THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

THE

FARMER'S GUIDE

I N

HIRING AND STOCKING FARMS.

CONTAINING

An Examination of many Subjefts of great Importance both to the common Hufb:indman, i;i hiring a Farm ; and to a Gentleman on taking the Whole or Part of hig Eftate into his own Hands.

PARTICULARLY,

The Signs whereby to judge of Land, The Points to be attended to in hiring

a Farm. The Quantity of Land of every Sort

proportioned to a given Sum of

Money. The moft advantageoHS Method of

difpofing of any Sum from 50 /. to

aojooo /. in Hufbandry on culti- vated or uncultivated Soils.

The Means of rendering Agriculture as profitable to Gentlemen, as to common Farmers ; and as benefit cial a Profeflion as any other.

Hints to thofe Gentlemen who fariq for Pleafure alone,

ALSO,

Plans of Farm-yards, and Sedlions of the neceflary Buildings.

By the AUTHOR of The FARMER'S LETTERS. VOL. n.

LONDON:

Pjrinted for W. Strah n ; W. Kicoll, N° ^i. in St. Paul'* Church-yard; B. Collins, at Salifbury j ajid J. Balfour, at Edinburgh.

M,DCC,LXX,

5

CONTENTS

O F T H E

SECOND VOLUME.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the mojl advanta^ gcous method of difpofing of any futnfrom loool. to 1600 1. in farm- ing-, - - Page I

CHAP. XIV. Ofihe mojl advantageous method of difpofing of any fiim of money^ from 1500 1. to 3000 1. in farmings - - _ gS

CHAP. XXV. Of the mofl advanta- geous method of difpofing of about 5000 1. in farmings - 210

CHAP. XXVI. Of the mofl advanta- geous method of difpofing of 210,000 1. infarmingy - - 268

903786

li CONTENTS.

BOOK II.

Of hiring and jlocking farms in uncultivated countries^ - 307

CHAP. I. Of the mojl advantageous method of difpofing 0/5000 1, in the cultivation of vuajle lands ^ - 310

CHAP. II. Of the mojl advantageous 77iethod of difpofing of 15,000!. in the cultivation of ivajle lavds, - 370

CHAP. III. Of hiring and fockitjg a farm of nineteen hundred and tiventy acres of the better fort of uncultivated lands y - - - 408

BOOK IIL

CHAP I. Of farm-yards, - 442

CHAP. II. Bints to Gentlemen vuho farm for Fkafiire, - • 47^

INTRO

INTRODUCTION.

IH A VE written this work for the ufe of two fetts of men, gentlemen farmers and common ones. Not many of the latter read books, but fuch of them as do not hold all in contempt, may find in thefe pages fome hints, which if they do not hijlrucl^ may at leaft remind them of points of importance, in the moft critical moments of their lives — when they hire their farms. But with re- gard to gentlemen, I may venture to aflert that fome work of this kind is abfolutely necefTary for their ufe, when they either take a part of their eftates into their own hands, or hire farms of others. Not hav- ing fo clofe and immediate a fpur as dired: neceffity to make them cautious and pene- trating, they are more apt than the com- mon farmer to overlook the want of fome points of confequence, and to be too much ftruck with the appearance of others. Add to this, that many gentlemen who make farming a bufinefs or a pleafure are at firft Vol. I. a totally

ii INTRODUCTION.

totally ignorant of moil: things concerning it : Hence the neceffity of being guided by their fervants; a fituation which 7nay prove beneficial; but which I would advife none to truft to : Can it be doubted that a work of this fort will to them prove a better guide than a foolifh, prejudiced, or perhaps knavifh affiftants.

But previous to further remarks, it is fomewhat requifite that I fhould inform my reader, I do not pretend to inftrud, or even refrefh his memory on points in which I am myfeif devoid of experience. I now live in the third farm that I have hired ; the three almoil as different from each other as poffible, and fituated in different counties : In fearching for the two lafl I viewed ^nd treated for, near 1 believe an hundred. - — Thus I may in fome meafure affert thefe flieets to be the tranfcript of experience.

There is no point of a farmer's life oi fo critical importance as that of hiring his farm. Courage and caution are then equally neccffary to him, as to a general at the head of an army; if the firfl predomi,- jijit^s, he is in danger of feeing ipiaginary

advantages

INTRODUCTION. Hi

advantages which do not exifl: in reality; and of overlooking a thoufand fmall objec- tions, feparately of trivial confequence, but united, of material importance. If he is extremely cautious, he will affuredly view and rejedt many farms before he fixes him- felf, and in all probabiHty fome among them that are advantageous, and perhaps more fo than that which he at laft hires ; not be- caufe he approves it, but for want of time to examine more.

Farms are fometimes to be had at a fliort warning, when a man is allowed only the time fufficient to view it, with others per- haps at his elbow ready to bid if he rejects; fcarce any confideration allowed: Such farms are frequently the mofl: beneficial of all, as they mufl be let by a certain day, and confequently the hirer, if he has quick- nefs as well as prudence, may have advan- tages unknown in other cafes.

But in fuch a fituation how much is re- quifite to make a good judgment fpeedily ! Common farmers almofi: always fail in fuch critical moments. Their caution lofes them many an excellent bargain.

a 2 May

iv INTRODUCTION.

May not fuch a book as this in fuch a cafe be of great ufe ? I have had my eye particularly to the farmers want of time to confider; and thrown out many cautions and hints for their ufe at periods too fhort for their own ideas to come fully into play.

To take one walk over a farm, which confequently can be only at one feafon — to difcover at once the nature of the foil — to fee into its evils, as well as advantages, by figns peculiar to every feafon— to guard againft the deceit occafioned by feafon s favourable to particular foils — to compare the covenants expected in the leafe, with the nature of the land — to obferve the ftate of the fences, borders, bogs, barren fpots, &c. &c. that an eftlmate may at once be made of extraordinary Isihour — to minute the fields w^hich mufc be particularly fa- voured to ameliorate them after an ex- haufting tenant — to remark the ftate of the roads — to gain information of tythc> taxes, poor, and a multiplicity of other circumftances, v;hich may be afked as a man walks over the fields, and minuted in

his

INTRODUCTION. ▼

his pocket-book as he goes — to calculate the repairs (if he is to do them) of the buildings, and to remark all the works the landlord muft linifh previous to figning the leafe — Laftly, to calculate whether the fum of money he is pofTeiTed of is fufEcient for the bufmefs. — Thefe and a vafl number of other points come at once upon him, to be canvaffed by a judgment cool but clear and Ipirited.

A gentleman farmer has all thefe points, and many more to confider. He Ihould at once be able to reduce to calculation the difference between himfelf and a common farmer in the fum to be appropriated to flock a given number of acres — He fhould* if abfolutely profit is his view, confider on what foils he had better apply his mo- ney — to thofe already improved or fuch as yet remain uncultivated; in cafe he determines upon the latter, the whole range of bufmefs ought at once to be prefent with him ; that he may proportion the land to his money. — In a word, he v/ill, in any fituation, require an uncommon attention either in himfelf or affiftant.

The

VI INTRODUCTION.

The point of all others, both with the gentleman and common farmer, which I hold to be the moll important, is the pro- perly proportioning the farm to the fum of money to be expended.

I have calculated a great number of efti- mates to fliew the moil beneficial manner of difpofmg any fum from 50 /. to 20,000 /. in agriculture ; and this with a view for gentlemen to difcover that farming may be made as profitabie a bufmefs for the em- ploying large fums of money, as maim-' factures or trade.

The very ingenious Mr. Wallace here furnifhes me with an idea, which has great merit. " It would be," fays he, *' of great advantage that rich men, in- ilead of breeding all their children to fome of the liberal profefTions, or to the army, or merchandize, or fome of the more gen- teel mechanic employments, would educate fome of them for agriculture. Many things recommend fuch a plan ; could young gentlemen once be brought to a juft tafle of life, and to relifh fo ufeful an em- ployment *."

* D'uTertation 071 thclSiumhers of Mankind, p. 152.

This

INTRODUCTION. vii

This excellent condud never being prac- tifed, I attribute to the unfuccefsfulners of fo many (in requeft of profit) gentlemen farmers : Parents are fearful that their chil- drens fortunes fhould be quickly fquan- dered upon a bufinefs in which the metho- dical forms, fo highly advantageous to trade, fuch as a regular apprenticefhip, and accounts, arc totally overlooked. The few that have applied to agriculture for profit, having been quite devoid of all pre- vious knowledge, have moftly failed: -— Had they fo applied to law, phyfic, or trade, would it not have been the fame ? — Why is more to be expeded of agriculture than of any other bufinefs in the known "Vvorld ? 'VIZ, That its profeffors are in- ftantaneoufly and by intuition to acquire a complete knowledge of it. Hence it is that no ridicule (and very juftly) is more frequent in the country, than that upon un- fuccefsful gentlemen farmers.

It was the hope of preventing fuch ill fuccefs in future, that partly animated me to the following undertaking ; in which I .flatter myfelf that I have proved hufbandry to be a m,oil profitable employment, and

for

viii INTRODUCTION.

for confiderable fums of money, when exe- cuted with knowledge, fpirit, and pru- dence : — but I know not of any bufinefs v/herein thefe are not requifite.

Having thus ventured to premife thefe few circumftances I fhall now lay thefe fheets before the reader, requeuing the fa- vour of him not to condemn too haflily thofe principles which may at firft appear contradi(rtory to feme eftabliftied notions, but which, on a little examination, may be found neither inconfiftent with them- felves, nor incompatible with even com- mon management. If I have proved

the points which in my fubjedt are of con- fequence to be clearly known, I flatter myfelf I have employed my time fome- what to the benefit of the community. One thing I mud be allowed to add, which is — that I write merely from my own ideas : — not one book ever yet publifhed has furniflied me with a fmglc page.

THE

THE

FARMER'S GUIDE.

CHAP. XXIII.

Of the mofi nd'vantageous method of difpo^ ftng of any fum from looo 1. to 1600 1. in farming,

THIS chapter requires more variations than the preceding one, for an ob- vious reafon : It embraces a greater variety of foils ; not that the preceding fized farms are not fcattered over as great a variety of land, but the probability of it is not fo great; and it is impoflible that thefe cal- culations fhould contain a iketch of every farm that can be fuppofed to exift : for that purpofe five times as many folios would be neceffary as I v^rite pages; and a farmer would find the fearch for his cafe of dif- ficulty more perplexing than the conquer7 Vol. 11. B ing

( 2 )

ing twenty. For which reafon I attempt to catch only the moft ftriking diftindtionsy by introducing in each chapter fuch calcu- lations only as are probably attended with the moft parallel cafes in real buhnefs.

I begin here to introduce farma that re- ceive the expenfive improvement of mar- ling, chalking, claying, &c. &c. &c. not, however, upon fo extenfive a plan as I fliall hereafter. Thefe undertakings re- quire very large turns of money, and arer highly pernicious when undertaken with fmall ones.

Tivo kiuulred and tiventy acres arable^ foil clay or loam.

This farm, although termed arable, yet is not all fo ; the 20 acres being grafs a- bout the houfc, fgr the conveniency of be- ing near it.

Slock.

Rejxt^ at 1 7 X. Tythe, at 4 J-. Rates, at4J-.

/.	s.	J..
187	0	0
44	0	0
44	0	0
^7S	0	0

Live

	( 3 )
	LlV£ Stock,		/.	J.	d.
tight horfes,	_		120	0	0
25 Cows,	-		12S	0	0
4 Sows,		x:.	5	0	0
	250	0	0
	Implements.
A broad-wheeled waggon,		(^s	0	0
A narrow-wheeled ditto,	-	20	0	0
Three carts,	-	-	30	0	0
Two ploughs,	A ■		6	6	0
Two pair of harrows,	-	5	0	0
Two rollers,	-*	tm	4	0	0
Harnefs for ei	ght horfes.	-	16	0	0
Sixty facks,	-	-	9	0	0
Sundry fmall	articles.	-	20	0	0
Dairy furnitui	re,	30	0	0
	205	6	0

Seed and Tillage,

Four earths on 50 acres of

wheat land, - - 40 o o

Seed, - - 20

Sowing, - - "• 15

Carry over, £.61 5 o B 2 Water-

o o o

( 4 )
Brought over, £.	61	5 ^
Water-furrowing,	0	10 0
Three earths on 50 acres of
fpring-corn land,	30	0 0
Seed,	25	0 0
Ditto, clover,	10	0 0
Sowing,	I	5 0
Two earths on fifty acres of
bean land,	20	0 0
Seed, - - -	25	0 &
Sowing, « _ -	0	10 0
Water-furrowing,	I	5 0
Harrowing fifty acres,	0	10 0
C	181	5 0
Labour,
One earth on fifty acres of	/.	J. d.
wheat land.	2	10 0
Harrowing,	0	12 0
Sowing,	0	12 6
Water-furrow^ing,	2	10 0
Weeding, - -	2	10 0
Reaping, &c. at 6 ^.	15	0 0
Thralhing the crop, 3 qrs. per
acre, 150 qrs. at S J. -	15	0 0
Carry over, /J	.3«	14 6
	Carrying

{ 3 )

Brought over, ^.38 146 Carrying: out 20 qrs. at a time, <5ne day of two men; fay

eight times, - - 0160 Three earths on fifty acres of

fpring-corn land, - - 7100

Harrowing, - - - o I2 6

Sowing, - - - o 12 6

Water-furrowing, - - 150

Mowing and har veiling, at 4 ^. 10 00 Thrafhing the crop, 4 qrs. per

a-cre, 200 qrs. atiJ. - - 10 00 Carrying out 3^ acres of bar- ley, 144 qrs. 30 qrs. at a time ; two men one day, - -0100 Three earths on fifty acres of

bean land, - - - 7100

Sowing, - ^ ^ Q 10 o

Water -furrowing, - ^ 150

Hand-hoeing once, at 6 j. - 15 00

Horfe-hoeing three times, at 6 ^. 3150

Reaping and harvcfting, at 7 J. 17 10 O Thrafhing, ^ qrs. per acre, 150

qrs. atiJ-. - - 7100

^ Carryover, >C* ^-5 ° ^

B 3 Carry-

( 6 )

Brought over, £> 12S o (x Carrying out 20 qrs. at a time,

two men one day, - - o 16 o Chopping and raking 50 acres

of wheat Hubble, and carting

home, proportioned to N^ i.

the laft chapter, - - 6 o o

Ditching 250 perches, at i x. - iq 100 Carting 750 loads of earth into

the farm-yard, 30 loads a day,

3 d. per load, and 2, s. 6 d,

driving, 25 days, 10 J". - 12 10 o 33 Head of cattle at 12 loads,

396 loads for mixing thefe

with 750 of earth, 1 146 loads

ati^/, - r- - 4156

Carting 1 146 loads, ^operd^jy

3 s. per fcore ; filling and

fpreading 2 j. C d. driving 7 j.

per day, 38 days, -^ - 1360 Mowing, making, carting, and

flacking 20 acres of grafs in- to hay, in proportion to the

article N*^ i< the lafl chapter, 7160 Cutting chaff, ditto, - - 120

Carting faggots, - - - 076

Carry over, j(^. 1 84 3 6

I

( 7 ) Brought over, £-1^4: 3 ^ I calculate the preceding work to employ the teams 2i8 days, therefore fuppofe 8o days employed in manure from the neareft town, - - § o o Sundry fmall articles, - - 'lo oo

/.

203

Simdry articles.	/.	s.	cL
Shoeing, _ - -	5	0	0
Wear and tear, - - -	35	0	0
Market expences,	4	0	0
.80 loads of manure of a. broad-
wheeled waggoji, -	40	0	0
•Cafh in hand, to anfwer inci-
dental expences.	60	0	0

Total of thefe articles, £.1257 14 6

In this aci'ount the introdudlion of a broad-wheeled waggon caufes feveral va- riations in the article of labour. I have alfo funk the farmer's earnings, from the probability of fuch a farmer as this not B 4 working

( 8 )

working at all : Some I know do ; but we

muft, in every article, have an eye to re-^

ality.

Annual Account.

Expences. I. s, d.

Rent, &c. - - - 275 o o

Seed for 50 acres of wheat, 50 of barley and oats, 50 of clo- ver, and 50 of beans, - - 80 o o

Labour, - _ - 002 3 6

Sundry articles, ^ - 84 o o

Produce. 50 Acres of wheat, 150 qrs. 36 Acres of barley, 144 qrs. 50 Acres of beans, 150 qrs. 25 Cows, - - -

Expences,

Interefl: of flock. Profit,

This farm yields but 11/. i j-. per cent^ on the capital : It may therefore be deter- mined,

£. 641	3 6
300 115 240 ^25	0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
780 641	4 0 3 6
139 62	0 6 17 0
iC. 76	3 6

( 9 )

mined, under the foregoing management, to be by no means advantageous. We muft not, however, compare it too readily vath former eflimates, as the difference of the principles on which the calculations are made, will not admit of it. If this arable flirm is not beneficial to a farmer, it cer- tainly will not be to a gentleman. His account will ftand as follows :

Stock. I	S. d.
Rent, &c. ^ -r - 275	0 0
Live ftock, - - - ^j-o	0 0
Implements, - - 205*	6 0
Seed and tillage, - - 181	S 0
Labour, - - ^.202 36
1'] per cent. - - 54 14 6
256	18 0
Sundry articles, ^ - - 144	0 0
£' 13 '2	7 0
Annual Account.
Expences.
Rent, &c. ^ - - 275	0 0
Seed, - ^ 80	0 0
Labour, - - - 236	18 0
Sundry articles, - - 84	0 0
£■ (>9S	18 0

Produce,

{ 10 )

Produce, L s. d.

The fame, - - - 780 4 o *

Expences, - - 695 18 o

£^84 6 o

Intereft, - - - 65 la o

X". 18 14 o

This profit is 6 /. 7 s. per cent, or in o- ther words ruin, and yet the bufinefs is very confiderable, would require much at- tention, and the conllant rifque great in fuch a fituation. Suppofe the gentleman employed a bailey, that expence would leave him but 3 per cent, for his money : Sup- pofe he fold his produce only at 5 per cent, worfe than the farmer, (no improbable fuppofition), that deduction will leave him without a fliilling : the product of one year would foon be infufficient for the expences of another, additions would be requifite to his capital, and, in a word, two or three thoufand pounds diffipated in a very few years, and all on a farm fo fmall as about 2C0 acres of land.

The profit of thefe farms is not to be in- creafed by aiTigning them a certain num-

3 ^^i'

( " )

bcr of fheep ; that animal is a great ene- my to a dairy : If the fwine are not taken into the account, the cows muft not be fup- pofed to yield a profit of five pounds a head; and it is requifite that the clover be well flocked with young hogs, bred by the fows, or the produd: by fwine will fall too low. The addition of fheep would be at- tended with lofs.

As this is the firft farm in which I have fuppofed a broad-wheeled waggon to be ufed ; as that machine abfolutely requires eight horfes, whether requifite or not to the culture of the land, I ihali next calculate it under the circumftance of being ma- naged with fix horfes, which variation will difcover when we are arrived at that point in which eight are neceliary.

Variation thefirjl. ^he fame farm cultivated ivithfix horfes.

Stock. I. s. d.

