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AARAA bf / Val.V Vala Vale : AAA ~~ AAAS Mane ane A A | AAAANAAAAYTT 111) AAA : ANAAARARARAAARARAAAA Anan AARRAAAAe AaiaaaAARAARIA AanaAaae NNAARAARas BARRA AAAA AAP an nA fs A AAA Aa AARAAR % AARAARAAS AR IAC RA AYAR Aa) ) Rate nas AAA laa AAAA a a ~ AA AANAACAR nan WA a AAAAAAAS > | aya [am \ AARAAAAAAY AAg (a AAR AAARAA) »AAWAARARAAAAAAAAAARARARARAAAAR Pa id & v : . a 14 See ae d u hog ie 7 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’s RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Eipirep sy G. T. Bwrsonn-Baxer, F.z.s., J. KH. Conuin, r.n.s. ¥.E.8., Chairman. H. DonIstHoReE, F.Z.8., F.8.8 rf R. S. Baagnatn, p.sc., v.n.s.e., | Major P. P. Gravss, F.E.8. . F.L.8. H. E. Paan, F.u.s. Matcotm Burr, D.s0., F.£.3. ALFRED SICH, ¥..S. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.u.s. | W. A. ‘ams, ¥.2.3. Bi. A. Cockaynn, M.A., M.D., Rey. G. \WHenurr, M.A., ¥.8.8. F.E.S., F.R.C.P. P.Z.8, and Henry J. TURNER, v.u.s., ¥.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary VOL. XLII. (new series). JANUARY to DECEMBER, 1930. at Pt ( -, (a> @, | ii ASE }e a4 Ay = i2 N Re U4 36 eo a A a od “enal Muse 4 Shisst9 — PRICE ss 6d, Special Index (with every reference) 1s. 6d. This magazine was established essentially as a Journal of Variation as its subtitle purports. Throughout the year we have again kept this object in view and largely dealt with phases of variation. The two main contributions on variation dealt with the Noctuidae and the Melitaea, the former marshalling the facts relative to our local island species, the latter, not only marshalling the facts, but going farther and suggesting what may, or may not be, the evolutionary lines of the present distributions and relationships of the species of this particular — genus, i Besides the above there have been the article recounting experimental breeding of Pieris brassicae and summarising the forms hitherto recorded with additional forms; two articles in the Coceinellidae (Col.), and many individual records of variation. The articles on Africa by our colleague Dr. Burr have be concluded. A correspondent wrote us the other day, “I thoroughly — enjoyed reading Dr. Burr’s account of his African travels and envied ’ his many captures.’ £ Faunistic work has been well recorded. We have “The Ants’ of Windsor Forest” for which our colleague Mr. H. Donisthorpe has had special local facilities afforded him ; and “ The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hants’? has been concluded. — Collecting experiences have been recorded by our correspondents from Calvalaire and §. France, Central Europe to Montenegro, and Belgium, the West of Ireland, Cornwall, Gloucester, Kent, Cambridge, etc. oS & Reviews and short notices have been given to keep our teaders * informed of the advance of our study, with items of local and social matters of general interest. Academic questions such as Nomenclature, Spelling of Names, ete, have been dealt with, but not, we trust, unduly. es May we ask in the coming year that our subseribers send us parta- graphs on matters of interest, for insertion either in “Current Notes” or in * Scientific Notes.” . We regret that the ranks of our supporters have been so thinned by the decease of many well-known entomologists and trust that our subscribers will help to obtain others to fill their place. With a good increase of subscribers we could then increase the number of pages. We greet our readers with all seasonable wishes and ask them one and all to send us notes on entomological subjects and news of general interest during the coming year.—Hy.J.T, | a ~ F ~~ # o o v “st * THE -ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epitrp BY G. T. Bersone-BakEr, F.2.8., | J. H. Conum, ¥.£.8. F.E.S., Ghairman. H. DonisTHoRPS®, F.Z.8., F.E.8. Matcorum Burr, D.s8C., F.Z.S., H. E. Paas, r.£.s. FL.8:, F.E:S, | ALFRED SIcH, F.1.S. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.@.S. | W. H. Tams, F-.2.8. BE. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., | Rev. G. WHErLER, M.A., F.E.8., F.E.8., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and Henry J. TURNER, rF.4.s., F.R.H.S., P VWditorial Seeretary R. S. BAGNALL, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. | Major P. P. GRavEs, F.5.S.' Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) TEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, Hz W. ANDREWS, F.€E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, §.H.9. JANUARY, 1930. Price TWO SHILLINGS & SIXPENCE (net). i‘ The Macro-Lepidoptecie 0 “the (Dr. A. SEITZ) — ome RHOPALOCERA SECTION ee Vol. 1.-PALAEARCTICA £8 10s. se ag Y.—AMERICAN _... £20 te in 4 Volumes for - IX.—INDG-AUSTRALIAN £18 £47 15s. » XAIII.—AFRICAN 22a 29 | A supplement to the Palaearctic Rhopalocera is now being published, — the first few parts having been already issued. HETEROCERA SECTIONS Vol. X. ([ndo-Australian); Wol. XIV. (African) Bombyces and © Sphinges almost complete; Vol. VI. (American) Bombyces and Sphinges ~ well advanced. Single families of all the above will be supplied where stock’ ~ permits. For full particulars of all parts and sections of this important work dpply to— WATKINS & DONCASTER, 36 Strand, London, W.C.2_ P.O. Box 126. Telephone: TEMPLE BAR 9451. Our New Catalogue of Apparatus, Cabinets, Books, Specimens, etc., sent immediately on _ request, Rs J. J. HILL & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGHABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. Puone: Willesden O309. W. F. H. ROSENBERG 57, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. (Close to Chalk Farm Station, Hampstead ‘Tube) TELEPHONE: Primrose Hill O6G6GO. New Price List of Cabinets, Collecting Apparatus and Supplies, ete., free to readers of this periodical. Also the following price lists—Birdskins, Mammals, Birds’ Kggs, Reptiles, : Amphibians and Fishes. Lepidoptera, living pupae (British and Exotic). Please state which Lists are required and mention this Magazine. A STANDARD WORK MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. Illustrated with 1,543 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature and numerous black and white Drawings. Life Histories of 765 species ‘** The book cannot easily be praised too highly.’’—Country Life. Complete in 2 Volumes (Series 1 and Szries 2), 10s. 6d. each net. FREDERICK WARNE & Go., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. Vou. XLII. Pruate I. The Entomologist’s Record. Photo. G. 8. G.-S. ABERRATION IN PIERIS BRASSICAE. (Male) 1.: Hat: 2. *Albs 3. Ab. 4. Ab. 5. “Ab: 6. (Ab: Te a 82) Ab: OF Ab: LOSe Abe POA DE I. PreRis BRASSICAE, L. ABERRATIONS IN THE MALE. nigronotata (A.S.) binigronotata, suowing traces of ab. marginata (A.S.). marginata, with faint traces of ab. nigronotuta (race nepalensis, C.C.). basi-nigrescens (from a drawing by Mosley of the illustration of Plant’s specimen). semi-nigrescens (from a drawing by Mosley of Cook’s specimen), semi-nigrescens (A.8.). anthrax (A.8.). venata (underside of fig. 6, A.S.). nigrescens (T.C.). infrau-fasciata (A.S.). 11. Very marked development of ab. infra-fusciata (race cheiranthi, C.C.). 12. Ab. namnei (B.M.) A.S.=Aberdeen Series; B.M.=British Museum; C.C.=Cambridge Collec- tion; T.C.=Tring Collection. PLATE SIL PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. ABERRATIONS IN THE FEMALE. Ab. fasciata (A.S.). Ab. fasciata, together with ab. biligata (A.8.). Ab. postero-maculata, together with ab. biligata and slight traces of ab. fasciata (A.S.). Very marked development of ab. fasciata (race cheiranthi, C.C.). Ab. infra-fasciata (A.8.). Ab. pallida (A.8.). Abs. fasciata and biligata well developed (race wollastoni, B.M.). Abs. biligata and postero-maculata (A.8.). Abs. biligata and punctigera very well developed (race nepalensis, B,M.). Near ab. vasquezi (A.S.). Ab. nigrescens (from a drawing by Mosley of Bramwell’s specimen). A portion of the pattern of the upperwing, including the discal spots, repro- duced on the underside of the hindwing (I’.C.). Vou. XLII. Prats II. 22 The Entomologist’s Record. Photo. G. S. G.-8. ABERRATION IN PIBRIS BRASSICAE. (Female) gem longi, a, os Org AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Vou. A Lil. No. I. January 157nH, 1930. Pieris brassicae, L., with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire. By G. S. GRAHAM-SMITH, M.D., F.B.S., F.E.S., and W. GRAHAM-SMITH. (Continued from p. 180.) nigrescens, Cockerell (1889). Synonym : obscurata, Oberthir (1896). The parts usually white are dark, greenish grey on both upper and undersides, while the usual dark markings are distinct. (Plt. I. 9: plt. II. 23). Cockerell gave the name to a female captured two miles from Perth in 1868, and thus described by Bramwell (1869). It ‘‘is of a uniform dusky brown colour, both on the upper and undersides; the black spots on the wings are quite distinct, being of a much more intense and shining black than the ground colour.” Boisduval (1836, p. 521, var. g) mentions a female specimen from the neighbourhood of Paris, Oberthur (1896, p. 6, pl. I. fig. 5) describes and figures another female from Paris, and Bang- Haas (1915) describes two males, one from Begerburg in the Staudinger collection and another, which he figures (Pl. X. fig. 5), caught at Goldap in East Prussia in 1903, and now in the Tring collection. This last specimen has a very “‘ shaggy ”’ upperside, the seales being more or less raised except at the margins and on the abdominal area of the hindwing. On the underside the scales in and below the cell of the hindwing are curled up, but on the underside of the forewing they are almost normal, though they show a slight tendency to curling. Possibly the coloration is largely due to malformation and displace- ment of the scales, semi-nigrescens (ab. nov.). Mosley (1889, 1896) mentioned that T. Cook had a male with “ all wings suffused with sooty between the nervures.” Pit. I. fig. 5, is from a coloured drawing of this specimen by Mosley, kindly lent by Mr. H. J. Turner. The specimen is now in the Free Public Museums, Liverpool, and the Director, Dr. J. J. Simpson, has kindly had it examined for us. The upper surface might be described as ‘ mealy ’ 2 ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 15.1.1920 in appearance, the scales being ‘ upturned at their edges.’ The “‘ under- side of the upperwing on comparison seems normal, but the underside of the lower wing is certainly darker than usual, but not very much darker, and the scales are smooth.”’ In this series two male examples, one better marked than the other, of this aberration oecurred, both exhibiting other anomalies (venata and anthraa) on their undersides. In both, the upperside has a rough shaggy appearance due to the scales being raised, especially in the regions which are dotted in plt. I, fic.5. Thecolour of the best marked example (plt. I., 6) varies with the conditions under which it is viewed, but generally exhibits a mottled, ereyish-green tinge in the affected areas. There can be little doubt that this condition is intermediate between the normal and ab. nigrescens, and presumably occurs in both sexes. basi-nigrescens (ab. nov.). Plant (1843) captured at Leicester in 1842 a male with the basal portions of all four wings black (plt. I. fig. 4). This specimen is figured in the Zooloyist (I. p. 471) and by Morris (1857) in his British Butterflies (Pl. 7). Grosvenor (1908) exhibited a specimen from Aberdeen ‘‘ with the forewings heavily speckled with black at the base, and underside of the hindwings similarly powdered.” anthrax (ab. nov.) [4vépa¢= charcoal. | In a male of this series the undersides of the hindwings are so densely suffused with black scales that they have a very dark appear- ance (plt. I. fig. 7). Perhaps a specimen exhibited by Leeds (1909) ‘‘ with undersides of the hindwings a very distinct blue,’ and another from Bradford exhibited by Carter (1913) ‘having the underside thiekly irrorated with black scales” are examples of this aberration. No examples of this aberration were noted in the B.M. collection, and only two males approaching it, captured in April, 1893, and April, 1909, in the Tring collection. Doubtless transitional forms occur. It is probable that a similar development of black scales occurs in the female, but we have not seen an example. venata, Verity (1908). Synonym : plasschaerti, Dufrane (1912). The nervures of the underside of the male and of both sides of the female are made prominent by a dusting of violet-grey scales. Verity described and figured (Pl. XX XV. 24, 25) three specimens from Morocco. In the Tring collection there are two male (Wexford, bred, 18.X.1924) and one female British examples, but none were noted in the B.M. series from various countries. In this series there was one well-marked male example (plt. I. fig. 8). aurea, Mosley (1896). Synonyms: flava, Krulikovski (1902). lutea, Rober (1907). flava, Fischer (1925). PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. 8 Mosley named this aberration from a male with the ‘ ground colour golden yellow,” offered for sale at Bradford. He had previously stated that he had seen a male, presumably the same specimen, with the ground colour “sulphur yellow” in “a very old collection.” Another British male, labelled ‘‘ Brown Collection’’ is in the Tring Museum. Bang-Haas (1915, Pl. X. f. 7) figured a female taken in Silesia and named by Rober, and took another female at Hanau. There is a bright yellow female from Prussia in the Tring Collection, and two decidedly yellow females from Morocco in the F. B. Newnham Collection at Cambridge. Fischer (1925) occasionally produced similar forms, both male and female, in experiments conducted on pupae between 1918 and 1924. It may be desirable to retain his name, flava, for such experimentally produced aberrations. Krulikovski (1902) applied the name flava to a male from Samara with the upper surface of a delicate yellow colour. It is evident that all variations from light to deep yellow occur, but it seems inadvisable to attempt to differentiate by name between aberrations of different tints. carnea (ab. nov.). Newman (1916) exhibited “ two pairs (a part of a series) of Pieris brassicae bred from wild Aberdeenshire larvae, the g g¢ especially showing a decided pink coloration all over the wings.” pallida (ab. nov.). The undersides of the hindwing and of the apical areas of the fore- wings are pale, lacking to a great extent the yellow colour normally present, In most cases in the spring generation the black pigmenta- tion commonly present on the hindwing is slightly developed (plt. IL. fig. 18). A very marked example from Monk’s Wood, Hunts, is figured by Frohawk (1914, Pl. 3, fig. 20). Amongst the 39 underside British spring males in the Tring Collection there are three good examples, and four amongst the 28 females. In this series there were two well- marked examples (0:2 per cent.), both females. sublutea, Turati (1924) The black dusting at the bases of the upper sides of hoth fore and hind wings is absent. The specimens occurred in the race cyniphia (p. 27). rammet, Knop (1922) Knop describes a female captured near Bremen, July, 1915, in which the nervures are traceable on each side as four yellow-brown streaks (lmm.x10mm.) passing through the apical blotch of the forewing. Adkin (1918) states that he saw an example of this aberration on August 5th, 1917, at Eastbourne. In the British series in the B.M. there are three examples, one, a male from Paignton, Devon, captured in July, 1901 (plt. I. fig. 12), one a female, from Edelstone, Warwick, also captured in July, and a female 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1930 from Carnarvon. The British collection at Tring contains two male examples, one, well-marked on both wings, captured at Southend on June 7th, 1900, and the other slightly marked on the left side only. In all these cases the nervures appear as pale yellow lines passing through the apical blotch. Very occasionally recently emerged specimens rub the tips of their wings against the walls of the breeding cage in such a manner that the scales covering the prominences due to the nervures are alone removed, thus simulating the aberration rammei. minor, Ksienschopolsky (1911) Small examples, measuring 40-50mm., to which the name minor has been given by Ksienschopolsky, are to be seen in most museums. elongata, Gelin (1914) Described from a single small specimen (50mm.) with marked narrowing of all four wings GyNANDROMORPHs seem to be very rare. Occasionally curious aberrations occur. There is for example at Tring a female bred from a larva collected at Brighton in August, 1898, in which a portion of the pattern of the anterior wing, including the discal spots, is present on the underside of the right hindwing (plt II. fig. 24). Green blotches or streaks along the nervures are due to injury during or shortly after emergence. Raczs. Hubner (1806) described the very distinct and remarkable form, cheiranthi, from the Canaries, and Gray (1846) presumably recognised that P. brassicae from the Himalayas differs from that of Europe, when he figured it under the name of var. nepalensis. Later Butler (1886) described the form, wollastoni, from Madeira as a distinct species. It is not surprising that in these localities, distant from Kurope and little likely to be influenced by migration, distinct races occur, though “it is worthy of remark that the typical Pieris brassicae occurs in the Azores’’ (Kirby, 1894). In spite cf its marked tendency to migrate, sometimes in great numbers, the recent work of Verity and others bas shown that various geosraphical races, more or less recognisable and each with different seasonal forms, denoting the several generations, occur in Europe and the Mediterranean region. Those races and their seasonal forms have received names, but unfortunately there is much confusion in regard to them, and further work is required before their geographical limits, their differentiating characters and the influence of altitude, local climatie conditions, food, migration and other factors upon them are definitely established. The term “race” is here used in the sense of Rothschild and Jordan’s (1903) “* Geographical Variety or Subspecies,” but while some of the races described, such as cheiranthi and wollastoni, may be regarded as subspecies, since almost all the individuals are peculiar, in others the percentage of peculiar forms is much smaller, and in PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. 5 ‘some the claim for special distinction has yet to be established. Rothschild and Jordan consider that a race should be “ designated by its name added to that of the species without any abbreviation before the subspecific name.” The ‘“ generatory’’ or seasonal variety they designate as f.t.=forma tenpestatis. The following is a brief summary of the races hitherto described. HKuroprean Races. According to Verity and Querci (1923) there are in Kurope two distinct races: (I.) race brassicae, L., extending northwards from Central Italy ‘‘ to the whole of central and Northern Europe,” including England, and (II1.) race verna, Zeller, occurring throughout the Mediterranean area and Asia Minor. In both races two, and some- times three, generations occur, displaying special characters and possessing distinctive names. I. Race brassicae, L. (1758). In this race there are always two, and sometimes three, generations to which the names charielea, brassicae and tertia are applied by Verity and Querci (1923). lst generation, f.t. chariclea, Stephens (1828). In England the imagines appear at the end of April and in May from pupae which have survived the winter. The characters of the commonest form (ab. chariclea) have been described (ante XLI. p. 177), but at this season specimens with all the characters of the second gener- ation (brassicae) are sometimes observed. It is possible that these may be derived from pupae belonging to the second generation of the previous year, which overwintered instead of emerging in July. On this point no evidence seems to be available. 2nd generation, f.t. brassicae, L. The imagines, derived from eggs laid by the first generation in May appear in England in July and August, and differ from those of the first generation in having the apical blotches very dark, their extreme tips only being slightly irrorated with white, and indented internally along the nervures. ‘The hindwings beneath are pale yellow and only slightly dusted with black scales. It is difficult at present to state the range of variation in this generation in England, for it is poorly represented in the collections we have seen. This is due partly to neglect of this common and apparently uninteresting species during the height of the season, and partly to the fact that the larvae are not found in abundance in gardens, as they are late in the season. The autumn larvae on the other hand are often very abundant in gardens and can be collected easily in large numbers. Consequently the first generation and.its aberrations are better represented. To the second generation in Central Kurope the name lepidii was given by Rober. Verity and Querci (1923) suggest that ‘as Stephens by creating his name chariclea, restricted the specific name to the summer form, there is no use for Rober’s lepidii,” but Stauder (1921, A) thinks that the central European summer form is_ sufficiently distinct from its large size, and light coloration with absence of black 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1930 scaling on the underside of the hindwing to justify a distinctive name. 3rd generation, f.t. tertia, Verity (1919). In favourable seasons a third generation with the same characters as the second may be produced. Verity (1908, p. 164) stated that in the extreme north and above 1200 m., only one generation occurs, but judging from his later paper (1923) and a recent letter to us (Feb. 1929) he seems to have modified this opinion. We have given reasons for thinking that in normal years in the north of Scotland only a single brood, with the characteristics of chariclea occurs. If this surmise is found to be correct by those who have the opportunity of working out the problem locally, a form exists in the north which has some claim to being regarded as a race. II. Race verna, Zeller (1847). In this race there are usually three, and sometimes four generations, called respectively verna, aestiva, tertia and autumnalis by Verity and Querci (1923). 1st generation, f.t. verna, Zeller (1847). This generation was usually spoken of as chariclea until Verity and Querci (1923) pointed out the differences from the northern chariclea, and proposed the name verna, applied by Zeller to forms from Messina in Sicily. They state “ it differs from chariclea, Steph., in the lowlands, chiefly by consisting of individual forms transitional to vasquezi, Obth., and by producing well characterised ones of the latter quite frequently.” 2nd generation, f.t. aestiva, Zeller (1847). The specimens are larger and have more extensive black apical blotches than brassicae, and show very scanty black scaling on the very pale yellow undersides of the hindwings. In the female the indenta- tions on the inner side of the apical blotch are sharper—(Verity, 1908, pl. XXXV. 12, 18; and Seitz. 1907, I., pl. 196). To the second generation from Taurus and Syria the name catoleuca was given by Rober (1896, 1897), but Verity and Querci (1923) consider these specimens to be identical with those of the same generation from Italy, Spain, etc., and assert that ‘ Rober’s catoleuca is not an oriental race, but is the second generation of the whole of Southern Europe.’”’ Graves (1925) agrees with this view. Verity and Querci (1923) propose, on the ground of priority to substitute the name aestiva, applied by Zeller to forms from Syracuse, for catoleuca. 3rd generation, f.t. tertia, Verity (1919). Verity in 1919 thought that the third brood had “intermediate characters between the first and second,” but later (1928) made the following statement: “ As to the third generation in southern Hurope I have called tertia, I am not fully convineed that it is not perfectly identical with the second of northern Europe (which is also the most usual in central Europe), and consequently nothing but nymotypical brassicae, Li.” FIELD NOTES FROM ANGOLA, t 4th generation, f.t. awtumnalis, Rocci (1919). This occasional generation seems to have the same characters as the third. Stauder (1921, A) working in the Illyrian-Adriatic region says that in the Julian Alps there are two generations only, but elsewhere at least three and sometimes four. Not infrequently in sheltered situations near Trieste and in Dalmatia he found larvae feeding or about to pupate in December, January and February, and states that in the south the species can hibernate as a larva. He terms the first generation, with heavy white scaling on the apical blotch and dark undersides on the hindwings; chariclea. The second generation, characterised by its larger size, wholly black apical blotches and light undersides without black scaling of the hindwings, he terms lepidii. The third generation resembles the second but is larger, often has dark dusting over the white upperside, and in the female the club-shaped mark and the costal spot of the hindwings are strongly developed. This south Ilyrian-Dalmatian-Italian third generation he thinks deserves a special name and calls f. pseudo- catoleuca. The fourth generation is similar to the first. III. Race italorum, Stauder (1921, B). Stauder names this race from specimens taken during June and July in the middle and higher region (400-1600m.) of the Calabrian Appenines, describing it as a mixed form between “ chariclea, catolenea and lutea, Rober.” The apical blotch is grey and the underside of the hindwing heavily dusted with black scales. In some of the females strong ‘“ teeth ” along the veins join the apical blotch to the upper costal spot (ab. biligata), and in most examples the discal spots are united by a bridge of small dots (ab. fasciata). In the female the whole of the upper surface is yellow or greenish yellow. (To be continued.) Field Notes from Angola. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. XV. Concuusron. (Continued from Vol. XLI., p. 143.) My last letter was written from the camp at the source of the Quangu at the end of October, 1927. Now, two years later, I take the advantage of increased experience to contribute a few final observations and to correct some of the more egregious blunders, which cropped up inevitably in the circumstances under which the letters were written. I was storm-bound up the Quangu for some days and then had to hurry back to the camp on the Lungue Bungu as food supplies were running out. Here I picked up Pavel Stepanovich and we started to to trek back to the railway on our way to Villa Luso. The rains were in full swing and we were having violent thunderstorms at least once a day, but this marked the beginning of the best season for Entomology, for a whole series of fresh and unfamiliar Orthoptera appeared in considerable quantities. One of the most noticeable was the creature chy ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1980_ I have referred to previously as Chrotoyonus. I now have learnt from Mr. Uvarov that this is a remarkable new genus related to Chrotogonus, from which it differs in its notably dilated, broad, flat, toad-like body and complete winglessness. The female is about double the size of the male. It occurs exclusively on the pale sand, which it matches in colour. Since July I had been picking wp occasional specimens but now it suddenly appears to be abundant on sandy patches up the river valley, especially along the Mu-Simoj. I found the scrub around Villa Luso very altered. When we were there in the dry season it was poor and most of the Orthoptera found in if were immature. Now it abounds in life. The most striking is a great tawny cricket with a big head, a Brachytypes, a creature as big as a man’s thumb. I had been finding the larvae and was glad now to get plenty of the adult. J had expected that so fine an insect would have a very penetrating voice. and I havea recollection of having - read in years gone by that Krauss, writing of the Sicilian species, states that its stridulation can be heard a mile away. As a matter of fact the whole bush resounded with the short, sharp, loud note of this great cricket. It sounded much like the cheep of a bird, and a fair sized bird, too. I was puzzled at first, as it resounded on every side, especially in the late afternoons and before and after rain. J thought the bushes must be full of birds, yet could find none. Then we ran it down to this cricket. It is not a prolonged song, like our familiar Kuropean crickets, but a sharp, piercing, short chirp. When held in the fingers, the creature opens its formidable jaws and chirps in anger. Sweeping in the scrub, instead of producing, after great effort, only a few immature Pyrgomorphae or such common things now turned out new and unfamiliar fellows in considerable quantity and variety. Of a curious black creature with antennae tipped with white, unfortunately, I got only one specimen, but the long black fellow with orange wings referred to previously, in Letter XIV from the Quangu, Glyphoclonus, probably miripennis, Karsch, was fairly numerous. Those from the Quangu had brilliant orange wings, but these had bright crimson. It is a striking creature in its intense blackness with gorgeous wings in startling contrast. On November 9th, 1927, Nazaroff and I left Villa Lusa with two British-made lorries, two-and-a-half tons of baggage, and motored through the forest into the Belgian Congo, arriving six days later, after sundry adventures, at Elisabethville, the attractive little town that is the capital of the Katanga, the great mining district of Central Africa. The material collected has all been sent to the British Museum and is being determined by Mr. Uvarov. The amount is very considerable and as the collections made afterwards in the Congo and in Northern Rhodesia are included, some time must yet elapse before the work is complete. Meanwhile we may take the opportunity of correcting some of the errors in the earlier letters. Letter No. I. (Hint. Rec. XXXIX., No. 10, p. 186). The stridu- lation recalling that of Locusta was probably produced by a Conoce- phalus, which is the most persistent and penetrating songster among Central African Locustids. The single, metallic note referred to in Loanda was probably produced by a bird. No. IJ. (le. XXXIX., p. 152). The big Hetrodid from near CAVALAIRE AND THE NEW RIVIERA. 9 Amboim is referred to the genus Avanthoplus; it is very likely d.. longipes, Charp. No. IV. (i.c. XL., p. 3). The slender little Locustid referred to at the bottom of p. 8, as resembling in figure a minute Saga is a Cono- cephalid, referable to the genus Megalotheca. No. VI. (l.c. XL., p. 26). The mysterious and peculiar stridulation referred to here was afterwards traced to Conocephalus, ® very persis- tent and penetrating vocalist. Species are numerous. No. VIL. (lc. XL., p. 50). The small Hetrodid referred to at the bottom of page 50 is Cloathella clypeata, Bol. The top paragraph on p. 51, about the “dwarf Sagid,” should be deleted. On p. 109, in the middle, the “small, grey Pamphagid ”’ referred to is not referable to the Pamphagidae; the genus is Hxochoe- derus, Bol., of the Acridiidae. The little butterflies referred to at the bottom of p. 110, are, of course Acraea. The “ diminutive Saga’’ at the bottom of p. 112, is, of course, the same Megalotheca referred to above. No. IX. (lc. XL., 1928). P. 129, the fat, shiny brown creature referred to is Mawentius, a Stenopelmatid. No. XI. (/.c. XL., Dec., 1928). The two species of Acrida referred to on p. 172 are respectively A. crocea, Bol., with crimson wings, and A, liberata, Burr, with yellow wings banded with black. The Saga referred to on the same page belongs to the genus Clonia. In l.c. XLI., in the letter from Cohemba, at the bottom of p. 15, I was mistaken in writing of polymorphism. This does occur, of course, to a marked extent in the Orthoptera and wing-coloration is an unstable feature, but in the case referred to here there were certainly at least two genera involved. No. XIII. (lc. XLI., p. 58). The leaf-like Mantid here is Phyllo- cranta, No. XIV. (lec. XLI., p. 122). The black Truxalid with orange wings in the first paragraph belongs to the genus Glyphoclonus, probably miripennis, Karsch. Among the ‘burnt grasshoppers,” referred to a little lower, the one with the posterior extremities singed, so to speak, is Parga. Cavalaire and the New Riviera. May, 1929. By Lior. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Leaving London on May 7th at 8,20 p.m., I arrived at Cavalaire, Var, via Newhaven, Dieppe, Paris, Marseilles and St. Raphael on May 9th at 10.30 a.m. It was necessary to spend the night at Marseilles en route. The journey along the coast from St. Raphael by the Sud de I'rance Railway is very pretty. On arrival I sampled the pine forest zone to the north of Cavalaire in the sunless afternoon and I was only able to put up a bag of 1 freshly emerged Arctia villica, 4 males and 1 female in good condition of Polyommatus hispana, H.8. ; the wasps Polistes yallica and Vespa germanica ; the Coleoptera T'richius fasciatus, L.; Owytherea stictica, L.; Stenopterus rufus, L.; Haosoma lusitanica, L.; Melasoma populi, Li. ; Oedemera lurida, Marsh. Oedemera flavipes, Fab.; the Diptera Machaerocera ieilie Rond.. Bombilius venosus, Mik. ; ‘the Hymenopteron Chrysotowum arcuatum, L.. 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1980 and the Rhynchota Harpactor (Rhynocoris) erythropus, L.; the Burnet Moth Zygaena stoecadis was just out. May 10th.—This morning I resumed my collecting of DP. hispana to the north of Cavalaire station, taking also the moth Diacrisia mendica; also one specimen of the very beautiful Thalpochares pur- purina, and the beetle Oedemera flavipes, Fab. Afterwards taking the 10.19 a.m. train to Bormes, I collected in the direction of La Londe, with fine hot sun all day tempered with a strong wind. I took fresh Limenitis rivularis (camilla), Aporia crataegi; the subsp. ausonia of A. cramert the “skipper”? Hrynnis alceae, P. hispana, Anthocharis cramert (belia) and the Hymenoptera Odynerus (L.) dubius, Anthidium sticticium, Messor barbarus, L., Maerophya rustica, L. (males), Panurgus ursinus, Halictus perezi, and the beetle Psilothria cyanea, Oliv. May 11th.—This morning I ascended the valley of Malatras, the direction of which is indicated by the notice board a short distance North behind the railway station. It is an hour’s walk. I ascended also to the top of the mountain behind the valley, another hour’s hard pull, but I shall not repeat it. On the summit on masses of spurge in full flower I took a quantity of Hymenoptera amongst them being, Strongygaster singulatus, Allantus dahlii, Klug., Amblyteles armatorius, 3 males, and Coelichneumon lineator, Fab., 19, and the Coleoptera Trichius fasciatus, L., Cebro lepturoides, F., Chrysomela sanguinolenta, L. On the way back I took a fresh Zerynthia (Thats) polywena (hypermnestra) subsp. cassandra, a female of Heodes dorilis, a female of Glaucopsyche cyllarus, L. rivularis, Pontia daplidice form bellidice, A. cramert subsp. ausonia, a nice series, and P. hispana both sexes; the Rhynchotid H. erythropus. LI omitted to mention that while still on the summit I saw distinctly a quite fresh J’hestor balius, which I failed to to secure, an occurrence significant of the unusually late spring. May 12th.—I took to-day the first Melanargia syllius in perfect condition, they are not common at present, and not easy to net on the sloping grounds behind Cavalaire. On a day when the sun has been obscured, I got little except a number of P. hispana 3s together with some P. daplidice subsp. bellidice, the pretty beetles Ocdemera flavipes, F’., and the Dipteron Rhayio (Leptis) conspiuus. May 13th.—To Cogolin by train, changing at La Foux. I collected along a stream running south of the station, and at right angles to the main road, which (and the railway) crosses the stream. I| heard last year at Hyeéres that Cogolin was a good collecting ground and I should surmise that there is a good deal of workable ground in the district. The day produced about 10 cassandra; males of Melitaea didyma; L. rivularis; and I saw a specimen of the Footman Moth Deiopeia pulchella, but failed to secure it. Of the bees Andrena hessae, Panz.; dA. mortio, Anthidium sticticum, and Lionotus dubius; the Dipteron Xanthoyramma ornatus, Meig. ; and the Coleopteron J elephorus fuscus, were taken. May 14th.—To-day at Bon Porto, the next cove west of Cavalaire I found the beetle Chaleophora mariana, L., amongst mussel beds left by the retreating tide, and on the hills above the cove the following Hymenoptera settled on spurge, viz.:—Vespa ygermanica, Eumenes pomiformis, Anthophora tarsata, Spin., Allantus dahlii, Klug., Macrophya rustica, L. males, Odynerus callosus, Thoms., Nomada nobilis, and Mutilla coeca, Rad., 1 g ; the spring generation of Pararge aegeria COCOINELLA HIEROGLYPHICA—-NEW ABERRATIONS. 11 are mostly worn at to-day’s date. The Dipteron Dasypogon tentonus was taken. May 15th.—To-day at Cogolin, Plebeius aeyon, males, were emerging and the Burnet moth Z. stoecadis, Bork., getting quite plentiful. I found a large batch of Vanessa io larvae all feeding on wild hop. Nettle seems a scarce plant in the district. Quite fresh specimens of the moth Hemaris fuciformis, L., were not uncommon. A very large form of Sphecodes gibbus was not rare on spurge. I also took the Rhynchotid Syromastes marginatus, and a beautifully fresh specimen of Bombus hortorum, Li. May 19th.—The first quite fresh specimens of Melitaea pseudathalia at Cavalaire,and the ants Messor barbarus, L.,and Camponotus cruentatus, Latr., were met with. May 20th and 2lst.—During these two days I worked the ground along the railway line between Cavalaire and La Croix. The Burnet moth 4. stvecadis was generally common, usually with 6 spots, but sometimes with only 5 spots on the forewings. Between Cavalaire and Pardigon I found the beetle Pimelia hipunctata, Fabr., in some numbers, and between Pardigon and La Croix in two grassy patches on the left hand side of the railway line 1 found MM. syllius in such numbers that | was able to take a nice series of quite fresh males; I also took males of Hmydia cribrum, a specimen of Rhodostrophia cabraria, Scop., and a Boarmia punctinalis, specimens of the bees Polistes gallica, Eumenes pomitormis, Andrena hessae, Proanthidium laterale=4 lobum, Oer., the Rhynchota Muryyaster austriacus, Schr., and Coranus niyer, Rimb., the beetles Mylabris variabilis, Pallas., and Chrysomela hyperiet., the Dipteron Yabanus ater, Fabr., and a larva of the Orthopteron Bacillus granulatus, Brullé., were taken. May 22nd.—To-day ascending from Bormes Station about mid-day I mounted up through the small town into the beautiful Forét du Dom, an open Forest and extremely hot. Hpinephele pasiphie was commencing to emerge and I secured a couple of males; also a nice series of males of Lionotus dubius, Sauss. | saw a perfectly fresh male of Dryas pandora settled, but was unable to secure it. Some fine large forms of E’pinephele jurtina subsp. hispulla were in prime condition. The beetle Protaetia morio, Fab., which was active on the wing seemed particularly interested in me, as it flew round and round me on several occasions in the Forest; also the Dipteron Machaerocera grandis, Rond. I saw nothing of Hesperia sidae, but secured one specimen of the Rhynchotid Verlusia rhombea var. quadrata, Fab. (To be continued.) Coccinella hieroglyphica—New Aberrations. By G. CURTIS LEMAN, F.E.S. A. At the request of my friend Herr Leopold Mader, of Vienna, I have named the following further aberrations of this species, which are new to me :— . ab. mulsanti, mibi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, . ab. gradli, mihi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, 1 . ab. ryei, mihi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, 2+ . ab. beffai, mibi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, 1 . ab. caprai, mihi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, 1 OTH © Nr b+ PL [vd ) a 12 ENLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.1.1980 6. ab. biconfluenta, mihi, nov. ab. Formula: 4,2+1+38,4+5. 7. ab. incompleta, mihi, nov, ab. Formula: (2+1+4+3-+4) | (3+5), 4. The types of Nos. 3 to 7, both inclusive, are in Herr Leopold Mader’s collection. B. Herr Leopold Mader has pointed ont to me that ab. kirkat, Lem., is a synonym of ab. brachiata, Gradl, (Formula: 4, 1+, 4, 5) and must therefore sink. He suggests, however, that this name should stand for a specimen | in his collection under formula: 4, 1+8, 4+5 and this I propose to adopt and therefore the correct formula for ab. kirkati, Lem., should read ; 4, 1+438, 4-4-5. C. Weise (B.7. 1879 and 1885) gives two formulae for his ab. enurvd, ; I propose to restrict ab. curva, Ws., to the formula: 4,148 and to give the other formula the new name of ab. bicurya, mihi, nov, nom: 4, 14+8+42. DD. Herr Leopold Mader agrees with me that ab, schneideri, Gradl., isa synonym of ab. feanosa, F., and that ab. trilineata, Herbst., is another synonym, consequently we bave :— ab. flewuosa, F. (syn.: trilineata, Herbst. =schneideri, Gradl.)— Bt lA ad Ab. EK. Edwards’ ab. deanosa [Hnt. Mo. Mag. L. 189] is not ab. flewuosa, I’., and therefore requires a new name and this [ propose to give it as under : ab. herbsti, mihi, nov. nom. [=ab. flewnosa, Edwards] — Formula: 14+3-+4, 5. F. With regard to the black pigmented varieties Herr Leopold Mader has evolved a formula of letters in place of numbers for the 5 light coloured markings given by Edwards (l.c.) to prevent confusion. I propose to adopt this system here, and J add for comparison Mader’s and Edwards’ respective formulae : Mader—b (=macula basalis). Edwards spot 2. z h (=m: humeralis). 4. 2 PA m (=m: marginalis). ~ 3. - a (=m: apicalis). = 5. $5 s (=m: suturalis). : 4 I propose to name the following new aberrations :— 1. ab. 4-maculata, n. ab. Formula: b, b, m, a. 2. ab. biverrucata, n. ab. Formula: h, m. 3. ab. panzeri, n. ab. Formula: b (coll. Reineck). The spot b in No. 8 is nearer the scutellum than the normal position of this spot and more circular than oblong. Description of the Larva of Sibine fusca, Stoll. A Limacodid from the Argentine. By K. J. HAYWARD, F.E.S., F.R.G.S. On my last visit to Villa Guillermina before leaying the Chaco for Buenos Aires I once more proved the entomological value of the beautiful garden attached to the visitors’ house there. This garden has given me many insect rarities, and during a few minutes stroll after tea the evening of my arrival I noticed a Citrus (lemon) that had NEW FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 1 been eaten, and without much trouble found the curious sluglike form of caterpillar here described. Returning to the tree on the second day I found after a very long search the second specimen of this larva. | regret that with my cameras packed and in the busy state I found myself on my return to Villa Ana, | was unable to get either sketch or phetograph of the larvae. In general appearance they resemble slugs, but unlike the slug are ~ flat dorsally and with flat sides, the section being more or less that of the bottom arch of a capital “A.” Beneath they are sluglike with rudimentary forelegs. In length they are about 20mm. Colour above the margin light yellowish green, beneath pale whitish green. Head pale greenish with brown face. Thoracic segments plum colour dorsally, colour slightly deeper at the edges. ‘There is a frontal ridge with four small tubercles of the ground colour with short reddish bristly hairs. At the edge of the dorsal colouring on the second thoracic segment is a slightly larger similar tubercle, and a similar pair on the third thoracic, still slightly larger. On the eleventh seoment of the larva, dorsally, at the edge of the flattened part, a pair of prominent tubercles, brown with bluish base which is yellow ringed, and with bristly reddish hairs, There is a yellow marginal stripe that bends back on the first thoracic and edges the darker thoracic dorsal marking, forming a perfect ‘‘ bracket” sign across the third thoracic, point towards tail. Around the margin a series of small tubercles of light greenish colour with reddish brown bristles. Above these tuber- cles on the eleventh segment, as also on the last segment, a velvet-like process of burnt-sienna hairs, joined to the tubercles above. The tubercles on the penultimate segment slightly higher than the line of the others, and whereas the remainder are brown tipped, these two are black tipped but with the same reddish bristles. The general shape of the larva has been explained above, but it remains to add that the surface of the insect is not completely smooth, but “crinkly” with pairs of slight circular depressions along the dorsal areg, and corres- ponding depressions along the flattish sides. These depressions rather bluish green. The yellow marginal line is scalloped. Described from two larvae found on Citrus (lemon) at Villa Guillermina, Prov. of Santa Fé, on January 9th and 10th, 1929. One specimen pupated January 11th the other 18th in an ovoid cocoon. In pupal state 33 days. Imagines sent to B.M. Nat. History, under No. 7025. Empty pupa cases under No. 7026. One of the imagines was badly damaged through emerging in a small pill box whilst I was away. New Forms of Lepidoptera. In Volume XV. of the Mitt. Miinchner Ent, Gesell. the following are newly described by Leo Sheljuzhko :— Anthocharis cardamtnes ab. divisa, Shelj., was described and named, p. 97, from Kijew. ‘“ The discal spot of the forewing is divided into two spots.”’ Aporia crataegi subsp. shugnana, Shelj., comes from Chorog (province Shugnan), Pamirs. ‘The females are thickly scaled. The 14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.1.1980 black scaling on the veins is finer than in subsp. naryna. The black marginal markings are distinctly narrower, but much more sharply defined. The spot at the end of the cell of the forewing is very striking; it is fairly wide, but very sharply defined, while its contour in naryna females is almost always more or less ill-defined. The vein closing the cell of the hindwing is powdered with black in almost all the examples, but in the females the powdering is nearly twice as thick as in the males. On the underside the black scaling along the veins is much less than in naryna and centralasiae, and the underside is much less scaled with black. In the females the underside is yellowish.” Gonepteryx cleopatra ab. 9 citrina, Shelj., from Attica and N. Morea. ‘‘Citron-yellow, especially the hindwings, about as in the males. The forewings the same, but somewhat lighter in the basal half.” Anthocharis griineri ab. decolor, Shelj., of the Armenian race armentaca from Pontus. ‘An albinistic form, on the upperside of which the usual black markings (apex, discal spot, and margin of orange patch) are white-grey. The green markings below are of a dusky yellow- reen.” : A. griineri ab. thatshukovi, Shelj., of the same race ‘‘ has the ground colour of all the wings pure white, without any greenish suffusion as in typical armeniaca. The orange-red of the apical blotch of the fore- wing is much less firey, more yellow than orange, and is bestrewn slightly with black scales. It has a more restricted extent and only reaches the upper part of the discal spot. The apical bloteh does not extend so far down to the anal angle but there is an area below it of an indefinite admixture of yellow and black scales. The discal spot is much enlarged and showed no trace of a pale centre, which is usually very clearly defined. The dark apex is purer black, the lighter suffusion being wanting. The usual white spots on the margin of the wing are wholly absent.