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GAZETTEER
STATE OF NEW YORK:
EMBHACINQ
A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW
OF THE
GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATE,
AND
A COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION
OP
(tm\^ itmwUj, City, (tou'u, ?illit0f, mtX '§m\\ity,
WITH FULL TABLES OF STATISTICS.
BY
J. H. FRENCH,
ME5IBER OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANOEMENT OF SCIENCE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. OF THE ALBANY INSTITUTE, ETC.
Illustrated by Original Steel Engravings,
A:^D ACCOMPAJ^IED by a new map of the state prom accurate SURVEia
SEVENTH EDITION.
SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION. 1860.
FliY
LIST OF PERSONS EMPLOYED UPON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE i«AP AND THE PREPARATION OF THE GAZETTEER.
This list includes the names of those only who have been employed for considerable lengths oi time.
GENEHAL SDPEHINTENDENT.
J. H. FREScn.
robeman of dhaftinq depahtment. Fkaxcis JIaiiler.
fohemen op statistical depahtment. Franklin B. Hough, M.D., James Johonnot.
DKAFTSMEN.
G. R. Beohler, S. Beeman, Silas N. Beers, H. P. Benton,
LORIN BlODfiET,
P. J. Browne, L. H. Chenet, GtTRDON Evans, Lawhence r.lGAN, Frank Frbnch, Cteus Gates, John F. Geil, Samuel Gefl, Franklin Gifford, Wm. T. Gibson,
George Worley,
Wm. BR.iCHER,
J. Sartain,
Francis Mahler, Frank French,
Wji. E. Wood, B. W. O'Gbadt.
George N. Barnard,
buhveyohs ind statisticians. Jay Gould, H. W. Hardy, Franklin B. Hough, Chester Hull, Wm. Jay Hunt, J. W. Huelbut, James Johonnot, Geo. p. Johonnot, D. J. Lake, A. D. Lajipkins, Morris Levy,
A. LiGOWSKY,
Wm. Lorey, Hoe.^ce C. Manning, David E. E. Mix,
enokavehs.
On Stone.
Gustavus R. Beohler,
Benj. Matthias,
On steel.
J. W. Steele,
On Wood.
H. Sebald.
artists. B. W. 0' Grady,
Ebenezer Mix, J. B. Moore, Samuel M. Rea, Thomas W. Rhodes, A. E. Rogerson, Alphoxse Schoppe, J. C. Sidney, Stephen 0. SLustoN, Homer D. L. Sweet, A. V. Trimble, A. Van Nosteand, R. B. Van Petten, Ch.irles M. Wilbur, Wm. E. Wood. S. K. Godshalk.
Ch.\rle3 Reen.
D. L. Glover.
Wm. T. Richaeds.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by
R. PEARSALL SMITH,
in tie Clerk's Offlco of the District Court of the Dnited States for the Northern District of New York.
BTEaEOrypED by L. JOHNSON k CO.
COLLINS, PRINTEK.
PERRY, BINDER.
By Transftr
Dept. of Agricultura
FEB 5 194t
v^
&u
PREFACE.
The map of Westchester County which was commenced about ten years since, and soon after published by Robert Pearsall Smitli, was probably the first map of any county in the State of New York published from actual survey of roads and boundaries. This was followed by maps of other counties on a similar plan ; and, about eight years since, Mr. Smith conceived the idea of publishing a series of maps from actual survey, embi'acing all the counties in the State, and, from these, of producing a State Map that should be more full, complete, and reliable than any ever before published. But, about four yeai-s since, upon careful trial, in reducing a large number of these county maps to a uniform scale, so many omissions and discrepancies were found in them, that a new survey of the State was deemed necessary to the construction of an accurate map of the State, An arrangement was accordingly made with the author to take the general superintendence of the new survey ; the general plan for the works to be prepared was fixed upon ; and the re-survey of the State and the collection of statistics were begun.
At the commencement of the re-survey, maps of fifty-one counties had been completed and published ; six counties had been surveyed, but the maps Wei-e not yet published ; and three counties were still unsurveyed. Of the fifty-one published maps, twelve were found to be so deficient in matters essential to the completion of the State Map according to the plan fixed upon, as to render entire new surveys of these counties necessary. Surveyors were sent into the remaining counties, with copies of the published or manuscript maps in hand, with instructions to visit every town, to correct every error that should be found upon the maps, to make additions of new roads, note changes in boundaries, and, in sliort, to return the maps properly revised and corrected for use in the i^reparation of the State Maji. In many instances new surveys of parts of towns, town lines, roads, and streams were found necessary, and also countless changes in the location of boundary lines, roads, streams and bodies of water, and in the representation of the topogi-aphical features of the country. The surveyors were instructed to obtain copies of manuscript and other local maps, as far as practicable, as these were generally found to contain metes and bounds, and, being plotted to large scales, were of value in laying down boundary lines. Draftsmen were also sent to the several private Land Offices in the State, and to Albany, and all maps of any value in the offices of the State Engineer and Surveyor and the Secretary of State were copied, to be laid under contribution in the preparation of the State Map. The Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey and the Secretary of the Interior also furnished copies of all the maps in their Departments pertaining to the State. The number and variety of maps and plots, printed and manuscript, that have thus been collected is very great, and probably embraces more valuable matter than any similar collection in the State.
Not the least diificult part of the labor of constructing a map of a large extent of country is "making the projection." In surveys of small areas this difficulty does not occur, as the proportion of the curvature of the earth's surface to that part of its area contained in a rect- angle of thirty to fifty miles, is so small that, when reduced to the scale of even an inch to the mile, it is scarcely perceptible. But in projecting a map of territory of as great extent as the State of New York, the curvature of the surface from a plana is so great as to make the departure of the lines of latitude and longitude from right lines plainly visible upon a map even when plotted to a scale of less than one-fourth of an inch to a mile.
The Flamstead Improved Projection, being the one best adapted to the correct representa- tion of a large extent of country, was adopted for the State Map.
The maps of the State heretofore published embrace a large part of the New Englana States, Pennsylvania, and Canada. The space thus usually occupied is appropriated to plans of the cities, and to smaller maps illustrating particular features of the State. These marginal maps, it is believed, add to the value of the work. By placing a map of Long Island by itself, — at the same time showing its relative position to the rest of the State, by retaining a map of nearly one-third of the island in its proper place, — the map of the entire State is constructed
4 PREFACE.
on a scale about twenty per cent, (linear scale) larger than can be done on a sheet of the same size with all of Long Island projecting eastward of New York City. This increased scale will be found to fully compensate for the change of place of the eastern portion of Long Island. The map of the State is plotted to the scale of sjtj'.sj^, which is f || or a small fraction more than 4.7 miles to an inch ; and the city plans to the scale of 35,^55, which is §|| or a small fraction more than .78 of a mile to an inch.
The longitude of several points in the eastern and western portions of the State having been accurately determined by the Coast Survey and the Department of the Interior, and the latitude of many points on the north and south borders and within the State from nume- rous and repeated observations, the projection of the parallels and meridians was first made with accurately constructed scales, using the most recent tables of latitude and longitude mea- surements as adojitefl by the Coast Survey and the U. S. Military Academy at West Point. The boundaries of the State were next projected, after which the lines of the counties were located on the map. The town lines were next laid out; and finally the roads, bodies of water, streams, topography, and all other details were filled in. This course could not fail to secure accuracy in all parts of the work ; and, while the map does not agree, in many points, with previous maps of the State, the author feels confident that it will bear the closest scrutiny and ci-iticism.
A prominent and distinctive feature of the State Map is the representation of all the roads, railroads, canals, and routes of travel, every mile of each of which has been run and every angle measured.
The city plans are all drawn to the same scale, thus presenting, at a glance, the comparative extent of the built-up portions of each. Albany, Brooklyn, and Buflalo have so great an extent of unoccupied or farm lands that it was not jiracticable to show the entire corporate limits of either on the city plans ; but no built-up i:>art of either city has been omitted. Tlie plans of the other cities embrace their entire area.
In the construction of the Geological and Land Patent Map, the geology of the State according to the New York System has been followed ; but the ditferent strata or formations are represented by a system of shading in the engraving, — instead of by color, as is usually done in geological maps. This plan was adopted, as it was desirable to present two distinct features in the one map ; and the engraved shading for the geology permits the use of colors for the land patents. The size of the map would not admit of the representation of tracts of land smaller than a township ; but a complete list of all the grants will be found in this work.
In tlie year 1825 the Regents of the University established meteorological stations in various parts of the State, and reports were required to be made from these stations annually to the Board of Regents. At the expiration of twenty-five years the Regents caused these reports to be digested ; and the mean averages of the summaries thus deduced — so far as relates to temperature, fall of rain, and direction of wind — are embraced in the Meteorological Map. On this map the several stations (including three established at military posts, and not subject to the direction of the Board of Regents) are at the centers of the small circles. In each of these circles are either two or three numbers : wlien two, the upper number is the mean annual temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, and the lower number is the mean annual fall of rain in inches ; and when three, the upper and lower numbers indicate, respectively, tem- perature and rain, and the middle one the elevation of the station above tide, in feet. The diagram at the right represents the mean annual direction of wind at the several stations, the index in any case denoting the point of compass, and its length the number of days, — one inch in length of radius representing five days. Thus, taking the index for Canandaigua, the direction is S. 63° 37' W., and the length of the radius is 3.4 inches. This indicates that the mean annual direction of the wind at this station was from the w. s. w. for 17 days in the year more than from all other directions. For the isothermal lines, or lines of equal tempe- rature, and the shading representing the difl'erent depths of rain, we are indebted to LoRitf Blodget, author of American Climatology.
The Time Indicator has been prepared from minute calculations, and will be found correct in every case.
The diagram showing the capacity of the church edifices is constructed to a scale, and correctly represents the proportion of each to the whole.
An examination of the various Gazetteers heretofore published cannot fail to satisfy any one that a great part of the material from which they were compiled was furnished by corre-
PREFACE. 5
Bpondents. This plan seemed to be the one most likely to secure accuracy, and with some modifications it was at first adopted in collecting materials for this work. Agents were sent into some portions of the State, furnished with printed instructions, questions, and blanks, to obtain the desired information, either by personal research, or through the assistance of such competent persons in the various localities visited as would undertake to fill the blanks and return them to the general office. While a few persons promptly responded to the request thus made of them, others delayed giving it immediate attention, and still others neglected it altogether. A large proportion of the matter received from correspondents was found to be irrelevant, devoted to specialties, or unreliable, and therefore of little value. Much matter was received which possesses a greater or less amount of local interest, but which could not be admitted without giving undue prominence to some subjects or localities at the expense of others. After a fair trial of the i^lan first adopted, it was found subject to so many objec- tions that it was abandoned. The surveyors and agents were then instructed to visit every city, town, and village, to search records, examine documents, consult the best living, printed, and manuscript authorities, and to make returns to the general office of all the reliable matter and information obtained. They were instructed to take no statement on a single authority, and in cases where authorities were found to differ, to examine diligently and impartially, and report all the facts, so that in digesting and arranging them for the press, all the evidence might be at hand. They were particularly cautioned against taking mere hearsay or traditionary tales for truth, and not to seek wonders and marvels. A competent person was employed to examine records and documents in the State Library and State and other public offices at Albany and in New York City, for information that might be avail- able in the preparation of this work. The Documentary History and the State Geology of New York, general and local histories, biographies, sketches, essays, reports, newspapers, manuscripts, and all other available authorities that were likely to contain any information of value, were collected, and in turn consulted, and their accuracy and value tested as the work progressed.
The plan for the work finally fixed upon, while it embraces a wider range than is usually taken by similar works, seems to be one that cannot fail to meet the wants and tastes of the peoi)le, as it presents the wealth, resources, present condition, and past history of the State in a form and style at once convenient, perspicuous, and concise.
The details of description of each county, city, town, and village, have been arranged, as far as practicable, according to a uniform plan or outline ; as has been also the General Article embraced in the first 154 pages. The subjects embraced in this article seemed to cover all the ground that properly belongs to the work ; and they are treated at as great length as their proportional importance to the limits of the volume would permit. A Gazetteer of a State should not be expected to contain, in a connected form, a complete compendium of knowledge upon whatever pertains to a State. But present condition, brief and comprehensive statements, short historical sketches of general interest, tables, facts and figures as connected with the wealth, prosperity, and resources of a State, should be con- sidered to an extent sufficient for a work of reference, such as a Gazetteer is intended to be.
The general outline of the county descriptions is as follows : 1st. Date of formation of the county, from what taken, subsequent changes in boundaries, location in the State, and air-line distance of geographical center from the Capitol at Albany. 2d. Geology, topography, and drainage ; embracing the general geological formations, general contour of the surface, lakes, rivers, and other watercourses. 3d. Soil, leading articles of production, and occupation of the people. 4th. Works of internal improvement. 5th. County seat, names of first county officers, and description of county buildings and institutions. 6th. History of the newspaper press. 7th. Brief historical sketch of the county from the date of first settlement to the present time. The descriptions of the towns are according to nearly the same general plan, and embrace, 1st. Date of formation, from what taken, subsequent changes in boundaries, and location in the county. 2d. Peculiarities in geological formations not mentioned in county description. 3d. Topography and drainage. 4th. Names and description of villages, hamlets, and local ities, with their location in town, date of incorporation, institutions, leading branches ot business, and population according to the most recent reliable enumeration. 5th. A brief historical sketch, embracing incidents of general and local interest, names of first settlers, first birth, marriage, and death, first church, school, mill, and factory, and number of churches
6 PREFACE.
in 1855. After the towns in each county is a table compiled from the last State census, except the valuation and statistics of schools, which are from the returns for the year 1858. In many cases, the population of villages and the number of churches given are from enu- merations taken since 1855 ; but the last State census has invariably been taken as authority on these two points, except in cases where later reliable enumerations have been taken. The acres of land as given in the tables fall short of the area of the county as given at the com- mencement of each county description. The reason of this is obvious : the acres of land as shown by the tables are from the returns of assessors, which seldom embrace marsh, swamp, and unproductive lands, and lands under water ; while the area in square miles, as given in the county descriptions, has in every case been ascertained from actual measurements.
The steel plate illustrations are principally from original views made expressly for this work. The map has been engraved on stone, at great expense, by the best artists, and the mechani- cal execution of both works is highly creditable to the publisher.
The Index of Subjects at the commencement of the work, and the Index of Geographical Names at the close, cannot fail of being justly valued for their convenience. The uniform use of a bold-face letter for names of towns, villages, and hamlets will also be found to greatly facilitate rapid search for this class of geographical names.
To many of the officers in the several State Departments, and to numerous county, town, and city officers, local surveyors, civil engineers, land agents, members of the press, and others, the author is indebted for furnishing valuable materials for these works. To them, and to all who have in any way rendered him assistance in the preparation of either Map or Gazetteer, he desires to acknowledge his obligations. Many persons may feel disappoint- ment at finding that information furnished by them has not been used. An examination of the work, however, must convince them that nothing has been omitted which was essential to the general plan of the work, and that whatever did not come within this plan could not be introduced.
The author would not be doing justice to himself nor to the public did he fail to acknow- ledge his obligations to those who have been associated with him in the preparation of these works. He desires to make particular mention of the valuable services of Lieut. Francis Mahler, Franklin B. Hough, M. D., and Ja«es Johonnot. Lieut. Mahler was educated in a European Military Academy for a Topographical Engineer. Ten years of subsequent practice rendered him eminently qualified for the position he has occupied on the Survey. Dr. Hough is well known to the people of the State as the Superintendent of the last State census and as the author of several historical and statistical works. His services in searching records and documents at Albany, in New York City, and elsewhere, have been invaluable, and to his practical knowledge of the geology of the State the author is mainly indebted for whatever pertains to that subject in this work. Mr. .Johonnot has devoted many years to the subject of Physical Geography. The topography of the State, its counties and towns, has been mainly written by him.
The intelligent citizens of the State of New York cannot fail to appreciate the liberality of the publisher in the great expenditures he has made in bringing out these works. The 'cost of the original surveys for the county maps was about $48,000, and the expenditures on the works from the commencement of the re-survey to the date of publication have reached about S46,000 more, making a total investment of $94,000. The whole time spent in surveys, collection of materials, writing, engraving, proof-reading, &c., has been equal to the time of one person 125 years. It is believed that no similar enterprise of equal extent, and involving the outlay of so large a capital, has ever been undertaken at private expense in this or any other country. Time, talents, and money have alike been devoted to the production of a Map and Gazetteer that it is hoped will be found every way worthy of the Empire State.
INDEX OP SUBJECTS.
Abcel. John. Indian trader, 414.
Abercrombie, Gen. James, 29S.
Academies, general article on, 125. list of incoi-porated, 130. notices of. 48. 140, 160, 161,169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, ISO, 184, 193,197, 200, 201,202, 203, 205, 211, 212, 214, 216, 220, 228, 229, 230, 236, 237, 239, 243, 2U, ZK, a47, 248, 261, 262, 263, 259, 260. 261, 263, 265, 270, 272, 275, 277, 278, 282, 283, 286, 289, 300, 303, 306, Sll, 312, 317, 324, 326,327, 330, 331, 332, 3.33, 343, 346, 349, 355. 356, 357, 860, 361, 362, 303, 369, 372, 378, 383, 384, 3S5, 390. 391, 392, 303, 398, 399, 400, 401, 403, 405, 412, 414, 429,430, 463, 456. 463. 464, 465, 466, 467, 46S,
469, 471. 482, 4.S4, 48,5, 486, 489, 495, 498, 605, 500, 608, 609, 610, 514, 615,
616. 622. 627, 628, 632, 636, 638, 646, 647, 548, 664, 566, 667, 668, 669, 560,
661, 675, 677, 580, 682, 587, 6S8, 690, 691, 592, 697, 598, 604, 606, 607, 616,
617, 625, 627, 628, 634, 637, 638, 640, 645, 647, 660, 652,657, 668, 663, 665, 666, 674, 675, 679, 680, 682, 683, 684,
686, 686, 692, 094, 695, 698, 699, 700, 701, 704, 705,707, 708, 713, 714, 715, 716.
statistical summary of, 128.
Academy of Music, 436.
Accidents, steamboat, statistics, 115.
Acid springs. 320, 324, 326, 466, 693.
Acres of land, bv cos.. &c., 108.
by towns, 167, 177, 186, 106, 207, 217; 222, 23i, 240, 249, 266, 266, 278, 294, 306, 313, 319, 328, 335, 339, 350, 364, 373, 380, 387, 394, 406, 417, 457, 472, 491, 600, 511, 516, 629, 639, 64:!, 651,
662, 667, 671, 683, 694, 699, 608, 612, 818, 630, 640, 648, 653, 669, 669, 676,
687, 695, 709, 716, 721. Adgate's Patent, 48, 341, 349. At^utant General, 43.
African Slethodist Episcopal Church, 139. .Agrarian movement. See Anti Sent. Agricultural College, 616. fairs, 101. Hall, 27, 160. Agricultural Implement manufactory,160, 166, 199, 200, 216, 244, 248, 260, 274. 2S6, 312, 362, 368, 3S4. 387, 400, 401, 405, 406, 407, 411, 416, 464, 466. 4S4, 488, 496, 509. 610. 536, 666, 669, 661, 671, 575, 598, 611, 617, 666, 681, 691, 693, 695, 699, 716. products, counties excelting in, 103. societies, town and county, 83, 102,
103, 6:5. Society. 27. 101, 495. Agriculture, appropriations for, 106. statistics of, by cos., 104 to 107. Albany Institute. 101, 161. Aldermanic Districts. New York, 420. Aliens, statistics of. by counties. 150. Allen, Ebenezer. 3S4. 3;iS. 402, 404, 406, 711. Capt. Ebenezer. 300. 301. Ethan, at Ticonderoga, 299, 305. family murdered, 679. Nathaniel, 498. Almshouses. 161, 365, 393, 398, 422, 426,
426. 609. 563. Ambuscade. 345. 411, 461, 604. 671. 672. American Anti Slavery Society. 146. and Foreipn Christian Union, 146. Bethel Society. 146. Bible Society. 144.
Board Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions. 145. Colonization Society, 146. Home Missionary Society, 146. lastitute. 435.
Seamen's Friend Society. 146. Sunday .School Union, 146. Tract Society, 145. Amherst. Sir Jeffrey, 49, 298, 337, 674,
673, 674. .Analyses of .Mineral Waters, 248, 383, 394,
470. 480, 497, 637, 692, 607. .^nai^uassacook Patent, 684.
Anchor manufactory, 297. 608. 610, 681. Andi6. Ma,jor J., 604, 541, 670, 603, 699,
700, 701, 703. Andrustown plundered, 342, 349.
Angler. Sieur, surveys liy, 298.
Anne, t^ueen, Germans settle under, 242,
245. Anniversary Week, N. Y., 144. Anti masonic movement, 147, 323. Mission Baptists, 139. rent troubles, 157, 210, 242, 268, 269,
209, 322, 360, 683. 602, 621, 643. Anti Slavery Society, 146. Antwerp Company, 353, 355, 375. Appel Patent. 685.
Apples, statistics of, by counties, 106. Appling, Major D., 355, 358, 626. Appointing power, 31. Aqueducts, 60, 166, 276, 397, 418, 424,
689. 697. 689. 714. Ararat, or resting place for Jews, 291. Arcade, 403. Architecture, 436, 437. Arsvle Patent, 679. Armories. 44, 369, 437, 489, 580. Armstrong. Gen. ,Iobn, 276. Arnold. Benedict, 299, 333. 335, 338, S42,
410. 504. HI. 642. 670. 687. 699, 700. Arsenals. 44. 46, 165, 286, 312, 326, 362, 369,
423. 437, 466, 495, 582, 602, 606. Artesian wells. 25, 362, 392, 4Si. Artillery Patent, 681. Asia, man-of-war, 438. Aspai'ngus culture. 644. Assav Office. 122, 437. Assembly. 28.
districts, 28. As.sessments, power of Supervisors in, .30. Associate Presbyterians and Associate Re- formed Presbyterians, 139. Astor claim, Putnam co., 541.
Library. 436. Astronomical Instrument manufactory,
392. Observatories, 161, 423. Asylums. 42, 149. 193. 276. 276, 365, 370,
396, 398, 403, 412, 419, 426, 432, 433,
434, 468. 483. 488, 618, 524, 666. Atheneum, 368, 403. Attainder. See JFhrfeiture, Attorney General. 32. Auditor of Canal Department, 54. Auger manufactory, .^93. Avenues, New York City, plan of, 422. Awl manufactory, 286. Ax fectories. 166. 220, 236, 286. 368, 402,
483, 484, 658, 593, 616, 068. Axle manufactory, 235, 277, 668, 699.
Bakeries, statistics by counties, 109. Bank note engraving, 90. Banks, agencies of, 90.
commissioners, 90.
existing, list of, 90 to 95.
general article on, 89.
individual, 89.
obsolete and closing, 95 to 99.
savings. 99.
suspension of, 90.
United States, 90. Baptists, 139. 140.
Free Will, 140.
Old School, 139.
Seventh Day. 143. Barley, counties where most raised, 101.
statistics by counties, 104.
trade, 159. Barracks, 45. 239, 354, 368, 542, 556, 680. Barrel manufactory, 220, 402, 488, 509,
518. 520, 522. Barytes. sulphate of; 352, 356, 677, 600,
004, 698. Basket manufactory, 286. Batteries. 423. 437, "566. Batting manufactory, 464. Battles. 219, 233, 234, 297, 305, 316, 342, 343, 345, 355, 368, 371, 410, 411,4.?8, 461. 478. 621, 525, 654, 556, 669, 574, 676, 680, 686, 602, 604, 607, 633, 543, 645, 661. 667, 671. 681, 698, 701, 707. Baum. Col., defeated, 686. Bayard's Patent, 601. Bay of New York, 437. Beaches. 644, 647, 660, 631, 634, 635, 635,
6iJ8, 639. Beacons. See LigMhimses. Beacraft, a tory, 602. Beans, statistics by counties, 106,
Beardslev. Purchase. 210.
Beck. Dr. T. Itomeyn, 166, 160.
Becker's Patent, 603,
Bedini, Cardinal. *i87.
Bedstead manufactory. 166. 291.
Beef, supply to New York Cit,y. 427. 42S.
Beekman's Patent, 269, 270, 276, 277.
Bell, attempt to steal, 343.
founderies, 166, 661. Belletre, expedition of, 348. Bellevue Hospital. 425. Bellows manutactory. 286. Belting manufactory. 199, 549. Bemis Heights, 580,' 670. Benevolent Societies, 81, 144, 370, 371,
403. 432. ■Bennington, battle of, 654, 866, 886, 680. Bfthel Society. 146.
