819

J. T., donor "26

Dcerflinger, C. H., donor T7

Dohr, John, donor 8t

Dole, Hon. Augustus C, noticed 458

Donors of books and pamphlets 28, 48, 76

Doty, Hon. James D., mentioned 63

Judge in 1828 Ml

Doad, Hon. Reuben G., noticed 4A8

Doughty, Daniel, donor 47

Dow, Mrs. O. P., donor 28

•

486 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Page.

Doyle, Hon. Peter, memberof E^eputive Committee 7,8

donor 44,77,80

Robert, Juneau Oo. pioneer 891

Drake, S. G.* doner 44

Draper, Lyman C, Cor. Sec. of Society 7-12

donor 23, 44, 77

induced to settle in Wisconsin 106

gatiiering historic materials 53.54

labors comme-^ded 56. 57

contributes early manuscripts 84, 232

Superintendent of Public Instruction 87

furnishes data relative to Dr. Carpenter 94

resolutions ou Dr. Carpenter^s d6ath 86

on Fabrication of Copper Implements 165-67

Additional Notes on Eleazer Williams 853-09

Wisconsin Necrology 447-74

notes historical and explanatory, 140,168, 174, 188,207,
208,214.216.217,218, 219, 221, 222.224,227,228,
229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236. 249, 250-51, 283, 287, 290.
291,293. 300-301, 313, 314. 315. 316,319, 321,824.
325. 336, 337, 338, 340, 351^2. 387-68, 369,411,475

Draper, Solomon, donor 2S

Drowne, Henry T., donor 77

Drummond, Lieut. Peter, mentioned 222-28

Drummond*8 Island, ori^^in of name 222

Du Bay, John B., early keel-boatman 875

Du Buisson's expedition 247

DuBuque's Mine 288^

Ducharme, Laurent, mentioned 218

Duck Creek, or DeviPs river 290

Duerst, Mathias, Swiss emigrant 419.425

Nicholas, New Glarus agent 415. 41^, 419, 425, 441, 442, 443

Dugan, Daniel, lumberman 899, 476. 477

Du Jaunay, Father P., mentioned 214, 219-20

Dumais, Captain, at Fort Du Quesne 213

Duncan, Gen. Joseph, in Black Hawk war 266

Dunbar, Col. Ricbard, donor to Binding Fund 62

noticed 474

Dunlap. T., donor 44

Dunn, Andrew, mentioned 330, 878-79, 881, 896

Hon. Charles, in Black Hawk war 281

J., lumberman 404

Dunster, Henry, donor 77

Samuel, donor 77

Durrie, Daniel S., Librarian of Society 7-12

donor.. 28,44,77

Sketch of Madison Pres. Ch 29

George H., donor 27

Miss Isabel, Assistant Librarian. . . 7,9

Dustan, Miles, Juneau Co. pioneer 895

Earle, Dr. Pliny, donor 44,77

Early Historic 'Relics of the North-West 195-206

Eastman, E. C, donor 44

Col. H. E., mentioned 347

Eaton, Alanson, lumberman 400

Prof. James H., noticed 454-55

Education, Bureau of, donor 46 ,79

Egger, Ffidolin, New Glarus agent 425,443

Egleston, Prof. Thomas, cited 165

Ellis, Gen. A. G., donor 28,25,44

portrait received 25

General Index. 487

Page*

Ellis, Gen. A. G., Kecollection? of Eleszer Williams 822>52

furmer paper commeDded 52

notice of Mrs. Bristol 293

early teacher at Green Bay 804, 889-41

cited 800,854,859,864-65

Ellsworth, Dr. C. F., noticed 463

W. J.,donor 49

Elmore, mentioned 885

Emery, L., lumberman 403

Emmons, Erastus, Juneau county pioneer 879,881,403

Engineers, U. S., Chief if, donor 79

Ernst, early New Glarus teacher 433

Etherington, Capt. George, mentioned 217-19,232

Etler, Rev. J. J., New Glarus pastor 425, 427

Essex Institute, donor 44

Fserber, Rev. William, mentioned 204

Fairchild, Charles, Hon. V. P. of Society 7, 9, 11

donor to Binding Fund 61

Fairchild, Hon. L., Curator of Society 7-12

donor of Society 50

Farr, H. R., donor of Society 28

Farquharson, R. H, cited 172-73

Faiwell, Hon. L. J., Hon. V. P. of Society 7,9,11

Fay, Miss C. M., early teacher 404

Feuling, Prof. John B , noticed 466

Ferguson, John, Juneau Co. pioneer 891

Ferland's iV^ore«, cited 188

Ferriere, Col. Angel De, noticed 851-52

Fesette, M., lumberman 40O

Field, Capt. Abner, in Winnebago war 260

Hon. Alex. P., noticed 450-51

B.K.,doLor 51,77

Hon. Robert C, noticed 440-41

Hon. Thos. W., Conor 44

commends the Society 56

Fillans, Miss W., donor 23, 49, 80

Findlay, J. A., lumberman 877, 380

Fiimin,Col. F. H., Rec. Sec. of Society 7-12

Fish, Hon. Hamilton, donor 28

Fisher, Rev. M., m ntionid 405

Fitzgerald, Job n, noticed 463

Flagler, D. W., donor 77

Fliui, Hon. Robert, n<»ticed 456

Follelt, Burley , notice i . . 456

Foils, Hon. Jonas, noticed -. . 450

Foote, Sidney, noticed 448

Forbes, Charles S , donor 44

Fosblnder, C. M., Juneau Co. pioneer 891,893

Force, and Green, killed by Indians 277

Ford, G. W., donor 44

Forsyth, R. A., mentioned 842

Fort Atkinson, mentioned 812, 818

Fort Pitt, iovesteJ by Indians, 1763 285

Fort Winnebago, why erected 809-10

early history 309-81

1886, treaty at 818,819, 870.407

1837, Ubaldine's tavern 871»878

1837, Capt. Lowe in command 371

Foster, E. H., donor 44

E. J., donor tS

Hon. E. N., donor to Binding Fund • tt

Dr.J.W., cited .146,147, lfK.l«B

& Whitney, on Lake Superior, cited • lit

438 Wisconsin States Historical Society.

Page,

Fountain, town, mentioned ZSA

Fowler, Miss Emily, early teacher 884

R A., ea'ly post- master 884

Fowler's Prairie, menfloned 884

Fox, Harvey G., noticed 455

Fox Indians , party destroyed in 1729 245

tradition of war, 1730 207-2i)8,291

defeated in 1730 282, 245-247

mentioned in 1818 288-89

1832. Sault war 249, 265-86, 811-16

dress 804

French, Mrs. Belia, donor 44

Hist. Brown County^ cited 824

Benjamin, donor 44

Frohisher, cite 1 156

Fry. Joshua. Interpreter for New Glarus emigrants ... 441

Full r, R V. Joseph C, noticed 458, 477

Fuller & Ray, lum)>ermen 406

Fulton, George , noticed 447

Oage, Walter B , Juneau Connty pioneer 398

Oagnier, Rijestc, killed hy Indians 255

Oahen, B., lumberman 404

Oainep, Gen. £. P., mentioned 266

Oale, Rev. Mr., mentioned 405

Galena Advertiser^ cited 819

Gallatin, Hon. Albert, cited 159

Galpin, S. A., donor 44

Oardner, John, benefactor 59

Oirneau.F. X., cited 188

Oarrison, W. P., donor 28,44,77

Oary, Hon. Georgo. donor to Binding Fuad 69

Oasparin, Countess De, donor 28,43

Gaston, lumberman 408

Gatschet, A. 8., donor 77

Genealogy, works on, received 88,70

Oentry, Capl. James H.. in Black Hawk war 266,270,277,286

Georgia Historical Society, donor 23. 77

Germantown, settlement 893-94

Oiasson, Sicur, mentioned 215

Gibson, John. Surrendered by Indians, 1763 237

Gilbert, Captain, early Wisconsin boatman 875

diles, Miss. £. A., donor 44

G. E., donor 50

Hon. H. H, Curator of Society 9-13

donor 52

resolutions on Dr. Carpenter 86

Oill, Jo , Juneau County pioneer 890,397

Gillman, Henrv, cited 171-72

Gilman, Alfred, donor 44

Gilpin. Hon. Henry D., benefactor 81

Girard, T. H , donor 49

<}irneau, Levi, lumberman 400

Glarus, Switzerland, cust ims 413-15, 422, 424, 429-80, 436, 440, 444

Gomara, Mexican historian, cited 167

<Jood.T.G., doHor 28

Good'ich,D. W. C, donor 44

Oordon, Lieut., cruel death, 1763 235

Oorrell, Lieut. James, abandons Green Bay 218, 282-89

sketch of 238

Oosa, E. H., donor ,.\ 23

Gould, S.C.,4onor 23.44.77

Oraham, Captain Duncan, m'^ntioned 58, 254

Gkitskal Inobt.