—The green on the underside is strongly reduced.” Anthocharis damone ab. 2 flavopicta, Shelj. ‘ The apical part of the forewing is powdered with fine yellow scales mostly along the veins. The pale spots on the margin are deep ochre-yellow. The underside of the forewings is much deeper yellow especially at the apex and towards the base.’ Greece. Cabera exanthemata ab. suprapunctata, Webrli. ‘ Characterised from the usual form by the presence of very prominent large black central spots on all four wings above and below and rather thick powdering on the wings.’ Tessin. In vol. XVI. of the Mitt. Miinehner, H. Burgeff describes and names a large number of aberrations, local forms, races and subspecies of the European Zygaenids ineluding the British occurring species eanlans, achilleae, filipendulae, lonicerae and meliloti. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, on November 27th, 1929, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the Chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Dr. H. Eltringham. Visitors present :—Dr. K. Jordan, Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Mr. H. EH. CURRENT NOTES. 15 Andrews, Mr. E. Step, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Capt. A. F. Hemming, Capt. N. D. Riley. The guests arrived in the early evening and were received by Mr. and Mrs. Kaye and light refreshments were served in the Drawing Room. Mr. Kaye’s collections of Lepidoptera were on view and he specially exhibited a number of hybrid Sphingidae bred in captivity in Germany together with specimens of the male and female parents. The former included Celerio galliphorbiae obtained from a pairing of g C. gallii and @ C. euphorbiae. The result was a hybrid almost indistinguishable from the male parent. Several similar pairings between species of the same genus Celerio gave results, which seemed to lean to one or the other parent and not a complete fusion of the characters of both. Even when Celerio euphorbiae was paired with Celerio vespertilio the latter was hardly in evidence in the result epilobii. Very different were the results in the crossings of the two genera Pergesa and Celerio. Both euphorbiella obtained from pairing Pergesa porcellus 3 with Celerio euphorbiae 2 and harmuthi obtained from pairing Celerio euphorbiae g with Pergesa elpenor 2 were most striking in that the colours and patterns were completely mixed up. Again with the two species of the one genus Pergesa, elpenor g and porcellus @ the hybrid produced and named luciani leans much more towards porcellus tending to show that within the same genus the fusion of colour is not nearly so marked as when two species mated are of different genera. Supper was served at 8 o’clock and the members and guests departed at a late hour after a most entertaining and enjoyable evening.—H.W.-E. The Third Annual Dinner of the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) was held at Maison Lyons, Shaftesbury Avenue, on Wednesday, December 11th, and proved to be a very pleasant and successful affair. The toasts were as follows :— “ The King.” ‘‘The Entomological Department.’’ Proposed by Dr. C. Tate Regan, F.R.S. Reply by Major EK. E. Austen, D.S.O. “The Guests.” Proposed by Mr. C. J. Arrow. Reply by Dr. Carl Jordan. The evening was brought to a close with dancing, music, etc. Major and Miss Austen gave some good recitations, and several of the Museum staff helped to entertain the company with songs and music. —H.D. In vol. III. of the Bull. Soc. ent. Bulg. 18 an article with a plate, on the wing-mosaic of the intersexual males of Lymantria dispar, the subjects of the paper being, not the products of either cold or heat, but captured specimens in nature. The comparisons made are very interesting. In the Int. Ent. Zt. Vol. XXIII. p. 375, two aberrations of the venation of Parnassius apollo are described and named (!!!) and refer- ence is given to five other named aberrations of venation of the same species. Surely there should be some limit to this naming of such freak pathological forms which hardly seem worthy of notice at all. If such naming were useful from a genealogical point of view there might be some reason for a very limited nomenclature of such, but to label them Jatreili, verityi, seitzi, etc., seems the height of absurdity and must hold entomology up to ridicule by all thinking naturalists. The same number (31) of the above magazine concludes a very SN ee Te es ee eee ae 16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1980 useful and interesting article on the northern boundary of the area of distribution of Papilio podalirius in Kurope. A map is attached to the communication markiug some 70 “furthest north” places of occurrence. FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. It may be remembered that in 1926 we reviewed in these pages an admirable book written by Dr. Martin Hering, Der Oe8koloyie der Blattminierenden Insektenlarven. The author is now issuing in parts through the firm of Messrs. Oswald Weigel of Leipzig a Minen- Herbarinn, consisting of very carefully pressed and mounted leaves showing the mines made by the larvae of the leaf-miners which have been described and in many cases figured in the above work. In the first part which is priced at M4:50 the mines of 20 species are given, 11 being of lepidopterous larvae all Tinea, the remainder mines of dipterous larvae. Each example is mounted in a folded sheet the outside of which is labelled with the name and order of the plant and the name and order of the maker of the mine and the locality with date of collecting. In addition there is a separate list of the contents for reference. The folded sheets are contained in a cardboard case properly secured and labelled for reference. The whole when finished will make an excellent supplement to the book or be equally useful as a Separate work. We can highly recommend this new departure in practical publishing.—Hy.J.T. The same firm are publishing another small portfolio on similar lines arranged and edited by Chr. Bollow, Berlin-Steglitz. This also contains 20 subjects. Messrs. Weigel specialise in Herbarium construc- tion of all kinds and one can be assured the work is well carried out. We have recently received one of those splendid volumes of entomological reference which are so necessary to all students of the science, ‘“‘A list of the Generic Names used for Microlepidoptera.” The author’s name, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, is a guarantee of the correctness and completeness which is a sine gua non in such work. The word List is misleading for it is a synonymie list in the widest sense of the word and inuch more than that. Hach generic name is accompanied by references to (1) the family to which it belongs, (2) its author, date of valid publication, synonyms and homonyms, (8) a reference to the original description, (4) the type species of each generiz name with its locality, and (5) a list of the synonyms. The compiler has followed rather rigidly the nomenclature rules of the zoologist exclusive of the modification suggested by many British entomologists, still as all the references are included it is easy for those, who do not follow a priority modified by the exclusion of certain publications and other limitations, to get their references and full correct information on facts from. this excellent work. Such errors as Gracilaria, Zell. (1839) for Gracillaria, Haw. (1828) are corrected, but we do not like to see ultra familiar names such as Gracillaria, Coleophora, Nepticula, Ornia, Laverna, Dichrorampha, supplanted for reasons to us somewhat insufficiently grounded. This is a work to which every student of microlepidoptera must have access and the best gratitude of micro- workers, is due to Prof. Fletcher for his task of more than 20 years duration.—Hy.J.T. \L MATTER should be sent an J. ‘l'un: »” West Drive, Cheam. - _ We mustearnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications 1DWNTIGAL "with those they are sending to other magazines. ; _ Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require Innusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. : ee = EXCHANGES. mh Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘hey should a be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. : “ten Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata:—Unerxriy requirep, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera).—H. P. Jones, Nut. /list. Musewn, Wollaton Hall, Nottinghan. Duplicaies.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col.), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates Desiderita.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicaies.— Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. Desiderata.—Early ciages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and Manx), gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis and munda.—A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Duplicates. Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zepbyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, Melitaea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. Desiderata.—Euchlcé gyiineri, damone, Melanargia arge, pherusa, and other European butterflies not found in France or Switzerland.—d. Simmons, 42, Loughborough Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera fiom all parts of the World. Galls.—In view of the forthcoming Monograph on British Zoo—and Phytocecidia by Bagnall, Bartlett and Harrison, reprints of papers on, or records of, the rarer plant-galls are requested. Material will be willingly identified, acknowledged, and, where necessary, illustrated. Address such to: Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. : Wantep ror Casu or Excaancre.—Cryptocephalus of the Coleoptera-( brysomelidae. Will purchase or exchange. Send list of duplicates to: Paul N. Musgrave, 51%, Mt. Vernon dAve., Fuirmont, West Virginia, U.S. America. eS EE ee ee ee MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8p.-m. January 15th, Annual Meeting. February 5th. ; ! The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the rconth, at 7 p.m. January 23rd. February 13th.—Hon. Secretary Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natura! History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C. 2, first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. (except July and August). Visitors welcomed :— Hon. Sec., A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. a ee Messrs. STEVYENS’S AUCTION ROOMS LIMITED have received © instructions to sell by Auction Wednesday, revbuary 12th, at 38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.2, The first portion of the Valuable Collection of British Lepidoptera formed by the late ©. F, Johnson, Esq., F.E.S., comprising the Bombyces, Noctuae, Geometrae, Sphinges and part of the Rbopalocera, in excellent condition and carefully labelled, including Rare and Extinct Species, grand Varieties, Local forms, Hybrids, etc., many of which were captured or reared by himself. Also the Four Mahogany Cabinets, each of forty drawers, in which they are arranged. On view day prior and morning of the Sale. Catalogues on application. d all PROOFS returned to ~ brassicae, with special reference to aberrations from. ; i Graham-Smith, M.D., F.R.S., ¥.E.S. and W. Graham-Smith (2 plts.) Field Notes from Angola. XV. conclusion, Malcolm Burr, D.Se., F.E.S. aes ey Cavalaire and the New Riviera, Liewt B. B. Ashby, F.E.S., F.Z.S. i Coccinella hieroglyphica—New Aberrations, G, Curtis Leman, F.E.S. Description of the larva of Sibine fusca, Stoll. A Limacodid from the Argentine, — K. J. Hayward, F.E.S., F.R.G.S. Ae s 3 ei oh ~~. .New forms of Lepidoptera, Hy.J.T. | Current Nores... “a $e 3 %: ; Rese, y ee se oe REvIEw e. a. - Speecran In»Ex ae _ Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messr, Dr. Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Kdwards, Dr. Malcolm Bu G. S. Graham-Smith, H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, F. W. Edwards, P. P. Graves Je. A. J. Wightman, G. C. Leman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, P. Haig-Thomas, H. B. i _ Kettlewell, and Reports of Societies. ; 3 Shi All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURN aoe “‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 2 “s i IMPORTANT : eal : TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. nue te BACK VOLUMES OF _ - ig _ The Entomologist’s Record — a | and Journal of Variation. — (Vols. I-XXXVI.) : GONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) Ph oh Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection — Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae —Phylloxera —Practical Hints (many)— arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist or 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. Ke CONTENTS OF VOL, II. : MELANISM AND Meranocurotsm—Bibliography—N ~ Variation (many)—How to breed 4 grotis lunigera, S —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads— prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanis thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich Sidmouth, § clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoeh— on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenop Gerasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Myr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable , ay * ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD ~ JOURNAL OF VARIATION © EDITED BY G. T. Bersunn-Baker, F.Z.S., J. EH. Cottin, F.2.8. ¥.E.S., Chairman. H. DoNISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.8. R. 8. BaGnatn, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. GRAvEs, F.E.8." F.L.8. H. E. Paas, ¥.2£.s. Matcotm Borkr, -D.s¢., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. W. H. Tams, r.2.8. BH. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WuHmerer, M.A., F.E.S., F.E.S., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and Hunry J. TURNER, F.&.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Seeretary Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) TEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. FEBRUARY, 1950. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE. (net). 4 The ‘Hacro Leptin’ of (Dr. A. SEITZ) RHOPALOCERA SECTION Vol. I.—PALAEARCTICA &8 10s. ¥3 Y.—AMERICAN _..... £20 | or in 4 Volumes for 43 IX.—INDO-AUSTRALIAN £18 £47 «15s. » AIII.—AFRICAN ioe £9 A supplement to the Palaearctic Rhopalocera is now being published, the first few parts having been already issued. HETEROCERA SECTIONS Vol. X. (Indo-Australian); Wol. XIV. (African) Bombyces and | Sphinges almost complete; Vol. WI. (American) Bombyces and Sphinges — ; well advanced, Single families of all the above will be supplied where stock : permits, 1 For full particulars of all parts and sections of this important work apply to— | WATKINS & DONCASTER, 36 Strand, London, W.C.2 P.O. Box 126. Telephone: TEMPLE BAR 9451. Our New Catalogue of Apparatus, Cabinets, Books, Specimens, etc., sent immediatel: request, 7 J. J. HILL & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. . Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. | 7 Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems ) | CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 710. PHONE: Willesden O309. W. F. H. ROSENBERG 57, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. i (Close to Chalk Farm Station, Hampstead Tube) TELEPHONE: Primrose Hill O66O. New Price List of Cabinets, Collecting Apparatus and Supplies, etc., free! to readers of this periodical. Also the following price lists—Birdskins, Mammals, Birds’ Nggs, Reptiles, _ Amphibians and Fishes. Lepidoptera, living pupae (British and Exotie). Please state which Lists are required and iho this Magazine. A STANDARD WORK BUTTERFLIES ::: BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species. Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature. ‘Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been issued. —National Quarterly Review, Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. net. FREDERICK WARNE & GCo., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. ay Pieris brassicae, L., with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire. By G. 8S. GRAHAM-SMITH, M.D., F.R.S., F.E.S., and W. GRAHAM-SMITH. (Concluded from p. 7.) MspiTERRANEAN Races. Race cypria, Verity (1908, pl. XXXV. 14, 15). This is a dwarf race (about 45mm.) from Cyprus agreeing in its characters with the south European race. Specimens of normal dimensions are, however, obtained from parts of the island (Turner, 1920), and further evidence seems to be required before the limits of this race can be defined. Race cyniphia, Turati (1924, A). This race occurs in Cyrenaica. The specimens are small with minute discal spots, the club-shaped mark almost obsolete, the apical blotches small and lightly dusted with white, and the bases of the wings with few dark scales. The upper-side of the hindwing in greenish-white and the under-side greenish-yellow with a few black scales near the base. In some males the black scales usually present at the bases of the wings are absent (ab. sublutea, Turati, 1924, B), and in others the underside of the hindwing is whitish-green (ab. vernalis, Turati, 1924, C). Race subtaeniata, Turati (1929). In August, 1926, Ghigi collected 10 examples of P. brassicae on the Italian Islands in the Aigean. Turati (1929, p. 178), who studied these specimens, considered that two, a male and a female from Cos, were examples of catoleuca, ROb., and that one, from Nisyros, was an example of lepidii, Réb. The others, 1g and 4@ from Rhodes and two from Mount San Stefano, all showed the characteristics of infra- fasciata (Ante, XLI., 1929, p. 179). These Turati describes under the name of “ Mancipium brassicae subtaeniata, fn.” Atiantic [stand Races. Race wollastoni, Butler (1886). Butler (1886) picked 10 specimens out of the Zeller and Wollaston collections from Madeira, the males being examples of ab. nigronotata, and the females of ab. fasciata, and thought they belonged to a new species, which he named Ganoris wollastoni. Baker (1891), dealing with Wollaston’s collection, regarded the form as a variety, and ‘“‘an interesting instance of insular deviation from the original type.” He says that “the upperside of the g is practically indistinguishable from P. brassicae, but on the underside the two black spots are larger and often connected by black scaling, making them appear to be one large patch.’ The undersides of the hindwings and of the apical patch are described as ‘“ greenish-grey,” and all the females as “‘ much darker than the parent species.” He notes that the spots on the forewings are very large, “ each being 18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1980 extended over two veins and joined together in the centre by black dusting”. . . . ‘On the under surface the spots are always decidedly larger than in brassicae, but neverjoined . . . . whilst the colour of the apical area and secondaries is always greener and greyer than in the common species. . . . It is clear from the foregoing that we have here a distinct transitional form from brassicae to chetranthi.” In the B.M. series all the 9 males show the aberration nigronotata, and 7 of them intra-fasciata. All the 20 females show the aberration fasciata, to a greater or less extent, on both upper and undersides, and several the aberration biligata, (plt. IT. fig. 19). Illustrations of wollastoni are unfortunately uncommon. Holt- White (1894) figures the upper-side of a female with the apical blotch suffused externally with white scaling and well-marked black dusting between the discal spots, in fact a marked example of ab. fasciata. Seitz (1907, Pl. 19, e), gives coloured illustrations of the upper-side of a male and the under-side of a female. In the latter judging from the B.M. series the dark markings are abnormally developed, the apical blotch almost coalescing with the upper discal spot and strong ‘‘ teeth ” passing to the lower spot. Verity (1908, Pl. XXIX., 20) reproduces the same specimen. The single female in the Tring collection is, however, very like the above example. Réber (1907) says wollastoni oceurs in Smyrna in March and April, meaning presumably that examples of ab. fasciata are found. Race cheiranthi, Hiibner (1806). This very distinct and handsome race was first described by Hiibner (1806) and later by Boisduval (1886) from the Canary Islands, where the latter says it replaces brassicae. In the males of the B.M. and Tring series the aberrations nigronotata and intra-fasciata are constant, the black scaling joining the discal spots being very broad and continuous (plt. I. fig. 11). In the female the aberration fasciata is similarly marked on both upper- and undersides, and the majority of them show the aberration biligata to a marked extent (plt. II. fig. 16). It is remarkable that the aberrations marginata and postero-maculata do not seem to occur. Judging from the B.M. and Tring series the different females illustrated by Seitz (1907, pl. 19, e. ) and Verity (1908, pl. XXXYV. fig. 27) are both abnormal, showing excessive development of the black scaling on the upperwings. The race seems to be ‘‘ peculiar to the Canary Islands” (Holt- White, 1894). Race azorensis, Rebel (1917). Kirby (1894) says that “typical Pieris brassicae occurs in the Azores,” but Rebel points out that according to Staudinger and Rebel (1901) the local form resembles chariclea, Steph., and Warren accepts this view. PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. 19 Eastern Races. Race nepalensis, Gray (1846). Doubleday (1844) gave the name nepalensis, without any description, to specimens sent by Hardwicke from Nepal, and Gray (1846) figured the uppersides of both sexes, without describing them. The figures represent specimens with the characters of chariclea, the outer edges of the marginal blotches being pale and the inner edges dark. In the female ‘ teeth ’ projecting inwards along nervures 3 and 4 nearly reach the discal spot. The tips are bordered by yellowish-white cilia. Lang (1864), Moore (1882), Butler (1886), Moore (1905), Bingham (1907) and Lefroy (1909) all state that this butterfly is common in N.W. Himalayas and neighbouring parts, but do not suggest that it differs from the European form. On the other band Butler (1886) mentions that in the female the second and third branches of the median vein are blackened. Rober (1907) says “it is a large form; the black markings are wider and the hindwing beneath is yellowish and dusted with black.” Verity (1908, pl. XXXV., 16, 17, 18), who figures a male, in which the inner margin of the apical blotch is irregular, and a female in which the ‘ teeth ’ are prolonged to join the upper discal spot, states that the upper discal spot is usually joined to the external border by two indistinct lines. In the B.M. series 22 out of 47 males show the aberration niqgro- notata, and 14 the aberration marginata, while 37 out of the 39 females are examples of ab. biligata and 18 also show the aberration faseiata. Of the 37 males from Thibet in the Tring collection 20 show the aberration niyronotata and 2 marginata. All 13 females are examples of ab. biliyata, but only 3 show the aberration supra-fasciata. Of the 27 males from other parts of the Himalayan region 6 show the aberration niyronotata, and 8 marginata; and of the 21 females 11 show the aberration biligata, but none the aberration supra-fasciata. Though specimens from different localities vary, the chief charac- teristics of the race seem to be the very common occurrence of the aberrations maryinata and biligata, and the considerable frequency of the aberrations nigronotata and fasciata. The noticeable dusting of black scales over the upper surfaces of the wings gives the race a characteristic facies (plt. IL. fig. 21). There are in some parts ‘‘ two or three broods in the year” (Moore, 1882), but these have not received names. The spellings nipalensis (Lang, 1864), and nepalense (Moore, 1882) have been used. Race ottonis, Rober (1907). This name is given by Rober to “ the Central-Asiatic spring form ; the underside of the hindwing is strongly darkened and dusted with greenish black.” Verity (1908, pl. XXXV. 22, 23), illustrates specimens from Turkestan which do not seem to show special features, and Verity says he sees “no reason to distinguish them particularly.” Of the 9 males in the B.M. collection from Yunnan 2 show the aberration nigronotata and 8 traces of the aberration marginata. The 2 females are poorly marked examples of the aberration biligata. 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S KECORD. 15.11. 19380 P. brassicoides, Guérin (1849), from Abyssinia, first described as a subspecies, is regarded by both Verity (1911, p. 337, Pl. LXVIL., f, 26, 27) and by Aurivillius (1925, p. 49, Pl. 12) as a distinct species. The former says it “‘ combines characters of brassicae and mesentina or dubernardi-davidis,” and the latter that it is the only known species of the brassicae group occurring in the Ethiopian Region. Ab. alligata, Cabeau. Derenne (1930) points out that we were in error in making ab. alligata, Cabeau a synonym of faseiata, Kiefer (XLI. p. 179), since Van Schepdael’s specimen, which is described by Cabeau, shows the characteristics of ab. fasciata and to a lesser degree those of ab. biligata, Cabeau. For such aberrations Verity (1908, p. 166) suggested the name conjuncta (XLI1., p. 176). Since Verity did not apply his name to any type specimen Cabeau’s name ab alligata has priority, if it is considered desirably to distinguish by special names examples in which the characters of two or more distinct and named aberrations occur. We are much indebted to Mr. N. D. Riley for access to the British Museum Collections and for photographs of three interesting specimens (figs. 12, 19, 21), to Dr. K. Jordan for his kindness in showing us the Tring Collections and for photographs of two rare specimens (figs. 9, 24), to Dr. J. J. Simpson for information relating to a specimen of ab. nigrescens mentioned by Mosley, to Mr. H. J. Turner for much assist- ance, especially in obtaining for us much of the foreign literature and for the loan of Mosley’s drawings (figs. 4, 5, 23), and to Mr. H. P. Hudson, of the Pathological Department, Cambridge, for the care and skill with which he photographed most of the specimens illustrated. REFERENCES. Albin, E. (1720). A Natural History of English Insects. Adkin, R. (1918). Hntom., LII. 36. Aurivillius, C. (1925). In Seitz’s Macrolepid., XIII. 49. Baker, G, T. (1891). Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond., 197-221. Bang-Haas, O. (1915). Deutsche Entom. Zeitschr., ‘ Iris,’ XX1X. 198. Bingham, C. T. (1907). The Fauna of British India, XI. 170. Boisduval, J. A. (1836). Hist. Nat. des Insectes. Paris, I. 521. Bramwell, J. M. (1869). Entom., LV. 258. Buckstone, A. A. W. (1923). Ent. Rec., XXXV. 128. Butler, A. G. (1886). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), XVII. 480. (1886). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 855, 394. Cabeau, C. (1924). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur., XX1YV. 25. (1925). Ibid, XXV. 38. Carpenter, J. H. (1907). Hntom., XL. 42. Carter, J. W. (1913). Hnt. Mon. Mag., XLIX. 40. Chapman, T. A. (1902). Entom., XXXV. 50. Cockerell, T. D. A. (1889). HEntom., XXII. 55. Derenne, F. (1930) Lambillionea, XXX. 12. Doubleday, EH. (1844). List Lep. Insects Brit. Mus. I. p. 82. Dufrane, A. (1912). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur, XII. 28. Fritsch, W. (1913). Ent. Rund., XXX. 47. PIERIS BRASSICAE, L, 21 ~ Frohawk, F. W. (1914). Nat. Hist. of Brit. Butterflies. (1918). Ent. Mon. Mag., LIV. Gélin, H. (1914). Bull. Soc. ent. France, 186. (1914). bid, 187. Gibbs, A. E. (1916). See Turner, H. J. (1920, p. 175). Graves, P. P. (1925). Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond., 75. Gray, G. R. (1846). Lep. Insects from Nepal, London, p. 9. Greer, T. (1922). Hntom., LV. 259. (1927). Hntom., LX. 100. Grosvenor, T. H. L. (1908). Hntom., XLI. 70. Guérin, F. HK. (1849). Lefebure. Voy. Abyss., VI. 365. Holt-White, A. F. (1894). Butts. and Moths of Teneriffe, p. 29. Hiibner, J. (1806). Samml. Hxvot. Schmett., p. 267. Humphreys, H. N., and Westwood, J. O. (1841). British Butterflies, p. 22. Image, 8. (1897). Hntom., XXX. 324. Jachontov, M. (1903). Rev. Russe a’ Ent., ILI. 38. John, K. (1922). Ent. Zeit., XXXVI. 33. Kiefer, H. (1918). Zeitseh. Oest. ent., Ver. ILI. 122. Knop, T. (1928). Hnt. Zeit., XXXVI. 68. Krulikovski, L. (1902). Rev. Russe d’Hnt., I. 221. Ksienschopolsky, A. V. (1911). Ges. Hrf. Wolhyniens, VIII. Lambillion, L. J. L. (1906). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur, IX. 42. Lang, H. C. (1864). Ant. Mon. Mag., I. 103. Leeds, H. A. (1910). Entom., UXILI. 44. Lefroy, H. M. (1909). Indian Insect Life, p. 418. Linnaeus, C. (1758). Syst. Nat., ed. X. p. 467. Lowe, F. E. (1915). Entom. Rec., XX VIL. 270. Moore, F. (1882). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 234. , (1905). Lepidoptera Indica, VI. 127. Morris, F. O. (1859). History of Brit. Butts., p. 17. Mosley, 8. §, (1889). Hntom., XXII. 112. (1896). Nat. Journ., III., Suppl. pt. 5. Mousley, H. (1903). Ent. Rec., XV. 167. Miller, EK. (1925). Internat. ent. Zeit., XVIII. 276. Newman, E. (1869). Jil. Nat. Hist. of Brit. Butts., p. 165. Newman, L. W. (1916). Hntom., XLIX. 116. Oberthtir, C. (1896). Ht. d’Entom., XX. 6. (1913). Et. de Lépid. Comparée, 1X. 89. (1925). bid, XXII. 6. Pickett, C. P. (1903). Ent. Ree., XV. 190. Pionneau, P. (1924). Misc. Hnt., XXVII. 57. Plant, J. (1843). Zooloyist, I. 471. Rebel, H. (1917). Ann. Hofmus. Wien., XX XI. 16. Reverdin, J. L. (1910). Bull. Soc. Lep. Geneva, II. 46. Rober, J. (1896). Hnt. Nachricht., XXII. 81. (1897). Jbid. XXIII. 257. (1907). In Seitz’s Macrolepid., 1. 44. Rocci, M. (1919). Soc. Ligustica Sc. Nat., p. 19. Rothschild and Jordan (1903). Novit. Zoolog., IX. Suppl. Seitz, A. (1907). Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. I. South, R. (1921). The Butts. of the British Isles, p. 36. 22, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1980 Stauder, H. (1921, A). Zt. f. Wissen Ins.- Biol., XVI. 148-151. (1921, B). Deutsche Ent. Zeitsch., ‘ Ivis,,) XXXV. 26. Staudinger, O., and Rebel, H. (1901). Cataloy. d. Lepid. d. Paleart. Faunengeb., 1. 45. Stephens, J, F. (1828). J/llust. of Brit. Entom., I. 16. Turati, E. (1924, A). Atti. Soc. It. di Storia. Nat., LXIII. 21. (1924, B). Bull. Mus. Zool.e. Anat. comp. Torino, XX XIX. 1. (1924,C.) Atti. del Mus. di Stor. Nat. di Torino., XX XIX. 1. (1929). Arch. Zool. It., XIII. 178. Turner, H. J. (1920). Z'rans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 175. Tutt, J. W. (1896). British Butterflies, p. 232, Van Mellaerts, (1926). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur, XXVI. 84. Verity, R _ (1908). pp. 157-172 of Rhopalocera Palaearctica. (1911). p. 357 of same. 908) Ent. Rec., XXVIII. 97. (1919). Hnt. Rec., XXXI. 88. Verity, R., and Querci, O. (1923). Ent. Rec., XXXV. (Suppl. 20). Walcourt, E. de H. B. (1919). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur, XIX. 51. (1920). Ibid, XX. 15. Westwood, J. O. (1855). Butts. of Great Britain, p. 22. Zeller, P. C. (1847). Isis, 222. Corrections.—On plt. I., ‘‘nammei” should be “ rammei.”’ p. 7, 1. 15, “‘ white’ should read ‘“ whole.” Memorandum to the Forest Entomologists and other Entomologists who are interested in the Study of Bark-beetles. By Dr. P. SPESSIVTSEFF (Experimentalfiiltet, Sweden). At the session of the Forest-entomological Section of the Inter- national Congress of Forest Experiment Stations held at Stockholm in July, 1929, | proposed the forming of an International Society of Ipidologists with the following words: “During the last 10-20 years the interest in the systematical and biological study of the bark-beetles has greatly increased. Such regions as for instance Sibirien, Kaukasus, the Balkan States and the Mediterranean region, whose fauna of bark-beetles was previously not sufficiently known, begin to attract the attention of entomologists. ‘“« Those investigators who pursue their studies in the field in far away countries are, however, confronted with the following difficulties : ‘1. The absence of keys for the identification of the bark-beetles (the Bestimmunystabelle of Reitter of 1913 are antiquated and Eggers contributions in the Entomologische Blitter do not cover the whole field. “2. The descriptions of new species are often published in such journals with no wide distribution, where they are not easily accessible. “3. These descriptions are often purely morphological and are not accompanied by figures or keys comprising other closely related species. “4, The new species are often formed on single or a few specimens which remain in the collection of the author and are as a consequence inaccessible to other investigators. “Tt would therefore be a great advantage to science if the work of the ipidologists in the different countries could- be made easier. As CEUTHORRHYNCHIDIUS PALUSTRE, N.SP. 23 most of the entomologists who pursue systematic and biological studies on the bark-beetles are attached to the forest-service I suggest that this section take the initiative of organising an International Society of Ipidologists. I further propose that a commission be formed to which the work of forming a detailed programme is entrusted. A number of distinguished forest-entomologists unfor- tunately not here present ought to be asked to join the work of the commission. In the meantime we may confine our activities along the following lines: “1. To enlist the co-operation of as many investigators as possible who are working on the bark-beetles. . ‘©2. To publish the names and addresses of the members of the association in suitable journals. “3. To issue detailed keys for the identification of the palearctic and possibly also of the nearctic bark-beetles. “4. In view of the difficulties connected with this work it would be necessary to issue the keys in series and entrust the different groups to specialists.” The proposal was unanimously adopted by the section and the ' following were chosen as members of the organizing commission : Dr. V. von Burtovirscn, Forstliche Hochschule, Eberswalde, Germany. Dr. N. A. Kemyer, Lund University, Sweden. Dr. P. SpEssivrTsEFF, Pror. Dr. I. Trickrpa, Experiment Station, Experimentalfiltet, Sweden. On behalf of this commission I take the liberty of asking you, who are interested in the study of the bark-beetles to join our new society and send your name and address as well as details as to what part of the group you are interested in to Professor Dr. I. Tricirpn, Experimentalfaltet, Sweden. Lists of the members will be published regularly in the Hntomolo- gische Blitter, Stettin, and in other journals. When in this way a society has been formed it will be advisable that the members in the different countries nominate between them a commission of 1-3 members for the purpose of co-operating with the central commission. Entomological Department, Swedish Forest Ceuthorrhynchidius palustre, n.sp., a British Species of Rhyncophora (Coleoptera) new to Science. By T. H. EDMONDS, F.E.S. When collecting near Bovey Tracey in August, 1928, I took, on patches of Nasturtium palustre, growing by the side of the river, a few specimens of a Ceuthorrhynchidius of the floralis group, which seemed to be different. When I was there with Mr. Donisthorpe in July last, we tried at the same spot and took several Ceuthorrhynchidii. He informs me that most of these were floralis and melanarius, but that one is evidently new and that there is a similar specimen in the Power Collection labelled ““? minutus” but it is not that species. A few weeks 24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1930 later I tried again at the same place and took several more specimens of the new form. On the advice of Mr. Donisthorpe I am describing it and my thanks are due to him for his assistance in the matter. Ceuthorrhynchidius palustre, sp.n. Black with rather scanty white scales. Antennae reddish, scape usually lighter, club darker. Thorax rather closely punetured, scantily clothed with narrow white scales, constricted at apex, with a small tubercle at each side, anterior margin raised and usually narrowly and obscurely brownish, base strongly bisinuate. Elytra with a double row of narrow white scales on the interstices, without band at the suture, at the most with some broader white scales near the scutellum. Underside rather scantily clothed with white scales. Long. 14 to 14mm. Allied to C. floralis, but narrower and on the average smaller. The thorax is rather longer, less strongly constricted towards the apex and the apical margin is not so much raised. The clothing both of the upper and underside is much scantier and there is no sutural band present. Several specimens at Bovey Tracey, Devon, on Nasturtium palustre. Synharmonia conglobata, L._—New aberrations. By G. CURTIS LEMAN, F.E.S. My friend, Herr Leopold Mader, of Vienna, has sent me diagrams of the following aberrations, which we agree are unnamed and he has asked me to name them for him. I do so in compliance with his request, though with some diffidence having regard to the length of the list and to the probability that these cannot pretend to exhaust all the possible combinations, which may hereafter be found in a species, which boasts eight spots. I may perhaps add that coloured plates of these aberrations will appear in due course in Herr Leopold Mader’s very interesting and exhaustive work, ‘“‘ Evidenz der pal. Coccinelliden” now being issued in parts as a supplement to the Zeitschrift des Vereines der Natiurbeobaehter and Sammler. ab, subeonjuncta, n. ab.—1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6+7+8. ab. miilleri, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, 4, 54+-7+6, 8. ab. subvariegata, n. ab.—1+2, 38, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. ab. friederikae, n. ab.—2+1+4, 3, 5, 6+7, 8. (I have the honour of naming this after the wife of Herr Leopold Mader.) ab. triconjuncta, n. ab.—1+2, 8, 4+5, 6+7, 8. ab. herbsti, n. ab.—1+2, 8, 4,5+7-+6, 8. ab. sieardi, n. ab.—1+2, 8, 4, 5, 64+7+8. ab. kirkae, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, 4,5+8, 6+7+8. ab. ellisi, n. ab.—1-+2, 8, 4,5+5, 647-48. ab. subpinet?, n. ab.—1+2+5,8+4+5-+485, 6+7+5, 8+58. (The formula ab. pineti, Ws. (vera) is 1+2+8, 8+4+5+85, 64+7+5, 8.) SYNHARMONIA CONGLOBATA, L, 25 . hawkesi, n. ab.—2+1+4+38, 5+8, 64+7+8. . caprai, n. ab.—2+1+4+5-+8, 8, 6+7+8. _ bedwelli, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, (4--5+8) (5+7), 6, 8. . harwoodi, n. ab.—1+2, 8, (4+5+8) (5+7), 6, 8. . cincta, n. ab.—(2+1+4+4+4+8) (4+5+8) (6+7+5) (8+7). Every spot confluent with the rest. . subcincta, n. ab.—(1+4+3) (4+5+8), 2, 6+7, 8. . gradli, n. ab.—1+2, 8, 4,6+7+5+5, 8. . weiset, n. ab.—142, 8, 4, (6+7+5+5) (8+7). . heydeni, n, ab.—-1+2, 8, (44+5+8) (6+7+85), 8. . lestrayet, n. ab.—1+2, (B34+4+5+8) (6+7+5) (7+8). . schneideri, n. ab,p—(2+1+4+48) (4+5+58), 6+7, 8. . mulsanti, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, (4+5+8) (64+7+5), 8. . evertsi, n. ab.—1+2, (8+4+5-+8) (6+7+5), 8. . walteri, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, (4+5+8) (6+7+5) (8+7). . kuhnti, n. ab.—1+2, 84+4, 64+7+5-+5, 8. . sagoensis, n. ab.—1+42, 84+4, (6+7+5+5) (8+7). . reitteri, n. ab.—1+2, 8, (4+5+8) (6+7+5), 8. . linnei. n. ab.—2+4+1+4, 8, (6+7+5+8) (8+7). . ryet, n, ab.—1, 2, 8, 4, 6+7+5+5, 8. . illigeri, n. ab.—1+2, 8, (4+5+8) (6+7+5) (8+7). . marshami, n, ab.—1+2, (83 +4+5+45) (7+5), 6, 8. . haworthi, n. ab.—2+1+4+4+438, (6+7+5+85) (8+7). . goezei, n, ab—2+144+48, 64+74+54+5, 8. pbieinta, n.ab.—(2+14-4-+8) (44+-5+8),.6+ 748. _omniconjuncta, n. ab.—(2+1+4+4+4+38) (44548) (6+7+5) (7+8+8). Differs from ab. cincta, mihi, in having spot 8 confluent with suture. . magnifica, n. ab.—(14+2+8) (14443) (4+5+5) (6+7+5), 8+8. A fine heavily marked aberration. . erotchi, n. ab.—(2+1+44+48) (4+5+8), 6+74+8+5. . donovani, n. ab—(2+14+4+5+45) (6+7+4+5) (847), 3. . naezent, n. ab.—(14+4+5+8) (6+7+5), 2, 3, 8. . faldermanni, n. ab.—14+2+4+4+4+38, 5+8, 647, 8. . gyllenhali, n. ab.—1 +244, 8, 64+7+5+45, 8. . motschulskyi, n. ab.—(2+1+4+48) (4+5+8), 6+7, 8+58. . vetterstedti, n. ab.—1+2, (834+4+5+4+8) (6+7+5) (7+8+58). . panzeri, n. ab.— 2414443, 647+5+4+5, 8+5. . paykulli, n. ab.—1+4, 2, 8,548, 6+7+8. . latreillei, n. ab.—1, 2, (B+4+5+8) (6+7+5) (8+7). . stephensi, n. ab—(1+2+8) (1+4+83), 6+74+5+5, 8. . laichartingi, n. ab.—1+4, 2, 3, 6+7+5+5, 8. . thunbergi, n. ab.—(14+2+48) (1+4+5+5) (6+7+5), 3, 8. . olivieri, n. ab.—1, 2, 3, +4, (64+7+5+5S) (8+7). . cederjhelmi, nu. ab,—2+1+44+8, 5+5, 6+7, 8. . lecontei, n. ab.—1+4+5+8, 2, 3, 6+7, 8. ab. fairmairei, n. ab.—1, 2, 3+4, 5+8, 6+7+8. . zoubkoffi, n. ab.—1+ 2, 3, 4, (6+7+5-+5) (7+8+5). 