Bible Societies, 144. 145, 370, 403, 434, 489. nig 'free Council, 322. Billiard Table manufactory, 286. Billop House. 565.
Manor, 664. Bird. Col., 699.
Bituminous springs. 168, 173 Blackberry culture, 703. Blackins manufactory, 716. Black Lead. 302, 303, 304. manulactory, 297, 304. Black River Navigation Co., 60.
Tract .375 Black Rock Plat, 288. Blacksmith shops by counties, 109. Blacksmiths, number by counties, 152. Blackwells Island, 419, 425. Blanchard, Col., 672. Blank Book manulactory. 286. Blenheim Patent, 602, 61)3. Blind. Institution for the. 432, 433.
statistics by counties, 150. Blockhouses. 232, 297, 301, 310. 342. 343, 346. 356, 359, 467. 469, 470, 511. 649, 877, 682, 591, 696, 604, 640, 681, 682, 687, 691. Block manufactory, 368. BInomer costume, origin of. 617. Board of Agriculture, 102, 106. Education. New York, 430. Health. 116. 428. Boatbuilding. 367, 402, 419, 616, 618, 657,
662, 686. Bog iron ore, 25.
Boiler manufactory, 160, 2S6, 652. Bolt manufactory, 166. Bonaparte, Joseph. 363, 376. Bonded warehouses. 111, 113, Bone boiling, 372. manure. 368. pits. 361. 453, 522. Bony fish, 1'24, 631. Bookbinderies. 160, 246, 286. Book manufactory. 199. Boon, Gel-rit, 462, 468. Boot and Shoe Makers, number by coun- ties. 162. Boot and Shoe manufac..286, 402, 48S, 596.
statistics by counties, 109. .Boroughs, 696, 698, 693, 706. Boston Corner, 18.
Ten Towns. 18. 180, 199. 479, 6bU. Botanical gardens, 370, 423, 430. Bouck's P.atent, 605. Bouck. William C, 59. Boundaries. 17, 268. 290, 308. 418, 686. Boundary commissions, 18, 677.
controver.sies, 603, 645, 651, 700, 706. Bourbon, reputed, 309. Box manufactory, 286. Boyd, Lieut. Wm., 384. Bo'ylston Tract, 375. Itraddock's defeat, 671. Bradford, William, 431. Bradstreet, Col.. 519. Brautingham Tract, 376. Brant, Joseph, 219, 264, 265, 283, 315, 34i, 34,3, 349, 409, 410, 412, 414, 454, 478, 503, 531, 633, 686, 604. Brags founderv, 166. 286. Breakwater, 280, 284. Breathing well, so called, 190. Breweries. 109. 100. 214, 237,241.275. 286, 367, 368, 383, 385, 399, 402, 406. 419, 468. 483. 483, .509, 556, 561, 563, 698, 617, 667, 662, 691.
J
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Brick manufactory, by counties, 109. manufactory of, 110, 160, al6, 286, 330, 331, 332, 398, 505, 542, 550, 563, 566, 668, 669, 698, 632, 639, 662, 666, 691,
696. 6U8, 699.
Brino springs, 26, 178, 181, 186, 197, 203, 257. 3i5, 327, 392, 395, 400, 449, 456, 473. 474, 47«, 479. 4S2, 483, 612, 514, 515. 517, 622, 532, 619, 688.
Britannia Ware manufactory, 163, 286.
Brocltville captured, 674.
Hrooklyn Institute, 369.
Uroom Corn, statistics by counties, 107. culture of, 101, 220, 381, 407, 413, 595,
697, 600, 606.
Broom Handle manufactory, 590, 597.
mauufitctoiy, 243, 2S2, 413, 695, 697. Erothertown Indians, 465. Brown, Col., 410, 416.
John, settlement of, 349. ,
Brown's Tract. 341, 349. 375, 379. Brush manutactory, 286, 556.
plains, 631, 636. Bucliskin manufactory, 311, 317. Buckwheat, quantity raised, 101, 104. Building associations, SI, 366, 700. Building stone, 26.
Buildings, public. New York City, 436, 437. Bull, William, surveys by, 621. Burgoync, Gen.. 164. 166, 233, 299, 461, 504, 554, 559, 586, 673, 679, 682, 686, 687. Burial Case manufactory, 549. Burial Places, New York City, 428.
See Rural Cemet^^ries. Burnetsfield Patent. 341, 344, 345, 346. Burning of jail, Delaware county, 258.
of steamer Sir Robert Peel, 360.
springs, 208, 213, 214, 267, 491, 499, 691. Bun% Aaron, 404. Busti. Paul. 322. Butler. Col. .lohn. 409, 410, 411, 415.
Waller N., 347. 409. 410, 411,416, 631. Butler's Patent, 317, 605. Butt and Hinge manufactory, 166 Buttermilk Channel, 419.
Falls. 505. Butter, product by counties, 106. Byrne's Patent, 006, 6S2.
Cabinet Making shops, by counties, 109. Cabinet Ware manulactory, 203, 286, 368, 390. 402. 614, 615. 622, 623, 598, 618. Cabinet of Natural History, 125, 126. Calcareous tufa. 391. 717. Calculating machine, 161. Calico Printing, 293. Cambridge Patent, 680. Camden Tract. 6S5. Campbell's Patent, 679, 683. Camphene manufactory, 3G8. Canada, expeditions against, 246, 311, 358.
408. 49.3, 081. 6S2. Canada, fortifications in, 45. Canadian canals. 119.
railway's. 119.
trade, 117, 118. Canal Api)raiscrs. 54.
Black Hivur, hi.story of, 60, 61.
Board. 54.
bo.ats, 5S.
Cayuga & Seneca, history of, 6*2.
Celebration, 58, 59.
Champlain, history of, 60.
Chemung, history of, 62.
Chenango, history of, 60, 61.
Clearances, 56.
Commissioners. 54, 59.
Companies. U. 356, 632, 642. 661.
Crooked Lake, history of. 62.
Delaware i Hudson, 63, 602, 506.
Department. Auditor of, 54.
distances, 59.
enlargement, 59, 60.
Erie, history of, 58.
feeders, 201, 218. 321, 389, 482, 484, 613, 620, 624, 645, 671.
Fund. 64.
general notice of, 54.
Uenesee Valley, history of. 62, 63.
hydraulic, 359, 454, 455, 484. 524. 593, 637. 657.
Manhattan Island, 418.
natural, 575.
Oneida Lake, history of, 61.
Canal Oswego, history of, 61, 62.
reservoirs, 60, 61, 173, 389, 390, 393. statistics, 66, 56, 67, 68. structures, 58. tolls, 66, 57.
Canals, notices of, 156, 169, 171, 173, 179, 186, 187, 193, 198, 201, '.203, 218,2-20, 221, 224, 226, 2'28, 230, 279, 280, '288, 293, 330, 341, 346, 376, 331, 384, 3S5, 387,388, 395, 397, 398, 401, 402, 403, 404, 407, 413, 420. 449, 451, 452, 455, 459, 406, 468, 409, 475, 482, 484, 488, 489, 492. 602, 491, 512, 513, 514, 516, 518, 5'20, 628, 6'i4, 626, 674, 581, 686, 687, 593, 598, 609, 610, 611. 614, 617, 642, 624, 654, 689, 690, 691, 693, 714, 718.
Canastota Tract, 47, 389.
Capital, State, 26, 27.
Car manufactory, 286. 395, 609, 671.
Wheel niauufactory, ICO, 273,286,509. Mills. 462, 616, 608. 694, 695.
Carding Machines introduced, 683.
Card manufactoi-y, 199.
Carillon Fort, 298.
Carleton, Major, 300.
Caroline steamer destroyed, 453.
Carpeuters, by counties, 109. 152.
Carpet Bag manufactory, 510.
Carpet man utiictory, 199. 244, 275, 402, 407, 411, 40S, 849, 686, 695, 707.
Carriage manufactory, 109, 160, 166. 228, 229, 2;J7, 2.i5, 275, 280, S46, 308, 399, 401. 403, 405, 411. 419, 403,454, 487, 494. 496, 522, 548, 561, 575, 59S, 667, 658, 6S3. 716.
Cartridge manufactory, 549.
Cary, Trumbull, and others, purchase by, 210.
Cascades, 20, 21, 22, 165, 203, 210, 227, 235, 239, 263, 255, 271, 300, 305, 310, 31'2, 320. 324, 326, 3'28, 333, 346, 362, 855. 360, 361, 374, 376, 377, 379, 383, 380. 390, 395, 401, 402, 419, 467, 474, 484, 486, 487, 505, 508, 614, 515, 517, 621, 623, 624, 526, 627, 632, 568, 560, 672, 579, 593, 697, 604, 605, 609, Oil, 613, 616, 617, 618, 646, 664, 656, 667, 658, 664, 670, 074, 675, 715.
Cases before Court of Sessions, N.Y., 421.
Cassiltown Manor, 564.
Castle Garden, 117, 427.
Castles of the Mohawks, 40S.
Catholic Schools, New York, 431. See Raman Catholics,
Catskill Mountain House, 333. Patent, 332.
Cattle market. 4'27.
statistics by counties, 106. trade, 428.
Caughnawaga Indians 408.
Caves, 26, 165, 162, 163, 164, 302, 328, 351, 356, 360, 361, 362, 393. 416, 482, 670, 600. 604, 606, 607, 666, 674, 675, 684.
Cayuga Bridge, 199. 200. Marshes, 63, 474.
Cazenove. Tlieophilus, 322.
Cement manufactury. — See Waterlimf!.
Central American Educational Society, 146, Asylum for Deaf and Dumb. 412. Park, New York, 44, 4-ii, 424.
Chain across the Hudson, 504, 505, 508, 609, 642. Lake Champl.ain, at Ticonderoga, 299.
Chain Cable manufactory, 681.
Chair manufactorv, 276, 282, 286, 343, 402, 462, 487, 527, 610.
Chamber of Commerce, 116, 436.
Chambers. Thomas, 661, 662, 664.
Chambly Canal, 119.
Champlain Lake, 297. grants on. 298.
Champlain. Samuel. 233, 297. 477, 519.
Chandleries, 109, 286, 3CS, 419, 663, 567.
Channels of New York Harbor, 418.
Chapel, Queen Anne's. 413.
Charitable societies, 144, 247, 287, 403, 433, 434, 661.
Charity schools, 370, 4.31.
Charles III of Spiiin, grant to a New York church, 435.
Charters, New York City, 418, 438. to academics, 127.
Chase, Kev. Philander, 266.
Chasm, remarkable, in Cliuton CO., 238. in Lewis CO., 378.
Chassanis, Peter, Purchase, 363, 375, 377. Cheesebox manufactory, 343, .347, 348. Cheesecocks Patent, 603, 608, 668. Cheese manufactory, 176, 416, 537.
product of; by counties, 107. Chemical works. See Laboratories. Chenango Tract, 47.
Triangle, 224.
Twenty Towns, 52, 224, 389. Cherry Valley massacre, 410, 531.
Patent, 532. Chevaux de frise, 542. Children's Aid Society, 370, 403, 431.
Hospital, 432. Chinese, early trade with, 162. Cholera, 308. Christian Association, 146.
Connexion, 140.
Unions. 146. 147. Cryslers Field. 311. Churches, general article on, 139 to 144.
New York. 434. 435. Church, John B.. and Philip. 169.
propei-ty controversy, 287.
Tract, 321. Cider, product by counties, 105 Cigar manufectoiies. See Tahacco. Cincinnati, Society o£ 434. Ciscoes, fishery oi; 359 Cities, officers of, 31. City Courts, 34.
Halls, 166, 160, 246, 275, 366, 369,403, 423, 436. 468, 488, 624.
Inspector's Department, N. Y., 427.
Park, Brooklyn, 369.
Railroads, 307, 368, 429.
Schools, 160. 199, 246, 275, 286, 369, 403, 429, 430, 468, 4SS. 624. 660, 598. aark. Rev. Thomas, 686, 686.
Willis and Lewis G., 480. Clarke, Miss Sara J.. 487. Clans, Colonel Daniel, 315, 409, 412. Clearances on Northern lakes, 118. Clearing-Uouse Association, N. Y., 436. Clendening Valley Aqueduct, 4*24. Clergymen, number by counties, 151.
property of. exempt from taxes, 48. Clerks' offices. See Cmnty Buildings. Clermont, steamboat, 162. 521. Clifton Park Patent, 565, 587.
Mine, 572. Clinton, Charles. 510.
College. r.airtield. 343. Clinton, De Witt, 68, 59, 102, 481, 606, 649.
George, 274. 276.
Sir Henry. 604, 654, 699.
General .Tames, 410, 412, 531, 536.
Prison, 41, 238
Purchase, 2'24.
Township, 47. Clock manufactory, 638. Clover mill, 360. Cloves of the Catskills, 329, 334. Coachmakers. number by counties, 151. Coal formations, 329, 619.
mining for, 178, 407.
Oil manufactory, 367.
trade. 220. 488, 618, 624, 656, 667, 661, 662, 663, 664. Coasting trade, statistics of, 115, 116. Coast Survey, 23, 121. Coffee and Spice manufactory. 368. Colden, Cadwallader. 608, 646.
Tract. 341, 343, 344. 345, 348. Collar and Bosom manufactory, 657. Collection districts, coasting trade by, 115.
general article on, 111.
Northern frontier, 117, 118.
ship building by, 115
tonnage by, 112. Collectors on canals, 54. Collect Pond, N. Y., 418. Colleges, generjU article upon. 125.
notices of, 48, 125, 126. 160. 161, 188, 220. 25-2, 343, 3S4, 391,403, 419, 430, 431, 455, 464, 498, 646, 660,564, 675, 698. 610. 616, 667, 707.
tabular list and statistics of, 126, 127 Colonial history, 126. Colonization Society, 146. Colored Home, 426, 4'26.
schools, 136.
statistics of, by counties, 150. Color manuiilctory, 272, 373. Comb manufactory, 272, 286. Commerce, foreign, 111, 112, 113, 114. 115, 102, 247, 367, 418, 436, 438, 639.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Commerce, lake. 118, 119, 208, 214, 237, 239, 280, 285, 352, 395, 399, 402, 403. 452, 517, 518, 520, 524, 525, 680, 5S2, 657. rivor, 166, 246, 268, 274, 276, 285, 3S0, 332. 502, 509, 561, 680, 581, 620, 652, 661, 662, 663. 664, 666, 699. Commercial collegt-a. 287, 431, 489. Ci-miuissionera of Canal Fund, 64.
for taking acknowledgment of aeeda,
35. of Emigration, 117, 419, 420, 427, 649- of Kxcise. 36. of Health, 116. of Highways, 39. of Land Office, 46, 53. Common Councils of cities, 31, 420. Communities, 293, 405. Comptroller, 32. Confectioneriea, 286. Congregational Churches, 140.
Methodist Church, 140. Congress, Contiuental, 565.
first meeting in New York, 438. first Colonial, 162. Connecticut Tract, 321, 613. Constable's Towns, 375. Contracting Board, 54. Contributions tu aid Schenectady, 599. Controveray in Hutch Church, 275. 0 Convention for adopting U. S. Const., 276. Hartford, 48, 62. Hempstead. 544, 545. Bkingston. 664. Provincial, 260, 272, 276. Conventions at Syracuse. 488. Convents, 419, 431, 4a4, 701. Convictions, statistics of, 36, 421, Cooper Institute, 435. Cooper, .7. Fenimore, 536. Cooperages. 286, 514, 691. Coopers, number by countiea, 161. Copperas, 305.
manufactory, 575. Copper coinage. 509.
ores, 25, 267, 340, 575. 577, 579. 660, 704. Corn, statistics of, 101, 104. Coruplanter, an Indian chief^ 410,414. Cornwall county, 18. Coroners, 35, 427. Cortland Manor, 705, 706, 708. Corporations, general article on, 80. Cosby's Manor and Patent, 341, 344, 348,
4G9. Cotringer Tract, 321.
Cotton m.inu factory, 110, 166, 216, 228, 241, 247, 248, 253, 271, 274, 276, 293, 3U, 346, 347. 348, 352, 356, 360, 362, 368, 402, 464, 465, 466, 468, 471, 604, 509, 510, 525, 527, 532, 633, 534, 535, 636, 538, 554, 656, 558, 569, 660, 561, 669. 571, 684, 590, 591, 59S, 605, 634, 638. 662, 666, 682. Councils, Indian. 322, 344, 414. Council of Appointment, 31. of Kevision, 31. of Safety, 6i.ll. Country Roads, Suffolk co,, 632. Country seats, 272, 275, 276, 664, 696, 703,
794, 707. 708. County Imildings, 156, 160, 168, 179, 186, 198, 208. 218, 223, 232, 241, 251, 258, 268, 280, 297, 307, 314, 320, 330, 337, 341, 352, 365, 375, 381, 388, 396, 407, 451, 458, 476, 492, 502, 512, 518, 530, 640, 544, 553, 563, 568, 673, 584. 695. 600, 609, 614, 620, 632, 642, 649. 654, 661, 671, 678, 689, 697, 710, 717. Clerk, 35. courts. 34. Superintendent, 137. Tre;i9urer, 36. Courts of admiralty, 117. of Appeals. 33.
for Tri;d of Impeachments, 33. New York City, 428. of oyer and terminer, 35. of sessions, 35. State, 33. United States, 33. of Wiltwyck, ancient, 663. Comtenay. E. H., 368. C^jverlet manufact-ory, 695. O-twbell manufactory, 283. Cowboys, 333, 698. Cowen, Eseck., 592. Cows, number by countiea, 106. Craigie Tract, 321. Cranberry swamp, 528, 618.
Cratean lakes, Onoo. co., 26, 474, 482, 484. Cricket grounds. 423. Crime of New York City, 421. Criminal convictions, 35, 36.
courts, 35.
statistics, 425. Crosby, Enoch, 541.
Croton Aqueduct, 418, 422, 424, 697, 706, 707, 708.
Valley surveyed, 424. Crown Point, fort at, 297, 293. 299, 673. Crumhorn Mountain Tract, 125. Crystal palace, 423. 424. Cuck, George, a tory, 414. Cumberland I3ay, naval victory in, 234. Currents of rivers reversed, 304, 579. Customhouses, 119, 120, 2.39, 247, 286, 355,
356, 4o6. 524, 580. 638. Cutlery manufactory, 246, 508.
Dairying, product of. See Acres^ t£c.
Dakin Ore Bed, 273.
D'Alaiiiville. seigniory of, 293
Dam. State, 678.
Deaf and dumb, statisticsby conntiea,150.
Asylum, 419, 432. 433. Deane's Patent, 48, 235, 471. Deaths, New York, totals, 428.
of Holland Co. proprietors, 322. De Bruyn, John Hendrick, Patent of, 247. Debt of N. Y. to U. S., Revolutionary, 45. Debtors, imprisoned, 42. De Courcelles, expedition of, 408. Deep Spring, so called, 484. Deeds, acknowledgment of, 35. Degrees conferred by Regents, 125. De Lancey's corps, 551. De Lancey, James, 701, 705.
Patent of, 413. De la Barre's expedition, 358. Delaware & Hudson Canal, 63, 642, 661,
662. 664, 666, 668. Delliu's Patent, 6S2. De Nonville, expedition of, 493, 499. Dentists* Gold manufactory, 368. Denton, Rev. Richard, 547. Depots, 403, 561. Deserters executed, 412, 536. De Tracy's expedition, 408. De Yeaux, Samuel, 455. Devendorf. Jacob, scalped, 416. Devil's Hole, event at, 452, 453. De Vries. D. P., 564. Dewitt, Simeon, 58, 657.' Die manufactory. 593. Dioskau, Baron, 298, 671, 672. Dikes, 677. Diluvial valleys, 361. Dioceses of New York. 142. 143. Dionondahowa Falls, 680, 683. Disciples of Christ, 140. Dise's Manor, 604. Dispensaries, 2S7, 370, 432. Distances by canals, 59 to 64.
by railroads, 66 to 73. DistUleries. 160. 198, 199. 201, 213, 214, 286, 344, 367, 368, 384, 385, 391, 398, 401, 406, 454, 462, 467, 483, 484, 487, 497, 515, 535, 561, 593, 617, 618, 691. 693, 699. Distributing post offices, 123, 662. District attorneys, 35.
libraries, 135.
school meetings, 135. Districts, aldermanic, 420.
Assembly, 28.
collection. See Customhouses.
judicial. 33, 34.
military, 43.
Senatorial. 23.
of Tryon co., early, 409. Divisions. Colonial, Dutchess co., 269. Docks, 307.
Dolomite, 41, 267, 699. Domestic manufactures by counties. See
Acres, rfc. Dongan, Governor. 564. Dover Stone Church, so called, 271. Door factory, 188. Dorfs of Palatinates, 601. Downie, Commodore, 234. Downing, A. J., 7i-'8. Doxtader, Tory, 411, 4^6, 602, 607. Dressmakers, number by counties, 151. Drouth, 352.
Drowned Lands. 501. 506. 507, 510. 611. Drug manufactory, 275. Dry docks, 45, 368, 618.
Dry goods, scatistics of, 113.
Duane, Colonel. 410.
Dubois, Bishop, school founded by, 360.
Colonel, 410. Dudley Observatory, 161. Duel. 358.
Duerville Patent, 235. Duke of Gloucester, 674. Dukes county, 18. DutL'h. policy of, toward Indians, 408.
settlements by, 366, 408, 437, 503, 601, 663, 667. Duties on salt, 54. Duties, receipts from, 111, 113, 114. Dwellings, number and kind of, 108. Dwight. Francis, 137- Dyed Stuffs manufacvry, 373, 563.
works, 293, 4ti5, 5C5, 706.
Earl of Moira, 574.
Earthen Ware manufactory, 198, 286, 499,
668. Easton's Patent, 466. Eaton, Amos, 24. Ebcnezer Society, 293 Edge Tool manufactory, 166, 235, 286, 300,
347, 393, 395, 402, 480, 590. Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, 269, 564. Edmeston, Col., 533. Elections, New York, 420.
canvass of, 30.
Inspectors of, 40.
military, 44. Electors, cen.'ius of, 31. Elephant, fossil remains of. 163. Elevations above tide, 19 to 22.
Delaware CO., 257.
Steuben co., 619.
Washington co., 677. Elevators, 293, 356, 399. 525. Eleven Towns on Black River, so called,
353, 355, 357, 358, 361. 362, 375. Elias. officers of the ship, 564. Elk. domestication of, 192. Ellicott. Joseph, 322. Embargo, 233. ^7, 356, 357, 643. Emery manufactory, 546. Emigration. See Commissioners of Em-^
gra.lUm. Emigrant homes, 427. Emmons. E., analysis by. 324.
geologist of Second District, 24. Encroachment upon N. Y. Harbor, 46. Endowment of Union College, 598. Engineers, Canal, 54. English conquest, 438. Engraving, 286.
Entries of vessels at New York, 112. Epidemic, 361, 579. ^
Erie Canal. See Canals.
Basin, 284. Escheats, 48.
EsopuB, enemy advance to, 504. Evacuation Day. 437. 438. Evangelical Lutheran Church, 140. Evans, David E.. 322. Evan's Patent, 603. Evans, William, bequest of, 393. Evening schools, 430. Exchange building, 160. Excise, Commissioners of. 3''>. Executive Department, N. Y. City, 420.
State, 19. Expeditions against Canada. See (Xinado. Exports, Canadian, 118.
total New York, since 1701. 112, 114. Eye and Ear Infirmaries, 370, 432.
Fairs, Colonial, 101.
State, and other, 102. 269, 706. Fall Hill Patent, 341, 34-3, 346. Families, number of, by counties. See
Acres, (£c. Fancy Goods manufactory, 455. Fanning Mill manufactory. 61S, 691, 692. Farms, number of, by counties, 108, 151, Farrett, James, agent of Earl of Stirling,
633, 635, (537, 639. Federalist (the) newspaper articles, 276. Feldspar, 267, 671, 674. FemiUes. Asylum for, 433, 488. Female Guardian Society, 433.
Seminaries. See Acafkniies. Ferries, general act, and list of. 82.
notices of. 200. 245, 249. 271, 272, 275,
276. 277, 356, 367. 420, 428, 450, 609,
546, 655, 563. 570, 580, 636, 664, 666
699, 700, 704.
10
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Pertilizers, 631. Feudal privileges, 242. I'over. 425.