■OrtliouCol. Henry. iQilian agent

26fl.£T9

Mnrlin, HaustoD, pioneer

387

OrmiSritaia, Patent Iteports

31.42,77

Dr. S. A., donor

23.44.77

I703.Gone!lrelire8

1763-8S, froolier Iroablea

318,833-33

Kobeti Irwin, Jr., iioslmasler

183*, Mra. BriMol's reminiacenceB

1828. tne aelliemeot

440

aB3-308

H»

Gregory, Charles Noble, tribute lo Dr. Oarpenler

107-108

Cbarles A. Id Black Hawk war

«« ■

^3tlgBon'aTiaUiogPosl,inealioneil

870.SM ■

tiolllray, Anton and wife, menlloned

77,8S ■

310 ■

Qoniee. Hon. John D,. Curatorol Socioly

T-ia ^^^B

Kev. E. E.. donor

44 ■

Hon. Sumuel. noticed

Hall, Hon. D*niel, donor

girls, captivity tiy Indians

496 ■

«I ■

971.3m ■

Hitl. mdUon Co,, JV. r.. cited. . . .

HMd, Bon. J. F., donor

83 — Bt, Hia,800.

)«5,331-BS ^^^^B

M.^^^^H

490

WiBooKsm State Hrarowcix Sooibtt.

Pagt.

BanBon, He v. J. H., and LoH Prince, died 8U-SS, 8Q(MIT

Harii9Elliy. A-pnsUo, meDliimed """

Harding, William Henry, lurabermaa j

HarDcy, O J,, donor M,^_

Uen. W. 8„ mentlftneii 801^11

Harringion, Hon. Perry O., noUccd

Harris, Cliarloite, berieraclnr

D. S.. early Wiaconiin boatman

Harrison, O. L., do[iL<r

Qtn. W. H., bulla iteaty. 1804

Hart, Prof. John a, cilcd

Hartraoft, Hon. John F., donor S3.TB'|

Hnrvard OolIeK^, donor

Ha-clilne, F. T., d'lnor to Blading Fund

HaskiQB, Prof. C. H.. electrician, menlioned

OeijrgB W,(;iled

HaatiogE, Hun. 8. C, benefactor ,

Hon. S. D,, Curator of Society 1-M 1

donor sa.iaj

Hftwea, Bavid, Juneau Co. pioneer

Hawh-mau-De-ga, or Bpooo De Kaury, mentfoaecl

Hawkins. It. C, dnoor

Hawks, Rev. Dr Francis L., commende Society

Bawliy, Dr. Jiimes, donor

Heavey, Jamts, Juneau Co. pioneer. .,, 801.9

Helm, J J., doDur '

HeDienway, Miss A. M., donor.

Henry, David, Juneau Co. nioncbr

Gen. James D., in BlB<-k Hawk war £72, SSI, S84, S»^

Herbin, Uapt. LouU, commaoding at Mackinaw Stl-IS

Beruiman, O aod W , Juneau Co. plooeera

Heweii, Joaepli, Juneau Co. pioneer

Hewitt, Jamea, donor

Hewlell, JiisenU, early WiacSnaln pioneer

Heyl, Lewia, donor

Hill, Uriaii, Juneau Co, pioneer 893,

Hills,!.. 13, donor

Htltoo, Joscpb, lumberman

HiDtoQ, Qeuree Juneau Co. riioueer

Historical Itelics of Norib-West lOS-aWfl

HI t&G'bbs. donors n.Mfl

Houdley, Charles J., donor

Hobart, fJisbop J. H, mentioned 885,88«,887,B_

Hubbius, Dr, Joseph, Curator of Society T-t

Hodge, John, lumberman

Hodges, Rev, R. M„ Hon, V. P. of Society

donor to Binding Fund 14, 83, fl

noticed C

Hodf!ina,J,G.,LL.D,, donor 4-

HotQinger, C, donor 8

UoibruoH, J. B., donor to Binding Fund

Hol.en, Him. C. (J P., douor

SoUand Farehate, Ui»tory of, mentioned

Hullister, A.. £., donor ^

Holman.J.D, donor ST,4S,4I

Hoimes, Chailcs, lumberman •.. ""

Holl, D,ivld, douor

Hultou, Hun. E. D., donor to Binding Fand

Honey, wild, pienlilul

Hopkins, Hun. J. C, noticed

HorLon, George F., donor

Hulclikiss, Hon. B. H., noticed

Geneeal Index.

Pagt.

wh, Dr. F". B., donor 48,78

cited 3as,8B0,8aS

BTonglilnn, Jncoli, on Ancient Copper Sltnlng KO-01

Howe, Hon. T. O., donor M,78

Hoy, Dr. P. R, on FabiicatioD of Copper Toota 169-78

Hoy t, A. %., donor 44

J. S., lunbcrmao 409

Hon. J. W., donor 34

pTasler medallion of 80

Hatfbell, Hon. Levi, noticed 4S3-S4

Badson, J. W., donor S8

Huff. Mrs. Cbarles, early leacber 363

Hughes, William, Juneau County pioneer 3D3,8M

Humbotdt, ciied J40

Humei & BecUwllh, Jumberinea 40S

Hompbrey, Oen. A. A., donor 24,78

Hunt, L. E., donor 44

Col. H, I., Detroit pioneer 308

Sanmel H, Hon, V. P.. of Society 11

Rev. W.E.. donor 44

Hunter, Dr. C. L, donor 44

Hon. Edward M. noticed 478

HnnUey, Rev. Dr. E. D., remarks on Dr. Carpenter US

R, lumberman 405

Huntington, E. H., donor 87

HmchSnson, Hon. B. E, Curator of Society 11-18

James and Jolin, lumbermen 884

William T.. noticed 468

Hyde, Thomaa. Juneau Co, pioneer 391,898

Hyer, David, Madison pioneei 453

Illinois. Secretary of atalfl, donor 84

Indian Bureau, CommlBsioner, donor 7ff

Xndlacapillie, Pub. Library, donor 34, 7&

'--■■--1 matters in Wisconsin:

Algonquin tribes 161

Sauk tradition, referred to 84

Eaquimaux IBS

Hurona and Montagnois 161

Mexican and Lake Superior Indiana 10S

Menicans skilled In melallurKy 165-87

Indian pictography 174,18S

Oltowus and Outa^amies at war 809

1687, Wiaconein tribes oppose llie Iroquois 804

Indian wars of Wisconsin 241-86

n 16, Louvigny's expedition 207, 843-44

1728, De Lingerj'B expeOition 244-45

1788, Fox party destroyed 246

1730, Marin's eipedllion 207-208.238,345-47,801

Du Bii1>ison's expedition M7

De Villier'8 expedition 207,247-48

1754-60, Langlaae's services 211-17

1760, ChegoimeEon incident 884-86

1763,Pooiiac'a congress at Milwaukee 828

Indian outbreak 282-36

Capture of Mackinaw 217,287-81

Nis^o-wa-quel and Ki-non-chan-Ble 814

Menomonees escort Li-Qorrell 218,833-85

Clilppewas continue Inimical 218-19

1783-64, Indian trade at Green Bay 838-35

1776-83, Revolutionary war matters 880-33

1804, treaty with the Sauks 265

1818, lowas, Sauks and Foxes 886-80

Winnebagoea V,m-W

General Index.

Pagt.