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1930 Stray Notes on Erebiid Species. By B. C. 8. WARREN, F.E.S. Erebia fleteheri, Elw., FE. dabanensis, Ersch., and F.. kozhantschikovi, Sheljuzhko, When looking over the Erebias in the B.M. collection last year, I came on an unmistakable g of EH. fletcheri. This is, so far as I know, the only known ¢ of this species. Strangely enough the specimen had been dissected by Elwes, who according to his habit had mounted the genitalia on a card, but he apparently never published anything about it or added anything to his first note, which was published at the same time as his figure of the 9 (Zrans. Ent. Soe. 1899, pl. 12, fig. 4). The genitalia were so contorted on the card that it was quite impossible to gain any real idea of their formation, but the authorities kindly gave me permission to try and remount them, which although they were a little damaged by their previous rough treatment, I was able to do in a quite successful manner. The resulting mount plainly showed that fletcheri was very distinct, with no real affinity to any other known species, and not the slightest similarity to dabanensis. A thing which had always surprised me was why this very distinctly marked insect should have always been placed as an aberration of dabanensis. Hiffinger confidently asserts that he is sure that Elwes’ figure can only be an aberration of dabanensis, and others have said the same. There is, however, no real resemblance between the two. Quite recently, two remarkable specimens have come into my possession, which at once threw some light on this point. They are aberrations of dabanensis and kozhantschikovi, but both show considerable resem- blance to jfletcheri, in fact they were sent to me as the latter by Staudinger. A further point of confusion has been the failure to distinguish between dabanensis and kozhantschikovi. It was only in 1925 that Sheljuzhko described the latter, and aberrations of it are even more like fletcheri than those of dabanensis owing to the very dark, almost unicolorous underside of the hindwing. It was doubtless because Elwes did not fully appreciate the difference between his Wilui specimens (i.e. kozhantsehikovi) and dabanensis, that he placed his 2 of fletcheri as an aberration of the latter. I am indebted to Mr. Sheljuzhko for permission to dissect one of his co-types of kozhantschi- kovt, and I have also been able to examine the genitalia of one of Elwes’ specimens in the British Museum collection and a third specimen in my own collection, and structurally the three agree perfectly, though from widely separated localities, keeping constantly distinct from dabanensis, of which I have mounted the genitalia of some half dozen specimens. It may be noted here that in Dr. Chapman’s paper on the genus Erebia (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898) he gave a drawing of the clasps of both dabanensis and kozhantschikovi, but as he did not distinguish be- tween the two he makes a mistake which is rather confusing. He figures the clasp of tundra (he had the type to examine from the Staudinger collection) on plate XV., f. 51*a and 51*b, which is typical of dabanensis, for tundra is an aberration of that species; then he gives two clasps of “dabanensis” figs. 51b and 51c, which are really kozhantschikovi. Although I do not consider that as a rule the naming of aberrations STRAY NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES. 27 is of any particular value, in the present case it seems useful to name these fletcheri-like aberrations, as it may help to keep similar specimens from being confused with fletcheri in the future. E.. dabanensis, ab. confusa, nov. In this aberration the yellowish-brown rings which normally surround the four small black spots on the upperside of the forewing, are extended so as to form a broad, continuous, transverse band, with perfectly even inner and outer edges, on both upper and underside of the forewings. Otherwise the specimen is normally marked. In dabanensis this band is usually outlined on the underside of the fore- wings, but is always suffused to a greater or less extent by the dark ground colour, It is therefore on the upperside that this aberration is most abnormal. Type, a ? in my collection from Mondy, Sajan Mountains. FE. kozhantschikovi ab. rubescens, nov. In this aberration all those markings which are usually a deep ochre in the type are of a dark mahogany colour. On the upperside of the forewings only three of the usual five black spots remain, and these are reduced to the merest points. There are five mahogany- coloured spots more or less forming a band, but intersected by the nervures, with an even outer edge but shading off irregularly on the inner edge. On the hindwings, there are three very small mahogany- coloured dots without black spots. On the underside, the forewings are crossed by a very broad and continuous mahogany-coloured band (quite as broad as the normal band in fletcheri and at least twice as wide as that of kozhantschikovi) in which are four very small black points near the outer edge. The hindwings are almost unicolorous black, with just a faint indication of the usual dark grey antimarginal band. The whole ground-colour, both on the upper and underside, is much blacker than usual. The underside of this specimen is quite suggestive of fletchert, but of course the markings of the upperside are much less pronounced. ‘T'ype,a 3g in my collection from the Sajan Mountains. FE. pawloskii, Men. This species is a most variable one; a short study of it will convince most people of the fact. But in spite of this I own I felt reluctant to accept the large and very strikingly-coloured theano as a subspecies of it. Still, all morphological data pointed to this being the case, and Dr. Chapman came to the same conclusion many years ago. ‘There is, it is true, a constant difference in the genitalia, of theano, shown by the development of the shoulder of the clasp, and superficially theano is very constant too, but a long study of the Hrebian genitalia has demonstrated that the particular form of variation exhibited by the clasp of theano, is not a reliable character, but one which can only be accepted as of specific value when accompanied by some second structural difference. It is also a fact that in numerous cases, highly specialised subspecies of H’rebia species often develop some structural difference from the type form, which difference is most frequently connected with the dorsal ridge of the clasp. Finally, in EH. ceto, a 28 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.11.1930 species quite distinct from theano, a certain race which superficially differs but little from the type, produces as its normal form, a form of the termination of the clasp almost identical with that of theano, and differing from typical ceto in just the same manner as theano does from pawloskii. So altogether there seemed no real doubt about the matter, but I felt it would be by no means easy to convince the general collector of the fact. Under these circumstances I was doubly pleased to get two very remarkable specimens from Staudinger, which effectually did away with the apparent gulf between pawloskit and theano. Bang-Haas referred them to haberhaueri, but personally I placed them as small theano. On mounting the genitalia the very interesting fact was disclosed that they were true pawloskit. This discovery at once links up the somewhat scattered units of this species. It must be recalled that the N. American ethela (=so/ia, Str.) is also a form of pawloskii, but the colour in the cell on the upperside of the fore- wing, and the yellow spot at the base of the hindwing on the underside, were features unknown in pawloskii, and more suggestive of relationship with maurisius (and haberhaueri), though there too the yellow basal spot of the hindwings on the underside did not agree. Elwes noted that he had never seen an Asiatic specimen with this spot. Of course it is present, very strongly, in theano, but Elwes regarded the latter as a distinct species quite unconnected with ethela. The two specimens of my newly discovered form of pawloskii naturally show this character- istic spot of ethela quite strongly, for they are small replicas of theano, having in fact developed the facies of the latter while retaining the size and structure of pawloskit. So on the one hand while they bridge the gulf between pawloskii and theano, on the other they, almost certainly, represent the form from which the slightly darker ethela must have sprung, though very probably at the time when they penetrated to the north of America their facies may have been even closer to ethela than they now are. This extremely interesting subspecies may be described as follows: FE, pawloskii, ssp. connexa, nov. (=haberhauri, ssp. tunkuna, Bang- Haas, i.1.) Size as pawloskii. Upperside: forewings dark brown with a band of six very broad brownish-orange spots, just separated by the dark nervures. ‘The first three spots (those next the costa) and the last (next the inner margin) project towards the base of the wing further than the other intermediate ones, just as in theano, while the outer edge of the band is perfectly regular. The distal half of the discoidal cell is filled with the same colour as the spots of the band, while there are traces of a further spot between the cell and the inner margin. The hindwings are dark brown with a single row of six broad spots, the same colour as those of the forewings, but they are more widely separated than the latter, by the dark ground colour running along the nervures. As in theano, the first three spots project nearly twice as far towards the base of the wing as the following ones; there is, however, no basal spot on the upperside. Underside; The markings are exactly the same as those of the upperside, only the basal area of the forewings is suffused with a rusty red, from the inner edge of the band to the “base, and on the hindwings there is a large yellow basal spot, which corresponds to the central one of the basal row, to be seen a —_—_——_ —_—_— NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI. 29 in theano. It is the same spot that is so characteristic a feature of ethela, but all the markings are much stronger thau in that race. All the spots of the underside are a very pale yellow, much lighter than on the upperside. Type, a g in my collection from Schawyr, in the eastern Tannuola Mountains. The name employed 7./. by Bang-Haas was very inappropriate, the Tunkun Mountains being some two or three hundred miles north of the Tannuola Range. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. The discovery made by Suschkin (1913) and by Reverdin (1920- 1927) of marked variations in the genitalia of the Melitaea has opened out an interesting field to investigation and to deductions. Hitherto it seemed a hopeless puzzle to explain their existence, their connections and their origins, but the knowledge we have lately acquired from other groups of Lepidoptera has shed considerable light also on this problem, which apparently fits in perfectly with the general laws we have made out. There are only a few particular points which need to be looked into more thoroughly to complete the general picture. A serious hindrance is unfortunately created by the extremely vague and fragmentary data concerning the Asiatic races of the athalia group and the indefinite way in which their few names have been applied. Let us begin by a rapid general survey of the evolution of the tribe. In wy paper on didyma, Eisp., I have pointed out that the Melitaea have originated from the tropical Phyciodes as the result of adaptation to the temperate climate, which began to appear on the face of the earth in the Polar regions. Amongst the Phyciodes which still live at the present day in the temperate climate of North America there are species, like ismeria, Boisd., of Colorado, which are extremely similar in shape and pattern of both surfaces to Melitaea harrisii, Scudd., the American representative of dictynna and protomedia, which only differ from it by some slight specific features, and there are species like Phyciodes barnesi, Skinner, which very much resemble the small summer forms of the Palaearctic M. phoebe, Schiff., with a mixture of arduinna, Esp. features by their shape and general appearance and by the fundamental lines of the underside pattern. This obviously shows that these two types of structure and pattern are the most primitive ones in the genus Melitaea, and the American species confirm it clearly by affording cases of transition and different mixtures of features, which one is accustomed in the Old World to associate with perfectly distinct groups of species. Thus whitneyi, Behr., on the upperside might be mistaken for a phoebe, whereas on the underside it is intermediate between phoebe and dictynna and it resembles the latter more than the former; that this is no case of superficial likeness, but a really intermediate species, similar to the common aneestor, from which those two groups may have sprung, possibly when still at the Phyciodes stage, can be considered more or less proved by the rather unexpected discovery of the last few years that the genitalia of dictynna resemble much more those of niinerva, 30 . ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1980 and in consequence those of arduinna and phoebe, than they do the genitalia of the athalia group, in which it bad always been placed owing to its general resemblance to it produced by parallel variation. In America we will presently see there also are species, such as anicia, Doubl., and editha, Boisd., whose very different looking races recall the aspect of the minerva-arduinna-phoebe group in some cases and of the aurinia-maturna one in others. It is noteworthy that batcalensis, Brem., p. 183=arcesia, Brem., p. 15, and sindura, Moore, on the underside combine an athalia-, or still better a dejone- or a parthenie- like pattern, with a fulvous marginal band, between the two capillary streaks, exactly like that which characterises maturna and iduna on the one hand and dictynna on the other; this goes towards showing that baicalensis connects the athalia group to the others and is more primitive than the latter. In a general way it seems perfectly clear that the minerva and baicalensis groups and more precisely their American representatives of the minuta, Edw. and palla, Beisd. groups along one line of descent and the dictynna and harrisii one along another have been the most primitive Melitaea, which have derived from the Phyciodes, as the result of adaptation to a temperate climate. When theclimate became still colder a further push was made and the culminating stage of what might be called frigoripetal evolution and variation was reached. In America it has developed to an enormous extent and innumerable variations have been produced both individually and racially, so that it was thought quite a number of species existed there, although the various authors did not agree on their number and in the way of separating the races. Fortunately Gunder has at last succeeded in classifying them by means of the genitalia, which he has examined in each race, mostly from the actual “types”? (The Pan- Pacific Hntom- ologist, VI. (1929), p. 1). He has thus established that there are in reality only five, or even four known species, if phaeton, Dru., and chalcedona, Dbl., are considered exerges of a single species, as they probably should be. The three others are anicia, Dbl. and Hew., editha, Bdy., and gillettii, Barnes. Judging by his figures, my impression is that anicia is the less highly characterised of the group, both by its genitalia and its general aspect, and that, from it, one branch has turned into chalcedona and another in the two successive grades editha and gillettit. The latter is clearly the transition to the Palaearctic species, as very rightly stated by Gunder, and I should add more particularly to aurinia, but, instead of being their American offshoot, as believed by him, it is the closest representative of their ancestors. Suschkin, as well as Reyerdin, had made a distinct group of these species, standing opposite all the rest of the Melitaea, on the strength of their sharply different genitalia, but Scudder had done still better in separating them as a distinct genus under the name of Huphydryas and it is time one should take it up in connection with aurinia and the maturna group, as they, apparently, differ much more from the true Melitaea than the latter differ from the Phyciodes. The Huphydryas can be regarded as the extreme result of frigori- petal evolution; the latter must have reached a point which the Melitaea centre of organic balance could not surpass, so that the increasing stress from the surroundings obliged these organisms to shift it in such a way that their elasticity could stretch further from CURRENT NOTES. aL the new centre in the frigoripetal direction. The consequence of specialisation to cold and damp conditions has been that the most extreme Huphydryas have lost the power to stand the opposite ones. Genera of this sort might be called psychrotropic satellite genera. In my paper on M. didyma, Esp., 1 have pointed out that, after the cold period had reached its climax and all the inhabitants of the Polar Continent had been driven southward to different latitudes, according to their constitutions, producing the great migration, in Asia and in America, of the late Cretaceous and of the early Eocene, I have described in my previous papers, the Melitaea, which had passed from their land of origin into Asia, presumably at that time, spread very broadly and responded to the return and gradual increase of heat, which followed, by bursting out into a very active evolution, one might in this case call caloripetal; this again culminated in Asia in a satellite genus, the subtropical Z'imelaca, to which the name of thermotropic would be suitable. These organisms have in fact taken a turn (tropos) respectively towards cold (psychros) or towards heat (therme). I cannot enter here into a detailed description of the numerous features which contribute to give the genitalia of Huphydryas an entirely different look from those of the Melitaea; I must mention, however, the forked piece, as Reverdin puts it, which I should desig- nate as the ‘‘ saddle-shaped ”’ lateral process of the clasps and which is homologous to Reverdin’s lateral apophysis of the true Melitaea, though its shape is quite different. It is this process Gunder has illustrated and on which he has based the specific grouping of the American races, but I must say I had some trouble in finding out what part of the genitalia he was dealing with, by examining his sketches; he leads one entirely wrong by calling it ‘‘ projections of the uncus,” and he very improperly calls the upper branch “left projection.” My reasons for regarding anicia as the less highly characterised species of HKuphydryas, standing nearer than the others to the palla group of the true Melitaea, is that some of its extremely different looking races somewhat resemble the latter and that, in conjunction with this, both the branches of the saddle-shaped process are long, slender and curved in a way which suggests analogy and probably also perfect homology with the lateral apophysis of the Melitaea, shaped like a cow’s horn. In editha the branches are shorter and thicker and the upper one is barbed at its end and in the still more extreme gillettii they are, as in the Palaearctic species, reduced to a bristled wart and to a stumpy branch ; aurinia, maturna and finally its exerge cynthia exhibit three successive degrees of reduction. [| might mention that in the Euphydryas also the terminal apophysis has shrunk into a round mass, covered with spines, and the whole clasp from a globular shape into a triangular one. (To be continued.) GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. The following Fellows have been elected as Officers and Council of the Entomological Society of London for the ensuing year :— President: K. Jordan, Ph.D. Treasurer: Captain A. F. Hemming, C.B.E., F.Z.S. Secretary: S. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. Other Members of Council: —H. W. Andrews, Capt. E. Bagwell-Purefoy, F.Z.5., E. C. Bedwell, F. W. Edwards, H. Willoughby-Ellis, F.Z.S., a PO ea ee ns a) a ; > eng Ped . ot oe rk 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1930. H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.8., A. D. Imms, M.A., D.Sc., F.B.8,, R. W. Lloyd, R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., G. A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., D.Se., F.R.S., F. Muir, W. Rait-Smith, N. D. Riley, F.Z.8., H. J. Turner. Dr. Immes, F. Muir and Hy. J. Turner have been chosen as Vice- Presidents for the year. The following item only quite recently came to our knowledge. We heartily congratulate our colleague. At the Convocation at the University of Durham in June last Dr. J. W. Harrison presented Professor Richard Siddoway Bagnall, a distinguished scientist, of Edinburgh, for the honorary degree of D.Sc. He said the two northern counties had always been famous for their enthusiastic and learned amateur naturalists, and among them none had been more distinguished than the entomologists. Professor Bagnall was one of the world’s authorities on the Thrips. In the Jnt. Ent. Zeit. for November 22nd is an account of the collecting in the wonderful Val del Fain (Heutal) behind the Berni- na-haus station in the Engadine. The botanical treasures of the valley are equally remarkable. The only drawback to collecting in this valley is the almost incessant bad weather. Most of the species to be found there are in considerable number and many are racial. The Ent. News for November has a most interesting account of the U.S. National Museum at Washington, one of the series on N. American Institutions Featuring Lepidoptera contributed by J. Gunder. The article is illustrated by a portrait group of the well known entomologists working in the Museum in January, 1929. Dr. Dyar, Dr. Schaus, Dr. Howard, C. Heinrich, A. Buseck and F. H. Noyes. In the same number there is a list of all who have been Honorary (foreign) Fellows of the Entomological Society of London since its foundation in 1883, 57 in Number, with their nationality. In the Hnt.. Zeit..for November 22nd there is a list of the Pterophoridae occurring in the Austria-Hungarian area with the localities in which they are found. Of the 77 species listed, 13 are Oriental, 7 Siberian, 5 (probably) Mediterranean and 4 Alpine in origin. In the November number of Lambillionea M. Thomas discusses the problem—le Retour au Nid, at considerable length. Also Dr. Eubrik Strand writes a critical review of the Memoir on the Ascari (mites) published with the 77jds. voor Ent. as a supplement in 1926. The Revue Russe d’ Ent. vol. XXIII. nos. 1-2 recently published contains a large amount of original work. N.J. Kusneyov, contributes the article ‘“‘ Malacodea and Operophtera. A study in Micropterism,”’ with 4 plates and several figures. The author concludes “that the loss of the organs of flight must be considered and examined on the physiological basis only, as a result of nutritional, metabolic balance disturbed by the unfavourable conditions of life. Six of the articles deal with Lepidoptera, five with Hymenoptera, three with Coleoptera. There are six further articles included. In the Bull. Soc. ent. Hrance, no. 15, Dr. Verity communicates a note on the races and forms of Argynnis niobe occurring in the Kuropean area. The Soc. Hut. for December contains three plates devoted to illustrate forms of Macrolepidoptera described as occurring in Pomerania, by K. F. Marquarat. ee - Tornrn, ““Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to ind us communications 1DENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. : Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at : the time of sending in MS. 3 Articles that require ILLusTRATIoNS are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. eae EXCHANGES. ae “Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. : Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.— Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera. mc W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata. —Unoentiy REQUIRED, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera).—H. P. Jones, Nat. Hist. Museum, Wollaton Hail, Nottingham. Duplicates.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col. ), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.— Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. Desiderata.—Early stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and Manx), gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis and munda.— A. J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Duplicates.— Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zephyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, Melitaea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. Desiderata.—Euchloé gyriineri, damone, Melanargia arge, pherusa, and other European butterflies not found in France or Switzerland.— 4. Simmons, 42, Loughborough oad, West Bridgford, Notts. Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first dass Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of ‘he World. Galls.—In view of the forthcoming Monograph on British Zoo—and Phytocecidia by Bagnall, Bartlett and Harrison, reprints of papers on, or records of, the rarer plant-galls wre requested. Material will be willingly identified, acknowledged, and, where necessary, ~lustrated. Address such to: Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, D.Sc., PR. S., Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-T'yne. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8p-m. March dth, 19th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. February 27th. March 13th.—Hon. Secretary Stanley Hdwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural. History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. (except July and August). Visitors weleemed :— Hon. Sec., A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. : SENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. re vi id BS Price, one copy 1s. 0d. two copies ls. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By KennetH J. Haywarp, F.E.S. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Yerzeichniss. Collated by the late J. i. Durrant, F.H.8. (a few copies only) .. vi . Qs. 6d. Back eas Nos. 37-41 of Ent. Record, new series; jnclititig ‘Special IMMER ee oe A= ee Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be Se post va =: H. W. Ricacee 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8. E.9. ~y > _To be obtained from— CONTENTS _ P. brassicae, with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire, G. 8. Graham-Smith, M.D., F.R.S., F.E.S. and W. Graham-Smith (2 plts.) 27a Memorandum to the Forest Entomologists and other Entomologists who are interested in the Study of Bark-beetles, Dr. P. Spessivtseff ; ; Ceuthorrhynchidius palustre, a British Species of Rhbyncop hora new to Science, T. H. Edmonds, F.E.S. B : : 3 oe . of . -. se Synharmonia conglobata, L., New aberrations, G. Curtis Leman, F.E.S...— Stray Notes on Erebiid Species, B. C. S. Warren, F:E.S. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi, and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group, Roger Verity, M.D. .. aps Current Notes SUPPLEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner Be a Rt & (129)-(132) Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hampshire, H. P. Jones as (69)-(72) er ee EE Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. — Dr. Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, Dr. Malcolm Burt. H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, F. W. Edwards, P. P. Graves, A. J. Wightman, G. C. Leman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, P. Haig-Thomas, H. B. D. Kettlewell, C. Nicholson, __ and Reports of Societies. ; peas All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ** Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. ; IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record eS and Journal! of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) 3 GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important vnly mentioned.) - _ Genvs Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured *plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— — Parthenogenesis— Puper on T'aentocampidae —Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the — a inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist — or 1890 —Lifehistories of Ayrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Cuptures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., ete., 360 pp. ay CONTENTS OF VOL. HI. Menanism any Menanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Vantation (inany)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and 4. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- , theeias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- — clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes ‘ Ey’ on Genus Zyemna (dnthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etce., 312 pp. ; ee Mr. H. HE. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 es to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable na ' Epirep sy G. T. Beraune-Baker, F.Z.8., J. EH. Conny, v.u.s._ A F.E.S., Chairman. — H. DontsrHore®, F.2. Hove ¥.E.S ‘ R. §. BaGnau, D.SC., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. Graves, F.EB. s - F,L.S. H. E, Pdex, ¥.5.8.) (4) ee Matcoum Burr, D.Ssc., Y¥-.8.8. ALFRED SICH, F.U.8. 0 9 0 See Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. | W.H. Tams, ¥.1t.s. Sowa ate BE. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. 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HILL & SON Mg Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. / SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. raed: Consult us on the problem of howsing your Collection economically. yet; e Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems. ate CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. ie PHone: Willesden O309. oer. ek W. F. H. ROSENBERG 57, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. (Close to Chalk Farm Station, Hampstead Tube) at 7 TrLEPHONE: Primrose Hill O660. F ; i a New Price List of Cabinets, Collecting Apparatus and Supplies, etc.; ‘free Hig aR to readers of this periodical. . Also the following price lists—Birdskins, Mammals, Birds’ Kegs, Reptile Amphibians and Fishes. Lepidoptera, living pupae (British ‘and te Please state which Lists are required and mention this Magazine. A STANDARD WORK BUTTERFLIES 3 THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S§. With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species, ’ Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from.Nature. ‘Quite the best volume devoted. to our British Butterflies which has been issued. Netonat Quarterly Review, Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. neo ih FREDERICK WARNE & Co., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2, A eR ea Tee he ere pete RS PROF. SEITZ’S BIRTHDAY. 33 Prof. Dr. Seitz’s 70th birthday, February 24th. Descendent of one of Germany’s noble families, Dr. Seitz has been a collector of butterflies ever since he was six years old. At the age of 27 and after having completed his studies, he departed for Sydney. - Together with Mr. William Mac-Leay, Mr. Mastas and Mr. Ollif, he collected butterflies near Adelaide and Melbourne. ‘The first named scientist, took Dr. Seitz for lengthy excursions into the interior of Australia, thus awakening in him the idea of writing a great work, which should enable entomologists to gain a clear survey of the Fauna of the World. This suggestion took root in Prof. Seitz’s mind, but he knew that first of all he must get to know thoroughly the butterfly- fauna of the whole World. For this purpose he had to travel and he therefore undertook numerous expeditions to all parts of the World, going at the age of 30 in the year 1890 to the Orient. Through repeated visits to the Yemen, he gained much knowledge of the Eastern part of the Kthiopian territory, the West of which he had already entered earlier. ‘Then he went to China and collected chiefly in Shanghai. In 1891 he lived in Kaw-Long, opposite the Island of Hong-kong, which he explored for many months. Following upon this, the Doctor stayed in Japan, where again he undertook expeditions far into the interior, starting from Hondo, Yokohama, Fliago and Tokio; he also visited Mianoshida and Nikko. Dr. Seitz remained in these Zones until the year 1892, during which time he studied the Palaearctic southern frontier of Kastern Asia, whose position he fixed by taking many statistical notes. His last South-American journey Dr. Seitz characterises as his 59th voyage to distant countries. Thus one is able to note, that he had plenty of opportunity to explore nearly all the countries of the World for their. lepidoptera fauna. After many years of successful work as Director of the Zoological Gardens at Frankfort-on-Main, he retired from this responsible post, in order to be able to devote himself entirely to his chief aim in life— his work ‘“‘ The Macrolepidoptera of the World.’ The war however, was the cause of delaying the progress of the imposing work, on which the author is still working with the collaboration of some 29 explorers, amongst whom there are several prominent English scientists. Other unforeseen interruptions occurred, through the illness of some of the collaborators whom it was practically impossible to replace; this too caused great trouble and inconvenience. ‘The great exertions of the publishers however, assured the steady progress of the Work. A Supplement, to the Palaearctic 'auna completed in the year 1920, has become an urgent necessity, and has lately begun to appear, and takes into account all the recent additions made up todate. The whole of the butterfly-volumes appertaining to the Exotic Section are completed, and we hear, that the moth-volumes X and XIV will be finished in the course of this year. We understand that it will probably be about another 3 years this versatile scientist will have to work intensively to finish his work. Prof. Dr. Seitz is at present far away in the interior of Brazil, and we wish him many happy returns of the day on this his 70th birthday. Sr 34 F ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 154161980, Field Notes from the Congo. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sce., F.E.S. I am afraid I have not much of entomological interest to report from the Congo, although I spent six weeks there. But they were busy weeks and I did not get outside the town of Elisabethville very much. We crossed the Angoia-Congo frontier on Armistice Day, 1927, in two lorries which were, I am glad to say, British made, loaded up with about two tons of kit and baggage. It was a six day drive from Villa Luso, and not without mild adventure, especially when we nearly lost a lorry by the sinking of the pontoon over the river Kayoyo. After the plateau of Angola, it was rather pleasant to come into an agreeable little town with many of the amenities of civilisation. Elisabethville is barely seventeen years old, but as it is the centre of the immensely wealthy mining district of Katanga, there has been money in circulation. It has many appurtenances of civilisation, including a Cathedral, the smart Cercle Albert and one or two other more modest clubs, a palace for the Governor, and hospital each for whites and blacks. The population is cosmopolitan; apart from the Belgian officials and a few British, it consists mostly of Jews, chiefly of Russian origin, Italians and Greeks. It is well laid out, with shady avenues of handsome jacarandas and other ornamental trees, with rows of detached, pretty little houses standing in attractive gardens ; they are built, however, rather to the European model of suburban bungalows and not properly designed for a climate a few degrees south of the equator. There are excellent shops and high prices but hotel accommodation still leaves much to be desired. I was unlucky in missing the Government Entomologist, who was away in the bush, but glad to make the acquaintance of Monsieur Ramaekar, a keen zoologist and a skilled taxidermist. He’ is more interested in birds and mammals than in insects but collects beetles - and sundries. M. Ramuaekar received us very cordially and it was good to have a yarn on African zoology with a man who knows something of the subject. I did little collecting myself. On the road, when we stopped for lunch or to unload and reload the lorries at one'of the numerous pontoons, I picked up a few Orthoptera but nothing very striking ; the most noticeable were brilliantly coloured Acridians which flashed as they made short flights in the sunlight among the rough herbage. I was sorry not to come across Palophus, the gigantic Phasmid, one of the largest known insects, which appears to be by no means rare in the Congo. The country we motored through was all forest, but different from that of Angola. There we had rather thin and open woodlands on a poor, sandy soil. We noticed the change a few hours before reaching the frontier. The ground becomes richer and the vegetation much denser and more luxuriant. We saw few of the umbrella-shaped nests of Calotermes, which are so characteristic of the country round Villa Luso. Their place was taken by the lofty pyramidal nests of some species of J’ermes. At one place, where the road ran straight through the forest, it was bordered by countless white pyramids standing ten and ee 1 ‘ fifteen feet high, very impressive and strange in appearance, like monuments of departed heroes. As we penetrated further, we came upon the red laterite soil so characteristic of vast areas of Africa and the termite nests were red. This colour is repeated in the chestnut flanks of the okapi, which probably wandered through this very spot before it became restricted to 1ts present habitat in the Ituri forest. The strange creature must be very difficult to see in its native haunts, where the red flanks tone with the laterite soil which stains even the trees and the striped legs mingle with the twinkling light of the sun as it penetrates the jungle. ; Termites are a benefactor in Angola where their nests provide the only coherent material around Villa Luso; it is used for binding the surface of the sandy roads, for paving camps and for making bricks. In the civilised town of Elsabethville they are a nuisance and do much damage, but they can be kept away by hedges of Euphorbia, which they will not approach. I was struck by the fewness of insects that fly to light; the terraces and restaurants in town were well illuminated but very few insects were attracted by it. Only at one place did I pick up anything worth bottling ; that was a place of entertainment which looks out direct upon open grassland; a brilliant illumination attracts considerable quantities to the white walls where they may be picked off with ease. They were most numerous on dark, wet, thundery nights, and we had plenty of these. One night there were swarms of an Acridiwm (or Tettiv), recalling our common A. subulatum, which we hardly regard as a night-flyer at home in Kurope. A small grey Mantid was fairly numerous but the most frequent visitor was a rather. small green Conocephalus, a most persistent musician after dusk until about nine. His song recalls that of Tettivonia viridissima but differs in timbre. In these African forests, so far as | have seen, Locustids and stridu- lating Orthoptera generally are surprisingly few; Conocephalus is the chief musician, the quieter Hetrodidae coming second. But the main chorus is of the crickets which are varied and numerous. The most noticeable is a big pale fellow, probably Brachytrype, a giant among crickets, who appeared in the mature form with the first rains in Angola. He has a sharp loud chirrup like a bird, and towards evening the scrub resounds with his short penetrating note and it was some time before I identified the song with the singer; he also chirrups loudly when held in the hand. He was very insistent around Villa Luso when we left early in November and I heard the same note all through the forests of Katanga. THROUGH CENTRAI. KUROPE 10 MONTENEGRO, 35 Through Central Europe to Montenegro. By P. HAIG-THOMAS, F.E.S. I had intended this year to spend the summer collecting in Spain, unfortunately owing to one thing and another my departure was delayed till July 11th. I decided therefore to give up Spain and go straight through to Carinthia where I was to meet two entomological friends, Mr. and Mrs. Cox, who were motoring. Unfortunately the season was an early one and we did not find as many species as we had hoped. Leaving London on July 11th, I arrived at the station of 836 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.19380 Mésel at the foot of the Sau Alp early on the morning of the 13th and walked up to Stelzing collecting by the way; the day was cold, there was a strong wind, and only occasional glimpses of sun. Very few insects were visible, | observed Frebia ligea and E. euryale, Melitaea dictynna and M. athalia, and Polyommatus amandus. After depositing my kit at Stelzing at 2 p.m., I walked up the slopes above the tree line on the Geyer Kugel in hopes of finding EH. arete. No drete was seen, but I took Hrebia epiphron var. cassiope and FE. eriphyle v. tristis. Mr. and Mrs. Cox arrived at Stelzing in time for supper. July 14th.—Was spent on the Geyer Kugel, I took 18 g I. arete and 4 ° ? at 5200 feet ona N.E. slope, a good many arete 3 were worn; afew ¢ EL. eriphyle v. tristis and one fresh 2 EH. oeme v. spodia, many others were seen but were worn. /. lappona higher up was not uncommon but very worn. F. cassiope abundant, some of the specimens approaching nelamus. July 15th.—I found E. arete, 3 3 only, very common and fresh on the 8.E. slope of the Geyer Kugel 5200-5600 feet, 1. eriphyle v. tristis was local and most plentiful on the N.\W. slope in damp places where the rhododendron grew rankest. Though some of the $ g were worn | took no 2 ?. Among common insects at Stelzing I took a few worn Brenthis thore very large. July 16th.—We left Stelzing and motored through Klagenfurt over the Léibl Pass to Laibach and on to Zagreb. Both the Northern and Southern slopes of the Léibl Pass, which cuts through the Karawanken Mountains, are grand collecting ground. We were however too late for the lower slopes and only collected close to the summit of the pass at 4000 feet, where a race of Hrebia nerine was flying on the rocky screes, 3 g in grand condition but only 1 2 was taken. This race of nerine seem intermediate between stelviana and morula the upperside is almost identical with stelviana though the insect is smaller. The underside has the forewings a brighter red than in stelviana, the bindwing in distal area has three black spots with white pupils. The ? has the band of the forewing on the upperside much wider than in stelviana, on the underside the hindwing has the three spots with white pupils well developed. I propose the name loibli for it. Among the other insects noticed on the Karawanken Mts. were I’. ewryale, HL’. livea worn, M. galatea v. procida, but much darker than procida from Provence, Limenitis populi, Apatura tris and Coenonympha arcania very worn. There is a good hotel on the south side of the pass in Jugoslavia from which the summit could easily be reached in 14 hours. We stopped for half an hour on some low wooded hills between Laibach and Zagreb, L. populi was in evidence and I took some rather dark M.athalia. We arrived at’ Zagreb about 8 p.m. and stayed at the Royal Hotel which is said to be the best. The country around Laibach looked good for collecting but around Zagreb it was much cultivated and in July dried up. July 17th.—Was spent in motoring from Zagreb to Jajce over the worst roads imaginable and through a highly cultivated district as far as Banjaluka, between which and Jajce should be good collecting ground ; it was already late when we left Banjaluka and we saw no insects. . July 18th.—We motored early up to a lake about 6 kilometres from Jajce but the grass in the marshes had all been cut and we saw no THROUGH CENTRAL EUROPE TO MONTENEGRO, 37 sign of Coenonympha tiphon. Leaving Jajce we took a short cut by a very bad road over a pass to Travnik; the butterflies were rather disappointing. On the low ground a fine large summer form of Pieris napi, Araschnia prorsa one only, and a few worn Brenthis hecate were taken: Satyrids and Lycaenids were conspicuous by their absence. Near the top of the pass at 3500 feet, Parnassius apollo, EK. euryale, EF. ligea and one very small F. aethiops and Lycaena alcon worn were taken, while one Polygonia L-album was seen but not captured. Much of the open ground, which looked good on the S.H. side of the pass was enclosed, and as the meadows were not cut, and the owners were present we did not attempt to invade them, otherwise our list of insects might have been considerably increased. We motored down to Travnik, which is an exceedingly hot and uninviting looking town and on to Sarajevo. The country between Traynik and Sarajevo is much cultivated and we saw very few insects. At Sarajevo we put up at the Hotel Europa, which was both com- fortable and moderate in price. July. 19th.— We motored almost to the top of Mt. Trebevic and took many butterflies around 4500 feet. Papilio machaon, Parnassius apollo x. bosniensis, P, mnemosyne worn, P. napi, Gonepteryx rhamni, Erebia oeme f. spodia g worn some 2 2 quite fresh (the females of this race were considerably larger than those taken in the Sau Alp). EF. ligea, EK. enryale, EF. tyndarus vr. balcanica all common. &E, manto was just coming out. Melanargia galathea a fine dark form, Hipparchia semele, Limenitis rivularis (camilla), Huvanessa antiopa, Pyrameis cardui, Aglais urticae, P. atalanta, Mpinephele jurtina, Coenonympha arcania, C. pamphilus, C. iphis, Melitaea trivia a few around the summit nearly all worn, i. didyma, M. athalia, Argynnis aglaia, A. niobe v. eris, Heodes virgaureae, H. hippothoé a large race, and one H. alciphron 2 quite fresh seen. Plebeius aegon, P. medon (astrarche) {. alpina, Scolitantides orion, Polyommatus semiargus and Lyeaena aleon. Also Hesperia carthami and Augiades sylvanus. Colias myrmidone must have been over as we saw no sign of it. July 20th.—We again motored to the top of Trebevic and stayed till two o’clock when it clouded over, the only fresh insect seen being L. aryiolus. Leaving Sarajevo at 4 p.m. we motored to Mostar and stayed at the Hotel Nareton. Most of the country between Sarajevo and Mostar looked good. July 21lst.—We motored to Gadcko and on the way visited Blagaj, where we took about two dozen Tarucus balcanicus mostly rather worn. Polygonia egea was also common but worn, one Satyrus statilinus, a few worn P. medon (astrarche), and P. icarus completed the list. The hotel at Gadcko was not all that one might expect. July 22nd.—Motored to the Austrian Gendamerie about 16 kilo- metres along a stony track and then walked two and half hours through forest to the lower slopes of Mt. Vlasulja. One worn Neptis lucilla was taken in the forest. The lower slopes of Vlasulja were eaten bare by large flocks of sheep and goats, the only insects being P. aegon and CU. tiphon rv. occupata (Rev.) both common but the g g of the latter were almost over; higher up between 5000 and 5500 feet 3 3 of Erebia melas were not uncommon, but difficult to catch on the shale slopes. On this day we took 17 ¢ fg and 3 29. HE. tyndarus v. balcanicus was also taken, the ? ? being larger than those on Mt. 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1930: Trebevic. On our way back we ruined: two tyres and arrived at Gadcko after dark. July 23rd.—We motored to Mostar and back to get new tyres and on our way stopped at one or two likely corners for J'arucus baleanicus from 500 to 1000 feet above the Blagaj Gorge. The food-plant grew all over the sides of the hills, but 7. balcanicus seemed to be confined to the gullies facing due South, where it was extremely hot. I took 17 T. baleanicus, 2 Cupido minima, 7 Satyrus brisets and a few Pieris ergane g only. There was a good deal of wind and only a few butter- flies were seen. : (To be concluded.) Cavalaire and the New Riviera. May, 1929. By Lrevr. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.8. (Concluded from p. 11.) May 23rd.—To-day at Beauvallon Thymelicus acteon was beginning to emerge, and on the hillsides behind the Golf Hotel I took the moths Synthymia fixa, Fab., Napuca ochrearia, Rossi, which were both flying pretty numerously. I also took two fresh specimens of Melitaea pseudathalia, and the following beetles: Mylabris hieracti, Graells, which were abundant, Chrysomela hyperici, Forst., Cryptocephalus sewmaculatus, Lachnaea pubescens, Duff., the beautiful Leptura bipunctata, F., variety, and Macrolenes dentipes, Oliv. The following Hymenoptera were taken, viz., Anthophora acervorum, L., Andrena limbata, a slight var., common, Odynerus laevipes, Shuek., var., Andrena labialis g. The view across the sea from Beauvallon halt station to St. Tropez is alone worth seeing. May 24th.—At La Londe to-day the weather was windy, working up towards a storm. I found but little except the beetle Cebrio lepturoides, F., the Hymenoptera Ammophila sabulosa and Xylocopa cyanescens (wings rather worn), the Dipteron Myopa dorsalis, Fabr., the Burnet moth “Zygaena stoecadis, Bork. I imagine that La Londe is not nowa good collecting centre; most of the ground is planted with vines, and I only saw small patches of woodland, but I did not go very far from the station. May 25th.—At Cogolin today I took a dozen quite fresh specimens of Brenthis daphne, as they were feasting on the white blossoms of bramble bushes in the full sun. Limenitis rivularis (camilla) was one of the commonest butterflies this spring in the whole district and the females of Mpinephele jurtina var. hispulla repay careful searching for amidst the myriads of the type. Some of these females are very large. Some Hmydia cribrum were flying and I took one, a male, of M. pseud- athalia. May 26th.— The first and only rain of my holiday lasted for about two hours this morning, and the sun this afternoon was hotter than ever. A road leading up into the woods, to the right of the back of the Grand Hotel at Cavalaire developed later into grassy clearings, in the midst of which females of Melanargia syllius and Aryynnis lathonia, and fresh males of VW. psewdathalia were not uncommon. I took the beetle Temnochila eaerulea, Oliv., and the Hymenopteron Allantus zonula, KI., var. bizonula. CAVALAIRE AND THE NEW RIVIERA. 39 May 27th and 28th.—I continued in the same area as on May 26th, and completed a long series of M. psendathalia including a few females. The females of the beautiful Scoliad, Discolia Havifrons were darting about in the hot sun, but so far they have not given me a chance. I took the Diptera Pangonius micans, Mg., and Cerioides vespiformis, Latr., and two Asilids probably of the sub-genus Hchthistus one being probably rujinervis, Wied., 2, and some females of the moth Hmydia cribrum; also 2 specimens of the beetle Livus iridis, Oliv., and a single specimen of the moth Dysauxes punctata, Fabr. May 29th.