DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
MYLLAK NICHOLLS
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED UY
SIDNEY LEE
VOL. XL, MYLLAR— -NICIIOLLS
M A C M I L L A N AND CO.
LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. ' 1894
Dft
2.8
-DA- IS *S
v.4o
LIST OF WEITEES
IN THE FORTIETH VOLUME.
G. A. A. . . J. W. A. . . W. A. J. A. . B. B-L. . . . G. F. R. B. .
M. B
R. B
T. B
H. L. B. . . W. G. B-K. H. E. D. B, G. C. B. . . G. S. B. . I. B. ... W. C-R. . H. M. C. .
A. M. C. . A. M. C-E. T. C. . . . W. P. C. . L. C. . . . A. D. . . . J. A. D. . R. D. . . . J. P. E. . F. E. . . . C. H. F. .
G. A. AlTKEN.
J. W. ALLEN.
W. A. J. ARCHBOLD.
RICHARD BAGWELL.
G. F. RUSSELL BARKER.
Miss BATESON.
THE REV. RONALD BAYNE.
THOMAS BAYNE.
THE REV. CANON LEIGH BENNETT.
W. G. BLACK.
, THE REV. H. E. D. BLAKISTON. , G. C. BOASE.
. G. S. BOULGER.
. PROFESSOR INGRAM BYWATER. . WILLIAM CARR.
. THE LATE H. MANNERS CHI- CHESTER.
. Miss A. M. CLERKE.
. Miss A. M. COOKE.
. THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.
. W. P. COURTNEY.
. LIONEL GUST, F.S.A.
. AUSTIN DOBSON.
. J. A. DOYLE.
. ROBERT DUNLOP.
. J. P. EARWAKER, F.S.A.
. FRANCIS ESPINASSE.
. C. H. FIRTH.
J. G. F. . R. G. . . . J. T. G. . R. T. G. . G. G. . . . A. G. . . . R. E. G. . J. M. G. . W. A. G. . J. C. H. . J. A. H. . T. H. .
, J. G. FOTHERINGHAM.
RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. , J. T. GILBERT, LL.D., F.S.A. . R. T. GLAZEBROOK, F.R.S. . GORDON GOODWIN. . THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON. . R. E. GRAVES. . THE LATE J. M. GRAY. . W. A. GREENHILL, M.D. . J. CUTHBERT HADDEN. . J. A. HAMILTON.
T. F. H. . W. A. S. H. W. H.. . . W. H. H.
B. D. J. . J. A. J. . .
C. L. K. . J. K. . . . J. K. L. . S. L. . . . R. H. L. . W. S. L. . A. G. L. . J. E. L. . W. B. L. ,
. THE REV. THOMAS HAMILTON, D.D.
. T. F. HENDERSON.
. W. A. S. HEWINS.
. THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT.
. THE REV. W. H. BUTTON.
. B. D. JACKSON.
. THE REV. J. A. JENKINS.
. C. L. KINGSFORD.
. JOSEPH KNIGHT, F.S.A.
. PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON.
. SIDNEY LEE.
. ROBIN H. LEGGE.
. W. S. LILLY.
. A. G. LITTLE.
. JOHN EDWARD LLOYD.
. THE REV. W. B. LOWTHEK.
VI
List of Writers.
J. H. L. . . THE REV. J. H. LUPTON, B.D. W. B. M-D. W. BAE MACDONALD. M. M. ... SHEKIFF MACKAY.
E. C. M. . . E. C. MARCHANT.
L. M. M. . . MlSS MlDDLETON.
A. H. M. . . A. H. MILLAR.
N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D.
W. B. M.. . W. B. MORFII.L.
G. P. M-Y.. G. P. MORIARTY.
J. B. M. . . J. BASS MULLINGER.
P. L. N. . . P. L. NOLAN.
G. LE G. N. G. LE GRYS NORGATE.
D. J. O'D. . D. J. O'DONOGHUE.
F. M. O'D. . F. M. O'DONOGHUE.
J. H. O. . . THE BEV. CANON OVERTON. W. P-H. . . THE LATE WYATT PAPWORTH. C. P THE BEV. CHARLES PLATTS.
A. F. P. . . A. F. POLLARD.
B. P Miss PORTER.
E. G. P. . . Miss E. G. POWELL. D'A. P. . . D'ARCY POWER, F.B.C.S.
B. B. P. . . B. B. PROSSER. E. L. B. . . MRS. BADFORD. J. M. B. . . J. M. BIGG. T. S THOMAS SECCOMBE.
B. F. S. . . B. FARQUHARSON SHARP. W. A. S. . . W. A. SHAW.
C. F. S. . . Miss C. FELL SMITH. L. S. . . . • LESLIE STEPHEN.
G. S-H. . . . GEORGE STRONACH.
C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. J. T-T. . . . JAMES TAIT.
H. B. T. . . H. B. TEDDER, F.S.A.
D. LL. T. . . D. LLEUFER THOMAS.
B. H. V. . . COLONEL B. H. VETCH, B.E.
E. W EDWARD WALFORD.
F. W-N. . . FOSTER WATSON.
W. W. W. . SURGEON-CAPTAIN W. W. WEBB,
C. W CHARLES WELSH.
H. G. W.. . H. G. WILLINK. B. B. W. . . B. B. WOODWARD.
W. W. . WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A.
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Myllar
Myllar
MYLLAR, ANDRO W (fl. 1503-1508), the first Scottish printer, was a burgess of Edinburgh and a bookseller, but perhaps com- bined the sale of books with some other oc- cupation. On 29 March 1503 the sum of 10/. was paid by the lord high treasurer ' to Andro Millar for thir bukis undirwritten, viz., Decretum Magnum, Decretales Sextus cum Clementinis, Scotus super quatuor libris Sententiarum, Quartum Scoti, Opera Ger- sonis in tribus voluminibus.' Another pay- ment of fifty shillings was made on 22 Dec. 1507 * for iij prentit bukis to the King, tane fra Andro Millaris wif.' The first book on which Myllar's name appears is an edition, printed in 1505, of Joannes de Garlandia's ' Multorum vocabulorum equiuocorum inter- pretatio,' of which the only copy known is in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris. It has a colophon which states that Andrew Myllar, a Scotsman, had been solicitous that the work should be printed with admir- able art and corrected with diligent care. The second book is the ' Expositio Sequen- tiarum,' according to the use of Sarum, printed in 1506, the copy of which in the British Museum is believed to be unique. The last page contains Myllar's punning device, representing a windmill with the miller ascending the outside ladder and carry- ing a sack of grain upon his back. Beneath is the printer's monogram and name. These two books were undoubtedly printed abroad. M. Claudin, who discovered them, and Dr. Dickson have ascribed them to the press of Laurence Ilostingue of Rouen ; but Mr. Gor- don Duff has produced evidence to shoAv that they should rather be assigned to that of Pierre Violette, another printer at Rouenf
VOL. XL.
It was probably due to the influence of William Elphinstone [q. v.], bishop of Aber- deen, who was engaged in preparing an adap- tation of the Sarum breviary for the use of his diocese, that James IV on 15 Sept. 1507 granted a patent to Walter Chepman [q. v.] and Androw Myllar l to ftirnis and bring hame ane prent, with all stuff belangand tharto, and expert men to use the samyne, for imprenting within our Realme of the bukis of our Lawis, actis of parliament, cro- niclis, mess bukis, and portuus efter the use of our Realrne, with addicions and legendia of Scottis sanctis, now gaderit to be ekit tharto, and al utheris bukis that salbe sene necessar, and to sel the sammyn for com- petent pricis.'
Chepman having found the necessary capital, and Myllar having obtained the type from France, probably from Rouen, they set up their press in a house at the foot of Blackfriars Wynd, in the Southgait, now the Cowgate, of Edinburgh, and on 4 April 1508 issued the first book known to have- been printed in Scotland, ' The Maying or Disport of Chaucer,' better known as ' The Complaint of the Black Knight,' and written not by Chaucer but by Lydgate. This tract consists of fourteen leaves, and has Chep- man's device on the title-page, and Myllar's device at the end. The only copy known is in the library of the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh.
Bound with this work are ten other unique pieces, eight of which are also from the Southgait press, but two only of all are per- fect, 'The Maying or Disport of Chaucer' and ' The Goldyn Targe ' of William D unbar. Four of the tracts bear the devices both of
Mylne
1657. He was admitted a burgess of Perth, gratis, on 24 March 1627, and of Kirkcaldy on 23 March 1643, having probably taken part in the design of Gladney House in that burgh. He married Isobel Wilson of Perth early in 1610, and died in 1657. His daugh- ter Barbara, born in Edinburgh, is frequently mentioned in the < Canongate and Burgh Records' as being accused of witchcratt, There is a portrait of John Mylne in Myine s 1 Master Masons ' (p. 104).
FDict. of Architecture ; Mylne's Master Ma- sons pp. 65-128; Lyon's Hist, of the Lodge of Edinburgh, p. 92; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. vii 198-9 ; Chronicle of Perth (Maitland Uub), p 22 • Cant's Notes to Adamson's Muses Thre- nodiei 1774, pp. i. 81-2, 96; Kennedy's Annals of Aberdeen, i. 403; Gateshead Observer 20 Oct. 1860, p. 6.]
MYLNE, JOHN (1611-1667), mason, son of John Mylne (d. 1657) [see under MYLNE, JOHN, d. 1621], was born in 1 ertn in 1611. On 9 Oct. 1633 he was admitted a burgess of Edinburgh, by right of descent, and on the same day was made fellow ot craft in the Edinburgh masonic lodge. He succeeded his father as principal master- mason on 1 Feb. 1636, and in the same year, as deacon of the masons of Edinburgh, was elected a member of the town council. In 1637-8 he was appointed master-mason to the town of Edinburgh. He designed the Tron Church in Edinburgh, begun in 1637 and opened in 1647. The spire was not completed till 1663. A portion of it was burnt about 1826, when it was rebuilt in its present form. In August 1637 he repaired portions of St. Giles's Church. In 1642 he was employed in surveying and reporting on the condition of the abbey church at Jedburgh, and was appointed a burgess of Jedburgh ; in 1643 he was appointed master-mason to Heriot s Hos- pital, and continued the works there till their completion in 1659 ; in 1646-7 he made ad- ditions to the college of Edinburgh, probably including the library; in 1648 he repaired the crown of the steeple of St. Giles's Church ; in 1650 he was busy on the fortifications of Leith, and in 1666 he commenced the erection, from his own designs, of Panmure House, Forfarshire, of which portions still exist. The town-hall, or tolbooth, at Linlithgow was erected from his designs in 1668-70 (Plans in MYLNE, Master Masons, p. 240). He also made designs for a new palace at Holyrood, a plan of which (dated October 1663) is in the Bodleian Library, and for a grammar school at Linlithgow.
Mylne's activity was not confined to his professional work. He was ten times dea- con of the lodge of Edinburgh and warden
in 1636. In 1640-1 he was with the Scottish army at Newcastle ; on 4 Sept, 1646 he was made by the king captain of pioneers and principal master-gunner of all Scotland,which offices were confirmed to him by Charles U on 31 Dec. 1664 ; and in August 1652 he was chosen by the ' Commissioneris from the schyres and burghes of Scotland convenit m Edinburgh ' to be one of the ' Commissioneris to go to Lundoun to hold the Parliament thair.' He returned to Edinburgh in July 1653, and was present at Perth on 12 May
1654 on the proclamation of Cromwell as lord protector. In 1655, when a member of the Edinburgh town council, he was accused of having led the town into much expense by a constant alteration of the churches. He re- tained his seat in the council till 1664. Irom
1655 to 1659 he represented the city of Edin- burgh at the convention of royal burghs. In 1662 he was elected M.P. for Edinburgh m the parliament of Scotland, and attended the second and third sessions (till 9 Oct. 1663) of Charles II's first parliament in Edinburgh. Late in 1667 he was in treaty with the town council of Perth for the erection of a market cross in that town, but died in Edinburgh on 24 Dec. A handsome monument m the Greyfriars churchyard, erected by his nephew,
-r-» i , -\r i siaoQ l*7lf\\IV» IT 1 mnrVs mS
Mylne (1638-1710) [q.v.], marks his burial-place. He is described there as the Fourth John
And, by descent from Father unto Son, Sixth Master Mason to a Royal Race Of seven successive Kings ....
A view of it is given in Brown's ' Inscrip- tions in Greyfriars,' p. 248, and in Mylne s ' Master Masons,' p. 160. Mylne's portrait is given in Lyon's ' Lodge of Edinburgh, p. 85, and in Mylne's ' Master Masons,' p. 133. His signature, as commissioner of estates, is appended to two letters, August and October 1660 to Lord Lauderdale and Charles I (Addit. MS. 23114, if. 42, 62). Before 1634 he married Agnes Fraser of Edinburgh ; she dying, he married, on 11 Feb. 1647, Janet Primrose, who survived only a short time, when he married, on 27 April 1648, Janet Fowlis.
ALEXANDER MYLNE (1613-1643), brother of the above, was a sculptor of some re- pute [see under MYLNE, JOHN, d. 1621]. He worked on many of his brother's buildings, on the Parliament House and other public buildings in Edinburgh. He was made fellow of craft in the lodge of Edinburgh on 2 June 1635. He died 20 Feb. 1643, it is believed of the plague,- and was buried m Holyrood Abbey, where a monument, with Latin and English inscriptions to his memory, is fixed
Mylne
Mylne
against the north-east buttress of the abbey church. In 163:2 he married Anna Vegilman, by whom he had two sons and one daughter. Robert, the elder son (1633-1710), is sepa- rately noticed.
[Diet, of Architecture; Mylne's Master Ma- sons, pp. 130-9, 146-8; Maitland's Edinburgh, pp. 166, 193,282; Wilson's Memorials of Edin- burgh, ii. 203 ; Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland ; Grant's Story of the University of Edinburgh, i. 208, ii. 189 ; Ritchie's Report as to who was the Architect of Heriot's Hospital, p. 20 ; Monteith's Theatre of Mortality, pp. 13, 14, 64 ; Chronicle of Perth (Maitland Club, 1831), pp. 42-3; Nicoll's Diarv of Public Transactions, 1650-67 (Bannatyne'Club, 1836), pp. 98-9, 170; Lyon's Hist, of the Lodge of Edinburgh, pp. 92-3 ; Hackett's Epitaphs, ii. 12; Members of Parliament of Scotland, p. 573; Hist, of Holy- rood House, pp. 68-9.] B. P.
MYLNE, ROBERT (1033-1710), mason, eldest son of Alexander Mylne (1613-1643), [see under MYLXE, JOHN (1611-1667)], and of his wife, Anna Vegilman, was born in Edinburgh in 1633. He was apprenticed to his uncle, John Mylne, and succeeded him as principal master-mason to Charles II in 1668. In 1665 he erected Wood's Hospital at Largo (rebuilt in 1830), and in 1668 entered into an agreement with the magistrates of Perth to build a market cross, the old one having been destroyed by Cromwell's army in 1652 (cf. PENNY, Traditions of Perth, p. 15). Mylne's cross, which stood in the High Street, bet ween the Kirkgate and the Skinner Gate, was com- pleted in May 1669. It was taken down and sold in 1765, when increased traffic rendered it inconvenient. In 1669 Mylne was occupied in reclaiming the foreshore at Leitli, where he constructed a sea Avail, and on the land thus acquired he in 1685 erected stone dwel- lings, which are still in existence; in 1670 he was assisting Sir William Bruce [q. v.] in the designs for Holyrood Palace, the founda- tion-stone of which was laid 15 July 1671 by Mylne, who directed the erection of the build- ing till its completion in 1679. Mylne's name and the date 1671 are cut on a pillar in the piazza of the quadrangle. Six of his original drawings prepared for the king remained in his family, and are reproduced in Mylne's ' Master Masons,' p. 168. Leslie House, Fife- shire, which had been commenced by his uncle, was erected under his direction about 1670. It was partially destroyed by fire in 1763. As master-mason or surveyor to the city of Edinburgh Mylne constructed cisterns in various parts of the town in connection with the new water supply from Comiston, be- tween 167-4 and 1681. lie effected one of the first improvements in the old town by the
construction of Mylne Square in 1689 (view in Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh, i. 237), and in the same year assisted in the repair of Edinburgh Castle, one of the bastions being called after him, Mylne's Mount.
At that time he was not only king's master- mason, but also hereditary master-gunner of the fortress. On 30 March 1682 he contracted for building a bridge of one arch over the Clyde at Romellweill Crags, now known as Ram's Horn Pool, Lanarkshire. After the revolution he seems to have been superseded as master-mason by Sir A. Murray of Black- barony, but was employed on Holyrood Palace in June and July 1689. In November 1708 he was petitioning for twenty years' ar- rears due to him as master-mason. In 1690 he erected Mylne's Court, and about that time completed many buildings inEdinburgh under the new regulation for the erection of stone buildings in lieu of timber in the principal streets. In March 1693 he entered into a contract to complete the steeple of Heriot's Hospital, which had been begun in 1676. Mylne had been instructed on 3 May 1675 ' to think on a drawing thereof against the next council meeting ; ' it is not known whether the work carried out was entirely his own design. He executed the statue of Heriot over the archway within the court, from an original painting. After the great fire in Edinburgh in 1700 Mylne bought many sites in the town, and on them erected buildings, in which his style may still be traced.
Mylne was active in his connection with the masonic lodge of Edinburgh. He was ' entered prentice ' to his uncle on 27 Dec. 1653, made fellow craft on 23 Sspt, 1660, chosen warden in 1663, re-elected in 1664, and filled the deacon's chair during 1681- 1683 and 1687-8. Till 1707 he took a leading part in the business of the lodge. He was made burgess of Edinburgh on 23 May 1660, and guild brother on 12 April 1665. As magistrate of Edinburgh his signature is at- tached to letters to the Duke of Lauderdale and to Charles II, dated 1674 and 1675 (Addit. MSS.^im f. 206,23137 f. 72).
He acquired the estate of Balfarge in Fife- shire, and died at his house at Inveresk on
10 Dec. 1710, aged 77. He married, on
11 April 1661, ElizabethMeikle, by whom he had a large family. He is commemorated on the monument to his uncle at Greyfriars. A portrait of him from a picture by Roderick Chalmers is reproduced in Mylne's ' Master Masons ' (p. 217).
WILLIAM MYLNE (1662-1728), master- mason, son of the above, was born in 1662. He was entered in the lodge of Edinburgh
Mylne
Mylne
on 27 Dec. 1681, fellow craft on 9 Nov. 1685, and freeman mason on 16 July 1687. He was -warden of the lodge in 1695-7. He settled in Leith, and died 9 March 1728. By his wife Elizabeth Thomson he had several children [see under MYLNE, ROBERT, 1734- 1811]. He also is commemorated on the family monument.
[Diet, of Architecture; Mylne's Master Ma- sons, pp. 171-249; Lyon's Hist, of the Lodge of Edinburgh, pp. 93-4 ; Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland ; Cant's notes to Adam- son's Muses Threnodie, 1774, pp. 129, 134- 135; Builder, 1866, p. 187 ; Hist, of Holyrood House, pp. 89-94 ; Maitland's Edinburgh, p. 205 ; Steven's Hist, of Heriot's Hospital, pp. 87, 236; Ritchie's Keport as to who was the architect of Heriot's Hospital, pp. 23-4 ; Brown's Inscriptions at Greyfriars, p. 249.] B. P.
MYLNE, ROBERT (1643 P-1747), writer of pasquils and antiquary, said to have been related to Sir Robert Mylne of Barn ton. North Edinburghshire, was probably born in No- vember 1643. He is generally described as a ' writer ' of Edinburgh, but also as an en- graver; he gained notoriety by his bitter and often scurrilous political squibs against the whigs, but he also devoted much time and labour to copying manuscripts of antiquarian and historical interest. George Crawfurd, in the preface to his * History of the Shire of Renfrew,' acknowledges his indebtedness to the ' vast collections of public records ' be- longing to Mylne, ' a person well known to be indefatigable in the study of Scots anti- quities.' Among Mylne's other friends was Archibald Pitcairne [q. v.] Mylne died at Edinburgh on 21 Nov. 1747, aged 103 ac- cording to some accounts, and 105 according to others, and was buried on the anniversary of his birthday.
Mylne married on 29 Aug. 1678, in the Tolbooth Church, Edinburgh,Barbara, second daughter of John Govean, minister at Muck- art, Perthshire ; she died on 11 Dec. 1725, having had twelve children, all of whom, except one daughter, Margaret, predeceased their father.
Many of Mylne's pasquils were separately issued in his lifetime, but others were cir- culated only in manuscript. From a collec- tion brought together by Mylne's son Robert, James Maidment published, with an intro- duction and a few similar compositions by other writers, f A Book of Scotish Pasquils,' 3 pts., Edinburgh, 1827; another edition ap- peared in 1868. In the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, there is a pamphlet, apparently by Mylne, entitled 'The Oath of Abjuration Considered,' 1712, 4to, and a complete manu- script catalogue of Mylne's printed broadsides.
[Introduction to A Book of Scotish Pasquils,. 1827; Cat. of Advocates' Library; Crawfurd' s- Hist, of the Shire of Eenfrew, p. vi ; Scots Mag. 1747, p. 610; British Mag. December 1747; in- formation from W. T. Fowle, esq.] A. F. P.
MYLNE, ROBERT (1734-1811), archi- tect and engineer, was the eldest son of THOMAS MYLNE (d. 1763) of Powderhall, near Edinburgh, mason, eldest son of William, Mylne (1662-1728), mason [see under MYLNE, ROBEKT, 1633-1710]. The father was city surveyor in Edinburgh, and, besides having an extensive private practice, designed the Edinburgh Infirmary, completed in 1745, and recently pulled down. He was apprenticed to the masonic lodge of Edinburgh 27 Dec. 1721, admitted fellow craft on 27 Dec. 1729, master in 1735-6, in which latter year he re- presented it in the erection of the grand lodge of freemasons of Scotland, and was grand treasurer from November 1737 to December 1755. He was elected burgess of Edinburgh on 26 March 1729. He died 5 March 1763 at Powderhall, and was buried in the family tomb at Greyfriars. By his wife Elizabeth Duncan he had seven children. A portrait by Mossman, painted in 1752, is in the posses- sion of the family. A copy was presented to the grand lodge in 1858, and it is reproduced in Mylne's ' Master Masons ' (p. 251). The old term ' mason ' was dropped, and that of * architect ' adopted, during his lifetime.
Robert was born in Edinburgh 4 Jan. 1734, and began his architectural studies under his father. He was admitted * pren- tice as honorary member 'to the grand lodge on 14 Jan. 1754, and was raised to the degree of master-mason on 8 April of the same year. He left Edinburgh in April 1754 and pro- ceeded to Rome, where he studied for four years. On 18 Sept. 1758 he gained the gold and silver medals for architecture in St. Luke's Academy in Rome — a distinction not previously granted to a British subject. The following year he was elected a member of St. Luke's Academy, but, being a protestant, a dispensation from the pope was necessary to enable him to take his place. This was obtained through Prince Altieri, himself a student of art. He was also made member of the Academies of Florence and of Bologna. He visited Naples and Sicily, and took care- ful drawings and measurements of antiquities. His notes were still in manuscript at the time of his death, though he was working on them with a view to publication in 1774. After travelling through Switzerland and Holland he reached London in 1759, bearing* a very flattering recommendation from the Abbe Grant of Rome to Lord Charlemonb (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. x. p. 252).