'b paranta' marriiEe

MS, nolea va

Jones, Cot. C. C„ donor 78

Uapiain io Blact Hawk war EM

Hon. U.O., donor 73

Horatio, mtntioned 8»4

M.U., donor 78

'H. P.. mentioned.... 201

Miss Priscilla, donor 88

JoDquiere, Marquis de la, inenlioned 210-11

Joneau Coonty, ciplomiioo aad setilemenl 870-410,475-77

Solomon, plaster bust, received SO

isEon, ineniioned 211

Kaoaas Board urAEricuIlure, donor 78

Ulsioricitl Society, donor 44 ,78

Keftreley, J., Cominiasinner lo adjaatland clalmi S17

KMheino-oo-maD, orGreiKnifo 288

Keeae, H. S , donor 37

KsUogg, Daoiel, lumberninn 403

LafHyetle, noticed 470

KeJIogE's Grove, Indian flalit near 279,280

Kfelly, J. I),, donor 50

Kemper, Rev. J., mentioned S33

Kennedy, D., donor 78

KeooGlia County Historical Society, donor 78

Hon. Samuel Hale, pioneer 4&S

KenjOD, M. C, Juneau County uioneer 879

Kott, H. P.,doEor 78

K«yes, Hon. E, W., Curator of Society 7-13

Elader, Fred., donor 78

Elldare, town, setilemenl 390

Kllroy, Jamea, early New Olarua teacher 489

Kimball. C. H. donor BI

King. Oen. Rurus. noticed US

Kingsborou^b. Lord, Mexican AntiquiUet, ctted IM

Kingsbury Dr. A., donor 44 -

Epbrain. Juneau County pioneer 380,881, SSB

H. W..menLioi)ed 409

Kingstey, Elias, Juneau County pioneer W/i

KlBgalon. Hon. John T., V- P. of S-icleiy 7,9, Jl

Early Wettern Days commended 6"

commends tbs Society 66, S

referred lo 31

native of lillnola SQI

Juneau County Settlement 870-410, 470-77

1837, explores the country IJ70-74

1843, aecond exploration t95~9ft

1848, explorea Yellow rivor 897

locates Nee edab 997

of firm of Weston i Co 398

fining town offices 400-400

Klaessy, David, mentioned 487

Klein, Kev.T. P., mentioned SM.SOS

Knapp. E. R, mentioned 40S

Edtvin i^., mentioned 406

Jtev. Mr,, Juneau Coonty pioneer 360.^1

Knlgbt. MLielua. donor 89.88

Knobel, P..New Olarua leacber 488,435

Knowles, E. P., buslofJuneau 80 ,

Kocb. Dr., ciled or Mastodr.n I47-^J

Kralczinslil, Rev. Franciskos, noticed 4KrV

Etaoibauer, RisbopP. C.. mentioaed SOO.SMl

Kranthahn, Bev. P. C. noticed ,

Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Kuetin, Hod. Ferdinand, Member Ex. Com..

Lalmrre, M.. lumherman

LaCroase Valley. Pictured Cave

LaFayeUe Collegs. donor

liatdlcr, T., donor to Binding Fund

LalD);, Pror li. W., donor

LaMiilhe. Capl. William, meniiooed

Laao , lie?. Joseph , noticod

Langevin, Mrs, Domililde, menlEoned.......

Lauglado, Sieur AuKtislia, mentioned 209, SIO, SIT.H

widow

Sieur Charles, mentioned

1T40, about, defeats Ibe Sauks. .

1734, married

at Qrand River

1T58. nnllieOhio

1757. rRtiirns to Mackinaw

17SS, alMachiuaw SU-g

1760, in cliarge of ladioiii ,

1768, at Green Bay

saves Mackinaw prisoners . ...

couimanila at Macklntvr IU(9|

177S. engaged in Indian trade ...
1177. at Green Bay, apparenllj..

1778. at Mackinaw

ITiiO, Ills mothcir rcrerrodto

1800, dies

Langslon, W. J., donor M.jl

Lani^worlliy, Kev. I. P., donor fl

Lapbam, I. A., LL. D., belrs. donors '. H,j|

8. Q.. donor

W, B.. donor

Lb Pointe, or Chegoimcgon, incident

LaPothTie, cited

Larned, Miss E. D., donor

Mrs. William, benefactress

La Ronde, John T., mentioned

Lane, Judge John, old papers

Lawler, Qen. Jolia, donor to Biodine Fund. -

Lawrence, Col. Wm., commanda at Oreen Bay 806iti

William, Dane Co, pioneer. . . "*

Lucius and W., lumberman. .

Lay , J. H , donnr

Leach, Cliaries, Juneau Co. pioneer

Lead, early product of Lead Mines

LeavitI, O. A. & Co., donors

Lecuycr, early officer at Mackinaw

Lee, Isaac, aeenl to adjust land claims..

Dr. J. 11., notic'd

Legler, Qeorge 8r., leader New Olarus emigrants H^>4

LeJuae, Father, cited , — ^

Lemonwier, town, scltleraenl

Lenox, James, benefactor

Leslie. Lieut. William, mentioned ,.,

Lewis, Miss J. L,, dnu'ir

Hon. James T„ LL. D. V. P. of Society 7,B,1

commends the Society. . .
donor to Binding Fund..

Hon. John, noticed.

Libraries, their valno and utility

Library of Congress, donor

Wis, Hist. aoc\ely, aAAMVsia. .

Lindsay. Cnpt. Allea, menlloned..

Lipcap. Sol., killed ma

Liitlfj'ilio, r.J.. doni>r 34

LiUI«, Dr.. Juneau Co., pione» .. S80

Z.illle Nltgara. supplies IciBtlUero 286

Lillle Priest, Winnebago cliiel 271,273.275

Little TLuoder, WmoeUHeo cbicf 271,310

Locbwood. Hod. James H,, and wife, uenlioned !9&

LiMiniU, W. U., donor 83

Looney, June n Co., pioneer 3Q1.303

Lnogevity ill Wi3<oa«in. iastances 453, 433, 15Q, 4«9, 403

LnDg UlaDd Ulsl. Society, donor 78

Lotliwp, Key. Dr. 8. K.. cile:t 358,803. 308

IitiUridge. Indian trader 231, 339

Lougliridge. W. B., donor 24

Loun-tKrry, Prof, referred to M

Louvigny'a eopedilion !V7, 243-44

Li»ell, Hod. Fred, a., noticed 469

Lowdermllk, W. H. donor 44

Lowe, Captsio Qideon, mentioned 331.371

Lowlli. Hon. John, QUliecd 460

Luce, B. S . donor 78

Laclisinger, Clirislian, Nen Q1»rus. teactier 433

Hon. John, on HetvGlarua colony 84,411-30

noticed 411.434

Ludlngton, Hod. Uarriaon, oo ex-Com. of Society 7, 8

donor 24,44,61,78

Lyman, Ttieodnre, donor 24

Ljnde, Hon. W, P.. d..Dor 44

Lyndea. Hon. Jflmes J., noticed 463-63

Lyon, Isaac, Curator of Society 7-13

donor 24. 44

services as cab netkeeper 30, S3, 83

crayon portrait received 60

Uackey, Sauk County pioneer 300

Mackinaw. 1737-83 200-33

1763, lis cRptnra 217.837-81

Madden, Jutnea, dou'T 48

MadUon, in Decemlier, 1837 870-71

Biiard ot Educaiion.donnr 51

Countir,N.Y,.mi.'or^, cited 325,831-58

Maeasines and llevjews received 18,38,74

Uagoon, Hon. Henry S., donor 45

Hi^'bard U., a Wisconsin pioneer, portrait received 83

MBli-E«h-iua-nee-k~li, kills Pauquelle 319,819

Malley, C. W-, donr 81

Jttaln. Hon. A. H-,Treaaaror of Society 7.9,11

Maine Historical Socicly. onnor 45

Uallby, Rev. C. O, funeral discnurse on Dr. Carpenter 03

Maiicbealer. Bncland, Lit and Phil. Soc., donor 45

ManiievI He, Jack, daring exploit 357

Mann, Ciinrlea, donor 24,41

Bev.J..<ionor 78

Manning. Ilobert, donor 43

Manuacr jpis and autograpUs received 26,20 ,40,53, 83, 84

MBnvlIle.JaineeL, noticed 405

Maps and aliaaes received 21,40.73

ancient. r>r Lake Superior and (lie Miaslasippi S03

March, i'rof. T. A., referred to 00

Marcy. Oliver, donor 78

Margry, Pierre, ciled 205

"WiscossiN State Histoeical Society.

Uaria'sexpedilion, 1730

Uarintr. Mrs. Robert, donor...

Marlon, town, settlemeDt

Harsb, John, in Black Hank n
Prof. O. CdoDor i.

Msrshall, Samuel, V. P. of Society 1,8.11

donor tuUindbg Fund..

Mariiiielte, Ms, journal _._

MarilE,Hon.M. L,V. P. of Society l.S.ll

coDtriliatCB L&nitlade Papers SOO-t)

secretary at Puyvaa treaty fSO-Sl

cited 3n.835.8~ «~

Marty, Matthias, clerk of Green Co

Maryland Historical Society, donor 24,43,18

Hacstctiu sella Board of Education, donor M,4S

Board of Heallh. donor ..

GenernI Hobpllal. donor., ..