Rent, &c. - - - 1']!^ o o

Li'uefloch 6 Horfes, - - - 90 o o

Carry over, £• 90 00 28 Cows,

( li )

Brought over, ;f . 90 00 28 Cows, - - 140 o o

4 Sows, *• ^ - 500

		£•	235	0 0
hnphynents.		/.	J. d.
A waggon.	-		25	0 0
Two Carts,	-■		33	0 0
Three ploughs,	-	-	4	14 6
Harrows and rollers.	-	-	9	0 0
Harnefs,		^	10	0 0
Thirty facks,		*•	4	10 0
Sundry fmall articles,	^	-	20	0 0
Dairy furniture.		L^	30	0 0
	123	46

^ced and tillage. As before, - - - jC- ^ ^ ^ 5 o

Labour,

Work on 53 acres of wheat

from ploughing to thrafliing, /. s. d,

as before, - - - 38 14 6

Carrying out i o qrs. at a time, - i 12 o

Carry over, £* 40 6 6 Labour

( 13 )

Brought over, ;f . 40 6 6 Labour on 50 acres of barley,

&c. from ploughing to thralh-

ing, as before, - - 30 o c Carrying out 40 acres of barley,

4 qrs. per acre, 160 qrs. la

at a time; fay 14 times, - - i 8 c

Labour, as before, on bean-land,

except carriage, - - 55 ^ ^ Carrying out 9 qrs. at a time,

150 qrs. 17 times, - - I 14 c Chopping, raking, and carting

ftubble, - - -60

Ditching 250 perches, - - 12 10 o Carting 750 loads, <xo per day,

at 6 J-. 3^. 38 days, - 11 17 i Mixing dung and earth, - - 4156 Carting 116 loads, 20/)^rday,

57 days, 4x. 3 ^. - - 12 2 3 Mowing, making, &c. hay, - 7 16 o Cutting chaff, - - - 120 Carting faggots, - - - o 7 .> Sundry Ijnall articles of labour, 10 Q Q

L' 194 iS JO

Sundry

o

( H ]

Sundry .articles. /. s, d*

Shoeing, - - - Z ^^ ^

Wear and tear, - - - 25 o o

Market expences, - - 4 o o Calh in hand, to anfwer incidental

expences, .-.-*- 5^ ^ ^

/*. 82 I ^ o

Total of thefe articles, jT- ^^9- ° 4

It is here necefTary to remark, that I find, on calculation, this farm to be exadly the quantity of land which fix horfes are able to cultivate and manage. This ap- pears from the following table of wotk : .

Ploughing 50 acres of land for wheat

once, - - - days i'^

Harrowing ditto, - - - 3 Ploughing 100 acres of fpring-corn

thrice, - - - - ^°°

Harrowing 50, - *• ^ 3

Horfe-hoeing 50 thrice, * - 2B

Harvefting 1 50 acres, * - 1 5

Carrying out the corn, - -- 47

Carting 50 acres ftubble, - - 4

Ditto manure, - - - 95

Ditto 20 acres of hay, - - 5

Ditto faggots, • " .^

This

( 15 )

This account, it Is true, overfhoots the year fix days; but then the fix horfes are fuppofed to be employed both in carrying the corn out and in that of the manure ; in all which work it is to be fuppofed four horfes are fufficlent : this makes a differ- ence of 142 days of two horfes, which will be an ample allowance for accidental jobs, and for fuch very bad weather as will ad- mit of no work being done. The conftant employment of thefe horfes, however, pre- cludes all bringing manure from the near- eft town, a bufinefs I have fuppofed al- ways to be done when tillage, and its con- fequences, does not fully employ the team. Now here a difficulty occurs : I fuppofe thefe farms to be the fame in every rcfpcd: but the number of horfes, in the firft, eight and a broad-wheeled v^^aggon manured the farm with 48 /. v>'orth of town-dung, &c. every year. What difference fhould I, in confequence, make in the produce ?

In feveral of the preceding farms, this article of manuring has been various ; when very confiderable, I have increafed the produd^ ; but accuracy in a matter im- pofhble to be reduced to exa6tnefs, and

when

( i6 )

when no comparifon was making of the fame farm in a different courfe of manage- ment, was not fo eflential. Here it is ne- ceffary to be more attentive : The only me- thod which llrikes me is, to Hate the pro- duce as before, and then dedud: the coft of the former manure, with the profit there ought to be on it. Suppofe ao per cent. for a lefs profit, it would not anfwer to manure. Suppofe we flate tlie account thus :

/.	s.	d.
40	0	0
8	0	0

Price of the manure,

Labour, - - -

The broad -wheeled waggon and two additional horfes are not, in the former inftance, em- ployed in manuring alone ; we mufh not, therefore, de- dud: the intcreft of the whole

fum of their amount. — Part of this article, and part of

that of wear and tear, Sec. we fhall call - - -1000

Intercd :ii 20 per cc7it. - ji 12 o

£.6g 12 o That

( 17 )

That this will give the truth accurately I do not pretend : it is indeed a difficulty which is not eafily got over ; but the reader will not imagine, that fuch a fyftem of calculations as this can be accurately con- fiftent in matters never yet reduced to ex- periment. If I was to infinuate fuch a thing, the pretenfion ought rather to be treated as a chimera, than depended upon for a probability. Accuracy is not fo much the defign of thefe papers, as the enabling the calculator to form calculations of his own that are exactly adapted to his land.

Annual Account.

Expences, I. s, d.

Rent, ecc.	2/5 o o
Seed, - - -	80 o o
Labour,	194. 18 10
Sundry articles,	32 12 0
	£. 580 10 10
Produce,	/. s. d.
Wheat,	300 0 0
Forty acres of barley,	- 128 0 0

Carryover, X* 4^^ 00 C Beans,

( i8 )

Brought over, £.428 o o

Beans, - - - - 240 o o

28 Cows, - - 140 o o

Dedud, Expences,

£'	808	0	0
	69	12	0
	73B	8	0
	582	10	10
	^55	17	0
	54	12	0
£	. lOI	15	2

Intereft, Profit,

From hence we find, that this method of managing fiach a farm is fuperior to the other by near 30 /. a year in the produce. The intereft per cent, of the capital is here 14 /. 5 J.; the former gave only 11 /. i j. ; of fo great importance is it to keep no more horfes than requifite. But many farmers are, in this refped, fo much infa- tuated, that they let their horfes run away with all the profit of their farms. The gentleman's account upon this variation will be as follows :

Stock.

( 19 )
Stock, I,	s.	d.
Rent, &c. - ' ^75	0	0
Live ftock, - - " ^2>S	0	0
Implements, - - 123	4	6
Seed and tillage, -^ - 185	I	0
Labour, - £. 194 18 5
2y per cent, - ^2 13 0	T T	5 0
Sundry articles, - - 82	1 1 12
/:.ii48	9	4
Annual Account.
Expencq,
Rent, &c. - - 275	0	0
Seed, * - - - 80	0	0
Labour, * - - 247	1 1	10
Sundries, - - - 32	12	0
£.' 635	3	10
Produce,
The fame, - - 738	8	0
Expences, - - 60,5	3	10
Intereft of ftock, - - ^7	8	0
Profit. - - - ^.45	16	2

The capital pays 9 I. per cent. The dif- ferent methods of managing this farm muft

C 2 not

( 20 )

not be fuppofed to condemn the ufe of a broad-wheeled waggon, and the propriety of allotting a greater plenty of implements than I had before ftated ; both are evident- ly advantageous ; but in this cafe more than balanced by the two extraordinary horfes.

NO 3-

Variation thefecond.

One hundred and fenjenty acres arable^ the foil light enough for turnips.

This farm I fuppofe to contain ten acres of grafs land around the houfe for conve- nience.

Stock,

Rent, <i^c» L s, d.

Rent of 1 70 acres, at 17;. - 144 10 o

Tythe, at 4 j. - - 28180

Rates, &c, at 4 j. - - 28 18 o

£. 202 6 o

Livejlock, I. s. d.

Six horfes, - - - 90 o o

20 Cows, - - - 100 o o

Carry over, j^. 1 90 00 3 Sows,

( 21 )

Brought over, £, 190 o o

3 Sows, - - - 3 10 o

80 Steers or heifers, - - 400 o o A waggon, 2 carts, 3 ploughs,

harrows, rollers, harnefs, and

facks, the fame as in N*^ 2.-73 4 ^

Sundries, - - - 10 o o

Dairy furniture, - - 20 o o

L-	103	46
Seed and tillage.
Four earths on 40 acres of wheat	/.	J. d.
land, - - -	32	0 0
Seed, - _ _ _	20	0 0
Sowing, _ - - -	I	0 0
Water-furrowing, *^-	I	0 0
Three earths on 40 acres of
fpring-corn land,	-4	0 0
Seed, - - - -	20	0 0
Clover ditto, - _ -	8	0 0
Harrowing, - - -	0	0 0
Sowing - - -	I	0 0
Water-furrowing,	0	10 0
One earth on 40 acres of fallow.	8	0 0
x:.	117	10 0

C 3 Labour^

( S2 )

Labour. I* ^. ^.

Oftc earth on 40 acres of wheat

land, -^ - -

Harrowing,

Sowing, - ^ ^

Water-furrowing, Weeding, - ^

Reaping and harvefling, - Thrafliing 3 qrs. -^d. per acre, Carrying out i o qrs. at a time. Three earths on 40 acres of fpring

corn land, -. -. -

Harrowing, - - -

Sowing, "^ - -

Water-furrowung, Mowing and harvefling, at 4 s.

Thrafhing 4^ qrs. per acre, -

Carrying out 30 acres of barley.

Five earths on 40 acres of turnips.

Harrowing, - - -

Sowing, „ - .

Hand-hocing tw^ice at 7 j.

Drawing the turnips and carting

them horne, at 7 j. 6^. - - 15 00

Carryover, ^.99 00 Chopping

	0 0
0	10 0
0	10 0
I	0 0
2	0 0
12	0 0
14	0 0
I	8 0
6	0 0
0	10 0
0	10 0
0	10 0
8	0 0
- 9	0 0
I	% 0
10	0 0
0	10 0
0	10 0
H	0 0

( 23 )

Brought over, ;^. 99 o o Chopping and raking 40 acres

of ftubble, - - - 300 Carting ditto to farm-yard, - 2, o o Mowing and making 10 acres

of hay, at 5 J. - - 2 10 o

Carting and ftacking, - -180 Ditching 200 perches, - -1000 Carting the earth, 600 loads into

farm -yard, 10 days, at 6 x. 3 J. 3 26 J06 Head of cattle, at 12 loads

each, 1272 loads with 600 of

earth, 1872 loads, mixing,

at I ^. - - - 7 16 o

Carting 20 loads per day, 93

days, at 45. 3^. - - I9 ^i* 3 Cutting 400 bufhels of chaff, at t^. o 16 8 Carting faggots, - - 050

Sundry iinall articles, - - 900

£■	158 13 5
Sundry articles.	/. s, d.
hoeing, and wear and tear,	23 12 0
Market expences.	300
50 Loads of ftraw.	ZS 0 0

Carry over, £". 6i 12 o C 4 Cafii

( 24 )

Brought over, ^. 6i 12 o Cafh in hand, to anfwer inci- dental expences, - - 50 o o

Total of thefe articles, ^. 1286 15 11

Annual Account.

Expences. L s, d.

Rent, &c. - - - 202 6 o

80 Heifers, - - - 400 o o Seed for 40 acres of wheat, 40

of fpring-corn, 40 of clover,

and 40 of turnips, ^ - 49 o o

Labour, - - 158 13 6

Sundry articles, - - 61 12 o

i, 87r7i~

Produce. /. s. d.

40 acres of wheat, 140 qrs. - 280 o o

30 of barley, 135 qrs. - - 108 o o

20 Cows, _ - - 100 o o

80 Heifers, at 7 /. - - 560 o o

^. 1048 o

Produce^

( 25 )

Produce, Expences, Intereft of flock,	- £• I04P> . - 871 176 64	0 0 II 6 8 6 6 0
Profit,	£,' 112	2 6

The capital pays 13 /. 13 J". /?^/^ cait. which is not fo much as a farmer ought to receive from fuch a fum of money; whence we may conclude, that we fhall meet with more beneficial farms under this clafs. The proportioning the produd: to the manure is in every inftance difficult. The above accounts may not be far from the truth for the four or five firft years of the leafe; but I am inclined to believe, that after- wards the product, both of corn, turnips, and clover, will, by degrees, become much more confiderable; for the manure an- nually amounts to about 23 loads an acre over 80 acres of land; that is, overall the turnip and clover land, which is fo rich a dreffing, that I fhould think five quarters of wheat, and fix of fpring-corn, the low- eft average produdt; turnips to the value of 5 /. per acre ; and clover to that of 6 /. or 8 /. after a few of the firft years arc

over.

{ 26 )

over. When this improvement was efFedt- ed, the capital would pay between qo and ^o per cent.'y but it would be launching too far to trace fuch a progreffion. The fol- lowing is the ftate of the gentleman's ac- count of this farm :

Stock.	/.	J.	d.
Rent, &c.	-	202	6	0
live (lock,	-	- 593	10	0
Implements,	-	- 103	4	6
Seed and tillage.	-	- 117	10	0
Labour, - £.	^5^	13 5
ay per cent.	42	18 0 "n T	T T	5 0
Sundry articles,	■^ ■	III	1 X 12

jC-1329 13 II

Annual Account.

Expences.	/.	s.	d.
Hent, &c. - - -	202	6	0
80 Heifers,	400	0	0
Seed, - - - «	49	0	0
Labour, - _ -	201	II	5
Sundry articles,	61	12	0

£•914 9 S prodiiC€>

	( 27 )
	Produce,	/. J, d.
The fame,	- - -	1048 0 0
Expcnces,		914 9 5 133 10 7
Intereft,	- _ - .	66 90
Profit,	>C. 67 17

This profit is 10 per cent. ; but the bufi- nefs is of fo extended a nature, and the attention requifite for it fo regular, that a gentleman fliould not too quickly ima- gine he is to reap fuch an advantage. I have often remarked the numerous deduc- tions to be made from his profit ; but w^hich are many of them unfufceptible of calcula- tion.

Variation the third. Two hundred and ten acres, one third grafs and tivo thirds arable, foil clay and light loam.

Stock,

Re7it, &c. I. s. d,

Jlent of i2io acres, a.z iS s, - i8g o o

Carry over, £• iS^ 00

Tythe

( 28 )

Brought over, £. 189 00

Tyihe, at4J. - - - 37 16 o

Rates, to. at 4 i. - - 37 16 o

Livejiock. Six horfes, - - - 35 Oxen, _ - - 5 Cows, - - -

160 Sheep, _ - - 20 Heifers, I Sow, ^ - -

/.	s. d.
9<^	0 0
550	0 0
^i-	0 0
9^^	0 0
60	0 0
I	0 0

£. 622 o o

mplements.
A waggon, - - -	25	0 0
Two carts, - - -	20	0 0
Three ploughs,	4	14 6
Harrows and rollers,	- 8	0 0
Harnefs, - - -	10	c 0
Sacks, _ - - -	4	10 0
Sundry fmall articles,	15	0 0
Dairy furniture,	n 0	0 0

jC. (JO 46 Sad

( =9 )

Seed and tillage. L s, d. Four earths on 35 acres of wheat

land, - - - 28 o o

Seed, - - - - 17 10 o

Sowhig, - - o 17 6

Water-furrowing, - - o 17 6 Three earths on '^^ acres of

fpring-corn land, - - 2100

Seed, - - - 17 10 o

Sowing, - - - 089

Water-furrowing, - - 089 Seed clover, n^^ acres, - -700

Sowing, - - - 0^9

Harrowing, - - - i 15 o

One earth on 0^^ acres of fallow, 7 00

jC- 102 16 3

Labour. One earth on 35 acres of wheat

land, Sowing,

Water-furrowing, Harrowing, Weeding, Reaping and harvefting, at G s.

Carry over, £. 15 15 o

Thrafhing

I	15 0
0	8 0
0	17 6
0	8 9
I	15 0
f. 10	10 0

( 30 )

Brought over, £^15 t^ o Thrafhing the crop, 34 qrs. per

acre, 122^ qrs. at 2 j. - - 12 50 Carrying out 10 qrs. at a time

1 2 journies, - - -140 Three earths on 35 acres of

fpring-corn land, - - S 5 ^ Sowing, - - - 089

Ditto the clover, - - 089

Harrowing, &c. - - i 15 o

Mowing and harvefting, at 4 j. 7 00 Thrafliing the crop, 4I. qrs. per

acre, 157^ qrs. a.i 1 s. - - 7176 Carrying out 25 acres of barley,

1 1 24. qrs. 12 qrs. at a time,

9 journies, - - - o 18 o Mowing, making, and flacking

1 1 acres of hay, - - 400 Five earths on 3 5 acres of turnips, 8150 Hand-hocing twice, at 7 j. - 12 50 Drawing and carting home, at

ys.Gd. - - - 13 2 ^

Chopping and raking 35 acres

of wheat flubble, - - 2 12 6 Carting ditto to farm-yard, - i 15 o

Carry over, ^.95 70 Ditching

( 31 )

Brought over, iC- 95 7 ^ Ditching 200 perches, and cart- ing the earth to farm-yard, as before, - - - 1326 6G Head of cattle, 792 loads of dung, and 600 of earth, in all 1392 loads mixing, at i ^. 5 16 o Carting ditto, 20 loads per day,

70 days,* 4^. 3^. - - 14 17 6

Cutting 400 bufhels of chaff, - 0168

, Carting faggots, - - 05^

Sundry fmall articles, - - 9 o ^

C 139 4 S

Sundry articles.		L	s, d.
Shoeing, and wear and tear,	►	• 23	12 0
Market expences.	-	3	0 0
40 Loads of ftraw,	-	30	0 0
Cafli in hand,	-	50	0 0
	£•	106	12 0
Total of thefe articles.	1525	9 5

The reader, doubtlcfs, remarks that I throw the arable of this farm into the an- nual courfe of, one turnips, two barley, three clover, four wheat i the turnips and 4 clover

( 52 )

clover manured every year with 20 loads of farm-yard compoft per acre. The horfes will not have time to bring manure from any town, as the work I have inferted above employs them for 285 days. I fhould re* mark, that the turnips carting, though fet down to the whole team, yet is the work only of two or three horfes, conftantly fup- plying the cattle with food. I ftock the 70 acres of grafs with 35 large oxen, and I calculate the 35 acres of turnips to fup- ply them in winter, with the affiftance of fome ftraw; befides which, they will fat 20 heifers, and winter 160 fheep, to be fum- mer-fcd with the cows and horfes on the clover : but though I affign the ftock, their food, in this manner, yet every farmer muft know, that the cows, horfes, and fheep muft by turns follow the fatting cattle for change. The principal point is, that 70 acres of grafs, 35 of clover, 35 of turnips, 70 of ftraw, and thirty pounds worth bought, will maintain the above cattle; and that no one can doubt.

Annual

( 33 )

Annual Account.

Expenceu /. s. d.

Rent, &c. - -. - 264 12 o 35 Oxen, - -' - 350 o o 160 Sheep, - - - 96 o o 20 Heifers, - - - 60 o o

Seed for 35 acres of wheat, 35

of fpring corn, 35 of clover,

and 35 of turnips, - - 42 17 G Labour, - - - - 139 4 8

Sundry articles, - - 5^ ^^

O

	£' 1009	'e'	2
Produce.	/.	s.	d.
35 Fat oxen, at 16 /.	560	0	0
20 Ditto heifers.	100	0	0
160 Ditto fheep.	- 192	0	0
5C0W&, ^	25	0	0
35 acres, of wheat, I22i- qrs.
at 40 i.	- 245	0	Q
1 1 2v qrs. of barley, at	16 s, - 90	0	0
	C I2I2	0	0
Expences,	- 1009	6	2
	203	13	10
Intereft of ftock.	66	5	0
Profit,	- £' ^37	8	IQ

Vol. 11. D The

( Si y

The capital pays 15 /. 7 r, per cent. With the gentleman the account is as fol- lows :

StocL /. s.	d.
Rent, &G. - - 264 12	0
Live flock, - - 62 a 0	0
Implements, - - - go 4	6
Seed and tillage, - - 102 16	3
Labour, - £, 139 4 8
iy per cent, - 37 10 0
176 14	a
Sundry artieles, - - 106 12	0
>C- ^362 19	_5
Annual Account.
Expences, /. j.	d.
Kent, - - - 264 I a	0
350xen, iSofheep, qoheiferS) 506 0	0
Seed, - - - 42 17	6
Labour, - - - 176 14	8
Sundry articles, - - 56 12	0
^.. 1046 16	2:
Produce, /. s.	d..
The fame, - - 1 2 1 2 0	0
Expences, - - 1046 16	2
165 3	10
Interefl, | - - 68 2	0
£-97 I	10

12/.