—My last visit to Cogolin this year. Before the station is reached the train passes over a stream bordered each way for some considerable distance by the giant reed. [Following up stream by the path which runs parallel with it, a considerable variety of collecting country is met with ending up with woods and wooded hills be- hindthem. Thereisno let or hindrance if one is careful not to walk over crops, and the locality is a good one in April-May. I imagine the Hotel Cauvet at Cogolin would be satisfactory. Today the moth Emydia eribrion was in fine condition and the imagines of B. daphne were flying in considerable numbers, and towards the end of a very hot afternoon | found that Strymon (Thecla) w-album was well out and 1 took about a dozen in good condition as they were all feeding upon a white flower beneath their elms. Lycaenesthes argiolus was apparently beginning to emerge today. I also took some very fresh males of Andrena hattorfiana, Fab. I should like to say that in all probability there is a considerable extent of collecting grounds in the Cogolin- Grimaud district in addition to the ground I have mentioned where I did all my collecting at Cogolin. I was greatly indebted to Mr. Fassnidge’s article in January, 1929, of the Mntomologist’s Record, and I found the Hotel de la Plage et des Bains at Cavalaire very convenient as a collecting centre for the neighbourhood. It is very clean, reasonable, 2 minutes only from the station, and is situated right on the beach, where there is excellent bathing, boating, ete., and Monsieur Simon, the proprietor, is deservedly very popular with his clientele. May 30th.—On the same ground at Cavalaire as on May 26th I saw one or two quite fresh males of Satyrus circe, which had probably emerged that morning. On May 31st in the train between Cavalaire and St. Raphael I noticed odd specimens of this butterfly near the railway line in several places. I also noticed this afternoon after my things were packed a number of specimens quite fresh of the beautiful Footman Moth, Deiopeia pulchella, flying around the neighbourhood of the Grand Hotel at Cavalaire, and near the railway line, settling frequently on the grass heads. I saw but one mosquito at Cavalaire during my visit. I reached London the evening of June 1st after a particularly enjoyable holiday. — I must express my best thanks to Dr. Perkins, Mr. C. Morley, Mr. C. J. Wainwright, in particular, and to several other naturalists who have helped me to determine many species mentioned in this article. 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.111.19380 Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. The most extreme species of this genus had become so thoroughly balanced in the psychrotropic state by organic changes that they have never been able, as might have been expected, to face conditions which required changes in the opposite, caloripetal, direction and all they have done in Asia has been to substitute the palaearctic awrinia and the maturna group for their American ancestors by comparatively slight specific transformations. As to H. desfontainti, Godt., which differs from most of the species of this little genus and actually inbabits the hottest and driest territories of the region (Morocco and Southern Spain), it is most instructive. In my paperon awrinia, in this Journal for 1928, I have stated that I had taken it to be a group of aurinia which had got locally modified by its new surroundings. Now, the study of the general evolution of the Melitaeidi, the knowledge ot the genitalia of the American Huphydryas and the comparison of this case with the exactly similar one of AM, dejone, which bas accompanied desfon- tainii and which I will describe further on, plainly show that 1 had taken a wrong view of it. It isa very useful lesson, to be borne in mind when dealing with numerous other instances of the same sort, which are afforded particularly by that extreme western Atlantic region. If one compares desfontainii with race augusta, Kdw., proper to the warm southern counties of California, of editha, the species which is a grade less advanced than gillettii and aurinia in, the frigoripetal direction, and with exerge sierra, Wright, of chalcedona,’a branch parallel to it, one is at once struck by their general resemblance. The genitalia next prove that this is not only a superficial one, produced by the warm localities they both inhabit, but that desfontainii acttally possesses a saddleshaped process with a long slender branch, described with no hesitation by Reverdin as “ analogous to the lateral apophysis- of the athalia group’; it has also retained a terminal apophysis, although its shape has become different from that of any of the true Melitaeca and reminds one ot the broad forelegs of a mole-cricket, with seven spines along its edge. These facts make it perfectly obvious that desfontaintt has not derived from an aurinia, which has returned to a warmer climate and to caloripetal variation, but that 1t has derived in a direct way from a species, like editha or a primitive exerge of chalcedona, which had never reached as high a grade in the frigoripetal direction as gillettii and aurinia, so that it bas partially retained the apophysis of the clasps. It bas in consequence, more ancient and less specialised features, except for the particular specific ones it has presumably acquired, in a way parallel with that of avrinia, since its line of descent has reached Asia and spread along the warm Southern routes, in the early Miocene, with the first flow of invaders from Asia to Morocco, which has consisted, as I have pointed out in other occasions, of species already suited to warm climates. It stands to reason that beckeri, Lederer =iberica, Obth., which is exactly intermediate, but not transitional, between aurinia and desfontainii, must have originated in the same way and followed the latter when the Miocene climate became cooler. It certainly is a distinct species from it, because they - fly on the same grounds at the present day in Southern Spain and Spent el “} aruay 2d $1292.40 -2quaydas $17. 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M. dejone in con- nection with athalia, brings us to precisely the same conclusion as desfontainii and cases of the same sort in many of the extreme western Lepidoptera are revealing themselves so frequently that this pheno- menon is, beyond doubt, quite a general one. The fossil butter- flies and fossils of all sorts fully agree with it, as a high percentage resemble American species and genera much more closely than any of the present palaearctic ones: thus a Pieris nearly exactly like the common protodice, Boisd., of the United States and a Nisoniades = Thanaos exactly like those of this region have been found at Aix-en- Provence, in Southern France. We shall soon have to conclude that, scientifically speaking, the flora and fauna of the Old World should have been called ‘‘nearctic” and those of the New World *palaearctic,” because the greater part of the most ancient organisms have survived in the latter, whereas the greater part of those now living in the former are comparatively recent off- shoots. J say ‘‘comparatively,”’ because the term of ‘“ recent,” as applied to species, when they are real species, is apparently becoming less and less appropriate, according to the knowledge we are gradually acquiring of them and of their history. One is continually finding out that their origin must be pushed further and further back than one thought and that most Holarctic species have existed for hundreds of thousands of years and very often for two or three millions. ven a great many exerges possess their hereditary differences since times of this sort. As to the descent of the Huphydryas, it is quite easy to follow it from a little group of Phyciodes, which have a special type of pattern, standing out prominently amongst the others and repeating itself in very different kinds of butterflies ; in other Nymphalidae it exists, for instance, in Limenitis archippus, Cr.=disippe, Godt., and in the Apaturidae,in Apatura schrenckit, Mén,; it consists in one or two dark bands across the middle of the hindwing, on the underside, and of another along the external margins, in the Phyciodes the latter is reduced to a black streak ; thin dark streaks along the neuration tend to break the uniform light ground-colour into oblong spaces. Several Phyciodes have this pattern or are transitional to other types and to the Erresia, but those which interest us here are chiefly theona, Mén., of Central America and the Southern United States, and cyneas, God. and Salvin, of Mexico and Arizona. These are followed by Melitaea leanira, B., with the closely allied wrightii, Edw., of California, which still recall the Phyciodes by the shape of the apex, but which exhibit a pattern, which on the upperside somewhat recalls minuta, on the one hand, and which on both surfaces leads up to chalcedona, Doubl., and phaeton, Drury, on the other, transition to both these species being nearly perfect. One can compare, for instance, wrightii to race nympha, Ed., of minuta and the form cerrita, Wright, of the former to exerge thekla, Ed., of the latter. The transition to chalcedona and phaéton includes even their principal differential feature, consisting in the absence of orange-red spots in the central black band of the underside 42, . ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1930 of the hindwings in the latter; this difference already existed in the Phyciodes, as they are present in theona and lacking in cyneas. In the minuta branch and its palaearetic descendants those red spots vary very much in extent, but they are always present, and in fact they increase and blend into a continuous band in the most highly modified species (didyma). The tendency of the Huphydryas has been to vary in the same way, although the band is not so conspicuous in the awrinia group on account of its colour being less of a contrast with the ground-colour, but in reality it is broader than in any other species. 1t must be noted that the Muphydryas have all retained the fulvous marginal band of the underside, which is present in all the Nearctic Melitaea, except leanira and minuta; in aurinia it looks as though it did not exist, because the fulvous has faded away with the paleness of the whole pattern on that surface, but the two capillary streaks of its edges are there and gillettii is transitional. In the Melitaea and in the Phyciodes, which I have just pointed out as the closest living representatives of the ancestors of the Huphydryas, that band is reduced to one black streak, as it is in minuta, so that, possibly, the Huphydryas are not their direct descendants, but are those of an ancestry parallel to them, which has retained that band all along and which has entirely transformed into Huphydryas, leaving no specimens of its previous stages ; it seems very natural this should have happened in a line of descent, which was so anabolically apt to transform organically, that it has responded much more than the other Melitaea to the change of climate, and become generically distinct.* Turning our attention again to the true Melitaea, we find that also its harrisii group, after it had reached Asia, did not develop to any great extent and did not transform beyond adapting itself to the new surroundings by shifting its specific balance to protomedia and dictynna. This, too, can be logically explained by observing that it had already retained in America very similar features to those of the Phyetodes from which it had derived, so that it had changed aspect less than any other group of Melitaea. Its ancestors must have been amongst the most highly catabolic Phyciodes, which, owing to their great activity and their strong power of functional reactions to different sorts of surround- ings, had spread from tropical to subtropical and temperate climates, and were living there, as some are still doimg now. Some have not undergone any organic changes to the degree we call generic ; others * In connection with reaction to surroundings, what I mean is that the reaction is catabolic, or Katabolic, when it consists in movements, in secretions and in a rise of temperature, drawing the necessary energy from the reserves of the organism, as well as from its food, by breaking down chemical compounds, whereas it is anabolic when it consists in moulding the structures of the organism by gradual adaptation and it thus transforms it by building it up diflerently, according to changes of environment.—R.V. Some of our readers may not know the significance of the terms ‘‘ katabolic”’ and ‘‘anabolic.’’ These, so far as I know, came into use some 30 years ago, introduced by Geddes and Thomson in their famous work the ‘‘ Evolution of Sex.” They defined them as follow :—‘‘ Such conditions as deficient or abnormal food, high temperature, deficient light, moisture and the like are obviously such as would tend to induce a preponderance of waste over repair—a katabolic habit of body.” ‘‘Similarly the opposed set of factors, such as abundant and rich nutrition, abundant light and moisture, favour constructive processes, 7.¢., make for an anabolic babit.’’—Hy.J T. i NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAKEIDI. ; 43 however, presumably under the increasing stress of the new, colder, climate and having constitutions less catabolic than the preceding, had to specialise to it by organic transformations of that degree, if it is true that turning from /’hyciodes into Melitaea they have become generically different (the doubt is due to the fact that there is very little diversity between these two groups and there are species, which some entomologists place in one and others in the opposite group). One of the species of Phyciodes of the ismeria, Boisd., and nycteis, Doubl., branch has turned into the Melitaea of the harrisii group. The latter bas kept up the catabolic functional reaction more than the other lines of descent, and thus it has preserved its primitive organic state and aspect till this day and partially even in dictynna, which has travelled right across the Palaearctic region, without splitting into any specialised branch or even exhibiting very marked racial or individual differences of aspect anywhere. On the contrary the other primitive Melitaea yielded more to the effects of different surroundings and climates, during successive epochs, and split up into branches, of which the comparatively most catabolic went on spreading and resisting changes, whilst the most anabolic, were, so to say, left behind, where the conditions to which they had become organically or constitutionally specialised did not change and allowed them to survive. ‘l'hese groups thus exhibit a greater or lesser number of species and exerges in different regions, which are, for the student, specimens of the stages and variations of those groups in the past. IT have already spoken of the very variable Muphydryas of America and of the way they only passed into Asia in a highly specialised psychrotropic state, so that they did not develop much there. The true Melitaea have behaved in exactly the opposite way, so that in America each line of descent is represented by a single species or by a very small group of closely allied ones; we can thus presume they arrived in Asia with constitutions nearly as catabolic as that of harrisii, but most of them then spread, divided and varied very much there. I have endeavoured to show the developments of the various lines by a table, which I think will help to follow the remarks I make. ‘To follow the natural order of these lines, after the dictynna one I have just talked of, should come the athalia group, but, as this is a bulky subject I will have to deal with in detail, I think it preferable to begin at the opposite end in giving a short account of the other lines. It is unfortunate that on paper we should be obliged to place the . didyma line between the Huphydryas and the cinwia one, because the two latter are certainly closely connected and the di/yma line is in no way intermediate. Its real position is parallel to minerva and collina cn another plan, as7no doubt, its ancestry is very near theirs, but one does not find in America any Phyciodes or any Melitaea sufficiently similar to it to suggest a more or less direct descent, such as one finds in the other lines. I think, however, the peculiar little group, typified by elada and chara and considered Phyciodes by some and Melitaea by others, is beyond doubt the Nearctic representative of the didyma group. It has felt the effects of the cold climate to a very slight extent, so that it has scarcely turned into real Melitaea, whereas some much more catabolic species of the same origin has presumably spread northward, turned into a Melitaea and passed into Asia. The main lines of the simple pattern and colouring of Phyciodes theona are 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S suanaa 15.111.19380 sufficiently similar to those of M. ayar, Obth,, to make it possible that the origin of the didyma line should have been the same as that of minuta and of the Huphydryas. The reduction of the marginal black streak of the underside to internervular dots is a striking feature of cinvia, not found in America, but what makes it particularly note- worthy is that it has been carried on to an enormous degree by the outburst of the didyma group, as I have described it in a paper on this: species. I have pointed out that 3/7. agar, Obth., of the high mountains of Western China, exhibited intermediate features, including the presence of the black dots in the orange spots, and that the didyma line had no doubt culminated in the subtropical genus Jimelaea, after passing through a Melitaea stage, which has survived in yuenty, Obth. I can now add that the genitalia fully confirm this conclusion, as those of the didyma group are like the ones of cinaia carried to a further degree and that another intermediate line has survived to the present day in the Nearctic thekla, Edw., closely counected with minuta, and in the very local and usually little known M. collina, Led., of Anterior Asia (Seitz actually places it as a variety of trivia !). Its aspect is intermediate between minerra and didyma, as shown by specimens collected by Major Graves and kindly presented to me, and its genitalia are quite of that group, as Captain Riley has been good enough to find out for me by dissecting a specimen of the British Museum and sending measketch. These less highly differentiated species are evidently on the point of extinction, but there may have been a time when they preceded didyma and trivia all over Asia, judging from the distant localities and the very different surroundings in which ayar and collina have survived. M. sawatilis, Christ., is the last stage of didyma in the caloripetal direction, and it is very interesting to note that its genitalia have developed a small, but distinct uncus, like the one of the other parallel caloripetal line of variation, whereas it is entirely wanting in didyma, cinwia, minerva, ete. In the accompanying table I have placed acraeina, Stdgr., and the genus Tiinelaea amongst the early thermotropics, but I have not dissected their genitalia, so that, if it were found they have an uncus, it might be discovered they should stand in the last columns, as advanced stages in the caloripetal direction. New Forms of Lepidoptera. In the Am. Pap. for Oct, p. 287, M. Cath. describes the two following aberrations :—(1) T'riphaena fimbria ab. iago. The forewings olive green with the yellow colour of the hindwings and of the abdomen replaced by a coffee-brown tint. (2) Arctia villica ab. dryope. The anterior wings with spots confluent lengthwise and a yellow streak on the inner wargin. Hind-wings entirely yellow except a small black point near the apex. Thorax yellow, slightly rosy between the “ epaulettes,’ near the collar which remains black. Abdomen, without black spots. Plt. V., fig. 13. In the 4%t. Oesterr. nt. Ver. for December, Dr. Schawerda describes the following new forms :—(1) Cidaria (Xanthorhvé) montanata ab. pseudolapponica. The Northern ab. lapponica is smaller and much paler than the central European form. In the mountains of the Tyrol the form is of the normal size but equally weakly marked and is even paler CURRENT NOTES. 45 incolour. The central band quite obsolescent. But they are distinct in their size and in their general appearance, for in typical lapponica, the inner third of the forewings is strikingly pure white. (2) E’maturga atomaria ab. kindervatert. Two males near Vienna which have the first basal dark brown transverse line and the third the outside one standing out distinctly on the light ochre grey of the forewings. The middle one centaining the discal spot is whoily wanting. On the hindwing the transverse line lying on the outer side of the discal spot is very distinctly emphasised. In Lambili. for November, Van Mellaerts describes three new aberrations of Lepidoptera :— (1) Colias palaeno subsp. euwropome ab. striata in which the black marginal band of the forewings is encroached on by the yellow ground of the wing and takes on a greenish tone; the nervures remain well expressed in black. Hindwings normal. Hautes-Fagnes, Belgium. (2) Argynnis lathonia ab. pupillata is the ab. interliyata, Cabean, having a yellow dot in the centre of the black spot which forms the characteristic junction in interliyata. Virton, Belgium. (3) Melitaea aurelia ab. cinerea has the forewings suffused with a yellow opaque veil giving them a unicolorous appearance. In the 4t. Oestrr. Knt. Ver. for November, Dr. Schawerda describes the following aberrations :— (1) Aporophyla lutulenta ab. brunnea, bas the forewings, with the exception of the prae-apical costal streaks and the somewhat lighter brown stigmata, uniformly brown. The hindwings white with a brown trace along the margin and the distinct central band in the female quite light brown. Mostar. (2) Hadena satura ab. variegata, in which the stigmata and the large red-brown spot at the anal angle of the forewings are paler, yellowish, as also are a transverse basal line and the prae-marginal toothed line. Kufstein, Tyrol. (3) Plusia pulchrina ? ab. incipiens, is without the two golden markings on the forewings. The distal mark is completely absent. Kufstein, Tyrol. WOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. GRACILARIA AZALEELLA, Branvs., 1p Wittsaire.—Harly in February I received from Mr. Haynes, of Salisbury, a number of larvae, pupae and imagines of this insect, for which Meyrick in his Revised Handbook gives only one locality in England, namely Torquay. They were taken on azaleas in a greenhouse at Salisbury, kept at an average temperature of 66° F. All stages occurred together, as is usual in a continuous brooded greenhouse pest such as this insect is. It would seem that the species is extending its range in this country, and it would probably be found, if looked for, nearly everywhere where azaleas are cultivated in greenhouses.—Wm, Fassnipen, M.A., F.H.S. GYFURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Durandes- thorpe ”’ 19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, S.W., on December 3rd 1929, Mr. H. Donisthorpe in the Chair. Members present, in addition to the Chairman—Professor E. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, MP SY, 46 ' ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.111.1980 Mr. J. EK. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors present.—Messrs. EK. H. Austen. Robert B. Benson, K. G. Blair, F. Laing, G. C. Leman, Edward Step, W. H. T. Tams, Douglas Wilkinson, Dr. M. Burr and Dr. K. Jordan. The guests arrived at 6.30 and were received by Mr. and Mrs. Donisthorpe ; tea and light refreshments were served in the drawing- room. ‘The Chairman’s collections were on view consisting chiefly of British Coleoptera and the special exhibits mentioned in a later paragraph. Supper was served at 8 o’clock and the guests departed about 11 p.m. after a most successful and entertaining meeting. The Chairman specially exhibited an enlarged photograph of the employees of the Crown [state Office at Windsor including himself in a frame manufactured from Windsor oak, presented to him by the Chief of the staff, Also his first book on Natural History ‘ Warne’s Picture Natural History,’ which was given to him at four years of age, and cabinet drawers of British Myrmecophiles and British Longicorns. During supper the Argentine ant was found to be running about the table evidently having been brought into the house with some flowers which came from Windsor greenhouses. Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a plant of the remarkable orchid Catasetwm tridendatum, and said that until Darwin had looked into the structure of this flower the mystery of the invariable absence of a seed pod could not be explained. It was then found that the three species viridis, discolor, barbatus and tridentatwm in three different genera Monocanthis, Myanthus and Catasetum were all one species and represented the female, the hermaphrodite, and the male flowers respectively. It was remarkable that in an orchid this should be so, as it was the almost invariable rule that orchids were bisexual and were fertile for either sex, although cross-fertilization was necessary in most cases. The extraordinary structure of the flower was explained, and the presence of the two antenna-like processes within the inverted labellum or hood were specially drawn attention to. These if touched even’ if very lightly at once caused the ejection of the pollen mass. In one case the pollen was ejected quite a couple of feet, and in a second case the pollen adhered to the pencil which touched the antenna. So tightly does the sticky base of the pollinia attach itself that it cannot be removed except with considerable pressure. The pollinia themselves however easily become released from their base.—H. W.-H. Rererences For Aucerta.—FEnt. Record: vol. XXVI. p. 63, 83. March-April.: Ent. Mo. May., vol. XXII. p. 250, spring.: vol. XX VII. p. 9, 55, April.: vol. XXXI. p. 144, spring.: vol. XXXVIII. p. 276, Feb.-April.: vol. XL. p. 214, 265.: XLI. 37, 125.: XLII. p. 6, 55, 125, 147, 187 (micros.): XLVII. p. 12, 187 (micros.): Hnt. XX XIX. p. 84, 107, spring and summer: XLIV. p, 185, 170, May. Also Novitates Entomoloyicae, of Rothschild, Mtudes d’Entomologie and Lépidoptérologie Comparée, of Oberthiir. The output of entomological reflections and work of our corres- pondent Dr. Verity is phenomenal. In the Ann. Soc. ent. France just issued there is a lengthy memoir discussing the Origin of European and Mediterranean Rhopalocera, which is really a continuation of the sume theme as contained in the articles which have already appeared in our magazine on Melitaea aurinia and M. didyma, during 1928-9. He defines (1) his use of the term “ race” as differing from the concept ada elas 7 d t ; REVIEWS. 47 “« subspecies,” (2) his own term ‘‘exerge’’ (including ‘synexerge ’’) incidentally referring to the three separate routes of migration from the Asiatic central area, viz. the ‘“ Africo-Iberic”’ the ‘“ Hgeo-Dinaric- Piedmontese ” and the ‘‘ Sibero-Russ-Germanic,” and (8) his con- ception of ‘ species”’ (including ‘‘ hybrids”’). The ‘‘ general remarks ”’ are a most useful introduction to the geological, geographical and climatic conditions and factors which have regulated the migration, variation, origins of our present Rhopalocerous fauna of the western: Palaearctic area. In the Int. Ent. Zeit. for December, No. 36, there is an interesting series of observations on the Lepidoptera Fauna. of Thuringer in 1928, and also an aceount of the breeding ab ovo of Pai Suulatns thersites supplementary to the observations of the late Dr. Chapman, Trans. Knt. Soe. Lond. Nos. 18 and 19 of L’ Amateur de Papillons are recently to hand. There are two plates, the figures on which refer to various recent articles in the magazine. On plate IV. are a series of striking aberrations of Boarmia (Cleora) lichenaria, an aberration of Melitaea didyma with a strikingly dark transverse band on the hindwings below and very dark forewings, and a form of Agrotis (Lycophotia) ripae with the submarginal line on the forewings, very strongly emphasised by a narrow black band. A series of Circulars and Bulletins on economic entomology have been distributed by the R. Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura in Portici (Naples) dealing with the fruit fly, grain insects, the coccid of the fig, the Argentine Ant (an immigrant to Europe), aphids detrimental to agriculture, etc. All are profusely illustrated and especial information is given to the parasites which are destructive to each of the pests dealt with. Our correspondent Capt. K. J. Hayward has contributed an article on ‘The Migration of Insects with especial reference to the Argentine,” to the Revista Soc. Wnt. Argent., for October, in which he gives a considerable amount of classified data with a summary of the results they afford. The Ann. Nat. Hist. Mus. in Wien for 1929 is a big quarto volume of nearly 500 pages with 14 plates and many figures in the text. The Entomological articles are, (1) a Revision of the large amount of Material of the Orthopterous Family Gryllidae in the Museum, by H. H. Karny and (2) Accounts of the Vabanidae, Strationyidae and Rhagionidae obtained by Dr. Zerny in his recent natural history journey up the Amazons, by Von O. Kréber and Dr. E. Lindner. WEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS, Der Minen-Herpsarrum.—The second part of the Minen Herbarium by Dr. M. Hering (Berlin) has come to hand and it is quite equal to the first part which we reviewed on page16 ante. In the Lepidoptera there are examples of the leaf-mines of the larvae of eleven species, Phyllocnistis suffusella and P. saligna, Lithocolletis tremulae and L.. pastorella, Nepticula pyri, N. atricollis, N. plagiocolella, and N. albifascielia, Tischeria dodonaea, Coleophora ahenella and Cosmopteryx eximia. Maines es, ee Ue Rt CENA te te a Aen ee | en Py eae eee ee TTT wy 48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S waned. wy 15.11.1980 of six species of Diptera, two of Hymenoptera and one of Coleoptera complete the part.Kach species is numbered so that it will be an easy matter to label a collection of the imagines with the reference numbers for the mimes. When completed the work will be a most valuable adjunct to collections which in the past have been restricted to the imagines alone.—Hy.J.T. SupeLemMent To Serrz’ MacroLEPIpoOPTERA OF THE WORLD, PALAEARCTIC RuopaLocera.—Seitz’ volume on the Palaearctic Butterflies was concluded at the end of 1909 and such was the impetus given to further research in this group, that now twenty years after, it has been found necessary to publish a supplement. The issue of the volume on the butterflies (1906-9) at once enabled collectors to name and classify what they had and to recognise forms that were new and needed describing and recording. Our knowledge of the Rhopalocera increased by leaps and bounds, and there was a flood of new names and descriptions of forms, which it had hitherto been unable to deal with except by long and tedious research and expense. When we say that more than 70 new names have been introduced for Papilio machaon, more than 50 each for Aglais urticae, Rumicia phlaeas, Melanargia galathea, etc., it will be seen that it was now quite time to get these new items into line with previous work, and to render their descriptions available to the ordinary student. The result is that the publishers of ‘‘ Seitz,” Messrs. Alfred Kernen of Stuttgart, have taken up this continuation and there lies before us 4 parts, consisting of 56 pages and 5 coloured plates, of the English edition. There is a very interesting Introduction by Dr. Seitz himself in which he makes very critical remarks on the modern custom of naming to superfluity, a few remarks on the international rules for nomenclature, which as, he points out, so few entomologists attempt to keep in their entirety, and a series of very useful items of information on the intricate south-eastern lines of demarcation of the Palaearctic Region, much of which he had investigated personally. The order of treatment is the same as that in the first volume and in most species the references to the page and plate in volume I. are given. The species of the genus Papilio and other genera to Parnassius (apollo) ave dealt with and on the plates there are nearly 150 well drawn and coloured figures. Dr. K. Von Rosen of Munich deals with the Papiliv and allied genera and Chr. Bollow is responsible for the Parnassius species. May we urge all, who have the previous work, to subscribe to the Supplement, and second the praiseworthy enterprise of the publishers in publishing it, not only in its original, the German language, but in both English and French. This duplication necessarily adds to the cost, but it also adds very effective aid to those who cannot readily understand the original; as it were it brings the information home to them. Later on we will take the liberty of summarising the remarks of Dr. Seitz on the Zoological Rules of Nomenclature, and of his remarks on the limitation of the Palaearetic Region.—Hy.J.T. " af » 5 ag a sfgt gs TR na kaP mae Rede tonl BY sp other magazines. ise ‘vast : y es by authors at vy rea cost if ordered at of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. t to Mr, Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,”” West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. es, Nut. Hist, Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. Duplicates.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col. ), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. -C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. _ Duplicates.—Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. unda. —A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex. Bas Melitaea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. er, European butterflies not found in France or Switzerland.— A. Simmons, 42, Loughborough Road, West Bridgford, Notts. the World. dtibets may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They showd | at Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill Desiderata. — URGENTLY REQUIRED, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera). — Ah. P. ; Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list o Desiderata. —Early stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and a Manx), gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis. and ay, _Duplicates.— Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zepbyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, ; yuh ae ‘Desiderata. —Euchloé griineri, damone, Melanargia arge, pherusa, and other _ ; $i nor At¥REDO Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first eae class C ilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Ear ine from all parts of ; es Galls. Lae view of the forthcoming Monégrapb on British Viso= alle Phytocecidia by eras Bagnall, Bartlett and Harrison, reprints of papers on, or records of, the rarer plant-galls _ a are requested. Material will be gene aS ee acknowledged, and, where necessary, — a College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Ss “ “Entomological Society of London. —4), Queen’ 8 Gite, South Kensington, S.W.7. - 8&p-m. March 19th. April 2nd. re _ Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. March 27th. April 10th.—Hon, Secretary Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s i - Place, Blackheath, §.E.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London ~~ : Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hal] 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and — ie third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m, (except July and August). Visitors welcomed :— _ Hon. Sec., A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hissex. THE VASCULUM aye A quarterly journal of Natural History, ete., chiefly for: pee the Northern Counties phat HDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford wae Northumberland, *. assisted by R. S. Bagnall, K. B. Blackburn, George Bolam, E. Ernest Green, J. W. H. Harrison, J. L. Morrison, A. D. Peacock, W/: Raw, J. A. Smythe, HES Wallace, and F, C. Garrett. Mix, The Vasculum is now in its fourteenth volume, the annual eahewripkign is five shillings Rea: and should be sent to De. F. C. Garrett, West Croft, Eben: lustrated. Address such to: Prof. J. . Heslop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., Armstrong — The South London Entomological and Natal History Society, Hibernia Through Centra! Europe to Proms P. FAVES | BE. 8. ee Ne arg tenn “Sy Cavalaire and the New Riviera, Lieut E. B.A shby, F. E.S., TES. ca So ae Notes on the: relationship between the Melitaeidi, and. particularly between those aw Mi of the athalia, Rott., group, Roger Verity, M. D. ee i SE hin tae - New forms of Lepidoptera, giana rae Ma ies Rew ite Uae mSiie i of . wie oe ems ee oo. . ee * oe oe oe Wf? Sy . ‘ * ‘ ee, Aad PPLEMENTS. —British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner. -(L pee ane! Hemiptera- Se arabian of Hampshire, i. P. Jones (2 Plates) Bye «Sons ‘Communications have been received from or have. aan phate by Mes aie Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, Dr. Maleolm Bi H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, F. W. Edwards, P. P. Graves, A. J. Wight é ;. C, Leman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, P. Haig-Thomas, H. B. D. Kettlewell, C. Nieho ses Pp ores Cockayne, and Reports of Societies. | be ? Sates _ All communications should be addrested to the Acting Haltor, Hy. J. ‘TURNER, s faibtosc! West Drive, Cheam. 2 yee ban = 7 IMPORTANT BACK VOLUMES OF as ie "The Entomologist’s Record | Petes: 2 and Journal of Variation. RSS NRE (Vols. I-XXXVI.) 3 GONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) g Gunos Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— ie Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— _ Parthenogenesis— Papec on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera —Practical Hints (many)- y avallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist — ‘or 1890—Hifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliop hanes _hispidus— ; ~ Captures at light —Aberdeensbire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. -. GONTENTS OF VOL. UH. : ; : t; MerLanNIsM AND Metanocuno1sm—Bibliography—Notes on Golldasing “Aceinied on VARIATION (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys — a4 prodromaria and dA. betularia—Melanism and Tem perature—Differentiation of Dian-— ate . thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- __ ? clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch —Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes — u on Genus Zyemna (dnthrocera)—Hiybride—Hymonop ict anieing of Pith. © th i gerasa, etc., ete., 312 pp. fee shee é ce ae aS is. = ae “st To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8. solar re to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 1 iptions are now overaue. * ft 2 by - stage THE Epirep BY G. T. BerHune-BakER, F-.Z.S., J. HK. Conuin, ¥.£.8. F.E.S., Chairman. H. DonistHORPE, F.Z.S., F.B.8 R.S. BAGNaLu, D.SC., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. 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Please state which Lists are required and. mention this Magazine. A STANDARD WORK BUTTERELIES 2%. BRITISH ISLES. By LICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. “a With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Specie + Illustrated with 450 Colo ired Figures photographed from Nature. Ma “ Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been: issued, —National Quarterly Review, Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. net. fk FREDERICK WARNE & So., Ltd., LONDON, W.G. 2 a am a gee, ee ee ee ee Oe SOME CORNISH NOTES, 49 Some Cornish Notes. By CHARLES NICHOLSON, F.E.S. We came to live in this delightful locality at the end of September _ 1928, and since then I have been so very much occupied with the - house and garden, that I have had no opportunity to do any systematic collecting. I have, however, made a few interesting observations and think these notes may provide some pleasant reading during the dead season, especially as little seems to have appeared on the entomology of this county. This is a country of granite and killas (clay slate) and unfortunately lacks limestone and chalk; consequently the soil, which _ hereabouts is either yellow clay (not so hopelessly sticky as the London _ clay we lived on at Hale End!), or a stiff yellow loam, whilst reasonably fertile is inclined to be sour. My acre of land was part of an oak-holly- hazel wood with broom, gorse, bramble, and bracken in places and a general carpet of bluebells and primroses. ‘The wild oaks in this neighbourhood are all Quercus sessiliflora as the soil is shallow, the native rock not being far down, and consequently Tortria viridana, which apparently does not feed on that species, is unknown; nor, so far as | know, does it affect the Turkey and Evergreen Oaks, which have been planted more or less generally, especially the latter. In the autumn of 1928 we saw Colias croceus several times in the garden and elsewhere and one var. /helice on the side of the road. Gonepteryx rhamni was also seen occasionally, and also last year, but I have not yet succeeded in finding out where this species feeds. The only buckthorn bush I have seen was a rather poor example of Rhamnus frangula growing beside a bogstream about four miles from here as the crow flies, and I cannot think that all the rhamni seen about here fed up on that bush! An interesting point noticed was that rhamni here is devoted to, the flowers of Red Campion (which is abundant everywhere and still in flower in places!), and | have not seen it at those of Wood Betony, which it especially frequents in the New Forest. Vanessa io is common and Aalais urticae also, but Pyrameis atalanta is not, and the other Vanessidi have not been noticed at all. The only species of Fritillary so far noticed has been Dryas paphia (2 males). The three Pierids are common, especially P. brassicae, which was all over the place last year. Huchloé cardamines is fairly common. Epinephele jurtina (janira) and #. tithonus are abundant and Pararge aeyeria common in suitable spots, but P. megera is local, and I have seen nothing whatever of Aphantopus hyperantus or Hipparchia semele, and Coenonympha pamphilus only occasionally. The only Lycaenids seen are Rumicia phlaeas (common), Lycaenopsis argiolus (both broods common), Polyommatus icarus (common) and Strymon ( Zephyrus) quercus (rare). Of the Hesperiidae, Hesperia malvae has been noticed _ once and Augiades sylvanus several times. Here | may mention that the verandah, which faces south-east, has a glass roof, which proved a fatal attraction for insects of several orders during the long spell of bright weather last year, as on finding themselves inside they at once flew up to the roof and rarely escaped without assistance. Diptera, Hymenoptera (including Wasps, Bees, Sawflies and Ichneumons), Lepidoptera (mainly butterflies, of course, including the Hairstreak above mentioned) shared pretty evenly in numbers, but the Diptera excelled in species.. I have seen as many as 10 Pierids (mostly Li? NNELeS TONe eee eR ee 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.19380 brassicae) fluttering under the glass at once and I used to release the butterflies, wasps and bees frequently during the day; the Diptera being usually at the higher altitudes were left to find their way out or to be eaten by flycatchers, wagtails, or bats, which found the verandah a happy hunting-ground! An occasional moth was found at rest by day, but nothing of note. On July 11th last I found several pairs and some odd specimens of Pentatoma (Palomena) prasina (Hemip.) on some plants of Verbascum thapsus and brought three pairs home. ‘These were placed on a young potted plant of raspberry and covered with a glass cylinder with a perforated zine top. Four batches of eggs were deposited and duly hatched. The little black nymphs kept together and grew to about twice their size when hatched, but then they dispersed and got lost, from which I surmise that although they got on well at first on the sap of the raspberry, animal food may perhaps have been necessary for them. On July 21st I saw a specimen of Macroglosswm stellatarum ovipositing about 8.80 p.m. on Galinm mollugyo on the road side of my garden bank. I saw no sign whatever of the resulting larvae later, although I kept a lookout. In October, 1928, a nest of Vespa germanica was noticed in full swing in the stone bank of a field on high land near here and along this and other banks in the vicinity young larvae of Lasiocampa quercis were noticed at rest on bramble stalks, on which they were by no means conspicuous in spite of their blue markings. Full fed larvae of this species were seen crawling on a footpath on June 21st last. On August 10th I boxed an adult of Hnoplops scapha (Hemip.) on one of the concrete blocks supporting one of my galvanised iron water butts. This species in its early stages has a broad flat abdo- men and very robust antennae and it uses the latter to right itself should it fall on its back! I used to sweep young nymphs of what I believe were this species from low herbage at Bovey Tracey, Devon, but could never rear them through, although I tried them with various plants and insects. My specimens may, however, have been Syromastes marginatus or Verlusia quadrata, in both of which species the antennae of the nymphs are disproportionately stout and E. A, Butler records in his “ Biology of the British Hemiptera- Heteroptera’ the latter species as making use of the antennae in the way above mentioned. On September 10th I boxed a 9 Vholidoptera griseoaptera (Orthop.) on the same block as the Hnoplops! She was placed in the glass cylinder with a root of grass in a pot and fed on flies and small moths until she died a natural death in 10 days time. On September 29th a nice male Polia flavicincta came into the sittingroom and was duly boxed. On December 5th a nice g¢ Himera pennaria was noticed at rest on the woodwork of the verandah to which it had probably fied for refuge during the night’s gale. The most interesting Dipteron seen was Chrysotoaum festivum, but I was surprised to find one day in the verandah a dry and flattened female of Asilus crabroniformis, a species I have not otherwise seen in this district so far and there is no heath- land nearer than 5 miles. Of course, it may have bred in the garden and I intend to keep a lookout for it in the summer. On the whole insects generally were not abundant here in 1929, due probably to the long spell of dry weather. Several 2 Andrena fulva were seen and this species obviously nests in this garden, as does also Geotrupes sylvaticus very freely, the beetles being often seen a re NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI, 51 throughout the spring, summer and autumn, usually crawling on the ground. When the ground was being dug in early September a larva, which I take to be this species, was uncovered in its cavity with its “sansage ” of triturated rabbit-dung, and was installed in a potted- meat glass with some moist earth and covered witha piece of perforated zinc. ‘The larva resembled a small Melolontha larva and was about an inch long when found. It has continued to feed contentedly and for the most part maintained a curved position untilnow. Allits sausage has apparently been consumed and I am expecting to see it prepare for pupation any day. It is interesting that this species feeds on rabbit-dung here, probably because it cannot find any other kind sufficiently plentiful, as cattle and horses would not frequent a private wood. In the New Forest I have seen the species in similar bracken- covered places, but there rabbits, horses, donkeys and cattle would probably provide the necessary pabulum. In Epping Forest (High Beach, etc.), G. typhaeus also stores rabbit-dung in its burrows and frequents similar localities with light soil. J have not seen this species here yet, but G. spiniger is common and G. stercorarius less so. A very noticeable point was the scarcity of Aphides, and only two ladybirds have been seen here since we came: these were Coccinella sepiempunctata in the garden and C’. variabilis in a neighbouring lane. The river being tidal Odonata do not breed in it, but a large lake of fresh water nearly opposite our house has supplied a specimen of Aeschna juncea and probably several dyrion . puella, which I have noticed amongst the herbage in the garden. Females of Dryvphanta folii are now emerging from the well-known ‘cherry galls’ in the oak leaves, which are abundant about here, but the marble galls of Cynips kollart are not particularly common. Ihave however found a bunch of 7 and several cases of 2 fused into a mass as large as a walnut.