Historical Society, itooor 94,49.18

UUtiiric-Gonpaloglcil Society, donor »,45.W

Hortlcaliorat tjuciety, donor 49,78

Secretary of State, donor M.TO

Mason, John, Juneau Co. pios """

John T., mentioned

Mastodon, cottmporary wilU mouod-bulldera UT-4fl

Maich-e-ke-wis. rhlppovra chief ■"*"

Mather. Itev. Bleazer, ancestor of Rev. Eteazer Wllliar

Mataon, N., donor

Haughs, Gen. M. H,, noticed

H iehoias. mentioned

Mauaton, early aettlemeat 88S-8T ,406-10

HcAllBIer. mentioned **"

McAII>sii;r. James, donor

McArtliur. D. 3.. dunor

HcBride, D.. carlv Manston editor,.

McCnlie's OfRfttrHr, cited

McCalluQi. Wiliiam, Juneau Co. pioneer .

McCauley, U. A,, lumberman..

WcCloud. Jatnes, dnnor _.

HtCotubcr, 8. li. &II.M, Juneau Co. i

McDaca. William. Juneau Co. pioc

McDtrmolt. Hukili, noliced

McDill, Dr. A. S., donor to Binding Fund . .

McDimall. C'1. Ilobert, mentioned..

McEniee, Juneaa Co. pioneer

MoEwen Rock, meniioned -. _.

McFsrlane, Hugh. Wigconsin pioneer SM, SU.O..

McOoverc, L,, donor ' EVf

BlcQrath, Hon. M. K , donor M

McOregbr, James and John, lumbermen.

McQuiicli, Rev. Edward, noticed.

McKuy, Col. William, mentioned

KcKe- ney, Col. T. L., holds Butte dea Moris treaty.

McLune, Hon. G. R, pottrait received.

UcKair, Cant. Thomas, mentioned - — ,,

McNeil, J. B.. ment'oned W^

McNown. John, Juneau Co. pioneer.

Meiirs, Maj. Jntnrs It., noticed

Medal, Centennial, awarded to Society.

a Veneliun , of 1683, fuund in Illlnoii

Mcdbnry, Rev. A. R., donor

Medlll, Hon. Wlllinm, holds Poygan treaty.

Meeker, Ron. Hoses, portrait received

Mrs. Moses,

IDckir* Sum Librarr. iomm

MMdl* UMd. lAke Aapmor. irwlaawl
MUtard'* Pnific, M—^ -^
]iiUet.J D^doMT
Her- W G-«
MOIva. Holten H . iwXieed. _
MOta G«tt- fiineas. T. P. of Secl^.

doanr

ivpom moIuUoai on 0««. Sattlli.

laipe W^ donor

JUIwMikee, IVi«iiac'i Imliaa Coanvts iher« . .
Iniitm %. ISS3-47. dolbed la sklu..
CtLamber of Cummerce, doaora . .

ICiner. Hod E. S . pinacet Upper WiaooDsin.

Rev. H. A., donor

Uinnooia Academj or Scionor. donor . .

Uiiioricsl Socieir

Hlwoori, Secreiary of Stat«, tloaor. . . .

Universiiy. donor

Ifitcliell, UoD. AJexuidi;r, Presidenl ofSoclfltr..

Ltfa Dltefitor

doDor lo UiodlDg Puad..

E., Lamberman

Uompnani). Ji>lm. cnmmikiids si U»ohini.
Monecauniag Island, Lnke tJu|ierlor, mcDtlontd. .
Ho' Mna HUiorical Sncitty, donor. .
Hoonej. Paul. Juneau Co. pioaeor..

Hook, Cnl., ineDlione'l

Hon. Harvey T.nollced... .

Julia A , donor _

VorsD. KJinond. early Uroea Bay trader •••>< Ui I

Hor^Tlan Hiaslonary SociRiy, donor

Horchouse, Miss Mary, eiirly teacher .
Thomas, lumbermaii .

Korgao, C- C. domir

Col. Willoughby, at Ft. Crawford .
■orris, ThoniEis, lumberman ..
UoirisoD. Girly Lh Polnle truli
Hone, Dr. Jcdidiah. ineaiiooe<
Hoiiilet. M. Gabriel de. cited
K' aetey. E. S., donoi

Moll. H. donor

MoyUn, Juneau Co. pinneei
lloilonev, M., Juneau Co. pioneei
Hnnd, Bcrntiard. doaoi
■nDMl), Joel, donor ..
David, noticed

498 Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Page,

Murat, J. A., donor 28

Murphy, JoUd, lumberman 404

Murray, Hon. William, noticed 464

Navarre, Robert de, mentioned 297.299

Neceaah^sotllement 396, 897, 401-404, 4C«0-10

meaoiDg of 896

Neenah, History of, mentioned 470

Neill, Rev. E. D.. cited 188

Nesbit, James, donor 24,45

lumberman 404

Newell, Rev. W. W. donor 78

Newberry, Prof. J. 8., donor 24

Walter L., benefactor 57,475

New England Historic*Genealogical Society, donor 25,45,78

cited 153

New Glarus Swiss Colony 411-46

village, locality, size 411-13

characteristics of the people 412-13

rau-es of settlement 413-15

Emigration Society 415. 440. 443

Duerst nnd Strieff agents 415.442.448

instructions to agents 415-10, 440-43

jouruey and location 415-16

1845, April, emigra^'ts depart 416-17

Legler and Qrob leaders. 417

June, reach Baltimore 418

July, reach St. Louis • 418

send men to find agents 419

August, Rodolph*s kinduess 419

find the agC' ts 419

N. Duerest goes to pilot emigrants 419-20

met emigrHi.TA at Galena 420

primitive shelter for colony 419

18^15, August, arrival of emigrants 421

tools and utensils brought 420-21

scant of provisions 42t

clannishness of emigrants 423

additional huts erected 422-23

1845-46. winter mild 423

1846, land apportioned 423

cows, etc, purchased 424.443

poverty, labor, economy 424-26

oxen purchased 425. 445

Mr. Tschudy arrives 425.443

first census 44i-45

1846-47, winter severe 44-1

1849, stock and products 438

1853, fourth of July celebration 444

churches organized, service 427-30, 444

weddings, baptisms 430-31

Kil bi hoi id jy 431-5^3

schools established 432-34.444

politics, lawyers, physicians 434-35

love of fatherUud, public spirit 4:35-37

mills, products, etc 437-38

Bilten settlement 438-39, 444

New Hampshire State Library, donor 24

New Haven Historical Society, donor 45

New Have •>, Wis., mentioned 407

New Lisbon . mentioned 373, 377, 379-83, 408-10

New York Oolonial DocumenUy cited 233

Mercantile Library, donor 24,45

Page.

Hew York, Regents of Ihe nniveraiCy, donors 84

SiBie Library, doDor 78

Telaaipt. cued 387.858

Newspaper tiles, Addliiona 10,40,75

NiiieBia, Lilile. loss of eupplieit tbere S30

Nicodemus, Prof. W. J. L., donor 24

Kichola and Sliutfr, dooors ... 45, ni

Nichol.T. SI, donor 78

NicholBrin, H. N.. donor to Binding Fund. .•». 03

Mloolet. Jean, Sulle'a Nolu oa 64,188-04

Niles, Micliigan, Regitter and Adeoeatt, cited 207

aWei, national fleoiXer. cited 334

Noble, Alexander. JiiDcau Co. pioneer 3U3

Norlbrnp. O. V. N., donor 78

Neva ScotiH Historical Society, donor 78

Nunnemacbcr, Jacob, noticed 4S-3

Kute, lion. Bedjamio, noticed 404

Objects of Cnllection desired 4

Olieervatory. U. 8., donor 78

Ohio Hislnrical Society, ilonor 45

Sccreiary ot Slnlc, donor 43

Olmstead, FrMik, don<T 83

Oneida lodlans, rercrred In fli

ElezcrWilliiiiiis with them 882-48

repudiule Williams 344-40

Orange, town, orginized 383

Oregon Pioneer and Hist. Siclety, donor ., 45.78

OHon, Hon. H. S.. LL. D., V. P. of Society 7-13

remarks on Oeu. Smith 108, 118-30

Osbnro, Ez'a T., benefactor 58

Dsbkosb. Menomonce cUief 228.280

Ott Brotberd, New Olarus, mercliaDtH 437

Onen Broiiiera, lumb>rmen 403

Oweni, O , iumberwan 404

Page, Harlan M., donor 45

Hev.J R., donor 45

PajBt, W. N. donor 27

Paige, Rev. Lucien R , donor 4!!