{ 55 )

12 L a s.'is the intereft the capital pays,- tvhich is more than in the laft farm by bet- ter than zper cent, which difference is owing to this containing fo much more graf^.

Variation the fourth.

One hundred and fifty acref^ all grqf.

Stock.

Renty &c. /. s. d.

Rent of 150 acres, at i /. ^ 150 00

Tythe, at 4 J. - - 30 o o

Rates, 2cc. at4x. - - 2^0 o o

£, 210 o o

iT

LivefiocL One horfe, - - - 15 o a 150 Steers, at 5 /. - - 75^ Q ^

Itnplements. One three-wheeled cart, - - 700 Sundry fmall articles, including

harnefs, -. - 600

Labour. 150 Perch of ditching, and cart- ing the earth into the land, 3 j. 22 10 o Sundry fmall articles, - -500

£. 27 10 o

0 2 Sundry

(- S6 )

Sundry articles. I, s, d.

Shoeing, and wear and tear, - i lo o

Market expences, - - i o o

Cafli in hand, - - 30 o o

	£' 32	10 0
Total of thefc articles, -	I' 104^	0 0
Annual Account.
Expences.	/.	s. d.
Rent, &c.	210	0 0
150 Steers,	- 750	0 0
Labour,	27	10 0
Sundry articles,	_ 0	ID 0
	£' 990	0 0
Produce,
150 Fat fleers, at 8 /. -	1200	0 0
Expences,	■ -Mi.	0 0
	210	0 0
Intereft,	52	8 0
Profit,	£' ^57	12 0

The capital pays 21 I. 4.S. per ceiit.\ but I fhould remark, that the caculation of pro- *duce is very low : The increafe of price fhould have been 3 /. lOC However, I let it pafs, that the fewer objcdions may be made to the eftimate. The gentleman's account will ftand as follows : • Stocks

( 37 )
Stock.	I.	J-. ^.
Rent, iScc.	210	0 0
Live ftock, - - -	7^5	0 0
Implements, . - -	13	0 0
Labour, - ;^. 27 lo o
27 per cent, - - 7 5^	34	T r n
	^3 ^
Sundry articles,	32	10 0
£~	f055	5 0
Annual Account.
Expences,	/.	J. J.
Rent, &c.	210	0 0
150 Steers,	750	0 0
Labour, - - -	34	15 0
Sundry articles,	2	10 0
I	■997	5 0
Prochice,
The fame,	1200	0 0
Expences, - - -	997	5 0
	202	15 0
Intereft, - - -	52	15 0
£	• 150	0 0

The capital pays ig /. ^s. per cent, or within a trifle, as much as the farmer's. Every eftimate I can form will prove the

D 3 vaft

( 38 )

vaft fuperiority of grafs land to arable for gentlemen ; and at the fame time prove, that farming grazing farms is a moft pro- fitable bufinefs for them, in which they can make as good intereft of their money, and with fewer chances againfl: them, than in any other trade.

N^ 6. Variation the fifth. One hundi'ed and fifty acres ^ the foil clay or

loam arabk-i and laid doivn to grafs.

I {hall fuppofe this farm unfown with ahy grain by the preceding tenant at the defire of the new one, that he may get the whole laid as foon as poiTible ; ten acres of it I fuppofe old grafs.

Stock, &c.

Rent, i^c, /. s, d.

Rent of 1 50 acres, at 1 7 i, «• 127 10 q Tythe, at 4/. - ^ 25 10 O

Rates, Sec. at 4 J". - - 25* 10 o

		X.178	10 0
	LiveflocL
Four horfes,	^ -- — ImpUments.	^,6°	0 0
Two carts,	^ ^ ,	so	0 0
Harnefs,	•" »•	6	0 0

Carry over, - ^,26 00

Two

( 39 )

Brought over, £, 26 o o

Two ploughs, - - 3 3^

Harrows and rollers, - -400

Sundry fmall articles, - - 5 ^ ^

Seed and Tillage. /. s. d,

Four earths on 35 acres, - - 28 00 Seed for 35 acres of fpring-corn, 17 10 o

Sowing, - - *" 009

Water-furrowing, - - i 15 o

Harrowing, - - - 1^5^

Grafs-feeds, - - 35 ^ ^

Sowing, - - I 15 ^

Rolling, - - Q 4 o

£' 86 7 9 Labour,

Six'earthson 1 05 acres of fallow, 31 10 o Mowing, making, carting, and

flacking 5 a<:re8 of hay, - - 2 00 Mowing and harvefting 35 acres

of fpring-corn, at 4 /. - 700 Thralhing, 4 qrs. per acre, 140

qrs^ at I X. - - - 700 Carrying out 27 acres of barley, 1 08 qrs. 12 at a time, 9 jour- neys, - - - o 18 o Sundry fmall articles, - ^00

£-5^ 8 o

D 4 Sundry

( 40 )

Sundry articles^ l. s, d.

Shoeing, and wear and tear, -400

Firfl year's expence, - - >C- 4^9 ^ 9

Second year. Rent, &c. - - - 178 10 o Seed, fpring- corn for 105 acres, 52 10 o t)itto, grafs-feeds, - - 105 o o

5 Cows, - - 25 o o

^_r36_i__o_o

Labour,

Mowing, making, and flacking /. s. d.

35 acres of hay, - - 15 o o

Ploughing 105 acres thrice, - 15 15 o

Sowing, - - 1 ^ 2>

Ditto grafs-feeds - - S S '^

Harrowing, - - 163

■RolUng, - - - 080

Water-furrowing, - - ^ S ^

Mowing and harvefting, at 4 5. 21 00

Thrafhing, 4 qrs./J^r acre, 420

qrs. at I J. - - 21 o o Carrying out 97 acres of bar- ley, 4 qrs. per acre, 388 qrs. 12 qrs. at a time, 33 journies, 360 Sundries, _ _ - ^^5;

o o

£.' 94 II ^

Sundry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, £,*^. 00

Second year's expence, - ;C' 4^3 i ^ <^

Third

( 41 )■

Third year. I. s. d*

Hent, Szc. - - 178 lo o

27 Home-bred heifers, - - 108 o o

Labour. Mowing, making, and ftacking,

&c. 1 05 acres of hay, - 45 o o

Sundry fmall articles, - - 500

Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 500

Market expences, - - x io o

Third year's expence, - £. 343 o o

Fourth year. L s. d.

Rent, &c. - - 178 10 o

ijo Steers, - - - 750 o o

Labour. Mowing, making, and ftacking

one acre of hay, - - 070

100 Perches of ditching, and

carting the earth, - - 1500 Sundries, - - -300

Sundry articles. A fmali three-wheeled cart, - 700 Shoeing, and wear and tear, - i 10 o Market expences, - - 2, 10 o

£' 957 17 Q

Produce.

Firji year.

108 Qrs. of barley, at i6j-. C-^^ ^ o

Second

( 42 )

Second year, /. s. d*

388 Qrs. of barley, at 16 x. - 310 00

35 Tons of hay, at 2 /. - - 70 o o

5 Cows, - - . 25 o o

Third year, ay Fat heifers, at 7 /. - - 189 o o 105 Tons of hay, - - 210 00 5 Cows, - - - 25 o o Saleof 3 horfes, 2 carts, and imple- ments of tillage, which coft 80/. 35 0 o

£' 459 Q Q General Account.

Expence of firft year, - - 419 89

Intereft, - - 20 19 o

Expence of fecond year, - 463 1 1 6

Intereft, - - 44 2 o

Expence of third year, - 343 ^ ^

Intereft, - - - 61 5 o

Expence of fourth year, - 957 ^7 o

£• 2310 3 3

Produce of the firft year, - 86 8 o

■ of the fecond, - 405 o 6

of the third, - 459 Q Q

£' 95^ B Q

Total expence, - -• 2310 3 3 — Produce, - - 950 8 o

Total neceflary to ftock this

&nn, - - £• 1359 15 3

Annual

{ 43 )

Annual Account,

/. s. d.

Expences,

Thofe of the fourth year, - 957 ^7 ^

Produce. 150 Steers, - - - 1200 o o Expences, - - 9S7 ^7 Q

242 3 o Intereft, ^ - -. 67 19 o

Profit, - • >C' 174 4 o

The capital pays 17 /. i6j. />^r cent, which is a good profit ; and although not fo confiderable as the produce of a farm al- ready in grafs, yet it is much greater than that of moft arable ones. The gentleman's yiccount of this farm is as follows :

Stocky 6-T. /. Ss d*

The firft year's expence, labour

excepted, - - 3^7 o 9

Labour, - £-5^ 80

27 per cent, - 1400

66 8

The expence of fecond year, ex- cept the labour, - 369 o 0 Labour, - X- 94 ^ ^ ^ 27 per cent, - 25 7 o

■ • 119 18 6

Carry over, £^^22 73 Expence

( 44 ) Brought over, ^T. 922 7 3 Expence of third year, befides

labour, - - 293 o o

Labour, - - ^« 50 o o

27 per cent. - 13 10 o

63 10 o

Expence of fourth year, befides

labour, - - 939 10 o

Labour, - £* ^^ 7 ^

27 per cent, - 4 1^ ^

-340

£. 2241 ii_3^

FIrft year, - - - 433 8 9

Interefl:, - - - 21 13 o

Second year, - - 488 18 6

Interefl, - - 46 i o

Third year, - - 356 10 o

Interefl:, - - - 63 17 o

Fourth year, - - 962 14 o

£^ 2373 2 3

Produce. Of the firft, fecond, and third

year as before, - £. 950 8 o

Total expence, - - ^373 - 3 Produce, - - 950 8 o

Total ftock,- - - ^. 1422 14 3

Annual

laoo 962	0 0 14 0
71	6 0 2 0
r. 166	4 <^

( 45 )

Annual Account. Expences. L s. d.

Thofe of the fourth year, - 962 14 o

Produce. The fame,

Expences,

Intereft,

Profit, _ - -

The produce is 1 6 /. 13;. per cent, on the capital, which, to a gentleman, is notincon- fiderable, and proves, upon the whole, that, with fuch a fum of money, it is more ad„ vantageous to hire an arable farm and lay it down to grafs, (when a grafs one is not to be had) than to take an arable one for common management. N-^ 7. Variation thefixth. One hundred and fifty acres arable, the foil light enough for turnips, and marled,

chalked, or clayed. As much the greateft part, 'viz. 140 acres, is arable, I call it an arable farm ; the ten acres near the houfc are grafs for con- venience. I fuppofe the whole improved the firft year; and confequcntly, that no- thing is fown by the preceding tenant : The

marie

( 46 )

fiiarle, chalk, or clay, (for no diftindlon i5^ in common to be made between them iff point of expence) to be dug in pits out of which a cart can drive, and not like the chalk pits inHertfordfhire, wells for draw- ing it up in buckets. The foil of the farm I fhall fuppofe a light dry loam, worth about 7 J-. 6 d. per acre inclofed, without improvement, fuch being as common a5 any that is ever improved in this way. Stock, Rent, Gff. /. s, d,

I j*© acres, at 7 j. 6 ^. - 5^ 5 ^

Tythe, at 4 5. - - 1x40

Rates, &c. 2Lt^s, - II 4 o

£' 78 13 o

Livejiock, 4 Horfes, - - - £-60 o o

Impleinents. One waggon, - - 25 o o

Two carts, - - 24 o a

Harnefs, - • - 600

Two ploughs, - - 3 3^

Harrows, and rollers, - 400

Sacks, - - - 300

Sundry fmall articles, - 5 10 a

£' 70 I

o

Tillage, Three earths on ^s ^^^^^y " C- -^ 00

Labour,

( 47 )

Labotir. i. s. d.

Four earths on 140 acres, - 28 o o Mowing and making, &c. five

acres of hay, - - -200 Sundry articles of work, - 5 Q °

X- 35 o o Sundry articles. Marling, claying, or chalking

140 acres, at the rate of 100

loads /?^r acre, at ^l.per acre,.

including the filling, driving,

fpreading, horfes, carts, &c, 560 o o 36 Quarters of oats, - 23 8 o

Straw cut into chaff, - f? I o o

Shoeing, and wear and tear, 500

Cafhinhand, - - 3Q o o

£.620180

Total of thefe articles, £> 886 4 o Second year.

Rent, &c. - - jC- 78 13 o

20 Cows, - - ^.100 00

35'Heifersorfteers, at6/. lOJ^. ;^. 127 10 o

3 Sows, - - X- 3 Q Q Se^d for 2,5 acres of wheat, 35 of fpring-corn, ^,5 ^^ clover,

and 35 of turnips, - >r. 42 17 6

Labour,

( 48 )

Labour, L s, d,

I Earth on 3 5 acres of wheat land, i 15 O

Sowing, - ' - o 17 6

Water-furrowing, - - o B 9

Reaping and harvefting, at 6 i. 10 IQ Q Thrafliing the crop, 4I qrs. per acre, (or two years fallow,)

1574- qrs. 2X% s, - - 15 15 o Carrying out 10 qrs. at a time

16 journeys, - - - i 12 o Three earths on 35 acres of

fpring-corn land, - " S S ^

Sowing, - -" - 08^

Ditto clover, - - 089

'Vv'ater-furrowing, - - o 5 ^

Mowing and harvefling, at 4 ^. .7 00 Thrafliing the crop, 4 qrs. per

acre, 140 qrs. at i .?. - - 700 Carrying out 104 acres of har-

ley, 1 2 at a time ; 8 journeys, 0160 Mowing and making, &c. i o . acres grafs, and 10 of clover,

into hay, - - - 8 Q o Tour earths on 35 acres of turnips, 7 o c

Sowing, - - - o ^ 9

Hand-hoeing twice, at 7 .v. - 1 2 50 Drawing and carting home, at

7 J-. 6 d, - ^ - 13 2 6

Carry over, /J. 92 18 o

Chopping

( 49 ) Brought over, ^.92 18 o

Chopping, raking, and carting

35* acres of ftubble, - 4 7^

Ditching 150 perches, at 9 ^. - 5 12 6

Carting 500 loads of marie, chalk, or clay, (out of a pit) into farm- yard, 20 loads pe?" day, 2~ ^^ per load filling, and i J". 3 cl. driving, 25 days, at 5 J-. 5 d. 6155

Mixing 500 loads of marie with

1 1 40 of dung, 1 640 in all, at \d. 6168

Carting ditto on to land, 3 s, per fcore, and i i". 3 d. driving, 4 J. 3 d. per day, 8a days, - 1786

Cutting 300 bufhels of chaff, o 12 6

Sundry fmall articles, - - 6 o o

Sundry articles. I. s. d.

Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 15 00 Market expences, - - 300

40 loads of ftraw, - .'^o 00

£' 48 O o

Total of thefe articles, £. 540 1 1 7

Firft year, - - - 886 4 o

Intereft of ditto, - - 44 6 o

Total necelTary to flock tliis

farm, - - ^ £, 1471 i 7 Vol. II. E Annual

( so )

Annual Account.

Expences. /• •^' "

Rent, &c. - - ^- 7^ 13 o

35 Heifers, - - ' - 227 10 o Seed, - - 42 17 6

Labour, as before, - - 140 11 i

Sundry articles, - - __A?__2._?

£-5^1 II 7

35 Acres of wheat, 3-i qrs. />^r

acre, 1224 qrs. at 2 /. - 245 o o 26 Acres of barley, 4 qrs. />^r

acre, 104 qrs. at 16 ^. - 83 4 o

20 Cows, - - - ICO o o

OS Heifers or fleers fat, - SJQ ^ Q

X- 77^ 4 o

Expences, « - 537 n 7

240 12 5

Intereft, - - " _Z_^_Ll_2

Profit, ^•JL^?__Li

The capital pays 15 /. i^-^- per cent, I apprehend the reader will not imagine I have over-rated the prcdudl of this farm, becaufe the rent is fmall : The great ex- pence of the marling fhould be confidercd ; and as that manure agrees prodigioufly with light hazelly loams, I am confident fuch crops as I have fiated are not above the

truth.

■( ^51 ) truth. Ifuppofe the turnips to pay 3 /. 10 s. fer acre, which they ought to do ; for the expence on thein is great, in drawing an.d feeding cattle in a yard; The turnip is a vegetable that thrives prodigioully in light loams marled. The gentleman's account of this farm is as follows :

^tock.	/,	J-. ^.
Rent, &c. - - _ -	78	13 0
Live ftock, - - _	60	0 0
Implements,	70	13 0
Tillage, - - -	21	0 0
Labour, - - /^- 35 0 0
2.^ per cent. - - 9 9 0
	44 y ^
Sundry articles, including marl-
ing, &c. 560 /,	6:>o	18 0
Suppofe 350/. of it to be labour,
27 per cent, on that will be	94	10 6
	VS	8 0
Total, X-"	990	?> 0
Second year.
Rent, &c. - -	78	13 0
20 Cows, 35 heifers, and 3 fows.	330	10 0
Seed,	4-	17 6
Labour, - >C' i4-0 n i
^y per cent. - 37 16 0	T-R	7 I 7 7
Carry over, ^.	1 ^ 0
E 2	£'^	idry

( 52 )

Brought over, £, 630 7 7

Sundry articles, - - - 48 o o

£, 678 7 7

Firft year, - - - 99'-^ 3 ^

Intereft on ditto, - - 49 IQ Q Total neceilary to flock this

farm, - - - £- 17^8 o 7

Annual Account. Expences. Rent, &c. 35 Heifers, ^ Seed,

Labour, - - -

Sundries,

Produce,

The fame, Expences,

NT.
	L s. d.
	78 13 0
	227 10 0
-	42 17 6
	178 7 I
	48 0 0
;C.	SIS 7 7
	778 4 0
	575 7 7
	202 16 5
	85 18 0
L	116 18 5

Intereft,

Profit, - - -

The capital pays 11 /. 16 s. per cent.

This farm pays the gentleman extremely wel'l ; but I fhould remind him, that all thefe arable farms are, to him, open to numerous objedlions, which cannot be reduced to cal- culation j for which rcafon he is always

to

( 53 )

to be very cautious how he engages in an ex^ ^ tenftve arable bufmcfs, before he has gained experience infmall.

N^ 8. Variation the feventh. Eighty acres^ all arable^ foil clay or loam, cultivated upon improved principles.

Stock. L s. d.