Mylne
At the date of Mylne's arrival in London designs for the construction of Blackfriars Bridge were being invited. Mylne, though a stranger in London, submitted one, which was approved in February 1760. His choice of elliptical arches in lieu of semicircular gave rise to some discussion, in which Dr. Johnson took part in three letters in the ' Daily Gazetteer,' 1, 8, and 15 Dec. 1759, in support of his friend John Gwynn [q. v.] It is to the credit of those concerned that the acquaintance thus formed between Johnson and Mylne developed later into a warm friendship, despite this difference of opinion. On 7 June 1760 the first pile of Mylne's bridge was driven. The first stone was laid on 31 Oct. (view of ceremony, from a contemporary print in THOENBITEY, Old and New London, i. 205), and it was opened on 19 Nov. 1769. During the years of construction Mylne was often abused and ridiculed, and the popular feeling was ex- pressed by Charles Churchill in his poem of 'The Ghost,' 1763 (p. 174). A view of the approved design was engraved in 1760 ; an engraved plan and elevation by II. Bald- win, a view of a portion of the bridge by Piranesi in Rome, and another by E. Hooker in London, were all published in 1766. Mylne's method of centering has been much commended, and his design has been fre- quently engraved. Despite the fact that the bridge was constructed for something less than the estimate, Mylne had to resort to legal measures to obtain his remuneration. The bridge was removed in 1868.
Among Mylne's other engineering and architectural works may be mentioned : St. Cecilia's Hall in Edinburgh, on the model of the Opera House at Parma, since used as a school, 1762-5 (view in Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh, i. 252) ; a bridge at Wei- beck for the Duke of Portland, 1764 ; the pavilion and wings of Northumberland House, Strand, 1765 ; Almack's(nowWillis's) Rooms in King Street, St. James's, 1765-6 ; house for Dr. Hunter in Lichfield Street, 1766; Blaise Castle, Bristol, 1766 (views in NEALE, Seats, vol. iv. 1821, and BEE WEE, Gloucestershire, p. 104) ; the Manor House, Wormleybury, Hertfordshire, 1767; the Jamaica Street Bridge, Glasgow, in con- junction with his brother William, noticed below, 1767-72 ; offices for the New River Company in Clerkenwell, 1770 (elevation in MAITLAND, London, Entick, 1775, vol. i. plate 128); Clumber Park, Nottinghamshire, 1770 (view in THOEOTON, Nottinghamshire, iii. 405) ; City of London Lying-in Hospital, 1770-3 (MAITLAND, ib. vol. i. plate 127) ; Tusmore House, Oxfordshire (plan and eleva-
7 Mylne
I tions in RiCHAEDSON, New Vit. Brit. vol. i. plates 3-5); Addington Lodge, near Croy- don, since 1808 the residence of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, 1772-9 (ib. vol. i. plates 32-3) ; the Bishop of Durham's portion of the bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle, removed in 1873 (Wooler being the archi- tect of the corporation of Newcastle's por- tion), 1774 ; house for himself at the corner of Little Bridge Street, 1780 (cf. THOEN- BTJEY, Old and New London, i. 207), after- wards the York Hotel, taken down in 1863, and the ground now occupied by Ludgate Hill railway station ; works at Inverary Castle, 1780 and 1806 [see MOEEIS, ROBEET, fl. 1754]; bridge over the Tyne at Hexham, Northumberland, 1784 ; hospital in Belfast, 1792 ; Mr. Coutts's house in Stratton Street, Piccadilly, 1797 ; the east front of the hall of the Stationers' Company, 1800 ; Kidbrook Park, Sussex, about 1804 (view in NEALE, £e«^,iv.l821). He made considerable altera- tions to King's Weston, Gloucestershire, and Roseneath Castle, Dumbartonshire (1786), and repairs to Northumberland House in the Strancl, Syon House, Middlesex, and Ardin- caple House, Dumbartonshire.
Two of Mylne's great engineering designs were that for the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, which has recently been completed to Sharpness Point, and that for the improve- ment to the fen level drainage, by means of the Eau Brink Cut above Lynn, which after much opposition was carried out by Rennie in 1817. Mylne drew up many reports on engineering projects, on which he was con- sulted. In 1772, after the destruction of the old bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle, he chose the site for a new one (many of his suggestions as to improvement in the ap- proaches have been carried out in recent years) ; in 1775 he sounded the harbour and bridge at Great Yarmouth ; in 1781 he sur- veyed the harbour of Wells-next-the-Sea in Norfolk ; and in 1802 the Thames as far as Reading. In 1783 he reported on the disaster to Smeaton's bridge at Hexham; in 1784 on the Severn navigation ; in 1789 on the state of the mills, waterworks, &c., of the city of Norwich ; in 1790 on the Worcester canal ; in 1791, 1793, 1794, and 1802 on the navi- gation of the Thames ; in 1792 on the Eau Brink Cut ; in 1799 and 1802 on the bed of the Thames in London, with reference to the reconstruction of London Bridge; in 1807 on the East London water works; and in 1808 on Woolwich dockyard. He was unsuccess- ful in his design for the new London Bridge in 1800.
Mylne was appointed surveyor of St. Paul's Cathedral in October 1766, and held the post
Mylne
till his death. In the cathedral, over the entrance to the choir, he put up the inscrip- tion to Sir Christopher Wren, designed the pulpit and fitted up the building in 1789 for the visit of the houses of parliament (view among J. C. Crowles's collection to illus- trate Pennant's * London,' xi. 95, in Brit.Mus.), and again in 1797, &c., for the charity chil- dren. He was made joint-engineer (with Henry Mill [q.v.]) to the New River Com- pany in 1767, sole engineer after Mill's death in 1770, and resigned the post in favour of his son, William Chadwell Mylne [q. v.], in 1811. In 1800 he erected an urn with in- scription at Amwell, Hertfordshire, to the memory of Sir Hugh Myddelton [q.v.], pro- jector of the New River. He was appointed surveyor to Canterbury Cathedral in 1767, and clerk of the works to Greenwich Hospital (where he executed improvements) in 1775.
He published in 1757 a map of 'The Is- land and Kingdom of Sicily,' improved from earlier maps (reissued, London, 1799). In 1819 an elevation was issued of the * Tempio della Sibylla Tiburtina,' at Rome, restored according to the precepts of Vitruvius and drawn by Mylne.
He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1767, and was an original member of the Architects' Club, founded in 1791. Mylne's architectural style was almost too thoroughly Roman to suit his time. He was the last architect of note who combined to any great degree the two avocations of architect and en- gineer. With his death the connection of the family with the ancient masonic lodge of Edin- burgh, which had been maintained for five successive generations, ceased. He was ad- mitted 'prentice' on 14 Jan. 1754, and raised to the degree of master-mason 8 April 1754. His name appears for the last time in 1759.
Mylne married on 10 Sept. 1770 Mary, daughter of Robert Home (1748-1797) the surgeon, and sister to Sir Everard Home [q. v.], by whom he had ten children, four of whom survived him. His wife died 13 July 1797. Mylne died 5 May 1811, and was, at his own desire, buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, near to the remains of Sir Chris- topher Wren. For the latter years of his life he had resided at Great Amwell, Hertford- shire. His portrait, painted by Brompton in Rome in 1757, was engraved by Vangelisti in Paris in 1783. It is reproduced on a smaller scale in Nichols's * Literary Anec- dotes,' ix. 233. A drawing of him by George Dance and engraved by W. Daniell was published in 1810, and again in 1814 in Dance's ' Collection of Portraits.' Another portrait is in Mylne's ' Master Masons.' Among the satirical prints in the British
Mylne
Museum are two concerning Mylne. No. 3733, entitled 'Just arriv'd from Italy The Puffing Phenomenon with his Fiery Tail turn'd Bridge builder,' dated October 17GO, represents Mylne perched on an abutment of the bridge, with the rival competitors and others down below, freely commenting on him. The plate was afterwards altered and the title changed to ' The Northern Comet with his Fiery Tail &c.' No. 3741, 'The (Boot) Interest in the (City) or the (Bridge)
; in the (Hole),' represents a conclave of archi- tects, of whom Mylne is one. Some accom-
I panying verses refer to the influence of Lord
I Bute (Boot) alleged to have been used in his favour. Mylne was reported to be of sharp
; temper, but he was always scrupulously just. WILLIAM MYLNE (d. 1790), brother of Robert, was entered apprentice on 27 Dec. 1750, and was with his brother in Rome in 1755-6. He was admitted freemason in Edinburgh in 1758, and was deacon of masons in 1761-2 and 1765. He became architect to the city of Edinburgh, member of the town council, and convener of trades in 1765. On 27 Aug. 1765 he contracted for the erection of the North Bridge, part of the walls and abutments on the north side of which gave way on 3 Aug. 1769, when the work was already well advanced towards completion. Differences arose between the town council and Mylne respecting the in- creased expense of finishing the bridge, and the question was brought before the House of Lords in 1770. Terms were, however, agreed upon, and the bridge was completed in 1772 (view in Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh, i. 338). He afterwards removed to Dublin, where he effected great improvements in the waterworks of the city. He died 6 March 1790, and was buried in St. Catherine's Church, Dublin, where a tablet to his memory was placed by his brother Robert.
[Diet, of Architecture; Mylne's Master Masons, pp. 250-83 ; Laurie's Hist, of Free Masonry, p. 514; Maitland's Edinburgh, p. 182; Scots Mag. 1758, p. 550; Gent. Mag. 1811, pp. 499-500; Hist. MSS. Comra. 12th Rep. App. x. pp. 252- 253 ; Cresy's Encyclopaedia of Engineering, pp. 427-9, where is a history of the construction of Blackfriars Bridge (views of the bridge in figs. 431, 432, 433); diagrams in Weale's Bridges, ii. 1 63 ; see also Encycl. Brit. 8th edit, article 'Arch,' iii. 409 (plate xlix. opposite p. 408), and article ' Centre,' vi. 382. For criticisms of the bridge see Gent. Mag. 1797 p. 623, 181 3 pt. i. pp. 124,411, pt. ii. pp. 223 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 121-2, 159, 233, 3rd ser. vii. 177, viii. 41. Bos- well's Life of Johnson, ed. Birkbeck Hill, i. 251-2; Hawkins's Life of Johnson, pp. 373-8 ; Smiles's Lives of the Engineers, i. 264-5; Builder, 1855, p. 429 ; Annual Register, 1 760 pp. 74-5, 1 22, 1 43,
Mylne
Mylne
1761 p. 124, 1770 pp. 154, 176, 1771 p. 124; Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh, i. 251-2 ; Thoroton's Nottinghamshire, iii. 383 n., 406 ; Lysons's Environs, i. 4 ; Wheatley's London, ii. 604 ; Wheatley's Round about Piccadilly, pp. 197, 383; Wright's Hexhara, p. 208; Bray ley's Surrey, iv. 27; Gateshead Observer, 20 Oct. 1860, p. 6; London Mag. 1760 p. 164, 1766 p. 549; Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 234; Scots Mag. 1769 pp. 461-9, 1770 p. 518, 1790 p. 154 ; Prin. Probate Eeg. Crickett, p. 297 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. viii. 610 ; Lyon's Lodge of Edinburgh, pp. 94-5 ; Maitland's London (cont. by Entiek), 1775, i. 34; Cat. of King's Prints and Drawings; Benn's Belfast, i. 608-9 ; Nnsh's Worcestershire, ii. Suppl. p. 8; inscriptions on I tomb at Great Amwell, given in Cussans's Hert- | fordshire, ii. 126-7; Lords' Journals, 1770, pp. j 4116, 412a, 414 b, 4366; Cleland's Annals of I Glasgow, i. 71 ; Kincaid's Edinburgh, pp. 128- | 134; Picture of Dublin, 1835, p. 177.] B. P.
MYLNE or MILN, WALTER (d. \ 1558), the last Scottish protestant martyr, in his early years visited Germany, where he imbibed the doctrines of the Reformation, j and afterwards became priest in the church of Lunan in Angus. During the time of Cardinal Beaton information was laid against him as a heretic, whereupon he fled the country, and was condemned to be burnt wherever he might be found. Long after the cardinal's death he was at the instance of John Hamilton, bishop of St. Andrews, apprehended in April 1558 in the town of Dysart, Fifesliire, where, according to Pits- cottie, he ; was warmand him in ane poor wyfes hous, and was teaching her the com- mandments of God' (Chronicles, p. 517). After being for some time confined in the castle of St. Andrews, he was brought for trial before an assemblage of bishops, abbots, and doctors in the cathedral church. He was then over eighty years of age, and so weak and infirm that he could scarce climb up to the pulpit where he had to answer before them. Yet, says Foxe, ' when he began to speak he made the church to ring and sound again with so great courage and stoutness that the Christians which were present were no less rejoiced than the ad- versaries were confounded and ashamed.' So far from pretending to deny the accusations against him, he made use of the opportunity boldly to denounce what he regarded as the special errors of the Romish church; his trial was soon over, and he was condemned to be burnt as a heretic on 28 April 1558. Accord- ing to George Buchanan, the commonalty of St. Andrews were so offended at the sentence that they shut up their shops in order that they might sell no materials for his execu- tion ; and after his death they heaped up in his
memory a great pile of stones on the place where he was burned. Mylne was married, and his widow was alive in 1573, when she received 6/. 13s. ±d. out of the thirds of the benefices.
[Histories of Lindsay of Pitscottie, Buchanan, Knox. andCalderwood; Foxe's Book of Martyrs.]
T. F. M.
MYLNE, WILLIAM CHADWELL
(1781-1863), engineer and architect, born on 5 or 6 April 1781, was the second son of Robert Mylne (1734-1811) [q. v.] In 1797 he was already assisting his father to stake out the lands for the Eau Brink Cut, and he also worked on the Gloucester and Berke- ley Ship Canal. In 1804 he was appointed assistant engineer to the New River Com- pany, succeeding in 1811 to the sole con- trol of the works. This appointment he held for fifty years. In 1810 he was em- ployed on the Colchester water works ; in 1811 and 1813 he made surveys of the Thames; in 1813 he surveyed Portsmouth harbour for the lords of the admiralty, and was engaged in engineering works in Paris and the surrounding country in the autumn of 1816. In 1821 he designed and executed water works for the city of Lichfield, and in 1836 those for Stamford in Lincolnshire. As surveyor to the New River Company he laid out fifty acres of land for building- purposes near Islington, and designed St. Mark's Church, Myddelton Square, 1826-8. The property has since become a large source of income to the company. He converted also, for the New River Company, Sir Hugh Myddelton's old wooden mains and service pipes between Charing Cross and Bishops- gate Street into cast-iron. In 1828 he con- structed many settling reservoirs at Stoke Newington, for the better supply of the out- lying districts of the north of London. Al- though undertaking architectural work, and making additions and alterations to. many private residences, the bulk of his practice consisted of engineering projects in connec- tion with water-supply and drainage.
In 1837 he designed Garrard's Hostel Bridge at Cambridge (plate in HANX and IIosKiXG, Bridges). In the fen country he was much occupied. He effected improve- ments in the river Ouse between Littleport and Ely in 1826, in the river Cam in 1829, and in the drainage of the district of Burnt Fen. He constructed the intercepting drain at Bristol, thus removing the sewage from the floating harbour. The Metropolis Water- works Act of 1852 necessitated extensive alterations and improvements in the works of the New River Company, which Mylne
Mylne
IO
Myngs
carried out, with the assistance of his son Robert William Mylne (see below).
In 1840 he gave evidence before commit- tees of the House of Lords on the supply of water to the metropolis (again in 1850 before the sanitary commission of the board of health), and (with Sir John Rennie) on the embanking of the river Thames (Papers and Reports, xii. [225-8] 63, [357-62] 83 ; xxii. [464-9] 42). With H. B. Gunning he was employed as surveyor under the Act for j making preliminary inquiries in certain cases of application for Local Acts in 1847, at Leeds, Rochdale, and elsewhere. His many printed reports include one on the intended Eau Brink Cut (with J. Walker), Cambridge, j
1825, and one addressed to the New River Company on the supply of water to the city sewers, London, 1854 (cf. also Trans, of Inst. of Civil Eng. iii. 234). In 1831 he wrote an account to the Society of Antiquaries, Lon- don, of some Roman remains discovered at Ware in Hertfordshire. Mylne succeeded to the surveyorship of the Stationers' Company on the death of his father in 1811, and held the post till 1861.
He was elected fellow of the Royal Astro- nomical Society in 1821,F.R.S. on 16 March
1826, fellow of the Institute of British Ar- chitects in 1834, member of the Institute of Civil Engineers 28 June 1842 (on the council from 1844 to 1848), and was for many years treasurer to the Smeatonian Society of En- gineers.
He retired from his profession in 1861, and died at Amwell in Hertfordshire on 25 Dec. 1863. He married Mary Smith (1791- 1874), daughter of George S. Coxhead, by whom he had three sons and three daughters. His widow died on 10 Feb. 1874. His por- trait, painted by H. W. Phillips in 1856, was engraved by H. Adlard in 1860, and is repro- duced in Mylne's * Master Masons.'
His son, ROBERT WILLIAM MYLNE (1817- 1890), architect, engineer, and geologist, was born 14 June 1817, and practised as an archi- tect and engineer. He was occupied on the harbour at Sunderland in 1836, and travelled in Italy and Sicily in 1841-2. He assisted his father for about twenty years, and became an authority on questions of water-supply and drainage. He held the post of engineer to the Limerick Water Company for some time. His most noticeable work was the providing of a good supply of water for one of the sunk forts in the sea at Spithead. He succeeded his father in 1860 as surveyor to the Stationers' Company, and held the post till his death. He was associate of the Institute of British Ar- chitects in 1839, fellow in 1849, retiring in 1889 ; member of the Geological Society in
1848, was on the council from 1854 to 1868, and again in 1879, and was one of the secre- taries in 1856-7. He was also a member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, of which he acted as treasurer for some time, and belonged both to the London and Edinburgh Societies of Antiquaries. He was preparing a work on the architectural antiquities of Eastern Scotland at the time of his death. He married, on 17 March 1852, Hannah (1826- 1885), daughter of George Scott, J.P., of Ravenscourt Park, Middlesex, and died at Home Lodge, Great Amwell, on 2 July 1890. He published: 1. 'On the Supply of Water from Artesian Wells in the London Basin,' London, 1840. For this Mylne was awarded the Telford bronze medal by the Institute of Civil Engineers (cf. Minutes of Proceedings of the Institute, 1839, pp. 59 et seq). 2. ' Account of the Ancient Basilica of San Glemente at Rome,' London, 1845, and in Weale's ' Quarterly Papers on Archi- tecture,' vol. iv. 3. ' Sections of the Lon- don Strata,' London, 1850. 4. l Topographical Map of London and its Environs,' London, 1851 and 1855. 5. < Map of the Geology and Contours of London and its Environs,' Lon- don, 1856 — a work which was used officially until superseded by the ordnance survey. 6. ' Map of London, Geological — Water- works and Sewers/ London, 1858.
[Diet, of Architecture; Mylne's Master Masons, pp. 284-98; Builder, 1864, p. 8 ; Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, iv. 608 ; Inst. of Civ. Eng., Minutes of Proceedings, xxx. 448-51 ; Cussans's Hertfordshire, ii. 126-7 ; Archseologia, vol. xxiv. App. p. 350 ; Proc. of Royal S«>c. 1865, pp. xii, xiii ; Monthly Notices of the Astronomical So- ciety, 1865, xxv. 82; Probate Registry at Somerset House ; Transactions of Inst. of Civ. Eng. iii. 229 ; Geological Magazine, 1890, p. 384; Quarterly Journal of Geological Soc. 1891, pp. 59-61 ; Proc. of Royal Soc. 1890, pp. xx, xxi.]
B. P.
MYNGS, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1625- 1666), vice-admiral, is said byPepys to have been of very humble origin, ' his father being always, and at this day, a shoemaker, and his mother, a hoyman's daughter, of which he was used frequently to boast' (Diary, 13 June 1666 ; cf. 26 Oct. 1665). This is certainly exaggerated, if not entirely false. His parents were of well-to-do families in the north of Norfolk. His father, John Myngs, though described in the register of Salthouse, where he was married on 28 Sept. 1623, as ' of the parish of St. Katherine in the city of London,' seems to have been a near kinsman, if not -a son, of Nicholas Mynnes, the representative of a good old Norfolk family (BLOMEFIELD, Topographical History
\ This article needs revision and extension. See
Myngs
of Norfolk, Index ; cf. Add. MS. 14299, ft'. 55, 143), one of whose sons, Christopher, was baptised at Blakeney on 8 March 1585 (MARSHALL, Genealogist, i. 38-9). His mother, Katherine Parr (baptised at Kelling on 16 June 1605), was the daughter of Christo- pher Parr, the owner of property in the neigh- bourhood. The son, Christopher, was baptised at Salthouse on 22 Nov. 1625 (Kelling and Salthouse registers, by the kindness of the rector, the Rev. C. E. Lowe). It is probable that from his early youth he was brought up to the sea in the local coasting-trade ; but while still a mere lad he entered on board one of the state's ships, and served, as a shipmate of Thomas Brooks [q.v.], for * several years ' before 1648 (State Papers, Dom. Interregnum, ciii. 128). In 1652 he was serving in the squadron in the Medi- terranean under Commodore Richard Badi- ley [q.v.], probably as lieutenant or master of the Elizabeth. On the homeward pas- sage in May 1653 the captain of the Eliza- beth was killed in an engagement with a Dutch ship (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 16 June 1653 ; cf. LEDIAED, p. 551 n.), and Myngs was promoted to the vacancy. On arriving in England, the men of the Elizabeth, with those of the other ships, insisted on being paid oft'; but the ship was refitted and re- manned as soon as possible ( Cal. State Papers, Dom. 24-27 June 1653), and, under Myngs's command, took part in the final action of the war, 29-31 July 1653 (Add. MS. 22546, f. 185). On 3 Oct. she had just carried the vice-chancellor of Poland and his retinue across to Dieppe, when, on her return voyage, she fell in with a fleet of Dutch merchant- vessels under convoy of two men-of-war, which, after a sharp action, Myngs brought into the Downs. He reported the affair on the 4th, and on the Gth it was ordered by parliament 'that the Council of State take notice of the captain of the Elizabeth, and consider the widow and children of the master,' who had been killed in the fight (Cal. State Papers, Dom.) The Elizabeth afterwards carried Whitelocke, the ambas- sador to Sweden, to Gothenburg, where he arrived on 15 Nov. The ship was detained there by contrary winds, and her men became very sickly ; ninety men, Myngs wrote, were sick, and five had died. She was thus so weak that when, on her way home, she met a Dutch convoy, she was obliged to leave them after an interchange of shot (ib. 2 Jan. 1654). Myngs continued to command the Elizabeth in the Channel and on the coast of France during 1654 and the early months of 1655. On 30 Jan. 1654-5 his old ship- mate and friend, Thomas Brooks, wrote to
II
Myngs
the commissioners of the admiralty, recom- mending him for preferment. l He is/ he said, l a man fearing the Lord : a man of sound principles, and of a blameless life and conversation ; he is one of much valour, and has shown it again and again in several en- gagements and by the prizes he has taken. Vice-admiral Goodsonn and Vice-admiral Badiley, if they were here, would under- write this writing from their knowledge of him and their love to him : more than I have written I have heard them say ' (State Papers. Dom. Inter, ciii. 128).