—Tresinuian, Cornwath. January, 19380. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 44.) ‘he existence of trivia as a twin species of didyma, standing extremely close to it and yet spreading with it over the Central zone und flying on the same grounds as some of its thermotropic races, cannot be explained very satisfactorily ; one can only say it apparently is a more anabolic branch, which has acquired a more stable constitu- tion, only suited to certain dry surroundings restricted by its single food-plant and that it can live with didyma, because their larvae have taken to entirely different plants, so that there is no competition between them. The cinawia line of descent is, apparently, as catabolic as that of dictynna ; it exhibits more variety of aspect, but then it also stands much broader variations of climate and this fact, together with its extremely quick flight, proves its high degree of functional vitality. As a consequence it has kept to a single specific line and even when it has passed from America to Asia the transformation from minuta to cinvia has been very small; the chief difference to be seen is that 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1930 © minuta has on the underside a premarginal black streak or a nearly continuous row of slightly curved lunules, as they have been retained by minerva and arduinna, whereas in cinwia they are reduced to a row of internervular dots, as in the didyma line. The minerva and arduinna line seems to occupy a perfectly central position between the aspects of the two great groups of true Melitaea. The appearance of arduinna, more particularly, is quite intermediate between that of cinaia of the group described above and that of phoebe of the group I will next deal with. It has the black dots on both surfaces of the hindwing, which are a feature of cinwia, of agar and also of aurinia and maturna (in some minerva there are vestiges of them) ; it has, together with minerva, a tendency to the breaking of the inner marginal line of the underside into separate streaks, although they are never reduced to dots. On the other hand they retain the capillary black arches along the inner edge of the orange spots, just as they are in baicalensis=arcesia, phoebe, etc., and the general shape and look of the wings is more like the latter than like cinaia. The genitalia of arduinna have long terminal apophyses, as in cinwia, but they are not as long, they are thicker and their apex exhibits some marked teeth- like points; all these differences are precisely those which become considerably more accentuated in phoebe and which evidently foreshadow some of the fundamental characteristics of those of the athalia group. If one compares the Nearctic species, one notes that the variations of those of the palla group, which one can consider as the most direct ancestry of phoebe, Schiff., point in some cases, such as acastus, Edw., to the cinvia look and that they usually exhibit a combination of the black dots in the orange spots with rudiments of a black edge to the latter. This makes it obvious that minerva and arduinna are the most direct surviving offsprings of species which stood between minuta and the palla group ; when they passed into Palaearctic surroundings the intermediate aspect was kept up, whilst the specific changes, which took place, were quite parallel in the three lines. It is worthy of notice that all three of these lines (the cinxia, the arduinna and the phoebe one), which occupy a central position in the genus, have developed to a very much lesser extent than the two extreme groups of lines of descent. This fact falls in well with the theory that natural groups of organisms, such as genera, consist in a certain number of more highly catabolic lines of descent, which spread a great deal and in a comparatively rapid way, changing aspect and constitution com- paratively little, and in a circle of other more anabolic lines, which have transformed in various ways and to greater or lesser degrees, adapting themselves to the different surroundings they have met with. In a natural classification, in which we wish to place the groups according to their comparative grade of transformation from the most primitive ones, the group just described, taken as a whole, should come next to the harrisit-dictynna one, in a central position. Their close connection is visible in all stages of their short evolution: at the Phyciodes stage they are only the extreme variations of a group of several closely allied species, extending from ismeria, through nycteis, on the one hand, to mylitia and barnesi on the other; at the Nearctic Melitaea stage harristi is closely approached by the palla group and particularly by whitneyi, Behr; at the Palaearctic stage the general appearance of the two lines has become much more different, so that Pr? NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI. 53 in the past their near relationship had not been recognised, but the genitalia have shown that it still exists to a much greater degree than might be thought at first sight. Those of dictynna have in every respect a great deal of resemblance to the minerva ones, as already stated; in both the terminal apophysis has the shape of a long cone, but there is a notable difference at its apex, where in dictynna it divides into two sharp diverging points, whereas in minerva it ends in a single, rather blunt one, and the second is only represented by a minute point, inserted considerably lower than the apex and pointing in the same direction as the latter ; more proofs of the close connection between dictynna and this group, also including, in the following respect, cinaia, arduwinna and phoebe, are afforded by the lateral apophyses, which are perfectly smooth down to their base, with no lateral teeth, and by the ostium-keel of the aedoeagus or penis, which is either lacking entirely or of a merely membranous nature (not chitinous).. Now, it is important to note that the genitalia of M. baicalensis, Brem., p. 183=arcesia, Brem., p. 15, are extremely similar to those of minerva and those also of asteria, Freyer, resemble them by their simple structure, with very small and smooth apophyses, as I will point out further on, when I show that asteria and batcalensis together with sindwra, Moore, are the most primitive ones of the athalia group. The closest Nearctic species to their ancestry, now living, is, to all appearances, /offimanni, Behr, a mountain species of aes and Nevada, which has attracted attention owing to the extraordinary frequency with which it produces abnormal individuals, including the most extreme aberrations ; this denotes it had already attained a high degree of anabolism in America and it stands to reason that its Asiatic descendants should have varied more than the other Melitaea, under the influences of all sorts of new surroundings. It had, moreover, itself derived, presumably, from the tharos, Drury, group of Phyciodes, which was already very anabolic, as shown by its numerous seasonal, local and specific variations ; amongst them pratensis, Behr, appears to be, by its look and by its northern habitat, the nearest representative of the ancestor of hoffmanni. When dealing with the athalia group I will mention the discovery made last year of M. mayi, Gunder, in Alberta (Canada), which is more or less identical with latefascia, Fixs., of Amurland and coreae, Vrty., of Corea. This is not surprising as the athalia group had already attained in the Nearctie hoffmanni an aspect very similar to its Palaearctic one; this is shown in the Table by the column of the * Palaearctic stage still recalling Nearctic” being blank, whilst baicalensis and sindura, which are of this description, stand aside as a parallel branch now extinct in America, It is to be regretted that one should be obliged to place the harrisii- dictynna line of descent between the hoffmanni-athalia and the palla- phoebe ones because the Phyciodes from which the two latter derive are connected, from tharos to mylitta, by a continuous series of gradations. As in the case of didyma, we are obliged to do so on paper, but in nature the three lines stand on different planes and are all connected to each other in a way one might compare to a bunch; instead, the minerva-arduinna line stands outside it, on the palla-phoebe side, and 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.19380 connects it to the other large bunch, which includes cinvia and didyma, bound to the Huphydryas. There seems to be little doubt that the remarkable similarity of the genitalia of minerva and baicalensis=arcesia and their affinity to those of dictynna on the one hand and to those of cinaia on the other is due to the fact that they are the corresponding most primitive surviving palaearctic stage of their respective lines of descent. M. dictynna is probably a little more advanced than the two first species mentioned, but it is culminating in its line. M. arduinna ana phoebe still have a considerable resemblance to them, because they are only a stage further on, and the former more than the latter, because its line has fewer athalia factors in its constitution and more cinaia ones mixed with them ; the athalia factors are those whose evolution has produced the most highly differentiated and complex genitalia. Those due to the cinaia and didyma factors are, on the whole, long and slender and smooth (with no teeth and points, or very few) ; those produced by the athalia factors can be seen developing through the various species and exerges into a highly characteristic aspect: they become, on the whole, broad and thick ; also the terminal apophysis, or posterior process, of the clasps becomes short and broad ; deep dents appear on its further edge, which has become larger with the broadening of the apophysis ; there appears at the end of the tegumen an unecus, not found in any other group of Melitaea, except the rudimental one of saxatilis 1 have mentioned, and except for the two short and broad homologous processes, set widely apart from each other, of maturna and anrinia; the aedoeagus acquires a prominent chitinous ostium-keel ; the lateral apophyses of the clasps develop an increasing number of points or teeth in a row along an increasing portion of their length. (T'o be continued.) Adalia bipunctata, L. Some observations on the type form of ab. perforata, Marsham. By G. CURTIS LEMAN, F.E.S. 1. Marsham’s original description (Hnt. Brit. 151) in 1802 is as follows :— ; Perforata. 6. Coce. coleoptris rubris ; punctis duobus nigris fissur- aque elongata; margine nigro,” to which he adds the note, ‘‘ omnibus simillima (’. 2-punctata fissura excepta. An lusus ejusdem insecti.” Marsham here employs the unusual word, “fissura,’”’ and the question is what did he intend to convey thereby. He only employs this term in his description of his C. perforata and wherever elsewhere he wishes to convey the meaning of band or line, he employs the more familiar ‘“ vitta”’ or ‘“lineola.”’ I suggest that in its strict sense the term ‘ fissura’’ means a fissure, an elongated dent or perforation or cleft, This presumably in his specimen ran through or perforated (perforata) the normal black spot in whole or part, and not a detached band or line, otherwise I fail to understand why Marshai should have used this particular name for his specimen. I find however that later authors do not accept my construction and in fact depart widely irom Marsham’s own description in other respects and I propose to add some of these for comparison. ADALIA BIPUNCTATA, L. 55 2. Haworth, in 7rans. Ent, Soc. Lond, I. 271 (1812), adds the words “antica transversd’”’ and enlarges this to extent of ‘ lineola transversa valde impressa inter punctum et basin.” Here we may notice that, while retaining the term ‘‘fissura” in quoting Marsham, he for the first time introduces the term ‘ lineola”’ and in addition locates this definitely between the spot and the base, but he gives no authority for doing so. 3. Mulsant in Séc. 51 (1846) suggests the presence of yet another mark or spot situate ‘‘ elsewhere than on the transversal line” : «“ Var. G. Elytres offrant, outre de point normal, une tache ou un autre point situé aillieurs que sur le lizyne transversale du milieu. C. perforata, Marsh, Hint. Brit. 151. 6.” There is no authority for this additional blotch or spot, which cannot represent Marsham’s “ fissura,” or even Haworth’s “ lineola.” 4. Weise in 6.7’. goes even further :— C. Flgd. mit 4, 6, oder 3 P. Der eine P. davon steht nie in der Querreihe, sondern meist zwischen Normal-punct under den grunde der Flgd . . . v. perforata, Marsh.” which in 5.7. (1885) he modifies to extent of : “ Zwischen dem Normalpunkte und der Basis, selten auf der Schulter.”’ : ‘hese specimens are obviously a very long way from ab. perforata, Marsh. 5. Bovie in “ Les Coce. Belg.” (Ann. Soc. Hnt. Belg, XLI. 145-7, 1897) slightly varies Weise’s descriptions : ‘Var. perforata, Marsh. Hl, ayant 4, 6, ou 8 p, ancun des ces p. ne se trouve entre le point normal et.la suture: ils sont le plus souvent & la base, rarement sur l’épaule.” 6. Ganglbauer in Kaf. Mittelewr, WI1., 1014 (1899) adds his version to the confusion: “Tritt bei der Normalform oder bei var, Herbsti ober uutfasciata noch ein isolirter Puntet auf der vorderen Hiilfte der Flgdn auf, so entstaht var. perforata.” 7. Reitter in Faun. Germ. III. 142 (1911) is even wider of the mark :— “ Oder die Fld haben auf jeder mehr als 2 Punkte: a. perforata, Marsh. This obviously ignored a good few aberrations of Marsham, Fabricius and Weise. 8. Della Beffa in Rev. Cocc. It. 123 (1918) describes an ab. perforata, Muls., as under :— ** Hlitre con una fascia nera transversale nel mezzo constituita dai tre puncti, talora divisa. Vi sono inoltre altri uno due o tre punti; o sul disco nella prima meta o nella seconda meta dell’ elitre, o sui callo oo o nell’ angolo scutellare (Tav. IV. fig. 48) . . . ab. perforata, arsh.” His figure shows the broad medial confluent band of ab. wnifasciata, F. and three isolate spots. His specimen is certainly not ab. perforata, Marsh., nor even the var. G. of Mulsant, which has only one blotch or spot situate outside the medial band, nor can the name of ab. perforata, Muls., stand as it is preoccupied by Marsham’s ab. perforata. 9. This seems to exhaust all the material references to ab. perforata, Marsh., the type of which was in the collection of Dom. Latham, but 56 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1930 whether the type is stillextant Icannotsay. The conclusion, however, I venture to draw is, that Marsham’s aberration was only a sport in which the normal spot was in part or whole perforated by some fissure or perforation through failure of the black pigment owing to some pathological accident and in this view I am supported by Herr Leopold Mader, who in his E'rtdenz der pal. Cocc., treats it as a synonym for the type form. Incidentally, though I have in past years handled a goodly number of A. 2-punctata, | have never met one approaching this sport or freak of Marsham’s. Stray Notes on Erebiid Species. By B. C. 8. WARREN, F.E.S. E.. pawloskii, Men.—My last article on this species (in the February number of this magazine) was only just in print, when I received a further most remarkable confirmation of the unquestionable connection between pawloskii and theano in the shape of yet another specimen of an intermediate form. In the case of the recently described ssp. connexa we had a race of pawloskiit varying towards both ethela and theanv, while in this further example we have the exact converse; a specimen of theano varying towards pawlosktt. Connewa was in structure and size a typical pawloskii, and also had the unicolorous fringes of the latter, coupled with a theano-like design, and to a considerable extent, coloration also, The new form has the typical theano design and chequered fringes, but approaches pawloskii in structure, size and coloration. Yet this specimen looks so different from connewa that they might well be distinct species. I have only one specimen of this remarkable theano-form, but the fact that the genitalia (although still nearest to the theano type) show a deviation which can only be regarded as correlated to the superficial line of variation, and that the neuration is perfectly symmetrical, suggests that this is a racial form rather than an aberration, and we may hope for the discovery of further specimens. It may be described as :— EB. pawloskii theano race approximata, nov.—Size as pawloskit, fringes strongly chequered as in theano. The markings of both the upper and undersides exactly as in theano, but, on the upperside, of the dark red- brown coloration typical of the markings in pawloskit, while on the underside they are a little lighter, of a more yellowish tone, but still far from the bright yellow-orange normal in theano, Type, a g in my collection, from the western Altai, E. jeniseiensis, Trybom.—So much has been written on the specific difference of E. ligea and EF. euryale, that I suppose it is no longer necessary to emphasise the fact that they are two distinct species. Any careful systematic worker who has followed the work of Reverdin or Sparre Schneider will feel perfectly satisfied on the point. But there Still exists a lot of uncertainty as to which of these two species some of their various races belong. This is directly the result of writers endeavouring to classify these races, without giving a thought to their structural characteristics. ‘Superficial resemblance among the Hrebias is apt to be even a more untrustworthy guide to relationship than in other genera, and the morphological data I have accumulated, Ce ee een er STRAY NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES. 57 demonstrate that very similar superficial facies, must, not infrequently, have been derived from quite separate sources. Jeniseiensis has suffered a good deal from this superficial method of classification and has been treated as either liyea or euryale by various authors. In point of fact it is neither, but stands as a very distinct species probably more Closely related to tristis, H.-S. (=eriphyle, Frey., which unfor- tunately falls to eriphilv, Stoll.) than any other species. At the first glance the genitalia show a considerable likeness to ewryale, but this likenesss is not supported by those features, which the examination of hundreds of dissections of Erebias has shown to be of most value for specific differentiation. The latter demonstrate clearly that the two are quite distinct, and this is confirmed by other structural differences, equally convincing. It is interesting to note, that super- ficially there is no difficulty in separating these two species, or jeniseiensis from liyea either, the facies of the former being very constant. It is often stated that the band on the forewings in jeniseiensis is broken up into rings, but this is not the case, it is reduced in width (compared with evryale) and restricted centrally, assuming an hour- glass formation which is very characteristic and very constant; oc- casionally it is entirely severed in the centre. I regret being unable to give fuller anatomical details here, but this would iuvolve far too much elaboration for a magazine article. E. lefebvrei, Boisd.—It might be thought that Oberthiir’s work had covered all the races of this beautiful species, but strange to say the finest of all the racial forms is still unrecognised ; for which I am largely to blame, for I captured a nice series of it nineteen years ago. One of the chief features of this race is that, on the average, it is as large as, or even larger than the type; while all the spots and their white pupils are very finely developed. All of the races already described are on the average, smaller than the type, and have the black spots and their pupils more or less reduced in size and frequently wanting. Tam dedicating this race to the memory of Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, who was my companion when we discovered it. It is also not inappropriate that a butterfly from the Central Pyrenees should bear a name so much associated with the legends of the district. E. lefebvrei race rowlandi, nov.—Varies in size as the type does, but on the average quite as large, and sometimes larger than the latter. g entirely black on both upper and underside, sometimes with a faint lightening of the ground colour on the underside of the forewings, where the band would be in the type. @, upperside dark brownish- black, without any (occasionally just the least trace) of the reddish band around the black spots; on the underside of the forewings this band is present, but much obscured and reduced. The underside of the hind- wings is thickly suffused with grey, much more pronouncedly than in the type. In both sexes the black spots and their white pupils are very finely developed, on all wings both upper and underside. Types in my collection, from the valley below the Pic de Goupey, which leads up to the Col de Lurdé (Basses Pyrénées). ‘This very fine race occurs as an aberration among the type form at 58 5 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.LV.1930 Gavarnie, and specimens of the type occur, rarely, with rowlandi.* Itis nearest to Oberthiir’s race pyrenaea, but differs from it in:—(1) large size, (2) the fine typical development of the black spots and their pupils, (3) that these spots are always present on the hindwings, which, although mentioned by Oberthiur in the original description of pyrenaea is by no means the rule among the Canigou specimens; (4) that there very frequently are four spots on the hindwings, ag also occurs in the type, but is extremely rare in pyrenaea ; (5) the much greyer underside of the hindwing in the ?. * The females of the Jatter aberration although having the red-brown band as in lefebvrei, still have a much greyer underside hindwing than is normal in the type. Through Central Europe to Montenegro. By P. HAIG-THOMAS, F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 38.) July 24th.— We again went up Mt. Vlasulja and found HF. melas males common but only got three females. In addition to the insects taken on the 22nd I took Parnassius apollo, Hrebia pronde, approaching form pitho, one Hrebia epiphron subsp. cassiope worn, with a few Strymon spini, Mr. Cox got female Heodes alciphron. July 25th.—Leaving Gadcko we motored via Bjeljani to Meikovic and on to Spalato where we stayed the night. Near Bjeljani we hunted for half an hour and took Melanargia larissa ab. herta, very worn, and a nice series of Pieris ergane quite fresh. The country around Meikovic should be well worth a visit in May or the end of April, and there appears to be a very good hotel there. Between Meikovic and Spalato the country was exceedingly barren, there being practically no water till we got near the sea about 25 kilometres from Spalato ; here we saw Satyrus circe, 8. aleyone and S. briseis. July 26th.—A fine day, but except for half an hour beyond Sebenico we spent the day motoring. Here in the little valley where there was a stream I took P. ergane, Coenonympha pamphilus, S. briseis, Plebeius medon (astrarche), Polyommatus meleager and Lycaenesthis argiolus. We spent the night at Karlstein. July 2 rth .—Leaving Karlstein early we hoped to spend several hours on the Ldibl Pass; unfortunately the weather broke soon after we got there. We managed however to obtain a large form of Hrebia aethiops, which was common above the Jugo-Slavian Customs House. P. coridon was also abundant, and I again saw P. l-album at the top of the pass, Mrebia nerine was still flying, some fresh, but after taking one 2 a thunder-storm came on and we motored down to Klagenfurt and on to St. Veit. July 28th.—We motored in dull weather up to Stelzing but the weather again broke and we decided to leave the district and spend as much of the bad weather as possible travelling. We slept the night at Sicilian close to the Italian Frontier. July 29th.—We motored through Bolzano to Franzenhéhe below the Stelvio; the only insects taken were Melitaea didyma, Satyrus dryas and Plebeius aeyon near Bolzano. July 30th.— Collected in the morning on the top of the Stelvio and took 18 Krebia alecto and the race glacialis mostly worn. In the COLLECTING NOTES, 1929. 59 afternoon we motored over the Ofen Pass to Zernetz and took a few male HH. nerine race stelviana. July 31st.—Above Zernetz H. nerine race stelviana in both sexes plentiful and in good order and we got all we wanted. Common insects male abundant here than anywhere we have been except perhaps on Trebevic at Serajevo. August Ist—Drove to the Albula to look for /’. manto race pyrrhula. After half an hour it poured with rain for the rest of the day. However we managed to take a few F. pronde v. pitho, but not as dark as those I have taken at Bex in the Rhone Valley. August 2nd.—It rained hard all day but we moved up to Preda. August 3rd.—BStill raining hard so we left and motored to Brugg between Ziirich and Basel. On the way the weather cleared and we took a short series of Araschnia levana, in the Murgthal rather worn. August 4th.—Motored through Basel on to Colmar up to the Sehlucht Pass on the Vosges and stopped at the Grand Hotel. We collected around Mt. Hochneck 4000-4500 feet and found K. epiphron both sexes in the greatest abundance, H. ligea fine but males mostly worn. H, manto race vogesica abundant males rather worn. We took six females with the blotches on the underside of the hindwing pure white. Polyommatus semiargus were still fresh and I got a freshly emerged Huvanessa antiopa. August 5th.—It poured with rain all day. August 6th.—We spent another fine day around Mt. Hochneck and besides the insects taken on the 4th we found Strymon w-album worn, Polyyonia c-album fresh, Argynnis aglata and Dryas paphia fresh, Heodes hippothoe worn, Augiades comma fresh. August 7th and 8th.—Were spent motoring down the Rhine Valley and up the Meuse, through Luxemberg to La Roche in the Ardenne. August 9th.—We tried all the highest ground we could find up to 2000 feet but saw no signs of Brenthis pales race arsilache, almost all the ground except the forests is cultivated but we found two or three open swamps at 2000 feet which looked promising; the only insects seen were Bb. selene 2nd generation, P. napi, H.jurtina and UC. pamphilus. Lower down and a few kilometres from Marche in a clearing where the road and railway run together we took P. napi, B. selene, B. ino both worn, Strymon pruni very worn, and two specimens of Heodes virgaureae one quite fresh. From here we motored to Bruxelles, where I left my friends and took the night express home via Dunkirk. Our trip was obviously too rushed but we managed to obtain good specimens of the more local Hrebia species, which was the main Object of the journey, during which we motored over 2500 miles. Collecting Notes, 1929, By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, F.E.S. I think we were all particularly keen to see what 1929 had in store for us after the unusually severe winter of 1928-1929, when at that time it seemed that nothing could possibly survive unless under the first six or seven inches of frozen earth; but it has only shown us once again that it is wet and not dry cold that counts in decimating our insects. My first expedition of any note was early in April when I worked 60 ENLOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1930 the Wye Valley (S. Wales) from its mouth at Chepstow up to its source in the Welsh mountains—my particular quest being Xylina furcifera, in which I may as well say now I was unsuccessful, but in working the sallow blossom I was very much struck by the local scarcity or abundance of the various Jaeniocampidae:—at Tintern the commonest Taeniocampid by far was 7’. gracilis with comparatively few 7’. stabilis and 7. pulverulenta, also an odd Xylocampa areola and one 2 Oporina croceayo from which Mr. Newman got eggs and bred a series. Further north at Symonds Yat, where the cold had been intense so that all iaurel hedges and evergreens were brown and withered, I found insects in enormous numbers. The hibernated Orrhodia vaccinit and Seopelosoma satellitia being common at both sugar and sallow, and the Taeniocampidae in their thousands,—in particular 7. gothica, T. stabilis, T. pulverulenta and 7’. incerta—T. gracilis was less in evidence and I took a solitary male of Pachnobia leucographa. The sole lepidop- teral evidence of the mighty frosts was in the complete absence of Polygonia c-album,—even though the days were warm and sunny and I have it as good evidence that this insect was particularly abundant at this spotin the autumn of 1928,—indeed I did not see one the whole length of the valley. After leaving the Wye we proceeded up to North Wales and reached Conway as our base on April 8th. On April 9th I made a night expedition to the summit of Tal-y-fan after Agrotis ashworthii larvae by searching the bilberry with a lanp— as soon as I reached the top however an impenetrable cloud screen made it impossible to see a yard ahead and in the following hours of attempted descent I picked up large numbers of nearly fullfed larvae of Oporinia filigrammaria—nearly all in small colonies—also of Agrotis lucernea (fullfed) but no A. ashworthit. However, the following night I took a solitary larva of this species on a neighbouring mountain—only about + of an inch in length—also many larvae of Bearmia repandata (which all produced normal forms). The days were hot, and on the 8th I saw both Pieris rapae and P. napi, together with hibernated Aylats urticae, but no P. c-album, in & spot where I had seen it common some years ago. Early in May I was collecting in the Cambridge district. Ou May 3rd I took my first Strymon prunt of the season in a Huntingdon wood —an extremely small larva—and on the same day found fullfed larvae of Cirrhvedia xerampelina as common as last year. On following days of hard beating I took four other larvae of S. prunt and I consider it a poor year for the species—though I have since heard that the imagines were abundant in a nearby wood later in the season. I also took a few larvae of Ruralis betulae, which was not so common as last year. On May 25th in company with Dr. Cockayne and Messrs Worsley- Wood and Demuth we were again in the Huntingdon Woods, and eight full-fed larvae of S. pruni fell to our lot, together with larvae of Asteroscopus sphinx, Lymantria monacha, Hylophila bicolorana, and I took upwards of seventy Zephyrus quercus on half-a-dozen oaks. On May 27th my friend Demuth and myself beat large numbers of full-fed larvae of Strymon w-albwm from elm in the Wimpole district. Throughout this month I collected a very large number of Xanthia gilvayo larvae from wych elm around Cambridge. NEW FORMS OF EUROPEAN RHOPALOCERA. 61 This species was exceedingly abundant—more so than. its cousin Amathes circellaris, it being not uncommon to take 80 at a single beat of a bough—TI bred through a very extensive series but was only rewarded with eight good “ true gilvago ’’ forms—that is the Continental type, all the rest being the usual darkly suffused English form (=ab. —osuffusa). | - Throughout the month both Demuth and I concentrated the greater ? part of our energies on beating sallows in the Northampton woods in the hope of obtaining Apatura tris larvae after having seen one which had been beaten in this district a few days previous to my first intro- duction to this larva—in all cases were we unsuccessful but were bombarded continually with hosts of Bombycia viminalis, 1’. pulverudenta and Hydriomena fureata (elutata). 3 ‘ (To be concluded.) New Forms of European Rhopalocera. Nors.—The newly observed forms of Muropean (Continental) Lepidoptera are so increasingly numerous that space cannot be found for their description. It will probably be of use if the references ‘to the original descriptions be given as we meet with them. This will be confined mainly to the RKbopalocera in which our readers are more interested with an occasional summary of all the forms so far listed in a particular species. Melitaea didyma, L., race majellensis, Dnbl., Mitt. Miinch. Knt. Gesel., 1927, p. 2 etc. Majella. Melanargia japygia, Cyr., ab. flavescens, Dnhl. and ab. ochrea, Dnhl. l.c. Majella, Erebia nnestra, Hb., ab. pupillata, Dnhl. lc. Stilfser-Joch, Tyroi. E.. euryale, Esp., ab. mendolana, Dnohl. — l.c. Mendel. EK. lappona, Esp., race. marmolata, Dnhl. l.c. Dolomites, Pala group. F.. lappona, Esp., race cibiniaca, Dnhl. l.c. Cibinsgebirge. Satyrus dryas, Scop., ab. hamadryas, Dnhl. l.c. S. Tyrol, ete. Coenonympha arcania, L., race euthymia, Dnhl. l.c. Sabine and Simbruine Mts., Italy. Coenonympha iphis, Schift., race oikeia, Dnhl. l.c. Simbruine Mts. Epinephele lycaon, Rott., race nyctymos, Dnhl. l.c. Tyrol. Libythea celtis, Lach., ab. pallida, Duohl., and ab. pygmeaa, Dnbl. Lc. Plebeius aegon, Schiff. (argus, L.), race majellensis, Dnl.; race abruzzensis, Dnhl.; race sirentina, Dnhl. l.c. Abruzzi. Polyommatus optilete, Knoch, ab. ochrostigma, Dnhl.; and ab. illustris, Dnhl. le. P. dolus, Hb., ab. punctigera, Dnhl.; ab. 2 rufomaculata, Dnhl. ; ab. splendida, Dnhl.; and ab. elachista, Dnhl. - l.c. p..7. P. damon, Schiff., race centralitalica, Dnhl. le. Erinnys alceae, Esp., race centralanatolica, Pfeitf. l.c. 44. Brenthis pales, L., subsp. yenerator, Stdgr. ab. extrema, Wnkwsky. ae b. freija, Thnb., subsp. jakutensis, Wnkwsky. J.c. Jakutsk. Melanaryia siwwarovius, Hbst., ab. obscurior, Wnkwsky.; ab. minor, Wukwsky.; ab. subflavescens, Wnkwsky, l.c. 78. N.I. Siberia. 62 ENTOMOLOGISE'S RECORD. 15.1V.19380 JF oTES ON COLLECTING, ete. SYNANTHEDON FLAVIVENTRIS IN SuRREY.—In an attempt to fill a gap in the known range of this species Mr. C. N. Hawkins and I went to look for the galls in Surrey and found a few in a wood in the south of the county. A typical gall was opened and the larva was seen.— EK. A. Cocxaynn, (A.M., D.M., F.E.S.), 116, Westbourne Terrace, W.2. March 9th, 1980. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. Two volumes of Memories Soc. Knt, Ital., VII. (1928) and VIII. (1929), have come to hand. ‘The first contains a ‘ Revision of the Gryllacridi in the Museums of Geneva and Turin,”’ by Signor H. H. Karney; the second contains several small Memories, among which Signor Rocci has contributed two :—(1) A study of the several genera- tions of HKuchloé (Anthocharis) ausonia as observed in the various races of Italy. (2) Notes on various species of Lepidoptera occurring widely in Liguria, including accounts of the generations of the races of Pieris brassicae, P. manni, P. napti and Pontia daplidice, [There is a rather curious arrangement about the distribution of these volumes which is so extraordinary, that they arrive in a more or less dilapidated condition, Our copies had passed through the hands (by the labels) of two local carriers of luggage and general produce, presumably given to one of them by a grandmotherly sort of arrangement, so that the recipient pays the carriage (sixpence in our case), receiving an untidy torn bundle, screwed up and tied with a piece of dirty string like a busch of vegetables. Some while ago there was a newspaper stunt ‘Make the foreigner pay!’’ Evidently this idea has been taken up abroad and carried into effect in this arrangement, and we pay our own sendings and the foreign sendings as well.] The Hntomological ‘News for December contains another very inter- esting article from J. D. Gunder, the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, with two plates, including a portrait group of the staff and photographs of the old and the modern buildings, the home of the Academy. ‘This number contains a long list of the intricate and pettifogging amendments proposed in the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature to be brought before the Zoological Congress at ifs next Meeting. It is quite time entomologists cut themselves adrift from this entanglement. Vol. IIL. of the Bull. of the Hill Mus. is now completed with Nos. 3and 4. There are four plates and a large number of Descriptions of new species and forms received from collectors in Africa, Indo- Australia and Hainan and a further instalment of A. Hall’s Revision of the Genus Phyciodes. We notice that several non-comparative descriptions have crept in this time; these may be excusable when figures are given, but are useless otherwise. In the current numbers of Hint. Fevinsalsedleohe Dr. Seitz is contributing a series of articles on Collecting Microlepidoptera ; at present he is dealing with the yralidae of the world in a general way, basing his remarks on the well-known European species and their representatives in extra-Muropean areas. In Jris part IV. for 1929 Stichel continues his criticism of the PR es | REVIEWS. 63 group Hrycinidae as treated in Seitz volumes; Dr. Arnold Schultz discusses the early stages of the high-Andean Satyridae of Columbia, with coloured plate; Dr. Corti contributes further notes on Ayrotidae, the same family as occurring in the Caucasus and Central Asia is dealt with by Prof. I. Kozhantschikov. Two further parts (5 and 6) of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Tthopalocera have come to hand, the rest of the Parnassius species completing the Papilionid section, of course with the usual valuable List of references to the original descriptions of the whole of the new forms mentioned in the text. The space taken up by this section has been greater than was anticipated, but unless the letterpress be adequately full the high pitch of excellence would not have been obtained. Parnassius apollo, on account both of its numerous forms and the multitude of names attached to it, demanded an unexpected amount of space. Its forms have been dealt with in geographical groups, such as those of the Tyrol, Scandinavia, Asia Minor, Central Alps, Carpathians, etc., etc. The fact of it being not a lowland species presents a certain amount of isolation to these groups. The 2 plates comprise 50 more figures of the Parnassius species. To those possessing the vol. I., this supplement is most necessary, bringing in as it does, the mass of further facts which have been accumulating for the past quarter of a century. FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. “ AMEISENKUNDE. Kine Hinfiihrung in die Systematik und Biologie der Ameisen”’ by Dr. Anton Krausse, pp. 172 with 68 text figures. Stuttgart (1929). This delightful little book is admirably constructed, embracing, as it does, every branch of the study of ants in a compact and convenient form; valuable alike to the student and the more experienced Myrmecologist. The work is divided into two parts. Part I. consists of twenty- nine sections as follows:—1. Myrmecologists; 2. Literature; 38. Bibliography, biographical and historical sketch; 4. Systematical position of ants; 5. The most important morphological technical terms; 6. Nomenclature; 7 The five subfamilies; 8. Preliminary remarks on systematics; 9. The Ponerinae; 10. The Dorylinae; 11. The Myrmicinae; 12. The Dolichoderinae ; 13. The Camponotinae ; 14. The Systematical Problem; 15. Di-, Tri-, Tetra-, Polymorphism ; 16. On Morphology and Anatomy ; 17. Geographical distribution; 18. Palaearctic Region; 19. Xerothermic Region; 20. Spreading and Introduction ; 21. Local faunas; 22. Ants in amber and copal; 238. Equipment for excursions; 24. Artificial nests; 25. Collecting apparatus ; 26. Packing, preparing, collection ; 27. Optical instruments ; 28. Determination, purchase, exchange; 29. Publications. Part II. is divided into twelve sections:—1. Metamorphosis; 2. Colony founding, mixed colonies, and compound nests; 8. Food; 4. Nest building ; 5. Habits; 6. Myrmecophily ; 7. Ants and Termites; 8. Ants and Plants; 9. Ants and the soil; 10. Ants and men; 11. Senses of ants; 12. Psychology of ants. It will be obvious at a glance at the above lists how many-sided this little book proves itself to be, and also that space will not allow us to deal thoroughly with all this matter. It must suffice to glance through the various sections, noticing a point here and there which “yn tebe. 8 RNG SOAR NSE Song Oe i aca st A ge 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. —-15.1V.1980 calls for remark. An excellent list of the Piare myrmecologists is given, as also a most useful account of the literature. The works of Wheeler, Escherich, Forel, WWasmann, Seitz, mery, Donisthorpe and Hiber are said to be indispensable. The author divides the Insecta into-no less than 71 orders; ants, of course, belonging to the order Hymenoptera. The short account of the morphology is direct, and to the point, and the text figures are clear and well chosen. Under ‘ Brust ”’ (thorax) we notice the following sentence. ‘On the underside of the Metathorax, in the metasternum above the junction of the coxa, one finds the mouth of a gland, the metatarsal gland, which is only to be fond in ants” (the italics are ours). This is no doubt true, but it is the first time we have seen it definitely stated as a cold fact. Wheeler [‘‘ Les Sociétés d’Insectes,” Paris, 131 (1926)] wrote that no taxonomist apparently has noted that ants alone possess this gland which is present in all species and all casts of ants. He had been unable to find it in any others of the Aculeata, nor in the inferior sub-orders of Hymenoptera, and that before one could pronounce on the taxonomic significance of this, a complete comparative study of the metasternum of all the Hymenoptera was necessary. Both Lubbock (1892) and Janet (1898) described and figured this gland and as we pointed out in British Ants (1915), the latter author has suggested that the secretion from these glands gives to the ant’s body the nest-aura, by means of which the ants in a colony recognize their fellows. The author appears to only recognize 5 subfamilies, leaving out Wheeler’s Pseudomyrminae (1920), Cerapachyinae (1920), and Leptanillinae (1926). He also uses the old name Camponotinae, for the subfamily now called Formicinae. A list of the sections, tribes, subtribes and genera, after Emery is given ; and all the German species are dealt with. Under artificial nests the author describes the observation nest invented by himself consisting of a glass bowl with a wide border or rim, extending outwards from the upper edge ; oil being placed in this outer rim to prevent the escape of the ants. There are three holes in the sides of the nest below the rim so that it can be connected with other nests, or apparatus, by means of glass tubes. He also uses for collecting a large funnel into which nest materials, moss, etc., may be placed, and by heating the top by means of a copper plate, or water apparatus, myrmecophiles, etc., are driven down through the narrow end of the funnel into a receptacle to catch them. Under colony-founding, several original interesting experiments, with small colonies in observation nests, are given. All the different forms of nesting, nest materials (some of which are figured), covered ways, cattle sheds, etc., etc., are briefly described ; and the various habits of many species of ants are set forth. Under Synechthrans, an ‘“‘ earwig,’’ Huborellia moesta, is recorded which in Sardinia at least (though it can exist without ants) robs ants of their brood. Here we have the case of the beginning of a Synech- thran, or an instance of what I have described as experimenting in the myrmecophilous habit. Enough has been said to demonstrate how useful this little book on ant lore is, and to prove, if proof were necessary, that it should be in the hands of all myrmecologists.— Horace DonistHoRPE. ° quire 1 Saahec bonnes are “inserted on condition that. the peers eagles i | : 4 ; 1 Te | EXCHANGES. ribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata Sanetio free of charge. ‘hey should — ie Sih ts saa J. TURNER, es Latgmar,” West Drive, Cheam. ges 4 = 8. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Bicwis: —Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. esiderata.—UrGENTLY REQUIRED, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera). —H. Pp. ae Zaria vigtses W ‘oilaton Hall, ld dni Pind fatal of gothica ond selected unusual forms of benerka: neat and A: J. Wightman, ‘ durago,”’ Brom/fields, Pulborough, Sussex, — Thais cetisyi, ee te zepbyrus (Friv) | ype eroides, anteros, ee ay nor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first pene Coleoptera, es conan Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of Bek orld Nie Galls.—In view of the ortheoming Monograph on British Zoo—and Phytocecidia be . gnall, Bartlett and Hariioe, reprints of papers on, or records of, the rarer plant-galls daa are Tequested. Material Di be willingly identified, acknowledged, and, where necessary, rated. Address such Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, D. Hew BR. S., Armstrong lege, Neweastle-on-Tyne. xcHaNGcEs.—Living Begs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies ot ish Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. | divine OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.W. oe - May 7th. ‘he South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hinernia bers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. April 24th. May 8th.—Hon. Secretary Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s ace, Blackheath, 8.8.