Rent, &c. as in N^ i. - ico i6 o

Implements, as before, - - 36 i 6

Add a waggon, _ - - Harnefs (cart) for one horf^,	-5 ■ 2	0 0 0 0
Live Stock,	16.^	17 6
Four horfes,	60	0 0
20 Cows,	100	0 0
3 Sows, - -	3	0 0
I; Seed and tillage.	163	0 0
Four earths on 20 acres of wheat
land, " " ." ~	16	0 0
Seed, - - -	12	0 0
Sowing,	0	10 0
Water-furrowing,	I	0 0
Two earths on 15 acres of bar-
ley land. Seed, - - -	6 7	0 0 10 0

Carry over, /,". 43 00 E 3 Sowing,

( 54 )

Brought over, £* 43 o o

Sowing, - - - 039

Water-furrowing, - - 076

One earth on 5 acres of oat land, I 00

Seed, - - - 2 10 O

Sovving, - - 013

V/ater-furrowing, - - 026 Seed for 5 acres of clover, and

fowing, - - 113 Seed for y^ acres of cabbages,

I lb. to 5 acres, - - 140

£. 49 -Q 3 Labour. Five earths on y-l acres of cab- bage-land, - - I 17 6 Digging the feed-bed, and fowing, 030 Planting, at 5 .c - - i 17 6 Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 ^. - 0150 Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j-. - 3 00 Cutting the cabbage, and carting

home, Sit ^ s, - - 1176

Five earths on 2 74- acres of fallow, 6176

Weeding 2o acres of wheat, - 100

Reaping and harvefting, at 6 ^. - 6 00 Thrafhing the crop, 2~qrs.per

acre, at 2 j. - - 5^0 Mowing and harvefting 20 acres

fpring-corn land, at 4 s. - 4. o o

Carryover, £'3^ ^ °

Thrafhing

( S5 ) Brought over, £-3^ Bo Thrafliing the crop, 4 qrs. per

acre, at i j. - - 400

Chopping and raking 20 acres

of wheat-ftubble, at i j-. 6 ^. i 10 o Carting ditto to the farm-yard, 090 Mowing and making 2 acres of

clover-hay twice, - - 0160

Carting ditto home, - o iG o

Ditching 130 perches, - - 6100

Carting the earth of ditto, 390

loads, 1 2 loads per day, 33

days, 3 men, - * 4190

Carting dung and earth out of

farm- yard, 90 loads, of each

1 80, filling and fpre.ading, 3 s.

per fcore, - - - 170

Driving away 15 loads /J^r day, o 12 o Turning over dung in yard with

an equal quantity of ditch- earth thrice, - - ^ 5 ^ Carting faggots home, - -020 Kollow-ditching the 20 acres of

fallow defigned for lucerne,

32 inches deep, 4 inches wide

at bottom, and 18 at top :

digging, filling up, materials,

Carry over, /.. 54 ^4 ^

E 4, carting,

( 56 )

Brought over, £-54: ^4 ^ carting, &c. &c. 3.t g d. per perch, and i6oo - - 6o o o Sundry articles of work, - 4 o Q

ii8'	14 0
2 7 per cent, - *• 3 ^	10 0 4 0
Shoeing, and wear and tear, £. 7	0 0
Total, - 'I. 650	5 9

The general defign of the firfl: year upon this farm is, to bring it into order for the intended hufbandry : 7^ acres of cab- bages are planted for a winter provifion (with ftraw) for twenty cows; and thofe who are acquainted with the cabbage cul- ture will agree, that this is a very fimple allowance. Having thus pro\'ided for the winter, I fuppofe the twenty cows bought in Odober or November, as then they can be procured to the beft advantage ; in thofe months they are cheaper than in any other, The lucerne being drilled in April follow- ing, will be ready for them (at the rate of one cow per acre for the firft year), by the time the cabbages are done, which will be the end of May. It is the bufmefs of the fccond year to provide for, and complete the whole flock. There are m.any variations in thefc accounts, and too numerous for as

?nany

( 57 )

many explanations. As to the cabbage culture, the prices are charged fuch as I have experienced them, and I am very con- fident not under the truth.

The foil of this farm, like the preceding,

1 fuppofc in proportion to the rent, that is, found good clay or loam, naturally fo, or improved by former draining ; but I, not- withftanding, allow a new draining to the

2 0 acres of lucerne, as that vegetable de- lights in clay more than in any other foil, if it is perfectly dry ; for which reafon I increafe the drains if it was done before, or new-drain it if not, that the field may be certain at all events of lying perfectly dry : And I charge it with 80 perches to every acre. I fuppofe alfo five acres of the preceding farmer's clover to ftand an- other year.

This firfl: year's flate of the farm is, 2 o Acres of wheat. 20 Ditto of fpring-corn. 5 Ditto of clover. i-i Ditto of cabbages. 27-i Ditto of fallow.

Produce of the firjl year, L s. d.

20 Acres of wheat, - -8^00

i^ Ditto of barley, - - 45 Q'Q

£' 125 o o

Account

( 58 )

Account of the fecond year. Expert ces. Rent, &c. - - £' ^00 i6 o

20 Cows, - - - £	'. 100	0 0
3 Sows,	jC.3	0 0
Seed for 1 2I acres of wheat,	>C.7	10 0
Ditto for 20 acres of fpring-corn,	£.10	0 0
Ditto for 5 acres of clover,	>C.i	0 0
Ditto for 15 acres of cabbages,	£.^	8 0
Ditto for 20 acres of lucerne,	r.6	0 0
Sundry articles,	£.7	0 0
Lahoicr.
One earth on 1 2-^ acres of wheat	/.	s. d.
1. land,	0	12 6
Sowing,	0	^3
Harrowing 5 acres,	0	I 3
Water-furrowing,	0	12 6
Weeding,	0	12 6
Reaping and harvefting, at 6 /.	3	15 0
Thrafliing, _ - -	3	2 6
Three earths on 20 acres of
fpring-corn.	0	0 0
Sowing,	0	5 0
Harrowing,	0	S 0
Water-furrowing, ^	0	10 0
Mowing and harveiling, at 4 s.	4	0 0
Thraihing, _ _ -	4	0 0

Carry over, £- ^i 26 Sowing,

( 59 ) Brought over, £.21 26 Sowing 5 acres of clover, - 013 Mow^ingand making 2 acres twice, o 16 o Carting, - - - -0160

Chopping and raking 1 2-1 acres

of ftubble, - - - 0189

Carting, - , - -060

Ditching and carting, as before, 11 90 Ditto dung out of yard, 150 loads, filling, fpreading, dri- ving, and turning over, - 4127 Carting home faggots, - -020 Sundry fmall articles of work, -400 Two earths on 20 acres lucerne

land, - - 200

Three harrowings, ^ - 050 Drilling : This is a difficult point to fettle; to drill 20 acres by hand would coft more than a drill-plough, and that purchafe for one fingle job is going dear- ly to work: I ihall therefore Suppofe one bought for ;C* ^ o ^ And when the lucerne

is fown, re-fold for -400

400

Labour-drilling, - o 10 o

Carryover, X^. 50 »9 i

Hand-

( 6o )

Brought over, ^.50 ip j Hand-hoeing 4 times, at 6 J. 24 o o

Cutting 3 times, at I J-. 6d. - 4 10 o Raking together, loading, and

carting home, at i s. 6 d. 4 10 o

Five earths on 15 acres of cab- bage land, " - 3 15 o Diggingthcfeed-bedjfowing, &c. o 60 Planting, at 5 j. - - 3 15 o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6d, - i 10 o Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j. 600 Cutting and carting, at 5 x, - 3150

203 o~7 2"] per ce}2t. - - 27 5* o

Total, £. 367 19 I

Produce, I. s. d,

20 Cows, - - - 100 o o

1 2| Acres of wheat, - - 50 o o

J 5" Ditto of barley, - - 45 o o

Expences, - - - 367 19 i Produce, - - 195 o o

T ^7^ ^9 I

Intereft of flock, - 44 14 o

Lofs, - - _ _^ .,j^~~

Account

( 6i )

Account of the third year, Expences.

Rent, &c. - - £. 100 i^ Q

Seed for 20 acres of wheat, £, 12 o o

Ditto for 2 o acres of fpring-corn, ^. 10 00

Ditto for 5 acres of clover, - £.1 o^

Ditto for 15 acres of cabbages, y. 2 80

Labour. One earth on 5 acres of clover

land wheat, Three earths on 15 acres of

ftubble land, - - - Sowing, - - -

Harrowing, - - _

Water-furrowing, Weeding, Reaping, harvefting, thrafhing,'

and carrying out. Three earths for 20 acres of

fpring-corn, Sowing, Harrowing, Water-furrowing, Mowing, harvefting, thraftiing,

and carrying out the barley, 8 90

Carryover, £- S^ 23

Sowing

/.	s. d.
0	5 0
2	S 0
0	10 0
0	I 3
I	0 0
I	0 0
12	12 0
3	0 0
0	5 0
0	5 0
0	10 0

( 63 )

Brought over, £> ZO g 3

Sowing 5 acres of clover, - 013

Labour on 15 acres of cabbages,

as before, - - 19 i o

Hand-hoeing the lucerne twice,

at6i. - - - 1200

Horfe-hoeing it four times, twice

equal to ploughing an acre, 2 00

Mowing, raking, loading, and

driving away five times, at 3 J-. 15 00

Mowing and making 2 acres of

clover, and carting, " - I 12 o

Chopping and carting Hubble, 2 00

Ditching 130 perches, - 6100

The quantity of earth outof tlicfe ditches will be 400 leads, to be carted into farm-yard, (I here calculate for4horfes,) 400 at 20 per day are 20 days, at 3 d. per load filling, and i j-. 3 ^. driving, 6 s. o J. per day, - ^50

The 43 head of cattle will, if they have plenty of ftraw, make 1 2 loads of dung per day, which quantity I fhall fuppofe, (as ibme flraw is to be bought to fupply the deficiency of the crops) that

Carryover, ^. 9 f 11 6

is,

( 63 ) Brought over, £. 94 11 G is, 516 loads : Thefe are to be mixed up with 400 loads of earth, in all 916 loads, at i <^. - 3 160 Filling and fpreading 916 loads,

3 s. per Icore or day; and I J. 3 d. per day driving, or

4 J-. 3 <i. 46 days, - - 9 15 ^ Carting faggots, - - 020 Sundry fmall articles of work, t^ o o

	ii3	5 0
27 per cent. - - -	29	II 0
£■	142	16 0
Sundry articles.	/.	s. d.
Shoeing,	0	8 0
Wear and tear,	6	0 0
Thirty loads of ftraw.	20	0 0
	28	8 0
35 Heifers or fmall beafts, at 5 /.	75	0 0
20 Home-bred heifers, at 3 /.	60	0 0
Total, £.	433	8 0
Produce.
40 Cows,	203	0 0
20 Heifers fat,	100	0 0
15 Beafts ditto.	105	0 0
20 Acres of wheat, 3 qrs./>^r acr«,
60 qrs. at 2 /.	I 20	0 0

Carry over, /". 525 00 15 Acres

{ 64	)
Brought over, £. 525	0 0
15 Acres of barley, 4t	qrs./>^r
acre, 674 qrs. at 16 s	. - - 54	0 0
	I' 519	0 0
Expences,	433	8 0
	146	12 0
Intereft,	56	13 0
/	^•89	19 0

There are feveral explanations requifite here.

I fuppofe the 20 acres of lucerne to feed two cows per acre, and fat a heifer befides. Ifurther fuppofe the 15 acres of cabbages, with the affiflance of the ftraw, to winter- feed 40 cows, and fat 15 beafts, to the im- provement of 2 /. each.

Thefe 35 acres yield therefore a produce (with the affiftance of the ftraw) of 270 /. or near 8 /. per acre. The reader, before he con- demns the calculation as ciitre^ muft reflect. Firft, That the annual cxpence of thefe

crops is immenfe. And, Secondly, That the 15 acres of cabbage- land are manured every year with above 60 loads /?n' acre, of compoft, half ditch- earth and half dung. Now, if the produce was Icfs than 8 /. this year, thefe crops would not be worth cultivating.

6 I have

( 6,- )

I have increafed the flock proportionally to the improvement of the lucerne, which is not fo good the firft and fecond year as afterwards.

The corn-crops are much greater than upon former farms of this fizc, and I think with very good reafon ; the manuring 15 acres of cabbages, goes over the whole farm in four years. If this is confidered, the crops will appear fmall rather than great: And this, notwithftanding wheat and barley are not feparated, which is not in common good hufbandry ; but (o large a flock of cattle required much flraw, and for that reafon I allowed it.

Annual Account.

Expejices. /. s. d.

As before, - _ _ 433 8 o

Add 15 more beafls, - 75 o o

Ditto 20 ditto heifers, - 60 o o

	£■	568	8 0
Produce.
As before,	-'	579	0 0
15 Fat beafls, -	-	105	0 0
SO Ditto heifers.	-	ICO	0 0

£. 784 o o Vol. II. F Produce,

( 66 ) Produce, - ' £• 7^4 Expences, - - -] 5^^	0 8	0 0
i^ per cent, on capital, - 216 Interefl of ftock, - - 56	12 13	0 0
Profit, - - ^. 15^	^9	0
General Account. /.	5.	~d.
FIrftftock, - - - 652 Produd of the firft year below	5	9
the expence of the fecond, 242 PfodQ(!ij: of the fecond year below	19	I
the expence of the fucceeding
ones, - - - 238	8	0
£' 11.33	12	10

Which fum is rcqiilfite to flock this farm.

It appears from this calculation, that gentlemen may farm upon equal terms with farmers, and, under all their difadvantages, make even a larger profit.

I fuppofe the cows to yield 5 /. after all expences paid except food. There are great numbers of objedions to gentlemens having large dairies; but it matters little v;h ether the lucerne is applied to feeding cov.'s or fatting heifers, and the cabbages to fatten oxen. Thofc crops may undoubt- edly be made to pay as well or better than I have fiated. I inftanced cows, as I be- lieve

{ 6; )

lieve the profit of both thofe vegetables to be greater in feeding that animal than any other : And as the profit of the fwine are included in the 5 /. allowances may certain- ly be made for the gentleman's difadvan- tages. The clover will keep the young hogs till they are of a proper fize to drive to market.

N" 9.

Variation the eight. One hundred and fifty acres arable^ the foil clay or loam^ cultivated on improved principles.

Ten acres I fuppofe to be grafs hy rfie houfe, for convenience, the reft arable and cultivated under the following courfe; i. Cabbages; q. Barley; 3. Clover; 4. Wheat; which is, for an improved courfe, I think, as profitable a one as can be pradifed on a

clay foil.

Stock.

Rent, &c.

Rent of 150 acres, at 18 s.

Tythe, at 4 5.

Kates, &c. at 4 i",

F 2 Jmplements.

L	S. d.
0 ''	0 0
27	0 0
2'^	0 0

( 68 )

Implements, /. s. d.

One waggon, - - 25 o o

Two carts, - - 20 o o

Harnefs for 6 horfes, - - 10 o o

Three ploughs, - - 4 H ^ Harrows and rollers, - 400

Sacks, - - - 4 10 o Sundry fmall articles including

dairy-furniture, - 20 o o

£.88 46 Stock,

Live Stock. I. s. d,

6 Horfes, - - - 90 o o

30 Cows, " - 150 o o 4 Sows, - - - 500

100 Beads, - - B^o o o

I' 7A5 Q Q

Seed and tillage. I. s. d.

Four earths on 35 acres of wheat, 28 00 Seed, - - - - 17100

Sowing, - - - o 17 o

Water-furrowing, - - i 15 o Two earths on 35 acres of fpring-

corn, - - - - 14 o o

Seed, - - - - 17 10 o

Carry over, ^.79 12 o Sowing,

( 69 )

Brought over, >C' 79 ^^ o Sowing, - - - 089

Water-furrowing, - - o 17 6

Seed clover, - - - 700

Sowing, - - - 009

Harrowing, - - i 15 ^

One earth on 33 acres fallow, -700 Water-furrowing, - - o ly 6

£' 97 J9 ^

Labour, L s. d.

One earth on 35 acres of wheat, i 15 o

Sowing, - - - 089

Water-furrowing, - - i 15 o

Weeding, - - i 15 o

Reaping and harvefting, at 6 j. 10 10 o Thrafliing the crop, 3 qrs. pr

acre, 105 qrs. at 2 J. - - 10 10 o Carrying out 10 qrs. at a time,

10 journeys, - - i P o Three earths on 35 acres of fpring-

corn, - - - ~ S S ^

Sowing, - - 089

Water-furrowing, - o 17 6

Sowing clover, - - o ^ 9

Harrowing, - - - 089

Mowing and harvefting, at 4 /. 7 o Q Carry over, ^T- 42 26

F 3 Thrafhing

o

o	14	0
^7	0	0
6	10	0
8	15	0
3	10	0
H	0	0
8	15	0

( 70 )

Brought over, jC* 4^ Thrafhing the crop, 4 qrs. per

acre, I40qrs. atii. - - 7 Carrying out 22 acres of barley, 88 qrs. 1 2 at a time, 7 journeys. Four earths on 3 5 acres of cabbages, 7 Digging the feed-bed, feed and

fowing. Planting, at 5 j. - -

Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 (^. Two hand-hoeings, at 8 J. Cutting and carting, at 5 s. Mowing and making, carting and fhicking 10 acres of grafs, and 5 of clover, - ~ S S ^

Chopping and raking and cart- ing 35 acres of wheat ftubble, 410 o Ci;ching 200 perches, - - 10 o o Carting the earth, 600 loads, to farm -yard, 3^. per load filling, and I s, 3 d. per day driving, 30 days, at 6 J. 3^. - 9 7^

336 Head of cattle, at 12 loads each, and 1630 loads, in all .2230 loads, mixing, at \ d. 9 5 10 Carryover, £.136 14 10 Carting

23	12	o
o	5	o
9	o	o
o	i6	8

( /I )

Brought over, ^. 136 14 10 Carting 2230 loads on to land,

and rpreading, 3 s. per fcore

or day, and i j. 3 ^. driving

1 1 1 days, 4 J. 3 c/. Carting faggots, Sundry fmall articles of work,

to the amount of a boy at 6 d.

per day, - -

Cutting 400 bufhels of chaff,

170 8 6 ay per cent. - - - 45 i8 o

Smidry articles, /. s, cL

Shoeing, and wear and tear, 25 o o Market expences, - - 300

50 Loads of ftraw, - - 40 o o

Cafh in hand, - - - 50 o o

£' 118 o o

Total of thefe articles, £-1454 ^o ^

Produce of the firjl year. I. s. d,

35 Acres of wheat, 105 qrs. at 2/. 210 o o

22Dittoofbarley, 88qrs.at 16 j-< 70 8 o

30 Cows, _ _ _ l^Q o o

100 Fat beads, - - 750 o o

£. 118^ 8 o

F 4 Annual

{ 72 ) Annual Account.

Expellees. I. J", d.

Rent, &c. - - - 189 o o

100 Beafls, - ^ - 500 o o ^eed for 35 acres of wheat, 35 of fprlng-corn, 35 of clover, and 3 5 of cabbages, - - 47 ^ 2

o

Labour, - - - 216 6 6

Sundry articles, - - 68 o

£. 1020	18 6
Produce. /.	J". ^.
35 Acres of wheat, 3^- qrs. per
acre, I2a-i qrs. at 2 /. - 245	0 0
22 Acres of barley, 4I qrs. /?fr
acre, 99 qrs. at 16 j. - 79	4 0
30 Cows, - - 150	0 0
1 00 Fat beafls, - - 77i'	0 0
£' 1249	4 0
ExpenceSj ^ ^ - 1020	18 6
228	5 ^
Intercft, -^ - ^9	0 0

£' 169 j- 6

The capital pays 19 /. 6 >r. /?rr cent, and the farm is, upon the whole, a perfectly confiftent and well-regulated one ; and I think cannot (allowances being made for the gentleman's difadvantages in points not

reducible

( 73 )

reducible to eftimate) fail of proving to any one as advantageous as I have ftated it: 19 /. per cent, after a deduction of 27, on all la- bour, is a noble profit, and fuch as a gentle- man can never make, I am very confident, in any arable farm, managed upon common principles.

The cabbages and clover together, main- tain upon this farm as large a flock of cattle as are kept on half a fcore fuch by com- mon farmers ; confequently, here is a vafl concentration of manure, which muft, in the round of two or three courfes, fertilize the whole to fuch a degree, that the crops cannot fail of improving greatly, and the profit rifing much higher than I have flated it. After two courfes, I fhould calculate the wheat at 4^- qrs. per 'acre ; the fpring- corn at 54 ; the clover to pay 6 /. per acre ; and the cabbages 10/. 10/. Nor is this an extravagant fuppofition, for the 25330 loads of compoiL, raifed every year, covers the 70 acres of cabbages and clover every year ; which is fo noble a manuring, that immenfe crops cannot well be miffed.

And here I fhall add a word or two con- cerning the purchafe of flraw : I have not

yet

{ 74 )

yet had experience of any part of the king- dom in which this commodity is not to be purchafed in large quantities: fome there may be, in which a high price is requifitc to procure it; perhaps a ihiUing or two more than the market-price formed by the old demand ; for this reafon I have, in the above farm, and in all the reft wherein I fuppofe ftraw to be purchafed, charged fo high a price for it, as I apprehend is fuf- ficient to overturn the common pradice. Thus much it is neceffary to add, in anfwer to thofe who may think it difficult to pro- cure ftraw. The point is of very great im- porsance to the improvement of land, and the practice of a fpirited huft^andry ; for I muft be allowed to write to good farmers, under the fuppofition of their having bad ones for their neighbours. This idea is no ftrained one. But in cafe a neighbourhood is to be found inhabited by fuch excellent huft^andmen that not a load is to be bought, my cultivator muft take other means of raifing manure, although they may be more difficult ones; nor. will they, in many in- ftances, occafion any confiderable variation in thefe caiculaticns, as the cafl:i I have ap- propriated

( IS )

propriated for ftraw will, in many inftances, anfwer the fame end in a different manner. The two cafes of buying ftraw or town- manure, however, will include nine-tenths

of the kingdom.