Tiold notes of Holland Land Co., 332. File manufactory, 271, 275, 510, 571. l-'illinore, Millard, 203, 206. 283. Finance Department New York City, 420. Fire arms first known to Indians in New
York, 297. Eire Brick manufactory, 26, 468, 503, 567, 699. Departments, 275, 369, 422. 42?, 424. de^tructive, 83, 162, 302, 438, 46S, 661,
675. 593, 062, 682. Engine manufactory, 402, 593, 617. Insurance. 83, 436. Wardens, 423. in the woods, 631. Fish Manures, 6.31, 632, 638, 639.
preservation of, 124. Fisher. Col. Frederick, 415. Fisheries, 18, 46, 124, 232, 247, 357. 359, 437, 530. 644, 560, 632, 634, 636, 637, 641, 701. Fitch. Dr. Asa, 27. John, 83, 418. Five Dutch Towns of Kings co., 366. Flags, Azariiih C, 137. Flagging Stone, 20, 197, 204, 20.5, 223, 267, 3:9, 333, 381, 385, 449, 464, 491, 512, 615, 581, 600, 063. 064, 666, 717. Flax culture, 655, 658. 680, 686.
statistics of lint and seed, by cos., 106. mills, 308. 658. 569. Floating' battery, 46.
Flour manufactorv. 160, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176, 193, 194, 199,302, 203, 2(16, 211, 212. 213, 214, 216, 320, 231. 222, 226, 238, 246, 248, 259, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 286, 324, 325, 328, 346, 352, .357, 362, 385, 390, 392, 395, 400, 401, 402, 406, 400, 413, 464, 466, 468, 481, 4S2, 484, 497, 614, 616, 518, 620, 621, 622, 624, 625, 627, 528, 634, 636, 537, 63S, 661, 622, 675, 59.3, 610, 611, 612, 617, 618, 623. 626, 626, 627, 629, 6.34, 651, 652, 655. 657, 658, 676, 682, 683, 686, 600, 691, 694, 695, 712, 713, 715. Flower culture. 64-8, 649. Floyd, Col. Richard, 634.
Gen, William, 463, 471, 634. Fonda, Douw, 415, Foote, Stillman, 271. Forrest, Edwin. 708. Forfeitures, 48, 314, 316, .342, 347, 348, 540,
641, 602, 698, 700, 702, 704, 708. Forges, 26, 236, 238, 239, 240. 297, 349, 360, 465, 482, 504, 608, 682, 681, 686, 694, Fork manufactory, 229, 390, 416, 487, 635,
.536, 676, 61T. Formau, Joshua, 68. Fortifications, general notice of, 45.
tabular list of, 46. Fort Brewerton. 481, 522. Clinton, 603, 504. Columbus. 419. Dayton, 342, 345. Diamond, .373. Edward, 298, 682. Frederick, 297. Gibson, 419. Hamilton, 373. Herkimer, 342, 345. House, 417, Hunter, 408, 413. Independence, 699. Jav, 419.
Johnson, 315, 412. La Fayette, 373, 699. Leyi. 574.
L-.inan, 298, 671, 672. Miller, 591.
Montgomery, 18,45, 237, 503, 604, 506. Niagara. 452. Plain, 410, 414. Porter, 236. Putnam, 604, 505. Orange, 166. Richmond, 665. Schuyler, 346, 410, 461, 467, 469, 586,
706. Slongo, 638. Stanwix, 166, 461, 467. Sullivan, 219. Tompkins, 565. Wooti. 419. VVUliam Uenry, 298, 672.
Forts, Canadian, 45.
notices of, 45,156,167, 162, 163, 166, 206, 219, 220, 221, 237, 204, 274, 275, 277, 286, 297, 298. 299, 301, 304, 305, 327, S42, 344, 353, 356, 358, 373, 393, 4o8, 409, HO, 412, 413, 414,416, 410, 417, 419, 4.37, 462. 453, 460, 461, 467, 469, 478, 499, 603, 604, 605, 619, 625, 642,
646, 661, 669, 561, 665, 669, 674, 696, 698, 599, 601, 602, 604, 606, 634, 664, 673, 679, 681, 682, 700, 707.
Forty Thousand Acre Tract, 321.
Founderies, 160, 189, 193,201, 206, 227, 237, 2:39, 240, 244, 246, 248,272, 277. 286, 344, 356, 367, 301, 400, 401, 406,464, 466, 466. 470, 484, 487, 488,606, 509, 610, 616, 621, 625, 633,634,538, 536, 542, 649, 660, 657, 668, 669, 570, 691,
693, 604, 605, 606, 607, 610, 611, 616, 617, 618, 622, 625, 627, 647,656, 667,
694, 702, 708, 707, 708, 715. Fountains, 362, 433.
Fowling, 644, 634. Fox, George, 546.
Hall JVIanor, 49, 662, 663. Franciscan College, 188. Franklin Institute, Syracuse, 4S9. Frauds. 308, 311, 362. Free Academy, New York, 429, 430. Freeholders, number of. See Acres> (£c. Free Masons, 147. Free Schools, 137, 138, 701, 708. Freestone, 568, 670.
French cede Canada to Great Britain, 299. colonization, 353. colonies, 224. defeat of. 409. fortifications, 297, 619. grants on Lake Charoplain, 233, 298. missions, 477, 580. posts, 298.
Protestants, 371, 546. settlements, 264, 301, 363, 376, 376,
377, 378, 454, 477, 478, 646. surrender. 674. traces of. 467, 477, 482. Tract, 224.
War. ^e War, French, Freshets, 167. 162, 166, 302, 329, 658, 613,
644, 683, 683, Friends, 142, 360. cemetery, 371.
mission estal'lished by, 187, 195. Frigates on Lake Ontario, 358. FrisneU's Patent, 50. Frontiers, 297. Frontenac, expedition of, 408, 478.
Fort. 519. Fruit culture. 198, 205, 327, 39.5, 402, 456, 404, 481, 497, 612, 540, 609, 670, 609, 601. 062, 088, 6S9, 690, 703, 706. Fur Company, North Westxjrn, 525. dressing. 368, trade, 232. Fulton, Robert, 83. Funds, lands belonging to, 46. 47. Furnaces, 109, 195, 198, 202, 211, 212. 214, 226, 228. 235, 238, 244, 246. 247, 270, 273, 282, 289, 291, 293, 325, 366, 300, 368, 382, 383. 385, 386. 390, 393, 398, 399, 400, 402, 406, 408, 462, 466, 471, 484. 508, 614, 516, 822, 538, 677, 667, 682, 690, 691, 692, 693, 695, Furniture, 109, 286, 291,362,368, 402, 488, 614, 615, 623. 623, 618. makers, by counties, 152.
Gage's Patent, 50.
Game, protection of, 30.
Gananoqui, expedition against, 354.
Gansevoort, Col. Peter, 461, 478, 614.
C-irdean Tract, 711.
Gardening, 101, 365, 398, 399, 501, 544, 546,
647, 64S, 849. 868, 571, 696, 706. Garden Seeds, 214, 243. 686. Gardner, Lyon, 6.35. 638.
Garlock, John Christian, 409.
Garnets, 407.
Gaslight m,inufactory, 80, 317, 368, 424,
663, 693.
springs, 26, 186, 203, 208, 213, 214, 236,
267, 310. 335, 386, 386, 466, 462, 491,
499, 665, 6ii9, 592. 607, 615, 691.720.
Gate rights, so called. 550.
Gauntlet, running of the, 462.
OavlorJ, Willis, 486.
Geddes, James, 68, 69, 479, 483. George, 63, 474, 4S2.
General Assembly, 698.
Court. 636, 640. Genesee Falls Portage, 386, 710.
Tariff. 322. Genet, Kdmund C., 655. Geographical and Statistical Society, 436, Geological survey, 24.
Hall, 27, 160. George III. statue of. 423. 438. German Flats, 342. 344, 410.
Methodists, 141. Ghent, treaty of, 18. Gibbs, the pirate, 419. Gilliland, William, 299, 800, 301, 305. Ginseng trade, 416, 469. Glass manufactory, 164, 240, 291, 366, 368, 462, 470, 617, 621, 649, 558, 689, 641, 644, 668. 691. Glebes. 344, 666, 571, 607, 699. Glen's Purchase, 341, a43, 345, 346, 685. Glove and Mitten manufactory, 286, 311,
314, 317, 318. Glue manufactory, 286, 368, 398. Goat Island, 456. Gold Beating, 286. Gold Pen manufactory, 368. Gold and Silver Refining. 368. Gore Tract)!. 224. 263. 690. Gospel and School Lands, 47, 136, 260, 874. Governor, powers, qualiticationB, &c., 31. Governors Island, forts on, 419.
Purchase. See Chenango, Grain, amount by towns. See AcreSj &c,
cradle manufactory, 484, 510.
destroyed, 264.
excellence of the several countieB in, 101.
trade, Buffalo, 285. Grand Island Tract, 290. Granger, Gideon. 495. Grape culture, 101, 497, 628, 699. Graphite, 26, 267, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 337, 338, 340, 640, 670, 671, 685. Grass Seed, Sullivan CO., 641. Great Nine Partners' Tract, 269, 277. Green, Col., 708.
Gritfin. first vessel on upper lakes, 462,465. Grindstone manufactory. 168, 233, 471. Gristmills, number b,v counties, 109.
See Fl'iur manufactoi^. Grocers, number by counties, 162. Guano mimufactory, 637, 639. Gun manufactory, 246, 286. 699.
barrel manufactory. 656. Gunpowder explosion. 489. Guthrie, Dr. Samuel, 359, Gutta Percha Belting m.inufactory, 649. Guy Park, 412.
Gypsum, 26, 110, 197, 203, 320, 326,340,388, 392, 393, 394, 395. 398, 406. 468, 469, 473, 480, 481, 482, 484, 485, 491, 497, 613, 614, 617, 688, 690.
Haile, Gen., 677. Ilaldi-man, Gen., 300. llalf-.Moon Patent, 586.
Point, 593.
Orphan Asylum, N. Y., 433. Hall, James, Paleontologist and Geologist
of the Fourth District, 24. Hall, N. K., 283. Hall of Records N. Y., 423, 437. Halls of Justice N. Y.. 426, 437. Hame manufactory. 229. Hamilton, Alexander. 125, 276.
College Telescope, .392. Hammer manufactory, 228. Hammond, Jjibez D., 137. Hampton, Gen. Wade, 234, 310. Harbor at Black Rock, 288.
BuB'alo, 284.
encroachment N. Y., 46, 418.
Hill, Roslyn, 550.
masters, 116,
New York, 418. Harbors on the lakes, 22, Hardenburgh Patent, '258, 331, 600, 663. Hardware manufactory, 216, 286, 471, 488, Harlem Canal, 418.
Harness manufactorv. by counties, 109. Harper Patent, 60, •2"34. Harper. Col., 316, 410, 624.
Robert. 235. Harpersfield burned. 410. Harrisofi", Charles, 349. Harrison's Patent. 50. Hartford Convention. 18, ISO. Hartman, John A., 346.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
11
HMtwIck Patent, 633. Uasenclevei-'s Patsnt, 341, 345, S4S. Uat manufactory, lUO, 19S, 447, 286, 368, 610, 707.
by counties, 109. Hawley. Gideon, 137, 605.
Jesse, 68. Hay, 101, 163, 241, 331, 332, 547, 654, 665.
product by counties, 104. He)iiltiu;irter8 of Washington, Newburgh,
509. Health Commissioner, 428.
OIHcer, 116, 42S.
Public, 116, 427, 428. Heathcoto, Caleb, 701, 702, 703. Height of mountains, table of, 19.
lakes and rivers, 20, 22. Hellgate, 648, 649. Henderson's Patent, 341, S48. Hendrick, King, 298. 343, 671. Hennepin, Father, 462, 456. Henry Clay steamer burned, 708. Herkimer, Gen. N., 264, 343, 345, 409, 410,
461, 638. High Bridge, 424, 707. High Falls on Black River, 379. Highlanders, Scotch, 316. Highlands of the Hudson, 501, 542. High Itock Spring, Saratoga, 592. Highways, 39. Historical Society N. Y., 435. Hoe manufactory, 200, 229, 390, 537, 667,
671,675,690. Hoffman, aged 118, 269. Holland Land Co., 62, 169, 187, 210, 2S0, 288, 321. 322, 462, 468, 516, 516.
agent of, 322, 390.
CO. buildings erected by, 320.
names of members, 321.
Patent, 467.
Purchase, 280, 468, 513. Holley, Myron, 59. 4onie AsBuciatiou, 488. Home MissioDS, 14G. Homeopathic Medical Societies, 149. Homestead exemption, 48. Honey, product by counties, 106. Hoosick Patent, 556.
Hop culture, lol, 223. 230, 340, 388, 412, 414, 468, 630, 537, 600, 603, 606, 607 Hops, product by counties, 105. Horse mill, 373.
races, colonial. 546.
Kiike manufactory, 716.
Shoe manufactory. 236, 300. Horses, association for improving breed of, S3.
killed by Sullivan, 221.
statistics of, by counties, 107. Horticultural Society, Brooklyn, 370. Hosiery nuinufactory, 166, 661, 617. UospiUils, 120, 161, 287, 366, 365. 368, 370,
4U4, 419, 420, 425, 426, 427, 432, 606,
624, 555, 661, 666, 702. House of Industry, 433, 434.
of Kcfuge, 42, 404, 420, 425.
Lord, death of, 298. Huddlestone e.\ecuted as a spy, 276. Hudson, Hendrick, 166, 437, 659, 664. Huguenot settlements, 269, 603, 5I>4, 661,
663, 666, 703. Hunter Lodges, 354.
Hoad, 642.
grounds, 232, 636. Hunlerslic-ld Patent, 607. Hurley Patent. 6G3. Hutchinson, Mrs. -\nne, 704, 705. Hypersthene rock, 296, 346.
Ice, 162, ISO. 365, 419, 484, 569, 663, 703.
Idiotic, statistics of, by counties, 150. Asylum for tlie, 483, 488.
Illiterate, statistics of. by counties, 160.
Immigration, general statistics of, 122.
Impeachment, 33.
Imports, Canadian, 118.
total, since 1700, 112, 114.
Inclined planes on rail roads, 67.
Indi'p.-ndcnce, Uechiration of, 244, 697.
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 149.
India Kubber manufactory, 419, 546, 708.
Indian antiquities, 180, 181, 188, 194, 200. 202, 203, 206. 220, 253, 260, 264, 283, 293, 327, 355, 368, 369, 360, 361, 393, 412, 414, 463, 468, 482, 493, 494, 498, 499, 513, 516, 634, 661, 659, 688, 693, 6U5. 616, 643, 644, 679, 704, 706.
Indian disguise worn by anti-renters, 268. hung for murder, 198. invasions. 166, ISO, 210. 260, 262, 264, 297, 331. 334, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 372, 408, 410, 411, 412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 461, 407, 477, 493, 603, 631, 633, 536, 564, 696, 697, 602, 604, 607, 60S, 642, 661, 662,, 664 66S, 679, 706, 70S. Indian Purchases, 46, 48, 180, 187, 224, 2:i3, 242, Mi, 268, 261, 270, 322, 332, 389, 394. 39S, 437, 478, 499, 646, 661, 690, 634, 636, 638, 639, 698, 700, 70l, 703, 706, 707, 708. reservations, 48, 63, 187, 280, 308, 309, 311, 322, 324, 327, 363, 382, 384, 385, 389, 393, 462, 462, 469, 478, 483, 486, 680. Pass 303
settlemeiits, 180, 187. 210, 274, 2S7, 30S, 322, 382, 389, 393, 408,415, 462, 458, 465, 473, 476, -183, 493, 496, 498, 499, 557, 559, 574, 680, 601, 632, 633, 637, 038, 655, 678. Btatistics, 151.
trade. 157. 162, 415. 452, 4S5, 682. tradition of, 458. 477, 482, 493. tribes on Loog Island, 632, 634 Indians at Moutauk, 635. ** Industrial schools, 161, 370, 404. Inebriate Asylum, 180. Infirmaries. 370. Ink manufactory, 593. Inland Steam A.iv. Companies, list of, 82. Inman's Triangle, 375. Inn Keepers, by counties, 152. Insane, statistics of, by counties, 150. statistics of, 409. See Lunatic Asi/lum. Insects in grain, 320. Inspection of steamboats, 115.
of vessels, 42S. Inspector, City, 427. Insurance companies, 81, 83, 436. obsolete, list, 85 to 89. rates lowered by Croton, 424. Intermitting spring, 310. Invasions, hostile, 180, 209, 232, 234, 236, 260, 262, 264, 280, 28S, 290, 297, 299, 308, 310. 311, 312, 316, 331, 334, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 354, 355, 356, 358, 359, 365, 372, 404. 408, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 452, 400, 461, 467, 477, 476, 503, 504. 513, 519, 625, 531, 554, 556, 564, 569, 574, 578, 579, 580, 5S7, 596, 597, 599, 602, 604. 607, 60S, 61^4, 633. 634, 639, 642, 643,
661, 662, 671, 679, 6Sl, 6S2, 694. Iron bridge, 407.
manufactory, 41, 110, 166, 220, 232, 235, 236, 238, 241. 243, 245, *i46, 261, 270, :i7l, 273, 275, 276, 286, 296, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 310, 349, 352, 360, 361, 362, 363, 395, 419, 462, 464, 471, 501, 508, 610, 521, 533, 535, 549, 561, 573, 575, 577, 579, 680, 582, 617,
662, 666. 668, 681, 699.
ores, 19, 2i, 25, 165, 165, 186, 218, 232, 235, 236, 237, 241, 243, 245, 267, 270, 271. 273, 277, 296, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 310, 311, 312, 337, 348, 349, 352, 355, 360, 361, 374, 376, .•?77,378, 388, 392, 395, 458, 464. 470, 471, 601. 517, 621, 528, 540, 642, 543,
663, 572, 575, 677, 581, 582, 589, 600, 670, 674, 675, 680, 692, 693, 695, 717.
Iron Band, 297, 340, 349, 374.
Ives, L. S., .380.
Ivory Black manufactory, 363, 563.
Jail limits, Jefferson co., 352. Jails. See County Buildings. Japanned Cloth manufactory, 368.
Ware manufactory, 286. Jay Ore Bed. 5S1.
Treaty. 519. Jemison, Mary, the white woman. 711, 712. Jersey City, relations with New York, 429. Jersoylield Patent. 341, 347, 348. Jervig, John B., 423. Jesuit missiona. 468, 415, 477, 619. Jews, attempt to collect, 290. Jogues, Fatlu-'r. 4^i5, 477. Johnson WAX. 316, 318, 409.
Guy. 315, 341, 346, 409, 412.
Sir John. 30U, 315, 316, 409, 410, 413, 416, 602, 605.
Johnson, Sir William, 298, 315, 317, 318, 343, 348, 409, 412, 452, 612. 592, 671, 672.
Indian children of, 315, 348. Johnston, Bill, 360.
Joucaire, , Frencli adventurer, 452.
Jones. i:famuel, cliaiity fund, 049, 550. Judicial Department, 33, 428.
districts, 34. Julia, encounter of the echonner, 574. Junction Canal Cumpauy, 218. Jurisdiction, IS, 33, 34, 418. Justices' courts, 34. Juvenile delinquents, 42, 420.
Asylum, 433.
Kakiate Patent. 568.
Kane brothers, 412. 409.
Kaolin, 301, 675, 567.
Kast's Patent. 341, .".4S.
Kayuderosseras Patent, 585. 587.
Kidd, William, the pirate, 570.
Kinderhook Patent. 247.
Kingsborough Patent. 317, 318.
Kingsbury Patent, t)85.
King's College, i^ee Vvlumbia VoUegt.
King's District. 241, 243.
Kiui-'s Ferry, 569, 699.
King's Garden. 356.
Kirkland. Bev. Samuel. 461, 464, 485» 499,
Kirkwood, James P., 369.
Klocks Field, battle of, 410, 417.
Knapp, Uzal, 509.
Knitting mills, 166. 558, 590.
Korlright Patent. 262.
Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 504, 586.
Laboratories. 24S, 368, 419, 464, 506, 549.
Laborers, number by counties, 152.
La Cole surprised, 234.
La Fayette, Marquis de, 27, 410, 467.
La Hontan, Baron, 288, 404.
Lakes, general sketch of, 20.
Lake George Steamboat Companies, 82.
Lake ridges, 351. 355, 361, 395, 449, 4.53,
512, 514, 524, 688, 693. Lallemant, Father, 477, 479. Lamp and Lantern manufactory. 368. Lampblack manufactory, 593. Lancasteriau schools, 125, 160, *i46, 600,
599, 057. Land Office, 322. 323.
Commissioners of, 46. 494.
attacked by a mob, 210, 322. Land patents, list of, 49. Landslides, 303, 413, 560. Land, State, how sold, 46.
tenure and title of, 46
under water, 46, 418. 419. Lansing's Patent, ail, 343, 348. Lantern manufactory, 286. La Salle, visits Niagara Falls, 452, 455. Last manufactory, 286, 705. Lath manufactory, 289. Law, George, 424, 684. Law Department, New York. 427.
Library & Institute, 435.
libraries, 287, 369.
schools, 161, 275. Laws, 29, 30.
Lawyers, number by counties, l.'J3. Lay, Amos. 580.
Lead ore, 26, atl. 243, 267, 340, 355. 37*, 378. 407, 506, 528, 573, 579, 581. 646, 660, 6S6, 704.
Pipe manufactory, 362. 657 Leake & Watts Asylum, 433. Lease, law respectini: lands under, 46.
tenure of. 273. 471.
lands under, Delaware co., 258.
Indian, 462. Ledyard C.inal, 484. Legislature. 28.
at Kingston. 662.
at Poughkeepsio, 276.
dispersed, 26.
New York City. 420. Leisler, Jacob, 700, 703. Le Moyno, Father, 479. Lery, .M. de, 460, 467. Lo Koy's Patent, 1)63. Le Boy, Bayard A McKvors. 321, 468. Lewis, Governor Moigan, 272. L*Uommedieu, Ezra, 125.
Patent. 341, 343, 348. Liancourt. Duke de. 498. Liberty poles cut down, 344, 438,
12
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Libraries, 27, 4S, 102. 125, 126. 127, 1?,9, 144, 146, 24fi, 2R-, 3B9, 383, 391. 403, 433, 434, 464, 478, 4S8, 4S9, 605, 624. school district. 135, 137.
License question, 147.
Lieutenaut Governor, powers and duties of, 32.
Lifeboat manufactorv, 367.
stations, 121, 122, 365, 644, 650, 631.
Life leases, 242.
and Iiealth insurance, 83.
Lighthouses. 120. 216. 271. 280, 284, 297, 355, 356, 358, 360, 399, 403, 419, 624, 627, 580, 667, 669, 677, C34, 635, 636, 638, 639, 662, 694, 706.
Lime manufactorv. 109, 110, 186, 197, 260, 282, 279, 301, 305, 331, 346, 381, 383, 391, 394, 395, 462. 474, 484, 485. 612, 668, 669, 570, 690. 613, 616, 649, 684, 662, 666, 670, 683. 690, 693, 700.
Limestone terrace, 288, 292.
Lincklaen Purchase, 389.
Lincoln, General, 299.
Lindsey's Patent, 341, 343, 631.
Liuen manufactory, 237,559.
Line of Property, 257, 462.
Liquorice manufactory, 368.
Lispenard's Patent, 341.
Literary associations and societies, 144, 369, 385. 434, 489.
Literature Fund, 46, 125, 126. lauds, 47.
Lithography, 2S6.
Little Beard, 384.
Little Nine Partners' Tract, 269, 272, 273.
Liviusstou Manor, 242, 247. P'atent, 242, 244, 348, 603. KoLert R., 82, 83, 147.
Lloyd's Neck Manor, 561.
Loans, State, statistics of, 38.
when lands are sold under, 46, 48.
Lock manufactory, 286.
navigation, 556, 579, 596.
Locks, canal, 451, 454.
Locomotive factory, 598.
Logan, an Indian chief. 200.
ijOg navigation, 297, 873.
Longee. a French partisan, 672.
Long Island farms, (New York city poor,) 649.
Lotbiniere. grants to, 298.
Lotteries, 125, 428. 566.
Louis Philippe, travels in N. Y., 219, 404,
Lovelace, Governor. 564.
Lumber, 110, 160, 165, 166, 168, 170, 173, 176, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 194, 195, 211, 214, 216, 218. 220. 232, 235, 236, 238, 248, 267, 280, 263, 264, 205, 286, 290, 293, 296. 302, 303, 304, 305, 307. 309, 311, 314, 316, 317, 337, 338, 347, 349. 367, 360, 363, 367, 375, 377, 390, 399, 402, 464, 468, 470, 602, 609, 521, 622, 623, 625. 526, 527, 629, 876, 678, 680, 681. 684. 588, 589, 691, 593, 018, 620, 623, 624, 626, 629, 641, 643. 644, 646. 647, 648, 662, 661, 663, 665, 667, 668, 671, 680, 686, 686, 692, 693.