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London omological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History ety) now meets. in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and— d Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. (except July and August). Visitors welcomed :— See., A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. es List of British Geometers Living pupae, larvae, ova, Palearctic. named Varieties and Synonyms and Exotie at once to be had. Cocoons eferences ee Meyrick: and Actias Ningpoana, dozen 12/-, Samia : Walkeri, dozen, 3/-, Rothschildia, Jorulla -B > 3 ? ’ , By Hs. 3 Gieice ee each 2/- and many other pupae from> Rasbiatied fom Me. HoW. Andrews, 7 U,$.A.—E, Miller, Berlinerstr. 2a, 6, reatecrny: Rd, Eltham, §.£.9. Vetschau, N.L., Germany. CONTENTS Some Cornish Notes, Charles Nicholson, F.E.S. igs - sie as ae Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi, and partidularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group, Roger Verity, M.D... ie ay fr Adalia bipunectata, L. Some observations on the type farm of ab. perforata, Marsham, J. Curtis Leman, F.E.S. ey i. 4. + nS é2 r Stray Notes on Erebiid Species, B. C. S. Warren, F.E.S. .. ee me ate 56 ; Through Central Europe to Montenegro, P, Haig-Thomas, a a ox 58 : Collecting Notes, 1929, H. B. D. Kettlewell, F.E.S. .. -| a 5 { New Forms of European Rhopalocera .. fr AS. “{ je ae ye 61 i Noves on CottectInc.—Synanthedon flayiventris in pare: E. A. Cockayne, ARS IVEY. RUBE 6 S30 ie ahs ca x 4 ais aie AR 62 Currenr Norgs .. i ‘i eps een of aa) We Bebe i ui 62 a Reviews... oa x “ ce bre a 3 e.3 i + 63 2 SvrrLrEmMENts.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner ae Va | Hf ai (137)-(140) : Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hampshire, H. P. Jones (Leaenns or 2 PLATES.) % * ee me a Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. ; Dr. Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, Dr. Malcolm Burr, © ~ H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, F. W. Edwards, P. P. Graves. A. J. Wightman, $ H. Willoughby-Ellis, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. E. China, J. F. Bird, G. Talbot, and ‘i Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘* Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT | TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. | BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) CONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus ttliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, wnd aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidue—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of drgynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymiec notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist or 1890—Lifehistories of dyrotis pyrophila, Kpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. MeELanism AND Mutanocnrotsm—Bibliography—Notes on Gollecting—Articles on VarraTIon (many)—How to breed Agrotisluniyera, Sesia sphegifurmis, Tueniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromurta and A, betularia—Melunism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the dcronyctidue—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyeana (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifebistory of Gonophora qerasa, ete., ete., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Eipirep BY | G. T. Bersune-BakER, F.Z.S., J. HK. Couutn, F.£.8. F.E.S., Chairman. H. DonIsTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.8. R. S. .BaGnatu, D.SC., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. Gravms, F.E.S. F.L.S. | H. KE. Paar, r-n.s. Matcotm Burr, D.sc., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.z.s. W. H. ‘Tams, v.4.s. h BE. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WHEELER, M-A., FEB) F.E.S., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and Henry J. TURNER, F¥.@.s., F.R.H.S., | Kditorial Secretary ; Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) TEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO Uhe Hon, Treasurer, H. W. 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BRITISH ISLES, By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. _ With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Specie : Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature. — ** Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been issued, —National Quarterly Review, Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. net. | FREDERICK WARNE & Co., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. ‘ hs aii cs lit oa tls . aati Mace ae aia at Sei aie EL wt WR fo ’ : a ti NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 65 Notes from Northern Rhodesia. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Se., F.E.S., ete. I. First lvprsessions. i, On January 2nd, 1928, I motored out from Elisabethville to lunch __ with the officers of the British Frontier Delimitation Commission at a place called Kapushi, which is exactly on the Congo-Rhodesian boundary and is famous for the extraordinary richness of the ore in the mine that has made the locality known. As we drove up to an open cleared space in the dense forest of lofty trees, I saw the Union Jack and stepped out of the car on to British territory, the first time in a wandering life that I have touched a part of the empire outside Great Britain itself. It was here that I met the first brother entomologist in Africa; it was Dr. Silvester Evans, Medical Officer of the Commission, well known for his extensive and important collections of Coleoptera made in Fiji. Dr. Evans is now making as complete a collection as possible of Coleoptera along the frontier, and he took my breath away when he told me that he mounted every specimen. This seems to be a counsel of perfection, impracticable for most of us, and with most orders of insects, but it has immense advantages, not the least being that the specimens are prepared and ready for determination immediately on arrival in England. Dr. Evans and I spent a few hours together in the forest, but came across no Orthoptera of any striking interest ; most were immature. A few days later I left the Congo for Broken Hill. The scenery changes now from a dense and rather gloomy forest with tall but not gigantic timber to flattish country covered with bush and numerous trees of somewhat smaller stature ; it might be described as openwork forest country, green and smiling at this time of year, with the grass about knee-high. Broken Hill itself is but a mining camp; we were too busy during our few days there to do any sight-seeing, which would be confined to the mine and the site of the discovery of the famous skull. It was on Friday, January 13th, regardless of superstition, that we started off once more into the bush to the scene of our operations for the coming year. We motored out towards the south-east for some forty miles over decent roads, past the Mulungushidam which was opened by the Prince of Wales, and pitched our camp by the roadside at a spot where a Kaftir path leads off at right angles to the Luano Valley. This remarkable depression is in the southernmost end of that great rift which nearly split Africa in two, beginning in palaeozoic times and continuing throughout time right into the Tertiary. It is marked on the map by the north-south line thrown into relief by the great lakes, especially Tanganyika, and extends away to the north and includes the Red Sea and the Dead Sea and the Valley of Jordan. After about three hours trek through the openwork forest we came suddenly upon the edge of a cliff and looked down to the valley far beneath us. It seemed a rolling, wooded country, cut by some meandering streams and dotted with clearings bright green with the fresh grass; on the far side a blue range of hills showed the opposite face of the escarpment. It is a relatively long and narrow rift, = Ys Ts eee ae 66 ENTOMOLOGIS'’S RECORD. 15.V.1930 countersunk in the plateau of Rhodesia, and the drop down the face of the escarpment is some 1800 ft. Owing to a mischance, we had to climb down that face during the hottest part of the day and that was the first time that I felt it really hot in Africa, nearly as hot as I had felt it in Spain, Montenegro and Macedonia, but here it was a damp and oppressive heat. It was a real climb, requiring hands as well as feet, to grip trees and rocks to steady oneself and it was a great relief to reach the stream at the bottom. Nearly two months of town life and the fleshpots of Elisabethville had made me soft and out of condition so it was a relief to sit in the shade and drink a dozen or so cups of tea. The ground we marched over from this point was hard going; we kept crossing small but steep ridges capped with gravel, and separated by brooks; it was a constant gymnastic climb up and down, with the occasional relief of a level strip along the back of a ridge; this passed into more level country where the track took us sometimes through dense and shady jungles haunted by biting flies, sometimes through open valleys thick with a plant like a potato and with wild asparagus. We heard the self-satisfied grunting of hippo as we touched the Mulungushi but the noise and smell of a caravan of a hundred odd native porters keeps all game at a distance. There was a fair amount of spoor but we saw nothing to shoot on the road, except a green mamba which was too quick for me and fell short of his reputation in bolting instead of attacking, for which I was profoundly grateful, and a eouple of duck like big sheldrake. We had to cross the Mulungushi twice, once in a dug-out and once by fording waist-deep; here the stream was so strong that I had difficulty in making my way across and in a few weeks it will doubtless be impassable at that ford. One small stream offered a bridge, consisting of a tree felled across from bank to bank, The porters waded, waist-deep, but my head boy led the way across the bridge; he had not gone a yard before he yelled, and made a frantic dash to the far side regardless of danger of falling and, once across, began dancing and cutting the wildest capers, screaming and cursing in a variety of tongues. For the tree was alive with driver ants. These red devils march in columns of countless numbers and all creatures flee before them. Their method of attack is to swarm over their victim and, it is said, all bite simultaneously, as ata given signal. I was too far over to retreat but relatively secure in that I was wearing field boots and breeches, a costume which the Rhodesians consider eccentric, for they invariably wear shorts. Had I followed their examples, I should have been invaded by their countless battalions, but as it was I got across with a hundred or so on me, which I quickly shook off when once across and only a few succeeded in reaching my flesh. Poor Pavel Stepanovich, who was following some way behind, was less fortunate. He was wearing slacks, and when half way across he saw his danger ; they were already on him, so he sprang at once boldly into the the water; still, when across he had at once to undress and pick off the countless foe and detach their formidable mandibles. About half a mile further on we crossed another part of the column marching through a mealie field. They say that these ants will send an elephant mad, by swarming up inside his sensitive trunk and then biting simultaneously. . The banks of the Mulungushi where we crossed by dug-out are flat, - coe _ ; NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 67 . and bordered with broad belts of tall reeds in which the heat is so great that it is almost intolerable; it is dotted with open beds of pinkish gravel and sand, and here I found an interesting little - Chrotogonus. I had always regarded this genus as a member of the desert fauna but yet it is said not to occur far from water ; on the spot where I took it the conditions resembled a desert as a beach resembles a desert, but the place was reeking with moisture ; on the same banks there were larvae, of which I took one adult, of a grasshopper, with blue wings and no dark fascia. To my eye it seems to be our familiar south European Sphingonotus caerulans and it seemed strange meeting it in this locality, but Mr. Uvarov identified it as Conipoda, sp. During our trek through the bush I picked up two adult females of a yellow-faced Vhericles. It is always a particular pleasure to me to take a species of the Humasticidae as they are quaint and odd little creatures and little is known of their method of life. They are distinguished by their very short antennae and by the face being flattened as though pressed against a board. My first attempt at a serious entomological paper was an essay on this group, written when a fresh- man at Oxford, and last year in Angola I made the acquaintance of the living creatures for the first time, about thirty years later. They are not a numerous family and are confined to the tropics and offer a considerable diversity and originality of form. I was always curious to know under what conditions they live, as they are so very individualistic a group. The African genus Jhericles contains several quite apterous, small grasshoppers of a predominantly green coloration ; the abdomen of the male is tucked up posteriorly; I find them numerous in low scrub and catch them by sweeping; they sit on bushes and shrubs in the undergrowth in the forest. In Angola they were chiefly green marked with white; here in the Luano | find them equally common, but generally green with a dark dorsal stripe. I cannot reconcile this with the idea of protective coloration, as the dark stripe makes them quite conspicuous when sitting on a green leat, though with a little imagination one might mistake it for a stain on the leaf. ‘There are some allied genera, also Kthiopian, as Penichrotes, Peoedes and Huschmidtia, but in these the face, though equally flat, is sloping, whereas in T’hericles it is vertical. Another curious charac- teristic of at least some of these genera is that when they are sitting they keep their hind legs not in a vertical plane, as does T’hericles, but in a horizontal plane at right angles to the body, akimbo so to speak, as do certain Truwalidae, though to a less markedextent. At Huambo I took one or two minute specimens which at the time I took for larvae, but now believe they were adult Penichrotes, and they had this habit ; here in Luana I took a nyinph of a winged form, probably belonging to one of these genera, which also held its hind legs akimbo. ‘The habit has been noted many years ago, by Bolivar I believe, when he gave the name eruciformis to one species. We pitched our camp eventually in a clearing in the forest at a place called,Chisorwe. I have not yet found out what this name actually designates, whether a stream or a village but it is likely to be my home for a year or more and so, I hope, will become a familiar name of entomological labels. One of the difficulties of work in Africa is to define localities precisely. A river is virtually length without breadth and native village names are useless, for villages here are very 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V.1930 different from those in Europe; the very idea is totally distinct. There are no streets, no shops, no public buildings; there is but a collection of huts in a clearing. And the villages have no name of their own but bear the name of the chief, with whom the village is identified. On the death of a chief, the site is abandoned and a new “village”? built at another place. Village names, therefore, are the despair of the cartographer and useless for registering localities for zoological or botanical specimens until the White Man comes along and makes a mine or power station or some other work which definitely fixes the site upon the map; such cases are common in mining districts, as in the Katanga, where such names as Kapushi, Panda and so on have become permanent. The first thing to welcome me in my new home was a female Pamphagid, like a knight of the chessboard, turning clumsy somer- saults. It seems to be of the same species that I took sporadically in Angola and I was rather surprised to find it in a forest clearing, as I always regarded these curious creatures as typical desert-haunting insects, of either sandy or roeky wastes ; for this reason, when I took them in sandy open spaces in Angola, I regarded them as members of a relict fauna, but that argument seems hardly applicable in this wooded valley. Males seem rare, but they are often winged and active ; the female is apterous and clumsy and may be easily picked up with the fingers. I also took a nymph sitting on a green shrub. The season in January here seems to correspond to the early middle | summer in Europe. Young larvae of Orthoptera abound, but adults are few. I find Catantops fully grown, seemingly the same species that I found abundant at Huamba in western Angola in May and then all through the year wherever I collected. On the high ground, an Oedaleus or Gastrimargus was common in the adult stage, and in long grass I find one or two Truaalidae, one resembling Ochrilidia, but otherwise the Acridian grasshoppers are all immature. In the Locus- tines, there are two or three species of /’haneropteridae in the nymph stage crawling among the herbage and a few adults bave appeared ; Conocephalus is busy chirping, and flew to light at Broken Hill, where LT also took a Hetrodes chirping, apparently the same species that I found commonly in the highlands of Angola but much smaller than the big spidery one that I found in swarms on the Atlantic coast at Benguella Velha. This genus seems to be adult all through the dry season and I have already noted bow | took an adult hibernating under a termite nest in Angola in September. Young larval Mantids and Phasmids are abundant in the grass. This is curious, as in Angola J found immature ones common in the early part of the dry season. Possibly these youngsters will be fully grown by the end of the rains and start a new family at the beginning of the dry season, in which case there will be two broods in the year. Mantids first appeared in the adult stage in Angola at the end of June, half way through the dry season, which corresponds to the EKuropean winter, but they were not frequent until September, the beginning of - spring. The Empusids I found adult at the end of the rains, and in Europe they are adult in May and then the larvae appear during the summer. I took a very dark brown Conocephalus, which is surprising, as the rains have been in full swing for over two months; I expect it is a NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 69 chance survivor from the dry season, and perhaps its age is the cause of the dark colour; during the dry season they are generally buff. The natural colour of all the Locustine Orthoptera seems to be green, which survives to the adult stage, at least in patches, in many forms which are normally brown or grey, fading away within a few hours of the completion of the change. Orthopterists in Hngland have probably noticed this with our dull grey Metrivptera grisea, which is common along the south coast. In this extensive genus, the southern forms are almost without exception grey; the only green one | know is a remark- able all green species, discovered by me in the ‘Transcaucasus, which Uvarov has described as M. burri; the central Kuropean and northern forms, however, usually have at least some green on them, as in M. brachyptera of our moors and its allied species; clearly, green is the dominant colour of the vegetation in central and northern Europe, but in the south, a dull grey is characteristic of the sammer. In the same way, the grass-haunting species in the tropics are generally green during the wet season and buff during the dry. It is customary to assume that this is in order to assimilate with the dominant colour of the vegetation; no one has suggested that the vegetation turns yellow to adapt itself to the colour of the Orthoptera. I see no reason, however, that the change of colour should not be the direct result of the climate, due to the same cause as the change of colour of the vegetation. When the chlorophyll of the leaves decom- poses, the xanthophyll that is usually present becomes visible and we © get “autumn tints.” It seems possible that the change of colour from green to buff in so many Orthoptera is directly due to the dryness of the atmosphere. ‘The green Locustids turn brown on drying and this may be accelerated by forcing the process. When in despair as to how to dry my specimens when trekking during the rains in Angola and the whole atmosphere was reeking, | tried putting my specimens on hot sand; | had it too hot, however, and a fine green Saya turned yellow immediately. I have not noticed Sayu during the dry season, but think it very probably changes colour too, as brown forms occur in Lurope and I had a rich dark brown one from the Caucasus in my collection. I was interested to come across a living Pseudophyllid for the first time. This is an interesting family of Locustine Orthoptera occurring only in tropical countries; they are generally grey in colour, with dark dorsum and wings. In Angola a native brought me one, a green one, but here I found one for the first time myself. It is a beautiful creature, of a pearl grey colour, with darker specks and was resting on a bright green leaf. In spite of the contrast of colour, there was something so natural in its position and appearance that I almost overlooked it; the antennae, four and a quarter inches long, were extended straight out in front, like the forelegs of a Phasmid when it *‘ freezes,” and it lay there motionless. I could not make up my mind what it resembled, whether a withered twig or a large bird’s dropping, yet it seemed perfectly familar and natural. In this specimen, a male, the wings are rounded and with a tesselated smoky pattern, as occurs in some Mantids, and the dorsal surface of the abdomen a uniform plain dull black, while the pleurae and ventral surface are creamy. It is a striking insect and it will be interesting to learn something about its habits. I should expect it to resemble in this respect the Phasgonuridae, and probably be crepuscular, at least partly carnivorous and with a strong voice. 70 -ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1930 Should all Variations receive Names ? By G. TALBOT, F.E.S. Many entomologists will answer this question in the -affirmative, and Mr. G. Curtis Leman is one of them. His article, in the February number of the Record, is a startling one, at least to me. He gives names to 54 aberrations of the Coccinellid Synharmonia conglobata, L., and admits that this ‘‘ Cannot pretend to exhaust all the possible com- binations.” Therefore it may be presumed that if another thousand or so were discovered somebody would have to give them names. Each name represents a certain arrangement of the eight spots. Excepting, perhaps, a Coecinellid specialist, no one will be able to remember what any one name stands for. These variations might have been numbered or lettered in some way, and reference to them thereby made even easier than by using a name. If this method of naming “ aberrations” is employed in treating of the variation of all insects subject to variable combinations of pattern, the existing literature on insects, enormous as it is, may be multiplied several times. It is some consolation to reflect that such names have no rank in nomenclatorial priority, and are not likely to burden bibliographical records. If Mr. Leman had, for instance, the genus Heliconinus (Lep. Rhop.) before him, he would find that in more than half the species each specimen would have to be named, and furthermore, he could obtain thousands of such specimens. We submit that this kind of variation cannot be dealt with by the use of names (not terms), and we regret the growing tendency to give a name to every slight variation. This important study of variation is only retarded by such obstacles to its progress. A name represents a variation of some importance. These varia- tions include all sorts of lesser ones which themselves include other and even microscopic variations, and so on, for no two things are exactly alike. The line must be drawn somewhere. Names ought, perhaps, only to be given to forms which, 1f not anatomically distinct, are possessed of a definite pattern either known to be recurrent (including colour forms), or which is not a mere rearrangement of the species pattern shown by a typical form. The tendency to name these comparatively trivial variations is due to various causes. We have the dealer who, by creating a ‘ type” is able to enhance the value of a common insect very considerably, and so dispose of it in a certain market at a good profit. We have the general entomologist who, knowing little about the group concerned, fails to grasp the significance of the variation he sees. Then also there is the collector who is most anxious to see type-labels in his collection, and who may often be inclined to stretch a point and pin a name to yet another variation or maybe a freak he has secured. Whether it be due to the cold commercialism of the dealer, or to the hot enthusiasm of the collector, the periodical literature continues to be burdened with a mass of useless names, work which does not commend itself to the scientiffe student. We need hardly mention the vogue in Germany of giving names to teratological aberrations, rightly called by Gunder the ‘‘ Unnameable.”’ NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI. 71 Seitz and Nomenclature. Dr. Seitz in the introduction to the Supplementary volume makes remarks on the various points in nomenclature. Onnamine generally he says, ‘‘If the present system of giving names to every chance variety is continued there is every likelihood that in the near future names will be alloted to such variations in colours and markings which may yet be possibly discovered. [or instance with the majority of Erebia there exist specimens both with and without pupilled ocelli in the wings, and it may be concluded that it is only chance, that such anomalies have not yet been found in a great number of species, and that their discovery is only a matter of time. Therefore anybody calculating on this may name all sorts of combinations by a simple form of mathematically applied ‘ variety-formula’’ as already has happened, for instance, with the elytra marking of certain European coleoptera, where names have been given to colour variations, which are known to occur, and also to colours that may eventually be found (or which it is expected will be found in the course of time) and with these latter a note is made that ‘‘ should such and such an aberration be found it is to be named x, y, z.”” There can be no doubt whatever that such methods and provisional denominations should be forbidden. S22) 5 yee) FM Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 54.) Next to baicalensis=arcesia, at about the same primitive palaearctic stage, stands sindura, Moore, and not far from them, but at the culminating stage of frigoripetal evolution and highly specialised in a psychrotropic condition, are asteria, Freyer, and varia, Meyer-Dir, or more exactly alatauica, Stdgr. These represent various parallel branches, which have culminated in various species and exerges of the present day, but, no doubt, the actual ancestors of the latter never passed through as high a psychrotropic state as that of asteria and varia ; they kept to milder climates and turned back to caloripetal variation before reaching that extreme. That is why, owing to the highly anabolic nature of this group | have spoken of already, they have gone on transforming and they have left us extremely few speci- mens of their past stages; asteria and varia have instead been preserved, because they became fixed by their highly specialised conditions and they could not reverse their evolution to a caloripetal one, precisely as in the cases I have pointed out of the most extreme Euphydryas: The line septentriorientis-britomartis, which is an extremely close ally of asteria, as we will presently see, and the parthenie line, which stands equally close to varia, have kept up a very much greater variability, presumably owing to the reason, I have just suggested, that they have never faced glacial climates to the same extent. M. athalia must have steered still clearer of any influence which could oblige it to specialise or stop, or slow down, its evolution, so that it has transformed considerably under the influence of the new palaearctic surroundings, which, on the contrary, evidently had a stimulating 72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19380 effect. The optimum of these conditions has been afforded by the warm, moist climate of the extreme east, as I will point out more exactly further on, and this produced the giant exerge niphona, with peculiar elongated genitalia and a very long pointed uncus, such as no other Melitaea possesses. Further north and westward the moist, but colder, climate of the Northern route only transformed the athalia, which underwent it and which became the nominotypical exerge, about as much as it did britomartis and parthenie. Those athalia which spread westward by the Central route found themselves under the less stimulating influence of a warmer, but drier, climate and this only carried them to a lesser degree of change, which we will see is repre- sented nowadays by the western Aclvetica =pseudathalia exerge, with an inconstant and, anyhow, always very small uncus, and with all the apophyses less developed. Finally, a group which must have passed by the Southern route and kept to very dry and hot surroundings had to specialise to these conditions at a very early date, just as asteria did to glacial ones, and it presumably became so stabilised organically that it bas retained features to all appearances about as primitive as those of asteria ; its living representative is dejone, which greatly resembles baicalensis by the genitalia (never any uncus) and other features, although the lateral apophyses differ by having numerous teeth. One must place sindura, Moore, next to baicalensis = arcesia, because it is very similar to it, although some of the very variable races it exhibits in its extensive habitat have a considerably different super- ficial look and even somewhat recall in scme cases the look of dictynna. No doubt it is one of the most primitive palaearctic species, still standing very near its nearctic ancestors and it has spread to the Himalaya in company with Parnassius himalayensis, Elw., which so resembles the American smintheus, B., that, if it were not for the labels, one could not tell whether some female specimens came from the Himalaya or from the Rocky Mountains. The mountain sheep (moufflon) followed the same route, as shown by the fact that some of their variations, which exist in America as individual ones, are quite distinct and locally constant in Asia, so that they are considered specific in this region. The most striking feature, pointing to the close relationship of sindura and baicalensis=arcesia to the hoffmanni group and to the Nearctic species in general, except minuta, consists in the former having retained the fulyous marginal band on the underside, between the two capillary black streaks, which exists in all the American species of that group. This band is present also in the harvisii to dictynna line of descent, so that it increases the resemblance I have just mentioned between baicalensis and dictynna in connection with their genitalia, and it goes towards proving that baicalensts and sindura are more primitive than the athalia group, which has derived from them and become more distinct from the other parallel lines than they are. This palaearctic outburst is only equalled by that of the didyma line of descent and it may be worth noticing that these two lines resemble each other, both in America and in the Old World, by having, on the whole, a narrower and rounder wing-cut than the other lines of the Melitaeidi. This shape goes with the slow, flapping flight of NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITABIDI. 73 anabolic constitutions, as a general rule, but it does not impede the dashing one of some didyma, in which it is less pronounced. M. asteria is, in general appearance, perfectly similar to the rest of the athalia group and, in some particulars, to the species and exerges which live, like it, in glacial surroundings, such as varia, Meyer-Dir., but its genitalia are very distinct from the usual aspect they have in it: there is no uneus ; the clasps are longer, as in baicalensis=arcesia and minerva, and taper into the base of the terminal apophysis in the same way as they do in the latter; in asteria, however, the apophysis is shorter and it ends in two points, as in varia; these are set further apart from each other, so that they again recall minerva, where the lesser point is set very far back, and still better dictynna, in which the two points are however very much longer and sharper and the second is curved backwards. There is certainly also some resemblance to the genitalia of phoebe and this is very natural: in both these species, on the whole, the genitalia can be described as transitional to the athalia - type, and, according to what has been said above, this would be due to the fact that phoebe has been a weak attempt to produce the athalia variation, whilst asteria actually stands at the root of the branch which has developed into it. I think we can safely consider both asteria and varia as having derived very directly from an ancestor quite similar to the present baicalensis=arcesia and sindura. M. varia, Meyer-Dur., of the present day has reached a stage further than asteria in the athalia direction, but it is only accompanied by one near ally, namely parthenie, proper to temperate climates. The question as to whether this is a distinct species or not, which has been raised on the strength of the differences in the genitalia, could, it seems to me, only be solved by finding them on the same grounds or by breeding experiments; differences which simply consist in two successive degrees of development due to climatic causes are no proof of specific distinctness and varia and parthenie might stand very naturally to each other as the Glacial and the Temperate exerge of one species. Suschkin has examined the genitalia of alatauica, Stder., which Seitz had shifted from parthenie to athalia, and his description and figure of them may be seen to agree exactly with those of varia, Meyer-Ditir, as published by Reverdin. There thus can be no doubt that it is the Asiatic progenitor of the latter and | must say I would have come to the same conclusion simply from its general aspect in Seitz’s own figures (I take that of the female ‘“ sibirica”’ to be meant for alatauica, as the former name is mentioned nowhere in his text and does not exist anywhere in literature and anyhow it would be a primary homonym of an aurinia). The Ala-tau lies to the north of the Ferghana channel, so that, as far as we know at present, parthenie has originated and kept entirely in the Northern Zone, like britomartis. M. asteria has the most rudimental genitalia, as just described, and the most peculiar general aspect of the entire athalia group, part of which has presumably originated from an ancestor very similar to it. The broad premarginal lunular silvery-white spaces on the forewings, as well as on the hindwings, and stretching on the former as far as the tornus (anal-angle) recall those of baicalensis-sindura, of dictynna and of their American equivalents and thus sustain what the genitalia ‘suggest in the way of its being an intermediate stage between them and the athalia group. Some of the most conspicuous characters of 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1930 the asteria of the present day, such as its diminutive size, its extreme melanism and its peculiar rushing flight, suited to meet the violent gusts of wind of the great altitudes it is confined to, are no doubt the results of its adaptation to very glacial conditions: its distribution, restricted to the Altai and to the Alps of Europe, is no doubt a recent state of things, posterior to the Glacial periods of the Pleistocene, during which it probably multiplied and spread very much along the outskirts of the ice-sheets. This specialisation would logically explain the fact that this branch has never transformed and that it has thus retained some of the ancestral features, whilst the groups which -have lived in milder climates and especially in more variable ones at different epochs, have been stimulated to further aevelopments, as I have already remarked. One of the first and lesser steps has been fixed and preserved till our days by aurelia: there is in it still no attempt to develop an uncus ; the clasps from the the oval shape of asteria have turned to the globular one of the following species, but their terminal apophysis is only slightly longer and the more numerous barbs it has are small, so that the two principal points that are to be seen in the species described above still stand out prominently amongst these new lesser barbs. Also this aurelia branch has remained very firmly fixed at one stage aud, notwithstanding it has spread as far as the Alps of Hurope and the north of France, its variations have only consisted in some slight racial features. The much more accentuated ones, that have been attributed to it, we will presently see do not belong to it at all and constitute a different specific branch. The fact that the latter specific group, standing between aurelia and athalia, has not been recognised and that its broad variations have been attributed to the first of these species in some cases and to the second in others has been the chief cause of the confusion and of the doubts which exist in connection with these insects and their nomen- clature. I will show further on that it at last embodies the mysterious britomartis, Assm., and that this name must be applied to it. At the root of this branch and obviously connecting it closely to asteria by its general appearance, as well as by its genitalia, is the little Melitaea of Kamtchatka, to which the name of ortentalis, Mén., has hitherto been applied, but which, for reasons I will presently state, I now name septentriorientis. 1 take as ‘“co-types”’ the series of specimens I have received from Bang-Haas, to which belonged those whose genitalia have been illustrated by Reverdin under the former name ; they exactly agree with Alphéraky’s description and figures of that insect. We must begin by noting that it is surprising no writer of the past, I am acquainted with, should have pointed out its remarkable resemblance to asteria, fr. Their underside patterns are exactly the same and, notably, they both have the excessively broad premarginal silvery- white spaces on the forewing as well as on the hindwing and stretching on the former as far as the tornus (anal angle). This peculiarity alone considering it never exists in either athalia, aurelia or parthenie, would, it seems to me, strongly suggest a much closer connection between it and asteria than either show to any of those species; as the general look of these insects suggests the same thing and as the genitalia are also those which resemble each other most, I do not see how one can do otherwise than conclude that septentriorientis ‘is a distinct species, \? COLLECTING NOTES, 1929. 75 much more closely related to asteria than to any of the three others mentioned above and more especially distinct from athalia, to which it has hitherto, on the contrary, been attributed under the name of orientalis. One difference to be observed is that septentriorientis always has the thin, but visible, second capillary line along the outermargin on the underside, whereas the fact that it is usually obliterated in asteria is considered the most important specific peculiarity of the latter. Now, it seems to me that this is greatly overrating the importance of a feature of this sort and the best proof of it is that specimens of asteria in which it is quite detectable are found; it goes together with the minute size and the general lack of development of the insect, due to its deeply anabolic and sluggish constitution. Another difference, which has considerably more importance, is that septentrivrientis is the first grade of variation in the athalia direction, which has developed a small and short, but perfectly distinct, uncus, and chat in other respects these genitalia have reached about the same grade as those of aurelia and resemble them, in fact, so much, that, if it were not for the uncus, they could not be separated from them. We will presently see, however, that in this case the presence of the uncus is really indicative of a complete specific distinction. A notable character of septentrivrientis are the palpi, covered in most individuals with bright red hairs, both above and below, to an extent one only finds in some extreme aurelia ; this suggests a closer relationship to avrelia than to athalia and the size and the general aspect as well as the genitalia, confirm it fully. (Lo be continued.) Collecting Notes, 1929. By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, F.E.S. / (Concluded from p. 61.) June saw us once again in the Wicken-Brecksand district. The first night (the 7th) Demuth sent me out into the Mildenhail district to the most unsuccessful night’s collecting at headlights of the car I have ever had—except for a few nice white varieties of Dianthoecia carpophaga and an occasional Neuria reticulata—while he at Wicken took at sugar, Humorpha elpenor, Leneanta obsoleta, Mamestra (Hadena) thalassina, H. adusta, Xylophasia rurea (dark vars.), Apamea unaninis (common), Meliana flammea and at light took M. flammea, Cidaria lignata (vittata) and a most perfect newly emerged male of Hydrilla palustris which came at 11.10 p.m. (summer time). The following night (8th) was a poor night at Wicken except for a few Arsilonche albovenosa at dusk, while I carried the net into the innermost precincts of Chippenham—nothing came to the acetylene flares I had so laboriously carried with me, but I found a laree number of Senta maritima late at night, singly and in pairs, on the reeds, including var. bipunctata. On June 10th Demuth and | went down to Wye in Kent. The first night produced only one Pachetra leucophaea and two Siona lineata (dealbata). The following day we went to the neighbouring field where we had been so successful in 1928, and took upwards of 40 S. lineata in an hour. Atsugar one D. leucophaea, one Agrotis cinerea and afew Mamestra (Hadena) genistae. 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1930 On June 12th we had a couple of hours in the Folkestone district and took a large number of small larvae and ova of Dianthoecia albi- macula and LD. conspersa, At sugar in the evening back at Wye, thanks to the kind help of Captain Duffield, we took 18 P. leucophaea also A. cinerea, On June 18th, en route for the New Forest, we called at Dungeness and picked up a good number of larvae (small to fullfed) of Pachygastria trifolii, although it was much too windy for them to be sitting well up on the broom on which they feed here; we also saw many larvae of Dasychira fascelina. Sugar in the New Forest proved to be an utter failure, except for a couple of hibernated (?) Gonoptera libatria on the 18th and an Aplecta prasina on the following night, though a few days later my friend took this species commonly together with a few Moma orion in the same district. In the daytime Hemaris fuciformis was common flying over the rhododendron blossoms. On June 16th I was back in Cambridge. On the 17th I found L. obsoleta very common near Ely together with Apamea unanimis, and Mamestra sordida, also a few normal Senta maritima (NO vars.). The following night (18th) I tried a certain insignificant reed bed close to Cambridge and found to my astonishment that S. maritima simply swarmed here in countless hundreds and for the next week I collected every night here. I took the following varieties of S. maritima :—14 var, bipunctata, 6 var. nigrostriata and 8 beautiful var. wismertiensis, also L. obsoleta (a few) 2 M. flammea, M. sordida, Noctua augur and Apamea obscura (gemina), while Theretra porcellus was common at dusk flying over bedstraw and the reeds teemed with larvae of Nonayria geminipuncta and, strangely, with them a few N. dissoluta, also a few Calamia lutosa, while on the osiers we took larvae of Leuconia salicis—an altogether delightful spot. I made one or two daytime excursions into the Heeokiant district of Suffolk between June 17th and 21st. Ayrophila trabealis (sulphuralis) was common with a few Melanthia rubiginata in one particular spot, but on account of the strong wind few were netted. No Lithostege griseata were seen and | believe this insect is becoming less common than formerly. I also took a very large number of D. irregularis (ova and small larvae) well over a hundred and fifty, which species seemed particularly abundant this year. As will be seen from the foregoing information and taken into account with last year’s results, we have for two or three reasons made a fairly good number of expeditions within a wide detour of Cambridge both using headlights and sugar and in particular during the months of May and June, and I should like to take this opportunity of asking readers of the Ent. Rec. for information about Hadena atriplicis, which for some unaccountable reason seemed suddenly to have disappeared about twenty years ago from a wide area where it was then regularly taken. I have heard of no record of its appearance in recent years and I would like to hear of when exactly it was last seen or taken. Except for some unprofitable days on the Goathland moors of Yorkshire in early July I was abroad for the rest of the season so was unable to work for migratory species in §. Devon as I have done in the past. GUESTS OF BRITISH ANTS. 17 Two most successful nights at ivy blossom in Mid. October near Malvern terminated my season’s notes. Sarrothripus revayana, Miselia oxyacanthae (capuctna), P. meticulosa, Hadena protea, Ochria aurayo, Xanthia fulvago (19), Amathes lota, A. macilenta, Amathes helvola, A. lychnidis, A. circellaris, Orrhodia vaccinti, O. ligula, Scopelosoma satellitia, Xylina semibrunnea (1), X. socia (5), X. ornithopus, Calocampa vetusta (1), and one Plusia gamma. Some species were in enormous numbers. I give this list not because of individual rarity, but because it is such a particularly full list for two night’s ivying. Nearly every species that could have turned up did show itself. [I may also mention a Pyramets atalanta flying about on November Ist and a Polygonia c-album earlier—both five minutes from the centre of Birmingham. “Guests of British Ants. By H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe.” By W. E. CHINA. Cuaerer VI. Hemierera. In this chapter Mr. Donisthorpe gives an excellent account of those British Hemiptera, which are known to be associated with ants. Fourteen species are recorded, which may be divided into three sections. Firstly there are six species, which themselves more or less strongly resemble ants and belong either to the indifferently treated lodgers, to the myrmecophags, or to those insects which merely obtain protection from their enemies by their resemblance to ants. Secondly there are three species which although not ‘‘ mimicking ” ants are always found associated with them, including the rare Megacoelnm beckeri, Fieb., first discovered in this country by Mr. Donisthorpe. Thirdly there are five species which have occasionally been taken with ants in Britain. Of these fourteen species, six belong to the Capsidae, two to the Lygaeidae, and one each to the Anthocoridae, Microphysidae, Ceratocombidae, Coreidae, Tingitidae and Nabidae. It is interesting to note that in spite of the fact that one or two at least of these species are common insects, in no case is the complete life-history known. The chapter is illustrated by a plate and two text figures. The former, as is usual with low magnification photographic reproductions of insects, is rather unsatisfactory, but the text figures are quite good. A few examples of myrmecophily amongst foreign Hemiptera are given in the introduction and elsewhere, but no mention is made of those British species of which myrmecophily has been recorded abroad. This is a pity because such a list would indicate to the student where. further examples of myrmecophily in British Hemiptera might be looked for. With regard to the case of Dictyonota tricornis, Schrk., it is interesting to point out that this species was until recently the only Tingid found in association with ants. Two myrmecopbilous species of this family, however, have now been discovered in Australia. Cantacader leat, Hack., has been found in the nests of Amblyopone australis, Mrich., and Lasiacamtha (Myrmecotingis) leat, Hack., with Iridomyrmex conifer, Forel. In the section on Homoptera the author draws attention to the association between ants and the families Lulgoridae, Membracidae and Cereopidae. No mention is made of the family Jassidae the members of a whole subfamily (Poyonoscopinac) of which are found in the nests of various species of Camponotus in Western Australia. 