N^ 10. Variation the ninth. One hundred and fifty acres arable^ the foil light-i and culti'vated upon improved principles.

Ten acres, as in the laft farm, I fuppofe grafs near the houfe. The courfe this farm is to be thrown into is, i. Carrots; 2. Bar- ley; 3. Clover; 4. Wheat. No manage- ment can be better, that does not embrace perfection, than this courfe for light foils. When 1 fay lights I do not mean ncccfj'arily fands, nor even fandy foils ; but fuch as are light enough for turnips, and deep enough (without meeting a rock or ftiff clay) to trench plough. It does not preclude an ad- hefive loam.

Stock. Rent^ 6'r. Rent of 150 acres, at 18 i, - Tythe, at 4 j-. Rates, &c, at 4^.

;C' 189 o o Implements,

/.	s.	d.
135	0	0
27	0	0
27	0	0

( 76 )

hnplements. A J. d.

The fame as in laft farm, - 8S 4 6

Livejiock. L s. d.

Sixhorfes, - - - 90 o o

30 Cows, * - - 150 o o

4 Sows, - - - 500

1 00 Beafts, - - - 500 o o

£' 745 Q Q

Seed and tillage, L s. d.

Four earths on 35 acres of wheat, 28 o o

Seed, - - - - 17100 Sowing, - - - -0176

Water-furrowing, - o 17 6 Two earths on 35 acres of

fpring-corn land, - - 14 c o

Seed, - - - - 17100

Sowing - - - 089

Water-furrowing, - - 089

Seed clover, - - - 700

Sowing, - - - 089

Harrowing, - - - i 15 o

Seed for 3 5 acres of carrots, at 6 J. 10 10 o

Labour. Labour, as before," on 3 5 acres of /. j, d, wheat, - - - 27 13 9

Ditto on fpring-corn, - 2229

Carry over, i^. 49 16 6

One

{ 77 )

Brought over, £.49 iG 6 One earth on ^^ acres of carrot

land, trench ploughed, with

6 horfes, half an a.cre per day,

4 men, 8 s. per acre, - 1400 Sowing, - - - I 15 o

Harrowing, - - - 089

Hand-hoeing, at 3 /. - - 1 05 o o

Digging up, - - 35 o o

Carting home, at 5 x. - 8150

Mowing, making, carting, and

flacking i o acres of grafs, and

of clover, - - S S ^

Chopping, &c. &c. 35 acres of

ftubble, - - 4 10 o

Labour on ditching, mixing,

carting, and recarting, as be- fore, - - 52 5 4 Carting faggots, - - 050 Cutting chaff, - - 0168 Sundries, - - 900

286 17 3 ly per cent, - - - 77 15 o

£' 3<^4 13 3

Sundry articles. I, s. d.

The fame as in the laft farm, >C- ^ ^^ ^ "^

Total, £. 1605 - o

^ Annual

( 78 )

Annual Account. /. s, d.

Rent, &c. - - - 189 o o

100 Beafts, _ -. - 500 o o

Seed, - -r " 5a 10 o

Labour, - - 365 12 3

Sundry articles, - - 68 o o

Produce. I. s. d.

35 Acres ofwheat, as in laft farm, 245 o o 22 Acres of barley, 5 qrs. per

acre, 120 qrs. at 16/. - g6 o o

30 Cows, - - - -1 50 00

100 Beafts, at 9 /. - - 900 o o

Expences, - - - 117 5 23

215 17 9 Intereft, - - - 80 5 o

Profit, - - - £77r5~2~9

The capital pays 13 /. g s. per cent,

which is a confiderable profit; but would

be much greater, were it not for the vaft

amount of the labour on the carrots.

Recapitulation OF this Chapter. Stocks reqinftte for the preceding farms, N°I. 220 acres; 220 arable

and 20grars; the foil clay or /. s. d.

loam, cultivated with 8 horfes, 1257 14 6

Ditto a gentleman, - 13 12 90

I N- IL

( 79 )

N° II. The fame cultivated with 6 horfes, - - 1092 o 4 Ditto a gentleman, - 1 148 9 4

N° III. 170 acres ; 160 arable, and 1 o grafs ; the foil light enough for turnips, - 1286 15 11 Ditto a gentleman, 1329 13 H

. N° IV. 210 Acres; one third grafs, and two thirds arable; the foil clay and light

loam, - - 13-S 9 5

Ditto a gentleman, - 1362 19 5 N°V. ij-Q x'^cres, allgrafs, 1048 o o Ditto a gentleman, - 1055" 5 o N° VI. 150 Acres ; 140 arable and 10 grafs ; the former laid down to grafs, - 1359 ^5 5

Dittoa gentVeman, - 1422 14 3 N°VII. 150 Acres; 140 arable, and 10 grafs ; the foil light enough for turnips, and /. s. d. marled, chalked, or clayed, - 1571 i 7 Ditto a gentleman, - 1718 o 7 N° VIII. 80 Acres arable, upon improved principles, cabbages and lucerne, - 1133 J- ^^

No IX. 150 Acres; I40 arable, and 10 grafs; the foil

clay.

( 8o )

clay or loam, and cultivated

on improved principles, cab- /. s. d,

bages in a courfe, - ^454 lo 6

N° X. 153 Acres; 140 arable, and lografs; the foil light, cultivated on improved principles, carrots in a courfe, 1605 3 o

Annual produce of thefefarms^ expences paid,

N°I. - - iC-i39 o 6

Ditto the gentleman, - N,II. - - - -

Ditto the gentleman, - N°III. - - -

Ditto the gentleman, N„IV. - -

Ditto the gentleman, N°V.

Ditto the gentleman, N° VI.

Ditto the gentleman, ISf^VII. - - -

Ditto the gentleman, N° VIII. Ditto, N° IX. Ditto, N' X. Ditto,

Profit

84	6	0
^S5	17	2
103	4	2
176	8	6
^2>^	10	7
203	13	10
165	3	10
210	0	0
202	'5	0
242	3	0
•^^7	6	0
240	12	5
202	16	5
216	12	0
228	5	6
21s	17	9

( 8i )

Profit per cent, on thefe farms, KM. - - - £.1110

Ditto the gentleman, 670

N°II. - - - 14 ir o

Ditto the gentleman, 900

N°III. - - - ^3 ^o ^

Ditto the gentleman, 100 o

No IV. - - - li" 7 o

Ditto the gentleman, 12 2 o

N°V. - - - - 21 4 o

Ditto the gentleman, 19 2 o

N°VI. - - - 17 16 o

Ditto the gentleman, 16 13 o

N°VII. ... -iS ^S 0

Ditto' the gentlemar^j 11 16 o

N° VIII. Ditto, - - 19 o o

N° IX. Ditto, - - 19 6 o

N^X. Ditto, - - - 13 9 O

Comparifon between the gentleman and the farmer in their profits per cent, in

thefcfarnu, L s. d.

N° I. The farmer, - i r i o

The gentleman, - - 6 ^ o

Superiority of the former, £. ^ 14 Q

No XL The farmer, - .1450

The gentleman, - 9 o Q

Superiority of the former, £'5A-2.

Vol. II. G NMII.

( 82 )

N^ III. The farmer, - - 13 13 o

The gentleman, - 10 o o

Superiority of the former,

N" IV. The farmer,

The gentleman, Superiority of the former,

N oV. The farmer.

The gentleman. Superiority of the former,

N° VI. The farmer.

The gentleman. Superiority of the former,

.N° VII. The farmer.

The gentleman. Superiority of the former,

The progrejjion of the farmer s far 7m in order of profit per cent.

N° 5. - - ^.2140

6. - - 17 16 o

7. - - 15 15 o 4. . - ^5 7^ 2. . - 14 5 o

3- - - 13 13 o

I. - • 11 I o

The

£-3	13 0
15 12	7 0 2 0
£-5	5 0
21 19	4 0 2 0
£'^	2 0
17 16	16 0 13 0
£'^	3 0
15 II	15 0 16 0
£-3	19 0

	(	83	)
Thepr	ogrejfton of the gentlemaih>,
N° 9.	-	-	.c.	19 6 0
5*	^	^		19 2 0
a	-	-		19 0 0
6.	-	-		16 13 0
10.	^	-		13 9 0
4»	-	-		12 2 0
7-	^	-		II 16 0
3-	-	-		10 0 0
2*	*	-		900
I,	-	-		670

Upon thefe feveral tables I muft make a few obfervations, to elucidate the fubje(5l of them, and draw them into as concife a view as poffible.

The moft profi table farm to the com- mon farmer is that which is all grafs : 0,1 I. 4 J-. per cent, is a noble profit on a biifmefs which requires but little, or at leaft but a periodical attention, which is liable to few difafters, dependent but little on the feafons, and conducted with fo much eafe, that the occupier may be faid to grow rich while he fits in his chimne;f-corner* It is, with thefe great advantages, much fu- perior to all the arable farms, notwith- ftanding their being carried on with endlefa G 2 attention,

{ 84 )

attention, and open to a multiplicity of evils.

The next beneficial farm is that laid down to grafs, and which ranking fecond, is a frefh proof of the vaft profit of grafs- farms ; for fijch a one is found fiiperior to all the arable ones, under the expence of being laid at the farmer's coft.

His third farm in profit is that improved with marie, chalk, or clay, which pays 15/. 15 J. per cent.'. From whence it is obfervable, that to expend large fums of money upon poor lands, is often more ad- vantageous, than to hire fuch as are im- proved to his hand.

The fourth in rank is that confifting of one third grafs and two thirds arable, which is nearly upon a par in profit with the laft. This management is advantage- ous, and much fiaperior to all, or near all, of a farm being arable.

The next farm is that v,^hich is all clay arable, except 20 acres, and cultivated with fix horfes : It pays 14 /. 5 ^c per cent, which is but a moderate profit compared with many others.

The

( 85 )

The fixth is the arable farm, the foil light enough for turnips : It is nearly on a par with the preceding one.

The laft is the clay arable, cultivated with 8 horfes, which pays only 1 1 /. is. per cent.

Upon the whole, the fuperiority of grafs is ftriking in each article. Sappofe two men to occupy one, N° 5. and the other N° I. the firft goes into bufmefs with a capital of 1048 /. which yields him an annual produce, all expences but that of intereft paid, of 210/. and makes a pro- fit of above 2 1 per cent. The other begins with a capital of 1257 /. or 200/. more than his brother, from which he annually receives but 139 /. and gains a profit o£ only 1 1 per cent, or very little more than half the other's. So much depends on a man's judgment in fixing hlmfelf in a farm. We here find that it is not fufficlent to get money ; a man mufl nnderftand the principles of his bufinefs to keep itj for, with above 1200 /. In his pocket, another may foon outftrip him, that pofTefles only 1000 /. It is an heavy misfortune for a man to exert his induflry, and beftow his G 3 attention,

( 86 )

attention, upon a bufinefs which cannot make him the returns he ought to receive. With what care and penetration Ihould he view the farm that is offered him ? How clearly fhould he calculate the probable expences, produce, and profit of it, that he may know, before he engages, w^hat he has reafon to expedt. Let him not, on fuch an occafion, forget, that with looo /. he may, in one kind of farm, make double the profit that he can with above 1200/. in another.

The table of the progrefTion of the gentleman's profit alfo afTords matter for refledlion, which fliould not be flighted. In all common farms he is inferior to the common farmer ; in the calculation this inferiority is confined to the article of la- bour, which, in many farm.s, particularly arable ones, amounts to a vafl: difference; and as thofc other points of comparative difadvantagc under which gentlemen liei abound mofl in the fame, they render fuch farms very precarious ; the more labour implies the more arable land; and confe~ quently, the more complex bufinefs, to which a gentleman can fcarcely give the

farmer's

( 8; )

farmer's attention. If a crop of wheat, for inflancc, be traced its progrefs through a farm, it is curious to obferve how many fituations it will be in, wherein its gentle- man mafler depend^ on the honerty of the hands through which it pafTes. F'lrji^ It is bought at market, at which bargain there is an opening at leaft. Secondly^ It is brought home, and wall, ii;i its journey, fuffer con- fiderable diminution, if the men are ac- cuflomed to flioot it into the heap in the granary without the rndL^cvh feeing it mea- fured. Thirdly, It is put into the hands of the fellows to fait, wafli, or brine; an ex- cellent opportunity of making free with the corn, and fupplylng its place with falt^ allies, lime, &c. If it is only waflied, the practice of fome countries, then the men may fieal half of it in the field; a precious opportunity ! My gentleman will not be the firfl: farmer that has found a fack of wheat in one of his ditches, buried up with twigs and leaves. Fourthly^ It is reaped, and in many counties where gleaning is much in practice, and with that impudence that is in fome, the fheaves of corn will chiefly add to the bundles of the gleaners. G 4 Fifthly

{ 88 )

Fifthly comes the thrafhing, in which I will venture to pronounce, that a gentle- man, who gives not the moft circumrpect at- tention to the very minutiae of hip. bufinefs, will be cheated to the amount perhaps of 5 or 6j or even To per cent, or h->, whole crop. It is a facS known in many parts of England, that many workmen I'carce ever thrafli in the fame cloaths they do their other bufmefs; they have coats wich pjc- kets, in the lining, that will hold each halfa peck :But befides this piece of knavery, th<.re are likewife the methods of filling bags, and buryimg them in the ftraw, or in any conve- nient place near the barn, and bringing them away in the night or other convenient time. Sixthly, It is meafured; i need but mention this article. Sei>e7ithly, It is carried to the granary, from thence loaded into the wag- gon, and drove to market, or the perion's that has bought it ; and the gentleman may depend on it, that unlefs he fees it mea- fured, facked, and loaded according to his bargain, his heap may fuffer a frefh de- dudion; for it is a very eafy matter to throw up a fack too much, and no difficult one to drop it at a labourer's houfe, or convert it into money.

( 89 )

Let not the reader imagine, that I have ftrained fads or probability, to make room for thefe dedudions ; nor have I wantonly attacked a fet of people with imputations of difhonefty, not to be found amongfl them. The manner in which the poor are brought up, the objeds conftantly before their eyes, the nature of their fituation, in a word, every thing confpires to give them a pilfering turn, which degenerates too often into fuch pradices as I have fketched. In one inftance their difhonefty is notori- ous in every county in England, which is their ftealing wood ; from a long habit of abufe, they are arrived at the pafs of confi- dering this as no theft ; and yet I cannot conceive any mode of reafoning which can throw into different lights the taking a neighbour's wood, or his corn, againft his confent. The one, even in their ideas, muft furely be confidered as his property, as well as the other; but fo ftrong is the juftnefs of this view of the cafe, that it af- fects even the country people ; for they pre- fently come to view corn and wood with the fame eye, and make equally free with both^

I appeal

( 90 )

I appeal to all real praclical hufband- men, whether they are not obliged, from the neceflity of the cafe, to have a moft watchful eye to their wheat, &c. &c. &c. under all the circumftances I ftated above.

I have digreffed Into this inftance only as one in many wherein corn-farms are open to peculiar difadvantages to gentle- men : And I may from hence conclude once more, as I have often done before, that we muft confider fuch farms under more dedudions than that of 2 7 per cent, on the labour, although that is the only one we can reduce to calculation. The great point to be deduced from thefe re- marks is, that fuch dedudions, not reducible to eftimate, lie always on the fame farms with that of the 2^ per cent, when higheft; or, in other words, on thofe farms which employ moft labour. I am fpeaking here only of common hufbandry ; confequently, in the compariibn between the farms, the contraft is in reality vaftly ftronger than it there appears, and is a very powerful ar- gument againft common arable farms for gentlemen. They were found much the moft beneficial to common farmers; how much more fo muft they be to gentlemen ?

In

( 91 )

In N^ 2. 27 per cent, on labour a»lone, makes a difference of 5 /. 5 j. /j^t r^w/. be- tween the gentleman and farmer In profit • or, in other v^ords, the farmer, on compa- rifon with the gentleman, faves more than the interefl of his capital in one article.

But, on the contrary, in the grafs-farm, and that laid down to grafs, the difference between them is only i /. 3 j-. and 2 /. 2 x^ per cent. ; fo that, on the plan of calcula- tion before adhered to, it is in thefe farms alone that the gentleman nearly equals the common farmer; and this appearance of

■ equality is, in reality^ almoft as real as it appears to be ; fuch farms not being open to thofe complicated obje^ftions I have fo often explained, but cannot calculate.

If we throw our eye over the progreffive table of the gentleman's "^vohx. per cent, we fee at once the farms which are to him mofl advantageous. The mofl: profitable is that on a clay foil, in which cabbages are intro-

-'duced in a common courfe : This farm pays, 9 /. 6 s. per cent, after the dedu£lion oi Q.'j per cent, on all the labour of it. This is a ftriking proof, that gentlemen, if they would make any thing of farming, or near-

( 95 )

ly rival the common farmer, mufl cultivate grafs alone, or purfue a more fpirited and accurate management of arable land than ever performed by common farmers ; as to their creeping on in that vulgar courfe under a million of difadvantages, v^rithout half the advantages naturally annexed to it, the condud: cannot poffibly be attended with any thing but utter lofs, and to fmall for- tunes utter ruin. The culture of cabbages here fketched is peculiarly valuable ; for it enables the clay farmers to keep as great Hocks of cattle as the turnip ones, and even greater, which is a mofl: valuable ac- quifition to hufbandry, perhaps the mofl valuable that has been made in this age : a peculiar benefit refped:ing it in favour of gentlemen, is the fimplifying their bufi- nefs, by reducing their buying and felling to a fmall compafs; for this culture may be (o managed, by keeping covrs, fheep, or young cattle, that all the cabbages, clover, ftraw, and hay of a farm, may be fold in one bargain, which is no trifling point. What a prodigious difference between fuch a condud and that of bad farmers, who jaife their clover for hay to fell, and carry

out,

( 93 )

out, and for feed ; who fow peafe, beans, or oats, &c. inftead of cabbages ; and who fell and carry out their ftraw ? What a complex, tedious, expenfive bufmefs is one ? How clear and fimple is the other ?

The next farm in point of profit to a gentleman is that which is all grafs. Too much has already been faid upon the ad- vantages of fuch, for the cafe to require expatiating on here.

The third in profit is that of cabbages and lucerne, (thefe three nearly upon an equality,) which I think can, with good managementj fcarcely fail of fuccefs, even fuperior to what I have fiappofed. But ■with farms conducted upon fuch fpirited principles as thefe, if a gentleman, with 1 1 GO /. in his pocket, (the fum requifite to ftock this farm) inftead of confining his attention to 80 acres, thinks he has money enough for 2 00 ; and when he has flocked fuch a farm, conceives the idea of culti- vating it upon fuch a plan, he will find himfelf mofl miferably difappointed. That very culture which, with a proper fum in his pocket, would turn out highly advanta- geous, may go near to prove the i-uin of a

maa

( 94 )

man of Tmall fortune, from the original want of 2 or 300 /. Vegetables of this nature may indubitably be carried to a yaft profit, but it is impoffible to be done with- out great expence; and any -abatement in that expence muft be attended with vafl dedudions in the profit. Lucerne has been tried in almofl every county in Eng- land, and has failed In more than it has fucceeded : And why ? Not from any fault or want of capability in the plant, but for want of culture. Writers of hufbandry have, in treating of this plant, very juftly expatiated on the neceffity of keeping it entirely free from weeds ; and, for a year or fo, fome gentlemen may have done it, but the novelty of the practice wearing off, their attention has declined, and the culture as furely come to nothing. No fad: is clearer, than that gardeners cultivate onions to a certain fize, and much advantage. Suppofe a perfon, in imitating them, fol- lows them only in the preparation of their ground and the fpreading their feed, but leaves out the hoeing, the confequence cer- tainly will be the total failure of the crop^ whereby all the expence he has allowed, is

thrown

( 9S )

thrown away. It is the fame with hiccrne, cabbages, or any of thefe vegetables that re- quire a fpirited and accurate culture ; all the fallowing and manuring in the w^orld will not do, if the fucceeding culture is denied.