In October 1655 Myngs was appointed to the Marston Moor, which had come home from Jamaica, and whose men were in a state of mutiny on being ordered back to the West Indies (cf. ib. 1 Oct. 1655), When Myngs joined the ship at Portsmouth, he found the men ' in such an attitude as did not admit of further employment.' They were mostly all strangers to him, he said, so that he had no personal influence with them (ib. 12 Oct.) Some of the worst were made prisoners; the rest were paid their wages, and within a few days the ship sailed for the West Indies, where during the next six or seven years ' he came into great renown ' (PEPYS, 13 June 1666), though the par- ticulars of his service there have not been preserved. In July 1657 the Marston Moor returned to England, was paid off" and or- dered to be refitted. Myngs, meanwhile, obtained leave of absence and was married (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 7, 14 July, 31 Aug. 1657) ; but by the beginning of December was again, with the Marston Moor, in the Downs, waiting for a small convoy he was to take to Jamaica. He seems to have been still in the West Indies at the Restoration, and to have been one of the very few who were not affected by the change of govern- ment. In 1662 he was appointed to the Centurion, in which he was again at Jamaica in 1663 (cf. Cal. State Papers, America and West Indies, 31 July 1658, 1 and 20 June 1 660, 25 May 1664). In 1664 he commanded, in quick succession, the Gloucester, Portland, and Royal Oak, in which last he hoisted his flag as vice-admiral of a Channel squadron commanded by Prince Rupert. In 1665 he was vice-admiral of the white squadron, with his flag in the Triumph, in the battle of Lowestoft on 3 June ; and for his services on this day was knighted on 27 June (Lu NEVE, Pedigrees of the Knights}. When the Duke of York retired from the command and the fleet wras reorganised under the Earl of Sandwich, Myngs became vice-ad- miral of the blue squadron, and served in that capacity during the autumn campaign
Myngs
12
Myngs
on the coast of Norway and at the capture of the Dutch East Indiamen [see MONTAGU, EDWARD, first EARL or SANDWICH]. After- wards, with his flag in the Fairfax, he com- manded a strong squadron for the winter guard and the protection of trade. In January 1665-6 it was reported from Ports- mouth that * by sending out ships constantly to cruise about, he hath kept this coast very free from all the enemy's men-of-war ' ( Ga- zette, No. 18) ; and again, some weeks later, * his vigilance is such that hardly anything can escape our frigates that come through the Channel' (ib. No. 39). In March he convoyed the Hamburg trade from the Elbe to the Thames ; and in April when the fleet assembled for the summer, under Prince Rupert and the Duke of Albemarle, he hoisted his flag in the Victory as vice-ad- miral of the red squadron (State Papers, Dom. Charles II, cliv. 128). On 29 May he was detached to the westward with the prince (ib. clvii. 40, 41 ; cf. MONCK, GEORGE, DUKE OF ALBEMARLE ; RUPERT, PRINCE), and was thus absent during the first three days of the great battle oft' the North Fore- land, 1-4 June. On the fourth day, Myngs, in the Victory, led the van, and engaged the Dutch vice-admiral, De Liefde, broadside to broadside, the yardarms of the two ships almost touching. De Liefde's ship was dis- masted, whereupon Myngs made an unsuc- cessful attempt to burn her with a fireship. The Dutch pressed in to support De Liefde ; the two admirals, Van Nes and Ruyter, brought up other ships, and the battle raged fiercely. Myngs was shot through the throat. He refused to leave the deck, even to have the wound dressed, but remained standing, compressing it with his fingers till he fell, mortally wounded by another bullet which, passing through his neck, lodged in his shoulder (BRANDT, Vie de Michel de Ruiter, pp. 359, 363 ; State Papers, Dom. Charles II, clviii. 48 ; PEPYS, 8 June 1666). The wound was, it was hoped on the 7th, ' without danger ; ' but on the 10th Pepys recorded the news of the admiral's death. As he was buried in London on the 13th, it would seem probable that he died at his own house in Goodman's Fields, Whitechapel. Pepys, who was at the funeral, noted that no person of quality was there but Sir William Coventry [q. v.J, and described how ' about a dozen able, lusty, proper men came to the coach side with tears in their eyes, and one of them, that spoke for the rest, said to Sir W. Coventry, u We are here a dozen of us that have long known and loved and served our dead commander, Sir Christopher Myngs, and have now done the last office of laying
him in the ground. We would be glad we had any other to offer after him and in re- venge of him. All we have is our lives ; if you will please to get his Royal Highness to give us a fireship among us all, choose you one to be commander, and the rest of us, whoever he is, will serve him, and if pos- sible, do that that shall show our memory of our dead commander and our revenge " ' (Diary, 13 June ; cf. CaL State Papers, Dom. 28, 29 June 1666). ' The truth is,' continues Pepys, * Sir Christopher Myngs was a very stout man, and a man of great parts, and most excellent tongue among ordinary men ; and as Sir W. Coventry says, could have been the most useful man at such a pinch of time as this. . . . He had brought his family into a way of being great ; but dying at this time, his memory and name will be quite forgot in a few months as if he had never been, nor any of his name be the better by it ; he having not had time to will any estate, but is dead poor rather than rich.' By his will (at Somerset House, Mico, 167) he left 300/. to Mary, his daughter by his first wife ; and his lands, in the parish of Salthouse, to his second wife, Rebecca, and after her death, to his son by her, Christopher Myngs, who commanded the Namur in the battle of Malaga in 1704 ; was afterwards commissioner of the navy at Portsmouth, and died in 1725, leaving issue (CHARNOCK, ii. 188; LE NEVE, Pedif/rees of the Kniyhts; MARSHALL, Genealogist, i. 38-9; will, proved February 1725-6). There was also a daugh- ter, Rebecca, born of the second wife. The John Myngs whom he requested to have appointed surgeon of the Gloucester (Cat. State Papers, Dom. 27 May 1664) may have been his brother. Myngs's portrait, by Sir Peter Lely, one of those mentioned by Pepys, 18 April 1666, is in the Painted Hall at Greenwich ; there is a contemporary en- graved portrait in Priorato's * Historia di Leopoldo Cesare' (1670, ii. 714).
[The memoir in Charnock's Biog. Nav. i. 82 is very imperfect; the details of Myugs's career are only to be found in the Calendars .of State Papers, Domestic; and, more fully, in the State Papers themselves. There are also many notices of him in Pepys's Diary. The writer has also to acknowledge some notes and suggestions kindly furnished by the Rev. GK "W. Minns, himself a member of the same family, by Mr. G. E. Cokayne, and by Mr. Daniel Hipwell. The spelling of the name here followed is that of Myngs's signature. It is not improbable that he adopted it as a difference from that of the elder branch of his family, which retained the form Mynnes. But other writers have invented a very great number of diverse spellings — among them Minns, Mims, Minnes, Mennes—
Mynn
Myrddin
•which have led to occasional confusion with Sir John Mennes [q. v.] So far as can be ascertained, the two families were not related.] J. K. L.
MYNN, ALFRED (1807-1861), cricketer, born at Goudhurst, Kent, 19 Jan. 1807, was the fourth son of William Mynn, a gentleman farmer, whose ancestors were renowned for their great stature and physical strength. He was educated privately, and in 1825 removed with his family to Harrietsham, near Leeds in Kent, which at that time boasted of the best cricket club in the county. Here he learned his early cricket under the tuition of Willes, the reintroducer (1807) of round-arm bowling, which had been invented by Tom "Walker of the Hambledon Club in'] 790. Mynn was for a time in his brother's business as a hop merchant, but appears to have ne- glected business for cricket, which he played continually. He made his first appearance at Lord's in 1832, and thenceforward for more than twenty years played in all important matches. He played with the Gentlemen against the Players twenty times, and for his county regularly till 1854, and occasionally till 1860. Without him the Gentlemen could not have met the Players on equal terms, and their victories in 1842, 1843, and 1848 were mainly due to his fine all-round play. It was largely due to him also that his county was for twenty years pre-eminent in the cricket-field. He was a member of the touring All-England eleven formed by Clarke of Nottingham from 1846 to 1854. His last appearances were at Lord's for Kent v. M.C.C., 1854, at the Oval in the Veterans' match (eighteen Veterans v. England), 1858, and for his county (Kent v. Middlesex), 1860. In his later years he lived alternately in Thurnham, near Maidstone, and London, where he died 1 Nov. 1861. He was buried at Thurnham with military honours, the Leeds and Hillingbourne volun- teers, of which corps he was a member, fol- lowing him to the grave. He was remarkable for his genial temper. About 1830 he married Sarah, daughter of Dr. Powell of Lenham, by whom he had seven children.
As a cricketer Mynn held high rank. He was a very powerful man, 6 feet 1 inch in height, and in his best day weighed from eighteen to nineteen stone. He was a fine though not very stylish batsman, and was especially good against fast bowling. He had a strong defence, and was a powerful and resolute hitter, especially on the on side of the wicket. Perhaps his most remarkable per- formance with the bat was in 1836, when he scored 283 runs in four consecutive innings, and was twice not out.
It was as a bowler, however, that Mynn made his chief reputation. He was the first
fast round-arm bowler of eminence, and in the long list of his successors has had few if any superiors. His great strength enabled him to maintain a terrific pace for hours with- out fatigue. Before his appearance the chief round-arm bowlers, Frederick William Lilly- white [q. v.] and Broadbridge and their imi- tators, were slow bowlers, who depended for their success upon break, accuracy of pitch, and head bowling. It was Mynn who added pace to accuracy. He was also a great single- wicket player, beating twice each Hills of Kent in 1832, Dearman, the champion of the north, in 1838, and Felix [see WANOSTKOCHT, NATHANIEL], his old colleague, in 1846.
Several portraits exist. The best is pro- bably that by Felix, now in the possession of Mynn's daughter, Mrs. Kenning, which repre- sents him at the age of forty-one.
[Denison's Sketches of the Players; Lilly white's. Scores and Biographies of Celebrated Cricketers ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. x. 58.] J. W. A.
MYNORS, ROBERT (1739-1806), sur- geon, born in 1739, practised with consider- able reputation at Birmingham for more than forty years. He died there in 1806. A son. Robert Edward Eden Mynors, student of Lin- coln's Inn, 1806, and M.A. of University Col- lege, Oxford, 1813, died at Weatheroak Hill, Worcestershire, on 15 Dec. 1842, aged 54 (FOSTER, Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886, iii. 1004 ; Gent. Mag. 1843, pt. i. p. 222).
Mynors wrote : 1 . ' Practical Observations on Amputation,' 12mo, Birmingham, 1783. 2. * History of the Practice of Trepanning- the Skull, and the after Treatment,' &c., 8vot Birmingham, 1785. He also contributed an 'Account of some Improvements in Surgery7" to Duncan's ' Medical and Philosophical Com- mentaries.'
[Cat. of Libr. of Med. and Chirnrg. Soc.; Reuss's Alphabetical Register, 1790-1803, pt. ii. p. 129 ; Diet, of Living Authors, 1816, pp. 247, 442- Watt's Bibl. Brit.] G. G.
MYNSHUL, GEFFRAY (1594-1668), author. [See MINSHULL.]
MYRDDIN EMRYS, legendary en- chanter. [See MERLIN AMBROSIUS.]
MYRDDIIST WYLLT, i.e. the MAD (fi. 580?), Welsh poet, is in medieval Welsh literature credited with the authorship of six poems printed in the ' My vyrian Archaiology,r 2nd edit. pp. 104-18, 348. In two sets of the Triads he is styled Myrddin mab Morfryn, or ap Madog Morfryn (Myvyrian Archaiology , pp. 394, 411). The searching analysis of Thomas Stephens (Literature of the Kymryr 2nd edit. pp. 202-70), though needing re- vision in some of its details, has clearly shownt
Mytens
Mytens
that these Myrddin poems cannot be the work of any poet of the sixth century, and are in fact the product of the Welsh national revival of the twelfth and thirteenth. Stephens's assumption that the Myrddin Wyllt who is traditionally associated with the authorship of the poems is identical with Myrddin Emrys, i.e. Merlin or Merlinus Ambrosius [q. v.], the legendary enchanter, seems, on the other hand, improbable.
As early as the end of the twelfth century Giraldus 'Cambrensis sharply distinguishes
* Merlinus Ambrosius ' (Myrddin Emrys), who was found at Carmarthen and prophesied before Vortigern, from another ' Merlinus ' called 'Silvester' or ' Celidonius,' who came from the North (Albania), was a contem- porary of Arthur, saw a horrible portent in the sky while fighting in a battle, and spent the rest of his days a madman in the woods. Each of the two legends appears to deal with a different person, and while it is the former legend which Geoffrey of Monmouth, in the
* Historia Regum Britannire,' connects with Merlin the enchanter, the latter legend sup- plies the basis of the ' Vita Merlini,' a work also attributed to Geoffrey. There is reason to believe, however, that Myrddin Wyllt was in no way connected with either of these Merlins, and that he may be identified with another person, who was probably called in his own lifetime Llallogan. Jocelyn of Furness, in his ' Life of St. Kentigern ' (end of twelfth century), says that there was at the court of Rhydderch Ilael, king of the Strathclyde Britons about 580, a fool named Laloicen, who had the gift of prophecy ; and another fragment of a life of the same saint adds that some identified Laloicen with Mer- lin ( Cymmrodor, xi. 47). Accordingly, in the dialogue entitled * Cyfoesi Myrddin a Gwen- ddydd ei Chwaer ' (Myvyrian Archaioloyy, 2nd edit. pp. 108-15), Gwenddydd addresses her brother (Myrddin or Merlin) as * Llallogan.' It is not too much to assume that a bard named Llallogan lost his wits in connection with the battle of Arderydd (fought about 573, and traditionally associated with Myr- ddin Wyllt), and, wandering in the forest, was subsequently revered as a seer and prophet.
[Myvyrian Archaiology ; Stephens's Literature of theKymry; Giraldus Cambrensis' Itinerariura Cambrise ; cf. art. on MERLIN.] J. E. L.
MYTENS, DANIEL (1590 ? - 1642), portrait-painter, son of Maerten Mytens, a saddler, was born about 1590 at the Hague in Holland. It is uncertain from what master he received his instructions in art, but it is very likely that it was in the school of the portrait-painter Michiel van Miere- veldt at Delft. Subsequently he was much
influenced by the style of Rubens. In 1610 he was made a member of the guild of St. Luke at the Hague. He came over to England be- fore 1618, and quickly obtained favour among the court and nobility. My tens received from James I, in 1624, a grant of a house in St. Martin's Lane (Illustr. London Neivs, 6 June 1857), and on the accession of Charles I was made 'king's painter,' with a pension for life (RYMER, Fcedera, xxviii. 3). His earlier por- traits are with difficulty to be distinguished from those by Paul van Somer [q. v.], on whose death in 1621 Mytens was left without a rival. There is no ground for Walpole's suggestion, that the full-length portraits by these two artists can be distinguished through those standing on matting being by Van Somer, and those on oriental carpets by Mytens. The full-length portraits by Mytens, though stiff in attitude and costume, have great dignity, and are frequentlv painted with much care and excellence, lie was a versatile artist, and was employed by Charles I to copy pictures by older masters. Among such copies may be noted that of Titian's l Venus ' (now at Hampton Court), for which Mytens was paid 120/. in 1625 (Illustr. London New#, 27 March 1858), a set of copies of Raphael's cartoons (now at Knole), less than the ori- ginal size, and the full-length portraits of Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland, and Mary Queen of Scots (both now at Hampton Court ), and James IV, king of Scotland (at Keir). Many pictures by Mytens are included in the catalogue of Charles I's collection. He also painted small portraits; on 18 Aug. 1618 he wrote to Sir Dudley Carleton concerning ' that picture or portrait of the Ld of Arundel and his lady together in a small forme/ and ' rowled up in a small case ' (CARPENTER, Hist. Notices of Vandyck, p. 176). Vertue narrates in his i Diary' (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 23075, f. 32) that on the arrival of Van- dyck in England Mytens felt himself over- matched, and begged leave from the king to withdraw into Holland, but without success. It would appear, however, that he was on very friendly terms with Vandyck, as the latter in- cluded Mytens's portrait in his famous series known as the ' Centum Icones,' and painted a fine portrait of Mytens and his wife (now at Woburn Abbey).
Among the existing portraits signed and dated by Mytens may be noted James, mar- quis of Hamilton, 1622 (Hampton Court and Knole) ; Lionel Cranfield, earl of Middle- sex, 1623 (Knole); Lodovick Stuart, duke of Richmond, 1623 (Hampton Court) ; Er- nest, count Mansfeldt, and Christian, duke of Brunswick, 1624 (Hampton Court), in the year of their embassy to solicit help from
Mytton
Mytton
James I : the Countess of Newcastle, 1624 (Duke of Portland) ; George Calvert, lord Baltimore, 1627 (Wentworth Woodhouse) ; Charles I, with architectural background by H. Steenwyck, 1627 (Turin Gallery) ; Charles I, 1629, and Henrietta Maria, 1630, both engraved by W. J. Delff; Robert Rich, earl of Warwick, 1632 (Sir C. S. Rich, bart.) ; Anne Clifford, countess of Dorset, 1632 (Knole, half-length) ; Philip, earl of Pem- broke, 1634 (Hardwick). Among others may be noticed a large picture of Charles I, Hen- rietta Maria, and the dwarf, Sir Jeffrey Hud- son, with horses, dogs, and servants, of which versions exist at Windsor Castle, Serlby, and Knowsley ; Sir Jeffrey Hudson (Hampton Court) ; Charles I (Cobham Hall) ; George, duke of Buckingham (formerly at Blenheim Palace) ; William, second duke of Hamilton (Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edin- burgh, from Hamilton Palace) ; Charles Howard, earl of Nottingham (at Arundel Castle, Greenwich, and elsewhere) ; Henry Wriothesley, earl of Southampton; and his own portrait by himself (Hampton Court). Portraits of Henry, prince of Wales (d. 1612), at Hampton Court and Knole, are ascribed to Mytens, and are probably copies from some older picture.
Mytens returned to Holland in 1630, and died there in 1642 ; but there is great un- certainty as to the end of his life. Mytens married at the Hague, in 1612, Gratia Clejtser. He was remarried, on 2 Sept. 1628, at the Dutch Church, Austin Friars, London, to Johanna Drossaert, widow of Joos de Neve, by whom he had two children, Elisabeth and Susanna, baptised at the same church on 1 July 1629 (MoENS, Register of the Dutch Church, Austin Friars}. Care must be taken to dis- tinguish his works from those of his younger brother, Isaac Mytens (d. 1632), his nephew (son of his elder brother, David), Johannes Mytens and his son, Daniel Mytens the younger, and another nephew (son of Isaac), Maerten Mytens, who all became portrait- painters, but in no instance worked in Eng- land.
[Walpole's Anecd. of Painting, eel. "Wornum ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Seguier's Diet, of Painters ; Catalogues of Exhibitions and Picture Galleries; information from George Scharf, esq., C.B., and E. W. Moes (Amsterdam); authorities cited in the text.] L. C.
MYTTOJST, JOHN (1796-1834), sports- man and eccentric, born on 30 Sept. 1796, was the only son of John Mytton of Halston, Shropshire, by his wife Harriet, third daugh- ter of William Mostyn Owen of Woodhouse in the same county. Before he was two years old his father died, and he became the
heir to a fortune which by the time he came of age amounted to an income of more than 10,0007. a year, and 60,000/. in ready money. On 5 June 1807 he was admitted to West- minster School, where he remained until 1811. It is said that he was also educated at Harrow, that he was expelled from both schools, and that he knocked down the pri- vate tutor to whomhe was subsequently sent. He became a cornet in the 7th hussars on 30 May 1816, and served with them in France for a short time, but left the army in the following year. From 1817 to 1821 he was master of foxhounds, hunting what was afterwards known as the Albrighton country. He was on the turf from 1817 to 1830, but though he kept a large racing stable he never once bred a good horse. At a by- election in May 1819 he was returned in the tory interest for Shrewsbury, but resigned his seat at the dissolution in February 1820. He served the office of high sheriff for Shrop- shire and Merionethshire respectively, and in May 1831 unsuccessfully contested Shrop- shire as a reformer. ' Jack Mytton/ as he was popularly called, was a man of great | physical strength and foolhardy courage, with an inordinate love of conviviality and a strongly developed taste for practical joking. He was a daring horseman and a splendid shot. Of his foolhardiness there are num- berless stories. On one occasion he is said to have actually galloped at full speed over a rabbit warren just to try whether or not his horse would fall, which of course it did, and moreover rolled over him. On an- other occasion he drove a tandem at night across country for a wager, and successfully surmounted a sunk fence three yards wide, a broad deep drain, and two stiff quickset hedges. He would sometimes strip to the shirt to follow wild fowl in hard weather ; and once he is said to have followed some ducks in pur is naturalibus. One night he even set fire to his night-shirt in order to frighten away the hiccoughs. His average allowance was from four to six bottles of port daily, which he commenced in the morning while shaving. Owing to his reckless way of living Mytton lost his entire fortune, and his effects at Halston were sold up. In the autumn of 1831 he was obliged to take re- fuge from his creditors at Calais. He died of delirium tremens in the King's Bench prison on 29 March 1834, aged 37, and was buried on 9 April following in the private chapel at Halston.
Mytton married first, on 21 May 1818, Harriet Emma, eldest daughter of Sir Tho- mas Tyrwhitt Jones, bart., of Stanley Hall, Shropshire, by whom he had an only daugh-
Mytton
16
Mytton
ter, Harriet Emma Charlotte, who married, on 26 June 1841, Clement Delves Hill, a brother of Rowland, second viscount Hill. Mytton's first wife died on 2 July 1820, and on 29 Oct. 1821 he married secondly Caro- line Mallett, sixth daughter of Thomas Gif- fard of Chiliington, Staffordshire, by whom he had with other issue a son, John Fox Mytton, who died in 1875. There is an engraved portrait of Mytton on horseback, by W. Giller, after W. Webb.
[Nimrod's Memoirs of the Life of John Myt- ton, 1837 ; Kice's History of the British Turf, 1879, i. 179-81 ; Cecil's Records of the Chase, 1877, pp. 218-21 ; Thormanby's Men of the Turf, pp. 55-63 ; Burke's Vicissitudes of Fami- lies, 1869, i. 330-44; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1879, ii. 1590; Gent. Mag. 1834, pt. i. p. 657; Shrewsbury Chronicle, 4 and 11 April 1834; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vii. 108, 197, 236 ; Official Return of Lists of Members of Parliament, pt. ii. p. 276; Army List for 1817.]
G.F.R.B.
MYTTON, THOMAS (1597 P-1656),
parliamentarian, born about 1597, son of Kichard Mytton of Halston, Shropshire, by Margaret, daughter of Thomas Owen of Con- dover, matriculated at Balliol College, Ox- ford, on 11 May 1615, aged 18 (CLARK, Reg. Univ. Oxf. ii. 338). He became a student of Lincoln's Inn in 1616. In 1629 Mytton mar- ried Magdalen, daughter of Sir Robert Napier of Luton, Bedfordshire, and sister of the second wife of Sir Thomas Myddelton (1586- 1666) [q.v.] of Chirk. This connection was probably one of the reasons which led Mytton to take the parliamentary side during the civil war. The gentlemen of Shropshire were mostly royalists, and Mytton was throughout the guiding spirit of the parliamentarian party in the county. On 10 April 1643 the parlia- ment associated Shropshire with the counties of Warwick and Stafford under the command of Basil, earl of Denbigh, Mytton being named as one of the committee for Shrop- shire (HUSBANDS, Ordinances, folio, 1646, p. 30). On 11 Sept. 1643 Myddelton and Mytton seized Wem, and established there the first parliamentary garrison in Shrop- shire. Mytton was made governor, and in October distinguished himself by defeating Lord Capel's attempt to recapture Wem ( VICARS, God's Ark, p. 63: PHILLIPS, Civil War in Wales, i. 172, ii. 86). On 12 Jan. 1644 he surprised the cavaliers at Ellesmere, capturing Sir Nicholas Byron, Sir Richard Willis, and a convoy of ammunition (ib. ii. 122). On 23 June 1644 Mytton, in conjunc- tion with Lord Denbigh, captured Os westry, and succeeded in holding it against a royalist attempt at recapture (ib. ii. 171-88; VICARS,
God's Ark, p. 260). He was appointed go- vernor of Oswestry, and the newspapers are j full of praises of his vigilance and activity. j His most important service was the capture 1 of Shrewsbury (22 Feb. 1645), though the honour of the exploit was violently contested between Mytton and Lieutenant-colonel Reinking, one of his coadjutors in the com- mand of the forces brought together for the assault. Both published narratives of the surprise (PHILLIPS, i. 287, ii. 235 ; FAIRFAX, Correspondence, iii. 170 ; VICARS, Burning Bush, p. 113 ; OWEN and BLAKEWAY, Hist, of Shrewsbury, i. 448, ii. 498).