Lunatic Asylums, 31. 42, 200, 247, 365, 398, 419, 425, 426, 432, 468, 495.
Lush's Patent, 347.
Lyceums, 276, 369. 436.
Lyine: in Asylum. 432.
Lyuds, Elara, 41, 704.
McCrea, Jane, 6S2.
McDonald, D., 346.
McDonough, Commodore, 234, 2.39.
Machine shops. 109, 160. 166, 196, 199, 206, 214. 227, 'iSo, 237, 238, 240, 246, 247. 24-?. 271, 272, 286, 289, 293. 317, 366, 367, 368, 383, 3S5, 390, 391 . 400, 401, 402. 406, 462. ■ 487, 488, 506, 609, 610, 616, 522, 636, 537, 648, 566, 657, 660, 669. 691, 593, 606, 616, 617, 618, 626, 687, 658, 682, 683, 685, 686, 691, 693, 699.
Machinery manufactory. 109, 300, 362, 411, 464, 465, 468, 488, 636, 656, 652, 681, 686.
Machinists, number by counties, 153.
Machin's Patent, 48, 341, 347, 413, 603.
McNeil's Patent, 342. 348.
Macomb, Alexander, 362, 579.
171, 193, 221, 262, 301. 312, 356, 392, 618, 573, 590, 626, 649, 678,
396, 518.
202, •244, 292, 387, 484, 625, 570, 656, 692,
396, 617,
Macomb. General. 234.
Macomb's Purchase, 48, 308, 376, 458, 672,
674, 681. Magazines, military. 44. Magdalen Female Benevolent Society, 433. Mat^netic machine. 297. Mail routes by railroad and steamboat, 123.
early, 469.
ocean, 124. Mail seiTice, general statistics, 122, 123. Malignaut fever, 4'28. Malleable iron, 471.
Malt manufactorv. 160, 166, 368, 618, 691. Manganese, 26, 241, 267, 600, 704. Manhattan Company, 89, 424. Manor of Fox Hall, 662.
Wm. Gilleland attempts to found, 306.
Staten Island, 664.
Westchester co., 698, 703, 706, 707.
Fordham, 707.
Rensselaerwyck. See Epnsselaerwyclc.
Livingston. See Livingston.
Cortland. See CurtUmd. Manors, list of Colonial. 49. Manual Labor Schools. 283. Manufactures, statistics of, 109, 286, 4.36. Maple sugar, 101.
Marble, 26, 41, 109, 267, 271, 273, 274. 286. 300, 301, 368, 376, 418, 677. 681, 890, 670, 671, 696.699, 700, 702, 704, 70S.
cemeteries, 428. Marine barracks. 368.
day. 672, 573, 580.
court. 35, 117. 428.
Family Asylum, 566.
Fund, 117.
Hospital, 117, 120, 368.
railways, 286, 368, 625, 581.
Society, 434. Markets. 286. 427, 706. Marl, 186, 218. 241, 2.50, 262, 267, 273. 274, 279, 292, 318, 3'20, 3S8, 391, 394, 395, 468, 474, 640, 614, 619, 688, 690, 691, 693, 710. Marthas Vineyard, 18, 49. ^lartial law, Delaware CO., 410. Marvin's Patent, 347. Masons, number by counties, 153. Massachusetts, attempt to settle on the Hudson, 242.
claims, 242, 494.
lands, 62,
pre-emption, 18, 48.
Ten Towns. 48, 180. Massacre. Indian, 661, 664, 672, 685, 700. Mastodon, skeleton of. 501, 648. Matchbox manufactory, 377. M,iyors. 39. 420.
Mayville land office sacked, 322. Mechanics' Association, 403.
Institute, 435. Mechanical trjides, total number of per- sons engaged in, 163. Medical Colleges. 126, 287, 343. 430, 498.
Societies. 126, 149, 160, 287, 431. Medicinal extracts, 241, 248. Meigs, Colonel, 639. Melodeon manufactory, 286. Menageries, 706.
Mennonites. 141, [431, 489.
Mercantile Coll. 139, 161, 180, 287, 403,
Library, 435. Merchants, number by counties, 153. Merchants' Exchange. 436. Meteorological observations, 126. Methodist African Church, 139.
Congregation.al Church, 140.
Kpiscopal Church. 141.
German Church. 141.
Primitive Church, 142.
Protestant Church, 141.
Reformed, 143.
Weslevan, 144. Metropolitan Police, 366. 420, 564. Midge, ravages by, 381, 383, 398, 612, 618,
717. Millinery, by counties, 110. Mile Strip, Niagara, 48. Military .\cadeniy, 45, 505.
districts, 43.
organization, 43.
Road, 45. 354.
stations, 419.
Tract. 47, 180, 199, 224, 473, 478, 610, 616, 655, 690. 691. Militia called out, '^69, 269, 437.
laws, 43, 44.
ofiBcers, 43.
Militia, services of, 565. .Milk market, 101, 268, 273, 277, 501, 602, 606, 810, 811. 640. 643, 644, 660. 564, 667, 508, 670. 696. Miller. David C, 323.
Rev. IVm., 683. Millers, number of, by counties, 153. Milliners, number of, by counties, 153. Mill Iron manufactory, 297. Millstone manufactory, 286, 368, 468, 641,
660. Millyard Tract. 398.
Mineral localities, 26. 267, 296, 362, .361, 362. 374, 078, 407, 540, 663, 672, 673, 676, 677, 679, 682, 684, 600, 604, 606, 676, 698. springs, 26, 165, 169, 163, 164, 166, 168, 170, 173, 175, 178, 186, 188, 195, 213, 221, 229, ail. 244, 248, 25", 267, '279, 282, 301, 302, 305, 312, 320, 3-24, 326, 332, 343, 346, 347, 349, 355, 356, 357, 369, 360. 361, 363, 376,377, 378, 379, 382, 386, 39'2, 393, 394, 402, 413, 465, 456, 458, 462, 469, 470, 481, 482,484, 488, 491,497, 603, 616, 632, 834, 637, 646, 652, 564, 687, 658, 679, 590, 691, 692, 693, 607, 620, 650, 666, 664, 679, 683, 688, 692, 696, 702, 704. Mines, 26, 570, 660. Road, 603, 642. Mining, Mechanical, & Chemical Cos., 80. Mimsink, battle of, 603. m!i.ssacre. 603. Patent. 603. Mint, 122, 609. Minuet, Peter. 437. Mirage. 382, 708.
Missions. 139. 142. 146, 187, 195, 273, 274, 308, 370, 393, 404, 431, 434, 477, 619. Mitchell's Cave, 416. Mobs, 210. 269, 322, 438, 649, 665, 601. Moliegans. 697. 704. Mohawk Indians, 408. River rifts, on, 23.
settlements. See Herkimer and Mont- yomtry cos. Molang, a French Partisan, 686. Molding mill, 707. Montauk, 632, 633, 635, 638. Montcalm, Marquis of, 298, 619, 672. Montgomery, Richard, 276, 299. Montour, Captain, 624. Montour, Catharine, 610. Montreal, expedition against, 408. Monument to Herkimer voted, 343.
to martyrs of prison ships, talked of,
373. to Paulding, 699.
to Pike and others, disgraceful, 359. to sliipwTecked persons, 547. to Van Wart, 700. to Washington, (^corner atone,) 423. to Williams, 298. to Gen, Worth, 423. Moody. Lady Deborah, .372. Moose River Tract, 342, 349. Moravian mission, 273, 274. Morgan, William, 323. 462, 496. Mormonism, 494, 497, 690, 693. Morris. Chief Justice, 705. Gouverneur, 68, 375. Honorary Creditor Tract, 321. Lewis, 702.
Reserve, 169, 321, 3S2, 494. Robert, 321, 621. Roger. ,540, 541. title of, 494. Morse, James 0.. 210. Morse, S. F. li.. 274. Mosaic code. 640.
Mounds, Indian, 200. See Indian Anti- quities. Mount, murder of, 347. Mountain Ridge, 396. 512.
systems of the State, 19. Mowers and Reapers, 405. Muck, ISO. 198, 279, 292, 320, 388, 394, 474, 618. 5S)0, 614, 617, 618, 628, 688, 692, 683. Mnles. mmiber by counties, 107. Muller, Lewis A., 391. Munro, Major, attack by, 687.
Colonel, 672. Mu.seum, '27, 432. Musical Association, 287, 489. Mutual iud societies, 434. Mutual Insurance companies, 83. Myers Mine, '236.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
13
NaU manufnctory, 198, 235, 297. 300, 301,
302, 601. Nantucket formerly in New York, 18. Narrows, 3155, 373, 563. Niition:il eocietifis, 434.
C<imp. Emancipation Society, 146. Natural Bridge, 074, 704. Nautical societv, 434. Naval Depot, 368. Hospital, 45, 308. Lyceum, 369. storea, 245. Navigation, 22, 156, 272, 279, 296, 297, 418.
companies, 64, 82. Navy Yard. 308. Neaiider, Dr., library of, 403. Necks of land, 644, 649, 660, 551, 631, 638,
703, 706. Needle manufactory, 570. Newbnrgh, diacoateat of troops at, 504.
Patent, 609. New Dorlach Patent, 603. New England Alliance, L. I., 633. Newgale Prison, so called, 41. New Petersburgh Tract, 3S9. Newspapers, 157, 169,178.187, 198,209.218, 224, 233, 241, 251, 268, 268, 280, 297, 307,315, 321, 330. 337, 841, 362, 366, 376, 381, 3S9, 396, 407, 439, 451. 459, 475, 492, 502, 613, 618, 530, 540, 646, 653, 664, 568, 573, 886, 696, 602, 610, fil4, 620, 632, 642, 660. 655, 661, 671, 678, 689, 697, 711, 718. discontinued, New Y'ork City, 442. New York, before Revolution, 431. New York State Agricultural College, 126. Harbor encroachment, 46, 418. Library Society, 436. Society, 101. system, geological, 24. Niagara River and falls, 449, 460, 452, 455. Nickel, 26. Nicoll's Patent, 637. Nitschman, Bishop David, 274. Noah, Mordecai M., 290. Noble, Arthur, 337, 339, 349. Nobleboio' Patent, 342, 349. Noble's Patent, 48.
Normal School, 125, 136, 137, 369, 429. Northern Inland Lock N'av. Co., 60. Notaries public. 35. Nott, Rev. Eliphalet, 532, 698. Noxious animals, 30.
Nurseries, 398, 402, 498, 544. 546. 694. 703. for children, 420, 425, 426, 433, 649.
Oakum m.anufactory, 286. Oats, statistics of, 101, 104. Oblong Tract, 18, 269, 640, 703. Observatories, 423, 464, 505. Ocean steamers, 82.
mails, 124. Ocher, 176, 377. Odeltown. affair at, 234. Officers, State, county, and town, 40. Ogdeu Samnel, purchase by, 321.
Tract. 321. Ogdensburgh taken, 574. Ohio Basin. 2S4. Oil cask manufactory, 638.
cloth manufactory, 368, 468, 656. 590, 667, 658.
manufactory. 198, 286, 293, 357, 368, 390, 402, 616, 632, 649, 556, 667, 618, 632, 637, 639, 667, 691. Old Fort, so called, 327.
Military Tract. 235, 237, 240.
Prenimption Line, 494.
School Baptist Church, 139. Omnibus routes. New York City, 429. Oneida Coaimunity. 392.
Indians, friendly, 410, 696.
Reservation, 3S9.
River Improvement, 62.
stone, 458. Oothoudt's Patent, 48, 468. (>phthalmic Hospital. 432. Optical Instrument manufactory, 392. Ordnance, summary of 45. Organ manufactory, 286, 468. Oriskany, battle of, 3.42,410, 412, 414, 461, Orphan Asylums, 161, 200. 247. 275, 370, 403, 419, 425, 426, 433, 488, 618, 524, 661. Oewegatchie District. 575. Overseers of Highways, 39. Owasco Lake Improvement, 63. Oxen, statistics by counties, 106.
Oysters. 46, 644, 549, 650, 663, 667, 632, 636, 638, 704.
Page, David P., 137.
PaU manufactory, 286, 297, 301, 386, 482,
6315, 870, 057. Paine, John, 242, Thomas, 703. P.aint man'y., 312, 368, 402, 419, 549, 555. Painted Post, 024. Painters, by counties, 153. Palatinates, 242, 245, 408, 409. 412, 415, 416,
509, 601, 603, 606, 6U6, 667, Palisades, 21, 25.
Palisades, (military,) 372, 373, 437. Palmer, Edmund, tory spy, 099. Erastus D., 4S7 Mine, 236. Purchase, 585. Paper Box manufactory. 317.
manulactory, 110, 166. 199, 200, 215, 228, 241, 243, 244, 247, 248, 274, 277, 286, 297, 317, 330, 3:U, 345, 346, 352, 362. 375, 377, 384, 3S6, 390, 402, 407, 406; 4S4, 4-85, 487, 504, 610, 516, 627, 638, 560, 6.i6, 667, 558, 661, 570, 684, 689, 590, 593, 605, 606, 610, 634, 657, 666, 704. Pardoning power, 31. Pardons, statistics of, 36, Parish, David, 530. Parker, Col.. 266. Parks, 369, 422, 423, Parsonage, Queens, 413, Passengers, statistics of, 117, 122. Patchin, Gen., 603.
Patent Leather mjinufactory, 286, 368. Patents, Land, 40, 48, 49, 63, 258, 341, 408. Pathological Society, New York, 431, Patriot •' War," 235, 354, 367, 360, 452, 674,
675. Patroon, title of, 159. Paulding, John, 699. Pauw, Michael, 5tJ4. Peaches, quantity by counties, 107. Pearling Mill. 593. Pearl barley, 482, 484. Pears^ quantity by counties, 107. Peas, statistics by counties, 105. Peat, 232, 237, 241, 267, 337, 394, 458, 474,
605. 540. 670. 629, 671. Peg manufactory, 317. Pelham Manor, 703, 704. Pell, Thomas. 700, 703, 704. Pemaquoit. 18. Pendergrast sentenced. 269. Penet Square, 48. 353, 367, 360, Penitentiaries, 156, 280, 366, 425, 475. Peppermint, 689.
Oil manufactury, 691. PerachS'e Tract, 48. Percentage of population. 151. Perry, Commodore, gifts to, 423. Personal liabilities of stockholders, 80. Pestilence, 428, 601. Petrie's Purcliase, 342. Petroleum springs, 168, 173, 186. Pharmacy, College of, 431, Phelps atid Gorham Purchase, 321, 382, 398,
494. Philippe, Louis, 404, 498. Philipsburgh Manor, 700, 702, 704, 708. Philipse Patent, 640. 641. Philosophical Instrument man'y., 286. Physicians, bv counties, 153. Piano m.anulaotory, 160, 228, 286, 468, 609,
686. Pickle manufactory, 707. Picq uet, Francis, 574, Pictured Rnclis, 380. Pierrepont Estate, 376, 378. Piers, 166, 280, 284, 356, 367, 419, 422, 624. Pike. Z. M.. monument to, 359. Pilots, 116, 116. Pine plains, 156, 312. 351, 638. Ptn manufactory, 275. Pipe clay. 26. Pistol manufactory. 699. Pitcher, Lieutenant Governor, 685. Pitt, statue of, 438. Plains, Hempstead, 644, 647, 648. Plane man ufactory, 286. Plan of union proposed, 162. Planing mills, 160. 20.5, 220. 228, 235. 2.37. 239, 280, 289, 292, 293, 317, 347, 307. 308, 393, 399, 401., 402, 405, 406, 454. 466, 600, 614, 646, 690, 698, 604, 010, 617, 025.
Plank roads. 39, 80, 159, 179, 235, 236, 358, 284, 311, 321, 354, 459, 616, 618, .596, 601, 542, Plaster mills, 110, 206, 221, 228, 229, 2.iR, ■iU, 247. 271, 274, 367, 385, 393, K'S, 400, 401, 406, 4:54, 408, 484, 569, (.16, 662, 667, 6S2, 6,V3, Plate of Johnson family, 316, 400, 410, Plattsburgh attacked, 234. Plow manulactory, 244, 454, 406, 616, 099, Plums, by counties, 107. Pocket Book raanufiujtory, 286. Point au Fer. 233. 237. Police Department, 420. Political societies, 434. Poor, associations for relief of, 287, 370. county and town, 161, 168, 179, IJ-6, 198. 208, 211, 218, 223, 233. 241, 261, 258, 268, 280, 297, 307, 314, 320, :B0, 341, 352, 376, 381, 388, 390, 407, 426, 427, 434, 461, 459, 475, 492. 602. 513, 618. 630, 646, 550, 563, 695, 60O, 614, 634 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 542, 1>49, 654, 661, 671, 678, 689, 696, 711, 718. statistics of. 37, 38. Superintendents of, 30, 36. Popham, Major Wm., 705. Population, total, by counties, 160. by towns. See Acres, <£c. comparative, 151.
of cities, 371, 404, 436, 436, 469, 699. Porcelain manufactory. 367, 308, Portages, 22, 23, 460, 466, 619, 628. Portage Falls. 3S6, 711, 713. Porter Road, 612. Port of New Y'ork, 438. Portrait gallery. 495. Portraits in Capitol, 27. Ports of entry. 111, 216, 399, 438, 638, 694. Port Wardens, 116. Postal arrangements, 122, 123. Post office, 123, 437. Potash, 415, 618.
Potato culture, 101, 105, 639, 682, Potsdam sandstone quarries, 312. Potter, Rev. .tlonzo, 137, 270. Potteries. 286, 468, 691. Potters' Field. 420. 423, 425. 426, 428. Pouchot, M.. surrender ol, 674. Powder mills. 604, 669. Premiums for domestic manufacture, 102. Presbyterian Church, 141, 142.
United, 139. Prevost Patent, 333. Prideaux, Gen.. 452. Primitive Methodists, 142. Printers' Library. 435.
number by counties, 163. Printing cloths. .509.
offices by counties, 110. Print manufactory, 272, 663, 505, 57(. Prison Association of New York, 42, 426,
433. Prisoners sold as slaves, 661. Prisons. 41, 200, 238, 426, 420, 42T. Prison ships, 371. 372. Privateering on St. Lawrence, 365, Prize fighting, Boston Corners, 243. Protestant Episcopal Church. 142. Provident and Mutual Aid Societies, 434. Provincial Congress, 662.
Patent, 684. Provost, Sir George, 234. Public health. 427. Schools, 135,
School Society of New Y'orli 130. Pulteney. Sir WUliam, 321, 384, 404, 621,
622. Pump manufactory, 286, 368, 400, 405. 463,
698, 617, Putnam, Gen. Israel, 298. 371. 460, 504,
840, 641, 67-2, 682, 685, 686. Puts Rock, 686,
Pyroligneous Acid manufactory, 182. Pyrotechny, 286.
Quackenboss, John. 685.
Quaker settlement, 366. Springs. .591.
Quarantine. 18. 31, 116, 117, 419, 427, 428, 663, 666. 506.
Quarries, 26, 41, 165,165,167,168,170,172, 173, 175, 190, 191, 102, 197, '201, 204, 206, 208, 213, 214, 215, 218, 2'2:i, 243, 246, 267, 270, 271, 279. 282, 284, 301, 305, 312, 314, 318, 320, 331, ,332, 340, 341, 343. 346, 347, 349, 359. 381, 383, 386, 393, 396, 400, 407, 411, 449, 454,
14
Quarries, continued.
468, 463, 41)4, 467, 470, 471, 473, 432, 483, 4S4, 486, 401, 497. 612, 516, 617, 628, 630, 632, 640, 642. 666, 672, 677, 681, 687, 690, 613. 616, 017, 660, 062, 663, 664, 666, 68s, 692. 093, 696, 699, 700, 702, 704, 706, 708, 713, 714, 718.
Quarter Sales. 167.
Quartz crystals, 340, 343. 649.
Queensborough Patent, 585.
Quitman, General, 277.
Quitrents. 46, 242, 268, 699, 701, 704.
Quogue Purchase, 638.
Kace courses, 548, 549, 550. Eafting, 266, 382. Kail Koads. Canadian. 119. Commissioners. 09. employees, by counties, 153. gauge, 74.
general article on. 66. notices of. 71.112. 156. 1S9. 169.170. 172, 173, 174, 179, isii, Isj. 1S4. ISil, 187, 189, 191, 192, Ua. 194. 2ol. 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 214, ^Is. 219. 2.>u. 224, 232, 236, 237, 238. 241, 214, 248, 246, 247, 248, 268, 206. 268, 270, 271, 276, 280, 2S2, 292, 293. 307, 310, 312, 321, 324, 326, 337, 341, 345, 346, 354, 356, 357, 366, 367, 381, 382. 383, 384, 386. .388, 392. 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 405, 407, 416, 4.il, 464, 468, 459, 462, 466, 407, 408. 470. 471, 478, 4S0, 482, +83, 484, iss, 4!..^, 496, 498, 600, 602. 5114, 505, 606, 607, 608, 610, 613, 614, 615, 618, 520, 521, 630, 640, 642, 644, 646, 546, 548, 649. 650, 662, 666, 667, 661, 663, 568, 669, 670, 671, 673, 676, 676, 677, 678, 679, 580, 681, 682, 885, 687, 690, 593, 696, 698, 600, 609, 610, 612, 614, 617, 618, 620, 622, 623, 024, 626, 626, 627, 028, 6.32, 636, 637, 639, C40, 641, 642, 650, 661, 652, 663. 654, 666. 667, 678, 089, 690, 691, 692, 693, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 706, 706,707, 708, 711. projects, Ac, 76 to 79. statistics of, 74, 76.
Rake manufactory, 2t)0, 667.
Bandall. liobert Kichard, 666.
Kandalls Island. 42, 420, 425.
Rangers, 242, 298, 305.
Kanit of military ofiicera, 43.
Eapelje, Sarah, 371,437.
Raspberry culture. 49S.
RaUin manufactory. 646.
Keaches on the Hudson, 542.
Real, Count, 356.
Reciprocity Treaty, 117, 524.
Record Commissioners, 365.
Recorder, 420, 428.
Records. State, 26.
Red Jacket, 615.
Reformed Methodists. 143. Presbyterians, 143. Protestant Dutch. 143.
Refugees, Canadian and Nova Scotian, 235, 237.
Refugee for Juvenile Delinquents, 432, 433.
Regalia manufactory, 280.
Regents of the University. 126, 126. 635.
Registers of Deeds, 35, 365, 697.
Registration of births, marriages, and deaths, 427.
Religious societies, 100, 144.
Itemsenburgh Patent, 48, 342, 347, 349, 466.
Rensselaerwyck Manor, 166, 156, 167, 165, 563.
Reservations, gold and silver mines, 26, 46. Salt Springs. 478, 479, 480. See hidian Jieservationa.
Reservoirs. See Canal Reservoirs.
Resident Physician. 116.
Revenues, United States, 111.
Revolution. See War of Jievolution.
Revolutionary claims, 419.
Rheimensnyders Bush, attack upon, 346.
Richmond College, 664.
Riileau C.^nal, 119.
Ridge Road. 612, 693.
Rifle manufactory, 344, 402.
Riots. See Mobs.
Rivers, general sketch, 20.
Roads, opening of, 39.
■Robberies, M2.
linbert, Louis J., grant to, 298,
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Robinson, Beverly, 640. 642. 699. Rock City, so called, 173, 192. Rocking stones, 701, 706. Rogers, Piatt, 300.
Robert, 298. 674. 685. 701. Rolling mills, 199, 236, 297, 669, 671, 666,
699, 708. Roman Catholic Cliurch. 143. Roofing slates, 26, 243, 267, 566, 677, 682,
084. Rope manufactoiT, 228. 286, 368, 376, 464,
666, 658. 634, 693. Rosin Oil manufactory, 368. Ross and Butler, 410. Ross, Major, 316. Rotunda. N. Y.. 423. 437. Royal Grant. 315. 342, 343. 346, 347,348. Rubber Toy manufactory. 272. Rumbout's Patent, 209, 272. Rural cemeteries. 100. 166. 200. 276, 371,
372. 373, 398, 404, 428, 649, 577, 699,
703, 704. Rye, where most raised, 101. statistics of, 104.