Thefe vegetables feeding vail ftocks of cattle, they will be cultivated to no profit, if the gentleman has not a fufficient fum of money to purchafe all that is wanted. It is clear from the calculation of the farm, that if, with 1133 /. he attempts this cul- tureupon 100, acres inftead of 80, that he will lofe by it. This might be eafily proved by figures; but it would take up too much room.

The fourth farm in the gentleman's lift. Is that laid down to grafs, which, though it does not equal that already laid down in grafs, yet is fo profitable as to yield near ij per cent, and is fuperior to all the reft, infomuch that we may venture to decide, that fuch a farm is greatly fuperior for a gentleman, to any arable one commonly managed.

The fifth is that cultivated with carrots

in a courfc, which pays 13/. 9 x. per cent.

This profit, although confidcrable, is not,

I I appre-

( 96 )

I apprehend, fo high as many cIrcumPcances might carry it, and which I expert will hereafter appear in the fame farms on larger fcales. The reafon why the profit per cent, on this farm is fo much lower than that of cabbages in a courfe, is the great expence of the carrot-crop, which is the heavieft of any we have hitherto cal- culated. The reader may eafily vary the account to fuit any particular county, where the hoeing can be performed at a lefs chargeable rate; there are many fuch. About Woodbridge in Suffolk, where they are commonly cultivated, they are hoed thrice for I5r. ; but then the carrot-culture there has been in ufe time out of mind, and the work is done by the great at prices that have long been common and fixed, as hoeing turnips is in many coun« ties. Wherever the culture is not com- mon, no man will be able to get it done for any fuch price. It cofl me in Suf- folk 2 /. I o J. and 3 /. The firfl hoeing ■was \L 10 J. That no gentleman might be deceived in forming too flattering an idea, I have reckoned 3 /. per acre for hoeing: for that fum it may be done in a truly hulband-like aud accurate manner.

The

( 97 )

The fixth farm in the lift is that one third of which is grafs, and two thirds arable: it is the proportion of the grafs that renders this more advantageous than others.

Next comes the arable farm improved with marie, chalk, or clay : it is not to be wondered at that the preceding ones fhould be more profitable than this, which is im- proved at fo great an expence of labour, on which is a charge to the gentleman of 27 per cent. ; but, improved or not improved, arable farms can, in no common manage- ment, equal grafs ones to a gentleman.

The eighth farm is the arable one, the foil light enough for turnips, which pays 10 per cent, ; but this, like others of the fame fort, is by no means to be recom- mended to gentlemen. The ninth and tenth are the clay ::rable under different management ; and the worft of all, the profit fo fmall, that unfpecified dedudions would vaftly more than fwallow it up.

Farming, upon the whole of this view, appears, under a proper diredion, to be ex- tremely profitable to gentlemen ; but it like- wife appears, that if the money is expended

Vol. II. H without

f 98 J

Without a previous judgment, inftead of being profitable, it will be attended with ruinous lolTes.

CHAP. XXIV.

Of the mojl advantageous method of difpofing of any fum of money ^ from 1500 1. to 30CO L in farming. TN proportion as I advance in thefe in- •*- quiries, ii becomes neceflary to embrace a greater fcope for including in each chap- ter a greater variety of farms ; but it i& neceflary to repeat v;hat 1 have elfewhere remarked, that the divifioni make of thefe calculations into chapters, is not for exadt- nefs or accuracy, but that the reader may not be fo generally bewildered as he would be, if the fubftances of thefe volumes w^ere thrown together without any divifion. It is for this reafon a latitude is taken in each ; It would be impofhble to have the flock of each farm in a chapter exactly alike, with- out fo much adding, reducing, and fquar- ing, that the real praclical proportions would be much injured.

Suppofe a farmer poflcifed of 1642/. and haying viewed feveral farms, fits down

to

( 99 )

to calculate tlie profit he has reafon to expe£l from them : in fiich a cafe, what is the ufc he is to make of thefe papers ? Why, not to throw them afide, becaufe no fuch fum as 1 642 /. is to be found in them ; for how IS it to be expedled, that every fum in the power of figures to form, fhould be pro- portioned here in the flock of every fort of farm ? Inftead of having fuch an idea, I fuppofe him to look over my table of chap- ters, and finding one that treated of fums from 1000 /. to 1600 /. he may eafily ima- gine his cafe to be not far diftant ; and if he then throws an eye over the method I purfue in dating the ftock of a farm which requires 16 or 1700/. he will at once fee the manner in which he fliould arrange his own ideas, and adapt his eftimates to the land in queftion. I offer no ipfi dixits ; calculations cut and fquared like tables of interefl to fuit all poinble cafes ; I pretend to nothing but afnfling the honefl cultiva- tor in his clofet, not by giving him ideas, but by helping him to cultivate his ovvm ; and I flatter myfelf that this is reafon fufficient for the latitude I take in my chapters,

H 2: No r.

( 100 }

N'^ I. Four hundred and thirty acres of arable land^ the foil clay or loam. This is called an arable farm, but the 30 acres are grafs near the houfe, for conve- nience.

Stoch

Rent^ <^c, h s, d.

Rentof 430 acres, at 15^. - 322 10 o

Tythe, at 4/. - - 64 10 o

Rates, &c. at 4.% - 64 10 o

4	451	10 0
Livefoch	/.	/. d.
12 Horfes, - - -	180	0 0
50 Cows, - - -	250	0 0
8 Sows, - - -	10	0 0
ICO Sheep, - - -	60	0 0
L	500	0 0
Implements,	/.	s,d.
A broad-wheeled waggon,	70	0 0
Three narrow-wheeled ditto, -	75	0 0
Four carts, _ - -	40	0 0
Two fmall three-wheeled ditto,	14	0 0
Seven ploughs.	II	0 6
Three pair of harrov/s,	7	0 0
Three rollers.	8	0 0

Carry over, - >C* 225 06 Harnefs^

( 101 )

Brought over, ;t. 225 06

Harnefs, - - - 30 o o

80 Sacks, - - - 12 o o

Dairy furniture, - - 30 o o Screens, fieves, ropes, lines, &c.

&C.&C. - - 20 o o

Seed and Tillage,

Four earths on 100 acres of /. s. d,

wheat-land, - - 80 o o

Seed, - - - 50 o o

Sowing, - - - 2 10 o

Water-furrowing, - - 500 Three earths on 100 acres of

fpring-corn land, - - 60 o o

Seed, - - - - 50 ^ °

Sowing, - - 150

Water-furrowing, - 2 10 o

Harrowing, - - - 500

Seed clover, - - 20 o o

Sowing, - - 150

Rolling, - - o 10 o Two earths on 100 acres of

bean-land, - - 40 o o

Seed, - - - 40 o o

Sowing, - - 5 ^ ^

Water-fur rowing, - - 2 10 o

I' ,^65 .0 o

H 3 Labour.

( 102 )

Labour,

One earth on I oo acres of wheat- /. s. d,

land, - - - 500

Sowing, - - 150

Water-furrowing, - - 500

Harrowing, - - 150

Weeding, - - - 500

Reaping and harvefting, at 6 j. 30 o o Thrafhing, 3 qrs. fer acre, 300

qrs. at 2 J. - - - 30 O o Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time,

1 5 journeys, *- - i 10 o Three earths on 100 acres of

barley and oat land, - 15^^

Sowing, - - 15°

Ditto clover, - - i 5 ^

Harrowing, - - ' 5 °

Water-furrowing, - 5 ^ °

Rolling, - - - 050

Mowing and harvefting, at 4 j". 20 00 Thrafhing, 4 qrs. -per acre, 400

qrs. at I J-. - - 20 O O Carrying out 80 acres barley,

320 qrs. 30 at a time; 10

journeys

o o

Three earths on 100 acres of

bean-land, - - 15 o ^

Carry over, C* 159 00

1 Sowing,

( 103 )

Brought over, f^. 159 00 Sowing, - - - 500

Water-furrowing, - - 2 10 o

Hand-hoeing once, at 6 ^. - 30 o o Horfe-hoeing 3 times, at 6 ^. - 7100 Reaping and harvefting, at 7 j-. 35 00 Thrashing, 3 qrs. per acre, 300

qrs. at I >f« - - - 15 o o

Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time,

15 journeys, - - - i 10 o Chopping and raking loo acres

of flubble, at I J-. 6 ^. - 7100

Carting home, three waggons,

and 5 men, 6 days, - i 10 o

Ditching 400 perches, - 20 o o

Carting 1 200 loads of earth, 30

per day, 40 days ; 3 d. per

load filling, and 2 s, 6 d»

driving, 10 s. per day, 20 00

62 Head of cattle, at 12 loads,

744 loads mixing with 756 of

-the above earth, in all 1500

loads, ati^. - - 650

Carting 1500 loads, and fpread-

ing, at 3 s. per fcore, and

2 s, 6 d. driving, at 7 s. per

day, 50 days, - - i^ 10 o

Carry over, jC- 3^^ 5 o

H 4 Mowing,

( 104 )

Brought over, >C' S^B 5 o Mowing, making, and cocking

30 acres of grafs once, and 10

of clover twice, - - 1000

Carting ditto, and flacking, 10

days, of 7 men, - - 4 7 6

Thatching, - - o 15 o

Cutting chafF, - - - i 13 4 Carting faggots, - -0100

Sundry labour concerning the

horfes, the fheep, the fwine,

and other articles not fpecified,

to the amount of a labourer

a year, - - 24 o o

Ditto unfpeclfied articles, a boy

a year, - - 900

£. 378 TO 10

Sundiy articles, /. j-. d.

Shoeing, - - - 740

Wear and tear, - - 50 o o

Market expences, - - 500

Cafli in hand, - - 100 o o

£■ 162

O

Total of thcfe articles, "^ C'^'^75 '^5 4 In this account there are variations from all the preceding, and I think not unnecef- farily ; However, I have already employed fornany pages in explanations, that I fhall It in future the more fparing of them.

Annual

s.	d.
lO	o
o	o

{ 105 )

Annual Account.

Expences. /.

Rent, &c. - - - 45' 100 Sheep, - - - 60 Seed for ico acres of wheat, 100 of barley and oats, 100 ot clover, and 100 of beans, - 160 o o Labour, - - - - 378 10 lO

Sundry articles, - - ^- 4 o

>C- 11^^ 4 IQ Produce, 100 Acres of wheat, 300 qrs. /. s, d^ at 2 /. - - ^ 600 o o

80 Of barley, 3 20 qrs. at 16 i-. 256 o o 100 Of beans, 300 qrs. at 32 J. 480 o o 50 Cows, 100 Sheep,

Expences,

Intereft, Profit,

The capital pays 27 /. 6 /. This is very confiderable profit, and yet I do not appre* hend the product charged too high. The addition of 100 fheep is on account of the

breadth

250 120	0 0	0 0
>C- '706 I I 12	0 4	0 10
593 108	15 16	2 0
i:.484	19	2

( io6 )

breadth of land ; it would be contrary to ireafon and fad: to adhere to an exadt pro- greffion under fimilar circumflances ; be- caufe no fheep were formerly thrown in, is not a reafon for not allowing them here. So large a farm as 400 acres may be pro- portionably flocked with great cattle, and yet, from its fize, afford food for a certain number of fheep. The expences are run up as high, I think, in every article, as any one can calculate them. The gentleman's account of this farm is as follows :

Stock, /.	s.	d.
Rent, &c. - - 4^*1	10	0
Live flock, - - 500	0	0
Implements, - - - 3^7	0	6
Seed and tillage, - - 365	10	0
Labour, - £. 378 10 10
57 per cent, - 102 i 0
480	II	10
2114	12	4
^ndry articles, - - i6j?	4	0
£. 2276	16	4
Annual Account.
Expences, /.	s.	d.
Rent, &c, - r 451	10	0
Sheep, - - ^0	0	0

Carryover, £' S^^ ^'^ ^

Seed,

(' lo; )

Brought over, ^f. 511 lo o

Seed, - - - 160 o o

Labour, - - - 4^0 11 10

Sundries, - - - 62 4 o

		^.	1214 5 10
	Produce,		/. s, d.
^he fame,	-		1706 0 0
Expences,	-		1214 5 10
Intereft,	-	£	491 H 2 113 17 0
Profit,	'• 377 17 2

The capital pays q i /. 1 2 J-. the large- nefs of which profit reminds me of the great number of difadvantages the gentle- 5fnan is fubjedt to in fiich a farm as this : They cannot be calculated, but are un- doubtedly great. The reader certainly carries this circumftance in his mind.

N° 2. Variation thejirjl. Five hundred and thirty acres arable^ the foil day or loanu The thirty acres I fuppofe, as in the laft farm, to be grafs, for convenience, near the houfe.

Btoch

( io8 )

Stock, L s, d.

Rent of 530 acres, at 15 s, - 397 10 o

Tythe, at 4 j". - - 79 10 o

Rates, &:c. at 4 j. - - _22._1?_?

Livejloch I, s. d.

16 Horfes, _ - - 240 o o 6s Cows, - - ^25 o o

9 Sows, - - 1100

150 Sheep, - - - 90 o o

jT. 666 o o

Implements. L y. d.

The fame as before, - 31706

Two more ploughs, - 3 3 o

Harnefs for 4 horfes, - 800

Additions to dairy-furniture, -500

£-333 3 ^

Seed and Tillage, I, s. d.

In the laiT: farm, - 365 10 o

Add a fourth, - 9176

Labour, In laft farm, except the attend- /. s, d, ance on cattle, - 345 10 i^

Add a fourth, - - 86 7 8

A man and boy, as before, - 33 o o

^.J6ri8 6

Sundry

( 109 )

Sundry articles, L ^. d.

Shoeing, - - 9 12 o

Wear and tear, ^ - 6o o o

Market expences, - - 5 ° ^

Cafiiinhand, - - loo Q o

	_	£■'■	174 ]	[2 0
Total,	2652	I 6
Annual Account,
Rent,	xpences.		/.	10 0
Sheep, Seed, Labour,	-		90 200 464	0 0 0 0 18 6
Sundries,	Produce,	£'.	74 1386	12 0 0 6
125 Acres of w	'heat, 375	qrs.	/.	s. d.
at 2/. 100 Acres of barley, 400 qrs, at i6j-.	75^ 320	0 0 0 0
125 Of beans, 37 65 Cows, 150 Sheep,	5 qrs. at I /. m ■1	12 J.	600 180	0 0 0 0 0 0
Expences, Intereft,	2175 1386 788 132	0 0 0 6 19 6 12 0
Profit,	C'656	7 «

The

( Jio )

The capital pays 29 /. 14 x. ^er cent. The gentleman's account as follows :

Ztovk»		/. s. d.
Rent, - "^ -		556 10 0
Live flock, - -	-	666 0 0
Implements,	-	333 3 ^
Seed and tillage,	-	456 17 6
Labour, - £,. 464	18 6
ZiT per cent. - 125	11 0	j-go 96
Sundries,	€~	174 12 0
	2777 12 6
Annual Account	,
Expences	•	/. J. J.
Rent,	-	556 10 0
Sheep, - *	-	90 0 0
Seed,	-	200 0 0
Labour,	-	590 9 6

Sundries,

"Produce, The fame, Expences,

Intereft^

Profit, - - - £'5^4: II 6

The

r.	1436 74	19 € ii> 0
/:.	1511	II 6
	2175 1511	J-, d, 0 0 II 6
	663 138	8 6 17 0

( III )

The capital pays 23 /. 18 /.; but this, like all arable farms to gentlemen, is fub- jedt to numerous inconveniencies and de- dudtions not reducible to calculation. Few gentlemen would chufe to manage fuch a bufinefs as this, without the afliftance of a bailey, whofe board, wafhing, lodging, horfe, &c. cannot be reckoned at lefs than 60 or 70 /. a year^ befides what he may think proper to cheat his mafter of. How- ever, as baileys are mere afliftants to idle- nefs, I fhall never fuppofe them kept : I might, with as much propriety, fuppofe any other matter of eafe or imagined con- venience : all which a gentleman may, it is true, employ; but they never ought to be fet down to the account of neceffaries. I fhall offer, before I conclude this work, fome hints for the ufe of fuch gentlemen as arc defirous of managing without baileys.

Variation the fecond. Three hundred and fifty acres arable^ fht foil light enough for turnips.

Thirty acres of this farm I fuppofe grafs near the houfe.

Stock.

( 112 )

Stock,

Rent, &c.	i	J, d*
Rent of 350 acres, at 1 5 x. -	262	10 0
Tythe, and rates, at 8 s.	105	0 0
£l	?D^7	10 0
Livejiock.	I	s,d.
12 Horfes, - - -	180	0 0
40 Cows, . - -	200	0 0
i6 Sows,	8	0 0
160 Steers or heifers,	800	0 0
80 Sheep,	48	0 0
£■'■	1256	0 0
Implements,	/.	J. d.
The fame as in N° i .	317	0 6
Seed and tillage.
Four earths on 80 acres of wheat-	/.	s.d.
land, - - -	64	0 0
Seed,	4.0	0 0
Sowing,	2	0 0
Water-furrowing,	0	0 a
Three earths on 80 acres of
fpring-corn, - - -	48	0 0
Seed, - - -	40	0 0
Clover ditto.	16	0 0
Harrowing,	4	0 0
Sowing, - - -	2	0 0
Water-furrowing,	-^	0 0
Ope earth on 80 acres fallow.	16	0 0
L'	236	0 Q

Labour*

( "3 )

Labour, One earth on 80 acres of wheat- /. x. d, land, - - 400

Sowing, - - -100

Harrowing, - - i

o o

Water-furrowingi - - 200

Weeding, - - 400

Reaping and harvefting, at 6 j. 24 00 Thrafhing, 3I qrs./>^r acre, a 80

qrs. at 2 X. - - 28 o o Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time,

14 journeys, - - 180 Three earths on 80 acres of

fprlng-corn land, - 1200

Sowing, - - - loo

Harrowing, - - 100

Water-furrowing, - 100

Mowing and harvefting, at 4 J. 16 00 Thrafhing, 4^. qrs. ^^r acre, 360

qrs. at I J. - - 1800 Carrying out 252 qrs. 30 at a

time, 8 journeys, - - o 16 o

Five earths on 80 acres of turnips, 20 o o

Harrowing, - - 10,0

Sowing, - - 100

Hand-hoeing twice, at 7 j. - 28 00 Carryover, jf.T6^ 4~o

Vol. II. I Drwin-,

( 114 )

Brought over, £- i6^ 40 Drawing the turnips, and carting

them home, at 7 j. 6 ^. - 30 00 Chopping and raking 80 acres

of fkibble, _ - . - 600

Carting ditto to farm-yard>.i..,f._..._j^, /

5 men, 5 days, - - ^.,.^;; 5 o Ditching 300 perches, - . - ,i-i^f - o O Carting 900 loads of earth to .,,^: •

farm-yard, 30 ^er day, S9 -^-^^

days, at 10 s, - .^ . |'^j.;P,.9

a 12 Head of cattle,_at 12 loads^^^^ • ^.

each, 2544 mixing with 90'9.,^^^ a^iH'

earth, in all 3444 loads, at i^..^ 5^^. 5[* o Carting 3444 loads, 30 per day, ,: ,. .

1,14 days, at 7^. - - . 3? ^^ ^ Mowing and making 30 acres of

grafs. once,, and 7 of clovejr^_

twice, - - - ^ n.. o o

Carting> and flacking Q days,

7 men, .- ,^.;' - 3 ^^ 9

Thatching, ■ -'' "-' - ; o 12 o Cutting chaff>^_^._,-^^,.^^- ,. .3„^J, 13 4 Carting faggots,. - - . -O o -O

Sundry^ articles of work about

cattle, &c. a man a year,, v^4. ^ ^

Ditto- fmall articles unfpeciiied, 9 '^ ^ ... £>'M7_±J,

Simdry

( 115 )

Sundry articles, i. h d.