Paioe. M J, donor 83

Pardee. O. B, donor 2f

Park. W. J., donor 45

Puker. B. F, donor 74

Hon. C D, donor 28

Parkinson, Daniel M.. In Winnebago war 200

in Black Hawk war 286

cited 209

Prof. J. B. Curator of Society 7-13

resolutions on Dr. Carpenter 88

remarks on Br. Carpenter 101-103

Parkman. Francis, LL. D, dnnor 43

commends the Society 55

cited 188.238

Parks, Jobn, Juneau Co., pioneer 883

Hon. Hulus, noliced 473-73

Parrisb, Jasper, mentioned 8S4

I'arvin, Prof. T S., donor 24

Patent Office, British. Reports 21 ,42,7S

Wasbington. donor 90.S1,24.4S,7D

ViUenoji'i Life of Black Uaiek, cMaA 278.315

Pnuiiuetlo. I'eler. n-ticed 31S-20

Pcabudy, Qeorge. bcneraclor 31

InaUtme, doaor .......^a^ ..-. <«j»i^Vw'>- W<4t^^tft

BOO Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Pan*

P«kk. William. doDor 2^

PeareUI, Freeman, lombermaa U'd

Penslee, Robeit, lurobemun 40E

William D., Hecednb ploDeer «u2

Peck, Ebeo. MadleoD plooter 871

Mrs. if ., duDor SM

Willinm, lumberman W(,40tI

Feet, Mits Mnrth*, rionnr -IS

PeQDgilTnnln Board orCnBritlet, dnnor ^t

Historical Sooietv, dnaor It

Inttliuie fiir Blind, d.-nor H^

Penuypaoker. 6. W., donor TO

Perlodlcils received I8,B8|,V^

PerkiBs, Augustus T„donnr 45-

Fred.8, V. P. or Society T.^

Bnli4uarianaervicea ^ US

on fabricntlan of copper loola lift

Mrs. Ocorge A., dnniir IS

Perrol, Nicolas, oiUfoaorium of tSW 199-100

MimntTe relerri'd ki SOB

services in tbe Nottii West 208-Wl

PciTV, Com. Oliver H.,viclor* on Lake Erie WM.WI

cited m

Rev. Dr. W. 8-, donor H;49

Pete-eD-Well, melioned 874-75, 874, W?

Peters, George A,, lumberman.... SOB

Feltlt, Judge James J., noticed 490

Hon. Milton H, portrait received 49

Mrs. M.H., donor to Art Gallery «

Pkelps. D. a, donor 6l

Hon. Johu, personal narrative V

0. B.. donor «

Philadelplila Friends, Pub. Co., donors 4ll

Librur; Company.donor 4S

Stetcantile Lil^raiy, donor JS

lieformt r, cxtvA 8ST

Social KcicDce Assot^iatioD, donor 7ft

Phllbrick, Burtcy, li-mberman 401,408

Phillips, Antliony, 8r. & Jr.. lumbermen MO

Hosa, Juneau County pioneer 3S9.363.38t

PlcUiro Gallery, adJitlons S5,4«.M

calalngue 47

Pictured Cnveof La CniBneVsUey 174-87

Pier. Hon. iildward, noticed 4a»-S4

Pierre. J. L.dc la, early miisionary SIO

Pieraon.C. B, dnnor SO

PIWrlni,D-T., donor «

Pllkineton, 8. B.. early Lemonwelr explorer S70

Pinkncy.Col. Nitiian. mootlon'-d 880

Ploney. Hon. 8. U, Curalnr of Society 7-18

Pltl C. Fori, beleaguered by Indians 08S-M

Plxlcy, L.lumberman 4f8

Pluin Trvth, newspaper, cilcd SIT

Plocker, Hon. William, donor to Binding Fund SI

noticed 494

Plymouth, town, organized SM

Point Bdussc. mentioned 371.87S, 8t&,376, at».8(r:.89S.4n

PoDtUc'B league, mentioned fitS-SO

Poole, W, 8.. donor H

Porlier, Luuis B, on capture of Mackinaw 2S7-SI

skeicbea of Foi River Vftllev SSI

cited 8n.Sfl0.8«I

James J„ early Wisconsin pioneer SS7.880,4n

Poser, Oen. Alex, is Black Hawk wir -'^^^^^I

pMlfelKwaile, Capl. Sam., Iniliaa tr«der ^OPV^B

pMre I gn. Jolio. lumber nuLD 4n

FottaWHtlamles. i^reireiJ to S2B

Potter, J. B. and H. F.. Juaeaa Co. ^ioaeerw 8tt

Hou. JohnF.. V. 1'. of 3oci.lv 1,9.11

oninienilsthe^ocictr M

diiaor to the Binding FDnd SS

Poood. Hon. T. C. V. P. of Society 7,».U

Powell. J. W. <T«Dor TO

Capl. WiilUm, diilttlea narrative S3

Power, J. Cdooor IS

PMrers, Joha and Micbael, Juoe&a Co. pioneer* 391-OS

POygan treaty. I»4S 227-31 .897. 407

Pojmetle, Rowan's Trading Poat, Dear 87|

PwirieduCliieQ,inl8l8 S8»

J8H, treaty »» ,

ie27.Winneba(townr SSMI I

1832, Black Hawk war »B~ii I

Pratt,Capt. J. L, noticed 4M

Hon. Samael, noticed , UT

Presbyii riiiD B<>irJ of ForeigQ Miasiona, donor 45

Prilchell. Ricbard, interpreter SOS

Proodflt, Hon. Andrew, Curalorof Society 7-14

dnnor to BiDdiogPand SS

ProvideDeeCitv. RI.. doDOT AS

ProTOdMl, father and a 'n aTS.874-7S

Pntsaia. sacriflces for education SS

Prrnr & Co., donors , iS

Pablic Libraries, calue and utility 57-00

benefitctora of 81, BT-SV

Packaway or Itush Lake 291

Pnlciter. Hon. a II., donor 73.88

Potnam's Magazine, cited SOO.aST

Pntney, Cul. F. U.,douor 21.45.79

Qoackenhoe' Iliiory. cited 18S

Qnamer, E.. donor 89

Qatritcb, B., donnr 48

Quebec Liierary and Historical Siiciety, donor , 41,71

Qnlocy Public Library, donor 94

Edmund, donor S4

Miss E. S., d.nor 24

Josiah. douor H

8.M.,donor U

QDl'Wy.De.noDg, or Mocecauoiag Island 284

Baflneaqne, C. S., portrait received j^rjj

Ralpb, lte>. J, douor 0Sfl

lUtnsBy, Hip. Alexander D., noticed 4lOfl

Dr. D. Q. M., donor Mf

lUndall, Juneau Co. piooeer 880, 40B' '

Raynier Georee. Curator of Society. 11-fS

Head. Daniel. LLD.nolleud 4T8-H

Reaume, C)iarle». biptizei a child Ut

Red Bird, WiDuebagu oblef, mei.iloned 884-00. S00-U,80»

H«d Jacket, aeneca chief, mentioned 88B,nS

Reed, K. R . donor »

Reed, Myron, dueor IS

Reeve, Dr. J, T. donor S4,«,81,»

RnireB, Ura. William, donor 78.81,88 .

Relics, early, of the North West 18a-«Mk4

Bemlnglon, Hon. Cyrus C, noticed 4744

I 602

Wisconsin State Historical Socj

F

^H Reviews and magoEineB

^^ BovDoldB, Dr. B. 0., donor

^^^^ B. W., noticed

^^^^^L Gov. John, menllooed ,

^^^^H Rev. H., donor 24, 49, 79"

^^^^^H Col. Tbomas, Curator nr Society. .

^^^^H^ dooor to BindiDg Fui

^ Rhode Island nisiorkal Sncieiy, donor 45, 7»

^r Rice, Hon. Jobn A., donor °*

■ explores Pictured Cave

■ on PicluiedCave ISS-W

^P R. B., eartj Jancau Co. editor 8B1

H Qrand Rapids pioneer 1195

H RIcharda, Hon. Daniel H,, noUccd 4BS

H Kichardson, E.. donor TV

■ Riclier, A-. P., Juneau Co. pioneer 898

H Kiddle. Tliomse, Juneau Co. pioneer 884

■ Ritcb, Hon. W.J. donor 7»

H Roaooke College, Va., donor 4S

■ Robbina, Miss v., donor 79

■ Robertson, BisUop 0. F., cited 860, SQL 368.9W

■ Robinson, Hon. CD., clKd -. 381,89!