Sable Iron Co., 236. Sackets Harbor. 525. Snckett, Richard, 270. Sacondaga Patent, 317. Saddle & Harness manufactory, by cos., 153. Tree manufactory, 691. Safe manufactory, 100, 308, 402, 561. Safety fund. 89. Sail manufactory. 286. Sailors' Snug Harbor. 566. St. Hilary, Count. 621. St. Lawrence Canal, 119. .St. Leger, Gen., 166. 342, 410, 461, 467, 686. St. Regis Indians. 233. 308. Saleratus manufactory, 401. Salisbury, Aaron, 290. Salmon fisheries, 124, 520. Salometer, 480. Salt holes, so called, 488.
manufactory. 110, 198. 203. 399, 405, 479, 483, 487,488. 489, 612, 614, 616, 622, 632. 032, 692. 693. marshes and meadows. 365, 372. 373. 418. 544. 540, 547, 64S. 660, 563. 666, 631. 633, 635, 636, 638, 696, 706. Springs Lands. 47. springs. See Brine Springs. wells, 479, 480, 483. Salvage. 117.
Sandpaper manufactory, 546. Sand plain. 584. Sandstone terrace. 677. Sandy Creek battle. 625. Sandy Hook fort, 665.
light. 419. Sanger, W. P. S.. 368. Saratoga Patent. 585. Sargent, Henry G., 69. Sash k Blind manufactory, 110, 188, 228, 229, 244, 248, 265, 270, 286, 297, 301, 302. 368, 3S6. 3S6, 393, 407. 413, 464, 4()3. 484, 510, 615, 564, 676, 6S2, 690, 696. 603. 662. 686. 716. Satinet manufactory, 261, 508. Savings banks. 99, 100. 166, 436, 640. Saw manufactery. 280, 506. Sawmills, by counties, 110. S,aw Set manufactory. 348. Scale manufactory. 402, 693. Scarcity of provisions, 204. Schagbticoke Indiana. 669. Schoharie invaded, 316. School Commissioners. 38, 135, 137, 139. Districts, 31. 136, 138. Fund. 46. 47. 135. General Article on. 135. houses. 138. Indian. 412. 478. Lands. 47, 389.
statistics, 138. See Acres, dc. Schools. Common. 38, 135.
Sec Citij Si-hmls. Schuvler. Han Yost, 342. Patent. 269, 342. Peter. 403.
Philip, 316. 410. 691, 592. Scott's Patent, 413, 6ir2. 603. Screw mMunfactory. 468. Scriba, George, 519. 620. 628. Scriba's Patent, 48, 619, 521.
Scythe mannfactory, 274, 312, 466, 483, 690,
617. Sealer of Weights and Measures, 30, 38, Seal of Broome Co. presented, 178.
Delaware Co. adopted. 257. Seamen's Friend Society, 146. employed, 113. Hospital. 120, 434. Retreat, 506. tax upon. 117, 120, 666. Seamless Bag manulactory, 590, 683.
clothing, 271. Seat of Government. 26, 438. Secretary of State, 32, 126. Secret Societies, 147. Seigniories. French. 233, 298. Select schools under Regents. 125. Seminaries, 200, 463. 484. 498, 633, 602, 713.
See also Academies. Senate, 28.
Districts. 28. Seneca Indians, 397, 462. 493.
Lock Navigation Company, 62. River Improvement, 61, 62. Turnpike. 469. Serpentine, 670. 675. Serpent, tradition of, 493. Servis's Patent. 466, 468. Seventh Day Baptists. 143. Seward, Tl'iiliam H., 200, 610. Sewers, New York, 426. Shad fisheries. 124. Shakers. 143. 166, 243, 248, 384. Shannandhoi Patent. 685,687. Shattuck, Artemas, 714. Shawl manufactory, 608, 698, 618. Shav, Daniel. 166. 603. Sheep husbandry, 107. 637, 686 Sliell. John Christian, 345. Sheriff murdered, 242.
county, 36. Shingle manufactory, 110, 286. 290. 291, 292, 293, 801, 338, 454, 470, 623, 626, 527, 676, 580, 690, 611, 626, 667, 694. Shinnecock Indians, 638. Ship building, 115, 213, 286. 297, 362, 366, 367, 358, 369, 367, 368. 399, 520. 625, 549, 569, 570, 632, 633, 634, 636, 639, 662, 686. can.al, 284, 690. Timber Co.. 291. Shipments, Buffalo, 285. Shoe manufactory, S46, 373, 402, 548, 668,
670, 706. Shovel manufactory, 705. Showmen. 706. Sicknes.s. 681.
Silk manufactory, 276. 286. 391. 666,670,657. Silliman, Prof., analysis by, 324. Silurian rocks, 156. Silver Lake Tract. 711.
mines, so called, 257, 337, 374. Plating, 2S6. traces of. 528.
Ware manufactory, 110. 163, 368, 488, 662. Simcoes Queen's Rangers, 561. Skanandoa. Indian chief, 469. Skene, Philip, 299, 686. Skinners. 698.
Slack Water Navigation Co., 614. Slate, 26.
Slate Cos., 267, 270, 273. Slave rescue, 489. Slaves, Indians sold as. 661. Small Pox Hospital. 426. Smallwood, Col., 701. Smith. Col., 452. Gerrit. 393. 624. Joe, 494, 467. Peter, lease of. 462. purchase of, 389, 393. William, H., 634. Smuggling. 233, 357. Snell and Zimmerman's Tract. 342. Soap manufactory, 109, 286, 368, 402, 509,
693. Socialists, 392. Societies, Agricultural, 102. See New
York Stab: AijricuUttral Socitlij. Society for Promoting Agricultural Arts and Manufactures, 101, 161. Promoting Useful Arts, 101. Soda mannfactory, 286. Solar works. 479. 480. Solitary confinement, 41. Sons of Liberty, 423, 438.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
15
Eons of Malta, 148. Spanish Brown, 25. relic. 477. invasion, 478. SpauIdinK, Solomon, 532. Specie, 113. 122.
payment suspended, 90. Speculations. 3G6. Spencer, John C, 137, 323. Spies, 412.
Spiritual rappings. 690. Spoke niauuractory, 277, 590, 667. Springs, copious, 205, 277, 522, 670, 616. Spuytenduyvil Creek. 418. Sauatters, 242, 243, 269, 290, 291, 368, 360,
389, 304. Stage boat, 469. licensed. .553. rights, 469. routes, early, 496. Stair buildinu. 110.
Stalactites, 164, 416, 600, 604, 606, 607. Staley's Patent, 342, 344. Stamp Act. 438.
Starch manufactory, 232, 237, 238, 240, 2S6, 297, 307, 346, 468, 618, 621, 625, 650,'681. Stark. Gen, John, 298, 656. State Engineer and SurTeyor, 33, 6i,[SS, 69. Government, 28, Hall, 27. House, 26.
Library, 27, 126. 128. Prisons, 36, 41, 42, 63, 200, 238, 704. officers. 41.
reservations for villages, 288, 704. Boads, 322, 615, 666. Statue of George III. and Pitt, 423, 438.
Washington. 423. Stave manufactory. 238, 262, 286, 290. 292,
363, 487, 614, 622, 626, 618. Steamboat Companies, 82. mail routes. 123. statistics oij 116. tax, 64. Steamboats. 115, 162, 200, 214, 247, 276, 286, 2SS, 307, 354, 358, 360, 368, 375, 399, 418, 429. 462, 489, 495, 626, 650, 651, 561, 673, 679, 584, 611, 615, 616, 620, 627, 628, 655, 667, 664, 673, 687, 696, 697, 699, 700, 703, 705, 708, Steam Engine manufactory, 286, 625, 652,
686. Stedman, William, 462. 455. Steele, O. N.. miu-der of, 269. Steel manufactory, 270, 311, 608, 610, 640,
666. 671, 701. Sterritt Tract, 321. Steuben, Baron, 48, 467, 484. Stevens, Ebenezer, 549.
John C, 418. Stewart, Alran, 210. Stilwellitos, 140.
Stirling, Earl of, 18, 550, 633, 635, 639. Stirling, Lord, 610, 564, 637. Stock, breeding of, 277.
amount of. See ^crcs, (£c. Stockade, 469. See Forts. Stone and Marble dressing, 153, 368, 663,
666. Stone Arabia battle, 316. Patent, 317. 408. 416. Stone Heap Patent. 413, 603, 605. Stone heaps, 242, 005. Stone Ware manufactory, 286, 408. Stove manufactory, 160, 286, 561, 099. Strang. Daniel, execution of, 699. Straw, paper factory, 166. Streets, arrangement. New York, 422. Department. 422. inspection, 427. Stuart. Charles B., 368. Sturgeon fisheries. 124. Stuvvesant pear tree, 437.
"Peter Q., 423. Suburban population, 429. Sugar Loaf Hill fortified, 299. Sugar refineries. 419. Sullivan. General, 219, 221, 371, 3S2, 410, 478, 493, 531, 636, 664, 602, 609, 614, 617. Sunday schools, 146. Superintendent Poor, 36. Superintendent Public Instraction, 125,
135. Supervisors. 30, 39, 420. Tryon County, 410. Supretne Court, 34.
Surrogate, 34.
Survey Fifty, so called, 479.
Surveyor General. 33.
Surveys of Holland Laud Co.. 322.
Surveys of Lake Champlain, 29S.
Suspension bridges, 235, 362, 412, 463, 455,
663. Susquehanna Navigation, 619. Swallow, steamer, wrecked, 331. Swedenborgian Church. 139. Swift, General John, 690. Swine, statistics by counties, 107.
Taconic system. 24, 25.
TaiLu-8, by counties, 163. shops, bv counties, 110.
Tallmadge, M;yor, 634, 638, 701.
Tammany Society, 434.
Tanneries, 110, 1S3. 181, 183, 188, 193, 194, 195, 198, 202, 206, 213, 219, 225, 228, 2.30, 238, 239, 244, 248, 267, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 282, 283, 286, 289, 290, 291, 292, 203, 297, 302, 304, 306, 311, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 330, 331, 332, 3.33, 334, 338, 339, 342, 343, 346, 347, 348, 350, 353, 360, 362, 363, 376, 377, 386. 3S6, 390, 391, 392, 394, 400, 402, 454. 462. 463, 405, 466, 468, 469, 470, 483, 484. 505, 514, 515, 616, 520, 521, 622, 523, 626, 626, 627, 629, 632, 633, 634, 63.5, 536, 637. 538, 641, 554, 576, 676, 6S4, 689, 690, 591, 698, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612, 623, 625, 627, 628, 641, 643, 644, 646, 647, 649, 651, 652, 655, 6.57, 661, 663, 666, 667, 668, 671, 676, 690, 691, 693, 695, 699.
Tape manufactory, 706.
Tariffs. 111.
Tarleton, Gen., 700.
Tavern sign in verse, 222.
Taxation. 48, 422.
Tax sales, 48.
Teachers' classes, 126, 138. institutes, 137. statistics of, by counties, 153.
Tea destroyed in New York Harbor, 438.
Teamsters, number, by counties, 153.
Telegraph companies, list of, 81. Instrument manufactory.
Temperance Society, New York State, 147.
Ten Governors, 425.
Ten Towns on St. Lawrence, 47, 572, 574, 675, 576, 677, 578, 579, 680, 681, 682.
Tennre of lands. 46.
Tertiary cKays. 237. 296.
Theater at Bath, 622.
Theller, E. A., 405.
Theological seminaries. 127, 200, 391,403, 430, 431, 533, 676, 707.
Thermal springs, 26, 241, 247.
Thermometer manufactory, 248.
Thimble manufactory, 636.
Thorburn, Grant, 649.
Thousand Islands, 577.
Thread manufactory. 693, 697.
Threshing machine, 667.
Ticonderoga, 29S, 299, 306, 671, 672, 673.
Tidal estuaries, 365, 367, 372, 544, 546, 647, 663, 696, 706.
Tide mills, 371, 844, 546, 640, 696, 701, 706.
Tides, 23, 156, 419.
Tile manufactory, 160, 398, 499, 691,
Tillier, Rodolpli, 375, 377, 378.
Timber stealing, 309, 311, 360, 580.
Tin manufactory. 368, 646, 618.
Tinsmiths, by counties, 163.
Tinware manufactory, by counties, 110.
Titanium. 26.
Title, controversy about, 299, 367.
Tobacco and cigar manufactory, 110, 166, 276. 286, 308, 468, 488, 693. 699.
Tobacco culture, 101, 106, 219, 220, 221, 372, 487, 689. Indian tradition, 482.
Tompkins, Governor, 564, 705.
Tonawanda Swamp, 450.
Tonnage. American, compared with fo- reign, 112. Buffalo. 285.
at different periods, 116, 116. by counties, 113. by districts, 112. coasting. 115. general article on, 115. on great lakes, 118. Oswego, 524. registered and enrolled, 111, 112, 115.
Tool manuf y. 300, J91, 393, 527, 590, 698.
Topographical outli-ie of State, 19.
Topping Purchase. 038.
Tories, 163, 180, 345, 346, 398, 602, 607, 636.
Tornado, 310.
Totten & Crossfleld's Purchase, 47, 337,
342, 349. Town Clock manufactory, 390.
halls. 239. 700, 707.
meeting days, 30.
powers of people at, 31.
officers, 30, 40.
Purchase, 638. Townsend Pund, Jamaica, 548. Townships patented, Delaware county,
258. Tract societies, 145, 404, 489. Trading posts. 452, 519, 661. Transit Line, 321, 322.
storehouse, 822, 328. Trap rock. 601. 668. Treasure buried, 316, Treasurer, State, 32. Treaties, 18, 180, 224, 257, 290, 299, 344,
382, 461, 478, 479, 661. Treaty, Reciprocity, 624. Trial of Zenger, 431. Triangular Tract, 321, 326, 398. Tribunals of Conciliation, 34. Trinity Cemetery, 428.
Church, 4.34. Triphammer manufactory, 347, 391, 393. Trombois Mine, 236. Trumbull. Col. John, 385. Trustees of Academies. 126.
school districts. 39 Tryon, Governor, 26.
county, ravages in, 411. Tub manufactory, 297, 466, 670, 590. Tufa, 26, 186, 396, 692. Tunnels, 68.
Turkish present to Com. Perry, 423. Turner's Purchase, 705. Turning, by counties. 110. Turnpikes. 39. 182, 2S4, 601. Tuscaror.a Indians. 410. 452. 596. Twenty Towns on Clienango. 224. Twine manufactory. 571. 693, 597, «o4. Type manufactory, 160, 286.
Union College, 126, 649, 598.
schools. 136, 138, 201. 21:4. 324, ,346, 359. 401, 405, 464, 4S3, 4S4, 487, 498, 648, 630, 617, 618, 036, 691, 692, 712.
Unitarians, 143.
United Presbyterians, 139.
United States Courts. 33. Deposit Fund, 125.
Universal Friend, so called, 713, 719, 720, 721.
Universalists, 143.
Universities. See ColUgcs.
Upholstery, 286.
Upton, Paul, letter from, 269.
"V^accination, 432.
Valu.ation by towns. See Acres, <t«.
Tan Alstyue. Eva, 411.
Van Buren, Ex-President, 247.
Tan Cortlandt, Jacob, 698.
Stephen, 699. Tander Donk, 708. Tander Kemp, John J., 322. Van Driessen's Patent, 342. Tan Home's Patent. 342, 343. Tan Kleek House. '275. 276. Tan Rensselaer, Eillian, 156.
Patent, 603.
Robert, 316, 410, 417.
Stephen, 69, 157, 553. Tan Schaick, Col., 478.
Mvndert, 424. Tan Wart. Is.aac, 700. Varnish manufactory, 549. Vaughan. Gen., 664. Vaughan's Patent. 342, 343, 346, 348. Verd Antique, 303. Vermont controversy. 18.
militia at Platts'burgh. 234.
negotiations with the enemy, SOO.
Sufferers' Tract, 224, 225. Verplancks Point. 604, 669. Veto power. 30, 31. Vice manufactory, 286, 598. Villages, officers of, 39. Vineyards. 205, 628. 699. Tlaie. Sacondaga, .314. 316, 318, 337. Voters, by counties, 160.
16
INDEX or SUBJECTS.
Vrooman's Land, 605.
Patent, 48, 342, 343, 348, 349, 601.
Wadaworth, James, 137, 382.
Wiilk-iD-the-Water, etoamer, 288.
Walloomsac Patent, 666, 686.
•Talloons, settlement of, 371, 437.
»l"alton"s Patent, 62, 265, 342, 348. Tract, 4S9.
^^■a^wo^th, Reuben H., 592.
"Wampum, 635.
Wards, date of formation. New York, 420.
Wards Island. 117, 419, 420, 427.
War of 1812-16 noticed, 45, 233, 363, 3S4, 855. 356, 368, 366, 372, 373, 398, 399, 404, 437, 513, 620, 525, 666, 674, 679, 681, 683, 633, 639, 687, 690, 694.
Warren, Sir Peter, 315, 409, 419.
Wars, French, 301, 306, 460, 461, 467. 503, 519, 533, 654, 656, 558, 686, 672, 685, 6S6. Indian, 408, 416, 416, 478, 493, 655, 566,
659, 588, 697, 609, 661, 700. Kevolutionary, 164, 180, 233, 242, 244, 299, 331, 3.34, 366, 371. 415, 416, 631, 437, 438. 461, 467, 603, 604, 608, 619, 633, 635, 537, 638, 645, 548, 540, 660, 651, 554, 686, 5.S7, 601, 604, 624. 633, 6.36, 636, 637, 638, 639, 642, 643, 640, 662, 663, 664, 668, 698, 699, 701, 702, 707, 70S.
Washington College, 564.
Washington, General George, 273, 371, 467, 503, 504, 609, 636, 670, 699, 700. inaugurated, 438.
Washington monument proposed, 423.
Water Cures, 18ll, 204, 220, 344, 386, 470, 497, 498, 658.
WaterUme, 24, 26, 155, 197, 199, 204, 207, 279, 282, 292, 305,320, 340, 357, 374, 388, 390, 303, 394, 396, 464, 458, 469, 473, 482, 484, 4S5, 491, 497, 612, 614, 600, 613, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 666, 717.
Waterman's Society, 434.
Waterspouts, 3.52.
Waterworks, 160, 284, 312, 362, 363, 369, 424, 48S. 509, 648, 661, 697, 706.
Watkins & Flint, 219, 610, 655.
Watson's Tract, 342, 349, 375.
Wawayanda Patent, 503, 606, 568.
Wax, product by counties, 107.
Wayne, Anthony, 569.
Weavers, number bv counties, 153.
Webb, General, the "coward, 461, 467, 672.
Webster, Ephraim, 479, 485, 489.
Weeds, noxious, 39.
Weights and measures. 38. 39, 427.
Welland Canal, 119, 520, 625.
Well, remarkable, 271.
Wells family murdered, 531.
Wells in N. Y., 418, 424.
Welsh settlement, 460.
Wesleyan Methodists. 144.
Western House of Refuge, 42, 404.
Inland Lock Navigation Co., 58, 346,
461, 466, 696. West India Co., 437. West Patent, 702, 703. West Point, 604. Whalebone manufactory, 546. Whale fisheries. 124, 247, 632, 636, 638, 639. Whales, drift, 124, 635. Wliarves, New York, 422. Wheat, statistics of, 101, 104. Wheelbarrow manufactory, 4S2, 484, 665. Wheeler, Silas, 629. Whetstones, 223. Whip manufactory, 286. Whitehouse, Rev. Dr., 137. White Lead manufactory, 286, 368, 663,
566, 666. Whiting manufactorv, 368. WiUnir. Hcrvey B., 4"sS. Wilkinson. General, expedition of, 310, 354,
356, 367, 674. Jemima, 718, 719, 720, 721. Wilkins Point, 45. Willet's Patent, 345. Willett, Colonel, 316, 411, 461, 607. Williams College founded, 29S. Williimis, David, 603, 700.
Ephraim, 298, 671. Williamson, Charles, 384, 621, 622, 690,
692, 694. Willis, N. P., 662. Will of Sir Wm. Johnson, 315. Windmill, battle of, 676. Windmills, 635, 636, 637, 640. Window Shade manufactory, 368,
Wire manufactory, 099, 708.
Wolf, 680, 681.
bounty frauds, 308.
Woman's Hospital, 432.
Wooden Ware manufac. 573, 680, 581, 591.
Woodhull, General N., 371, 634.
Woodworth, Lieutenant Solomon. 345.
Woolen manufactory, 110, 166, 175, 194, 199, 200, 203, 206, 212, 216, 2-20. 221, 229, 244, 248, 265, 260 261, 263, 265, 270, 272, 283, 289, 291, 292, 293, 301, 332, 343, 344, 346, 366, 362, 379, 3S6, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 400, 401, 402, 406, 407, 411,412, 413, 416, 454, 403, 466, 468, 471, 485, 486, 487, 506, 510, 614, 522, 535, 664, 661, 669, 5S4, 593, 697, 610, 611, 617, 618, 636, 651, 655. 658, 662, 663, 668, 681, 68-2, 683, 685, 695, 703, 704, 713, 715.
Wool growing, 168, 178, 186, 198, 208, 218, 2-23, 280, 320, 395,492, 498, 609, 620, 628, 688, 710.
Woolsey, Lieutenant .625.
Wooster, Ebenezer, 258,
Workhouses, 280, 398, 425, 426, 476.
Worth, General, monument to,^42-3.
Wreckmiisters, 117, 644, 631.
Wright, Benjamin, 69, 70, 619. Silas, 676, 686.
Wyandauce, Montauk sachem, 633, 634, 638.
Wyoming massacre, 265, 410.
Yam manufactory, 276, 346, 605, 669. Yellow fever. 428. Yeo, Sir James. 399, 525, 694. Yorkshire, on Long Island, 365, 544, 545. Young, Brigham, 496.
John. 326.
Samuel, 59, 137, 481. Young Men's Association, 147, 161, 275, 287, 369.
Christian Association, 146.
Christian Union, 147, 287. Young's Patent, 342.
Zenger, Peter, trial of, 431, Zinc ores. -IQ. 704. Zinzendorf, Count, 274. Zoological .Garden, 423.
GAZETTEER
STATE OF I^EW YORK.
STATE BOUNDARIES.
The State of New York is situated between 40° 29' 40" and 45° 0' 42" N. latitude, and between 71° 51' and 79° 47' 25" longitude w. of Greenwich. It is bounded on the n. by Canada, e. by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, s. by the ocean, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and w. by Pennsyl- vania and Canada.
The Northern Boundary, commencing in the middle of Lake Ontario, N. of the mouth of Niagara River, extends eastward through the lake, midway between the opposite shores, to its E. extremity, thence north-easterly through the St. Lawrence River to the 45th parallel of N. latitude, and thence easterly in a gradually diverging line from the parallel, and terminating upon Lake Champlain 4,200 feet N. of it. The Eastern Boundary extends s. through Lake Champlain to its s. extremity, thence a short distance s. e. along Poultney River, and thence in an irregular line, but in a generally southerly direction, to Lyons Point, at the mouth of Byram River, on Long Island Sound. From this point the line extends eastward through the Sound, very near the Connecticut shore, to the e. extremity of Long Island, including within the limits of the State nearly all the islands in the Sound.
The Southern Boundary extends from the e. extremity of Long Island along the ocean to the s. w. extremity of Staten Island, thence northward through the channel between Staten Island and New Jersey and through New York Bay and the Hudson to the 41st parallel of n. latitude, thence north-westerly to a point upon the Delaware at latitude 41° 20' n., thence north-westerly along Delaware River to latitude 42° n., and thence w. along the 42d parallel to a meridian passing through the w. extremity of Lake Ontario.
The Western Boundary, commencing upon the 42d parallel, extends n. to the middle of Lake Erie, thence eastward to the E. extremity of the lake, and thence n. through Niagara River and to the middle of Lake Ontario.'
1 Th"* boundary throngh Lake Ontario isl75mi.; throuKhthe St. Lawrence, 108 mi.; along the Canada frontier, E. of the St. Ln\frence. 62.75 mi.; through Lake Champlain, 105 mi. ; along Poultney River. 17.25 mi. ; the Vt. line, H. of that river, 54.06 mi. ; the Mass, line, 50.52 mi. ; the Conn, line, to Lyons Point, on Long Island Sound, 81.20 mi.; through the Sound, 96 mi.: along the ocean to the N. J. shore, 150 mi. ; through the Bay and
Hndson River, to latitude 41° N., 44 mi. ; along the N. J. line, w. of the Hudson, 4S.50 mi. ; thrnu(;h Delaware River, 78 mi. ; along the Penn. lino, on latitude 42°, 225.50 mi. ; on the me- ridian to Lake Erie, 1S.75 mi., and npon the meridian in Lake Erie, 22 mi. ; through Uike Eri-j to llutfalo. 50 mi. ; and through Niagara River, 34 mi.
! II
18
XEW YORK GAZETTEER.