On the passing of the self-denying ordi- nance Sir Thomas Myddelton was obliged to lay down his commission, and Mytton succeeded to his post as commander-in-chief of the forces of the six counties of North Wales, 12 May 1645 (Lords' Journals, vii. 367). He was also appointed high sheriff of Shropshire, 30 Sept. 1645 (ib. vii. 613). Henceforth he is frequently described as Major-general Mytton. He took part in the defeat of Sir William Vaughan near Denbigh on 1 Nov. 1645, thus frustrating the royalist attempts to relieve Chester, and after the fall of that city was charged to besiege the rest of the royalist garrisons in North Wales (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1645-7, p. 349 ; PHILLIPS, ii. 282). Ruthin (12 April 1646), Carnarvon (5 June 1646), Beaumaris (14 June 1646), Conway town and castle (9 Aug., 18 Nov. 1646), Denbigh (26 Oct. 1646), Holt Castle (13 Jan. 1647), and Ilarlech Castle (15 March 1047) surrendered in succession to Mytton's forces (ib. ii. 301, 306, 312, 325, 328", 332 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1645-7, p. 515). In return for these services parliament main- tained Mytton as commander-in-chief in North Wales when the army was disbanded (8 April 1647), and appointed him vice-admi- ral of North Wales in place of Glyn (30 Dec. 1647). He was also granted 5,000/. out of the estates of royalist delinquents (Lords' Journals, ix. 622, 676, viii. 403, x. 556; Commons' Journals, v. 137 ; Collections for the History of Montgomeryshire, viii. 156).
In the second civil war Mytton was equally active on the parliamentary side, and re- covered Anglesea from the royalists (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1648-9, pp. 128-31; PHILLIPS, ii. 382, 401 ; Clarendon State Papers, ii. 418). The king's execution did not shake his adherence to the parliament, and in September 1651 he consented to act as a member of the court-martial which sentenced the Earl of Derby to detith (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. p. 95). He is said to have been a strong presby ter ian, but his pub- lic action does not support this theory. It is
Myvyr
Nabbes
also stated that he disapproved of Cromwell's government, but there is no evidence of this, and he represented Shropshire in the first parliament called by Cromwell (OldParlia- \ mentary Hist. xx. 302).
Mytton died in London in 1656, and was interred on 29 Nov. in St. Chad's Church, Shrewsbury (OwEX and BLAKEWAY, ii. 223). His portrait is given in ' England's Worthies/ by John Vicars, 1647, p. 105.
Mytton left a son, Richard, who was sheriff \ of Shropshire in 1686, and a daughter, Mary, married to the royalist Sir Thomas Harris of j Boreatton (Collections for the History of , Montgomeryshire, viii. 299, 309). Another \ daughter is said to have married Colonel Roger Pope, a parliamentarian (BARWICK, Life of John Bar wick, p. 50).
[Phillips's Civil War in Wales, 1874; Pen- nant's Tour in Wales, ed. Rhys, i. 303, ii. 121, 158, 184, 277, iii. 29, 126/246; Owen and B'akeway's Hist, of Shrewsbury, 1825; Blake- way's Sheriffs of Shropshire, 1831. A collection of Myt.ton's correspondence is in the hands of Mr. Stanley Leigliton, and has been printed by him in the Collections for the History and Ar- chaeology of Montgomeryshire, vii. 353, viii. 151, 293 ; cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep. iv. 374. Other letters of Mytton's are to be found in 5th Rep. pp. 104, 421, and 4th Eep. pp. 267-9, in the Old Parliamentary Hist. xiv. 355, xv. 2, 171, and in the Calendar of Domestic State Papers. The Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian Library contain twenty-two letters.] C. H. F.
MYVYR, OWAIN (1741-1814), Welsh antiquary. [See JOXES, OWEX.]
N
NAAS, LORD. [See BOURSE, RICHARD SOUTHWELL, sixth EARL OF MAYO, 1822-
1872.]
NABBES, THOMAS (fi. 1638), drama- tist, born in 1605, belonged to a humble Worcestershire family. On 3 May 1621 he matriculated from Exeter College, Oxford (O.?/. Univ. Reg. Oxf. Hist. Soc. ii. ii. 387), but left the university without a degree. He seems to have been employed subse- quently in the household of a nobleman near Worcester, and he describes in a poem ' upon the losing of his way in a forest ' a inidnight adventure in the neighbourhood of his master's mansion after he had indulged freely in perry. Another spirited poem l upon excellent strong beer which he drank at the town of Wich in Worcestershire ' proves Nabbes to have been of a convivial disposi- tion.
About 1630 Nabbes seems to have settled in London, resolved to try his fortunes as a dramatist. He was always a stranger to the best literary society, but found congenial companions in Chamberlain, Jordan, Mar- mion, and Tatham, and was known to many ' gentlemen of the Inns of Court ' (cf. Bride, Ded.) About January 1632-3 his first comedy, ' Covent Garden,' was acted by the queen's servants, and was published in 1638 with a modest dedication addressed to Sir John Suckling. In the prologue he defends himself from stealing the title of the piece — in allusion doubtless to Richard Brome's ' Covent Garden Weeded,' acted in 1632— and describes his ' muse ' as ' solitary.' Ilis^
VOL. XL.
second comedy, l Totenham Court/ was acted at the private house in Salisbury Court in 1633, and was also printed in 1638, with a dedication to William Mills. A third piece, ' Hannibal and Scipio, an hysterical Tragedy,' in five acts of blank verse, was produced in 1635 by the queen's servants at their pri- vate house in Drury Lane. Nabbes obviously modelled his play upon Marston's ' Sopho- nisba.' It was published in 1637, with a list of the actors' names. A third comedy, 'The Bride,' acted at the private house in Drury Lane, again by the queen's servants, in 1638, was published two years later, with a prefa- tory epistle addressed * to the generalty of his noble friends, gentlemen of the severall honorable houses of the Inns of Court.' One of the characters, Mrs. Ferret, the imperious wife, has been compared to Jonson's Mistress Otter. An unreadable and tedious tragedy, entitled ' The Unfortunate Mother,' was pub- lished in 1640, with a dedication to Ri- chard Brathwaite, a stranger to him, whom he apologises for addressing. It is said to have been written as a rival to Shirley's l Politi- cian,' but was never acted, owing to the re - fusal of the actors to undertake the perform- ance. Three friends (E[dward] B[enlowes], C. G., and R. W.) prefixed commendatory verses by way of consoling the author for the slight thus cast upon him.
Langbaine reckons Nabbes among the poets of the third rate. The author of Cib- ber's ' Lives of the Poets ' declares that in strict justice 'he cannot rise above a fifth.' This severe verdict is ill justified. He is a passable writer of comedies, inventing his
C
Nabbes
18
Naden
own plots, and lightly censuring the foibles of middle-class London society. His tra-
But Samuel Shep- of
gedies are not attractive uard in the sixth sestiad ('the Assizes of IpolV) of his ' Times Display'd/ 1646, asso- ciates Nabbes's name with the names of D'Avenant,Shirley,Beaumont,andFlecher
and selects his tragedy of ' Hannibal and
Scipio'for special commendation. displays a satisfactory command of the niceties of dramatic blank verse, m which all his plays, excluding the two earliest comedies, were mainly written. _ Although lie was far more refined in sentiment than most of his contemporaries, he is capable at times of considerable coarseness.
As a writer of masques Nabbes deserves more consideration. His touch was usually light and his machinery ingenious. The least satisfactory was the one first published, viz ' Microcosmus. A Morall Maske, pre- sented with generall liking, at the Private House in Salisbury Court, and heere set down according to the intention of the Authour, Thomas Nabbes/ 1637. A reference to the approaching publication of the work was made in 'Don Zara del Fogo,' a mock romance, which was written before 1637, though not published till 1656. Richard Brome contributed prefatory verses. His « Spring's Glory ' (1638) bears some resem- blance to Middle ton's < Inner Temple Masque,' published in 1618. The ' Presentation in- tended for the Prince his Highnesse on his Birthday' (1638) is bright and attractive, al- though it does not appear to have been ac- tually performed. It was printed with ' The Spring's Glory,' together with some occa- sional verses. The volume, which was dedi- cated to William, son of Peter Balle, was entitled 'The Spring's Glory, a Maske. To gether with sundry Poems, Epigrams, Elegies and Epithalamiums. By Thomas Nabbes, 1639. Of the poems, the verses on a f Mis tresse of whose Affection hee was doubtfull have a certain charm ; they are included in Mr. Linton's 'Collection of Rare Poems.' Nabbes contributed commendatory verses to Shackerley Marmion's 'Legend of Cupid and Psyche,' 1637; Robert Chamberlain's 'Noc- turnal Lucubrations,' 1638 ; Thomas Jordan's <Poeticall Varieties/ 1640 ; John Tatham's * Fancies Theater/ 1640 ; Humphrey Mills's <A Night's Search/ 1640; Thomas Bee- dome's ' Poems Divine and Humane/ 1641 ; and the ' Phoenix of these Late Times ; or, the Life of Mr. Henry Welby,Esq.' (1637). Welby was an eccentric, who was credited with living without food or drink for the last forty-four years of his life. To the fifth edi- tion of Richard Knolles's ( Generall Historic
f the Turkes' (1638) Nabbes appended 'A Continuation of the Turkish Histone, from he Yeare of our Lord 1628 to the end ot the Yeare 1637. Collected out of the Dispatches jf Sr Peter Wyche, Knight, Embassador at Constantinople, and others.' The dedication s addressed toSir Thomas Roe, whom Nabbes describes as a stranger to him [see KNOLLES, RICHAED].
According to Nabbes's ' Encomium on the Deaden Steeple at Worcester, repayred m 1628; he desired to be buried in Worcester !athedral ; but Coxeter was of opinion that is grave was 'in the Temple Church, under the organ on the inner side.' The Temple burial register contains no record of Nabbes, but the register often fails to mention the names of those who, although buried there, had, in the opinion of the authorities, no- obvious claim to a posthumous reputation.
All Nabbes's works, excluding only the continuation of Knolles, were brought to- gether by Mr. A. H. Bullen in 1887. This collected edition forms vols. i. and ii. of the new series of Mr. Bullen's privately printed ' Old English Plays.'
[Mr. Bullen's preface to the collected edition of Nabbes's works; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 24487, f. 334; Brydges's Censura, i. 439 ; Langbaine's English Dramatick Poets ; Gibber's Lives of the Poets, ii. 24 ; Fleay's Biographical Chronicle of the English Drama.] s- L.
NADEN, CONSTANCE CAROLINE WOODHILL (1858-1889), poetess, born on 24 Jan. 1858 at 15 Francis Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, was the only child of Thomas Naden, afterwards president of the Birming- ham Architectural Association, by his wife Caroline Anne, daughter of J. C. Woodhill of Pakenham House, Edgbaston. Her mother died within a fortnight of the child's birth, and Constance was brought up by her grand- parents. Mr. Woodhill was a retired jeweller of high character, an elder of a baptist church,, and a man of some literary taste. From the age of eight till the age of sixteen or seventeen Miss Naden attended a day-school in Edgbaston kept by two Unitarian ladies, the Misses Martin. She learnt flower-painting, and told fairy stories to her schoolfellows. After leaving school she remained with her grandparents. The rejection of some of her pictures by the Birmingham Society of Ar- tists, after the acceptance of a first attempt, turned her thoughts to other studies. She learnt French, German, Latin, and some Greek, and was much attracted by the writ- ings of James Hinton [q. v.], and by R. A. Vaughan's ' Hours with the Mystics.' She wrote at odd moments her ' Songs and Son-
Naden
Nad in
nets of Springtime,' which was published in 1881. In 1879-80 and 1880-1 she attended botany classes at the Birmingham and Mid- land Institute, and acquired an interest in science. In the autumn of 1881 she became a student at Mason College. She there went through courses of ' physics, chemistry, bo- tany, zoology, physiology, and geology.' She took a very lively part in debating societies, and she was especially interested in a socio- logical section of the Birmingham Natural History Society, which was started in 1883 in order to study the system of Mr. Herbert Spencer. She became a very eager and sym- pathetic student of Mr. Spencer's philosophy. In 1885 she won the ' Paxton prize ' for an essay upon the geology of the district ; and in 1887 won the ' Heslop ' gold medal by an essay upon ' Induction and Deduction.' ' She also wrote in the 'Journal of Science,' ' Knowledge/ and other periodicals (list in Memoir, pp. 29-31). In 1887 she published her second volume of poems, <A modern Apostle, the Elixir of Life, the Story of Clarice, and other Poems.' Mr. Woodhill died 27 Dec. 1881, and his widow on 21 June 1887. Miss Naden inherited a fortune upon the death of her grandmother, and in the autumn of 1887 made a tour with a friend through Constantinople, Palestine, Egypt, and India, where she was hospitably received ! by Lord Dufferin, the governor-general. She , returned to England in June 1888, and soon afterwards bought a house in Park Street, Grosvenor Square. She joined the Aristote- lian Society, endeavoured to form a Spencer society, and belonged to various societies of benevolent aims. On 22 Oct. 1889 she de- livered an address upon Mr. Herbert Spencer's ' Principles of Sociology ' to the sociological section at Mason College. Symptoms of a dangerous disease showed themselves shortly afterwards, and she underwent a severe operation on 5 Dec. She sank from the effects, and died on 23 Dec. 1889. She was buried beside her mother in the old cemetery, Warstone Lane, Birmingham.
Miss Naden was slight and tall, with a delicate face and ' clear blue-grey eyes.' She was regular and active in her habits. She had a penetrating voice, and was thoroughly self-possessed in public speaking. She ap- pears to have been rather aggressive and sarcastic in discussion, but had very warm friendships, and was always fond of fun and harmless frolics.
Miss Naden's poems had attracted little notice until Mr. Gladstone called attention to them in an article upon British poetesses in an early number of the ' Speaker.' Mr. Gladstone named her as one of eight wfio
i had shown splendid powers. The poems undoubtedly show freshness and command of language. Miss Naden had in 1876 met Dr. Lewms, and became his disciple. The , doctrine taught by both is called 'Hylo- i Idealism,' and has been described as < monistic positivism.' It is an attempt to give a meta- ; physical system in accordance with modern ; scientific thought. Miss Naden's writings upon this topic, as an opponent of her theory ; (Dr. Dale) remarks, show great acuteness, gracefulness of style, and felicity of illus- tration. Her chief attempt in philosophy, however, the essay upon ' Induction and De- duction,' though of great promise as the work of a student, is based upon inadequate knowledge ; and she died before her powers obviously remarkable, had fully ripened.
Miss Naden's works, besides the two volumes of poetry above mentioned, are col- lected in (1) * Induction and Deduction
and other Essays Edited by II. Lewins,
M.D., Medical Department,' 1890; and (2) 'Further Reliques of Constance Naden' edited by George M. McCrie, 1891. Two pamphlets, ' Miss Naden's World Scheme,' by George M. McCrie, and < Constance Na- den and Hylo-Idealism,' by E. Cobham Brewer, LL.D., both annotated by Dr. Lewins, give accounts of her philosophy. A selection from her writings, edited by the Misses Hughes of Birmingham, appeared in Io9o.
[Constance Naden: a Memoir, by W. E. Hughes, with an Introduction by Professor Lap- ! worth, and Additions by Professor Tilden and j Robert Lewins, M.D., 1890; article by the Eev. Dr. E. W. Dale (with personal recollections) in J the Contemporary Review for April 1891 (also reprinted in ' Farther Reliques.']
NADIN, JOSEPH (1765-1848), deputy- constable of Manchester, son of Joseph Nadin, a former, was born at Fairfield, Derby- shire, in 1765. At the age of twelve he began work at Stockport, and subsequently was successful in business as a cotton-spin- ner. During the time that the cotton opera- tives were making raids on cotton mills in Lancashire and elsewhere, for the purpose of destroying machinery, Nadin made himself conspicuous in detecting the plotters and bringing them to justice. He was prevailed upon in 1801 to take the office of deputy-con- stable of Manchester, and he thereby became chief executive officer to the governing body of the town, which was then under the court-leet of the manor.
His life as a public officer was eventful and dangerous, and he was a zealous, able, and courageous servant of the authorities. Some said that he was the real ruler of Man-
c2
Naesmith
20
Nagle
Chester, and that the magistrates thought t hey exercised a wholesome authority when, at his suggestion, they sought to repress by every means of coercion the rising demand for political and social rights. The course he took with regard to Samuel Bamford [q. v.] and other reformers, as well as in the 1 Peterloo ' meeting in 1819, rendered him very unpopular; but he earned the gratitude of the ruling classes, by whom he was pre- sented with costly testimonials. He figures as a sort of Jonathan Wild in Mrs. Banks's novel of f God's Providence House.' He had a magnificent physique, as is shown both by his portraits and by a graphic passage in Bamford's * Life of a Radical,' where, how- ever, he is described as coarse, illiterate, and ill-mannered. He amassed considerable pro- perty, and on his retirement from office in 1821 he went to live on an estate which he possessed at Oheadle, in Cheshire. He died there on 4 March 1848, aged 83, and was buried in St. James's Church, Manchester. He married Mary Rowlinson in 1792, and left several children.
[Bamford's Life of a Eadical, i. 82 ; Pren- tice's Manchester, 1851, p. 34; Manchester Notes and Queries, vol. i.; Trans. Lancashire and Che- shire Antiquarian Soc. vol. xi. ; information kindly supplied by Mr, W. S. Nadin.] C. W. S.
NAESMITH. [See NASMITH and NA-
SMYTH.]
NAFTEL, PAUL JACOB (1817-1891), painter in water-colours, born at Guernsey on 10 Sept. 1817, was son of Paul and Sophia Naftel of Guernsey. He resided during the earlier part of his life in Guernsey, where he was educated; and, although a self-taught artist, was appointed professor of drawing at Elizabeth College. Becoming known for his delicate and refined studies in water-colour, he was elected an associate of the * Old ' Society of Painters in Water-colours on 11 Feb. 1856, and a full member on 13 June 1859. He did not settle in England till 1870, when he resided at 4 St. Stephen's Square, Wrest- bourne Park, London, continuing to practise as a drawing-master, and to be a prolific ex- hibitor at the exhibition of the ' Old ' Society. He subsequently moved to 76 Elm Park Road, Chelsea, and later to a house at Strawberry Hill, where he died on 1 3 Sept. 1891. Naftel's subjects were in his earlier days the scenery of his native Channel Islands, and latterly views in the United Kingdom and Italy. They were remarkable for tender and light effects rather than strength, and in his earlier days he was lavish in his use of body colour. He made the designs to illustrate Ansted and Latham's book on the 'Channel Islands,'
1862. Naftel married, first, Miss Robilliard of Alderney ; and, secondly, Isabel, youngest daughter of Octavius Oakley [q. v.], water- colour painter.
NAFTEL, MAUD (1856-1890), painter, daughter of the above by his second wife, was born on 1 June 1856. At first a pupil of her father, she afterwards studied at the Slade School of Art in London, and in Paris under M. CarolusDuran. She attained distinc- tion as a painter in water-colours, and was especially noted for her paintings of flowers. She was elected an associate of the ' Old ' Society of Painters in Water-colours in March 1887, but died in her father's house at Elm Park Road, on 18 Feb. 1890. She published a book on ' Flowers and how to paint them.'
[Private information ; Eoget's Hist, of the
I Old Water-colour ' Society.] L. C.
NAGLE, SiREDMUND (1757-1830), ad- miral, born in 1757, is said to have been a nephew of Edmund Burke. It would seem more probable that he was a son of Burke's first-cousin. He entered the navy in 1770, under the care of Captain John Stott, on board the Juno frigate, in which he went to the Falk- land Islands, on the occasion of their being surrendered by Spain in 1771 (BEATSON, Nav. and Mil. Memoirs, vi. 15 ; cf. art. FARMER, GEORGE). He afterwards served in the Win- chelsea, Deal Castle, Thetis, and Bienfaisant, on the Mediterranean and home stations, and passed his examination on 7 May 1777 (Pas- sing Certificate). On 25 Oct 1777 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Greenwich storeship, on the North American station. In 1779 he was in the Syren, in the North Sea, and from 1780 to 1782 was again on the coast of North America in the Warwick, with Captain Elphinstone [see ELPHINSTONE, GEORGE KEITH, VISCOUNT KEITH]. On 1 Aug. 1782 he was promoted to the command of the Racoon brig, which was shortly after- wards captured off the Delaware by the French frigate Aigle. A few days later,
II Sept., Nagle regained his liberty, the Aigle being in turn captured by the Warwick. He was then appointed to the Hound sloop, and on 27 Jan. 1783 was posted to the Grana, which he brought home and paid off. In 1793 he commissioned the Active frigate, and early in 1794 was moved into the Artois of 44 guns, in which for the next three years he was actively employed, under the com- mand of Sir John Borlase Warren [q. v.], or Sir Edward Pellew, afterwards Viscoun , 'j Exmouth[q.v.] On 21 Oct. 1794, off Ushan I the little squadron, then commanded b 'j Pellew, sighted the Revolutionnaire, Frencl Jj frigate, also of 44 guns, which was chased V
Nagle
21
and brought to action by the Artois. On the j other frigates coming up the Revolutionnaire ! surrendered. She was a new and very fine ship, and was for several years one of the crack frigates in the English navy. For his gallant service Nagle was knighted. The next year the Artois was with. Warren in the | expedition to Quiberon, and, continuing on ! the French coast, was lost on a sandbank oil' Rochelle on 31 July 1797, when in chase of a French frigate.
In August 1798 Nagle married l a lady ! of ample fortune — the widow of John Lucie | Blackman of Craven Street ' — after which he j had little service at sea. In 1801-2 he com- j manded the Majestic, and afterwards the | Juste for a few months, and in 1803 was ap- j pointed to command the sea fencibles of the I Sussex coast. At this time, making his head- quarters at Brighton, he was introduced to the Prince of Wales, and, telling a good j story, and overflowing with rollicking Irish j humour, became a great favourite. lie was j made rear-admiral on 9 Nov. 1805, and for a short time hoisted his flag on board the Inconstant at Guernsey. He was promoted to be vice-admiral on 31 July 1810, and, again for a short time, was commander-in- chief at Leith. In 1813 he was governor of Newfoundland, and in 1814, when the allied monarchs reviewed the fleet at Spit- head, he was nominated aide-de-camp to the prince-regent. On 2 Jan. 1815 he was made a K.C.B., and on 12 Aug. 1819 was promoted to the rank of admiral.
During all this time, however, with these few intermissions, he was in attendance on the prince, and in 1820, on the prince's ac- cession to the throne, was appointed groom of the bedchamber. He is described as a man of great good nature and a simplicity of mind which was said to make him the butt for some coarse practical jokes. He died at his house'at East Molesey, Surrey, on 14 March 1830, leaving no issue.
[Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biog. i. 277 ; Gent. Ma". 1830, i.469, Brenton's Naval History.]