Shoeing, - - 740

Wear and tear, - - 50 o o

Market expence^j - - 4 10 o

Cafli in hand, . - - lOQ . o o

„ £, 161 14 o

Total, - - .^ X^. 2655 10 7

Annual Account.

Expenccs, I. s. d.

Rent, - 367 10 o

160 Steers, •- - - 800 o o

80 Sheep* - - 48 o o

Seed, * ^ - iq8 o o

Labour, - - - 337^1

Sundries, - - - 61 14 o

Produce »

80 Acres of wheat, 2^0 qrs.~ /. /. d,

at.2 /. ' - '" - 560. o o

252 Qrs. of barley, at 16 j.-- 2or 12 o

40 Cows, - - 200 o o

160 Fat beads, at 7 /. ~ 1120 o o

So Sheep, - _ - 96 o_ o

^.2177 12 o

Expehces, ** - 1742 10 r

' 435, 1 ^^ Intereft, ^ - - 132 icp

Profit, - _ ™ T. '2.02 '6 II I 2 Tiic

( i'6 )

The capital pays 1 6 /. 7 /. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows :

StocK h s, J,

Rent, - - - 367 10 o

Live flock, . - - 1236 o o Implements, - - 31706

Seed and tillage, - - 236 o o Labour, - - jC- 337 ^ i 27 percent, - 90 19 o

428 5 I

Sundries, - - - 161 14 o

£, 2746 9 7

Annual Account.

Expences, I. s. d.

Rent, - - - 367 10 o

160 Steers, - - - 800 o o

80 Sheep, - - - 48 o o

Seed, - - - 128 6 o

Labour, - - 429 5 i

Sundries, - - - 61 14 o

£, 1834 9 I

Produce* /. x. d.

The fame, - 2177 12 o

Expences, - - 1834 9 i

£•343 2 II

Intereft, - - £'^?>7 7 2

Profit, - " £' 205 15 IX

The

( "7 )

Tlic capital pays 12 /. 9 j. per cent.

Variation the thh'd. Three hundred acres y the foil clay or loam ; one third grafsy and tivo thirds arable.

The 100 acres of grafs in this farm I fup- pofe to be meadow, or rich upland, worth I /. 5 J-, per acre, and the arable I reckon at about 15/.

Stock,

Rent, 6'^. i' -f- ^'

Rent of 300 acres, at 18 j. 270 o o

Tythe and rates, at 8 j. - 108 o o

		£■	378	0 0
	Livejlock,		/.	s.d.
10 Horfes,	-		150	0 0
50 Cows,	-		250	0 0
20 Steers,	-		140	0 0
50 Sheep,	- - -		3^	0 0
5 Sows,	— *"	f<	6	0 0
	576	0 0
	Lnplcjnents.		/.	s,d.
A broad-wheeled waggon,	-	70	0 0
Three narrow-wheeled ditto.	1	■ 75	0 0
Harnefs,	- - «		20	0 0
3 Carts,	-		30	0 0

Carry over, f. 195 00 I 3 6 Ploughs,

( ii8 )

Broiight over,- ^.195 60 6 Ploughs, - - 9 9 P

3 Harrows, - - 700

3 .Rollers, one for grafs, - 10 p o

60 Sacks, - - ■'d ':'.© Q

Sere,en&j bufhels, fhovels, lines,

forks, rakes, whe^L-barrows, {'q-j £\c:'

Sec, &c. &c. Sec, : ,.- _ . . j^q, -Q'.Q

Dairy furniture, - - 30 o q

£■_	280	9 0
Seed and tillage.
Four earths on 50 acres of	^- ,	s. d.
-wheat-knd, "_ -	40	0 0
Se^a,-: 1'-.	^5	0 0
Sowing, - •- '-	I	5 0
Water-furrowing,	/>	10 0
Three e^irths on 50 acres of
- ^ring-corn land.	30	0 0
Seed,	25	0 0
Sowing, - - «	0	12 6
Cloverl^feed,	10	0 0
Sowing',	0	12 6
Harrowing,	0	10 0
Water-furrowing,	2	10 0
Oxk eanli on.jo acres of bean-land,	!o	0 0

Labour,

-'1' c^'^^"8 12	6.
. ,33rrH 2 -nbcg'^^	6^
	d

( '« );

^T ^5 ."^ ,-: ..'Q :».""- '^o'li '" ^ ■" '■ Labmif. .•:;.,

One earth on 50 acres of ^vlieat- .,, -:A ^., d-

O. TO O

land^ , Sowing; _ - Harrowing, Water-furrowitig, ,..,.,.,..^. .

Weeding, - . .^^ - 'A- n

Reaping and harveftmg, at 6 .. I^^,.0^o

Thraihing the crop, 3 ^''' ^%,^^^ ^

acre, 150 qrs. at 2 j. ^ -. /> Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time,

^ . - _ ' o 10 o

8 journeys,

Three earths on 50 acres of

barley and oat land, - 7 10 o

Sowing, Ditto th Harrow Water-furrowing,

Rolhng, - ^

Mowingandharvefting, at4^. 10 o o

Thrafhing the crop, 4t ^^s. ;)^r

acre, 225 qrs. at i j'. - 11 5 ^

Carrying out 30 acres of barley,

i-s,- qrs. 30 ^t ^ ^*'^^^' ^ o

journeys, Three earths on 50 acres of bean

land, - " - --^ 7-7

Carryover, £.80 16 6

T 4 Sowing,

o 12 6

1 - o 12 <^

Ditto the clover, ^

o 12 o Harrowing,

2 10 o

( 120 )

Brought over, ^. 80 i6 6 Sowing, - - 2100

Water-furrowing, - 15°

Hand-hoeing, at 6 J. - 15 o ^

Horfe-hoenig 3 times, at 6 ^. - 3 15 O Reaping and harvefting, at 7 J. 17 10 o Thrafliing, 3 qrs. per acre, 150

qrs. at I J. - - 7 10 o

Carrying out, 20 qrs at a time,

8 journeys, ,' ^^ 7^ , ,.. ^. 0160

Chopping and raking 50 acres

of ftubble, - - 3150

Carting home, 5 men, 4 days, i o o

Ditching 300 perches, - 15 ° *^

Carting 900 loads of earth to farm-yard, 30 loads a day, 30 days, at 10 s. - 15 ° °

60 Head of cattle at 12 loads each, 720 loads mixing with 90c; in all 1620, at I J. 6 15 o

Carting 1620 loads, ^^^ per day,

54 days, at j s. - - iS 18 o Mowing, making, and cocking

35 acres of gnifs, - 8 15 O

Carting ditto, and Hacking, 7

days, of 7 men, - 2> ^ ^

Thatching, - - o 15 O

Catting chaii; - - ^ ^3 4

Carry over, ^. 203 15 i

Carting

( 121 )

Brought over, ^.203 15 i Carting faggots, - - 080

Sundry labour concerning the

cattle, &c. a man a year, 524 o o

Ditto unfpecified articles ; a boy, 900

Sundry articles. /. s. d.

Shoeing, - - 7 4 o

Wear and tear, - 40 o o

Market expences, - - 5* o o

40 Loads of ftraw, - - 30 o o

Cafh in hand, - - IQO o o

£. 1^2 4 o

Total, - /;.i8o3 16 I

Annual Account.

Expences, /. J". <^

Rent, &c. - - 378 o o

20 Steers, - - 140 o o

50 Sheep, - - 30 o o

Seed for 50 acres of wheat, 50

of barley and oats, 50 of beans,

and 50 of clover, - 80 o o

Labour, - - 237 4 X

Sundry articles, - - 82 4 o

£■ 947 8 I

Produce,

1^0 Qrs. of wheat, - 300 o o

135 Qrs. of barley, at 16 s. 108 o Q

Carry over, £. 408 o o

* 150 Qrs.

( 122 )

■ . - I ■

Brought over, ^, 408

150 Qrs. of beaiiSy' at 32 s^ 240

50 Cows, .-. , - 250 50 Sheep, - ic;jb.::^ ^i.-: ^^

20 Steers, - - 280

0	e
0	0
0	0
0	0
0	0

:^'"~ . ;. . X:.i23B	0	0
Expenccs, - - 94Z_	8	:-TB
( ; " SgfQ	n	II
ImerefVj - - ^7. .. •9o_	3	a
Profit, - - - - . 200	8	1 1
'I'he capital pays 16 T. i s, percent.	The
gentleman's account is as follows :
i„;. Stovk, L	s.	^.
Rent, &c. - - 578	0	0
Live- Stock, - - 576	0	0
Implertients, -i- - - 280	9	0
Seed and tillage, - ' ^S^	0	0
Labour, - ^. 237 41
1'] per cent, - G^) ^9 ^	r»	T
0^^	0	X
Sundry articles, - - 182	4	0,
£■ >»67	16 ■	I
Annual Account.
Expences. L	J-.	^/
Rent, &c. - - 2>7^	0	0
So 'Steers, - - H°	0	0
5^0 Sheep, - - 3°_	0	0

Carry over, jC- 54^ ° *^

Seed,

( 123 ) Brought over, ^. i:48. ^o 9.

Labour, - .-.^r,^ ' i^^ ' Z '

Sundry'articles, ' - *""..-. 82 4. q

V j:: -"-^. ifori' y-^-f

'Product, I. s. d,

Thdfanie, - " -"" 1238 "U ' 6

Expcnces; - ■^' loli 7 i

Interefl, • - " - " 9J 7. '^

Profit, ' - ■ - ~- X-^3__5_ii The capital pays 1 2 /. 2 j. /?^r c^«/. . but the reader is not to forget the dif- advantages a gentleman labouirs under in fuch a farm, in points not reducible to efti- mate : He hcije appears .greatly inferior to the common farmer. Let us, in the next place, ftate an account • of the flime farm under an improved culture^ to difcover if the gentleman cannot thereby equal or ex- ceed him.

Variation the fourth,

Three hundred acres ^ the foil clay or loami

one third ^rafs, and t%vo thirds arable \

cultivated on improi}ed principles ;

cabbages in a courfe.

This variation is no more than fubftir

tuting

( 124 )

tuting cabbages in the place of the beans ; but in its confequences this will be found confiderable.

Stock, L s. d.

Rent,- &c. as before, - 378 00

	Live Stock.
10 Horfes,	«	150	0 0
20 Steers,	-	140	0 0
100 Cows,	-	500	0 0
80 Steers,	-	400	0 0
10 Sows,	- ..-	13	0 0
60 Sheep,	-	36	0 0
	£''.	1239	0 0
	Lnplements,
The fame as	before, - ^, Seed and tillage.	,280	9 0
The fame as	before, - £. Labour,	150	0 0
One earth or	\ 50 acres of wheat-	/.	s. d.
land,	- - - -	2	10 0
Sowing,	-	0	)2 6
Harrowing,	-	0	12 6
Water-furrowing,	2	10 0
Weeding,	-	0	10 0
Reaping, &c.	^5	0 0

Carryover, >C- "3 15 ^ Thrafiiing,

( 1^5 )

Brought over, £- ^Z ^5 ^ Thraftilng, 4 qrs. per acre, 200

qrs. at 2 X. - - SO o o Carrying out, 20 at a time,

10 journeys, - - i o ^ Three earths on 50 acres of bar- ley and oat land, - 7100 Sowing, - - o 12 6 Ditto the clover, - - 0126 Harrowing, - - - o 12 6 Water-furrowing, - - 2 10 o Rolling, - - - 05^ Mowing and harvefting, at 4 J. 10 00 Thraihing, 5 qrs. /'i'r acre, 250

qrs. at I J. - - - 12 10 o Carrying out 3 2 acres of barley, 160 qrs. 30 at a time, 5

journeys, - - o 10 o Five earths on 50 acres of

cabbage-land, - 12 10 o Digging the feed-bed, and fowing, o 15 o

Planting, at 5 j. - - 12 10 o

Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 *:/. - 500

Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j-. 20 o O

Cutting and carting, at 5 x. - 12 10 o Chopping, raking, and carting

50 acres of ftubblc, - 4 ^5 Q

Carry over, >C- ^47 ^7 ^

Ditching

( l?6 )

Brought over, £". 147 17 6 Ditching 400 perches, - 20 o o

Carting 1200 loads of earth to

farm-yard, 30 loads /)<fr day,

40 days, at 10 j-. ' - sq o O

1 90 Head of cattle at 1 2 loads,

228oloadsrhixingwith 1200,

In all, 3480, at I J. - 14 10 o

Carting 3480 loads, at 30 per

day," 116 days, "j s. - 40 12 o

Mowing, making, and cocking

25 acres of grafs, - 6	5 0
Carting ditto, 5 days, of 7 men, 2	3 4
Thatching, - - 0	15 0
Cutting chaff, - - i	13 4
Gaftlng faggots, - 0	8 0
Sundry labour concerning the
cattle, , ' - - 24	0 0
S-undry fmall unfpecilied articles, 9	0 0
287	4 21
%^ per cent, - - 77	9 0
£.' S<^4	13 a
Sundry (vrticks. I,	s. d.
Shoeing, and wear and tear, -. 47	4 0
Miirket expences, - - 5	0 0
50 loads of ftraw, . - * 40	0 0
Cafh in hand, ■'-:•"> fci' - 100	0 0
L' 192	4 0
Total, f^. 2G04	6 2
^fluixiv. Annual

( IZJ )
. , AnNUJ\L AC€QUNT.
Expctices, . /.	7.	d.
Rent, - - - 37B	0	0
80 Steers, - - - 400	0	0
ao Ditto, •■ - " ^4^	0	0
60 Sheep, - - 3^	0	0
Seed far 5q acres of wheat, 5 0 of
fprlng-corn,- 50 of clover, and
50 of cabbages, - <^8	0	0
Labour, - - - 3^4;	f3	■^
Sundries, - - - 9^	4	p
£. 1478	17	3
Produce, I.	s. ..	jdfs
200 Qrs. of wheat, - 400	0	0
160 Ditto of barley, - 128	0	0
100 Cows, , . - - 500	0	0
80 Steers, . - - 720	0	0
20 Ditto, - - . 280	0	0
60 Sheep, - - 72	0	0

jT. 2100 o o

Expences, - - - 1478 17- 3

621 2 . 19

Intereft, - - 1 3^ 4 o

Profit, - - - X^. 490 18 iQ

The capital pays 23/. \(\s. per cent.

which is very confiderable on a farm that

iiS naore advantageous to a gentleman than

2 one

{ 128 )

one moftly applied to the culture of corn ; only one third of this yields grain in a year.

Some may perhaps think I have rated the produce too high ; but if they confider the largenefs of the fum employed in flock- ing it, and the vaft quantity of cattle kept by means of the cabbages, infomuch that 3480 loads of manure are every year raifed, which are fufficient to cover 70 acres of land, at the rate of 50 loads an acre; if this is for a moment refledled upon, I am clear the produ(St will fooner be thought too loiv than too high. This proportioned farm is, of all thofe containing more arable than grafs land, I believe, the moft ad^ vantageous. The general (ketch is,

100 Acres of grafs. 50 Ditto of clover. 50 Ditto of cabbages.

40 /. worth of purchafed ftraw, and that of 100 acres of corn, maintain

100 Cows.

20 Summer-fatted fleers. 80 Winter ditto. And, 60 Sheep.

The

( 129 )

The yearly purchufed cattle /. j-. d.

fell for - - 1072 o o

They coft, - - 57^ o o

496 o o

Product of 100 cows, - 500 o o Produd: of the above grafs,

clover, cabbages, and ftraw, 996 o o

which is within a trifle of 5 /. per acre. Is not this proof fufficient, that the above calculation is 'very low ? For, if 200 acres of land, with the afTiftance of fo much ftraw, under fuch numerous and great ex- pences, flocked at fo large an expence, and manured fo immenfely, will not yield fuch a produce, it certainly will produce nothing.

Variations in the manner of flocking, in the method of feeding the cattle, and other particulars, may be made, according to the difpofition of the farmer ; but under any fuch variations, the fum I have ftated for live-flock will be found neceflary j and it matters not, to the ufe of thefe calculations, whether it be expended in the manner I have flietched.

I have explained the flocking of this farm, to fliew, that in many of my efli- mates, wherein I may be thought to have

VoL.IL K dealt

( 130 )

dealt in very large totals, the funis ana- lized, and compared with the foil and ex- pence, will fliew that nothing is extrava- gantly rated. Many books have been pub- lifhed, that promife immenfe riches from the pradicc of agriculture, not from an even and inceffant induftry, but from the execution of flighty and impradicablc ideas. Many hundreds per cent, profit have been talked of; but I am well convinced, that nature, in this country at leaft, requires nrl, indiijlry-i and unremitted attention in the cultivators of the earth, or fhe will not yield eveny??/^// profits. Virgil was of the fame opinion in the warmer clime of Italy.

Pater, ipfe colendi

Haud fa'cilem effeviam z-oluit, primufque per art em Movit agros^ curls acuens mart alia corda.

I know not any one of thefe cflimates, wherein the profit is greater than is made in fome other branches of bufinefs ; and not more confiderable than it really ought to be, in one that ingrolTes all the time and attention of a man, however fmall hijv capital.

( I3i )

N° 6.

Variation the fifth.

Four hundred acres'^ all grafs.

Stock.

Rent, &c, /. s. d.

kent of 400 acres, - - 4^^ ^ ^

Tythe, rates, &c. &c. &c. at 8 x. 1 60 00

Livejlock. Two horfes. Four hundred fleers, -

Implements. I. s. d.

Two fmall three-wheeled carts, 14 00

Harncfs, - - 3^0

Sundry fmall articles, - 509

^•23 00 Labour. 350 Perches of ditching, and

carting, and fpreading the /. s. d.

earth, at 3 /. - 52100

Sundry fmall articles, - 7 10 o

X-6o 00 K 2 Sundry

£.560	0 0
/.	s. d.
30	0 0
2000	0 0
>C- 2030	0 0

( 132 )

Sundry articles.	/.	s.d.
Shoeing, and	wear and tear, 3	0 0
Market expences,	I	0 0
Cafh in hand,	■"	80	0 0
	£'H	0 0
'	Total,	£' ^756	0 0
Annual Account.
	Expences,	/.	s. d.
Rent,	-	560	0 0
400 Steers,	-	2CCO	0 0
Labour,	-	60	0 0
Sundries,	— ~	4	0 0
	£' 2624	0 0
	Produce,	/.	s, d.
400 Steers, at	'il. 5^-	- 5300	0 0
Expences,	-	2624	0 0
		676	0 0
Intereft,	^	137	16 0
	C 53B	4 0

The capital pays 24/. 10 s, per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows :

Stock, ' I. s. d.

Rent, &c. - - - ^60 o o

Live flock, _ - - 2030 o o

Implements, - - 22 o o

Carry over, ^.2612 00 Labour,

( 133 )

Brought over, £.2612 00

Labour, - - ^T. 60 o o

2^ per cent, - 16 4 o

76 4 o

Sundry articles, - - 84 o o

C' 277^ 4 Q Annual Account.

Expenccs, I. s. d.

Rent, _ - - 560 o o

400 Steers, - - 2000 o o

Labour, - - 76 4 o Sundries, - - 400

£. 2640 4 o

Produce. I. s. d.

The fame, - - 35'^^ o o

Expences, - - 2640 o o

660 o o

Intereft, - - 138 iq o

Profit, - - 521 8 o

The capital pays 23 /. 16 s. per cent, an advantage, where there are fo few de- ductions reducible to calculation, too great to require expatiating upon. N^ 7. Variation thejtxth. Three hundred acres arable^ laid do'wn to grafu This farm I call an arable one, like many K 3 others,

( 134 ) others, becaufe it is chiefly fo; but 20 acres I /uppole to be grafs, near the houfe, for convenience.

Stock.

Rent^ &c. 1, s. d.