The boundaries of the State have been settled from time to time by commissioners appointed by the several governments "whot^e territories are contiguous. In several instances long and angry controversies have occurred, which have extended through many years and almost led to civil war. The boundaries are all now definitely fixed, except that of Conn., respecting which a controversy is now pending.^
1 Canada Boundary. — By royal proclamation, issued in Oct. 1763, the line of 45° n. was fixed as the boundary between the provinces of Quebec and New York, and this was confirmed in council, August 12, 176S. The line was surveyed by Valentine and Collina, October 20, 1774. By the treaty of 17S3 the 45th parallel was recognized aa the N. boundary of the State from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. By the treaty of Ghent the same line was recognized aa the boundary, and provisions were made fur a re-survey. In 1818-19, Gov. Van Ness and Peter B. Porter on the part of the U. S., and John Ogilvie on the part of Great Britain, ran the line with great care; and it was found that the old line coincided with the parallel only at St. Regis, and that from that point E. it diverged, until at Lake Cham- plain it was 4,200 feet too far N. The deepest channel of the St. Lawrence was not always adopted, as a mutual exchange of islands was made satisfactory to both parties. Before the n. line was re-surveyed, in 1818, the U. S. Government had com- menced the erection of a fortress at Rouses Point, on Lake Champlain ; and this was found to be within the British terri- tory. By the treaty of August 9, 1S42, the old line of Valentine and Collins was restored, and the strip of territory before talten off again came under the jurisdiction of the U. S. The com- missioners to run the line under tbo treaty of 1842 were Albert Smith on the part of the United States, and J. B. B. Estcourt on the part of Great Britain.
Vermont Boundary. — The territory of Vermont was originally claimed by both New York and New Hampshire, and conflicting grants were made by the two governments. Most of the actual settlers holding title under N. IL resisted the claims of N. Y,, and many actual collisions occurred. Jan. 15, 1777, the settlers declared themselves independent, and laid claim to the territory w. to the Hudson, N. of Lansingburgh, and along the w. shore of Lake Champlain. By an act of Congress passed Aug. 20,1781, they were required to recede from this claim. A final agree- ment was entered into between Vt. and N. Y., Oct. 7, 1790, by which N. Y. surrendered all her claim to jurisdiction to the present territory of Vt., and Vt. paid $30,000 to certain persons who had been deprived of lands granted by N.Y. The boundary line was run by Robert Yates, Robert R, Livingston. John Lan- siiE, jr., Guliau C. Vei-planck. Simeon De Witt, Egbert Benson, Richard Sill, and Melancthon Smith on the part of N. Y., and Isaac Tichenor, Stephen R. Bradley, Nathanit^l Chipman, Elijah Paine, Ira Allen, Stephen, Jacob, and Israel Smith on the part of Vt. The final line was established June 8, 1812.
Jlassachuaetts Boundary. — The charter of Mat^sachusetts em- braced all the territory between 44° and 48° n. latitude '• throu2:h- out the Maine lands from sea to sea." Grants made under this authority conflicted with those of N. Y., and angry controversies ensued, which in colonial times often resulted in violence and bloodshed. On the ISth of May, 1773, an agreement was en- tered into between John Watts, Wm. Smith, Robert R. Livings- ton, and Wm. Nicoll, commissioners ou the part of N. Y., and Wm. Brattle, Joseph Ilawk-y, and John Hancock, on that of Maes.; but the Revolution .soon followed, and the line was never nin. Commissioners aj'pointed by both States in 1783 failed to agree; and December 2. 17S5, Congress appointed Thomas Hutchins. John Ewing. and David Kittenhouse commissioners to run the line and finally end the controversy. The claims of Mass. to the hinds westward were finally settled at Hartford, Conn., Dec. IC, 1786, by James Duane, RoV>ert R. Livingston, Robert Yates, John Uaring. Melancthon Smith, and Eglx^rt Benson, commissioners on the part of N. Y., and John Lowell, James Sullivan, Iheophil us Parsons, and Rufus King, on the part of Mass. By this agreement Mass. surrendered the sove- reignty of the whole disputed territory to N. Y., and received in return the right of soil and pre-emptive right of Indian pur- chase w. of a meridian passing through the S2d milestone of the Penn. line, excepting certain reservations upon Niagara River. The title to a tract known as " The Boston Tl-u Towns," lying E. of this meridian, previously granted by Mass., was also con- firmed. Nantucket, Marthas Vineyard, and the adjacent islands, were purchased from the Earl of Sterling by the Duke of York, and civil jurisdiction was exercised over them, under the name of '■• DvJkes County,^* by the govt^rnors of N. Y., until it was an- nexed to Mass. by the provincial chart-er of 1692. "Pemaquid and its dependencies," comprising a considerable part of the coa.'Jt of Maine, was also bought from the Earl of Sterling, and governed by N. Y., as " (\frnwaU Gnuityy until 168*3. when it vaa transferred to Mass. Boston Corner, a small arable tract in
the town of Mount Washington, separated by a rugged mountain from the convenient jurisdiction of Mass. was surrendered by that State May 14, 1853, accepted by N. Y. July 21, 1653, and the transfer was confirmed by Congress, Jan. 3, 1855. Russell Dorr was appointed on the part of N. Y., and John Z. Goodrich by Massachusetts, to run and mark the line.
Connecticut Boundary. — By the charter of 1662 the territory of Conn, extended to the " South Sea;" and by patent granted in 1664 the territory of the Duke of York was bounded E. by Connecticut River. Commissioners sent over in 16&4 settled upon a line 20 mi. E. of the Hudson as the boundary, fixing the starting point on Mamaroneck River. The decision proving grossly erroneous, the controversy was renewed, and in 16S;i another commissioner waa appointed to settle the matter. It was fiually agreed to allow Conn, to extend her boundaries w. along the Sound, and N. Y. to receive a compensation in the N. ; and the line was definitely established May, 1731. By this agree- ment a tract called the " Oblong," containing 61,44u acres, along the N. part of the w. border of Conn., was surrendered to N. Y. The exact line of Conn, has to the present day been a subject of controversy, and in 1S56 commissioners were appointed by each State to effect a settlement, but without success. N. Y. owns all the islands in the Sound to within a few rods of the Conn, shore.
I^€w Jersey Boundary. — The original patent of New Jersey was bounded n. by a line running directly from a point on the Delaware, latitude 41° 40', to a point on the Hudson, latitude 41°, and E. by Hudson River. The N. line was run and marked in 1774, and the e. was claimed by N. Y. as extending only to low- water mark on tlie adjacent waters. N. J. claimed "full right and lawful authority to exercise jurisdiction in and over the said Hudson River and the said main sea," including Staten Island, and, by an act of Nov. 2, 1806, appointed Aaron Ogden, Wm. S. Pennington, James Parker, Lewis Condict, and Alexander C. McWhorter commissioners to settle her claims. The New York Legislature, on the 3d of April, appointed Ezra L'Hommedieu, Samuel Jones, Egbert Benson, Simeon De ^Vitt, and Joseph C. Yates to meet the commissioners of N. J. ; but their interviews led to no result. The question of jurisdiction was finally settled in 1833, by an agreement between Benj. F.Butler, Peter A. Gay, and Henry Seymour on the part of N. Y., and Theodore Fieling- huysen, James Parker, and Lucius Q. C. Elmer on the part of N. J. ; confirmed by N. Y. Feb. 5, by N. J. Feb. 26, and by Con- gress June 28, 1834. The right of each SUite to land under water and to fisheries extends to the center of the channel. The State of N. Y. has sole jurisdiction over all the waters of the bay and of the river w. of New York City to low-water mark on the Jersey shore, except to wharves and vessels attached thereto. This jurisdiction covers the waters of Kil Tan Kull and of Staten Island Sound to Woodbridge Creek, as for quarantine purposes. South of this, N. J. has exclusive jurisdiction over the waters of the Sound and of Raritan Bay westward of a line from Princes Bay Light to Manhattan Creek, subject to right of property in lands under water, of wharves, docks, and ves- sels aground or fastened to any wharf or dock, and the right of fishing to the center of the channel.
Civil process in each State may be executed upon the waters of the river and bay, except on board of vessels aground or at- tached to wharves in the other State, or unless the person or property be under arrest or seizure by virtue of authority of the other State. By the late survey of N. J. the point of de- parture of the boundary from the Delaware is 41° 20'.
Pennsylvania Boundaries. — The original boundary line be- tween New York and Pennsylvania extended from the N. w. corner of New Jersey along the center of Delaware River to 42° N. latitude, and thence due w. to Lake Erie. Samuel Hol- land on the part of N. Y., and David Rittenhouse on the part of Penn., were appointed commissioners, Nov. 8, 1774, to run this boundary ; but the Revolution soon after commenced, and nothing was done. In 1785-86 the line was run w. to the 90th milestone, and the survey was certified Oct. 12, 1786, by James Clinton and Simeon De M'itt, of N. Y., and Andrew EUiott, of Penn. By authority of the State Legislature, the N. Y. delegates in Congress, March 1, 1781, released to the General Government all the lands to which they had claim w. of a meridian extend- ing through the w. extremity of Lake Ontario. The trian- gular tract so surrendered was sold to Penn. for $151,640, and secured to that State 30 mi. of lake coast and an excellent harbor. The line was run by the U. S. Surveyor General io 1788-8».
TOPOGEAPHY.
Surface. — This State lies upon that portion of the Appalachian Mountain system where the mountains generally assume the character of hills and finally sink to a level of the lowlands that surround the great depression filled by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Three distinct mountain masses or ranges enter the State from the s. and extend across it in a general n. e. direc- tion. The first or most easterly of these ranges — a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Va.^-enters the State from N. J. and extends n. e. through Rockland and Orange cos. to the Hudson, appears on the E. side of that river, and forms the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess cos. A northerly extension of the same range passes into the Green Mts. of Western Mass. and Vt. This range culminates in the Highlands upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 1,000 to 1,700 feet above tide. The rocks which compose these mountains are principally primitive or igneous, and the mountains themselves are rough, rocky, and precipitous, and unfit for cultivation. The deep gorge formed by the Hudson in passing through this range presents some of the finest scenery in America, and has often been compared to the celebrated valley of the Rhine.
The second series of mountains enters the State from Penn. and extends n. e. through Sullivan, Ulster, and Greene cos., terminating and culminating in the Catskill Mts. upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 3,000 to 3,800 feet above tide. The Shawangunk Mts., a high and con- tinuous ridge extending between Sullivan and Orange cos. and into the s. part of Ulster, is the extreme E. range of this series. The Helderbergh and Hellibark Mts. are spurs extending n. from the main range into Albany and Schoharie cos. This whole mountain system is principally composed of the rocks of the New York system above the Medina sandstone. The summits are generally crowned with old red sandstone and with the conglomerate of the coal measures. The declivities are steep and rooky ; and a large share of the surface is too rough for cultivation. The highest peaks overlook the Hudson, and from their summits are obtained some of the finest views in Eastern New York.
The third series of mountains enters the State from Perm, and extends n. e. through Broome, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Montgomery, and Herkimer cos. to the Mohawk, appears upon the N. side of that river, and extends n. e., forming the whole series of highlands that occupy the n. e. part of the State and generally known as the Adirondack Mountain region. South of the Mohawk this mountain system assumes the form of broad, irregular hiUs, occupying a wide space of country. It is broken by the deep ravines of the streams, and in many places the' hills are steep and nearly precipitous. The valley of the Mohawk breaks the continuity of the range, though the connec- tion is easily traced at Little Falls, The Noses, and other places. North of the Mohawk the high- lands extend n. e. in several distinct ranges, all terminating upon Lake Champlain. The cul- minating point of the whole system, and the highest mountain in the State, is Mt. Marcy, 5,467 feet above tide. The rocks of all this region are principally of igneous origin, and the mountains are usually wild, rugged, and rocky. A large share of the surface is entirely unfit for cultiva- tion ; but the region is rich in minerals, and especially in an excellent variety of iron ore. West of these ranges, series of hills forming spurs of the Alleganies enter the State from Penn. and occupy the entire s. half of the w. part of the State. An irregular line extending through the southerly counties forms the watershed that separates the northern and southern drainage ; and from it the surface gradually declines northward until it finally terminates in the level of Lake Ontario.' The portion of the State lying s. of this watershed and occupying the greater part of
1 TABLE Of Heights of the Principal Summits in the State,
|
NAME or XOUST. |
LOCATIOir. |
FEET. |
NAME OF MOUNT. |
LOOATION. |
FEET. |
|
6,467 6,200 6,1R3 6,000 6,000 4,900 4,900 4,600 4,600 6,100 4,0110 3,000 3,804 3,718 |
Pine Orchard _ Mount Piat^ah |
Greene co |
3.000 3.400 2,400 1,983 l.OSO 1,7 no 1,743 1,6S5 1,471 1,6S6 1,228 l.f)2'J 1,418 1,360 |
||
|
I)ix Peak |
Delaware '* |
||||
|
Mount Mclntyre. " McMartin " Sandanoni " NinnleToD |
(C (( |
||||
|
u u |
KlplcvIIill |
Onondaga •' |
|||
|
» tl |
|||||
|
U (( |
Cortland *' |
||||
|
(C u |
|||||
|
" Pharaoh " Taylor |
u u |
Beacon lIiU Old Bcjicon Bull Hill |
Dutchess " — Putnam " |
||
|
Hamilton " |
|||||
|
" Seward |
(t It |
||||
|
(( u |
|||||
|
Butti^r Hill Crows Nest Bear Mount |
|||||
|
High Peak |
tl K |
" " |
20
NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER.
the two southerly tiers of counties is entirely occupied by these hills. Along the Penn. line they are usually abrupt and are separated by narrow ravines, but toward the N. their summits become broader and less broken. A considerable portion of the highland region is too steep for profitable cultivation and is best adapted to grazing. The highest summits in Allegany and Cattaraugus COS. are 2,000 to 3,000 feet above tide.
From the summits of the watershed the highlands usually descend toward Lake Ontario in series of terraces, the edges of which are the outcrops of the different rocks which underlie the surface. These terraces are usually smooth, and, although inclined toward the n., the inclination is generally so slight that they appear to be level. Between the hills of the s. and the level land of the N. is a beautiful rolling region, the ridges gradually declining toward the N. In that part of the State s. of the most eastern mountain range the surface is generally level or broken by low hills. In New York and Westchester cos. these hills are principally composed of primitive rocks. The surface of Long Island is generally level or gently undulating. A ridge 150 to 200 feet high, composed of sand, gravel, and clay, extends E. and w. across the island N. of the center.
KlTers and Liakes. — The river system of the State has two general divisions, — the first comprising the streams tributary to the great lakes and the St. Lawrence, and the second those which flow in a general southerly direction. The watershed which separates these two systems extends in an irregular line eastward from Lake Erie through the southern tier of counties to near the N.E. corner of Chemung; thence it turns N. E. to the Adirondack Mts. in Essex co., thence s. E. to the E. extremity of Lake George, and thence nearly due E. to the E. line of the State.'
The northerly division has 5 general subdivisions. The most westerly of these comprises all the streams flowing into Lake Erie and Niagara River and those flowing into Lake Ontario w. of Genesee River. In Chautauqua co. the streams are short and rapid, as the watershed approaches within a few mi. of Lake Erie. Cattaraugus, Buffalo, Tonawanda, and Oak Orchard Creeks are the most important streams in this division. Bufialo Creek is chiefly noted for forming Buffalo Harbor at its mouth; and the Tonawanda for 12 miles from its mouth is used for canal navi- gation. Oak Orchard and other creeks flowing into Lake Ontario descend from the interior in a series of rapids, affording a large amount of water-power.
The second subdivision comprises the Genesee River and its tributaries. The Genesee rises in the n. part of Penn. and flows in a generally northerly direction to Lake Ontario. Its upper course is through a narrow valley bordered by steep, rocky hills. Upon the line of Wyoming and Livingston cos. it breaks through a mountain barrier in a deep gorge and forms the Portage Falls, — one of the finest waterfalls in the State. Below this point the course of the river is through a beautiful valley 1 to 2 mi. wide and bordered by banks 50 to 150 ft. high. At Rochester it flows over the precipitous edges of the Niagara limestone, forming the Upper Genesee Falls ; and 3 mi. below it flows over the edge of the Medina sandstone, forming the Lower Genesee Falls. The principal tributaries of this stream are Canaseraga, Iloneoye, and Conesus Creeks from the e., and Oatka and Black Creeks from the w. Honeoye, Canadice, Hemlock, and Conesus Lakes lie within the Genesee Basin.
The third subdivision includes the Oswego River and its tributaries and the small streams flow- ing into Lake Ontario between Genesee and Oswego Rivers. The basin of the Oswego includes most of the inland lakes which form a peculiar feature of the landscape in the interior of the State. The principal of these lakes are Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, Skaneateles, Crooked, and Owasco, — all occupying long, narrow valleys, and extending from the level land in the center far into the highland region of the s. The valleys which they occupy appear like immense ravines formed by some tremendous force, which has torn the solid rocks from their original beds, from the general level of the surrounding summits, down to the present bottoms of the lakes.^ Oneida and Onondaga
1 TABLE Showing Vte het'ght above tide of the passed hrlwecn the principal river ImsiTis of the State.
|
BETWEEN |
AT |
FEET. |
BETWEEN |
AT |
FEET. 960 884 1,780 1.699 1,C14 636 1,120 1,060 |
|
Hudson River and Raraapo River " " " Delaware River " " « Neversink River.... |
657 900 427 557 1.373 1,127 1.247 |
Snsquehanna River and Cayuga Lake " " " Seneca Lake. « " " Genesee Riv.. Geneseo River and Allegany River.... |
Ithaca Summit... Hor.'jebeads Alfred Summit... |
||
|
Wawarsing |
|||||
|
« " ** Lake Erie |
Little Tal. Sum... |
||||
|
Delavraro River and Susquehanna Riv. Susquehanna River and Mohawk Riv. |
Deposit Summit. |
Mohawk River and Lake Ontario « " " Black River Lake Champlain and St. Lawrence... |
|||
|
Tully |
Chateaugay Sum. |
||||
The most remarkable passes through the mountains are, first, I ~ The ravines of these lakes, and the streams which flow down that of the Hudson, through the eastern mountains; second, parallel to them, are usually bordered by steep hillsides, the that of Wood Creek, from the Hudson to Lake Champlain ; and, strata of which lie in parallel layers nearly level e. and w., and Uiird, that of tha Mohawk, through the central mountains. [ Bligbtly inclined toward the s. Upon the opposite banks tbd
TOPOGRAPHY. 2J
Lakes occupy basins upon the level land in the n. e. part of the Oswego Basin. Mud Creek, the most westerly branch of Oswego River, takes its rise in Ontario oo., flows n.e. into Wayne, where it unites with Canandaigua Outlet and takes the name of Clyde River ; thence it flows E. to the w. line of Cayuga co., where it empties into Seneca River. This latter stream, made up of the outlets of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, from this point flows in a n. e. course, and receives success- ively the outlets of Owasco, Skaneateles, Onondaga, and Oneida Lakes. From the mouth of the last-named stream it takes the name Oswego River, and its course is nearly due n. to Lake Ontario.
The fourth subdivision includes the streams flowing into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence e. of the mouth of the Oswego. The principal of these are Salmon, Black, Oswegatchie, Grasse, and Racket Rivera. These streams mostly take their rise upon the plateau of the great Northern wilderness, and in their course to the lowlands are frequently interrupted by falls, furnishing an abundance of water-power. The water is usually very dark, being colored with iron and the vegetation of swamps.
The fifth subdivision includes all the streams flowing into Lakes George and Champlain. They are mostly mountain torrents, frequently interrupted by cascades. The principal streams are the Chazy, Saranao, and Au Sable Rivers, and Wood Creek. Deep strata of tertiary clay extend along the shores of Lake Champlain and Wood Creek. The water of most of the streams in this region is colored by the iron over which it flows.
The second general division of the river-system of the State includes the basins of the Allegany, Susquehanna, Delaware, and Hudson. The Allegany Basin embraces the southerly half of Chau- tauqua and Cattaraugus cos. and the s. w. corner of Allegany. The Allegany River enters the State from the s. in the s. E. corner of Cattaraugus co., flows in nearly a semicircle, with its out- ward curve toward the n., and flows out of the State in the s. w. part of the same co. It receives several tributaries from the n. and E. These streams mostly flow in deep ravines bordered by steep, rocky hillsides. The watershed between this basin and Lake Erie approaches within a few miles of the lake, and is elevated 800 to 1,000 feet above it.
The Susquehanna Basin occupies about one-third of the s. border of the State. The river takes its rise in Otsego Lake, and, flowing s. w. to the Penn. line, receives Charlotte River from the s. and the Unadilla from the n. After a course of a few miles in Penn. it again enters the State, and flows in a general westerly direction to near the w. border of Tioga co., whence it turns s. and again enters Penn. Its principal tributary from the N. is Chenango River. Tioga River enters the State from Penn. near the E. border of Steuben co., flows n., receives the Canisteo from the w. and the Conhocton from the n. From the mouth of the latter the stream takes the name Chemung River, and flows in a s. E. direction, into the Susquehanna in Penn., a few miles s. of the State line. The upper course of these streams is generally through deep ravines bordered by steep hillsides ; but below they are bordered by wide and beautiful intervales.
The Delaware Basin occupies Delaware and Sullivan and portions of several of the adjacent cos. The N. or principal branch of the river rises in the n. e. part of Delaware co. and flows s. w. to near the Penn. line; thence it turns s. E. and forms the boundary of the State to the line of N. J. Its principal branches are the Pepacton and Nevcrsink Rivers. These streams all flow in deep, narrow ravines bordered by steep, rocky hills.
The Basin of the Hudson occupies about two-thirds of the E. border of the State, and a large territory extending into the interior. The remote sources of the Hudson are among the highest peaks of the Adirondacks, more than 4,000 feet above tide. Several of the little lakes which form reservoirs of the Upper Hudson are 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The stream rapidly descends through the narrow defiles into Warren co., where it receives from the e. the outlet of Schroon Lake, and Sacondaga River from the w. Below the mouth of the latter the river turns eastward, and breaks through the barrier of the Luzerne Mts. in a series of rapids and falls. At Fort Ed- ward it again turns s. and flows with a rapid current, frequently interrupted by falls, to Troy, 160 miles from the ocean. At this place the river falls into an estuary, where its current is affected by the tide; and from this place to its mouth it is a broad, deep, sluggish stream. About 60 miles from its mouth the Hudson breaks through the rocky barrier of The Highlands, form- ing the most easterly of the Appalachian Mt. Ranges ; and along its lower course it is bordered on the w. by a nearly perpendicular wall of basaltic rock 300 to 500 feet high, known as " The Pal isades." Above Troy the Hudson receives Hoosick River from the E. and the Mohawk from the w. The former stream rises in Western Mass. and Vt., and the latter near the center of the State.
dieeeTered edges of the strata exactly correspond, showing that I water from the N., — the direction being deterrainod by the cha- the intermediate portions have been torn away. The force that racter of the boulders upon the hills, and by the peculiar nature effected these immense changes was probably great currents of I of the drift deposits.
22
NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER.
At Little Falls and " The Noses" the Mohawk breaks through mountain barriers in a deep, rocky ravine; and at Cohoes, about 1 mile from its mouth, it flows down a perpendicular precipice of 70 feet, forming an excellent water-power. Below Troy the tributaries of the Hudson are all com- paratively small streams. South of the Highlands the river spreads out into a wide expanse known as "Tappan Bay." A few small streams upon the extreme e. border of the State flow eastward into the Housatonic ; and several small branches of Passaic River rise iu the s. part of Rockland co.
Lake Erie forms a portion of the w. boundary of the State. It is 240 miles long, with an average width of 38 miles, and it lies mostly w. of the bounds of the State. It is 334 feet above Lake On- tario, 565 feet above tide, and has an average depth of 120 feet. The greatest depth ever obtained by soundings is 270 feet. The harbors upon the lake are Buifalo, Silver Creek, Dunkirk, and Barcelona.
Niagara River, forming the outlet of Lake Erie, is 34 miles long, and, on an average, more than a mile wide.' About 20 miles below Lake Erie the rapids commence; and 2 miles further below are Niagara Falls.^ For 7 miles below the falls the river has a rapid course between perpendicular, rocky banks, 200 to 300 feet high ; but below it emerges from the Highlands and flows 7 miles to Lake Ontario in a broad, deep, and majestic current.