J. K. L.
NAGLE, NANO or HONORA (1728- 1784), foundress of the Presentation order of nuns, born in 1728, was daughter of Garrett Nagle of Ballygriffin near Mallow, co. Cork. The Nagles were of Anglo-Nor- man origin : a kinswoman (Miss Nagle of ShanballydufF, co. Cork) w7as mother of Burke. Nano's mother belonged to the (Mathew family of Thomastown, co. Tip- )erary, and was connected with Father Mathew [q. v.], the apostle of temperance. S^ano was educated at home, and afterwards it Paris, where a glimpse, early one morning
Nagle
on her return from a ball, of some poor people waiting outside a church door in order to attend mass is said to have given a serious turn to her thoughts.
She returned to Ireland about 17oO, deter- mined to devote herself to the poor of her own country ; but, deterred by the penal laws, she went back to France with the in- tention of entering a convent. But again she was driven home by a sense of her voca- tion. Her father was dead, but she re- mained in Dublin with her mother and sister until their death forced her to take up her residence with her brother in Cork. There the poor Catholic population was desti- tute of all means of education. With her own fortune, and afterwards with the support of some members of her family, she secretly started a poor school for catholic girls. She also visited the sick, and at her own expense established an asylum for aged females, which still exists. The narrowness of her own resources subsequently led her to charge fees at her school, and she herself collected them. But her health was bad, and, finding that her own energies were unequal to the task of carrying on the school, she deter- mined to put it under the care of a religious community — a dangerous expedient in face of the stringency of the penal laws, which proscribed all religious communities. Four young ladies entered a convent of the Ursu- line nuns in Paris to prepare themselves to undertake Miss Nagle's work, and after a period of training they reached Cork in 1771 in the charge of Dr. Francis Moylan [q. v.], subsequently bishop of the diocese, and oc- cupied the convent founded by Miss Nagle. She did not become one of their number.
The order of Ursuline nuns is mainly occupied in the education of girls of the well-to-do classes, but Miss Nagle interested herself mainly in the poor. The corpora- tion refrained from enforcing the laws against the new community in consideration of its beneficent objects. In further pursuit of her high aims Miss Nagle in 1775 laid the foundation of a new order, which was to devote itself exclusively (unlike the Ur- sulines) to the education of the female chil- dren of the poor. To this congregation she gave the name of the Order of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. A convent and schools, specially erected by Miss Nagle, at her own expense, for the new order, were opened on Christmas day 1777, and the occasion was celebrated by a dinner to fifty beggars, on whom the foundress waited her- self. The rules of the community were approved of by Pope Pius VI in 1791, and confirmed on 9 April 1805 by Pius VTJ
Nagle
22
Nagle
who constituted the congregation an order of the catholic church. It was thus that systematic education was, since the days of the Reformation, first brought within reach of the poor in Ireland.
Worn out by her hard work and by aus- terities, Miss Nagle died at her convent in Cork on 20 April 1784, at the age of fifty- six.
There is .an oil-painting of her in the Ur- suline convent, Blackrock, co. Cork.
The Ursuline order, which Miss Nagle in- troduced into Ireland, has numerous con- vents in that country, offshoots of her foun- dation; and in 1874 her own. order (the Presentation) had fifty-two houses in Ire- land, one in England, twelve in British North America, four in Australia, three in the United States, and one in India.
[Hutch's Life of Nano Nagle; Coppinger's Life of Nano Nagle ; \Yebb's Compendium of Irish Biography ; the Catholic Dictionary 1
P. L. N.
NAGLE, SIB RICHARD (fl. 1689), at- torney-general for Ireland, was of an an- cient family in the county of Cork. By old authors the name is often incorrectly written Nangle. Carrigacunna Castle, on the Black- water, between Mallow and Fermoy, belonged tolnm, and some neighbouring hills still bear the! .mily name. According to the commonly received but very scanty authorities, he was educated by the Jesuits and intended for the priesthood. Preferring the law, ' he arrived to a good perfection, and was employed by many protestants, so that he knew the weak part of most of their titles' (KiNG, ch. iii. sec. iii. p. 9).
Charles II died 6 Feb. 1084-5, and Or- monde, though ' with dismal sadness at his heart,' proclaimed James II in Dublin. He was at once removed, and Henry Hyde, earl .of Clarendon [q. v.], was made lord -lieutenant in October, and landed in Ireland 29 Dec. ; but Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnel [q. v.], who was in London, thwarted him at every step, and soon took Nagle into consultation. In February 1685-6 Nagle proposed to the lord-lieutenant that the outlawries on which the protestant settlement rested should be reversed (Clarendon Correspondence, i. 273). In May he became a privy councillor, but refused to be sworn, ostensibly on account of the great professional loss likely to follow (id. i. 445). At the end of July 1686 Nagle was consulted by Clarendon and dined with him, the lord-lieutenant regarding him as the authorised representative of the Irish Roman catholics (ib. i. 516). He was already con- templating a parliament (ib. p. 538) which might dispossess the English settlers, though
he as yet admitted that they would have to be compensated (ib. p. 564). At the end of August Tyrconnel went to London again to arrange with James for the supersession of Clarendon, and for the further depression of the protestant interest in Ireland. Nagle accompanied him, and was consulted by the king as well as by Sunderland. He returned to Ireland before Tyrconnel, after address- ing to him the famous letter, bearing date 26 Oct., in which the repeal of the Act of Settlement was first seriously suggested (Jacobite Narrative, p. 193). Clarendon did not see a copy of this letter until January following (Corresp. ii. 142). Though dated from Coventry and nominally written on the road, this document bears no mark of haste, and was probably composed in London after careful consultation with Tyrconnel and Sunderland (PlAKRis, p. 107). Nagle was knighted by James, and at the end of 1686 was appointed attorney-general for Ireland, displacing a protestant who had held the office since the Restoration. In August 1687 Tyrconnel, who had then superseded Claren- don as viceroy, went to Chester with Nagle and Rice, and Bishop Cartwright entertained the party during James II's visit (Diary, pp. 73-5).
The anti-English interest in Ireland was strengthened by this meeting, and Nagle was active in the matter of the quo war- rantos which destroyed the protestant cor- porations, often by means of mere legal quibbles (KING, ch. iii. sec. v. p. 2). In the spring of 1688 Nagle joined in the attempt to force Doyle upon 'Trinity College, Dub- lin, as a fellow (ib. sec. xv. p. 2). A little later he was more friendly to the college (STUBBS, p. 127), but its protestant charac- ter would have been destroyed if James had succeeded. Outlawries arising out of the rebellion of 1641 were reversed wholesale, and Nagle told those who were in a hurry to sue for their confiscated estates ' to have a little patience, perhaps they would come more easily ' (KiffG, ch. i ii. sec.' xii. p. 2). He went to France about the end of 1688, and returned with James (Jacobite Narrative, p. 316), who landed at Kinsale 12 March 1688- 1689. Means were at once taken to carry out the new policy. A parliament was called, which met in Dublin on 7 May, and Nagle sat for the county of Cork with Jus- tin MacCarthy [q. v.] as a colleague. He was at once chosen speaker, and had a prin- cipal part in repealing the Acts of Settle- ment and Explanation, and in passing the1 great Act of Attainder, which deprived 2,455, landowners of -their estates and vested them in the crown. King says that when Nagle
Nagle
Nairne
presented the bill for the royal assent lie re- marked that many of these persons had been attainted on common fame. Pardons granted after 1 Nov. were made null and void, and the act was not published, but kept carefully secret, lest absentees should return within the specified time. We are told that James him- .self did not know what was in the act, that he had read without understanding it, thus destroying his own prerogative by mistake, and that he upbraided Nagle for deceiving him (KiNG, ch. iii. sec. xii.) The attorney- general was also zealous in depriving pro- testants of their churches (ib. sec. xviii.), and in making the position of their clergy in- tolerable (ib. sec. xx.)
Schomberg landed at Carrickfergus in August, and advantage was taken of the subsequent mortality among his troops to tamper with them. A letter bearing Nagle's imprimatur, and perhaps written by him, was circulated among the soldiers reminding them of the fate of Sennacherib's host, and exhorting them to return to their legitimate king (Jacobite Narrative, p. 251). At Tyr- connel's request, James in September made Nagle his chief secretary as well as attor- ney-general, with Albeville for a colleague (BERWICK, i. 360). After the Boyne, 1 July 1690, he was one of those who urged James's immediate flight to France. In the Septem- ber following, if not sooner, he was at St. Germain with Tyrconnel and Rice, and re- turned with them to Galway in January 1690-1, bringing about 8,000/. and some in- ferior stores (STORY, Cont. p. 51). Chief- justice Nugent acted as Jacobite secretary during his absence. After the battle of Aughrim in July following, and the conse- quent fall of Galway, Nagle remained at Limerick with Tyrconnel, who trusted him in the most secret matters (Macaria Exci- dium, p. 109), and he remained in the city during the siege by Ginkel. Tyrconnel died on 14 Aug., and a commission from James was produced which left the wreck of his authority in the hands of Fitton, Nagle, and Francis Plowden, as lords justices, but with- out power in military matters (Jacobite Nar- rative, p. 155). After the surrender of Lime- rick they all three sailed together in the same vessel with Sarsfield on 22 Dec., and reached France in safety (ib. p. 191 ; CARDINAL MORAN, Spicilegium O&soriense, ii. 303). With the title of secretary of state for Ire- land Nagle was for a time one of the junto of five who ruled at the melancholy court of St. Germain (CLARKE, ii. 411). He probably •died abroad, but the date is uncertain. He had a large family, and one son at least was married in France to Margaret, younger
daughter of Walter Bourke of Turlogh. Mr. Garrett Nagle, now a resident magistrate in Ireland, is Sir Richard's descendant.
Berwick (i. 360) says Nagle was a ' very honest man, of good sense, and very clever in his profession, but not at all versed in affairs of state.' At the beginning of 1686 Clarendon wrote of him as * the lawyer, a Roman Catholic, and a man of the best re- pute for learning as well as honesty among that people' (Corresp. i. 273), and for some months after he often backs that opinion; but in his diary a year later is ' sure that he is both a covetous and an ambitious man,' and does not in the least believe his most solemn asseverations (ib. ii. 150).
[Archbishop King's State of the Protestants under James II, with Charles Leslie's Answer, 1692 ; Singer's Clarendon and Rochester Corre- spondence ; Journal of the Parliament in Ire- land, 1689 ; Clarke's Life of James II ; Macarise Excidium, or Destruction of Cyprus, ed. O'Cal- laghan; Bishop Cartwright's Diary (Camden Soc.) ; Stubbs's Hist, of Dubl. Univ. ; Memoires clu Marechal de Berwick, Collection Petitot and Monmerque ; Harris's Life of William III ; Story's Hist, and Cont. 1693; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, ed. Archd^ll ; Jacobite Narrative, ed. Gilbert, from Lord Fingall's manuscript. This last is the work quoted by Macaulay as 'light to the blind.'] R. B „.
NAIRNE, BARONESS. [See ELPIIINS'^ONE, MARGARET MERCER, 1788-1867.]
NAIRNE, CAROLINA, BARONESS NAIRNE (1766-1845), Scottish ballad writer, born at Gask, Perthshire, 16 Aug. 1766, was the daughter of Laurence Oliphant. The latter, like his father, whom he succeeded in 1767, was an ardent Jacobite, and married in 1755 his first-cousin Margaret, eldest daugh- ter of Duncan Robertson of Strowan, Perth- shire, chief of the clan Donnochy. Carolina was named after Prince Charles Stuart; in a list of births and deaths in her father's hand it is written ' Carolina, after the King, at Gask, Aug. 16th 1766' (OLIPHANT, Jacobite Lairds of Gask. p. 349). She soon became ' a sturdy tod' in her mother's esteem, and a nonjuring clergyman, who was her tutor for a time, reported that she was a very promising student. Although somewhat delicate in her early years — ' a paper miss ' her nurse called her— she became a skilful rider, and sang and danced admirably. Her beauty gained for her the title of 'pretty Miss Car,' and subse- quently of ' the Flower of Strathearn.'
Carolina induced her brother Laurence to become a subscriber to Burns's poems, an- nounced from Edinburgh in 1786. She fol- lowed with eager interest Burns's improve- ments on the old Scottish songs in Johnson's
Nairne
Nairne
' Musical Museum ' and Thomson's ' Songs of Scotland.' The first important result of this new stimulus was in 1792, when she gave her brother in strict secrecy a new ver- sion of t The Pleuchman ' (ploughman) to sing at a gathering of the Gask tenantry. It instantly became popular. She followed up her success by writing other humorous and Jacobite songs. In 1797 she joined her brother, who was about this time serving in the Perthshire light dragoons, when he went with his company to quarters in the north of England. There is a legend that during this sojourn she had the distinction of declining a royal duke in marriage. On 27 July 1797 another brother, Charles, died, and the follow- ing year when her friend, Mrs. Campbell Col- quhoun, the sister of Scott's ' Willie Erskine,' lost her firstborn child, Carolina sent her a copy of ' The Land o' the Leal.' On 2 June 1806 she was married at Gask to her cousin, Major William Murray Nairne, assistant in- spector of barracks (son of Lieutenant-colonel John Nairne). Major Nairne's duties required his presence at Edinburgh, and he and his wife settled first at Portobello and afterwards at Wester Duddingston, in a house named Caro- lina Cottage, presented to them by their re- lative, Robertson of Strowan. Here their only child, William Murray, was born in 1808.
Major Nairne was of a humorous, joyous temperament, but was restrained by the reti- cence of his wife, who was a victim of that 'unseasonable modesty' impatiently noted by the historian of the family as a failing of the Oliphants (Jacobite Lairds of Gask, p. 225). They met Sir Walter Scott occasionally, but the acquaintance never became intimate. Al- though her friends admired her artistic ac- complishments (she could draw and paint), and her wide knowledge of Scottish songs attracted attention in private life, she con- cealed, even from her husband, her poetic achievements. From 1821 to 1824, as Mrs, BoganofBogan, she contributed lyrics to the ' Scottish Minstrel' of R. A. Smith, but even the publisher was not made aware of her identity. Without committing herself she managed to write and copy Jacobite songs and tunes for her kinsman Robertson of Strowan, who died in 1822. That year George IV visited Scotland, and, on the in- vitation of Sir Walter Scott, interested him- self in the fallen Jacobite adherents. The result was the bill of 17 June 1824, which restored them to their birthright. Major Nairne thus became a peer (being the fifth Lord Nairne of Nairne, Perthshire), and his wife was thenceforth known as Baroness Nairne.
Lady Nairne's chief object in life was now the training of her only son. Up to his fif- teenth year she mainly taught him herself. Then she selected tutors with the greatest care. On the death of Lord Nairne in 1829> she left Edinburgh with the boy, settling first with relatives at Clifton, near Bristol. It was probably at this time that she wrote her vigorous and touching 'Farewell to Edin- burgh.' In July 1831 they went to Kings- town, Dublin, and thence to Enniskerry, co. Wicklow. Here, as at Edinburgh, her friends noticed her artistic tastes, and she drew a striking landscape, with common blacklead, on the damp back wall of her dwelling: (ROGERS, Memoir, p. 60). The summer of 1834 young Lord Nairne and his mother spent in Scotland.
The young man's delicate health, however, constrained them to move in the autumn, and,, along with Mrs. Keith (Lady Nairne's sister) and their niece, Miss Margaret H. Steuart of Dalguise, Perthshire, they went to the continent, visiting Paris, the chief Italian- cities, Geneva, Interlachen, and Baden. They spent the winter of 1835-6 in Mannheim ; but after an attack of influenza the young- Lord Nairne died at Brussels on 7 Dec. 1837. From June 1838 to the summer of 1841, with a little party of relatives and .friends, Lady Nairne again visited various continental re- sorts. In 1842-3 the party was at Paris, and in the latter year Lady Nairne returned to Gask as the guest of her nephew, James Blair Oliphant, and his wife. Her health was grow- ing uncertain, but she corresponded with her friends, and evinced a deep interest in the great movement which was just culminating" in the disruption of the church of Scotland. In the winter of 1843 she had a stroke of paralysis, from which she rallied sufficiently to be able to interest herself in various Chris- tian benefactions, to watch the development of the free kirk, and to give practical aid to the social schemes of Dr. Chalmers. She died on 26 Oct. 1845, and was buried within the chapel at Gask. Her portrait at Gask was painted by Sir John Watson Gordon.
Lady Nairne had in her last years con- sented to the anonymous publication of her poems, and a collection was in preparation at her death. With the consent of her sister, Mrs. Keith, in 1846, they were published in a handsome folio as ' Lays from Strathearn, by Carolina, Baroness Nairne ; arranged with Symphonies and Accompaniments by Finlay. Dun/ In^l869 the 'Life and Songs of the] Baroness Nairne ' appeared, under the editor- ship of Dr. Charles Rogers, the life being! largely written -by Mr. T. L. Kington Oli-i phant of Gask (Jacobite Lairds of Gask,
Nairne
25
Nairne
p. 433). Dr. Rogers revised and amended this volume in a new edition published in 1886.
Lady Nairne excels in the humorous ballad, the Jacobite song, and songs of sentiment and domestic pathos. She skilfully utilised the example of Burns in fitting beautiful old t unes with interesting words ; her admirable com- mand of lowland Scotch enabled her to write for the Scottish people, and her ease of gene- ralisation gave breadth of significance to special themes. In her ' Land o' the Leal/ 1 Laird o' Cockpen,' and ' Caller Ilerrin',' she is hardly, if at all, second to Burns himself. ' The Land o' the Leal,' set to the old tune ' Hey tutti taiti,' also used by Burns for ' Scots wha ha'e,' was translated into Greek verse by the Rev. J. Riddell, fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. ' Caller Ilerrin' ' was writ- ten for the benefit of Nathaniel Gow, son of the famous Perthshire fiddler Neil Gow [q. v.], whose melody for the song, with its echoes from the peal of church bells, has been a favourite with composers of variations. Two well-known settings are those by Charles Czerny and Philip Knapton (1788-1833) [q.v.] Lady Nairne ranks with Hogg in her Jacobite songs, but in several she stands first and alone, j Nothing in the language surpasses the exube- rant buoyancy, of her ' Charlie is my darling,' the swift triumphant movement of 'The Hun- dred Pipers,' and the wail of forlorn desola- tion in 'Will ye no' come back again?'! Excellent in structure, these songs are en- ! riched by strong conviction and natural feel- ing. The same holds true of all Lady Nairne's domestic verses and occasional pieces, 'The Auld House,' < The Rowan Tree,' < Cradle j Song,' the ' Mitherless Lammie,' 'Kind Robin | lo'es me ' (a tribute to Lord Nairne), and ' Gude Nicht and joy be wi' ye a'.' ' Would you be young again ? ' was Avritten in 1842, when the authoress was seventy-six.
[Rogers's Life and Songs of Lady Nairne ; Kington Oliphant's Jacobite Lairds of G-ask ; Tytler and Watson's Songstresses of Scotland.]
T. 13.
NAIRNE, EDWARD (1726-1806), elec- trician, born in 1720, was probably a member of the family of Nairne resident at Sand- j wich, Kent. He early interested himself in ' scientific studies, and established a shop at i 20 Cornhill, London, as an 'optical, mathe- i jmatical, and philosophical instrument maker,' j in which capacity he enjoyed royal patronage. | In 1771 he began to contribute papers on scien- j tific subjects to the ' Philosophical Transac- j tions,' and probably about this time made the acquaintance of Joseph Priestley [q.v.] In ' 1774 he contributed to the ' Philosophical Transactions ' the results of a series of expe'ri-
ments, showing the superiority of points over balls as electrical conductors, and constructed, on plans supplied by Priestley, the first con- siderable electrical machine made in England (PRiESTLEY,M<?wojVs,ed.l809, p. 59; Nichol- son's Journal, ii. 525-6). In the specification of the patent which he took out for this machine in 1782 it is described as a ' new invention and most usefull improvement in the common electrical machine (which I call the insulated medical electrical machine) by insulating the whole in a particular manner,, and constructing the conductors so that either shocks or sparks may be received from them.' Nairne published a description of this machine,, which reached an eighth edition, in 1796. It is still well known as 'Nairne's electrical machine' (WooDCROFT, Specifications of Pa- tents, Electricity and Magnetism, p. 3 ; SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Works, v. 31 ; UESCHANEL, Treatises on Natural Philosophy, p. 577 ; GANOT, Physics, p. 741).
On 20 March 1776 Nairne was elected F.R.S., being admitted on 27 June (THOM- SON, History of the lioyal Society, p. 449). In the same year he made some experi- ments to determine the specific gravity of sea-water, the degree of cold at which it begins to freeze, and whether the ice be salt or not ; his results were published in a pamphlet dedicated to Sir John Pringle. He also invented the process of artificial desiccation by means of sulphuric acid acting- under the receiver of an air-pump, of which he published an account {Phil. Trans. Index-, Edinburgh Phil. Journal, iii. 56-9). He im- proved the astronomical apparatus at Green- wich (LYSONS, Environs'), constructed many excellent scientific instruments, and contri- buted numerous papers, besides those already mentioned, to the ' Philosophical Transac- tions ' (Nicholson's Journal, passim ; Phil. Trans. ; ROXALD, Catalogue of Books and Papers relating to Electricity).
In 1800 Nairne became one of the pro- prietors of the newly founded Royal Insti- tution, but does not seem to have taken an active part in its proceedings. In the fol- lowing year he gave up his business in Corn- hill and removed to Chelsea, where he died on 1 Sept, 1806, aged 80 (Gent. Mag., 1806r ii. 880; London Directory, 1801-7).
The electrician must not be confused with a contemporary EDWARD NAIRXE (1742 ?— 1799), attorney and supervisor of customs at Sandwich, who was born there about 1742, and wrote: 1. 'Humorous Poems,' Canter- bury, 1791 : 2nd edit,, published as ' Kentish Tales,' Sandgate, 1824. 2. ' The Dog-tax : a Poem,' Canterbury, 1797. He was known as the ' Sandwich bard/ and died at Sand-
Nairne
Nairne
wich on 5 July 1799 (Gent. Mag. 1799 ii. 626 ; BRYDGES, Centura Litt. iii. 419).
[Authorities quoted ; works in Brit. Mus. Library ; Lists of Royal Society ; Weld's Hist, of Eoyal Soc. ii. 52 ; Eoyal Institution Collec- tion of Circulars, &c. ; Bence Jones's Royal In- j stitution : its Founders and its first Professors ; Journals of the Royal Institution ; Nichols's II- lustr. of Lit. i. 165; Hill's Bos well, iii. 21, note; Rutt's Life and Correspondence of Dr. Priestley, i. 79 ; Bolton's Correspondence of Dr. Priestley, p. 116; Mountaine's Description of the Lines on Gunter's Scale, as improved by ... J. Ro- bertson, and executed by Messrs. Nairne and Blunt, Lond.l 778, 8vo; Lalande's Bibliographic Astronomique ; Nicholson's Journal, ii. 420, 525- 526, iv. 265 (new ser.), vi. 235, viii. 81, xiii. 56; Monthly Review (or Literary Journal), passim ; "Watt'sBibl.Brit.; Royal Society's Cat. of Scien- tific Papers; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. vii. 408.]