■ Dr. F,H., donor 45

■ Hin. James, noticed , MB

■ Rock, John H., noticed 468

Rick Prciric, early selttement 810

Rndolph, Col. Theodore. kindnesB to New Olarus settlers •• 419

RjdgerB, Com, C-R. P.. donor M

Rogers, Hon. U. W., donor ft

Jacob, Juneau Co. pioneer 889,SM

, Juoeau Co. pioneer 891

Rollins, Hon. John R., donor 94

Rosaer. Col. John, donor 4S

R-.B9niao,W,, donor 89

Rouniree, Gen. John H., V. P. of Snclety 7,9.11

In Black Hawk war S88

Rowan, TTaltis, Tr»ding Pi»t, mentioned S71

Rowan's Creek, mentioned 811

Roy, Amable, mentioned 991

Ru'btee, Hon. Horftce, donor 45,&1

Runkle, Philip and brother. Juneau Co. pioneers 898

RuBsell. Hon. Thomaa P„ noticed 4S4

Ryau, Col. Samuel, nolioed 448-49

Badd & Jeokina, lumbermen 408

BalFell, C. C, donor 90,97

W.T.R, donor 4»

Sagard. cited ,..,. lOT

Base, E. C, mentioned ' ""

Balisbury, Pror. A., donor

Hist. Wis. Normal Schools

Hon. Stephen, benefactor >

Siepben Jr., cited ••

Bivage. Dr. James, commends the Society

Samuel, David and Frank, mentioned 174,1

Sanborn, R*v. P. F., donor

Bandera, W. F, donor to Binding Fund

SsDtord, John, Juneau Co. pioneer

Bsu Francisco Libraiy Asaociation, donor

Bargcant, Q. W., donor

John, accompanies N. T. Indians to Oreen Bay

, early Juneau Co. Surveyor

Sauk County, territory extended • i

Bauk Indiaiis. 1T3S. In couDcil at Qreen Bay...

1730, slIicBof Foxea 283.'

retire to Sauk Prairie

1783, gettle on tlie Miastwippi

IBiM.treiity

18l8,iiicntiooed

1882, Black Hawk WIT S65-etf,

Baandenon, H. H.. duoor

BAVor, John U., lumbcrmiD

Siwtelk. 1. B.. duDor

Bttwycr, Hon. Pui. el us, donor to Binding Fand

Saxloo, L E. Juniau Co., ploni^r

Skyer, Uocknell, menlionecl ,.

Scttleft, Col. Suinui:! H.. noLiced ,..,.

Bobiniilcr, Buliliusiir, roenUnned

Botimidt, MaiihiikB. mentioned

Benneiitt:r, ilis. Catbenue, noticed

School Board Vhraniclt, c'Med

BdioolcraJt, James L. killeJ by Tanner

H. H., commends Itie Bosiety

cited IjO,

nrilea Chegoiinegoo incident

Schools, early, in Wisconsin. SUkMl, 380, 381 , SU, 802, 893, 404, 406,

433-34,

C.

Booll, Andrew, lumbermuo 378,383

Hon. Gsorgo C, donor 45

Gun. John Morin, mentioned , S3^

CaptHio Marljn, menUooed S04

" ru. WinfiL-ld, mentioned 81S

Jluckley, lumbcrmea SB3

Hon. Edward, donor 25,20,45.01

Harris, lumberman 878.881

Jesse D., Juneau Co., pioneer 399

A. T, donor 79

__„_-,K«T.Wr.. mentioned 405

Beren Hlle Creek, town, mcniioned 301,392,808

Sewell.Pror.Jolin 8, cittd 90

tjeymour, Hon, L'bsrles, donor 01

W. N., donor of portrait 47

city clerk 87

Bhafer,Mr»., donor 88

Bharkee, Lewis, lunbFrman ..'. 408

Stiaw, Hon. Jtiines, douor 45

Col. Juba, (urly boatman and pioneer 250

Prof. Samuel, doi or 43,79,80

Shea, JobDG,I.L. D, commenda the Socie^ 05

cited 109,188,200. 369,865-«J

Shelby, C^pL Evan, mentioaed 282-4U

Bneldou. Zncb., bee buntir 'x 888

Bhirmnn, W. H., donor BO

Bherwoud. Bev. Dr. Adlel, donor 79

Buipman, Col. 8. v., Hun.V. P. ofBociety 7,9,11

donor .... S4,40,79

8bo-ni><nee, Henomouee Chief, mentioned 237-81

Bhurey Urntbera, tumbtrmen 406

Bhorluil.JaLUfS, donor 48

Sbute, E. (!., Juntau County pioneer ggg

Bliuier, Col. CbarlitB, douor 4S

Signers oi Ibe Declaration, autograph letters ol ea

Biuims, J. R, donor 35

Sinclair, Gov. Patrick, orders aSI_2a

Bine, Dr. T. M., donor 47

SkeelB, Hon. Albert M., noticed 448

■ B04 'WiaooHaiN State Histokical Societt

Skianw, Jnd^B H. C, noMced .

Page
460

C.B, Juneau Co. pioneer

.... 8W-7*

B L donor ..

UoQ. Uearge U., Curator of Society iHH^H

Hon. Gerrir.doDorluBlodingFand I^^^H

Hon. John Y.. cited

m

Hon. Perry H., Hon. V. r. of Bocie^

.... 7.»,U

. »-«

5

." m

Smittisonian InstUuiion, donor

.... 29,45, 7»

' W«i.J.,died

Snyder. William, noticed

.... SS7.BS8
471

Sonttiall, D C, donor....

:::: ^

Bpangler. Surveyor, mentioned

m

■■:. ^

Spencer. Mrs. J. W., donor..

W

1 Spotted Arm. Wiontbago Chief.

Spring Prairie, early seillement

Sprincer, Win. A., donor

'!!:"■»

atambaugh, Col. d. C, Indian Ageol

.. 843-48. SH

Blarbuck. A. & W. 8., donors

1 Surliey. G. R, donor

....25.46.78
46

i annual reporlB. 1877-79 13.88.M ■

H_ antiquities, arliclM r«oeiTed 9ft.4T.Bl ■

^B art gallery and catalogue 23.40.47.60 ■

^m autuHrapliB and manuscripts, aa.Se.39,41),01.«a.Sl ■

^V Binding Fund, condition 14,31. 89,«M ■

^k Britiali Patent Reports 31. 44.76 H

^^^^^^^^ Cabinet addirinns 36.47.81 V

^^^^^^^^^L Centennial exbibit — medal awarded .... 30.49 ■

Gkn'kral Indkx.

fColl ftioDscited, 1S3. 1«3.1S3.18S.11>5.S00.905.907.
218.2I9.S28,£21>.2»S.2M.SS'7.S1«
8 19, SU, 47a. 475.
donors to Library 28.48,'M
endontnenl, plea for 81-38,69-60
excbaogea S8,ni,80
Snances, condilioD U.8i.61
penes log ic»l work 8 added 88.7ft
Library tddiiioiw 16-M, 88-43. M-W
mteazinesaiiil reviews 1^,88.74
msps aod atlases 21,40,78
misfloD and ulilily 8I,M
newspaper files 18,40,75
offlceri, 1877-79 7-18
pre-hfitoric collectlam 108-^

publicMioDB a8.47.Sa,BS

State Journal, leterred lo .447.45B.4B8

BLGermaiDe. Norberl. .luneao Couoiy pioneer 885-87,405

8t John, W. P . noticed 4n8

Bl Joseph's Ial»nii.nienlioned 222

St Joatpbs. Micliignn, meniiooed 213

Bl Iduia Board ol Ediicalioo. donor 7B

SLVra<D.andolbere,kll1ed by Indians ST5

Steamboats, early, on WiBConsin river 8TS

StepheDSon.Capl.JsnieitW.. in Black Hank war 873,375,878,880

"■ •■ " f. J. W., LL. D.,donor 38

Temwks on Dr. Carpenter 98

Philosod Peler, Juneao Co. pioneers 898

Slenuy, Matibias. New Oiarus teacher.... "" 4St

ttlevens, B. E., early Haustou editor ""*

Breese J , Curator of Society

Rev. J. D., noticed

Stephens Point Library AsDOcialioii, donor .