300 Acres, at 1 5 j. - 225 o o

Rates, tythe, &:c. &c. &c. 90 o o

A? " C	;i.5	0 0
Li'uejlock.	/.	s. d.
Eight hcrfes, - - i	:2o	0 0
Implements.	/.	J", d.
One waggon,	^5	0 0
Two carts,	20	0 0
Two fmall three-wheeled ditto,	H	0 0
Harnefs,	12	0 0
Four ploughs,	6	6 0
Harrows and rollers,	'1	0 0
Sacks, and fundry fmall articles,	10	0 0
f"-.	•■ 94	6 0
Seed and Tillage.
Four earths on 70 acres of wheat-
land, but fovv'n with fpring-	/.	s. d.
corn, - - -	56	0 0
Seed for yoacresof fpring-corn,	2>S	0 0
Sowing, „ - _	0	17 6 /
"VVatcr-furr owing.	3	10 0

Carryover, £.ijs 1 ^ Grafsr

( 135 )

Brought over, ^.95 'j 0 Grafs-feeds for 70 acres, - 70 o o Sowing, - - 3 io o

Rolling, - - - 080

Harrowing, - - o 17 6

journeys

o

Labour. I. s. d.

Six earths on 2 10 acres of fallow, 63 00 Mowing, making, carting, and

ftacking i o acres of hay, - 400 Mowing and harvefting 70 acres

of fpring-corn, at 4>f. - 14 o o

Thrafhing, 4 qrs. ^^r acre, 280

qrs. at I J". - - 14 o o

Carrying out 54 acres of barley,

216 ars. 12 at a time, 18

I 16 o

Sundry fmall articles, - 10 o o

£, ic6 16 o Sundry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, i^- 10 00 Firfl: year's expence, - ;^. 816 50

Second year. Rent, &c. - - i^'115_

Spring-corn feed for 210

acres, - - >('• 105

o o

o o

Grafs-feeds for ditto, - /^. 2 1 o 00

10 Cows, - - ;C-5^ O O

K 4 Labour.

( '36 )
Labour.
Mowing, making, and cocking	/.	J-.	d.
70 acres of grafs, Carting and flacking, Tiiatching,	17 7 I	10 0 10	0 0 0
Cutting chaff,	I	5	0
Ploughing 210 acres thrice,	31	10	0
Sowing, Ditto grafs-feeds,	10	12. 10	6 0
Harrowing, - - Rolling, ^ ^	0 0	12 16	6 0
Water-furrowing, r- Mowing and harvefting, at 4 j. ^ Thra filing, 4 qrs. per acre, 840	10 4^	10 0	0 0
qrs. at I J". Carrying out 776 qrs. 12 at a time, G^ journeys, Sundry fmall articles,	42 6 10	0 10 0	0 0 0
£':	186	~6	0
Sundry articles.	/.	s.	d.
Shoeing, and wear and tear, -	10	0	0
Market cxpenccs,	rt .1	0	0

/^- 13 00

Second year's expence, - ;^- 879 6 o

Third year,

Kent, &ic. - - ^. 315 o o

60 Hom(?-bred iKifers, - £. o^o ~o

l.'abom\

( -^3y )

Labour.

Mowing, making, and cocking /. s. d,

2IO acres of hay, - 52 lo o

Carting and ftacking, - 2100

Thatching, - - 300

Cutting chafF, - - i 5 <^

Sundry articles, - - Boo

Sundry articles. I. .r. d.

Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 700 Market expences, - - 200

Third year's expence, ^. 649 15 o

Fourth year. Rent, &c. - - ;f. 315 00

300 Heifers or fleers, - ^. 1500 o o

Labour. Mowing, making, and (lacking /. j-. d,

5 acres of hay, - - i 15 o

200 Perches of ditching and

carting, and fpreading the

earth, at 3 J". -^ - 30 o o

Sundries, - - 500

L' 36 li o

Sundry articles. I. s. d.

Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 200

Market expences, - - 200

Cafh in hand, ■-- ^ ^ 80 o o

^•84" o o Fourth year -s expences, - ^.1935 15 o

J^roduce^

{ 138 )

Produce.

Firji year. I. s. d,

2i6 Qrs. of barley, at i6 j. 172 i6 o

Second year. . /. s. d.

776 Qrs. of barley, - 6ao 16 o

70 Tons of hay, - - 140 o o

10 Cows, - - - 50 o o

£".010 16 o

Third year. I. s. d.

110 Tons of hay, - 420 o o

60 Fat heifers, - - 420 o o

10 Cows, - - 50 o o Sale of implements, and 86

horfes : They cofl 160/. - 80 o o

/C-970 o o

General Account. /. s. d.

Expences of the firft year, - 816 50

Intereft, - - 40 16 o

Expences of the fccond year, 879 60

Intereft, - - , 84 15 o

Expences of the thh'd year, - 649 15 o

Intereft, - - - 1 1 7 4 o

Expexices of the fourth year, 1935- ij- o

X. 45-3 ^6 o

Produce of the firft year, - \qz id o

of the fecond, - 810 16 o

* — of the third, - 970 o o

^. J 953 I2~

Total

( 139 )

Total expence, - £- AS^2 ^^ o

Produce, - 1953 12 o

Total requifite to flock this

farm, - - ^.2570 4 Q

Annual Account. Expences. Thofe of the fourth year, ex- /• s. d, cept cafh in hand.

Produce. 300 Steers, 10 Cows,

Expences,

Intereft, Profit,

The capital pays 21 /. 3 j. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : Firft year's expence, except /. s. d, labour, - - • - 809 9 o

Labour, - ^T. 106 16 o 2 7 per cent, - 28170

135 13 o

Second year's expence, - 693 o o Labour, - £- i^^ 60 27 per cent. - 50 4 o

' 236 10 o

Carry over, ^. 1 874 j 2 o

Third

IB55	15 0
2350 5^	J-. d. 0 0 0 0
2400 1855	0 0 15 0
544 128	5 0 10 0
415	15 0

( HO ) Brought over, £. 1874 12 o Third year's expence, - 564 o o

Labour, - £' ^5 '^S ^

S 7 pe?' cent, - 22190

108 14 o

Expence of fourth year, ,- 1S99 o o Labour, - £* S^ ^S ^

27 />^r cent, - 919^

— 46 T4 o

^T. 4493 o o

Firft year's total, - - 945 2 o

Interefl, - - 47 5 o

Second year, - - 929 10 o

Intereft, - - - 93 14 o Third year, - - 672140

Intereft, - - 127 6 o

Fourth year, - - ^945 14 o

£• 47^1 5 Q Produce.

Of the firft, fecond and third /. j. ^.

year, as before, - 1953 I2 o

Total expence, - 47^ * 5 o

Produce, - ^953 12 o

Total ftock, - ^. 2807 13 o

Annual Account. Expences, Thofe of the fourth year, except

cafh in hand, - £. 1865* 14 o

Produce,

( HI )

Produce. I. s. d.

The fame as before, - 2400 o o

Expences, - - 1865 14 o

534 C ^ Intereft, - • - HQ 7 Q

Profit, - - >C-_593_i9_£

The capital pays ig /. per cent.

Variation the feventh.

Three hundred acres arable^ the foil light

enough for turnips, and marled^

chalked, or clayed.

I fuppofe 20 acres to be grafs.

Stock.

Rent, &c, I. s. d,

300 Acres, at 7 j-. - 105 o o

Rates, ty the, &c. &c. &c. at 8 s. 4^ o o

£' 147 o o Live ftock. Twelve horfes, - ^'. 120 00

Implements. The fame as in N° 4. - >C- -^^ 9 o

Tillage. Three earths on 70 acres, - jT. 42 o o

Four earths on 210 acres, - 42 o o

Mowing and making 8 acres of

grafs, - - 2 Q O

Carry over, £-44 ^ o Carting

( H2 )

Brought over, j^* 44 ^ ^ Carting and ftacking, q days, of

7 men, - - 0176

Sundry fmall articles, - 1000

£ ^4 17 ^

Su7idry articles. Marling, chalking, or claying 280 acres, at the rate of 100 loads /)^r acre, at 4/. /?^r acre, /. s. d^ including «// expences, - 11 20 00 ic8 Qrs. of oats, at 13 j-. - 70 4 o Straw cut into chaff, - 1000

6 Tons of hay, - 1500

Shoeing, and vv^ear and tear, - 30 00 Calh in hand, - 100 o o

Rent, &c. 35 Cows, 4 Sows,

:^^

	x->	345	4	0
Total,	£-^	989	10	6
Second year.
-	£■	147	0	0
-	£■	175	0	0
-	£■ ■ £■	6	0	0
fleers,	700	0	0
_	£	".36	0	0

60 fheep,

Seed for 70 acres of wheat, yo

of fpring-corn, 70 of clover,

and 70 of turnips, - ;^« 85 15 o

Labour^

( H3 ) Labour, One earth on 70 acres of wheat- /. s. d, land, - - - o 15 6

Sowing, - - - o 17 6

Water- furrowing, - o 17 6

Harrowing, - - 089

Reaping and harvefting, at 6 J. 21 00 Thrafliing, 5 qrs./^racre (a two

years fallow) 350 qrs. at 2 j. 35" 00 Carrying out, 20 at a time, 17

journeys, - - i 14 o

Three earths on 70 acres of

fpring-corn, - - 1 1 5 o

Sowing, - - o 17 6

Ditto clover, - - 0176

Water-furrowing, -^ o 10 o

Rolling, - - 050

Mowing and harvefting, at 4^. 14 00 Thrafhing, 4 qrs. per acre, 280

qrs. at I J". - 1400

Carrying out, 172 qrs. of barley,

30 at a time, 6 journeys, - o 12 o Mowing and making 20 acres of

grafs and 6 of clover into hay, 6100 Carting and ftacking, 5 days, 7 men, 2 34 Four earths on 70 acres .of turnip- land, - - - 14 o o

Carry over, ^. i-^ 13 i Sowing,

( 144 ) Brought over, £. 1 28 13 r Sowing, - - o 17 6

Hand-hoeingtwice, at 7J-. - 24 10 o Drawing and carting home,

at 7 J-. 6 d. - - 2650

Chopping and raking 70 acres

of ftubble, - - 550

Carting home, - - i 10 6

Ditching 300 perches, at 9 J. 11 50

Carting 800 loads of marie,

chalk, or clay, from a pit to

the farm-yard, 30 per day,

21 d.per load filUng, and is. 6d.

driving, 27 days, at 8 /. 9^/. 11 179 175 Head of cattle, at 12 loads,

2100 mixed with 800 loads of

marie, 2900, at i ^. - 12 18

Carting ditto, 30 per day, and

fpreading, at 3 s. per fcore,

and 2i. 6 d. driving, 97 days,

at7x. - - 33196

Cutting chafF,- - - ^ ^3 4

Sundry articles concerning the

cattle, to the amount of a

man a year - - 24 o o

Sundry imall unfpecified articles ;

a boy, - - - 900

>C' ^9Q 17 4

Sundry

( 145 )

Sundry articles, /. s, d»

Shoeing, and wear and tear, 57 4 o

Market expences, - - 400

50 Loadsof ftraw, - - 40 o o

£. loi 4 o

Total, - - 1541 16 4

Flrfl year, - - 1989 10 6

Intereft, - - 99 19 o

Total neceflary to ftock this

farm, - - ^'ll^lLAJ^

Annual Account.

Expences, I* s, d.

Rent, &c. - - - 147 o o

140 Beafts, - - - 700 o o

60 Sheep, - - 36 o o

Seed, - - - 85 15 o

Labour, - - 290 17 4

Sundry articles, - - loi 4 o

£, 1360 16 4

Produce.

yoAcresof wheat, 37 />^^^ acre, /. s. d,

245, - - 490 o o 207 Qrs. of barley, 46 qrs.

at 16 J. - - 165 12 o

140 Beafts, - - 980 o o

Carryover, £.1635 12 o Vol.11, L 60 Sheep,

(	146 )
Brou^ 60 Sheep, ^S Cows,	jht over,		1635 ^ 0 72 0 0 175 0 0
	1882	12 0
Expences,	- -		1360	16 4
Intereft,	. _		521 181	15 8 II 0
Profit,	-	C 339	4 8
The capital pays 14 /. 7 The gentleman's account is as	s. per follows	cent, > •
'	Stock.		/.	s. d.
Rent, &c.	-	-	147	0 0
Live ftock,	-		120	0 0
Implements^ Tillage, Labour,	£.54	17	280 42 6	9 0 0 0
2y per cent. Sundry articles. Including 1 1 20m	14 ;C. 1345 arl-	17 4	0 - 69 0	14 6
ing, fuppofe 500 of it laboured, 27 on		•
that is,	125	0	0 -1470	/f 0
			4 '^
		£•2129	7 6

Second

( 147 )

Second year, L s* d.

Rent, &c. » - 147 o o

Live flock, - - 917 o °

Seed, - - 85 15 o Labour, - ,^' 290 17 4

27 per cent, - 78 1 1 o

369 8 4

Sundry articles, - iQi 4 Q

1620 7 4 Firft year, - - 2129 7 6

Intereft of ditto, =- 106 9 o

£' 3856 ,3 10

Annual Account.

Expences. 1. s. d.

Rent, &c. - - - 147 o o

Live ftock, - - n^^G o o

Seed, - - - - 85 15* o

Labour, - - - 369 8 4 Sundrv articles,

Produce ^ The fame as before, Expences,

Interefl, Profit,

The capital pays i i /. 9 j-. per cent.

L 2 N^ g.

lOI	4	0
i' J 43 9	7	4
/.	J".	^/.
i88q	I::;	0
H39	7	4
443	4	8
192	16	0
>C- 2.5-0	8	8

( 148 >

Variation the eight.

T1V0 hundred and tivcnty acres arable^ thefoi^

clay or loam^ cultivated upon improved

principles ; cabbages and lucerne.

The twenty acre& I fuppofe to be grafs, the reft arable ; all which I throw into two crops, viz. cabbages and lucerne, fo pro- portioned, that the firft may be about fuf- licient to winter-feed the cattle fed by the other in fummer.

Stock.

Rent, eijT. /. s. d.

Rent of 220 acres, at 17 5. - 187 o o

Tythe, rates, &c. &;c. &c. 8-800

£' ^75 o o

Live Stock. I. s. d.

6 Horles, - - - 90 o o

50 Cows, - - 2JO o o

5 Sows, - - - 600

;C'346 o o

Implements, /. s. d.

Two carts, - - 1^4 o o

Tliree ploughs, - - 4 14 6

Harneis, - *- 10 o o

Carryover, ^TJS^iT^

2 Harrows

( H9 )

Brought over, i?* 3S 14 6

Harrows, &c. - - 3 10 o

Dairy furniture, - - 70 o o

Sundry fmall articles, - 20 o o

>C-i3£__4__6

Seed and Tillage.

Three earths on 50 acres fallow /. s. d,

for wheat, hut not Ibwn, 30 o o

Sccdforjoacrcsofluccrne, at 6;. 15 o o

Pitto for I o acres of cahhagcs, 112 o

£• 46 i^ o

Labour, Three earths on 50 acres of /. j-. d.

lucerne-land, ■.- - 7 10 o

Harrowing, - -- 084

Prilling, at 6d. - - 150

Hand-hoeing, 4 times, at 6 j". 60 o o Cutting 3 times, at i j. 6 ^. 11 5 o

Raking together, loading, and

carting home, at 11.6^. - ir 5 o Five earths on 10 acres of cahbage

land, - - q 10 o

Digging the feed-bed, fowing,&c. 026 Planting, at 5/. - - 2100

Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 ^/. - i 00 Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j. - 400 Cutting and carting, at 5 x. - 2100 Carryover, /.'. 104 4 10 L .3 Six

( 150 )

Brought over, £.104. 4 so

Six earths on 1 40 acres of fallow, 42 o o Mowing, makhig, and carting

12 acresof grafs, - - 4 14 o Sundry fmall articles, - 900

159 18 10

27 per cent - - 43 4 o

Sundry articles.

A drili plough, /,. b 00
Refold for, , - 400	/.	J-.	d.
	4	0	0
Straw cut into chaff,	4	0	0
54 Qrs. of oats, at 1 3 ^.	55	2	0
Shoeing, and wear and tear,	20	0	0
Twenty loads of flraw,	15	0	0
£	.78	2	0
Total, - - £'^	081	2	4
SecoJid year.	/.	s.	d.
Rent, &c. - - -	27^	0	0
100 Cows,	*;oo	0	0
10 Sows, - - _	U	0	0
Seed for 75- acres of lucerne.	22	10	c
pitto for 30 of cabbages, -	4	16	0

^.816 6 o

Labour. Three earths on y^ acres of

lucerne-land, - - 11 5 o

Prilling, - - _ ^ ij 6

Carry over, ^.13 2 6

7 Hand-

o

( 151 )

Brought over, £.13 2 6 Hand-hoeing 4 times, at 6 j. 90 o o Cutting 3 times, 1 s. 6 d. - 16 17 6 Raking together, loading, and

carting home, at i /. 6 ^. 1 6 1 7 6

Three earths on 50 acres of

cabbage-land, - 4 10 o

Digging the feed-bed, fowing, &c. 060 Planting, at 5/. - - 7 10

Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 ^. - 3 o o Two hand-hoeings at 8 j. - 12 o o Cutting and carting, at 5 J. 7 10 o

Two hand-hoeings of the 50

acres of lucerne, - 30 o o

Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 x. - 500 Four cuttings, a.t 1 s. 6 d. - 15 o o Raking together, loading, and

carting home, at I j-.6<^. 4 times, 15 o o 150 Perches ditching, - 7 10 O

Carting 450 loads of earth to

farm-yard, 20 per day, 22

days, at 6 J-. 3 ^. - - 617 6

Mixing 450 of earth with 550

of dung, 1000, at id. - 4 3 4 Charting, and fpreading icoo

loads, 20 loads per day, 50

days, at 4 s. 2,d. - 10 12^ 6

. i : :,■: ,. Carry over, j^- z(>S i<^ ^^

L A 10 Acres

( '52 )

Brought over, £'^^5 ^^ ^^ 1 0 Acres of hay, - • 400 Sundry fmall articles, - ^ O O

275 16 10

^j per cent, - - 74 id o

;C-350

10

Sundry articles, I, s, d.

Shoeing, and wear and tear, 20 o o Straw cut into chafF, -• 40

o

Oats, - - ^ 35 2 o

Sixty loads of ftraw, - 4 ^^ O o

C 104

Second year, - jC* ^^7° 14 io

Third year. I s, d.

Rent, &c. " - j^- 275 o o

225 Cows, - - ;f. 1125 o~p 15 Sows, t " £' 20 o o

Seed for 75 acres of cabbage?, ^. Tl 5 p

Labour,, Two hand-hoeings of 125 acres /. s, d, lucerne, at 6 j. - - 75 o o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6j. 12 10 o

Tour cuttings, at i j. 6^. S7 ^^ o

Raking, loading, and carting,

d^X. I s. G d. - 37 10 o

Carry over, Jf^. 162 10 o

4 Earths

( 153 )

Brought over, £* 162 100

4 Earths on 75 acres of cabbages, 15 00

Digging the feed-bed and lowing, i 00

Planting, atj^J-. - - 18150

Four horfe-hoeings, at 6^. 7 10 o

Two hand-hoeings, at 8 J. - 30 00

Cutting and carting, at 5 j. - 18 15 o

200 Perches of ditching, - 10 o o Carting 600 loads of earth into

farm-yard, 30 days, at 6j-. 3 ^. 9 y 6 Mixing 600 loads of earth, with

2oooofdung, 26ooloads,at I ^. 10 16 8 Carting 2600 loads, 130 days, at

4^. 3 ^. - - - 27 12 6

Cutting chaff, - ^ 0168 Mowing, making, carting, and

ftacking 20 acres of hay, 7 00

8undry fmall articles, • 1000

329 3 4 27 percent, * - 88 16 o

jC-_4£7_J9_4 Sundry articles, /. j-. d.

Shoeing, and weaf ^nd tear, 20 00

Oats, - - - 35 - ^

jBo Loads of ftraw, - - 6q o o pafji in hand, - - 80 o o

Total, ^. 2044 6 4

Firft

( 154 )

Firft year's expence, - £. loSi 2 4

Intereft, - - , 54 i o

Second year's expence, - 1270 14 10

Intereft, - - uy 11 o

Third year's expence, - 2044 6 4

£-45^ 15 6

50 Cows, J 50 Cows,

Produce, Firji year,

Second year.

I