A. F. P.
NAIRNE, JOHN, third LORD NAIRNE (d. 1770), Jacobite, was the eldest son of Lord "William Murray, second lord Nairne, by Mar- garet, only daughter and heiress of Robert, first lord Nairne [q. v.] WILLIAM NAIRNE, second LORD NAIRNE (d. 1724), who assumed his wife's surname and succeeded to her father's title, was the fourth son of John Mur- ray, first marquis of Atholl [q. v.] In 1685 he accompanied his father in the expedition to Argyllshire (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. Appendix, pt. viii. p. 17). Some time after- wards he distinguished himself as a naval officer (PATTEN, History of the Rebellion in 1715, ed. 1745, p. 44). At the revolution he did not take the oaths to the government, and refrained from taking his seat in parlia- ment. Subsequently he strongly opposed the union, and he was one of those who signed a paper to support the prince 2 May 1707 (HooKE, Negotiations, Roxburghe Club, ii. 230). At the revolution in 1715 he joined the standard of Mar, and having with his men crossed the Forth and marched into England, was taken prisoner at Preston on 14 Nov. and sent to the Tower. At his trial on 19 Jan. 1716 he pleaded guilty, and on 9 Feb. he was sentenced to death, but he was reprieved, and in May, through the in- tervention of the Duke of Atholl, obtained a remission (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. App. pt. viii. p. 70). In 1718 Captain Straiton, deceived by a false messenger, sent an express to acquaint Lord Nairne in Perthshire that the ' Duke of Ormond was on the coast, and certainly landed by that time, and desiring his lordship to forward the good newes to Marishall ' (Lockhart Papers, ii. 22) ; but Lockhart, discovering that the intel- ligence was false, sent word to Nairne in time to prevent him from joining Marischal and
thus endangering his life (ib. p. 23). The Duke of Atholl attributed Nairne's strong Jacobite leanings to the influence of his wife, daugh- ter of the first Lord Nairne, and to her arti- fices he also imputed the 'ruin' of his own three sons (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. Ap- pendix, pt. viii. p. 71). The second Lord Nairne died in 1724.
The third Lord Nairne, with his father, joined the rebellion of 1715, and became lieutenant-colonel of Lord Charles Murray's regiment. According to Patten he l took a great deal of pains to encourage the High- landers by his own experience in their hard marches, and always went with them on foot through the worst and deepest ways, and in highland dress ' (History of the Rebellion, ed. 1745, p. 44). Like his father, he was taken prisoner at the battle of Preston, and was forfeited, but was reprieved and received his liberty. In 1738 an act was also passed by parliament enabling him to sue or maintain any action or suit, and to inherit any real or personal estate that might descend to him. He nevertheless remained a staunch Jacobite, and was thoroughly conversant with the plans for a rising in 1745. It was his daughter, Mrs. Robertson of Lude, who, at the request of the Marquis of Tullibardine, prepared Blair Castle for the reception of the prince ; and soon after the latter's arrival Nairne joined him at Blair with a number of his men. From Blair he and Cameron of Lochiel, with four hundred men, were sent forward to take pos- session of Dunkeld, and on the arrival of the prince there on 3 Sept. Nairne was again sent forward to take possession of Perth. On the day before the battle of Prestonpans (21 Sept.) he was posted with five hundred men to the west of the forces of Cope, to prevent any ad- vance in that direction. The force was called in at nightfall ; and at the battle Nairne held command of the second line, consisting of Athollmen, the Robertsons, the Macdonalds of Glencoe, and the Maclachlans. He was chosen one of the prince's privy council, and during the march into England he held command of a lowland regiment of two hundred men. He was also present at the battles of Falkirk and Culloden. After Culloden he joined Lord George Murray at Ruthven in Badenoch, but on learning that the prince had resolvi not to continue the contest further, he es- caped to the continent. He was included in] the act of attainder passed in 1746, and] died in France 11 July 1770. By Lady Catl rine Murray, third daughter of Charles, first! earl of Dunmore, he had eight sons and four! daughters. Five of the children died young. The sons who survived were James, whoA] died unmarried ; John, who became a lieu-
Nairne
Nairne
tenant-colonel in the arrny, and to whose son, William Murray Nairne, husband of Caroline, lady Nairne [q. v.], the title was restored by parliament 17 June 1824; Charles, an officer in the service of the States-General, who died in June 1775 ; Thomas, who was an officer in Lord John Drummond's regi- ment, and was captured in October 17-45 on board the French ship L'Esperance, on his way to join the prince in Scotland, but after- wards obtained his pardon, and died at San- cerre, in France, 3 April 1777 ; and Henry, who was an officer in the French service.
[Histories of the Rebellion by Patten, Eae, Ray, Home, and Chambers; Lockhart Papers; Nathaniel Hooke's Negotiations (Roxburghe Club); Hist.MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. App. pt. viii.; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), ii. 280-1.]
T. F. H.
NAIRNE, SIB ROBERT, of Strath-! ord, first LORD NAIKXE (1600-1683), lord j of session, was representative of a family which claimed descent from Michael de i Nairne, who on 10 Feb. 1406-7 was witness ! to a charter of Robert, duke of Albany. He was the eldest son of Robert Nairne of Muckersie, and afterwards of Strathord, both in Perthshire, by Margaret, daughter of Sir j John Preston of Penicuick, Midlothian, lord- I president of the court of session. Like his ; father, he became a member of the Faculty of Advocates. With other royalists he was captured by a detachment from General Monck at Alyth, Forfarshire, 28 Aug. 1651, and sent a prisoner to the Tower, where he remained till the Restoration. By Charles II j he was appointed one of the lords of session, ! 1 June 1661, receiving also the honour of | knighthood: and on 11 Jan. 1671 he was \ appointed one of the court of justiciary. On | 23 Jan. 1631 he was created a peer of Scot- j land by the title of Baron Nairne, to himself ! for life, and after his decease to his son-in- j law, Lord William Murray, who assumed j the surname of Nairne [see under NAIKXE, j JOHN, third LOKD NAIKXE]. At the trial ! of the Earl of Argyll in 1681 Nairne was ' compelled from fatigue to retire Avhile the pleadings on the relevancy were still -pro- ceeding. The judges who remained being l equally divided as to the relevancy, and the j sQuke of Queensberry, who presided, being , -W willing to vote, Nairne was sent for to l give his vote. According to Wodrow he fell .asleep while the pleadings for the relevancy -were being read to him, but being awakened ! after this ceremony had been performed, voted i for the relevancy of the indictment (Suffer- j ings of the Kirk of Scotland, iii. 336). On I flO April 1683 Lord Castlehill was appointed to be one of the criminal lords in place 'of
Lord Nairne, who was excused from atten- dance on account of his great age. ' This/ according to Lander of Fountainhall, ' pro- voked the old man to reflect that when he was lying in the Tower for the king Castle- hill was one of Oliver Cromwell's pages and servants, and Nairne died within six weeks after this ' (Historical Notices, p. 435). By his wife Margaret, daughter of Patrick Graham of Inchbrakie, Perthshire, he had an only daughter, Margaret, married to Lord William Murray, who became second Lord Nairne.
[Wodrow's Sufferings of the Church of Scot- land ; Lauder of Fountain hall's Historical Notices ; Erunton and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice ; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), ii. 279-80.1 T. F. H.
NAIRNE, SIR WILLIAM, LORD DTTN- BINANE (1731 P-1811), Scottish judge, born about 1731, the younger son of Sir William Nairne, bart., of Dunsinane, Perthshire, by his wife, Emelia Graham of Fintry, Forfar- shire, was admitted an advocate on 11 March 1755, and in 1758 was appointed joint com- missary clerk of Edinburgh with Alexander Nairne. He was uncle to the notorious Ka- tharine Nairne or Ogilvie, whose trial for murder and incest attracted great attention in August 1765. He is supposed to have connived at her subsequent escape from the Tolbooth. He succeeded Robert Bruce of Kennet as an ordinary lord of session, and took his seat on the bench, with the title of Lord Dunsinane, on 9 March 1786. He succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his nephew William, the fourth baronet, in January 1790, and at the same time purchased the estate of Dunsinane from another nephew for 16,000/. On the resignation of John Campbell of Stonefield, Nairne Avas appointed a lord of justiciary, 24 Dec. 1792. He resigned his seat in the court of justiciary in 1808, and his seat in the court of session in 1809. He died at Dunsinane House on 23 March 1811.
Nairne was unmarried. The baronetcy be- came extinct upon his death, while his estates devolved upon his nephew, John Mellis, who subsequently assumed the surname of Nairne.
Nairne was not a rich man ; and in order to clear off the purchase money of Dunsinane he had to adopt the most rigid economy. To save the expense of entertaining visitors, he is said to have kept only one bed at Dun- sinane, and upon one occasion, after trying every expedient to get rid of his friend George Dempster, he exclaimed in despair, 1 George, if you stay, you will go to bed at ten and rise at three, and then I shall get the bed after you' (!VAY, i. 217-18).
Two etchings of Nairne will be found in
Naish
Naish
Kay's ' Original Portraits ' (Nos. xci. and ccc.) His ' Disputatio Juridica ad tit. 4 Lib. xx. Pand. Qui potiores in pignore vel hypotheca habeantur,' &c., was published in 1755, Edin- burgh, 4to. He assisted in the collection of the ' Decisions of the Court of Session from the end of the year 1756 to the end of the year 1760,' Edinburgh, 1765, fol.
[Kay's Series of Original Portraits and Cari- cature Etchings, 1877, i. 217-19, 307, 392, ii. opp. 380; Brunton and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice, 1832, p. 538; Anderson's Scottish Nation, 1863, iii. 236-7 ; Irving's Book of Scotsmen, 1881, p. 381 ; Adam's Political State of Scotland, 1387, p. 262 ; Burkes Extinct Baronetage, 1844, p. 634 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1879. ii. 1151 ; Scots Mag. xx. 613, Iii. 51. Ixxiii. 320 ; Edinburgh Star, 2 April 1811 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] GK F. R. B.
NAISH, JOHN (1841-1890), lord chan- cellor of Ireland, son of Carrol Naish of Ballycullen, co. Limerick, was born in 1841. He was educated at the Jesuit school^ of Clongowes Wood in Kildare, and, on leaving school, entered Dublin University, where he obtained numerous distinctions, including a non-foundation scholarship in science in 1861 (scholarships on the foundation being at that
wras promoted to be attorney-general, and was sworn of the Irish privy council in the January following. In May 1885, at the early age of forty -four, he was made by Mr. Gladstone's government lord chancellor of Ireland, in succession to Sir Edward Sul- livan, being the second catholic chancellor since the Reformation ; but he held the seals only until July, in which month the liberal government resigned office. He was ap- pointed a lord justice of appeal in August of the same year, and became again lord chan- cellor when Mr. Gladstone returned to office in February 1886. But in June the govern- ment again resigned, and Naish with them. He thereupon resumed the duties of lord justice of appeal. In the summer of 1890 he went to Ems for his health, and he died there on 17 Aug. 1890, at the age of forty- nine. He was buried at Ems.
He married in 1884 Maud, daughter of James Arthur Dease of Turbotston, West- meath, and had by her three children.
Naish was by no means a brilliant advo- cate, being naturally nervous and retiring ; )ut he was probably the most eminent awyer of his time in Ireland. His clear
time open to none but members of the then established church), the Lloyd exhibition for proficiency in mathematics and physics (1862), and a senior moderatorship both in mathematical science and in experimental and natural science (1863). After graduating B.A., he entered the law school of the uni- versity, and was first prizeman in civil law in 1863, and in feudal and English law in 1864 : also winning the single competitive student- ship then given by the London Inns of Court. Called to the Irish bar in Michaelmas term of 1865, he joined the Munster circuit. His industry and knowledge soon brought him into good practice, and in 1870 he was re- tained in the important case of O'Keefe v. Cullen. In 1871, in conjunction with Mr. (now Judge) Bewley, he published a treatise on the Common Law Procedure Acts, which is still much used in Ireland. In 1880 he took silk, and became law adviser to the Castle, a post since abolished. In those troublous times the office entailed extremely arduous labours, and he was credited by his political opponents with having unearthec the now familiar statute of Edward III which was put in force against the supporters of the Land League. He was appointed by Mr. Gladstone solicitor-general for Ireland in 1883, and in the same year stood as a liberal for Mallow, where he was beaten by Mr. William O'Brien, the nationalist can didate. In December of the next year he
udgment and his immense learning gave jreat weight to his decisions in the court of appeal.
An engraving of him was published in l.ondon.
[Irish Law Times, 23 Aug. 1890; Times, 19 Aug. 1890; Freeman's Journal, 19 Aug. 1890; Dublin University Calendar.] P. L. N.
NAISH, WILLIAM (d. 1800), miniature- painter, was born at Axbridge, Somerset, and practised with success in London. He exhibited at the Royal Academy almost con- tinuously from 1783 until his death in 1800. His portraits of Morton the dramatist and Mrs. Twisleton and Mrs. Wells, actresses, were engraved by Ridley for the ' Monthly Mirror.'
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Royal Academy Catalogues.] F. M. O'D.
NAISH, WILLIAM (1785-1860), quaker writer, son of Francis Naish, silversmith, by Susanna, his wife, was born in High Street, Bath, on 9 March 1785. Coming to London, he opened a haberdasher's shop in Grace- church Street. He interested himself in the anti-slavery movement, and published a large number of tracts and pamphlets in favour of that cause. During 1829 and 1830 he opened a depository at his shop in Gracechurch Street for the sale of these and other publica-t tions. He afterwards lived at Maidstone and) at Bath, where he died on 4 March 1860>!
Nalson
Nalson
aged 75. lie was buried in the Friends' burial-ground at Widcombe Hill, near Bath. He married Frances, daughter of Jasper Capper, and sister of Samuel Capper, author of ' The Acknowledged Doctrines of the Church of Rome,' London, 1849. His son, Arthur John Naish (181(3-1889), was co- founder with Paul Bevan[see under BE VAN, JOSEPH GURNEY] of the valuable ' Bevan- Naish Library ' of Friends' books, now de- posited in the library, Dr. Johnson Passage, Birmingham.
Naish's chief publications, nearly all un- dated, are: 1. 'The Negro's Remembrancer,' in thirteen numbers; many of the later numbers ran to second and third editions. 2. ' The Negro's Friend,' in twenty-six num- bers. 3. ' A Short History of the Poor Black Slaves who are employed in culti- vating Sugar, Cotton, Coffee, &c. Intended to make little Children in England pity them, and use their Endeavours to relieve them from Bondage.' 4. ' Reasons for using East Indian Sugar,' 1828 : this proceeded to a fifth edition. 5. ' A Brief Description of the Toil and Sufferings of Slaves in the British Sugar Colonies . . .by several Eye-witnesses.'
6. ' The Negro Mother's Appeal' (in verse).
7. l A Comparison between Distressed Eng- lish Labourers and the Coloured People and Slaves of the West Indies, from a Jamaica Paper.' 8. ' Plead the Cause of the Poor and Needy.' 9. ' The Advantages of Free Labour over the Labour of Slaves. Eluci- dated in the Cultivation of Pimento, Ginger, and Sugar.' 10. ' Biographical Anecdotes : Persons of Colour,' in five numbers. 11. 'A Sketch of the African Slave Trade, and the Slavery of Negroes under their Chris- tian Masters in the European Colonies.' 12. f Sketches from the History of Pennsyl- vania,' 1845. 13. < The Fulfilment of the Prophecy of Isaiah,' &c., London, 1853. 14. ' George Fox and his Friends as Leaders in the Peace Cause,' London, 1859. A tale, 'The Negro Slave,' 1830, 8vo, is also attri- buted to Naish in the 'British Museum Cata- logue ; ' but from the preface it is evidently the work of a lady.
[Smith's Cat. ii. 210-14; registers at Devon- shire House ; information from Mr. C. E.
aish.] C. F. S.
ALSON, JOHN (1638P-1686), his- torian and royalist pamphleteer, bom about 1638, is said to have been educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, but his name does not appear in the list of admissions. He entered the church, and became rector of Doddington in the Isle of Ely. In 1678 he took the degree of LL.D. (Graduati Can- tabriyienses, p. 336). Nalson was an active
polemical writer on the side of the govern- ment during the latter part of the reign of Charles II. In a petition addressed to the king in 1682 he describes himself as having published ' a number of treatises for the vin- dicating of truth and his majesty's preroga- tive in church and state from the aspersions of the dissenters ' ( Tanner M88. ciii. 247). The first of these was * The Countermine,' published in 1677, which at once went through three editions, and was highly praised by Roger L'Estrange [q. v.] ( NI- CHOLS, Illustrations of Literary History, iv. 69). Though published anonymously its au- thorship was soon discovered,' and the parlia- ment of 1678, in which the opposition, whom he had attacked, had the majority, resolved to call Nalson to account. On 26 March 1678 he was sent for on the charge of having written a pamphlet called ' A Letter from a Jesuit in Paris, showing the most efficient way to ruin the Government and the Pro- testant Religion,' a clumsy jeu (X1 esprit, in which the names of various members of par- liament were introduced. After being kept in custody for about a month, he was dis- charged, but ordered to be put out of the com- mission of the peace, and to be reprimanded by the speaker (1 May). ' What you have done,' said the speaker, ' was beneath the gravity of your calling and a desertion of your pro- fession ' (Commons' Journals, ix. 572, 570, 592, 608; Grey's Debates, vii. 32, 103, 164- 167 ; Preface to the 4th edit, of The Counter- mine, 1684, pp. ii-ix). Nalson, however, un- deterred by this experience, published several other pamphlets, undertook to make a collec- tion of documents in answer to Rush worth (1682), and printed the 'Trial of Charles I ' (1684), prefixing to his historical works long polemical attacks on the whigs. He estimated the value of his services very highly, and lost no chance of begging for preferment. ' A little oil,' he wrote to Bancroft, ' will make the wheels go easy, which truly hitherto without complaining I have found a very heavy draught. It is some discouragement to see others, who I am sure have not out- stript me in the race of loyal and hearty endeavours to serve the king and church, carry away the prize ' (14 July 1683 ; Tanner MSS. xxxiv. 80). He asked on 14 Aug. 1680 for the mastership of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, which he justly terms ' preternatural confidence,' on 21 July 1680 for the deanery of Worcester, and to be given a prebend either at Westminster or Ely (ib. xxxiv. 79, 135, xxxvii. 117, ciii. 247). In 1684 he was at length collated to a prebend at Elv. He died on 24 March 1685-6, aged 48, and was buried at Ely. His epitaph is printed in Le
tised 2. Alia
He was bap-
har^l T .oorlc
Nalson
Nalson
Neve's <£**i Anglican^' iii. 75, in Bentham s < Ely ' p. 262, and in Willis's ' Cathedrals, p. 388. His will is given in Chester Waters's ' Chesters of Chicheley,' i. 320.
Nalson married Alice Peyton, who married, after his death, John Cremer (d. 1703), of a Norfolk family, and was buried in Ely Ca- thedral in 1717. By Nalson she had ten children, seven of whom survived their father. The eldest son, Valentine (1683- 1723), was a graduate of St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1702 and M. A. 1711) ; vicar of St. Martin's, Conyng Street, York ; pre- bendary of Ripon from 1713 ; and author of ' Twenty Sermons preached in the Cathedral of York,' ed. Francis Hildyard (London, 1724, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1737). Nalson's daughter Elizabeth married, in 1687, jfcter Williams, her father's successor in the rectory of Dodd- ington (cf. NICHOLS, iv. 865).
Nalson's only important work is the ' Im- partial Collection of the Great Affairs of State, from the beginning of the Scotch Re- bellion in the year 1639 to the murder of King Charles I.' The first volume was pub- lished in 1682, and the second in 1683, but the collection ends in January 1642. Its avowed object was to serve as an antidote to the similar collection of Rush worth, whom Nal- son accuses of misrepresentations and sup- pressions intended to blacken the memory and the government of Charles I. Some letters addressed to Nalson on -the subject of Rushworth's demerits are printed in the * Old Parliamentary History,' which contains also Nalson's scheme for the next volume of his work (xxiii. 219-42). As the work was undertaken under the special patronage of Charles II, the compiler was allowed free access to various repositories of state papers. From the documents in the office of the clerk of the parliament < he was apparently allowed to take almost anything he pleased, although in June 1684 the clerk of the house wrote for a list of the books in his possession be- longing to the office. He also had access to the Paper Office, though there he was ap- parently allowed only to take copies ' (Re- port on the MSS. of the Duke of Portland, Preface, p. i). Finding that the paper office contained very few documents on the Irish rebellion he applied to the Duke of Ormonde, and obtained permission to copy some of the papers ( Tanner MSS. xxxv. 56 ; Report on the Carte and Carew Papers, 1864, p. 9). Lord Guilford communicated to him ex- tracts from the memoirs of the Earl of Man- chester, and he hoped to obtain help from the Earl of Macclesfield, one of the last sur- vivors of the king's generals (Old Parlia- mentary History, xxiii. 232 ; Collections, ii.
206). By these means Nalson brought to- gether a great body of manuscripts illus- trating the history of the period between 1638 and 1660, to form the basis of the docu- mentary history which he proposed to write. Had it been completed it would have been a work of the greatest value, in spite of the prejudices of the editor and the partiality of his narrative. On the death of Nalson both the manuscripts which should have been re- turned to the clerk of the parliament and the transcripts which he had made himself re- mained in the possession of his family. The collection was gradually broken up, and passed into various hands. Its history is traced in Mr. Blackburne Daniel's preface to the manuscripts of the Duke of Portland (Hist. MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. pt. i.) Some of the Irish transcripts came into the hands of Thomas Carte, and a considerable number of the parliamentary papers were abstracted by Dr. Tanner. These portions of the collec- tion are in the Bodleian Library. Of the rest twenty-two volumes are in the possession of the Duke of Portland, were discovered at Welbeck Abbey by Mr. Maxwell Lyte in 1885, and are calendared in the report men- tioned above. Four volumes were purchased by the British Museum in 1846, and four others are still missing. Some documents from Nalson's collection were printed by Dr. Zachary Grey in his answer to Neal's ' His- tory of the Puritans' (1737-9), and others by Francis Peck [q. v.] in his 'Desiderata Curiosa' (1735). Nalson's only other histo- rical work was 'A True Copy of the Journal of the High Court of Justice for the Trial of K. Charles I ... with a large Introduction, by J. Nalson, D.D.,' folio, 1684.
He was also the author of the following- pamphlets : 1. ' The Countermine, or a short but true Discovery of the Dangerous Prin- ciples and Secret Practices of the Dissenting Party, especially the Presbyterians, showing- that Religion is pretended, but Rebellion in- tended/ 1677, 8vo. 2. ' The Common In- terest of King and People, showing the Original, Antiquity, and Excellency of Mo- narchy, compared with Aristocracy, and De- mocracy, and particularly of our English Monarchy,' &c., 1677, 8vo. 3. 'The True Liberty and Dominion of Conscience vindi- cated from the Usurpations and Abuses of Opinion and Persuasion,' 1677, 8vo. 4. ' A Letter from a Jesuit in Paris/ 1678. 5. 'The Project of Peace, or Unity of Faith and Government the only expedient to procure Peace, both Foreign and Domestic, by the Author of " The Countermine," ' 1678, 8vo.. 6. ' Foxes and Firebrands, or a Specimen of the Danger and Harmony of Popery and
Nalton
Nanfan
Separation,' 4to, 1680, published under the pseudonym of 'Philirenes.'Itwasrepublished j in 1682 and 1689, with a second and a third part added by Kobert Ware. 7. ' The Pre- sent Interest of England, or a Confutation of the Whiggish Conspirators' Antinomian Principles,' 1683, 4to, by X. N. (attributed to Nalson in the Bodleian and British Museum catalogues).
Nalson translated from the French: 1. Maimbourg's ' History of the Crusades,' • folio, 1686. 2. ' A Short Letter of Instruc- j tion shewing the surest way to Christian j Perfection, by Francis de la Combe ' {Raw- \ linson MS. C. 602, Bodleian Library).
Some letters from Roger L'Estrange to Xalson concerning his pamphlets are printed \ by Nichols, iv. 68-70, and a series of news- letters addressed to him by John Brydall, to- gether with letters from Nalson himself to j Sancroft and others, are among the Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian Library.
[A brief life of Nalson is given in Athense ' Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 283, under 'Rush worth.' See | also Nichols's Illustrations of the Literary His- : tory of the Eighteenth Century, iv. 68, 865 ; Lit. , Anecd. ii. 549, viii. 415 ; Waters's Chesters of Chicheley, pp. 320-1 , other authorities men- • tioned in the article.] C. H. F.