Stewart, G. H.. donor

William, Manston pioneer

W.L. B,, donor

BUIlman. Msjor, defeated

fitlllBOH, Hcv. A. C. douor iir

Stnckbridge Indians, settle in Wis 838, 2SC,88S

Bloddard. Hon. ThoQins B, noticed 44»

Stone & Cramer, donors SS

Rev. E. M.. donor.. 25,46, 70'

IWm. L., donor 46

Street.Gen. Jos. M.Indian SEent 876,818
Btielii; Pridolin, New aiarns aeent 415,428.486,441-44
Btreissguth, Rev. Wilhclm, early New Glarua pastor, 431,425,497. 438.484,488
fitroog, CliftUDcey B., Juneau Co. pioneer 8*1
Dr. C. C, donor . "*

Bterliag, Prof. J

7-ia

. 168,S70-

Moaea, geoloL-iat. noticed

Hon. Moses M.. V. P. of 8oci«y. .

on Indian Wats of Wisconsin '^^'SS

and HcCarioey, pioneers 476.477

Slruve, C. E. W., donor 48

Slrykor. Gen. W.S.. donor 46.70

Stuart, J ames Ii„ Curator of Society 7-10

artist :. 46

Stullz, Adam. Janeau Co. pioneer 301

Suits, Benjumlii, donor 46

on .lean Nicolet, 84,188-04

ifilnnqa D'Hitlcire, mentioned 188

Lift of XicoUt. referred to 188,189

Bum mil, Juneau Co., settlement 398

83 — Bt. Hu. Soo.

508

WiacoNsm State Historical Sociktt.

Sunintr, Unn. Clmrles, crayon portrait teceivel Ml

Burdmii. W. U, Junuau Co. pioneer asO.Wll

Snrireon Qencral, U, 8., donor

SuUicrlaDd, Gea, James, V. P. nf Society 7-lL]

donor lo Lilirary

donor lo Binding Fuad

Butter, Gen. John A., photugrapb received

Sweet, Clmr lea, lumberraim

E.T. services at CcDietiDial 90]

tjtraa Lake, menlloneil -.---■

BwiDUm, Pfijf. Wiltlam. cited

Bwiss Culonyot New Glarua

Bwil!!er,J. K, donor

Tanner, Edward. In Wig. in 1818 2«-M.<7»|

JimcR. Indian misdioniry - .

Jolid. ludiHn cnplire

Thesi}, Josep'u, good services

LRDRlode paper commcDdod

cited ..

Taylor, Luke, pioneer settler -----

Hon.SteiJben, Hon. V. P of SociMy T.M

donor to BiDdlnz Fund tt.r

n liced eS-«.«l_

WilliHm.lDneauCo. pioneer 8>l.m.|

W. 8.. donor Sf|

Telfer. CLarlea, lumbermiui

TeQDCSseee Stalo Medical Society, donor __

Tenney, MaJ. H. A., Curator ol Society f-lS 1

Thayer, Edwin, lumherman 400,4

Thomas, liev. L. B., donor

Lieut. Martin, mentioned i

Terrlll.dcinor

donor lo Binding fund

n.in.W. H,, noliced 4St-a |

Thompson, Ur. C. M., donor

Linus, noliced _. — ■

Mrs. Maria, donor ^!$J

Robert, early Necedali settler '.

Thomson, P. O., donor

Thurston, C H., donor to Bind tug Fund.

Tloheaor. Orson, donor ••••

Tilden, W. S., donor

Tolls, Jacob and Jnbn, Juneau Co. pioneers

Toner, Dr. J. M., donor

Torquemnda. cited

Towne, W. U„ donor..

Treasury Department. U S.. dooor 48,n

Trealiea, 1804, with Sauks ST

1831-32, N.Y. Indians wilh Menomonees 888>aM,a

1825. Winnebago "*"

1827, Menooionee

1831, Mcnomonee .._

1330, Winnebago 818-19,810,4.

IMS, MoDomonee Bfi7-81,«OT,«I

Trowbridge, Hon, C. C, Hon. V P. of Society 7.B,1]

commenda Ibe Socieiy mr«i

acoQipanies N. Y. Indians to Green Bay.,

cited 1

Truell, Hon. David, Juneau County pioneer I

General Index.

Tmmbull, James. lumDermao

Hon. J. H,. referred to

"nMhodf , J. Jacob, New Glarus agent

conducts religloDS services

leacheB Gerrann f choul

lendctB medical aid

IlecoriJer, Reijlster, and Countj Clerk .

Addilioual Notes on New Glarus

Tamer, H. E.. donor

J., lumberman

John, donor

Hun. Joho, early Mnastoa editor

OrsHtnus. menlioncd

Tortle CreeL, early setlltmeul

TulUe. Cbarlcs R.. dooor

Rev. Dr,J F„ donor

Twijtgs. Maj. David E., meniioned

Tjrler, U., early Juneau County teacher

Upbam, Hon. D. A. J., noticed 459-80

D. S. Bureau nl Education, donor <«, 79

Cenlcnniul Uommissionera, donors 46, 40, 50

Bwaid medal 4B

Chief or Engineers, donor 4t

Coast Surrey, donor SB, W, 79

C >iDtn<93ioncr of Indian Affairs, donor 7B

Depvtmcnt ofStaia, donor 79

Objerrat'iry, donor 79

PiUent office, d.mor 20,21.21.43,79

Secretary uf Interinr. donor 23, 40, 79

Treasury, donor 79

Surgeon Gesernt. donor 4ft

Utley.Qcn. W. L., portrait received 85

Vain, CD., donor W

"ValooUni, Piiiltppl. I., cited 165

Tan Bunker, Moses. lumbcrniaD 899

VanSlyke, N. B. Cmalurol Society 7-13

donor 85

resolutions on Gen. Smith 108

L: Junean Co. pioneer 380, 881

Vwdrenll, mentioned...... 813-17

Tveder, Iticbaril P., mentioned 890

VoDWgo, Lieut. Gordon, cruelly killed at 385

Vcrmilye, liev. Dr. A. G., donor *•

■TWmont Historical Suci«Iy, donor 25, 40, 79

tjtale Libi'afy, donor . •• ^

, Garrett, noliecd. " 400-61

TniM, Dr. 0. H„ donor 25. 79

Hon. Levi B„ Curator of Bocielv ''-13

donor 40

Tllleneuve. Daniel A Domltelle, mentioned. ■ ■ ^'^

Vllliers, meniioiitd 207, 347^8

Viunm, Hon. D. 3, Slate Senator 408

Wabashaw'g villagp, mentioned '^50

■Wngtfoner, J. H, donor 49

WalejUlti'» Ilixt. Bi.iet lluui: War. cited 814

Walk-r, ilim- Charles U„ iiolired 485

Hon. Charles I , commends the Soctetj ,.

George. J uneuu Co. pioneer.

VTiscossiN' State Historical Societt.

Pag>.i

orth, JHroU, mentioned *~

Hilu, Coiumbia Co. pioneer.. 371, 6_ .

Wktd, D, L., luffibcrman , S78>M

J, H,, noticed '

Wan, IflHT, VVUcoDsIn irSbes an J Iroquois

11 tS, Lnuvlgny's'xpvditton 207,84

nas, Dn Lignery'a expedition

nau. Pnjc purty deatroycd

nm. Marlii and Do Vflller's expeditions. ... SOT-SOS, 233. S4K-I8.«

nW-UO. Frenoliwar 211-17, r"*

1T(I.1. {'(miifto's oulhreuk ZlB-^.i

n7*i-Mt). Kim. luliimnry war

IMia, wUhGrciitBrilain 08, 296,297. '. _

1»^7. Winnobxgo troubles... SSMfl

isaj, illiiuk Hawk contest M9, aeS^M. Bll-IT^

Wtuuoituli, (uwti. or|{«nixcil '"^ '

Warner. Tliin. Hans. B., raembr Ex. Committee

Warnin, Modus, donor

Wiiiliburn, Huu. C. C. LL.D..V. P. of Society, 1877

President ol tioclety. 1878-76

Rommenda the Biiciely.-

donor to Binding Fuud

Wi'lulur, frank. Jnuettu Co. pioneer ..

JiAin C. enrly Maust'in scitier .._

J. W, and Pe^er, Jiineuu Co. pioneers ST9,8E

Wolshlraun, P.J,, mpniioncd "" "

WolibroJ, Uim. Cliarlus A., noticed

Wolia, A. J,, donor

WoKiiu, WliiQobBgo warrior SS4-M,H

Wuloli, Jiiiue«, Juoeau Co. pioneer WI.IU

Wiill«, niin.l>iivldA.,d<>nor ...