78 _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1980 GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. In the January No. of Zeit. Osterr. Ent. Ver., Dr. Schawerda contributes an article dealing with his fifth sojourn in the high- mountain region of Corsica with two plates; and the discussion on Dysstroma truncata still continues. The Classification des Géométrides, by F. Derenne Meyers, Bruxelles. This admirable work is really an annotated Catalogue intended to introduce to Belgian lepidopterists the modern classification for which L. B. Prout is responsible. All the species found in Belgium are listed, with their aberrations and local forms occurring in that country, to which is added a short diagnosis of each form, a short description of the larva and a statement on the area over which the species is recorded to occur. Cross references are given to Seitz’ volume on the Palaearctic Geometers, to Staudinger’s Catalogue of 1901, to the volume written by Lambillion and to M. Culot’s leonog. Geom. d’ Eur. Numerous other references and notes help to make the volume one of very great use to the author’s countrymen and might be consulted with much advantage by students of the lepidoptera in other countries. We congratulate M. Derenne on his enterprise. There is a good index. At the present rate of ‘‘ progress’ (!) we shall soon get all our similiar names changed. In the Bull. Soc. ent. France, No. 17, Dr. Verity discusses the various races of the species so long known as Argynnis adippe, Which name was some years ago shown by the British Nomenclature Committee to be wrong, and was replaced by the prior name of Linnaeus, eydippe. Now comes in the wretched “ homonym ” rule of the Zoologists, and Dr. Verity suggests that Bergstrasser’s phryxa be substituted. Linnaeus gave the name cydippe to two butter- flies, ¢.e., two Papilio. One the insect we have so long called adippe, an Argynnis, and the other a Malayan species, a Cethosia. Surely it is the height of absurdity to accept such a principle to base an alteration on. It serves no scientific purpose whatever but delays future work. Another stupid rule is also illustrated in this article. The name ab. cleodowa was first used for a form of Aryynnis niobe but subsequently settled down for long years as that of a form of Argynnis (adippe) cydippe. Now Dr. Verity, under this other wretched rule of the Zoologists, desires to change the name ab. cleodoxa of cydippe to pseudocleodowa and leave cleodowa to its original parent niobe. What an absurd method of nomenclature! How advantageous it would be to use the same varietal name in every species for that form which had the same characteristic. Lambillionea for January has a photographic plate of 10 figures illustrating an article on Colias croceus (edusa) and its variations, a short summary of entomology in Belgium in 1929, a long extract from Dr. Graham-Smith’s paper on Pieris brassicae in our columns, the sixty-fourth supplement to the Cat. Lep. Belg. and a further plate of two aberrations of Apatura irts, A really good and useful number. The Ent. News for January contains a short account of the Ento- mological portion of the Brooklyn Museum, New York, by J. D. Gunder. ‘The tenth of the series of sketches. The Photographic REVIEWS. 79 LS ; reproductions attending these papers are most interesting shewing the _ buildings and members of the staff whom we know by repute. There ~ is also an interesting account of ‘‘ Marking moths and finding them - again,” the species being of the genus Catocala; and records of the night flight of diurnal butterflies, The Report of the U.S. National Mus. for 1929 records an unprecedented increase in the number of specimens received. In 1927-8 the number was largely made up of 300,000 insects from the Philipines ; in the period 1928-9 the increment considerably exceeds half a million specimens. The Report is a most instructive and detailed account of the work done at the Museum in all the various departments and sections, even to the special work done by each of the smaller sub- sections. Would that we could get such a record of the yearly work of our own museum. Some of us know it is done and plenty of it done, enough to more than fill 200 pages similar to the above volume each year. Part 4 of the Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., for 1929 contains the second portion of the Lépidoptéres Hétérocéres du Tonkin by J. de Joannis, with four plates, one of which is coloured, and two are devoted to the early stages of the Psychidae. Fasc. 2, Vol. VI. of the Bull. Soc. Lépidoptér. Geneve contains the obituaries of two of the most prominent of the Society’s members Dr. Jaqnes-Louis Reverdin and John Julien with portraits, together with the Proceedings of the Society 1928-9 and an article on three new forms of palaearctic species with a coloured plate by Dr. Reverdin. Societas Ent. for February contains in tabulated form the distri- bution of the Gracillariidae in the former Austrian-Hungarian area, including the whole of the species in Caloptilia (Gracillaria, Coriscium, Ornix), Bedellia and Lithocolletis. Int. Ent. Zeit. of February 15th bas an article on the Eyes of Lepidoptera with 2 plates and text figures by Herr H. F. Friederichs. Part V. of the Deutsche Ent. Zeit. for 1929 contains Mell’s further Notes on the lepidopterous fauna of China, treating the Brahmacidae and Huropteridae with 10 plates (8 coloured) and 81 text figures. There have been four sections dealt with previously. FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Parts 7 and 8 of the Suprrement to Seitz Palaearctic [hopalocera are to hand and form the complete section on the Pieridae, with 2 plates. In the chapter on this family in Vol. I. 1907, aberrational names were very few; in the Supplement these are practically all regis- tered and the characteristic of each given. An introductory note says, “Opinions are divergent in regard to the necessity or value of such names.’’ And again, ‘The large proportion of characteristics of ascertained generations or localities and the giving of names thereto is only of sense when specimens can be denominated even without the particulars of the locality and the date.’ As examples of the com- pleteness of the register there are 21 under Aporia crataegi, 75 under Preris napi, 186 under Kuchloé cardamines, 15 under Gonepteryat " 80 KNTOMOLOGIST’S RWCORD, . ——-15.V.1929 rhamni, 52 under Colias hyale, etc. In this the section is exceptionally useful to British entomologists who must consult an encyclopedic refer- ence to carry on any further work in the study of our common Pierids. A footnote to Pieris napi says ‘ It is to be hoped that no one will consider himself a ‘specialist’ and proceed to work up napi ‘scientifically ’ similarly to the way of Parnassius apollo.’’—Hy.J.T. We should like to call attention to a useful publication which has now apparently become an annual. The Novitates Macrolepidoptera compiled by Herr Otto Bang-Haas and issued by the firm Dr. O. Staudinger and O. Bang-Haas of Leipzig. It is a Catalogue of the Palaearctic Lepidoptera which are not contained in the four volumes of Seitz great work, that is, it contains the list with page references of all aberrations which were not included and of all the very numerous forms which have been more or less recently described. Four small volumes have been issued so far, bringing the list to 1928 publications. The order followed is the same as in Seitz to which the page reference is given for each species dealt with. Im addition there is a valuable list of all the journals, other works and faunal lists from which extracts have been made, to the number of about 700. In a work like this omissions must occur, for it is a most difficult matter to pick up an odd description often made in a more or less obscure local publication of only a contracted local circulation. Still that an attempt has been made to secure that even from such publications references be extracted is evident from the literature list. We can recommend this work to all who take interest in any particular fauna or collect in European Continental areas. In vol. IV. there are no less than 22 faunal lists which have been extracted for the year, and previously more than 120 have been dealt with. A most useful work which should be encouraged.—Hy.J.T. BIT. UAh oe Prof. E. G. R. Waters. M.A., F.E.S. In the death of Prof. Waters, at the early age of 39, we have lost one that could ill be spared. Not only was he a brilliant scholar in literature, particularly in the Romance and older French literature, but marvellous to say, he was, at the same time, the most brilliant field-worker in the study of the British micro-lepidoptera, which we have had of recent years. To converse with Prof. Waters was a lasting pleasure ; one felt that one was in the presence of a ‘“ master.” He was full of knowledge, practical field-knowlege of the ‘ beasties ”’ he loved to breed, arrange and study ; he was full of knowledge and enthusiasm for his university work, endeavouring to follow the foot- steps of the great professors who had preceded him. His skill in breeding and mounting the minute gems of his collection was second to none ; I well remember expressing wonder aud delight while standing beside the late J. H. Durrant as he opened a box of beautifully set and arranged micros, subsequently to learn that they belonged to Prof. Waters. His career was short, but useful and inspiring; he gave of his best in all he did. It is to hoped that bis collection will find its way to the Hope Museum at Oxford, where under the guidance of his great friend Prof. Poulton so much has been done to promote the study of entomology and its bearings on the problems of life.—-Hy.J.T. | EXCHANGES. : ‘may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They should Stet J. Minar sr Led ates West Drive, Cheam. ee: cE Wasamerk REQUIRED, ‘Bante records of Corixidae (Hemiptera). —H, P. ‘Nat. Hist. Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. } uplicates. —Strangalia aurulenta (Col.), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. da.—A. J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,” Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex. Duplicates.— ‘Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zephyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, ea, trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. thilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of re : \ pag v. del’ ae An gatte, Lausanne, Saba lana, MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. ~ Entomological | Society of London. —4i, Queen’ s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. June 4th, 18th. 22nd, June 12th. —Hon. Secretary Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s ?. Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London omological and Natural History Society and the North London Natura] History iety) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C. 2, first and third ‘l'uesdays in the month. at 6, 30 p.m. (except July and August). Visitors welcomed : — As AS Bt Hornblower, 91, , Queen’ s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. . “ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD ** Publications. ist of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By aK: ‘Hy. 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Ne a A STANDARD WORK : 4 MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES — - By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. Illustrated with 1,543 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature and numerous black and white Drawings. Life Histories of 765 species. ‘« The book cannot easily be praised too highly.””—Country Life. ea Complete in 2 Volumes (Series 1 and Series 2), 10s. 6d. each net, ik FREDERICK WARNE & Go., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. ~ , f ang : NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITABIDI, 81 The Genus Heodes, Dalman. By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.E.S. I had occasion recently to refer to my ‘“Synonymic Notes on the Ruralidae,”’ Hint. Rec., XXVI., p. 183, and I want to amplify my remarks as there given. In that summary I stated that ‘in his generic synopsis Dalman only mentioned the species viryawreae, and that.therefore this is the Type.’ This statement is quite correct, but the genus was first created by Dalman, Vetensk. Acad. Handl., 37, p. 48, 1816, and he placed in it hippothoé, chryseis, virgaureae, phlaeas, helle, jarbas, rubi. It is thus quite obvious that he intended to subdivide the great omnibus genus Lycaena of Fabricius, to which he refers, and divide it into three parts; to the ‘Hair streaks’ he gives the name Aurotis, to the ‘ Coppers’ Heodes and to the ‘ Blues’ Cyaniris. | have only given the references to the genus Heodes as I am not now concerned with the other two genera. He describes the generic characters, l.c. pp. 62 and 63 with unusual detail for that time, referring, apart from structural characters, to the colour and general pattern with great accuracy. There can be no question that he thus created the genus Heodes for the “coppers” and that he did it with intention. Under these circumstances it appears quite clear that the action of Curtis in citing phlaeas as the type of lycaena, which was included by Dalman in Heodes, is ‘ultra vires’ and should not be adopted. This applies especially to these days, when we are investigating the old authors and endeavouring to give each his due. ; Dealing with the question of Ruralidae versus Lycaenidae, it appears to me both unwise and quite unnecessary to change from the old and universally accepted name Lycaenidae. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 75.) I have already noted that it has been a mistake to call orientalis — the Kamtchatka race. This name was erected by Ménétriés in 1859 on the strength of a single specimen collected by Schrenck at Bouri, on the Amur river, and in extremely bad condition. He attributed it to parthenie, but Alphéraky examined it again and placed it in athalia (Mém. Romanoff, 1X., p. 321), extending it to the race of Kamtchatka, which he figures very well, pl. XIV., f. 2, a, b. Comparing the latter with Ménétriés’s very bad original one, it is perfectly clear they do not represent the same insect. As pointed out by Alphéraky, the most prominent feature of the Kamtchatka race consists in the considerable breadth of the white premarginal spaces on the underside of the hindwings, well represented by him and by Seitz in his figure called drientalis on pl. 67, but this character lacks entirely in Ménetriés’s figure. One is thus not at all sorry to find that the name of orientalis is a primary homonym of aurinia race orientalis, H.-S., so that the International Code condemns it never to be used again. Ménétriés’s name of ambiyva is not in the least a synonym of orientalis, as stated by Staudinger; the description of Seitz, Mauna Lal., |., p. 222, who 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1930 evidently copied Riihl’s note p. 798, is entirely false, the silvery- white band he gives as its characteristic exhibiting no peculiarity ; the upperside original figure agrees very well with the specimen figured by Seitz under the name of kenteana and there are several exactly like it on both surfaces in a series I have from Mondy, m. 2600, in the eastern Sajan mountains; it cannot, in consequence, replace orientalis. Race mandschurica, Fixsen, renamed bathilda by Fruhstorfer, who seenis to have quite mistaken the meaning of KF ixsen’s name, 1s a large one from the Amur, quite similar to the Japanese niphona. If, however, one reads Fixsen’s original description of his latefascia from the Upper Amur (his specimens from Corea are only said to be similar to it, but are not the “type,” and it is queer how later authors have actually referred the name to the Corean race alone) it becomes clear that it is exactly the same as orientalis; it agrees with the figure of the latter in size (18 to 20mm. of length of forewing), in the fact that Fixsen, like Ménétriés, had taken it for a parthenie, in the breadth of the central space on the underside, which is described, however, as yellow, and in other details. Therefore latefascia, Fixsen, replaces orientalis, Mén., for the smaller JMelitaea of the Amur, and the name of menetriesi, which Caradja substituted for the latter in Jris, VIII. p. 50 (1895) on the strength of the homonym I have mentioned above, is only a synonym of latefascia. I don’t think the colour (yellow or white) of the central space on the underside can be a constant racial feature in Asia any more than it is in Kurope, where in most races there are individuals of both colours, but Leech notes particularly that in his specimens from Corea it is always white and not yellow, as in latefascia. Anyhow, as Fixsen says, besides, that his from Corea are larger and more handsome than those from the Amur, it will probably be well to distinguish them as race coreae; Seitz’s figure of latefascia on pl. 66 is larger than the size given by Fixsen, so that it is evidently from a Corean specimen. As to the position of races latefascia of the Amur and coreae of Corea, we cannot gather it from the genitalia, because they have not been examined, but I believe we can safely forecast they differ very little from those of septentriorientis and that these three races are co-specific. The fact that Alphéraky, with the “‘ type ” of orientalis from Bouri, before him, applied this name to the Kamtchatka race, shows their resemblance was such that be found no difference worth consider- ing. We are, nowadays, more analytical and we find that the reduction of the premarginal white lunular spaces on the underside indicate a good step forward in evolution, as the species spread southward, towards the more highly characterised athalia pattern; it will be observed, however that the central band of latefascia bas remained as broad as in septentriorientis; hence the former name. In connection with the position of these three allied races, it is to be noted that the genitalia of septentriorientis are distinctly different from those of athalia and that the two others, whose genitalia are not known, inhabit the same regions as some races of athalia (we will presently see these are ambigua in the northern parts of Amurland and niphona from its southern parts to Corea) and keep perfectly distinct from them, so that there can be no doubt they belong to another species. Alphéraky, Staudinger and all his followers have been quite wrong in attributing them to athalia. Ménétriés and Fixsen had had NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI, 83 a better insight, but their mistake was referring them to parthenie. To establish the limits of the unrecognised species they are part of and the specific name it should bear we are obliged to clear our way through several diffculties, which arise more from the confusion in the nomenclature of the past than from the actual facts in nature. The unfortunate name of kenteana, one finds mentioned, with no description, by Ruhl, p. 406, in 1896, as already being in use in collections, but the first to give it a status was Seitz, although he only says it “‘ is a somewhat doubtful form from Kentei’’ and he makes no effort to define it. Nevertheless, his figure pl. 67 must, henceforth, be considered the “type” and I believe it is quite synonymous with ambigua, Mén.; it has an aspect intermediate between mandschurica and the smaller western races of true athalia. Also tinica, Fruhst., from Irkutsk, is of the same description, and its more heavy black markings are simply an individual variation. As to the specimen from Tchitain Transbaikalia (between the Kentei Mts. and the Amur), which Reverdin figures under the name of kenteana, it is easy to see that this name can in no way be maintained for it, because it is totally different from the figure fixed as the type by Seitz’s act. It is one of those Melitaea which to the naked eye are impossible to distinguish from auwrelia, so that it is not to be wondered at that its genitalia should have been found to be nearly exactly like those of the remarkable little Piedmontese insect named by me aureliaeformis for the same reason and that, compared with those of the western athalia, they should be a distinct approach to the genitalia of aurelia. As the Tchita race differs from awreliaeformis of Turin by its much thicker black pattern, I think it will be useful to have different names to designate races from regions standing so far apart and so different in nature, and I name it imitans. A series of specimens I possess, collected in July at Tunkinsk, 2,000m., in the White Mountains of eastern Sajan, to the S.W. of lake Baikal, in the Irkutsk government is extremely instructive: the average aspect is similar to Reverdin’s figure, I have just named imitans, the females are very much more loaded with black and exactly correspond to the one of Sajan figured by Seitz as the ‘‘ type” of that sex of his aurelia seminigra, If one adds to this his own remark that the characteristic red hairs on the palpi are so mixed with black ones that they appear entirely black, it appears to me one can be about sure Seitz’s insects are not aurelia at all, but a race of the unrecognised Species we are dealing with, and that this race only differs from imitans by a greater amount of melanism also in the male sex, as figured by Seitz. In the real avredia of that region, belonging to race monyolica, Stdgr. (this name must be replaced by mongolicola, being a primary homonym of the same one given to a race of ichnea, B., in the preceding pages of Staudinger’s paper), there is much less variation and no tendency to such a melanism. The opposite extreme of variation in my specimens from Tunkinsk exhibits much broader fulvous spaces than imitans and on the underside the pattern lacks the characteristic neat and even look of the latter’s; these specimens are perfectly similar to latefascia and obviously show that the two are simply races of the same species, but there is a still more conclusive piece of evidence to this effect in the statement which Reverdin makes about the genitalia of his ‘ kenteana”; he has found that one of the 84 KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.V1.1930 four he dissected is similar to those of the Kamtchatka race; the differences he has found in the others are slight variations, which, together with the perfectly analogous ones of aureliaeformis, point to the more highly characterised features of the rest of the athalia group of species, and precisely to those of athalia; this is exactly what one sees also in the general aspect of the individual variations of the species in question. There only remains to complete these remarks b recalling that Dr. Suschkin, in the Zeit. fiir wissenschaft. Insektenbiol., 1913, p. 3828, has described and figured the genitalia of specimens from Charkow, in Southern Russia, the Southern Ural and the Tarbagatai, which exactly agree with those we are dealing with, as illustrated by Reverdin some years later. One can conclude from what I have said above that this specific group consists in a chain of races stretching from Kamtchatka and probably from Corea, across Amurland and southern Siberia, to Russia, and finally to Piedmont. The apparent gaps along this very long route are no doubt chiefly due to the difficulty of separating it from aurelia without examining the genitalia, so that it has been over- looked. Now, a most fundamental information is furnished by Suschkin: the specimens whose, genitalia he has examined were captured by himself at Charkow and in the Tarbagatai flying in company with athalia and in the Southern Ural with both aurelia and athalia. This seems to do away with any possible doubt in con- nection with the specific distinctness from these two species, but the fact that they have all three spread from the Pacific to Piedmont along the same Northern route and they inhabit the same sort of localities would have been a sufficient proof, even if nobody had actually seen them together. With regard to the name this specific group should bear, we find that Suschkin uses that of britomartis, Assmann. One does not feel fully satisfied at having to bring in a name which has been a puzzle for nearly a century and which has been the cause of considerable confusion. Nevertheless, after reading the original description and the important remarks Lederer makes five years later in his Lepidop- teroloyisches aus Sibirien (Schriften zool.-bot. Vereins, 1853), p. 7, on comparing some specimens collected by Kindermann in the Altai with one of Assmann’s male “ co-types,’”’ I can only say there is no mistake about it and that the Melitaea of southern Siberia which are similar to the one figured by Reverdin under the name of ‘‘kenteana”’ are britomartis. Suschkin gives no description of the general appearance of his specimens, but their genitalia are exactly like those illustrated by Reverdin, as I have just said, so that he was perfectly right in applying that name to them. As he has found specimens with genitalia of this sort as far west as Charkow, this brings them com- paratively near to Breslau, whence britomartis was described, and the exactly similar genitalia of aureliaeformis, Vrty., of Turin, carries them still further west. It is quite comprehensible that nearly no one, except Lederer, Zeller, Rtihl and Suschkin, should have been able to make out the real britowartis. Even Ril only accepted it as a variety of aurelia and Suschkin was the first to discover its real specific characteristics in the genitalia and to prove their value by his observations on the field. The way I have become acquainted with it is instructive: the series from Tunkinsk, I have already spoken of, I FIELD NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 85 received from Bang-Haas under the name of aurelia and other speci- mens from Chulugaisha, m. 2600, in the same eastern Sajan, I picked out of a large series of the small and very dark race erycina, Lederer, of M. dictynna. This shows how some britomartis are exactly similar to aurelia, whilst others recall the look of dictynaa to a remarkable degree, although the genitalia are perfectly constant and characteristic and prove there is no real transition between these species. It is a fine example of the repetition of characters of major groups ona lesser ‘scale in their later subdivisions, which is apparently a general law, as I have pointed out in my papers on the Zyyaenae, on the Anthocharidt and on other Lepidoptera. This phenomenon has often led systema- ticians wrong and one finds groups and forms, which resemble each other, grouped together as though they were related in a direct way, whereas they are the result of parallel variation and repetition of features and their real connections are earlier and must be looked for in stages which have now, on the contrary, a different aspect. Assmann, Lederer and Riihl have, all three, found it necessary to introduce dictynna as a term of comparison of two or three features in their descriptions of britomartis. Lederer points out particularly the elongated wings, with a sharper apex and a straighter (less convex) outer-margin and this shape is certainly striking in the individuals which resemble dictynna most. Other characteristics in the original description are: the rich, dark and dull tone of the fulvous (this is accentuated in the more dictynna-like individuals, the opposite extreme being quite as in awrelia and the former tone existing occasionally also in the latter species, though it never is as dull); the fulvous of the underside of the forewing is, as a rule, darker too, as in dictynna, and the spotting stands out very boldly and sharply, as in the latter; the russet spots across the hindwing are of a deep tone and very often contain a black or, at least, a darker central spot (I should say this is lacking in about half the individuals and sometimes even in those which, otherwise, are like dictynna); the space between the two capillary marginal streaks is always filled with a ‘‘ darker’ colour and its intensity varies according to that of the russet spots and bands (this is a most useful feature to separate britomartis from aurelia and athalia at first sight, when it exists and the colour is reddish, but in my Asiatic specimens it is in some cases reduced to pale yellow, such as is now and then seen in aurelia too, and in the Turin race, which is always of the aurelia aspect, also that marginal colour, is exactly as in the latter and the peculiarity fails one). (Lo be continued.) Field Notes from Northern Rhodesia. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. Il. Cxrsorwe, Luano Vatury. March 8rd, 1928. This Luano Valley is a remarkable place. It is sharply different from the open plateau of the country around, sunk abruptly nearly 2,000 ft., separated by a sharp cliff-like escarpment; it has a different climate, a substantially different flora, and a distinctive fauna. During the rainy season the climate is like that of the palm house at Kew; the breezes pass over the top, as do many of the 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ~ 15. VI.1980 storms. February is said to be the wettest month but we have been lucky this year, with only three rainy days, though that is bad for the mealie harvest for the scattered villages. Along the low ground there is the matted jungle called the Lusaka Bush, of which the local folk say it is better to go three miles around than half a mile through. On the more sandy ground and pebbly country at higher levels this jungle cannot grow and vegetation thins out; here the dominating tree is Copaifera mopane, so this type is called the Mopane Bush. The mopane grows toa respectable size, has a rough, grey corrugated bark and twin leaves like butterflies ; 1t affords a home to a number of interesting insects including several remarkable Orthoptera. The first is one of my old favourites the Humastacidae. I have noticed the nymphs about in the bush and that they have a preference for exalted situations ; I often see them sitting high up on my tent ropes or on my towels drying on a tree, but for a long time came across only isolated specimens. Then one day I found a number of cast skins lying on the big leaves of the undergrowth ; still this did not give me the clue I wanted. But one evening I found them. In the neighbourhood of the camp are a number of stumps of mopane that have been felled for timber and on these I found a number of these curious little grasshoppers, adult about the end of February. They sit on the leaves and on the stems of the leaves; in the latter position they are well hidden, as the dark back, with short elytra, harmonises with the twig and the bright green long hind femora, always at right angles to the body, have the air of stems of leaves. They are extremely active and when disturbed or on the approach of an enemy, they leap like an arrow out of a bow; I have never seen one open its somewhat abbreviated wings, and they fall to the ground, but an adult will clear a distance of two and a half yards with ease. Still, by carefully watching for them in the evening, especially for the shadow showing through the leaf against the snn and by using a butterfly net instead of a sweep net, I have been able to catch plenty. In the nymph, the scales of the future elytra may be dark or green but I have not seen an adult with anything but dark elytra; another curious point is that in the nymph, in which green is the dominating colour, though often varied with blackish, the face is almost invariably black, and this black remains prominent on the empty cast skin, but I have not seen an adult with a dark face. Nearly every day I see one of them slowly climbing up the trunk of a mopane towards the foliage, doubtless recovering a position lost through a leap. A second species of the same family also occurs on this tree, but not often and I am by no means sure that it is its normal station ; this is a Thericles, closely resembling the common species which is numerous on the low herbage, but somewhat larger, with different pronotum and armature of the posterior femora; individuals are scarce, but all that I have found have been sitting on leaves of mopane at a height of five or six feet above the ground. Another interesting denizen of the same tree is a very curious Acridian, Mecostibus sp., or an allied new genus. I had come across isolated specimens, all found on the trunks of a mopane, and once or twice on my towels, and was struck by their assimilation to the bark. One afternoon Pavel Stepanovich called my attention to something ) ioe FIELD NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 87 moving on the trunk of a big tree; I went up and saw that it was a lizard, which instantly disappeared ; but there an inch or two in front of it was a stout Acridian, incredibly harmonising with the bark, dark, stumpy, totally apterous, with lumps on the pronotum ; he was sluggish and I pulled him off with my fingers; he stuck obstinately and then bit me sharply, the acrid juice expressed from the mouth making the place sting for an hour or two. A few days later I came across a pair in copuld, on a low mopane shrub. The male is about half the size of the female, paler in colour, smoother, without the excrescences and with bright green posterior femora, and the long slender tarsi are bright red ; he clings tightly to the back of the female. It was when hunting for the Kumastacid that I found the manner of life of this curious grasshopper with ungrasshopper-like habits; it sits clinging tightly to the twigs and branches of the mopane; it is extremely hard to distinguish. I look carefully along the branches till I see an excrescence against the sky, an increase in diameter, and then pick it off ; it holds on very tightly. When it sees me approaching, it rotates in an instant round the twig, always keeping the wood between itself and me, just as a grasshopper in the grass; it seldom leaps, and not far and is easy to pick up. J have taken one male, and seen one other which succeeded in escaping me, with a bold chequer pattern in black and white along the flanks. I have detested them, as a swelling on a twig, at a height of twenty or more feet above the ground, with .<ld glasses and only definitely recognised them by the antennae. To be quite sure, I sent a nigger up the tree and he shook tt down. [| have no doubt they are numerous on the higher branches. Another species which I find on the tree is the handsome grey Pseudophyllid referred to previously, I believe a species of Cymatomera ; its greys and mottlings harmonise so as to make it almost invisible ; the legs are tucked away closely and the long antennae stretched straight out along the wood. It is only visible as a flat excreseence except when it makes a mistake; this it seems often to do for on several occasions | have found it on leaves and on grass and on low herbage, | always apparently sound asleep in the evening. It is noteworthy also that 1 have found only females. [ think it is also an arboreal creature and of nocturnal habits and should be looked for at night among the branches of the trees, quite a difficult task. The Mopane Bush is not a jungle but fairly open woodland and in the dry season, I am told, the undergrowth withers and leaves the ground bare.. This accounts for the presence here of Lamarckiana a Pamphagid which I was surprised to find in numbers on the low herbage, climbing up to a height of about a couple of feet and resting on the stalks of plants during the heat of the day. He too has afforded me a surprise. When held in the hand, it moves its hind legs to and ‘fro and so produces a squeaky stridulation, evidently a protest; the surprising thing about this is that during the motion there is clearance between the legs and the sides of the abdomen, the only contact being at the joint itself. The female does the same thing. This led me to test other Orthoptera and I find a couple of species of Cataloipus, occurring in long grass, one a handsome fellow in black and green, the other in brown and yellow with a little green. I can get no sound out of the female, but the male squeaks a faint protest when held in the hand ; but the remarkable thing about this is that he produces 88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. V1.1980 the sound when all the legs are held immoveable ; that is to say, he has a sound-producing apparatus independent of the legs ; the faint squeaky sound appears to come from the inside of the creature. Locustids are appearing more in evidence. Conocephalus is now adult, flying freely in the high grass; an occasional brown specimen is, perhaps, due to the earliness of the dry season this year. For several weeks a rather large spidery Phaneropterid has been common in the low herbage ; the female is very different from the male in tint and shape and is also wingless, but I have no doubt about their relation- ship. There are also a very small and a medium sized species of Phaneroptera probably Zeuneria, and another genus, remarkably compressed probably Kurycorypha, only appears to light, at dinner time. I have never yet seen it at any other time nor taken it under other circumstances. J expect it is arboreal and nocturnal in habit; there are two species, differing slightly in details of elytra, ovipositor and tint. There is also a fine handsome species with golden yellow wings, of which I have taken two flying in the evneing on high shrub in the Lusaka Bush, the only species that I have noticed as haunting that dense jungle. On the more open stony ground of the Mopane Bush there are several species of Acridian; where the grass and herbage happens to be a little thicker there are the two species related to the Vhisoicetrus mentioned above and hopping clumsily among the roots a heavy, brachypterous creature Acrophynus, resembling Paracaloptenus, which started copulating at the end of February. Gastrimargus flashes its yellow and black wings occasionally, and there are plenty of an Acrotylus, probably A. patruelis that we have in southern Europe and I took in Angola as well. There is also a very small Stenobothrid grasshopper and a somewhat larger species with abbreviate elytra and wings notable for the bright red tip of the abdomen (apparently of a | new genus). In the grass and herbage there is an Aulacobothrus with fawn elytra and rea legs which is abundant. As to Mantids, a small spidery Ligaria runs nimbly and hops and takes short flights on the pebbly ground; another somewhat bigger pearl grey species flies commonly to light; I took one in the act of oviposition ; she lays her eggs on a stem of grass, in a series of rows in échelon, smearing them with a frothy substance exuded from her abdomen which quickly hardens, leaving a long oval pale lump on the grass resembling the cocoon of a burnet moth but longer and more slender. I noticed that while at work her cerci took no part in the - operation, but the styles of the subanal plate were used as a trowel to smooth the paste. The green Mantid larvae have been rapidly erowing and taking to higher positions on the vegetation ; when quite small they were low down in the grass; when in the nymph stage I found them on the leaves of big bushes and small trees, always with’ abdomen tucked over their backs as though for balance; they are very nimble and on the approach of danger slip round to the other side of the leaf to hide; on March 2nd I took the first adults, in whieh the abdomen is held horizontally. Another characteristic but not very common creature is a big locust like Ocnithacris ; the female is a splendid insect. The remark- able thing about them is that the dominant colour is bright green, and I am waiting to see this replaced by buffs and yellows when the dry season is really with us. MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF A GLOUCESTERSHIRE GARDEN. 89 The little brook called Chisorwe which suppled us with water is in flood after a few days rain but dries rapidly in fine weather, leaving a few pools interspersed with banks of sand and of mud. Here on the sand [ take a blue-winged Cenipoda just like our common HKuropean Sp. caerulans, a pink-winged Acrotylus, probably A. patruelis, another small Oedipodid with yellow wings banded with black and also the red- winged form of Morphacus sulcata, a generally distributed African Oedipodid with several colour varieties. On the muddy banks there are quantities of a rather large Tettia (or Acrydinm) of the long type, like 7’. swbulatus and one or two of the thick-set form like 7’. bipunctatus. On the wet mud there are plenty of Tridactylus, a fully winged form which seems to me somewhat different from the European 7’. varieyatus. I am wondering what happens to these little creatures when the river is in flood. The winged forms can clear off to the neighbouring banks, but the water rises high and rapidly. [ should not be surprised if these minute T'ridactylus find a refuge under stones and remain under the water. I have never seen them on dry mud and they seem to be semi- aquatic. But probably they save themselves by flight, as I have been surprised on some evenings to find them landing on our dinner table, illuminated by an acetylene lamp. It is curious that some evenings we get many aquatic creatures, as Gerris and Coriva and a few water-beetles ; but Tridactylus was certainly a surprise as a night and light flyer. This makes its occurrence in widely isolated boggy patches understandable. Its neighbour Tettiv, of the subulatus, slender, type of body often accom- panies it. The heavier, bipunctatus type, is much less mobile and more usually brachypterous. Harwigs are scarce. I have taken but two specimens here so far, both common African forms. One Diaperasticus erythrocephalus, Oliv., of which a few fly to light, is distributed throughout the continent south of the Sahara; the other Horfieula rodziankoi, Sem., is the large dark East African race of I. senegalensis, which has also a general Ethiopian distribution. It is regarded as a savannah form and is scarcely known from the forest regions of the Congo, but this Luano Valley is certainly a forest. I hope luck and patience will bring me some of the specially interesting African earwigs which are rare in collections and seldom represented by more than a few odd specimens. Macro-Lepidoptera of a Gloucestershire Garden. By J. F. BIRD. I have, in a previous paper, recorded the Lepidoptera of a Gloucester garden (Hint. Rec., Vol. XL., p. 105), and for comparison now propose to give an aecount of the Macro-Lepidoptera met with in another garden, which is three miles further out into the country, and almost half-way between Gloucester and Cheltenham. What a differ- ence a few miles out from a town can make, entomologically! The Macros observed in the Gloucester garden only numbered 135 species ; whereas here, in my present garden, I have recorded, since March, 1927, no less than 210, or a quarter of the Macros to be taken in the British Isles. I do not think this is a bad total for so small an area as 14 acres, half of this being a small paddock which, by the way, has 90 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.VI.1930 only contributed to the list that follows two species not yet seen in the garden, t.c., Xylophasia hepatica and Euclidia glyphica. I might mention here that 107 of the insects recorded below have been attracted by light; these I have marked with an asterisk. Ruopatocera.—— Pieris brassicae; P. rapae; P. napi; Euchloé cardamines. Colias croceus, the first in my garden on August 11th, 1928, and several others observed the same year, up to August 80th, flying about the railway bank, which borders my garden and field. Gonepteryx rhamni. Rumicia phlaeas, common in 1929, especially the 2nd brood which frequented the flowers in the garden up to September 27th, showing a preference to the Michaelmas daisies ; but in the five preceding years this butterfly was apparently very scarce in this part of the country as I only noticed two specimens during that period. Polyommatus icarus; Lycaenopsis argiolus. Polygonia c-album, not common, but a few seen in the garden and neighbourhood every year. Aylais urticae. Vanessa io, usually not uncommon, but I did not see a single specimen during 1929, and it will be interesting to know if this butterfly was absent or scarce in other districts. Pyrameis atalanta. P. cardui, a number seen in 1928, the last in the garden on October 38rd, going to the Michaelmas daises. Pararye aegeria. P. megera, a fresh example of a 8rd brood, a 3, was observed in my field on September 27th, 1929. EHpinephele jurtina; Coenonympha pamphilus ; Adopaea flava; Auyiades sylvanus. Spumeiwan.