NALTON, JAMES (1600?-! 662), 'the weeping prophet,' born about 1600, son of a London minister, was educated at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, whence he graduated B.A. in 1619, and M. A. in 1623. According to Bax- ter, he acted for a time as assistant to a certain Richard Conder, either in or near London, and in 1632 he obtained the living of Rugby, in Warwickshire. In 1642 he signed a peti- tion addressed to Lord Dunsmore respecting the appointment of a master to the grammar school, which was not only rejected, but was apparently the cause of his leaving Rugby. He subsequently acted as chaplain to Colonel Grantham's regiment; but about 1644 he was appointed incumbent of St. Leonard's, Foster Lane, London, where he remained, with a short interval, until his death. On 29 April 1646 he preached before the House of Com- mons at St. Margaret's, Westminster, on ' The Delay of Reformation provoking God's further Indignation ' (London, 1646, 8vo), his fellow preacher on this occasion being Dr. John Owen [q. v.] In 1651 Nalton was in- directly concerned in Love's plot [see LOVE, CHRISTOPHER], and had to take refuge in Holland, becoming for a short period one of the ministers of the English Church at Rot- terdam ; but he returned to England by per- mission at the end of six months, and re- sumed his work at St. Leonard's until he was ejected in 1662. He died in December /of
that year, and was buried on 1 Jan. 1662-3. II is funeral sermon, entitled ' Rich Treasure in Earthen Vessels/ was preached by Thomas Horton (d. 1673) [q. v.]
Nalton is described by Baxter as a good linguist, a man of primitive sincerity, and an excellent and zealous preacher. He was called the ' weeping prophet ' because ' his seriousness often expressed itself by tears/ He seems also to have been subject to an acute form of melancholia. l Less than a year before he died,' writes Baxter, ' he fell into a grievous fit, in which he often cried out, " 0 not one spark of grace ! not a good desire or thought ! I can no more pray than a post " (though at that very time he did pray very well).'
He was the first signatory of the preface to Jeremiah Burroughes's ' Saint's Treasury/ 1654, and he himself published several sepa- rate sermons. Twenty of these, with a highly eulogistic preface and a portrait engraved by J. Chantrey, were issued by Matthew Poole [q. v.], London, 1677, 8vo. Another por- trait of Nalton preaching is mentioned by Bromley.
[Calamy and Palmer's Nonconformist's Memo- rial, 1802, i. 142-4 ; Baxters Life and Times ia Orme's edition, i. 243-4 ; Colvile's Warwickshire Worthies, p. 540 ; Inderwick's Interregnum, pp. 286 pq. ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 1 779, iii. 47 ; Bloxam's Register of the Vicars of Rugby, appended to Derwent Coleridge's edition of Moultrie ; M'Clintock and Strong's Cyclo- paedia, vi. 835 ; Allibone's Diet, of English Li- terature, 1397.] T. S.
NANFAN or NANPHANT, SIR RICHARD (d. 1507), deputy of Calais, son of John Nanfan of Birtsmorton, Worcester- shire, belonged to a family which originally sprang from Tresize, Cornwall. His father was sheriff of Cornwall in 1451 and 1457, and in 1453 became governor of Jersey and Guernsey, and collector of the customs there. Richard Nanfan was in the commission of ; the peace for Cornwall in 1485, and is said | to have been esquire of the king's body in the | same year. Throughout Henry VII's reign !i he received frequent grants of stewardships, i and must have become very rich in later life. I On 21 Dec. 1488 he was elected, in company 1 with Dr. Savage and Roger Machado [q. v.]r i the Norroy king at arms, for a mission into- j Spain and Portugal. Before starting Nan- ! fan was knighted. The party left South- ampton early in 1489, and reached Medina del Campo on 12 March. They had inter- views with Ferdinand and Isabella, and left for Beja in Portugal on 22 April. After staying a month there and treating with the king the party left for Lisbon, and Nanfan
Nangle I
came home in a salt-laden ship of twenty
« i i
Nanmor
som soon after 1488 (he was
sheriff of Cornwall in 1489) Nanfan as Cavendish says, ' had a great room in Calais. Though some have said that he was only treasurer there, it seems certain that he was deputy (Letters . . . of Richard III and Henry VII. Rolls Ser. i. 231). He is men- tioned as being at Calais in 1492, and in 1500 was one of the witnesses at a trea- sonable conversation of Sir Hugh Conway the treasurer, of which John Flamank sent home an account. At Calais he was an early patron of Wolsey, who was his chaplain, and who through Nanfan became known to the king. He returned to Birtsmorton early in the sixteenth century, and died in January 1506-7. Wolsey was one of his executors. His widow Margaret died in 1510. He left no legitimate children : but a natural son, John, who went to Spain with him, took his Worcestershire estates.
His great-great-grandson, John JNanian { ft. 1634), was grandfather of Captain JOHN NA'NFAN (£.1716) of Birtsmorton, Worcester- shire, who was captain in Sir John Jacob's regiment of foot, and sailed in 1697 for New York, where, by the influence of the governor, Eichard Coote, earl of Bellamont [q. v.],who had married Nanfan's cousin Catherine, he was made lieutenant-governor. On Bella- mont's death in 1700 the government of New York devolved upon Nanfan till the arrival of Lord Cornbury in 1702. In 1705 Nanfan returned to England ; he died at Greenwich an 1716, and was buried at St. Mary Ab- church, London. His wife was Elizabeth daughter of William Chester of Barbados (WATERS, Chesters of Chichelei/, pp. 172-3 NASH, Worcestershire, i. 86, &c. ; LODGE Peerage, ed. Arohdall, s.v. ' Bellamont ; WINS'OR, Hist, of America, v. 195; ROOSE VELT, New York, p. 84 ; EawL MS. in Bodl Libr. A. 272, 289).
[Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. viii. 228, 294 357, 5th eer. viii. 472, ix. 129 ; Letters . . . o Kichard III and Henry VII, ed. Gairdner (Roll Ser.),i. 231, 238, ii. 292, 380 ; Nash's Worcester shire, i. 86 ; Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, er Holmes, p. 7 ; Chron. of Calais (Camd. Soc.), x 50 ; Memorials of Henry VII, ed. Gairdner (Roll Ser.), passim ; Materialsfor theHist.of Hen. VI ed. Campbell (Rolls Ser.), i. 25, 38, 313, i 87, &c. : Maclean's Hist. of Trigg Minor, passim W. A. J. A.
reated doctor of divinity, and became pro-
incial of his order in Ireland. In 1508 his
arnest solicitations led to the foundation of
le Augustinian friary at Galway (RuDDi-
IAN, Hist, of Galway, p. 272). On the
eath of Denis More, bishop of Clonfert, in
534, Rowland Burke was appointed his suc-
essor by papal provision ; but Henry VIII,
who had determined to assert his right as
ead of the church in Ireland, in 1536 ap-
ointed Nangle, who was recommended to
iim by Archbishop Browne as being ' not
nly well learned, but a right honest man,
nd one will set forth the Word of God in
he Irish tongue.' Nangle, however, was ex-
)elled from the see, and forced to remain
hut up in Galway ' for fear of Burgh and his
omplices ' (GAIRDNER, Letters and Papers
of Henry VIII, xn. i. 1052 ; Carew MSS.')
lenry therefore directed the deputy, Lord
Grey, to prosecute the intruder under the
Statute of Provisors ; but nothing was done,
and Burke remained in possession of the see.
Nangle died apparently in 1541, and Burke
received Henry's assent to his election on
24 Oct. of the same year.
[Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1509-73; Carew MSS. 1515-74; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, ed. Gairdner, xn. i. 1052, xm. i. 11 4, 1450; Lascelles's Liber Munerum, ii. 83 ; Ware's Ire- and, i. 642 ; Mant's Church of Ireland, i. 153 ; Brady's Episcopal Succession, iii. 212 ; Cotton's Fasti, iv. 165-6 ; Eroude's Hist, of England, iii. 425; Ruddiman's Galway, p. 272.] A. E. P.
NANMOR, DAFYDD (ft. 1400), Welsh bard, was a native of Nanmor, a valley near Beddgelert. From a poem by Rhys Goch Eryri (Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru, 2nd edit, p. 126) it appears he was a contemporary and neighbour of that poet, though possibly, as his successful rival in love, somewhat younger. Tradition has it that Rhys Goch gave Nanmor out of his estate of Hafod Gare- gog the holding subsequently known as Cae Ddafydd. His later years seem to have been spent in South Wales, where he sang in honour of the house of Gogerddan (Cardigan- shire), and, according to one (not very trustworthy) account, won distinction at an Eisteddfod, said to have been at Carmarthen about 1443 (Cyfrinach y Beirdd, pp. 239, 240).
The poet RHYS NANMOR (/. 1440) of Maenor Fynyw, Pembrokeshire, is generally believed to have been his son (lolo MSS.
NANGLE, RICHARD (rf. 1541 ?),bisho •of Clonfert, came of an old Irish famil •settled in Mayo and Galway, and early entere the order of the Austin Friars, from whom h received his educat ion. He was subsequent]
315), though Lewis Dwnn gives a different parentage (Heraldic Visitations of Wales, ii. 284). Rhys had again a son who was a poet, and bore the name of PAFYDD NANMOR (fl. 1480), and ' much confusion has naturally arisen from this duplication of the title.
Nantglyn
33
Napier
Of the printed pieces attributed to the Nan- mors, (1) the Cywydd to the Hair of Llio, daughter of Rhydderch ab leuan Llwyd of Oogerddan ; (2) that to Llio's brother David ; and (3) the elegy upon the bard's dead love ( Cymru Fydd, iii. 22-3) appear to belong to the elder Dafydd. A poem referring to the troubles of the Wars of the Roses (' Cawn o ddau arwydd barlamant cynddeiriog'), printed by Charles Ashton in ' Cymru,' ii. 85, is attri- buted to Rhys, and this seems also the better ascription in the case of the cywydd to Henry of Richmond, ' when a babe in his cradle in Pembroke Castle ' (1457), which is printed in ' Brython,' iv. 221-2. The cywydd to Rhys ab Maredudd of Tywyn, near Cardigan, the ode to the same person and the elegy upon his son Thomas (all printed, with 1 and 2 above, in Gorchestion Eeirdd Cymru, 2nd edit., pp. 132-42), must be assigned to the younger Dafydd, who was probably also the author of the poem to Henry VII, printed in the lolo MSS. 313-5. The fragments of a cywydd to * Rhys of Ystrad Tywi,' given in the introduction to Glanmor's ' Records of Denbigh ' (pp. vii, viii), do not enable the critic to assign the poem to either Dafydd, and the chronology of the three poets' lives must remain somewhat uncertain, pending the publication of a complete edition of their poems, the great bulk of which are still in manuscript in various collections of mediaeval Welsh poetry.
[Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru : lolo MSS.l
J. E. L.
NANTGLYN, BARDD. [See DAVIES, ROBEKT, 1769 P-1835, Welsh poet.]
NAPIER, SIR ALEXANDER (d. 1473 ?), second of Merchiston, comptroller of Scot- land, was the elder son of Alexander Napier, burgess of Edinburgh and provost of the city in 1437, who made a fortune by his extensive dealings in wool, had money transactions with James I previous to 1433, and as •security got a charge over the lands of Merchiston, which were then in the king's hands. In 1436 he secured a charter of these lands, reserving a power of redemption to the king. But the redemption never took place, probably owing to the confusion caused by the king's murder at Perth on 20 Feb. 1636-7 (Exchequer Rolls, iv. and v.) Alex- ander died about 1454. The son was one of the household of the queen-mother, Jane Beaufort (widow of James I, who after- wards married Sir James Stewart, called the Black Knight of Lorn), and was wounded in assisting to rescue her and her husband when they were captured on 3 Aug. 1439 by Alex- ander Livingstone and others in Stirling
VOL. XL.
Castle. As a reward for his conduct on this occasion Napier, after the forfeiture of Living- stone, obtained from James II on 7 March 1449-50 the lands of Phiide (or Filledy- Fraser), forming part of the lordship of Meth- ven, Perthshire {Reg. May. Sig. Scot. 1424- 1513, entry 324), and the charter was con- firmed to him and his wife Elizabeth, 9 March 1450-1 (ib. entry 425). These lands were aouin, however, in the possession of the Livingstones before December 1466 (ib. entry 898). After the arrest, on 23 Sept. 1449, of Robert Livingstone, comptroller of the house- hold, Napier succeeded to his office {Exche- quer Rolls,v. 309), and he held this office, with occasional intervals, until 7 July 1461. He was one of the ambassadors to England who on 14 Aug. 1451 signed a three years' truce (RTMER, Fcedera, xi. 293; Cal. Documents relating to Scotl. 1357-1509, entry 1139), and took advantage of his visit to London to make a pilgrimage to the tomb of Thomas Becket at Canterbury.
Napier had a charter of the lands of Lindores and Kinloch in the county of Fife, 24 May 1452 (Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 1424- 1513, entry 565), as security for the sum of 1,000/. advanced by him to the king. In 1452, 1453, 1454, 1456, 1469, and 1470 he was provost of Edinburgh (List of Provosts m Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1403-1528, pp. 258-261, Burgh Record Society's Publications). During his tenure of office the choir of St. Giles's was building, and this may account for his arms appearing over the capital of one of the pillars. On 10 May 1459 Napier, along with the Abbot of Melrose and others, had a safe- conduct from the king of England to go to Scotland and return at pleasure (Cal. Docu- ments relating to Scotland, 1357-1509, entry 1299). He was knighted and made vice-ad- miral some time before 24 Sept. 1461, when he was appointed one of the ambassadors to the court of England. By commission under the privy seal, 24 Feb. 1464-5, he was appointed one of the searchers of the port and haven of Leith to prevent the exportation of gold and silver, and he had a similar appointment in 1473. In 1468 he was named joint- commissioner with Andrew Stewart, lord chancellor, to negotiate a marriage between James III and Margaret, daughter of Chris- tian I of Denmark. He was one of the commissioners appointed by the parliament of 6 May 1471 with power to determine all matters that should occur for the welfare of the king and common good of the realm. In 1472 he was in Bruges ' taking up finance ' and purchasing armour for the king (Re- ceipt in WOOD'S Peerage, ed. Douglas, ii. 284 ;
and NAPIER'S Life of John Napier, p. 20). He also held the office of master of the household, and in this capacity he provided travelling gear' for the king and queen whenTafter the birth of an heir to the throne -James IV-17 March 1472-3, they went on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Nmian at Whithorn, Galloway (Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer, i. 44). In May 1473 he was sent on a special embassy to the court of Burgundy, with secret instructions irom James III, respecting the king's claims to the duchy of Gueldres. He died some time between 24 Oct. 1473 and 15 Feb. 1473-4, when his son was infeft as heir. He was buried in St. Giles's Church, Edinburgh. By his wife Elizabeth Lauder, probably a daugh- ter of the laird of Halton or Hatton, he had three sons— John, his heir, who married Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress of Menteith of Rusky, who on 19 June 1492 was declared legal possessor of a fourth part of the earl- dom of Lennox; Henry, who married Janet, daughter of John Ramsay of Colluthie; and Alexander — and a daughter, Janet, married to Sir David Edmonston of that ilk.
The eldest son, John (third of Merchiston), known as John of Rusky, was killed at the battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488. His eldest son, Archibald, fourth of Merchiston (d. 1522), was three times married. By his first wife he had issue Alexander, fifth of Merchiston, who was knighted in 1507, and was killed at Flodden Field 9 Sept. 1513, leaving issue a son Alexander, who was killed at the battle of Pinkie in 1547, and left a son, Sir Archibald Napier (1534-1608) [q. v.] By his third wife Archibald, fourth of Mer- chiston, had two sons, Alexander and Mungo, of whom the elder settled at Exeter, where he was known as Sandy, and became father of Richard Napier (1559-1634) [q. v.]
[Information kindly supplied by W. Rae Mac- donald, esq., of Edinburgh ; Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot.; Exchequer Rolls of Scotland; Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer; Cal. Documents re- lating to Scotland; Rymer's Fcedera; Napier's Life of John Napier; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), ii. 284.] T. F. H.
NAPIER,, SIR ARCHIBALD (1534- 1608), seventh of Merchiston, master of the Scottish mint, born in 1534, was eldest son of Alexander Napier, sixth of Merchiston who was killed at the battle of Pinkie in 1547. His mother was Annabella, youngest daughter of Sir Duncan Campbell of Glen- urchy. His paternal grandfather was Sir Alexander, fifth of Merchiston,who was killed at Flodden Field on 9 Sept. 1513 (Cambus- ^kenneth Charters, p. 207; see art. NAPIER,
SIE ALEXANDER, d. 1473 ?). Archibald was infeft in the barony of Edenbellie as heir to his father on 8 Nov. 1548, a royal dispensation enabling him, though a minor, to feudalise his right to his paternal barony in contemplation of his marriage with Janet Bothwell, which took place about 1549. He soon began to clear his property of encumbrances. On 1 June 1555 he redeemed his lands of Gartnes, Stir- lingshire, and others from Duncan Forester, and on 14 June 1558 he obtained a precept of sasine for infefting him in the lands of Blair- waddis, Isle of Inchcolm (Reg. Mar/. Sig. 1546-80, entry 1285). In 1565 he received the order of knighthood. He seems to have sided with Queen Mary after her escape from Lochleven Castle (Reg. P. C. Scotl. i. 637). During the siege of Edinburgh Castle, held by Kirkcaldy of Grange for the queen, he was re- quired on 1 May 1572 to deliver up his house of Merchiston (ib. ii. 730) to the king's party, who placed in it a company of soldiers to prevent victuals being carried past it to the castle. On this account the defenders of the castle made an attempt to burn it, which was unsuccessful (CALDERWOOD, History, iii. 213). Napier's name appears with those of others in a contract with the regent for working for the space of twelve years certain gold, silver, copper, and lead mines (Reg. P. C. Scotl. i. 637). He was appointed gene- ral of the cunzie-house (master of the mint) in 1576 (PATRICE:, Records of Coinage of Scotland,!. 216), and on 25 April 1581 lie was directed, with others, to take proceedings against John Achesoun, the king's master- coiner (Reg. P. C. Scotl. iii. 376). In May 1580 he received a payment of 400/. for the ex- penses of his mission to England. On 24 April 1582 he was named one of the assessors to prepare the matters to be submitted to the general assembly of the kirk of Scotland (Book of the Universal Kirk, ii. 548), and his name frequently occurs in following years as an ordinary member of assembly, and also as acting on special commissions and deputa- tions. On 8 Feb. 1587-8 the king granted to him, Elizabeth Mowbray, his second wife, and Alexander, their son and heir, the lands called the King's Meadow (Reg. Mag. Sig. 1580-93, entry 1455). On 6 March 1589-90 he was appointed one of a commission for putting the acts in force against the Jesuits (Reg. P. C. Scotl. iv. 463). On 25 March 1591 his double claim for the assize of gold and silver as master of the cunzie-house was dis- allowed by the council, the money being- ordered to be distributed to the poor (ib. p. 603); but on 15 Feb. 1602-3 the decision was declared to 'in no way prejudge him and his successors anent their right to the whole
Napier
35
Napier
gold, silver, and alloy which shall be found in the box in time coming- ' (id. vi. 540).
In January 1592-3 Napier was appointed by a convention of ministers in Edinburgh one of a deputation to wait on the king to urge him to more strenuous action against the catholic nobles (CALDERWOOD, v. 216), and he was appointed one of a similar com- mission at a meeting of the general assembly of the kirk in April (ib. p. 240), and also by a convention held in October (ib. p. 270). On 16 Nov. 1593 he obtained a grant of half the lands of Laurieston, where he built the castle of Laurieston. On account of the non-ap- pearance before the council of his son Alex- ander, charged with a serious assault, he was on 2 July 1601 ordained to l keep ward in Edinburgh ' until the king declared his will (Reg. P. C. Scotl. vi. 267). In September 1604 he went to London to treat with Eng- lish commissioners ' anent the cunzie,' when, according to Sir James Balfour, * to the great amazement of the English, he carried his business with a great deal of dexterity and skill ' (Annals, iii. 2). He continued till the end of his life to take an active part in matters connected with mining and the cur- rency. On 14 Jan. 1608 he was appointed along with two others to repair to the mines in succession to try the quality of the ore (Reg. P. C. Scotl. viii. 34). He died on 15 May 1608, aged 74.
By his first wife, Janet (d. 20 Dec. 1563), only daughter of Sir Francis Both well, lord of session, he had two sons — John (1550-1617) [q. v.], the mathematician ; and Francis, ap- pointed assayer to the cunzie-house 1 Dec. 1581 — and one daughter, Janet. By his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Mowbray of Barnbougle, Linlithgowshire, he had three sons — Sir Alexander of Laurieston, appointed a senator of the College of Justice 14 Feb. 1626 ; Archibald, slain in November 1600 in revenge for a murder committed in self-defence: William — and two daughters: Helene, married to Sir William Balfour ; and Elizabeth, married, first, to James, lord Ogilvie of Airlie, and, secondly, to Alexan- der Auchmoutie, gentleman of his majesty's privy chamber.
[Information from W. Rae Macdonald, esq. ; Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. ; Reg P. C. Scotl. ; Calder- •wood's Hist, of the Kirk of Scotland ; Sir James Balfour's Annals ; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), ii. 288-9.] T. F. H.
NAPIER, SIB ARCHIBALD, first LOBD
NAPIER (1576-1645), ninth of Merchiston, treasurer-depute of Scotland, eldest son of John Napier of Merchiston [q. v.] by Eliza- beth, daughter of Sir James Stirling of Keir,
Stirlingshire, was born in 1576. He was edu- cated at the university of Glasgow, where he matriculated in March 1593. He was infeft in the barony of Merchiston 18 June 1597, probably soon after attaining the age of twenty-one. At an early period he, under his father's guidance, devoted special attention to agricultural pursuits, and on 22 June 1598 he received from James VI a patent for twenty-one years for the manuring of all lands in the kingdom by his new method. In the same year he published ' The New Order of Gooding and Manuring all sorts of Field Land with Common Salt, whereby the same may bring forth in more abundance both of Grass and Corn of all sorts, and far cheaper than by the common way of Dunging used heretofore in Scotland.' For this work his father was doubtless mainly responsible.
On 12 Dec. 1598 he had a charter of the lands of Auchlenschee in the lordship of Menteith (Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. vi. No. 809). On 16 June 1601 Napier was brought before the privy council for assault on a servant of the lord treasurer on the stairhead of the Tol- booth, but was assoilzied through the pursuer failing in his proof (Reg. P. C. Scotl. vi. 259). On the accession of James VI to the English throne in 1603 he accompanied him to Lon- don, and was appointed gentleman of the bed- chamber. He was sworn a privy councillor 20 July 1615, appointed treasurer-depute of Scotland for life 21 Oct. 1622, and named jus- tice clerk 23 Nov. 1623 on the death of Sir John Cockburn of Ormiston,whomon25Nov. he succeeded as ordinary lord of session. On 9 Aug. 1624 he resigned the office of justice clerk. On 14 Jan. 1625 he had a license to transport twelve thousand stoneweight of tallow annually for seven years 'in remem- brance of the mony good services done to his majesty these mony years bigane.'