WNnioorili, Hon Jutiu, LL. D, donor

Wvnnutli, Julin, lombcrman

Wcntur,,lo|]ii, Jr., Jtineau Co. pioneer 806-90, 401,408, ltNI,4(

WeaUtrn Cement (Muipany, duni^rs .,

Itnwrvo niatoric*! Siiclcly, donor

Weitan,Tl>omu,Juncftii Co. pioneer BOO, 8OS-SO.40S,«3

Wr*t'in,&('o„ lumbormcn 308, 308,800, 401, 4U3,404,4S0.4tl

Wotmori', Ilev. Hr., mentioned

Wbi'i-lur, Polly, loneevilyor ___

Wrilrllii)[Ttiunder, Winnebago cblef 478,471

WbUlliT, MnJ. Willium.mentioacd S61'«8,S»I.H'

Whltn Crov, WinncbAKo cblef, mentioned e71.27S,U

villnBeoC ... 8L

Whito, Hon. Puilu, LL. D., V. P. or Society T,9,U

donor to Binding Pand **

dnuor to Library •■•...

ITon. Samuel A., noticud •.■.■«..•.

WblKitlda.Ueo. t4'mu>l, in Blaok Hawk war ,

Wlilllord, Hon. W. C, donor

Hist, of Education infTisconila

WliiHuoro.W. H,. donor

Wlillnuy, Itanlul, Wlaconala pioneer 80S>M1|]

CupL lianiul M,, noticed .■>...

D. K,, donor ■

Wliltiiny '• Itnpids. Dionlioncd

Whittloauy, Col. Cliarlee. donor

on fabrication of copper tools

■ends paper on Black Hawk war

[Ijl, lltin. O W., donor

Umi. AloDKO, noticed

■■•i mentioned.

Genkbal Index.

Paga.

■ffUde.SirWm.n., cited 188

Wilder, W. H,,a<nnr 79

Wild ncd, gHtberlng S»l

Wllkinaon.lleT, J,.do-or , 44

Wiliard. EdwHrd and Oeorce, lumberiueii ' 883. 8H

Willej-,U. S.,donor TO

Williams, Got. Charles K,. cited ; 354

i:ieftzer, Bills' KecllectlAos 8S3-S3

UfAiier'e Addlilunal Nolo 3^3-09

•nc»inrs 8SD. 817 .SIS

binli.dnte and age 330

Krenu M8-4D, 35MI0
yhood and scbool days 33^30,818,^4,453,850.860

InwamflSia 847

at Oneidncoalle— cblldliood story 89(1-80

effiirU Willi tlicScoecns 334

dlsiDgCDUousoesa wiib Gen. Ellis 8SG^8,R31

earljr success b» a lulsBloDary 323

erccis H cliurch — iniaappllea ruadg 835-SO

abarnoralor S30-3I

reviles Moliawk alphabet !J10-3I,8SO

Jovial diapnsUlon— a good feeder 32S.:llt4-S5

wrangles and equ t vocal iona with creditors ..335,8!8~29,
881.838

profuw ]□ clieap promises 339

uniratlirul la speecli nod uct'nn 305

hypocrisy and tereWersailons intlaDCed ....... 300-69

coloDizlngsclipme—irtcky conduct 330-^.33l>89

intent only on Indian empire 3»3.333

Od' Idas protest against lilm 830-37

IB3I. first dclcgntton to Green Bay 395-39

1833, second delegation 837-89

183:). Ills raaiiiaee 804,840,867-68

1830-31, Tisila Wasbington 844-48

1633, about, Oncid^is repndiate him 344-48

flcliemonr Indian empire fails 843.347.30«-80

about 1888-39, Dauphin Invention tirst suggested SSO

about 1839-40, brooded over 'ndliatclied ...... 803

1841. Interview will) Prince De Joinvillo 881-08

Doihing Prench about bim 349

kept no journals 3S4-25,3S9

Ion young for ihe.Danpbln 854-0T

evidencL'sor Indian oilglo 348,807-00

Ele-ieralamily u """ '

indab

a braggart,
kislire'

ftpcdryalty 806-69

" "- ralluro . —

J-, donor . . . . . _ _

Hon. James, donor 48.79

Dr. 8. W., cited 354-37,350,303.866

I WUllamson, J., lumberman 408

f Jusqiii. donr^r 46

I WUsoo, Annua, .luncau Co. pioneer 876-77,870-80

David, donor. 47,51

Hon. William, donor 26

I WIliM. A.,millwrigbt 400,477

IWlnaeld. Hon, C. H^ donor 46

[Wing, Dr. C.E, donor 47

I Wianebagoes. rrreriedto SS8.848

■ 1891-23. oppose N. Y. IndianB 885-S9

1835, trealy S0>

1837, ju^iHwnr 158-64

810 Wisco?rsm State Historical SodETY.

Pngt.

WiDDebagMB, 1827, levjjog toll on traders 800-10

Iretily Ml

1830, treaty ai&-l». fm.4Stt

dresa MM

Winthrop, Hon. H, C, (Jpnor _ 41

Wisconsin river, deacibi^il 28)

enrly cnpper Imnlementa I44-47. IdWS

Piclu'edcaTcnr La UrosBt Valley IT+-SI

lOM, Nicolfi'B visit 188-M.M8

lOfiO. De Pere mifslnn foundeJ MS

lOSa, Perroi'Boglcnsorium lW-«)8

I 1037. WiBcnnsio trlbrsopiiuse Iroqanis Wi

1716, LouvJRDy'sexpediiloa 201', S»-M

1730, Cornell wllli Indmns M4

I 172S, DeLlDgery'dczpediliOQ 8M-4S

I 1720. Fox pdriy de-iniyea MS

I 1760, Marln'Bcxpediilnn 207, SOS, 233. »S-47.291

I Du RiiisBon's cxpfdition MT

I DeVillicr-seipotlition 207,417-48

I 1754-80, Prencb war — L DgladB 211-17

I 1700, Ciieenimt^rnn Incldeat 8U-M

I 176S, P'lillau'i Milwaukee congiesB 8S8

I Inilinn ocibnak 981-W

capture ol Jlackionw... 2n.2S7-ai

I Qreeu Bay Bbaadoued SlS.SSS-V

Cliippewfts IF imlcHl 818-U

neS'fM. Indian trade at GrecD Bay SS8-S8

1773-83, Revu'ullonnry war aao-»

L 1804, ireaiy Willi SatikB SW

I 1818, Tnnner'BobservallnnB 287-98

I 18ai-24. advent ol N.y. IrdiauB SSi-il

I 1832-27, Mr<. Biisiol's remiaiflcencctt Se3-40S

I 18SS, Winncbaia trcnly SU

I 1827, Wlnneb^g.. outbreak S88-M

\ Bulla des Hnrls treaty Ht

1831, MeDnmnnee Ireaiy H9-4S

, 183J, liluck Hawk wiir. 219.2S5-60.aiM8

L ]e:ia, Wlnneba o ticnly 91^-10,870 ,497

I 184.1. New Glarua colony 411-45

I 11:45-40, mild wiDier 4SS

f l[«e-47, linrd wlDier 448

1848, Wenomoncetrenty 327-81,867,401

184S-40. severe winter 47d

Iliitor.tai Ada* 47t

Seilltimeniol .luoeau county 870-410,475-71

Necn.lof-y, 1B76-78 446-7*

WlBCoiiBln Academy of Science, donor 46.91

Ceniennlul CommlEslon, donors 95,48

Edilorisl Assoclaiion, donor 20,48

Hnrllciillunil Society, donor 79

Nalunil Uisinry fociety 46.51

Rail Ruad CuDimissluuen, donors 48, SI

I Slate, donor 26, 46, 61, 79, 80

I Binic Ro»rd of Cbnrlilcs, donor* 49,19,60

I BtHte Board orHealib, donors 70

SiHle Library, dODor 46,79

Stale Universily, donor W

HeighiB battle 888-S<.ai>

Wonpwoc. selllcmenl Stt-M

Woodbriifce. Hon. Wra, CommiMloner glT

Woodmno,Hon.Cyni8. Hon. V. P. of Society l.t.H

commeuda tbe Society • RT

' BorVlIth vol. CoUectiona St

#]

Gexrral Indkx 511

Woodman, Hon. Cyrus, donor to Library 80,^

donor to Binding Fund 01

Woodward, Hon. A. B.. mentioned 287

Wooley, Dr. M., donor 46

Worcester Society of Antiquity, donor 80

Wright, Hon. H. B., donor 80

Silas, donor 80

Wynkoop, Hicbard, donor 80

Yale CoUefi^e, donor 46, 80

Tellow river, Irdian names of 896, o97

Yellow Thurder, Winnebago chief, portrait 80

Yoho, Albert B., douor 25

Young, Mrs. Ann, longevity of 456

G. Cdonor 81

John C, longevity of 465-66

Stephen, lumberman 404

Hon. V. B , donor 80,82

Zimmerman, J. C, mentioned 438

Uev. John, Kew Olanis pastor 425,427,433

1^

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