—Amorpha populi. Theretra (Metopsilus) porcellus (26 vi. 29 to 13 vii. 29), a few g’s only, netted at dusk off Centranthus ruber and campion (Silene inflata). Humorpha elpenor (12 vii. 27), one very worn 9? netted off Centranthus, which I boxed hoping to obtain a few ova, but the only two laid proved infertile. Macroglosswm stellatarum, several in 1928, the first on July 16th and the fresh brood from September 4th to October 30th. Noropontrpan.—Cerura bifida, a few larvae on poplar showing a remarkable likeness, in both form and colour, to the leaves curled up and reddened by theattacks of Aphides. I also found a freshly emerged ? at dusk on June 13th, 1928, drying her wings above the cocoon which was situated at the base of a small poplar, a few inches from the ground. “*Dicranura vinula, *Pheosia tremula, one at light in July, 1927. Lymantrupar.—Orgyia antiqua; Dasychira pudibunda; *Leucoma chrysorrhoea (similis). Stilpnotia salicis (19 vii. 29), a 9 flying round poplars at dusk. LastocampipaE.—*Malacosoma neustria; *Poecilocampa populi; *Cosmotriche potatoria. Drepanupar.—* Cilia glaucata, Notipar.—Nola eucullatella. Arctupar.—* Diacrisia menthastri; *D. flava (lubricipeda), Diaphora mendica ; drctia caja; Hipocrita jacobaeae. *Lithosia griseola and L. lurideola, both scarce. Nocruran.—* Acronicta megacephala; A. psi; *Metachrostis (Bryophila) perla. Aygrotis segetum, I think it is worth recording that I bred a 3 on January 17th, 1930, which I believe is a very unusual time of the year for this moth to appear, even in a breeding cage. A. puta; A. nigricans; <A. tritici; *A. ewclamationis; *A. ypsilon; * Noctua augur; N. c-nigrum; *N. triangulum; N. festiva; “N. rubi; MAORO-LEPIDOPTERA OF A GLOUCESTERSHIRE GARDEN. 91 N. umbrosa ; *N. xanthographa ; *N. plecta ; *Aaxylia putris ; *Triphaena comes; *T'. pronuba; T. fimbria; *T. janthina. Aplecta advena, appeared for the first time in 1929, when I obtained a short series netted at dusk off Centranthus ruber and Hesperis matronalis (Dame’s Violet), between June 19th and July 21st. *Mamestra brassicae ; *Hadena oleracea ; *H. yenistae; *H. thalassina; *H. pisi; H. nana (dentina) ; Dianthoecia capsincola; Hecatera serena. *Kpineuronia popularis, the $’s swarmed at light in August and September, 1929, all being very typical, as were two of the three ?’s which also turned up, the exception being a very nice @ with smoky-black hindwings andabdomen. *Charaeas graminis ; *Diloba caeruleocephala ; Luperina testacea; *Cerigo matura; *Apamea obscura (yemina) ; *A. basilinea ; *A. secalis; *Miana strigilis; M. bicoloria; *Xylophasia lithoxylea ; *X. monoglypha; *X. hepatica; Polia chi; *“Asteroscopus sphinx, two at light in November, 1927. Phlogophora meticulosa ; *Mania maura ; Naenia typica ; “Hydroecia nictitans ; *H. micacea; *Ochria ochracea ; *Lencania pallens; *“L. impura; *L. conma; *L. lithargyria; L. conigera ; Granmesia trigrammica ; *Caradrina morpheus; *C. alsines ; *O. tarawici; C. quadripunctata; *Rusina tenebrosa; *“Amphipyra pyramidea; *A. tragopogonis; *Taeniocampa gothica; *T. incerta; *Cosmia affinis; *C. diffinis; *C. trapezina. *Tethea subtusa, two at light in 1929. *Cirrhoedia werampelina (8 ix. 29), one beautiful specimen at light. *Amathes lota; A. circellaris; *A. lychnidis ; Xanthia fulvago ; Scopelosoma satellitia ; Xylina ornithopus : * Xylocampa areola. Cucullia umbratica, not seen until 1929, when it was most abundant at flowers in the garden at dusk. Pyrrhia umbra (16.vii.29), one netted off C. ruber, and I think I missed another on June 26th, the same year. Scoliopteryx libatria; Plusia moneta; *P. chrysitis. *P. bractea (1.viii.28), one at light, and so far as I have been able to ascertain this moth has not been recorded for Gloucestershire before. *P. pulchrina; P. iota; *P. gamma: Abrostola tripartita ; A. triplasta ; Euclidia glyphica. Catocala nupta, the larvae sometimes abundant on the poplars. Laspeyria flewula (16.vii.28), one netted at dusk. Zanclognatha tarstpennalis ; Z. yrisealis ; *Hypena proboscidalis. GroMETRIDAE.—Alsophila aescularia; Hemithea aestivaria; *Calo- thysanis amata ; *Scopula imitaria ; Sterrha dimidiata (scutulata); *S. seriata (virgularia) ; S. subsericeata; S. bisetata; S. trigeminata; *S. aversata; *Larentia clavaria (cervinata); Ortholitha chenopodiata (mensuraria) ; O. bipunctaria; Anaitis plagiata; *“Acasis viretata ; *Operophtera brumata; “Oporinia dilutata; *Triphosa dubitata. Philereme vetulata (19.vii.28), once, Lyyris pyraliata; Lycometra ocellata ; Plemyria bicolorata; *Chloroclysta miata; *Dysstroma trun- cata; *Xanthorhoé fluctuata; X. montanata; X. spadicearia (ferrugata) ; *X. ferrugata (unidentaria); *EHuphyia bilineata; *E. silaceata; *E. rubidata; Kpirrhoé alternata (sociata); *Perizoma bifaciata; P. flavofasciata (decolorata) ; Hydriomena furcata; *Farophila badiata ; *Kupithecia exiguata; *E. centaureata; “FE. assimilata; *E. vulgata ; *K. icterata (subfulvata) ; Gymnoscelis pumilata ; *Chloroclystis rectan- gulata; Abraxas grossulariata ; Lomaspilis marginata; Ligdia adustata ; Cabera pusaria; C. evanthemata. *Deuteronomos fuscantaria (11.1x.29), once. *Selenia bilunaria, and f. illunaria; *“Gonodontis bidentata ; *Colotois pennaria; Crocallis elinguaria ; Ourapteryx sambucaria ; *Opisthograptis luteolata; *Epione repandaria (apiciaria); *Theria 92 ENTOMOLOGIS’ S RECORD. 15.V[.19380 ruptcapraria; *Hrannis marginaria; *E.defoliaria; * Phiyalia pedaria; Hemerophila abruptaria; *“Boarmia rhomboidaria; *B. repandata. *Hmaturga atomaria, the first brood, appearing in April and May, are yellower than specimens | have taken from other localities, while the second brood, on the wing in July, are more like the ordinary type. Itame wauaria; *Chiasmia clathrata. In conclusion, it may be interesting to note that the following moths, recorded in the Gloucester garden, have not yet appeared in the garden here :—Smerinthus ocellatus, Mimas tiliae, Pterostoma palpina, Pyyaera bucephala, Gonophora pyritoides (derasa), Pharetra rumicis, Hadena dissimilis, H. trifolii, Mamestra persicariae, M. sordida, Xylo- phasia rurea, Eupleaia lucipara, T'aeniocampa stabilis, Pseudoterpna pruinata, Calocalpe cervinalis, Lygris mellinata (associata), Hupitiecta subnotata, H. innotata xr. fraxinata, Horisme tersata, Bapta temerata, and Biston betularia.—KastHotm, CaurcHpown, Guos. New Forms of British Species of Lepidoptera. In the Mitt Miinch. Hint. Gesells., for 1927 the following new forms are introduced.— 1. Pieris napi ab. maryinestivis, described by Franz Dannehl, “ Among the pale summer forms napaeae and particularly in the meridionalis race in the females, bere and there examples occur, which without the least increase of powdering of the veins of the hindwings, have a row of more prominent, submarginal, streaklike spots across the ends of the veins. This row of spots stands out strongly in the otherwise pure white surface of the wings.” 8. Carpathians and Campagna Romana. 2. Leptosia sinapis ab. simbruina, Dnhl. A local race of the Sabine and Simbruine Mts. Closest to Stauder’s stabiarwm from the S. Italian Mts. Comparatively large, but not approaching the Dalmatian race. ‘The milk white is characteristic, in which in the males of both generations equally sharply margined and nearly round apical spots and somewhat short but thin deep black costal margin cloud stands at the base, while the females are completely markingless, and in this distinguished from diniensis that they possess in both generations a curve of pale grey scales mostly broken up into single spots. The apical spots are milky white without black shaded inner spotting worth mentioning and not divided by the veins. 8. Leptosia sinapis, L., gen. vern. lathyri, Hb. race pseudodiniensis, Pfeiff. Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Gesell. l.c. 85. Comparable to the §. European summer form. The chalk mountains of Inner Anatolia, Asia Minor. 4. Callophrys rubi, L. race herculeana, Pfeiff. l.c. 40, 9 d 31mm., 2 2? 33mm. The outstanding characteristic is the large size, 5. Huehloé cardamines, L. subsp. septentrionalis, Wnkwsky. /.c. 70. Smaller, h.w. below greenish-grey, the white colour divided into minute white spots, slightly larger orange apical blotch. g 36mm. N.H. Siberia. 6. Huvanessa antiopa, L. subsp. borealis, Wnkwsky. l.c. Slightly smaller, 538-55mm. N.E. Siberia. a 4 NOTES ON COLLECTING. 93 7. Dryas paphia, L., ab. pusilla, Wnkwsky. l.c.71. Much smaller. 50mm. Tomsk. 8. Agrotis triangulum, Hin. ab. obscurior, Salzl., lc. XVIII. 62 (1928). Resembles A. stiymatica in a striking manner by the chocolate ground and clouding of both fore- and hindwings, but distinguished from it by the usual markings of triangulwmn. 9. Phragmataecia castaneae, Hb. ab. melaina, Daniel, lc. 82. Sooty-black forewings, lighter ground colour along the veins. Hungary. JOTES ON COLUMerr UNG. “eta, Hyxnorcus prnastri.—l have never come across this species in England but have done so many times on the Continent and perhaps some notes on its habits there may be of interest. In my experience the moth is rather a mountain species and, as far as Britain is concerned, I should have expected it to have made its home in Scotland rather than in the lower land of Suffolk and the south of England. Curiously I have never found the moth at rest on Pinus sylvestris, but many times on Abies alba or on Picea exeelsa and usually about six feet from the ground. These moths do not always, however, choose tree trunks on which to rest. One I found on the plank of a shed at St. Vincent in Piedmont, one on the white wall of a cottage at Campo Taures in the Alto Adige, 2,900 feet. One on a curtain in a bedroom at Disentis, July 14th, 1928 (over 3,800 feet). The earliest date I have is May 27th, 1929, when two moths were found at rest, close together, on a spruce fir at Rheinfelden, Switzerland, abovt 900 feet. Another also on spruce fir near Zurich, over 1,200 feet, June 8th, 1921. At the end of July, 1928, this species was fairly common on the Birgenstock, 2870 feet. I saw one which I was able to identify flying rapidly, one evening, in bold curves about an electric light, on the roadside at the edge of a fir wood. It was here also that I had the pleasure of seeing some half-a-dozen moths hovering over a bed of petunias. They reminded me more of Macroglossums tellatarwm in their manner of feeding than of Sphina ligustri. The larvae of H. pinastri are most frequently observed when full erown and about to pupate. In this stage they may be seen wandering over the brown needles that cover the ground in the fir forests. As far as my observations go, it is only in the smaller woods, or in the out- skirts of the forests that one meets with them in this way. In fact, I have never found either moth or larva in the inner, denser and darker parts of the forests. J think J have seen the larva, in the stage above mentioned, in July, but the earliest date I have is August 14th, 1928, _at Disentis, and tbe latest October 10th, 1928, at Meran.—A.rrep Stcu (F.E.S.). Kucosma quaprana, Htsn., 1s Sourn Hanrs.—On May 6th [| found this local Tortrix flying freely and in considerable numbers in the Great Cover, near Southampton, at a spot where last year I had taken a few odd specimens. The evening was dull, threatening rain and thunder, and not very warm. The moths began to fly at about 5.30 p-m. and were still flying freely at 7.30 p.m. summer time. They 94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.19380 settled frequently on last year’s dead stalks of golden rod, but although scabious occurs in the same place, no single moth was disturbed from it, nor did I see one settle on a dead stalk of scabious, or on a living plant. I observed females several times settle on young leaves of golden rod, and these moths invariably dropped when I attempted to box them.—Wm. Fassninee (M.A., F.E.S.). GXURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Tue EntomotocicaL Soctery or Lonpon.—-Nearly ten years ago the Entomological Society of London at the instigation of a few enthusiastic members led by Mr. W. G. Sheldon took a “ plunge,” as it were, into the clouds. The Annual subscription was doubled, funds were gathered by donation and loan and nearly £10,000 were spent on permanent freehold premises almost under the shadow of the Natural History Museum. Some Fellows saw not only farlure, but disaster ahead and held their enthusiasm for the Society somewhat in check. However the unexpected happened; instead of losing Fellows by the doubled subscription, membership increased rapidly and within half a decade the society had repaid its borrowings and now asa whole looked forward toa splendid accomodation for their library and a meeting room second to that of no scientific society in London, its own inalienable property. Under the great Treasurer's care and skill fresh funds accumulated and at last the Council agreed upon a building programme for the long dreamed of ample, sufficient accom- modation for all the energies of the Society. At this juncture, an old enthusiastic supporter of the Society, Mr. R. Wylie Lloyd came for- ward with a grand offer to panel and fit the meeting-room as a copy of the wonderful old Bromley Room one of the genis of decorative interior architecture now in the National Saience and Art Museum at South Kensington. This splendid offer was finally accepted and, in spite of various great difficulties, the whole project was successfully carried through and on the evening of May 7th a very large gathering of Fellows and friends assembled at the opening ceremony when the Right Hon. Christopher Addison, M.D., M.P., Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, declared the meeting room and library open. The President, Dr. Karl Jordan, was in the chair and in a short address urged the pursuit of entomology as an economic necessity. At the close of the meeting light refreshment was served in the old library and the company, after admiring the beautiful room in detail and the ‘new library and its fitments, gradually dispersed. It was noticed with much satisfaction the acoustic properties of the room were all that could be desired. This is always more or less an unknown factor in any new meeting room. For the first time in its long history of nearly a hundred years the library can now be consulted with ease and comfort. The new officer, Registrar, has the whole library at his finger tips. Accommodation ventilation and lighting are a great contrast to the old room at Chandos Street where one almost wanted a bath after a few hours Jaborious and often unrewarded search among the inadequately housed and necessarily ill-arranged dusty volumes. CURRENT NOTES. 95 To mention names:is perhaps invidious, but one cannot close this note without referring to Dr. Neave, the ever present and ever ready Hon. Secretary, who never ceased to think during the years of growth and advance, to suggest without force, to carry out amicably and well every desire of the Council, and to step into any emergency with real and efficient effect.—Hy.J.T. We were extremely pleased to see the name of Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., in the recent-list of Birthday Honours, as a recognition of his work in Entomology. Entomologists have received honours before, but not as entomologists, and we have the greatest pleasure in congratulating Sir G. A. K. Marshall for his really well-merited honour. The Int. Ent. Zeit. for Feb. 22nd, contains a list of the Noctuidae occurring in Wurtemburg and Hohenzollern by C. Schneider, and a morphological account with two plates of the hybrid of Valeria oleagina and V’. jaspidea. In the Bull. and Aun. Soc. Belg. Feb. 1930, M. Dufrane has attempted to unravel the species of Nepticula alleged to be attached to the willows of Belgium. The species are N. salicis with its ab. februella and another form which he has named ab. crombrugyheella, in which the white band of the typical form is much restricted in width in its center, N. intimella and N. vimineticola. He suggests that possibly three further species attached to the sallows might be sought, viz. N. uniformis, N. obliquella and N. dewittziella, all found in the central plain of Europe. The December number of 1’ Amateur de Pap. contains a list of the Rhopalocera of Tonkin. The Hnt. News for March contains a record of the assemblage of no less than 82 specimens of the male Saturniid moth Telea polyphemus by two caged females on the night of July 10th, 1929, in Fredericktown, Ohio. It also contains an account, with 3 plates, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Messrs. Staudinger’s Series List is to hand. It contains offers of useful sets of Lepidoptera illustrating different phases in Biology. Sexual Dimorphism: pairs of species from S. America, Africa, Indo- Australia. Protective Resemblance: a similar set of undersides. Warning Colours: species of the most striking and obtrusive coloration. Mimicry: pairs of species, including both moths and_ butterflies. Day-flying Moths: moths of general butterfly habits and appearance. The sets of Palaearctic butterflies are also useful to collectors of Continental material as furnishing an opportunity of obtaining species and forms of the more eastern part of the region. In Heft 1 of the Deut. Hut. Zt. of the current year, Dr. M. Hering, whose work on the mines of insects we reviewed some while ago, announces, describes and figures the discovery of an Agromyzid (Dipt.) mine as a fossil from the Tertiary deposits at Dysodil of the Upper Miocene formation. Incidentally the writer refers to the record of the mine of the Nepticula fossilis, Heyd. (Lep.) The note is illustrated by a plate and a text figure. There is also a description, in the same part, of a new Leucania, LL. selfersi, from Berlin-Charlottenburg, with a fine coloured figure. Parts 9 and 10 of the Supplement to Vol. I. of Seitz Palaearctic Rhopalocera are to hand. They contain the completion of the refer- eyo, 1491 ae ye , Mo aii ien ded CMU PINE pts SO 1 veya tr: Ss . ~ 96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. SVL. 1930 ences of the Pierid section, the portion dealing with the Danaidae, and — the Satyridae additional up to page 114 in the main work, concluding the genus Hrebia. Plates 12 and 18 are issued with these parts. The genus Frebia is dealt with by v.d. Goltz, who expresses the diffieulties of collecting the details of these new forms which are scattered in the literature of so many peoples. Another great difficulty he states tersely as follows. ‘The author [of a new name] is responsible for the nomination of a form and the preciseness of its description, and not the editor. In some cases it has not been possible for me to ascertain exactly which form an author has actually intended with his denomin- ation. ‘This applies particularly to the diaynoses of Fruhstorfer, which are often genially exact, but often are based on insufficient material and so imperfectly Ban cnhiel that they drive a conscientious recorder to desperation.” . The italics are ours. In passing he pays tribute to the Novitates of O. Bang-Haas which aid research to a very great extent. The compiler points out the absence of knowledge of the earlier stages of the /rebia, which are almost without exception high mountain species, and are probably a *‘ primeval genus,’ which existed before many of the old land connections were broken through. This supple- ment is not a mere list with sbort diagnoses, but will form a valuable and suggestive addition to the original work. The February number of Lamwh, is an equally good and useful part. There is a photographic plate of three forms of dpatura, one of A, iris aud two of A, ilra, another portion of the Catalogue of Belgian lepidoptera, a list of addenda to the Catalogue of Geometrides recently issued, with other interesting matter. In the Amateur de Pap. Vol. VY. no. 1. M. Stempffer continues his notes on the French Lycaenidae and in. this number considers in detail the variation in Polyommatus thetis (bellargus). The status of polonus is discussed and the evidence of the chief authors is stated. The Jnt. Mut. Zt. for March 22nd contains a further contribution from Fritz Wagner on the Lepidoptera of the interior of Anatolia, with the help of O. Bang-Haas, Dr. Corti, Dr. Rebel and Dr, Zerny. There is a plate of 19 figs. of new species and forms. The Can. Ent. for February contains a long article on the Distribution of Coleoptera with new additions to the Fauna. The wording on the cover would lead one to suppose that something serious had happened to the state itself. The Zeit. Vestr. Ent.-Ver. for March contains a useful plate illlus- trating various aberrations in the Collection of Dr. M. Kitt of Vienna: Cidaria alternata (sociata), Boarmia punctularia, Abraavas marginata, Boarmia luridata, Lygris pyraliata (dotata), ete. Dr. Schawerda’s account of his Corsican captures and observations is still being continued. Lambillionea for March gives two further plates (1) of aberrations of Pieris napi, P. rapae, P. brassicae and Huchloé cardamines, which have already been described in its pages; (2) a plate of genitalic details to illustrate an article by Comte Bentinck on Lithosia lutarella, L. pallifrons and L. pymaevla, and also of Caradrina quadripunetata, ete. nts NoT to eet us communications IDENTICAL ft, ‘ther magazines. : ( obtained by authors ati very Sessanets eost if ordered at t re uire’ Innusrrations are inserted; on condition that ies AurHOR tot ae illustrations. si Se alae ee EXCHANGES. = ibscribers may-have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of, charge. . Sraee should i ( o Mr. ‘By. J. TURNER, “ Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam: plicates. —S§. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. eee 2 siderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, win” Frances Street, Chieshain: Bucks. siderata. ~_URGEn iy. REQUIRED, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera). —H. Ba es, Nat. Hist. Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. Duplicates.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col. ), Lenthredinidae and Aculeates. ; a { Desideruta. —Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies nof in my collection ; ; list Rt... L. Perkins, 4, Tharlestone Road, Newton Avbot. 2 eee uplicates.—Many species of Noctuae ‘and selected forms. ¢ 3 Desiderata. —Harly stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and | :), gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of’ incerta, gracilis and — a.—A. J. Wightman, “ Aurago, ” Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. iplicates. —Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zephyrus (Friv) type, eroides, eae ea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. Signor ALFREDO Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first om Chilean 1 Coleoptera, peueomally Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of orld. a A . copy of: Schrank, Enumeratio Insectorum Austriae. 4 plates; 1781. Leather in ding (back repaired) ; recently catalogued at 30/-. This copy nelppged to Stephens, _ bears his autograph with the date 1821. Any fair offer accepted.—B. C. S. Warr en, v. del’ Eglise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. xcHANGES.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, shine for bnétertiiee of, | tish Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. _ Cuancr or ADDRESS. —Kenneth 3 IF Se F. E. S., E.R. G. S., fat ies Club, MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W, 7. .m. October Ist. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Cc am bers, London Bridge. 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Lepidoptera, living pupae (British and Exotioft Pars, Please state which Lists are required and mention this Magazine. Dy A STAN DARD WORK BUTTERFLIES ci: BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the species Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature. — “Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been issued.—Nationt Quarterly Review. Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. net. — FREDERICK WARNE & Co., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. — NOTES ON COLLECTING IN IRELAND, 97 Notes on Collecting in Ireland. By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. I paid a short visit to S.W. Kerry in 1928 spending two days at Killarney and nearly a fortnight at Parknasilla on Kenmare Bay. I returned by way of Dublin and collected both at Rush near Malahide, a good locality, on the Murrough of Wicklow where | looked in vain for Plebeius aegon (argus), reported by Birchall but never since taken, and with the guidance of Mr. Eugene O’Mahony to whom I here express my gratitude, also on the North Bull sands, a good locality for Polyommatus icarus, Hipparchia semele, Zyyaena filipendulae, ete. In 1929 I stayed for three weeks at Parknasilla visiting Kenmare, a good locality where there is a patch of limestone country, Derrynane and the country near Staigue Fort. Much of my time was taken up with fishing and the weather was not always favourable, especially in 1928 when high winds and drizzle lasted for several days. Still I “saw enough to convince me that Kerry may have some further surprises y for collectors, and incidentally obtained evidence showing that Leucodonta bicoloria survives in several parts of the county. I looked for Melitaea athalia near Killarney in woods where cow-wheat abounds but saw none. I was too late in any case to expect more than stragglers for that was on July 25th and 26th. Cow-wheat was rare near Parknasilla. In the Oberthiir Collection purchased by the British Museum is a specimen of M. athalia labelled ‘ Kerry, W. Salvage’ and Birchall records the species from Killarney. Polyommatus coridon, also recorded by Salvage from Kerry, did not turn up at Kenmare the only limestone area which I visited, and the Salvage series in the B.M. Coll. remains to puzzle the faunistic student. Ireland still is so imperfectly explored that many more additions to its lepidopterous fauna may be expected. I did little night work on my two visits to Kerry and the weather was unpropitious, but I believe that two of the micros, determined by Mr. Stringer of the B.M., are not recorded in Kane’s list. These are Cerostoma costella, Stdgr. and Hndrosis lacteella, Schiff. I cannot find any previous Irish record of Chilo phragmitellus, Hb., of which I took a worn specimen, now in the B.M.C. Another interesting capture was a female of Hpione vespertaria (paralellaria) which was recorded by Kane as bred and taken by Dillon at Clonbrock, in Galway. Some cf Dillon’s records have been so severely criticised—and it must be admitted that some of them are, well, shall we say ‘candidates for confirmation ’—that the “éapture of FH. vespertaria is the more gratifying. The country in which I collected is, with the exception of a few small patches at Kenmare and Killarney, of one type. A thin layer of peaty soil or pure peat covers the rocks. On the mountain sides and in many parts of the low ground boulders are scattered profusely, and on much of the plain low, more or less, parallel ridges of rock thinly covered, if at all, with brushwood, heather, or gorse stretch down from the heights like ribs from a spine. The country was largely stripped of its woods by the extinct English settlers, who worked pockets of copper and used wooa for fuel in the ~ 17th and 18th centuries, but patches survived in some areas notably on the islands ; during the nineteenth century the landowners 98 ; KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VI1.19380 preserved the older forest remnants and planted extensively with beech, Scotch fir, larch and various exotic conifers and with evergreen shrubs and other ornamental plants some of which, e.g., hydrangeas, fuchsia and rhododendron flourish in the moist equable climate. The Derryquin, Parknasilla and Renaferrera estates are well wooded with a mixture of old forest and new plantation, thereisaconsiderable amount of old forest on the stony slopes of Askive hill above Parknasilla, and the islands of Garinish and Rossdohan bear a wonderful mixture of native and foreign trees and shrubs. The old woods are mixed, oak, birch and alder with holly, rowan, two or three species of Salia and blackthorn in abundance. Aspen and ash are much less common but apparently native. What strikes the stranger is the absence of ‘ earth’ as distinguished from the black peaty humus over wide stretches of country. There is naturally little cultivation beyond patches of oats and potato gardens. ‘The pasture fields are rough, often marshy ; loose stone walls or turf banks take the place of hedges. I found no coastal sandhills save at Derrynane and Kenmare. My list of captures follows: I have added some species taken by Major C. Bland near Sneem, two miles from Parknasilla, in July. Specimens marked with an asterisk are not recorded in Kane’s Irish list. RHOPALOCERA. Pieris brassicae, L.—F airly common in gardens, cabbage patches, etc., of large size but differing in no respect from normal British and Central European specimens. PP. rapae, L.—The least common of the three whites. P. napi, L., ssp. britannica, Verity.—This Irish subspecies, named unfortunately on the lucus a non lucendo principle (since it does not occur in Great Britain), is more variable in its second brood than in the first. Very dark specimens occurred on Sherky Island, the g having frequently an extra spot usually weakly indicated below the subapical, and the ? having heavily suffused forewings. Similar specimens occur elsewhere in Ireland. I have taken them on the Murrough of Wicklow m.viii. 1928, and near Clones in Co. Monaghan. (Colias croceus, Fourc.—I took this species for the first time in my life at Parknasilla in 1898. Not seen in 1928 in early August.) Melitaea aurinia ssp. praeclara, Kane.—Taken by Major Bland at Derrynane b.vii. 1929. I think that praeclara should be used instead of hibernica for the Irish subspecies of aurinia, Hibernica, Birchall, of which I have seen the types in the National Collection in Dublin is an extreme aberration with confluent and enlarged pale bands on the upperside of both wings which was formerly to be found among praeclara at Cromlyn, Westmeath, but became extinct according to Kane. Ssp. séotica, Robson—appears to occur individually to judge from my Tyzone material, in Northern Ireland. In this connexion is not Fruhstorfer’s name of acedia applied by him to the aurinia of Wales and western England posterior to signifera, Kane (Lep. Ireland p. 6) from Penarth? Aryynnis aylaia, L.—I never found the headquarters of A. aulaia in this part of Kerry. Odd speci- mens were seen at Derrynane, Gleesk, Staigue Fort, on the islands near Parknasilla and in the Sneem river valley. The very few speci- mens taken are more like English examples than scotica, Watkins. NOTES ON COLLECTING IN IRELAND. : 99 _ Argyronome (Dryas) paphia, L.—Very abundant in the Killarney Forests also all about Parknasilla wherever there was cover, in the Askive (Askaibh) Woods, Rossdohan, Garinish Island, etc. Seen at Derrynane. Irish paphia seem to me to differ pretty constantly from English specimens. Aglais urticae—Not very common in either year. Vanessa to—Abundant. Pyrameis atalanta—Not common in 1928, becoming abundant in late August, 1929. P. cardwi—Seen in 1928. Pararge megera—One at Sneem taken by Major Bland. Local at Derrynane and apparently frequent at Macroom, Cork. My Irish _ specimens differ somewhat from my English series, but I have not enough material to say whether the difference is racial. P. aegeria ssp. egerides, Stgr. Sparingly in 1928, more frequent but not abundant in 1929. The ab. pallida, Tutt, occurred, but I do not think that the Irish race can be separated from English eyerides, Hipparchia semele, L. ssp. ?—Abundant in 1928 but worn after the first three days of August. Curiously rare everywhere in 1929. The West Irish semele, with its extremely bright fulvous marking on the upperside and dark underside of the hindwings, differs greatly from the race of the Dublin and Wicklow sandhills. I hope to describe this race when I have finished with jurtina. It is empatically not aristaeus, as Kane (loc. cit. p. 11) suggests, and seems to me to differ in important respects from scota, Verity, to which, however, it is most nearly allied. Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina ssp. ternes, Graves—Abundant. Pyronia (F.) tithonus ssp. britanniae, Verity.—Not uncommon in the wooded islands at Parknasilla, and elsewhere in the Sneem area, but generally on southward-facing slopes and near, or in cover. Frequent at Derrynane. Seen at Macroom 26 viii. 29. Here again there seem to be slight differences between the Irish and English examples, but I have not material enough yet to feel justified in separating them. ‘The Trish tithonus is certainly closer by far to the British ssp., which incidentally occurs, perhaps as an individual form in Atlantic France (cf. specimens from Biarritz taken by Lister now in the Tring Coll.) than to nominotypical tithonus. Aphantopus hyperantus, L.—had been common but was badly worn in Killarney and on Kenmare Bay by early August. Coenonympha pamphilus, L.—Major Bland took a few worn specimens early in July. I saw no sign of a second Gen. I have specimens from Antrim and Donegal which agree with Verity’s description of scota (Fut. Rec. 1916 p. 178). Callophrys rubi, L.— Seen by Major Bland in the spring. (Lycaena) Rumicia phlaeas, L.— A second Gen. of bright colour and large size appeared early in August and was generally frequent, occurring on some of the islands in abundance. Polyommatus icarus ssp. clara, Tutt. 2nd Gen. of the fine Irish ssp. began to appear early in August. It was generally rare in 1928, but in 1929 was fairly frequent especially at Kenmare and Derrynane. I take this opportunity of describing the 2nd Gen. of clara which can easily be distinguished from the Ist or from the single Gen. and from the 2nd Gen. of the English icarus ssp. tutti, Obthr. Polyommatus icarus ssp. clara, Tutt f. temp. (gen. secunda) posteclara, forma nova. In both sexes. With more acuminate forewings and of lighter build than clara. The length from the centre of the thorax to the apex of the forewing averages exceeds 16°Omm. (inaximum 17-51mm.) 100 EN'LOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1I1.1930 against an average of over 18mm. in a series of the single brooded clara from Tyrone and of about 17-Omm. in a series from Malahide where there are two generations. Maxe.—Upperside. As a rule of brighter, less lilac blue than English icarus with somewhat broader termen. Underside. Of a lighter and purer ash grey than the 1st Gen. and also than the 2nd Gen. of ssp. tutti, and with more extensive white scaling around the submedian rows of black spots and especially in the apical and sub- marginal area, than in the English ssp, Fremate.—Upperside. All wings more or less suffused with various shades of blue in nearly all examples. Pale lightenings in the apical area of the forewings and the submedial area of hindwings usually present, less markedly than in the lst (or single) Gen. but more frequently and conspicuously than in the 2nd gen. of tutti. Sub- marginal bands of orange spots on both wings very strongly marked and bright in colour. Underside. Resembling clara but with rather less metallic blue-green scaling on the bases of the hindwings. Type ? in my collection, allotype g in my collection, both from Kenmare, Co. Kerry. Described from 16 ¢ g and 10? 2 from 8.W. Kerry, I.F.S., taken viii. 1928 and 1929, and 16 3 g and 8 @ ? from various localities on the coast N. of Dublin, 16-19.viii.1928. The handsome 2nd Gen. is readily distinguishable from that of tutti, Obthr., by the broad and brilliant orange submarginal marking of the upperside. Specimens with brown uppersides untouched with blue suffusion, which are apparently in the majority in the 2nd Gen. of the nominotypical (German) icarns and are frequent in some years in Kngland, appear to be rare in Ireland. | have seen none myself, but Kane (loc. cit. p. 16) records one from Galway. With regard to the border between double-brooded and single-brooded clara in Ireland, 1 can certify that two broods occur in the following places. S,W. Kerry, 1st Gen. e.v., vi. (Major Bland) ; 2nd Gen. viii. Tramore, Waterford ; 2nd Gen. m. viii. Clarina, near Limerick m. viii.; The Murrough of Wicklow, males only, 16.viii.; Rush, Malabide and the Bull Sands, N. of Dublin, m. viii. (P.P.G.). I expect the icarus ssp. clara of Clare and Galway will prove to be double-brooded. I saw no ‘skippers’ in Kerry. Indeed the only ones I have taken in Ireland at all are a pair of .\V. tages taken at Cratloe Wood, Clare. LirHosiDAE. Lithosia complana, L.—My only ‘footman’ taken at Parknasilla early in August, 1929, appears to be this species. Spilosoma lutea, Hfn. (lubricipeda, L.)—One in July, Sneem (Major Bland), and one worn, from Parknasilla. S. menthastri, Esp. (lubricipeda, Hmpsn.)— Strangely rare. Hipocrita (Kuchelia) jacobaeae, L—lLarvae very abundant. Nocrurpan. Rhyacia orbona, Htn. (comes, Hb.)—Frequent. A. triangulum, Hin. —One damaged specimen apparently of this species. HK. baja, F.— frequent. ft. dahdii, Hb.—One fine specimen in 1929 at Parknasilla. R. brunnea, Schiff.—Frequent. 7’. ianthina, Hb. —Abundant, but often i worn in early August, 1929, at Parknasilla. Muaoa eaclamationis, L. —Sneem (Major Bland). Hyphilare litharyyria, Esp.—A_ few. Sideridis tmpura, Hb.—In bad order, abundant. Polia (Had.) oleracea, L.—Killarney, July 26th, 1928, worn. Parastichtis monoglypha, Hfn. —Frequent. T'rigonophora meticulosa, L.—A few. Athetis alsines, Br. —Frequent. Hydroecia crinanensis, Burr.—Frequent in wet fields in the afternoons, flying to bramble and scabious. Phytometra (Plusia) chrysitis, L.—Killarney and Parknasilla. P. yamma, L.—A few in each year. Abrostola triplasia, L.—Killarney. A. tripartita.—Killarney and Parknasilla. . Rivula sericealis, Scop.mAbundant, worn. Pro- thymnia viridaria, Cl.-—A worn ? at Parknasilla, in mid-August, 1929. Zanclognatha tarsipennalis, Tr.—Killarney. Hypena proboscidalis, L. —Uncommon. NOTES ON OCOLLECTING IN IRELAND. 101 GKoMETRIDAE. Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hfn.—Widespread. Acidalia immutata, L. —Derrynane, b. viii. Sterrha (A.) biselata, Hfn.—Frequent but usually worn. Ortholitha mucronata, Scop. (plumbaria, F.)—Sparingly. O. chenopodiata, L. (limitata, Scop.)—Only taken near Derrynane, m. vill..29. Acasis viretata, Hb.—One fine specimen. Calocalpe undulata, L.—A couple in 1928. Lygris populata, L.—A few in 1928, Cidaria ocellata, L.—A few each year. ©. pectinataria. Kn. (viridaria, F.)— One in 1928 at Parknasilla. Epirrhoé galiata, Schiff—m. viii.’29, also near Dublin in the same period in 1928. Mesolenca albicillata, L. —July, Sneem (Major Bland). Huphyia bilineata, L.—Mostly worn and normal, had been common, Hydriomena furcata, Thnb., ssp. sordidata, F.—Variable and abundant, all more or less sordidata. Dysstroma (C.) citrata, L., with ab, »unctumnotata, Haw.—locally frequent but over by August 20th. D. ferrugata, Cl., ab. unidentaria. —A single worn specimen at Parknasilla, Hupithecia absinthiata. Cl. _—A few each year. Chloroclystis coronata, Hb,—Parknasilla and Derrynane, two specimens, (rynmoscelis pumilata, Hb.—Frequent. Lomaspilis marginata, Li.—Had been abundant at Parknasilla. Cabera pusaria, L.—abundant. C. ewanthemata, Scop.—Frequent. Fllopia fasciaria, Li. (prosapiaria, L.)—A few each year. Ourapterya: samn- bucaria, L.—Not rare. Opisthograptis luteolata, L.—Once at Parkna- silla, Hpione vespertaria, F. (parallelaria, Schiff.)—One female in August, 1929, confirming Dillon’s record in Kane (p. 98). Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff. (gemmaria, Brahm.)—Not rare. _ B. repandata, L. _ —Frequent in cover. B. bistortata, Goeze.—Abundant in the Parkna- silla grounds. Selidosema plummaria, Schiff. (ericetaria)—Here and there on heaths notably on Sherky Island. CERURIDAB. Notodonta ziczac.—A very fresh specimen at light in mid-August, 1929 at Parknasilla. Lophopterya camelina, L.—A few at light. LasiocaMPiDAk. Lasiocampa quercus, L.—I took one fresh g at Parknasilla, which seemed to be ssp. callunae. Others were seen flying wildly round. 102 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.VII.1930 SPHINGIDAE. Macroglossum stellatarum, L.—Two seen. ZYGAENIDAE, Zygaena filipendulae, L.—Confined to a very small area at Park- nasilla, whence it had disappeared in 1929, but not uncommon in both years on Sherky Island, and at Gleesk and Derrynane. PYRALIDAE. Aphomia sociella.—A single specimen each year. © Crambus tristellus, F., C. culmellus, L., C. pascuellus, L. (C. selasellus, Hb., at Rush, and Dublin) pascuellus was the commonest of these, then tristellus. *Chilo phraymitellus, Hb.—One near Parknasilla. Nymphula nympheata, L.— Common in all wet places. Scoparia frequentella, Stn.—Occasionally. Sylepta ruralis, Scop.—Killarney only. Nomophila noctuella, Schiff.— An invasion in 1928; hardly seen in 1929. LHNvergestis straminalis, Hb. Pionea lutealis, Hb., bP. prunalis, Schiff.—both sparingly. Pyrausta ostrinalis, Hb., P. purpuralis, L.—Killarney. Dioryctria sp. ? One early in August at Parknasilla last year. PrmrROPHORIDAE. Platyptilia gonodactyla,—e.vii. 1928 Killarney. P. monodactylus, F.— frequent. ToRTRICIDAE. Peronea logiana, Schiff.—Frequent. P. heparana, Schiff. Euwanthis hamana, L., Argyroploce lacunana, Dup.—Derrynane. HL. antiquana, Hb.—Frequent. Huecosma cana, Haw. Acroclita naevana, Hb. Tinwipak (sensi lato). *Cerostoma costella, Stgr.—This is I think a new species for Ireland. *Endrosis lacteella, Schiff.2—New for Ireland. Depressaria sub- propinguella, Stn. D. costosa, Haw. B. pseudospretella, Stn.—Common near buildings. Leucoptera spartifoliella—Abundant in gardens in Killarney Town, July 25th-26th, 1928. HEPIALIDAE. Hepialus fusconebulosa, de Geer (velleda, Hb.).—Taken in July near Sneem by Major Bland. Classification. Herbert Spencer’s Principles of Biology is within reach of my seat and I sometimes take it down and read a chapter. ‘he paragraph dealing with one point in the above subject might well be kept in mind by all of us. He writes, ‘‘ While the classifications of botanists and zoologists have become more and more natural in their arrangements, there has grown up acertain artificiality in their abstract nomenclature. When aggregating the smallest group into larger groups, and those _ sz DEFINITION OF THE SATYRID GENERA. 108 into groups still larger, naturalists adopted certain general terms expressive of the successively more comprehensive divisions; and the habitual use of these terms, needful for purposes of convenience, has led to the tacit assumption that species, genera, orders, and classes, are assemblages of definite values—that every genus is the equivalent of every other genus, in respect of its degree of distinctness; and that orders are separated by lines of demarcation that are as broad in one place as another. Though this conviction is not a formulated one, yet the disputes continually arising among naturalists on the questions, whether such and such organisms are specifically or generically distinct, and whether this or that peculiarity is or is not of ordinal importance, imply that the conviction is entertained even where it is not avowed. And this is equally shown by the impossibility of obtaining any definition of the degree of difference, which warrants each further elevation in the hierachy of classes. ‘Tt is, indeed, a wholly gratuitous assumption that organisms admit of being placed in groups of equivalent values; and that these may be united into larger groups that are also of equivalent values ; and so on. There is no a priori reason for expecting this; and there is no a posteriori evidence implying it, save that which begs the question— that which asserts one distinction to be generic and another to be ordinal, because it is assumed that such distinctions must be either generic or ordinal. The endeavour to thrust plants and animals into these definite partitions, is of the same nature as the endeavour to thrust them into a linear series. Not that it does violence to the facts in anything like the same degree ; but still it does violence to the facts. Doubtless the making of divisions and sub-divisions, is extremely useful ; or rather, itis absolutely necessary. Doubtless, too, in reducing the facts to something like order, they must be partially distorted. So long as the distorted form is not mistaken for the actual form, no harm results. But it is needful for us to remember, that while our successively subordinate groups have a certain general correspondence with the realities, they inevitably give to the realities a regularity which does not exist.’’—Hy.J.T. A definition of the Satyrid Genera ; Erebia, Callerebia, Paralasa aud Erebomorpha. By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. The separation of species into genera, is a matter on which opinions seem to differ more often than not ; and those species generally included in the genera Hrebia and Callerebia have been dealt with in a variety of ways by various authors, notwithstanding the fact that the Huropean Hrebias and their Asiatic relatives form such a perfectly natural group. Seitz states (Macrolep. Vol. I. p. 93) that modern authors are uniting Krebia and Callerebia as being too similar to maintain as separate genera; and he (or rather Hiffinger) includes Paralasa in Erebia. I suppose my inclination is to side with the ‘ splitter” rather than the “Jumper ’”’ in this matter, but I certainly cannot feel satisfied with generic divisions unless they can be clearly defined on a structural basis. Dr. Chapman in his work on the Genus Hrebia (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898) did not conclusively deal with the question of genera ; 104 , ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15. VII.1930 but he noted that the “sickle” in Erebia and neighbouring genera, might be taken as offering generic characters, and the clasp specific ones. This statement can only be held as partially correct, and I feel sure he did not intend it to be taken too literally. As a matter of fact, he seems to have been troubled by it a good deal himself, and in consequence of it he failed to recognise the great value of the features of the uncus for the purposes of specific differentiation. Now it is perfectly true that single characters of the genitalia do exhibit generic features, at times to such an extent that one can readily recognise a given genus by such a character alone, but even so, I have no doubt that a true generic definition can only be arrived at from a consideration of a number of characters. By this I do not mean that a generic