Napier attended the funeral of King James in London in May 1625 (CALDERWOOD, History, vii. 634). After the accession of Charles I he was on 15 Feb. 1626 created one of the extraordinary lords of session, and on 2 March 1627 he was created a baronet of Nova Scotia. By warrant of the privy seal on 1 May of the same year he received a pension of 2,400/. Scots yearly, for having at the king's desire advanced 5,000/. Scots to Walter Steward, gentleman of the privy chamber. On 4 May 1627 he was created a peer of Scotland by the title of Baron Napier of Merchiston; he was also appointed a commissioner of tithes, and obtained a lease of the crown lands of Orkney for forty-five thousand merks annually, which he subleased to Sir William Dick for fifty-two thousand merks. In March 1631 he resigned the lease
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Th question of the resignation gave nse la a time to some misunderstanding between him and the king, which, however, was entirely removed by a personal interview (NAPiEE, Life of Montrose, i. 107; DOUGLAS, ed. Wood, ii. 293). .
The political conduct of Napier during the covenanting struggle closely coincided with that of his brother-in-law, the Marquis ot Montrose, who was considerably under his influence. At first he by no means favoured the ecclesiastical policy of Charles, espe- cially in the political prominence given to the bishops, holding that, while to give them a competency is ' agreeable to the law of bod and man,' to 'invest them into great estates and principal offices of state is neither con- venient for the church, for the king, nor for the state ' (ib. p. 70). With the members of the council he on 25 Aug. 1637 sent a letter to the king explaining the difficulty in enforcing the use of the service-book (BALFOUE, Annals, ii. 230). He was one of those who subscribed the king's confession at Holyrood on 22 Sept. 1638 (&PALDING, Memorialls, i. 107), and he was appointed a commissioner for pressing subscriptions to it. In the list of commissioners in Spalding's ' History ' the word dubito appears opposite Napier's name, apparently to indicate dis- trust of the strength of his adherence to the policy of the kirk. When the king's fleet with the Marquis of Hamilton arrived in Leith Roads in May 1639, he was deputed by the estates to make a conciliatory pro- posal, and the fleet soon afterwards left the roads. In 1640 he was named one of three to act as commissioner to the Scots parlia- ment in the event of the absence of the king's commissioner Traquair, and on his order , but when Traquair was not sent down, he declined to act as commissioner on the grounf that he had no order from Traquair.
Along with Montrose Napier drew up th band of Cumbernauld, which was signed bj them and others in August 1640. On thii account they were on 11 June 1641 com mitted prisoners to the castle of Edinburgh On 1 July he petitioned the estates thai nothing might be read in the house ' which might give the house a bad information o them, until that first they were heard t< clear themselves' (BALFOUE, iii. 14), anu his petition for an audience having been granted he pleaded that not only had nothin been done by them contrary £o the law, bu that their main motive had been a regarc to the honour of the nation^ ' (ib. p. 201
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decision was then arrived at, and they e recommitted to the castle; but on 0 Aug they were again brought before par- lament, when in presence of the king Napier leclared that in the course they had pursued hey thought they were doing good service o the king and to the estates and subjects f the kingdom. At the conclusion of his peech, the king, he said, nodded to him and eemed well pleased (manuscript quoted m NAPIEE, i. 355). They were, however, de- ained in prison until 14 Nov., when they vere liberated on caution that ' from hence- brth they carry themselves soberly and dis- reetly/ and that they appear before a com- mittee of the king and parliament on 4 Jan. BALFOTJE, iii. 158). By act of parliament he proceedings of this committee were to be concluded on 1 March 1642, but no pro- ceedings were taken, and on 28 Feb. they presented a protestation to the effect that by ihe fact that they were not granted a trial they must be held free of all charge (NAPIEE, . 367 : Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. p. 169). In October 1644, owing to the successes of Montrose in the north of Scotland, Napier together with his son, the Master of Napier, and his son-in-law. Sir George Stirling of " Keir, was ordered to confine himself to his apartments in Holyrood Palace, and not to stir from thence under a penalty of 1,OOOJ. (GTJTHEIE, Memoirs, 2nd ed. p. 170). This penalty he incurred on the escape of his son to Montrose on 21 April 1645 (ib. p. 185) ; and, in addition, he himself and his wife and daughter were sent to close confinement in the castle of Edinburgh (ib.} Thence, on ac- count of the pestilence in Edinburgh, they were transferred to the prison of Linlithgow (ib. p. 190), from which they were released by the Master of Napier after the victory of Montrose at Kilsyth on 15 Aug. Napier accompanied Montrose to the south of Scot- land, and after his defeat at Philiphaugh on 13 Sept. escaped with him to Atholl ; but there fell sick and had to be left at Fin Castle, where he died in November. He 'was so very old,' says Guthry, 'that he could not have marched with them, yet in respect of his great worth and experience he might have been very useful in his councils ' (ib. p. 209). Montrose made special arrange- ments for a fitting funeral at the kirk of Blair. In 1647 the covenanting party gave notice to his son that they intended to raise his bones and pass sentence of forfaulture thereupon, but on the payment of five thou- sand marks the intended forfaulture was discharged (ib. p. 200).
Napier is described by Wishart as ' a man of most innocent life and happy parts ; a
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truly noble gentleman, and chief of an an- cient family; one who equalled his father and grandfather, Napiers — philosophers and mathematicians famous through all the world — in other things, but far excelled them in his dexterity in civil business ' (WiSHART, Memoirs of Montrose).
By his wife, Lady Margaret Graham, second daughter of John, fourth earl of Montrose,and sister of James, first marquis of Montrose, Napier had two sons — John, died young; and Archibald, second lord Napier [q. v.] — and two daughters : Margaret, married to Sir George Stirling of Keir ; and Lilias, who died unmarried. Both daughters, on account of their devotion to Montrose and the king, were subjected to imprisonment and other hard- ships, and ultimately took refuge in Holland.
Napier was the author of ' A True Rela- tion of the Unjust Pursuit against the Lord Napier, written by himself, containing an account of some court intrigues in which he was the sufferer,' which, under the title of ' Memoirs of Archibald, first Lord Napier, written by himself,' was published at Edin- burgh in 1793. In Mark Napier's l Memoirs of John Napier of Merchiston ' (1834, p. 299) there is an engraving by R. Bell of a portrait of Napier by Jameson ; and this is repro- duced in the same writer's ' Memoirs of Montrose ' (i. 108).
[Bishop Guthrie's Memoirs ; Gordon's Scots Affairs and Spalding's Memorialls of the Tru- bles, both in the Spalding Club ; Kobert Baillie's Letters and Journals in the Bannatyne Club ; Sir James Balfour's Annals ; "Wishart's Memoirs of Montrose ; Napier's Memoirs of Montrose ; Lord Napier's own Memoirs ; Brunton andHaig's Senators of the College of Justice ; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), ii. 292-4.] T. F. H.
NAPIER, ARCHIBALD, second LORD NAPIER (d. 1658), tenth of Merchiston, was the second son of Archibald, first lord Napier [q. v.], by Lady Margaret Graham. Some time before he had attained his majority he was or- dered, along with his father, in October 1644 to confine himself within apartments in Holy- rood Palace ; but, notwithstanding the heavy penalty that his father might incur, he left his confinement, and on 21 April 1645 joined Montrose at the fords of Cardross. He spe- cially distinguished himself at the battle of Auldearn on 9 May ; and at the battle of Alford on 2 July he commanded the reserve, which was concealed behind a hill, and on being ordered up at an opportune moment by Montrose completed the rout of the cove- nanters. After Montrose's victory at Kil- syth on 15 Aug. he was despatched with the cavalry to take Edinburgh under his protection, and set free the royalist prisoners
(GUTHRT, Memoirs, p. 196); and on the way thither he also released his father and other relatives from Linlithgow prison. Along with his father and Montrose he escaped from Philiphaugh on 13 Sept. and found re- fuge in Atholl. On the death of his father in the following November he succeeded to the title. In February 1646 he left Mont- rose to go to the relief of his tenants in Menteith and the Lennox, and passing thence into Strathearn, garrisoned the castle of Montrose at Kincardine with fifty men. The castle was invested by General Middle- ton, but, although it was assaulted by can- non, the defenders held out for fourteen days, when the failure of their water-supply compelled them to capitulate. On 16 March terms were arranged, Before the castle was given up Napier and his cousin, the laird of Balioch, left during the night by a postern gate and escaped on horseback to Montrose. After Montrose disbanded his forces, Na- pier, who Avas included in the capitulation, went to the continent. Before leaving Scot- land he on 28 July 1646 wrote a letter to Charles from Cluny, in which he said : 'Now, since it is free for your majesty's servants in this kingdom to live at home or repair abroad at their pleasure, I have taken the boldness before my departure humbly to show your majesty the passionate desire I have to do you service' (Hist. MSS. Comm. llth Rep. App. pt. vi. p. 113 ; and printed also in NAPIER, Montrose, p. 645). On 18 Nov. he was served heir to his father in his proper- ties in the counties of Dumbarton, Edin- burgh, Perth, and Stirling, and on 10 May 1647 he was infeft in the barony of Eden- bellie. Previous to his departure to the continent he granted a commission to John, lord Erskine, and Elizabeth, lady Napier, his wife, and others, to manage his estates.
Notwithstanding a deliverance of the com- mittee of the estates, 23 Oct. 1646, against Lord Napier conversing with Montrose, he joined him in Paris, where, according to himself, the common report was l that Mont- rose and his nephew were like the pope and the church, who would be inseparable ' (Let- ter to his wife from Brussels, 4 June 1648, in NAPIER, Montrose, p. 666). According to Scot of Scotstarvet, Napier was ' robbed of all his money on his way towards Paris ' (Staggering State, ed. 1872, p. 67). When Montrose left Paris to travel through Swit- zerland and Germany, Napier proceeded to Brussels, where Montrose afterwards joined him. So desirous was he to be near Mont- rose and aid him in any possible schemes in behalf of the royal cause that he declined the offer of a regiment from the king of
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Spain. After the execution of Charles he supported the proposal of Montrose at the Hague for a descent on Scotland. Subse- quently he proceeded with Montrose to Ham- burg, where he was left to superintend ne- gotiations there while Montrose proceeded to Denmark and Sweden. After Montrose ventured on his quixotic expedition^ Scot- land, Napier applied for leave to join him there, which was granted by Charles ; but before he could avail himself of this permis- sion Montrose's scheme had met with irre- trievable disaster, and Montrose himself had been taken prisoner.
Napier was one of those who on 18 May 1650 were, by decree of the estates, excluded from entering Scotland ' from beyond seas ' until they gave satisfaction to the church and state' (BALFOUR, Annals, iv. 14), and he was also one of those who on 4 June were de- barred from having access to his majesty's person (ib. p. 42). He was also specially excepted from Cromwell's Act of Grace in 1654. In June 1656 the yearly value of his estate was stated at 600/., and the charges on it amounted to 9,786/. 18s. ±d. (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1655-6, p. 362). Lady Napier was allowed out of the forfeiteol estates an annuity of 100/., and in July 1658 a further sum of 50/. In 1658 Napier was at Brussels, whence on 21 April he wrote a letter to Secretary Nicholas, in which he expressed the purpose of going to Flush- ing, and there staying until he heard from his friends, and especially whether the Duke of York would have any employment for him (ib. 1657-8, p. 376). He died in Hol- land, not in the beginning of 1660 as usually stated, but in or before September 1658 (Letter of the third Lord Napier to the kino- 16-26 Sept, 1658, ib. 1658-9, p. 141). By Lady Elizabeth Erskine, eldest daughter of John, eighth earl of Mar— who after the Restoration, in consideration of her hus- band's loyalty, obtained an allowance of oOO/. per annum— he had two sons— Archi- bald, third lord Napier (who being unmar- ried resigned his peerage on 26 Nov. 1676, and obtained a new patent of the same with the former precedency, granting the title to nimsell and, failing heirs male of his body to the heirs of his sisters) ; and John, killed in a sea-fight against the Dutch in 1672— and three daughters : Jean, married to Sir Thomas Nicolson of Carnock, Fifeshire, whose son on the death of the third Lord Napier in 1683 became fourth Lord Napier; Margaret, who married John Brisbane, esq, and after his death became Baroness Napier on the death of her nephew in 1686 ; and Mary, died
un-
[Bishop Gruthrie's Memoirs; Gordon's Britanes Distemper (Spalding Club) ; Sir James Balfour's Annals ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser., time of the Commonwealth; Mark Napier's Memoirs of John Napier of Merchiston and Life of Mont- rose ; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), ii. 295.] T. F. H.
NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860), admiral, born on 6 March 1786, was the eldest son of the Hon. Charles Napier (1731-1807.) of Merchiston Hall, Stirlingshire, captain in the navy, by Christian, daughter of Gabriel Hamilton of West Burn ; grandson of Francis Scott Napier, fifth lord N apier ; first-cousin of the half-blood of General Sir Charles James Napier [q.v.], of Henry Edward Napier [q.v.], and of General Sir William Francis Patrick Napier [q. v.] He entered the navy in 1799 on board the Martin sloop, then on the coast of Scotland ; in 1800 he was moved into the Renown, carry ing the flag of Sir John Borlase Warren [q. v.] in the Channel, and after- wards in the Mediterranean, where, in No- vember 1802, he was moved into the Grey- hound, and served for a few months under Captain (afterwards Sir) William Hoste [q.v.] He then served in the Egypt ienne in a voy- age to St. Helena in charge of convoy, and in 1804-5 in the Mediator and Renommee off Boulogne. On 30 Nov. 1805 he was pro- moted to be lieutenant of the Courageux, one of the little squadron with Warren when he captured the Marengo and Belle Poule on 13 March 1806. He afterwards went out to the West Indies in the St. George, and from her was appointed acting-commander of the Pultusk brig, a promotion which the ad- miralty confirmed to 30 Nov. 1807. In De- cember 1807 he was present at the reduc- tion of the Danish islands, St. Thomas and Santa Cruz. In August 1808 he was moved into the 18-gun brig Recruit, and in her, on 6 Sept., fought a spirited but indecisive action with the French sloop Diligente. Napier had his thigh broken, but refused to leave the deck till the engagement ended by the fall of the Recruit's mainmast. In February 1809 he distinguished himself at the reduc- tion of Martinique ; and still more in the capture, on 17 April, of the Hautpoult of 74 guns, which was brought to action by the Pompee, mainly by the gallant manner in which the little Recruit embarrassed her flight during the three days of the chase (iROUDE, Eatailles navales de la France, iv. 32; cf. art. FAHIE, SIR WILLIAM CHARLES). 1 he commander -in -chief, Sir Alexander forester Inglis Cochrane [q. v.], was so well pleased with Napier's conduct "that he com- missioned the Hautpoult as an English ship under the name of Abercromby, with Napier
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as acting-captain of her ; the promotion was confirmed by the admiralty to 22 May 1809, the date of their receiving Cochrane's des- patch. He was afterwards appointed to the Jason frigate, in which he returned to Eng- land with convoy.
Much to his disgust, he was then placed on half-pay ; and during the session 1809- 1810 he attended classes in Edinburgh; but dancing, driving, or hunting, probably occu- pied more of his time. At the end of the session, resolving to pay a visit to his cousins, then in the Peninsula, he got a passage out from Portsmouth, landed at Oporto about the middle of September, and joined the army just in time to take an amateur's share in the battle of Busaco, in which he received a smart flesh wound in the leg. He after- wards accompanied the army in its retreat to the lines of Torres Vedras, and remained with it till November, when he made his way southward to Cadiz, stayed some weeks with his brother there in garrison, took lessons in French and Spanish under more charming professors than at Edinburgh, and so returned to England.
Early in 1811 he was appointed to the Thames frigate, and in her ior the next two years was actively engaged on the west coast of Italy, and more especially of Naples, stopping the coasting trade, intercepting the enemy's supplies, and destroying their bat- teries. Sometimes alone, sometimes in con- junction with other frigates or sloops, the Thames during these two years captured or destroyed upwards of eighty gunboats and coasting vessels, generally after a sharp en- gagement with covering-batteries or musketry on shore ; Napier also reduced the island of Ponza, which, though strongly armed and with a garrison of 180 regular troops besides militia, yielded in confusion when the Thames, followed by the Furieuse, ran the gauntlet of the batteries under a press of sail, and anchored within the mole. It was probably the credit of this success which led to Napier's transference in the following month to the Euryalus, a much finer frigate. The change took him away from his familiar cruising ground to the south coast of France ; but the work was of the same nature, and was well or, in some instances, brilliantly performed. Having driven all the coasting trade from Toulon to the eastward into Ca- valarie Bay, where it was protected by bat- teries and a 10-gun xebec, on 16 May 1813 the boats of the Euryalus and of the 74-gun ship Berwick went in, destroyed the batteries, and brought out the xebec and twenty-two trading vessels, large and small, with the very trifling loss of one man killed and one
missing. In June 1814 the Euryalus was one of a squadron convoying a fleet of trans- ports to North America, where Napier took a distinguished part in the expedition against Alexandria, and in the operations against Baltimore. In the summer of 1815 he re- turned to England, and on 4 June was nomi- nated a C.B.
Shortly after this he married Frances Eliza- beth, daughter of Lieutenant Younghusband, R.N., and widow of Lieutenant Edward Elers, K.N. ; by Elers she had four young children/ who afterwards took the name of Napier. For a few weeks he and his* bride lived at Alverstoke, in Hampshire, but, on the news of the occupation of Paris by the allies, they started thither in a curricle, which they took across the Channel. They after- wards settled for a time at Versailles, where they were joined by the children ; and, tiring of that, drove on — always in the cur- ricle, the children, with their nurse, follow- ing in a four-wheeled carriage— as far as Naples, where they spent a great part of 1816. Afterwards they went back through Venice to Switzerland, where they stayed ' some time ; and in the winter of 1818 they ! returned to Paris. Here Napier took a house, ' and, having succeeded to a handsome fortune, | lived in good style. In 1819 he entered into | u speculative attempt to promote iron steamers i on the Seine, and being the moneyed man of I the company, and at the same time quite ignorant of business, was allowed to spend freely for the good of the concern, without receiving any profit.
In 1820 he took a house near Alverstoke, ; and for the following years led an un- settled life, sometimes at Alverstoke, some- | times in Paris, St. Cloud, or, later on, at Havre. In 1827 ' the steam-boat bubble completely burst,' and left Napier a com- paratively poor man. He settled down at Rowland's Castle, near Portsmouth, but, after many endeavours to get employed in the navy, was appointed in January 1829 to the Galatea frigate, and, by special permis- sion, was allowed to fit her with paddles worked by winches on the main deck. Dur- ing the commission he carried out a series of trials of these paddles, as the result of which it appeared that in a calm the ship could be propelled at the rate of three knots, and that she could tow a line-of-battle ship at from one to one and a half; the paddles could be shipped or unshipped in about a quarter of an hour, and were on one occasion shipped, turned round, and unshipped again in twenty minutes. Of the many attempts that were made to render a ship independent of the wind this seems to have been the most sue-
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cessful ; but it was rendered useless by the adoption of steam power in the navy.
During the first two years of her commis- sion the Galatea was twice sent to the West Indies, and once, in August 1830, to Lisbon, where Napier was instructed to demand the restitution of certain British vessels which had been seized by Dom Miguel, at that time the de facto king of Portugal. In the sum- mer of 1831 he was sent to watch over Bri- tish interests in the Azores, where the par- tisans of the little queen, the daughter of Dom Pedro, had established themselves in Terceira in opposition to Dom Miguel. The queen's party gained strength, and ultimately organised an invasion of Portugal. Napier came into close intercourse with the chiefs of the party, and took a lively interest in Portuguese affairs. The Galatea was paid off in .January 1832, and after a year on shore, during which he unsuccessfully contested the borough of Portsmouth in the general elec- tion, in February 1833 he was formally offered the command of the Portuguese fleet in the cause of Dona Maria and her father, Dom Pedro. After some negotiation he ac- cepted it, on the resignation of Admiral Sar- torius [see SARTORITJS, SIR GEORGE ROSE], and, to avoid the penalties of the Foreign Enlistment Act, went out to Oporto under the name of Carlos de Ponza. He wrote to his wife on 30 April : < If nothing unexpected happens, in one month I hope either to be in Lisbon or in heaven.' But it was 28 May before he sailed from Falmouth, and 2 June before he arrived at Oporto. He was accom- panied by a small party of English officers, mostly old shipmates, including his stepson, Charles Elers Napier, a lieutenant in the navy, and by a flotilla of five steamers carry- ing out about 160 officers and seamen, and an English and Belgian regiment.
On 8 June Napier received his commission as vice-admiral, major-general of the Portu- guese navy, and commander-in-chief of the fleet and on 10 June he hoisted his flag ine force at his disposal consisted of three vessels of from 40 to 50 guns, 18-pounder and 32-pounder carronades, and two cor- vettes, besides some small steamers, the aggregate crews of which numbered barely more than one thousand, but were mostly English, with a large proportion of old
Enrich mn ; on ^ SUperi°r officers June th little
Enrich mn ; on ^ SUperi°r officers were safed L O ? June the little S(3uadro* SmS X P°rt0' C0nveyin£ a small army, under the command of Count Villa Flor
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and uaana,
and, marching along the coast, secured the
several southern ports without difficulty. At Lagos the sea and land forces separated. Villa Flor went north, and captured Lisbon ; Napier with the squadron put to sea on 2 July, and on the 3rd sighted the squadron, of Dom Miguel off Cape St. Vincent. In material force this squadron was very far superior to that of the queen, although in fighting efficiency it was inferior. After waiting two days for favourable weather the- action began. Napier's flagship grappled with one of the enemy's two line-of-battle- ships, boarded, and hauled down her flag ; the other tried to make oft", but was chasedr and struck after a merely nominal resistance. Two 50-gun ships were also captured ; the- smaller craft escaped. The victory was credit- able to Napier and his officers ; but Napier's- statement ' that at no time was a naval action fought with such a disparity of force ' implies more than the fact : the disparity was only apparent. The Miguel officers were incompe- tent, the crews untrained, and both officers and men bore so little goodwill to the cause that most of them volunteered immediately for the queen's service.
Napier returned to Lagos, and there or- ganised his force, now nearly treble what it was on the morning of 5 July, and, with his flag on board one of the captured line- of- battle ships, put to sea again on the 13th, The next day he received official news of his promotion to the rank of admiral, and of his being ennobled in the peerage of Por- tugal as Viscount Cape St. Vincent. At the same time a virulent attack of cholera broke out in his squadron, and in the flag- ship worst of all. In five days she buried fifty men, and had two hundred on the sick list. As the best chance of shaking off the- deadly infection, Napier steered away to the westward, and the ship < had not proceeded many leagues ere the disease most suddenly disappeared.' By the evening of the 24th the squadron was off the mouth of the Tagus, when Napier learned that Lisbon had sur- rendered to the Duke of Terceira the night before. He entered the river the next day, and paid a visit to Rear-admiral Parker, commanding the English fleet then lying- ? &* PARKER, SIR WILLIAM, 1781- »bj, when he was much gratified at being- received according to his Portuguese rank When 1 came on shore,' he wrote to his wile, I was hailed as the liberator of Por- tugal was cheered, kissed, and embraced bv everybody/ Dom Pedro conferred on him the grand cross of the order of the Tower and Sword. In England his victory had been considered .an English success, and at a large public meeting, with the Duke of
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Sussex in the chair, resolutions were now unanimously carried in favour of Napier being restored to his rank in the English navy. But, in fact, the removal of his name from the ' Navy List ' was a matter of course when it was officially known that he had gone abroad without leave. When he re- turned to England and reported himself at the admiralty, his name was, equally as a matter of course, restored to its former place.
Meanwhile Napier's position in Lisbon was by no means easy. At first he exulted in having the full control of the dockyards. But everything was in a wretched condition. ' I soon found out,' he wrote, 'that from the minister to the lowest clerk in the establish- ment I was opposed by every species of in- trigue.' AVorn out by insuperable difficulties, he sought relief in more active operations, and, though not without considerable opposition, obtained leave to make an attempt on the northern ports, which were still held for Dom Miguel. Accordingly, about the middle