Lake Ontario foi-ms a part of the n. boundary to the w. half of the State. Its greatest length is 130 miles and its greatest width 55 miles. It is 232 feet, above tide, and its greatest depth is 600 feet. Its principal harbors on the American shore are Lewiston, Youngston, Port Genesee, Sodus and Little Sodus Bays, Oswego, Sackets Harbor, and Cape Vincent. St. Lawrence River forms the outlet of the lake and the n. boundary of the State to the e. line of St. Lawrence co. It is a broad, deep river, flowing with a strong yet sluggish current until it passes the limits of this State. In the upper part of its course it incloses a great number of small islands, known as "The Thousand Islands."'
The surfaces of the great lakes are subject to variations of level, — probably due to prevailing winds, unequal amounts of rain, and evaporation. The greatest difference known iu Lake Erie is 7 feet, and in Lake Ontario 4J feet. The time of these variations is irregular; and the interval between the extremes often extends thi'ough several years. A sudden rise and fall, of several feet, has been noticed upon Lake Ontario at rare intervals, produced by some unknown cause.
IVavig'able Waters. — The natural internal navigation of the State is very extensive. Before the commencement of internal improvements, the rivers and lakes formed the most easy means of communication between distant portions of the State ; and along these natural channels of commerce the early settlements were principally made.* The most important lines of early
1 TABLE of the heights above tide of the principal lakes in the State.
|
NAME OP LAKE. |
LOCATIOPT. |
PEET. |
|
•2,900 2,S51 1,936 1,826 1.791 1,776 1,745 1,704 1,698 1,665 1,645 1,575 1.570 1,567 1,545 1,545 1,527 1,500 1.291 1,200 1.200 1,193 900 860 718 670 668 447 387 369 361 232 93 |
||
|
tt it |
||
|
« Sandford |
it a |
|
|
« Eckford |
||
|
Fulton Lakes, (6, 7, and 8).. |
||
|
ft tt |
||
|
Forked " |
it ti |
|
|
Essex " |
||
|
Fulton Lakes, (3, 4, and 5).. |
||
|
K ti |
||
|
Rich " |
||
|
Tully " |
||
|
Ciizenovia " |
||
|
Skaneatelea " |
||
|
Crooked '* |
Yates " |
|
|
Oneida " |
||
|
Onondaga " |
||
|
" Ontario |
||
2 For a more fall dcacription of Niagara Pallg, see page 450.
3 The river scenery upon the St. Lawrence is unsurpasBed. The water is perfectly pure and nearly transparent. In consequence of it3 being fed by the great lake reservoirs, it is never subject to sudden rises, but steadily pursues its majestic way to the ocean, unaffected by the changes of the seasons or other causes.
4 The navigable waters N. of the great watershed, before the completion of the Erie Canal were as follows: — Cattaraugus Creek, about 1 mi. from its mouth.
Buffalo CrcL-Jc. boatable S mi. from Lake Erie.
Tonmvanda Creek, boatable 30 mi. from its mouth.
Niagara River, navigable for vessels of any size from Buffalo to Schlosser, at the head of the Rapids, — a distance of 22 mi.; also from Lewiston to Lake Ontario, a distance of 7 mi.
Oak Orchard Creek, boatable 4 mi. from its mouth.
Gcmse". River, to Carthage Landing, a distance of 5 mi.; and from Rochester to Mt. Morris for boats.
Oswego River was navigated with great difficulty by bateaux, with a portage at Oswego Falls, now Fulton.
Oneida Outlet and Lake were naWgable for bateaux, and for many years constituted a portion of the great thoroughfare between the e. and w.
Seneca River was boatable to Cayuga Lake, and to Seneca Lake with one portage at Seneca Falls; Clyde River was boatable to Lyons. *
The Interior Lalces, including Seneca, Cayuga, Canandaigua, Onondaga, Owasco, Skaneateles, Crooked, Chautauqua, and Otsego, are all navigable. Steamers have plied upon each of;thfm.
Fish Creek was navigable to Rome with canoes. A portage of less than 1 mi. intervened between this stream and the Mo- hawk River.
SaJmnn Rh^er was navigable to Port Ontario.
Salmon Creek was navigable on each branch, for small vessels, about 1 mi. from the lake.
Black River was navigable for large vessels from the lake to Dexter, a distance of 6 mi., and for boats and small steamers from Carthage to Lyons Falls, a distance of 43 mi.
Lake Ontario, with all its bays and inlets, is navigable for ves- sels of all sizes.
TOPOGRAPHY.
23
inland navigation -were, first, x. from Albany, through the Hudson to Fort Edward, thence a portage to Fort Ann, and thence by Wood Creek to Lake Champlain ; and, second, w. from Albany, by way of the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River, to Lake Ontario. Upon the latter route were portages at several of the rifts of the Mohawk, from the Mohawk to Wood Creek, and at Oswego Falls.
Tides. — The tides at New York Harbor and along the coast have been carefully observed, under the direction of the Coast Survey. The tidal wave from the Sound, as it moves forward in a wedge-shaped channel, becomes augmented, whilst that from Sandy Hook is slightly dimin- ished. These two waves meet in East River, at points between Hell Gate and Throggs Neck,^
Cranberry and French Creeks were boatablo about 2 mi. from their mouths.
Indian Rix^er and Black Lake were navigable from Rossie to the foot of the lake.
Oswegatchie River is navigable in high water for rafts from Ox Bow to Ogdeusburgh.
Racket River was formerly boatable about 18 mi. from its mouth, but the navigation is now destroyed by dnms. Ju the wil- derness near the headwaters of this river ai'e several miles of Black water navigation.
St. R^^is Rii'cr is navi|:;alile for steamboats 2 mi. from itg mouth.
Sainton River, navigable to Fort Covington.
*S'(. Lawrence River is na\igablo for vessels of any ?ize from the lake to Ogdenahurgh. Below that point rafts, arks, and boats could descend, but could a-^^cend only by towing with horses and cattle up the principj^l rifts. Locks and canals have been constructed around the Rapids by the Canadian Government, so that the navigation for steamboats, slonps. and schooners is now uninterrupted from Lake Ontario to the ocean.
Wood Creek was boatable from Fort Ann to Lake Champlain.
Lake George is navigable for boats and steamers.
Lake Oiamplain is navigable for all kinds of vesisels. Rafts were formerly sent down to the St. Lawrence ; but vessels could not ascend the Richlieu until after the construction of a canal and locks around the Rapi<ls.
Chazy River is navigable to Champlain Landing, The navigable waterse. of the great watert^h-d were as follows:
Allegany River, in high water, is navigable for small steamers up to Clean.
€hnneioa7tgo Creek and several of its tributaries are navigable for rafts in high water.
SusqiieJtanna River was navigable for boats, in high water, to Otsego Lake.
ITFDE The following table, prepared by A. D. Bache, Superintendent
Hudson. The time is that after the last preceding tiunsit of the
is mean low tide.
VnadiUa River was also boatable for a considerable distance.
Chenango River and several of its tributaries were boatable in high water.
Chemung River was boatable and navigable for rafts in high water.
Conhoclon River was boatable to Bath.
Tioga River and the Gmistea were also boatable a considerable distance.
Delaware River is navigable for rafts in high water. Immense quantities of lumber have been floated down the Delaware and Susquehanna to the markets of Philadelphia and Balti- more.
Jludson River is navigable for ships to Hudson, and by sloops and steamers to Troy. Boats formerly ascended to Fort Ed- ward, with portages around the Falls.
RonAoul and Wappinger Creeks are navigable each about 2 mi. from their mouths.
Mofiaivk Rii'cr \^i\B boatable from Schenectady to " Fort Stan- wr." now Rome, with several interruptions. Tlie principal obstructions were the *• Six Flats Rift," 6 mi. above Sche- nectady; "Fort Hunter Rift;" "Canghnawaga Rift," at Cauiijoharie; "Ehlcs Rift." near Fort Plain; "Kneishems Rift," near the Upper Indian Ca.=5tle ; and the " Little Falls," which was a complete bar to upward navigation and re- quired a portage around it.
Sacondaga River is navigable for small steamers from Hadley to Northimipton, — a distance of 20 mi. In and around New York and Long Island the bays, creeks, and inlets are nearly all navigable in high tide.
Peconic River is navigable to Riverhwid.
Ryram River is navigable to Port Cht'^iter.
Bronx River is navigable to West Farms, a distance of 3 mi.
Harlem River can be navigated by small craft from East River to High Bridge. TABLES.
of the Coast Survey, shows the progress of the tidal wave up the moon across the meridian at Sandy Hook. The plane of reference
Time after last preceding transit at S. H. Riseofhighest tide above planeof reference. Fall of lowest tide below " " " Fall of mean low water of spring tides below
plane of reference
Height of mean low water of neap tides
above plane of reference ,
Mean rise and fall of tides
" " " " " spring tides...
« « « « "neap tides
Mean duration, reckoning from Tofrige... the middle of one stand ■< of fall... to the middle of the next. I of stand.
|
^ |
.d |
||||||||
|
1 |
1 |
'I |
1 |
e |
g |
1 |
|||
|
t |
1 |
5j |
1 |
-.5 S |
I" 63 |
1 |
a |
||
|
H. M. |
H. M. |
B.N. |
H. M. |
H. M. |
H. M, |
H. a. |
B. «. |
B. M. |
H. M. |
|
7.20 |
8.14 |
9.24 |
10.10 |
11.5 |
13.0 |
13.60 |
15.41 |
16.54 |
17.45 |
|
V.lft. |
6.1 ft. |
6.0 ft. |
4.7 ft. |
4.9 ft. |
5.6 ft. |
6.4 ft. |
6.0 ft. |
4.911. |
6.4 ft. |
|
1.4 |
2.2 |
0.9 |
O.S |
0.8 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
1.7 |
|
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
|
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
|
4.8 |
4.3 |
3.59 |
8.12 |
2.71 |
3.24 |
3.95 |
3.67 |
2.66 |
2.46 |
|
6.6 |
5.1 |
4.6 |
3.8 |
3.4 |
4.0 |
4.8 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
|
4.0 |
3.4 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
1.8 |
1.1 |
|
H. AI. |
B. U. |
B. N. |
H. M. |
B. M. |
B. H. |
H. M. |
H. M. |
B. M. |
B. M. |
|
6.10 |
6.0 |
6.5 |
6.26 |
6.28 |
5.41 |
6.40 |
5.18 |
6.1 |
4.26 |
|
G.15 |
6.23 |
6.18 |
7.12 |
7.10 |
6.44 |
6.54 |
7.02 |
7.23 |
8.4 |
|
0.21 |
0.2S |
Tide tabu for the shores of Long Island and adjacent places in X^ew Tork. Timeafter moon^stranstt andplaneof references above.
Interval between time of moon's /Mean interval
transit and time of high water. | Diff. between greatest and least interval
rSpring tides
Rise and fall. -; Xeap tides
(_Mean ,
{Flood tide.. Ebb tide.... Stand.
|
^ |
|||||
|
■% s 1 |
It |
1 1 |
^ e |
1 |
J. |
|
B. U. |
H. M. |
B. M. |
B. H. |
B. M. |
n. M. |
|
8.20 |
9.38 |
11.7 |
11.13 |
11.22 |
U.20 |
|
1.11 |
1.7 |
0.51 |
0.31 |
0.32 |
0.39 |
|
2.4 ft. |
2.3 fl. |
9.2 ft. |
8.9 ft. |
8.6 ft. |
9.2 ft. |
|
1.8 |
2.9 |
5.4 |
6.4 |
6.6 |
6.1 |
|
1.9 |
2.6 |
7.3 |
7.7 |
7.6 |
7.3 |
|
H. M. |
n. u. |
B. U. |
B. M. |
n. M. |
B. M. |
|
6.7 |
6.1 |
6.8 |
6.65 |
6.61 |
6.80 |
|
6.7 |
6.21 |
6.24 |
6.30 |
6.36 |
6.33 |
|
0.31 |
0.37 |
0.14 |
0.12 |
0.43 |
S^Mrt <jf Oxut Suney, 1856, p. 122.
GEOLOGY.
Odr knowledge of the geology of the State is derived from the survey made under State authority from 1836 to 1843, and from the investigations of several eminent geologists who have examined particular localities.^
Rocks. — The geological formations of the State include the igneous or primary rocks, and all the strata lying between them and the coal measures of Penn. The classification adopted by the State geologists, embracing all the rocks above the primary, is known as the " New York system," the rocks being analogous to the Silurian and Devonian system of the European geologists. The igneous or primary rocks, including granite, gneiss, and other varieties destitute of organic remains, occupy the greater part of the mountainous region in the n. e. part of the State, the Highlands upon the Hudson, and a considerable portion of the country below, including Man- hattan Island. Portions of these rocks are imperfectly stratified, and are generally found in broken and disrupted masses with the strata highly inclined. The remaining portions of the State are occupied by series of stratified rocks, generally extending e. and w. and varying in thickness from a few inches to several hundred feet. The strata overlie each other, and have a slight dip toward the s., so that a person in traveling from the n, border of the State to the Penn. line would successively pass over the exposed edges of the whole series. Toward the e. these strata all are bent, and appear to be arranged around the primitive region in the same order in which they lie elsewhere. The highest of the series of rocks found in the State forms the floor of the coal measures ; so that it is perfectly futile to search for coal within the limits of the State. The rocks are distinguished by their color, quality, and situation, and by the fossils which they contain. In many instances a stratum disappears entirely, and in others strata of several hundred feet in thickness in one place are but a few feet thick in another. In places where many strata are wanting and two rocks usually widely separated are found in contact, the geologist is obliged to depend entirely upon the fossils which they contain to determine their classification.^
1 In 1799, Dr. Samuel L. MitchUl, under the auspices of the " Society for Promoting Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures," published an essay upon the rocks in the State. While the Erie Caual was in process of construction. Stephen Van Rensselaer employed Prof. Amos Eaton to prepare an account of the rocks along the canal route. This was puhlished in 1824. Prof Eaton's work was one of great merit ; and to him we are indebted for the first accurate knowledge ever obtained of the general system of rocks in the State.
On the 15th of April, 1R36, an act was passed authorizing a geological survey of the State. The State was divided into four districts, to each of which were appointed a geologist and an assistant. A zoologist, botanist, mineralogist, and paleontologist were appointed for the whole State.
The First District included the counties of Albany, Columbia, Delaware, Dutchess, Greene, Kings, New York, Orange, Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland. Saratoga. Schenectady, Schoharie, Suffolk, Sullivan, Ulster, Washington, and West- chester. Wm. W. Mather was appointed Principal Geologist,
and Caleb Briggs, J. Lang Cassels, and SejTiiour, Assistants.
The Report, in 1vol. 4to, was published in 1843.
Tfie Second District-, coufiisting of the counties of Clinton, Es- sex, Franklin, Jefferson, St. Lawrence, and Warren, was phiced under the charge of Dr. Ebenezer Emmons. Principal, and Jas. Hall and E. Emmons, jr., Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol., was published in 1842.
The Third District, consisting of the counties of Broome, Cayuga. Chenango, Cortland, Pulton, Herkimer, Lewis. Madison. Montgomery, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, Otsego, Tioga, and the E. half of Tompkins, was placed under charge of Lardner Van Uxcm, Principal, and Jas. Eights and E. S. Can, Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol., was published in 1842.
The FrjuTth District, consisting of the counties of Allegany, Cattaraugiis, ChauUiuqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Orleans, Seneca, Steuben, the w. half of Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming, and Yates, was assigned to Jas. ITall, Principal, and J. W. Boyd and E. N. Ilorsford, Assistants. The Report was published in 1 vol. in 1843.
The Mineralogical DcjHirtmaitwas assigned to Dr. Lewis C. Beck, Principal, and Wm. Horton and L. D. Gale, Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol., wiis published in 1S42.
The Zoological Department was assigned to Dr. Jas. E. De Kay, Principal, and John W, Hill, Draftsman. The Report, in 5 vols., ivas published in 1842-43 : — Vol. I, Mammalia, with Genenal In- troduction by Gov. Seward; Vol. II, Ornithology; Vols. Ill and IV. Reptiles and Fishes; Vol. V. Mollusca and Crustacea.
The Botanicnl Department was assigned to Dr. John Torry. Tlie Report, in 2 vols., wjis published in 1S43.
The Agricidturtd Department was assigned to Dr. Ebenezer tUnmons. The Report, in 5 vols., waa published from 1846 to
'2fi
1854, — Vol. I, Soils and Climate; Vol. IT, Analysis and Results of Experiments; Vols. Ill and IV, Fruits ; Vol. V. Insects.
The F^Uontohgical Department was assig^ned to T. A. Coni'ad, in 1837. He resigned in 1843. and was succeeded by Prof. Jas. Hall. The Report, to consist of 5 vols., is in process of publica- tion. Two vols, are already issued ; and the third is in press. A geological map, accompanying the Reports, is issued with this work.
2 The following is the classification of the New York system, with the position which the different strata occupy in the classi- fication of English geologists. The order of the arrangement is from below upward : — ■
Primitive or Igneous Rocks.
Tacouic System.
Potsdam Sandstone.
Calciferous Sandstone.
Chazy Limestone.
Birdseye Limestone.
Black Kiver Limestone.
Trenton Limestone.
lltica Shite.
Hudson River Group, Lorraine Shales.
Oneida Conglomerate, Sbawangunk Grit.
Medina Sandstone.
Clinton Group.
Niagara Group, Coraline Limestone in the east. rUedSh.'des.
Onondaga Salt Group.-; Green Shales, (_ Gypsum.
Waterlime Group.
Pentamerus Limestone.
Delthyris Shaly Limestone.
Upper Pentamerus Limestone.
Oriskany Sandstone.
Cauda GuUi Grit.
Schoharie Grit.
Onondaga Limestone.
Corniferous Limestone.
Marcellus Shales.
r Ludlowvillo Shales.
Hamilton Group.-: Encrinal Limestone. (Moscow Shales.
TuUy Limestone.
Genesee Slate.
rCoshaqua Shales.
Portage Group. < Gardeau Flag Stones. (Portage Sandstone
Chemung Group.
Old Red Sandstone.
Conglomerate of the Coal Measures.
|
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fs |
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^ |
\ |
|
'^. |
|
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rr |
^ |
|
<Xi |
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P^ |
\< J |
|
u |
c: |
|
o |
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'>* |
|
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fc- |
|
|
Es] |
|
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'i^ |
|
|
T. |
|
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O |
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P |
GEOLOGY.
25
The Catskill Mts. are composed principally of Old Red Sandstone ; and the tops of some of the higher peaks are covered with the conglomerate of the coal measures. New Red Sandstone is found in a few localities along the Hudson, below the Highlands. Trap, a rock of volcanic origiD, forms the Palisades upon the Hudson ; and trap dikes are common in the primitive region of the N. Tertiary clay, in deep strata, extends aloug the valleys of Lake Champlain and St. Law- rence River. Drift, including loose deposits of boulders, gravel, sand, and clay, is found in most parts of the State, in some places covering the rocks beneath to the depth of several hundred feet. The character of this drift, the peculiar forms which it has assumed, and the position which it occupies, all give evidence of some great general moving power which existed after the stratified rocks were lifted from their original beds, and ages before the present order of things was instituted.
"Within more recent periods, considerable changes have been wrought by the action of present streams of water and the wasting agencies of the atmosphere and frost. From these are derived marl, alluvium, and the greater part of the soils. The thickness of the rock strata is generally determined by its outcrop along the ravines of the streams, and by Artesian wells, which have been sunk to a great depth in different parts of the State.^
metallic ]>Iinerals. — The principal metals in the State are iron and lead, the former only of which is found in sufficient quantity and purity to render its manufacture profitable. Iron ore is found in three distinct varieties, viz., magnetic oxide or magnetite, specular oxide or red hematite, and hydrous peroxide or limonite. Magnetic ore is widely diffused throughout the primitive region. It is usually found in beds between the rock strata, parallel to the mountain ranges ; and sometimes it is blended with the rock. The beds in many places are immense in extent, and the ore is 75 to 95 per cent, pure iron.^ Specular iron ore is found in narrow beds between tlie igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is principally found in St. Lawrence and Jeffer- son cos.' A variety of this ore, known as argillaceous iron ore or clay ironstone, is associated with the lower strata of the Clinton group, extending from Herkimer to Monroe co. It is found in beds 2J feet thick and about 20 feet apart, and its general form is that of flattened grains. Limonite is found also associated with the igneous rocks and in various other localities. It is usually in the form of shot or bog ore, or yellow ocher. It is wrought to a considerable extent in Richmond, Orange, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Washington, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, and Lewis cos. Bog ore is probably found, to a greater or less extent, in every co. in the State. The iron made from it is usually tough and soft.*
Lead ore is found in St. Lawrence, Ulster, Dutchess, "Westchester, Orange, Columbia, Lewie, Jefferson, and Sullivan cos. ; and in several of them the mines have been worked to some extent. The Rossie Mines, of St. Lavrrence, are the only ones now wrought.^ Copper ore in the form of
New Red Sandetone.
Tertiary.
Diluvial or Drift.
Quaternary. The Taconic Bystem is claimed by fiomo as corresponding to the Cambrian ByBtem #f Mr. Sedgwick, and by others to be newer formations changed by heat.
I TABLE Showing the depths of the principal Artesian wells in the State.
County.
Albany-
Cayuga
Columbia.... Delaware....
Jefferson
Livingston. New York-
Oneida
Onondaga. .
Orleans.. Wayne ...
Locality.
aty
Ferry St
Montezuma.
Hudson
Elk Brook
Watertown
York
U.S. Hotel
Bleeker St
By Manhattan co.
Utica
Syracuse
Oak Orchard
Savannah
Little Sodua and Clyde
Depth.
123 617 200 223 394 127 50 626 448 280 314 600 400 0 to 390 140 250
400
Product.
Fresh water. Mineral water. Brine.
Freeh water. Weak brine. Fresh water. Weak brine and gas. Fresh water.
Brine. Weak brine.
and gas.
The deepest Artesian well in the U. S. is at St. Lonis, Mo., and is 2199 feet deep. A well at Louisville, Ky., is 2086 feet deep; and another at Columbus, Ohio, 1900 feet deep.
2 The principal mines which have been worked in the northern primitive region are in Warren, Essex, Clinton, St. Lawrence, and Franklin cos. So common are particles of iron in the rocks of this region that the iron sand upon the banks of the streams is sufficiently pure to repay the labor of collecting for the forge. Magnetic ores are also abundant in Grange co., and mines have there been worked since the earliest periods. This ore has also been found among the igneous rocks of Rockland, Westchester, Putnam, Washington, Saratoga, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, and Lewis cos.
8 The principal mines in St. Lawrence and Jefferson cos. yield this variety of ore. It is most abundant in the towns of Gonver- neur, Rossie, and Antwerp, and is there usually associated with crystaline sulphuret of iron, spathic iron, and quartz. The ar- gillaceous ore supplies the furnaces in Oneida, Oswego, and Wayne cos. It is red, and imparts a dull red color to whatever it comen in contact with. In the region of mines and furnaces the clothing of the laborers, the trees, fences, and vehicles employed, are all colored by it. It is used as a paint, under the name of " Spanieb Brown."
* Bog ore is deposited in swamps, the bottoms of which are clay, hardpan, or some other strata impervious to water. It is continually accumulating, so that it may be removed two or three times in a century. It has various shades of color, from yellow to a dark brown. In the primitive region it sometimes assumes a stalactital or botryoidal form, with a fibrous textnris and a glossy black surface. A loamy variety, whcu used in high furnaces, is liable to blow up. Tins is caused by the mass molt- ing away below, leaving a crust above, and, as the support at la«t gives away, the moisture contained in the mass is suddenly con- verted into steam by the intense heat, and the liquid iron below is thrown out with gi'Cat force, sometimes destroying the fur- nace.
6 A vein has recently been opened in Orange co. that promined great richness. Lead ore is usually found in the form of sul- phurets, or galena. It is often associated with crystalized mine- rala of great beauty.
26 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER.
a, Bulphuret has been found in Washington, Jefferson, and St. La-wrence cos., but not in sufficient quantities to render mining profitable. Zinc ore in the form of a sulphurct, or blende, is found, associated with lead, in St. Lawrence co. Manganese, titanium, nickel, and several other metals, have been found in small quantities, though they have never been reduced except in the labora- tories of the chemist.' '
Kon-Metallic minerals. — The most valuable non-metallic minerals in the State are limestone, gypsum, waterlime, pipeclay, clay and sand suitable for common and fire brick and pottery, graphite, talc, and slate. Nearly every part of the State is well supplied with building stone ; and in most of the counties extensive quarries have been worked. Lime, waterlime, and gypsum are also extensively quarried.*
Mineral Springs are numerous, and are found in nearly every co. in the State^ The most celebrated of these are the salt springs of Onondaga, the medicinal springs of Saratoga, and the thermal springs of Columbia co. Sulphur and chalybeate springs are common, and many of them have considerable notoriety for medicinal properties.' In the w. part of the State springs emitting nitrogen and carburetted hydrogen gas are numerous. In the limestone regions of the State the water is generally more or less impregnated with carbonate and sulphate of lime ; and in many places tufa is deposited in large quantities by the water. The slow dissolving of the limestone rocks has given a cavernous structure to several localities, and in others it has formed deep holes in the ground. The caves of Albany, Schoharie, and Jefferson cos. are doubtless formed in this manner ; and the peculiar sink-holes and cratean lakes of Onondaga are probably formed by the breaking of the superincumbent mass into the caverns beneath.
SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.
The Seat of Goternment was originally fixed at New York City, and remained there until the Revolution, with occasional adjournments of the General Assembly and Executive Department on account of prevailing sickness. Such of the public records as related to the immediate interests of the crown were removed, by order of Gov. Tryon, in Dec. 1775, to the armed ship Duchess of Gordon^ and remained on board till Nov. 1781, when most of them were returned to the city.* In June, 177G, the other public records were removed to Kingston, and, on the approach of the enemy in Oct. 1777, they were hastily taken to Rochester, Ulster county.^ They were soon afterward taken to Poughkecpsie, and in 1784 to New York. In 1797, commissioners were appointed to erect a build- ing for the records in Albany, and an order dated July 31, 1798, authorized their removal thither* and the permanent location of the seat of Government at that place.
The State House was begun in 1803 and finished in 1807, at the joint expense of the city and county of Albany and the State of New York. The original cost exceeded $120,000, of which
1 In many of the original patents of tbe mountainoua regions upon the HudMon. re.'^ervationa wore made of all the gold and silver that might bo fuvind. To this day, however, these metala have not been found ; though it is said that traces of silver have been discovered in eevoral places.
2 The following is a list of the most important qnarries in the State :—
Oypswm \a fonnd in Cayuga. Madison, Onondaga, Wayne, Op- leanB, and (ienpspe.
LinusU-ne is quarried in most of tbe counties of the State ex- cept those along the Penn. line.
Water- Limestone is quarried in Erie, Jefferson. Lewis, Madiaon, Montgomery, Niagara. Onondaga, and Ulster.
Flagging is found in most of the southern counties, and in various other localities. The thin bedded sandstone of the Portage gi'oup furnishes the beat varii-ties.
Building stovf of excellent quality is found in nearly every section of the State. Granite and gneiss are extensively quarried in Now York and Westchester and in the n. e. cos. of the State. The Potsdam sandstone, Black Kiver lime- Btone, the gray and Medina sandstone, and the Onondaga limestone all furnish excellent building stone. Most of tlie locks upon the Erie Canal are built of tlie last named stone. The shales of the Portage and Chemung group are sepa- rated into strata by hard, compact sandstone, excellent for building or flagging.
Marble is found and quarried in Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, and Grange cos.
Roofing slate is quarried in Washington, Kensselaer, Columbia, and Dutchess cos.
8 The principal of these springs are those of Jlassena, St. Lawrence co. ; Kichfield, Otsego co.; Avon, Livingston co.; Sharon, Schoharie co. : New Lebanon and Stockport, Columbia CO. ; Chittenango, Madison co. : and Alabama, Genesee co.
* Six years' close confinement on shipboard damaged some of these records almost beyond remedy. The most valuable were transcribed in 1798, under the direction of commissioners apjiointed by law.
tt The first State Legislature, then in session, hastily adjourned and met in Jan. at Poughkeepsie. The citizens of Goshen tendered the hospitalities of their village and the use of rooms, if tlie Legislature chose to remove tliither. In March, 1778. a concurrent resolntiou directed the Secretary of State and the clerks of counties to put their records into strong and light inclosures, to be ready for instant removal in case of danger. The Legislature held its session^ at Poughkeepsie, Kingston, or Albany, aa suited convenience, until 17S4, when it removed to New York. Two sessions were afterward held at Poughkeepsie, and three at Albany, before tlie final removal to the latter place in 1797.
B Philip Schuyler, Abraham Ten Broeck, Jeremiah Van Kens- selaer. Daniel Ilale. and Tenuis T. Van Vechten were appointed commissioners. The edifice stood on the site of the present Geological and Agricultural Hall, and was torn down in 1856.
SKAT OF GOVERNMENT.
27
$34,200 was paid by the city and $3,000 by the county of Albany. It continued to be used for city, county, and State offices and courts until about 1832, when the State became the exclusive owner and the Capitol was fitted up for legislative and other public purposes. It stands at the head of State Street, 130 feet above the Hudson, and has in front a park of three acres inclosed by an iron fence. It is substantially built of stone faced with Nyack red freestone.*
The State liibrary is a fireproof building in the rear of the State House and connected with it by a long corridor. It is built of brick and iron and faced on its two fronts with brown freestone. It is ah-eady nearly filled with books, manuscripts, and maps, which the State has been collecting for many years,^
Tlie State Hall^ situated upon Eagle Street, fronting the Academy Park, was finished in 1842. It is built of cut stone, with a colonnade in front, supported by six Ionic columns, and is surmounted by a dome.^ It contains the offices of the Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Auditor of Canal Department, Canal Appraisers, Canal Commissioners, State Engineer and Surveyor, Division En- gineers, Clerk of Court of Appeals, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Superintendent of Bank Department, Attorney General, and State Sealer of Weights and Measures.
Tlie State Oeological and Agricultural Hall, corner of State and Lodge Sts., is the depository of the specimens collected during the geological survey, and also contains the cabinet of the State Agricultural Society.*
1 It is 90 feet broad, 50 liigh, and was originally 115 feet long. In 1-S54, 15 feet wex-e added to the w. end. The eastern front has an Ionic portico with four columns of Berkahii'e marble each 3 feet 8 inches in diameter and SS feet high. The north and south fronts have each a pedunent of 85 feet base; and the doorways are decorated with columns and angular pediments of freestone. The entrance hall is 40 by 50 feet and 16 feet high, the ceiling of which is supported by a double row of reeded columns, and the floor is vaulted and laid with squares of Italian marble. Upon the north side of the hall are the oflSce of Adjutant General and the Assembly Library, and on the south side the Executive Chambers. The remainder of the first story is devoted to the Assembly Chamber with its lobbies and postoflBce. This chamber is now 56 by 65 feet and 28 feet high. The Speaker's desk is on the w. side, and the desks of the clerks are upon each side and in front of it. Desks of members are arranged in semi-circles in front. Upon the e. side is a gallery supported by iron pillars. The ceiling is riclily orna- mented in stucco. Over the Speaker's seat is a copy by Ames of a full length portrait of Stewart's Washington. In the second story, over the entrance hall, is the Senate chamber, 40 Ly 50 feet and 22 feet high. The President's desk is upon the 8. side, and the desks of the Senators are arranged in a circle in front. On the n. side are the library and cloak room of the Senate, and on the s. the postoffice and room of the Sergeant at Ai'ms. Over the President's seat is a crimson canop,^, and oppo- site are the portraits of Gov. Geo. Clinton and Columbus. I'he latter was presented to the Senate in 17S4 by Mrs. Farmer, a grand-daughter of Gov. Leislcr, and had been in her family 150 years. Over the Assembly lobbies is the room of the Court of Appeals, and in the third story are the consultation rooms of tliis court, committee rooms of both houses, and part of the Senate Library. The courtroom of the Court of Appeals contains portraits of Chancellors Lansing, Sandford, Jones, and Walworth, Chief Justice Spencer, Abraham Van Vechten. and Daniel Cady. The inner Executive Chamber has a full size portrait of Gen. La Fayette, painted when he was in the city in 1825.
The roof of the State house is pyramidal, and from the center rises a circular cupola 20 feet in diameter, supporting a hemi- spherical dome upon 8 insulated Ionic columns. Upon the dome stands a wooden statue of Themis, 11 feet high, holding in her right hand a sword and in her left a balance.
2 The Stiite Library was founded April 21, 1818, and for nearly forty years was kept in the upper rooms of the CapitoL Its growth was comparatively slow until 1844, when its supervision was transferred from the State officers who had been ex-offlcio trus- tees to the Regents of the University. Their Secretary, the late Dr. T. Romeyn Beck, was eminently fitted for the task of building up an institution of this character. The library at the time of the transfer contained about 10,000 volumes. The number has increased during the subsequent 15 years to about 53,000. The present building, erected in 185:j-54. is 114 feet long by 45 broad, was built at a cost of 891,900, and opened to the public Jan. 2, 1855. The first floor is supported by stone pillars and groined arches, and the second floor and galleries by arched spans of iron filled with concrete. The roof, rafters, trusses, pillars, shelves, and principal doors are of iron, and the floors are paved with colored tile. The first story is devoted to the law department, and the second story to the general library, in- cluding a large number of costly presents from other Govern- ments, a valuable series of MSS. and parclmients relating to our colonial and early State history, and an exteuriivo collec- tion of medals and coins. The office of the Regents of the L'ui- versity is in the library building.
Ih*» library, formerly known as the "ChariccUors' Library,'" \
was divided in 1849, and, with additions since made, now forms two public libraries, called the " Libraries of the Court of Ap- peals," one of which is located at Syracuse and the other at Kochester. They consist chiefly of law books, and are in charge of librarians appointed by the Regents and paid by the State. There is also a small library, for reference, in the consultation room of the Court of Appeals. Each of the judges of the Su- preme Court and the Vice Chancellor of the Second District, under the late Constitution^ held libraries owned by the State, which are for the use of the four judges of the Court of Appeals elected by the people of the State at large, and their successors in office. There is also a small library for the use of the At- torney General ; and means are annually provided for the in- crease of each of these collections, chiefly from the income of moneys known as the *' Chancellors' Library Fund" and "In- terest Fund," which are kept invested b}' the Clerk of the Court of Appeals for this purpose.
8 This building is 13S by SS feet and 65 feet high. The ceilings of the basement and of the two principal stories are groined arches, and all the rooms, excepting in the attic story, are fireproof. The basement and attic are each 19 feet, and the two principal stories each 22 feet, high. The building cost about $350,000.
* In 1842 the old State Hall was converted into a geological hall, and rooms were assigned in the same building to the State Agricultural Society. The old building was torn down, and the present Geological and Agricultural Hall erected in its place, in the summer of 1855. The Agricultural Rooms were dedicated Feb. 12. 1857, and the Cabinet was opened to the public Feb. 22, 185S. The present building is of brick, and is 4 stories high, besidesthe basement. In the rear is a spacious wing, of the same height as the main building. It contains a lecture room, the spacious geological cabinet, and the rooms of the State Geological CoUectioa The basement is occupied by a taxidermist and a jani- tor. The building itself is subject to the order of the Commis- sioners of the Land Office. The Cabinet originated in the Geo- logical Survey, and in extent and value it ranks among the first in America. Within the past year a series of English fossils has been given to the State by the British Government ; and a valu- able collection of shells, embracing several thousand species, has been recently presented and arranged by Philip P. Cai'penter, an English naturalist. The Museum is designed to embrace a complete representation of the geological formations of the State, with their accompanying minerals and fossils, and of its entire native flora and fauna. The birds and quadrupeds are preserved by a skilful taxidermist, with the attitudes and appearance of life; and the reptiles and fishes are principally preserved in al- cohol. Connected with this cabinet is a historical and anti- quarian department, embracing numerous aboriginal antiquities and specimens of modern Indian art, relics of battle fields, and other objects of historical interest. The whole is under the charge of a curator appointed by the Regents. The museum of the State Agricultural Society, in a separate department of the building, contains a large collection of obsolete and modern im- plements of husbandry, spechnens of agricultural and mechanical products, models of fruits, samples of grains and soils, di-awings illustrating subjects connected with the useful arts; and it i8 designed to include an extensive collection of insects, made with especial reft-rence to showing their influence upon the fruit and gi'ain crops of the State. The entomological department is in charge of Dr. Asa Fitch, who has been for several years employed by the society in studying the habits of destructive insectH, with the view to ascertaining the means of prcvcntiBg their ravages. The whole of these collections are open to the publii- on every weekday except hoUdays. The meetings of the Executive Com- mittee of the State Agiicultural Society, and the winter fhirs, are held in their rooms in this building.
STATE GOVERNMENT.
The State Government consists of the Legislative, Executive, Judicial, and Administrative Departments ; the powers and duties of the several officers being defined by the Constitution and regulated by law.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
Tlie State I^e^islature is composed of a Senate and Assembly.
The Senate consists of 32 members, chosen by single districts every two years, the whole number being chosen at once. The Lieut. Governor is ex officio President of the Senate, and has a cast- ing vote in case of a tie. The Senate appoints a President p7'0 tern., who presides in the absence of the Lieut. Governor, and becomes j ex officio Lieut. Governor in case of a vacancy in that office. The ' Senate with the Judges of the Court of Appeals forma a court for the trial of impeachments, and it ratifies or rejects the nomi- nations of the Governor to a great number of offices.
The Senate elects the following officers : a clerk, sergeantrat- arms, assistant sergeant^at-arms, doorkeeper and assistants, libra- rian, and such other officers as may be deemed necessary.^
The Assembly consists of 128 members, elected annually by single districts. The districts are re-apportioned once in ten years, after the State census is taken. The Speaker, or Pre- siding Officer of the Assembly, is elected by the members from their number, and usually appoints all committees. All bills upon financial matters must originate in the Assembly.
The Assembly elects the following officers : a Speaker, clerk, sergeant-afc-arms, doorkeeper and two assistants. The Speaker appoints an assistant sergeant-at-arms, a postmaster and assist- ant, a janitor, keeper of the Assembly chamber, and several doorkeepers and pages.^
1 The eergeant-at-arms is alao librarian. The clerk appoints his deputies and assistants, and the President appoints a janitor, superintendent of the Senate chamber, and pages. Committees are usually appointed by the Lieut.Gov. The appointments are made for two years. About half a dozen reporters are admitted to seats within the Senate chamber. Standing committees in the Senate consist of 3 members.
SENATE DISTRICTS.
1. Queens, Richmond, and Suffolk Counties.
2. Ist, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, and 19th Wards of
Brooklyn.
3. 6th, Sth. 9th. 10th, l'2th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th. and 18th
Wards of Brooklyn, and the towns of Kinjjs County.
4. 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, Sth, 6th, 7th, Sth, and 14th Wards of New
York.
5. 10th, 11th. 13th, and 17th Wards of New York.
6. 9th, 15th, 16th, and 18th Wards of New York.
7. 12th, 19th. 20th, 21st, and 22d Wards of New York.
8. Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties.
9. Orange and Sullivan Counties.
10. Greene and Ulster Counties.
11. Columbia and Dutchess Counties.
12. Rensselaer and Washington Counties.
13. Albany County.
14. Delaware, Schenectady, and Schoharie Counties.
15. Tulton, liamilton, Montgomery, and Saratoga Counties.
16. Clinton, Essex, and Warren Counties.
17. Franklin and St. Lawrence Counties.
18. Jefferson and Lewis Counties.
19. Oneida County.
20. Herkimer and Otsego Counties.
21. Oswego County.
22. Onondaca County.
23. Chenango, Cortland, and Madison Counties.
24. Broome, Tioga, and Torapkina Counties.
25. Cayuga and Wayne Counties.
26. Ontario. Seneca, and Yates Counties.
27. Chemung, Schuyler, and Steuben Counties. ''S. Monroe County.
28
29. Genes?e, Niagara, and Orleans Counties.
30. Allegany, Livingston, and Wyoming Counties.
31. Erie County.
32. Cattaraugus and Chautauqua Counties.
2 The clerk appoints his assistants and deputies, a librarian and assistant, a bank clerk, and a clerk's messenger. These ofticors are appointed for the session, except pages, who are changed in the middle of each session. Standing committees of the Assembly consist of 5 members, except those upon Ways and Meaus, the .Judiciary, and Canals, each of which has 7 members. About 20 reporters are admitted and provided with seats within the bar. They usually share with members in extra appropriations for books, and in the privilege of mailing documents at the public expense.
ASSE5IBLY DISTRICTS.
[Those Counties not enumerated in this list form bnt one District. Fulton and Hamilton form one District.]
ALBANY COUNTY.— Four Districts.
1. let Ward of Albany, Bethlehem, Coeymans, New Scotland,
Rensselaerville, and Westerlo.
2. 9fh and 10th Wards of Albany. Bern, Guilderland, and Knox.
3. 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, and Sth Wards of Albany.
4. 7th Ward of Albany and Watervliet,
ALLEGANY COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Allen, Almond, Angelica. Belfast, Birdsall. Burns, Caneadea,
Centerville. Granger, Grove, Hume, New Hudson, Rushford, and West Almond.
2. Alfred, Alma, Amity, Andover, Bolivar, Clarksville, Cuba,
Friendship, Genesee, Independence, Scio, Ward, Wellsville, Willing, and Wirt.
CATTARAUGUS COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Allegany, Ashford, Carrolton, Elgin, FarmersviUe, Franklin- ville, Freedom, Hinsdale, Humphrey, Ischua, Machias, Glean, Portville, and Yorkshire.
STATE GOVERNMENT.
29
The sessions of the Legislature commence on the first Tuesday in January, and members can only receive pay for 100 days. The business of each year begins de novo; but if an extra session is called by the Governor, bills are taken up where they were left at the last previous adjourn- ment. Each house decides upon the qualifications of its own members; and both houses must concur in the election of U. S, Senators, Regents of the University, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. Bills, except measures of finance, may originate in either house, and must be
'Z. Bncktooth, Coldspring, Connowango, Dayton, Ellicottville, East Otto, Great Valley, Leon, Little A'alley, Mansfield, Napoli, New AHiion, Otto, Perrysburgh, Persia, Randolph, and South Valley.
CAYUGA COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Brutus. Cato. Conquest, Ira, Mentz, Monteznma, Sennett,
Sterling, Throop, Victory, and the Ist and 4th Wards of Auburn.
2. Aurelius, Fleming", Genoa, Ledyard, Locke, Moravia, Nile?!,
Owasco, Scipio, Sempronius, Springport, Summer Ilill, Venice, and the 2d and 3d Wards of Auburn.
CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. -Two Districts.
1. Busti, Chautauqua, Clymer, EUery, French Creek, Harmony,
Mina, Portland. Ripley, Sherman, Stockton, and Westfield.
2. Arkwright, Carroll, Charlotte, Cherry Creek, Ellicott, Elling-
ton, Gerry, Hanover, Kiantone, Poland, Pomfret, Sheridan, and Villenova.
CHENANGO COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Columbus, Lincklaen, New Berlin, North Norwich, Norwich,
Otselic, Pharsalia, Pitcher, Plymouth, Sherburne, and Smyrna.
2. Afton. Bainbridge, Coventry, German. Guilford, Greene, Mc-
Donough, Oxford, Preston, and Smithville.
COLUMBIA COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Ancram, Claverack, Clermont. Copake, Gallatin, German-
town. Greenport, Hudson City, Livingston, and Tagh- kanick.
2. Austerlitz, Canaan, Chatham, Ghent. Hillsdale, Kinder-
hook, New Lebanon, Stockport, and Stuyveeant.
DELAWARE COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Colchester. Delhi, Franklin, Hamden, Hancock, Masonville,
Sidney, Tompkins, and Walton.
2. Andes. Bovina, Davenport, Harpersfield, Kortright, Mere-
dith, Middletown, Roxbury, and Stamford,
DUTCHESS COUNTY.- Two Districts.
1. Amenia, Beekraan, Dover, East Fisbkill, La Grange, North-
east, Pawling, Pine Plains, Stanford, Union Vale, and Washington.
2. Clinton, flyde Park, Milan, Pleasant Valley. Poughkeepsic,
City of Poughkeepsie, Red Hook, and Rhinebeck.
ERIE COUNTY,— Four Districts.
1. 1st, 2d. 3d. 4th, 5th, and 13th Wards of Buffalo.
2. 0th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Wards of Buffalo.
3. Alden, Amherst, Chicktawauga, Clarence, Elma, Grand
Island, Uambuvgh, Lancaster, Jlarilla, Newstcad, Tona- wanda, and Weit Seneca,
4. Aurora, Boston, Brandt, Golden, Collins, Concord, East
Hamburgh, Eden, Evans, Holland, North Oollins, Sardinia, and Wales.
HERKIMER COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Fairfield, Herkimer, Little Falls, Jlanheim, Newport, Nor-
way, Ohio, Russia, Salisbury, and Wilmurt.
2. Columbia, Danube, Frankfort. German Flats, Litch&eld,
Schuyler, Stark, Warren, and Winfleld.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.— Three Districts.
1. Adams, Brownville, EUisburgh, Henderson, Hounsfield, Lor-
raine, Rodman, and Worth.
2. Antwerp, Champion, Le Ray, Philadelphia, Rutland, Water-
town, and Wilna.
3. Alexandria, Capo Vincent, Clayton, Lyme, Orleans, Pamelia,
aud Thereea.
KINGS COUNTY.— Seven Districts.
1. Flathnsh, Flatlands. Gravesend, New Lots, New Utrecht, and
the Sth, 17th. and ISth Wards of Brooklyn.
2. Ist. 6th, and 12Ih Wards of Brooklyn.
3. 4th and 10th Wards of Bnwklvn.
4. 2d, 3d. and .'>th Wards of Brooklyn.
5. 9th and 11th Wards of Brooklvn.
6. 13th. Uth, and part of 19th Wards of Brooklyn.
7". 7th, 15th, 16th, aud part of 19th Wards of Brooklyn.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Avon, Caledonia, Conesns, Geneeeo, Groveland, Leicester,
Lima, Livonia, and York.
2. Mount Morris, North Dansville, Nunda, Ossian, Portage,
Sparta, Springwator, and West Si)arta.
MADISON COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Brookfield, De Ruyter, Eaton, Georgetown, Hamilton, Leba-
non, Madison, and Nelson.
2. Cazenovia, Feuner, Lenox, Smithfield, Stockbridge, and
Sullivan.
MONROE COUNTY.— Three Districts.
1. Brighton, Henrietta, Irondequoit, Mendon, Penfield, Perin-
ton, Pittsford, Rush, and Webster.
2. The City of Rochester.
3. Chili, Clarkson, Gates, Greece, Ogden, Parma, Riga, Sweden,
Union, and Wheatland.
NEW YORK CITY AND COUNTY.— Seventeen Districts. 17 districts, corresponding to Aldermanic districts. NIAGARA COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Lockport, Pendleton, Royalton, and Wheatfield.
2. Cambria, Hartland, Lewiaton, Newfane, Niagara, Porter,
Somerset, and Wilson.
ONEIDA COUNTY.— Four Districts.
1. Deerfiold, City of Utica, and Wbitestown.
2. Augusta, Bridgewater, Kirkland, Marshall, New Hartford,
Paris, Sangerfield, Vernon, and Westmoreland.
3. Camden, Florence, Rome, Verona, and Vienna.
4. AmesviUe, Ava, Brownville, Floyd, Lee, Marcy, Remsen,
Steuben, Trenton, and Western.
ONONDAGA COUNTY.— Three Districts.
1. CamiUus, Clay, Elbridge, Lysander, Marcellus, Skaneateles,
Spafford. and Van Bureu.
2. Cicero, Salina, and Syracuse.
3. De Witt, Pabius, Geddes, La Fayette, Manlius, Onondaga,
Otisco, Pompey, and Tully.
ONTARIO COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Farmington, Gorham, Hopewell, Manchester, Phelps, and
Seneca.
2. Bristol, Canadice, Canandaigna, East Bloomfield, Naples,
Richmond, South Bristol, Victor, and West Bloomfield.
ORANGE COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Blooming Grove, Cliester, Cornwall, Monroe, Montgomery,
Newburgh, and New Windsor.
2. Cra'ni'nrd, Deerpark, Goshen, Greenville, Hamptonbnrgh.
Hinisink, Mount Hope, Walkill, Warwick, and Waway- anda.
OSWEGO COUNTY.— TffREE Diotricts.
1. City of Oswego, Hannibal, Oswego, and Scriba.
2. Conatantia, Granby, Hastings, Palermo, Schroeppel, Volney,
and West Monroe.
3. Albion, Amboy, Boyleston. Mexico, Orwell, Parish, Redfield.
Richland, Sandy Creek, New Haven, and Williamstown.
OTSEGO COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Cherry Valley, Decatur, Exeter. Maryland, Middlefield,
Otsego, Plainfiold, Richfield, Roseboomj Springfield, West- ford, and Worcester.
2. Unadilla, Burlington, Butternuts. Edmeston, Hartwick.
Laurens, Milford, Morris, New Lisbon, Otego, Oneonta, and Pittsfield.
QUEENS COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Flushing. North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay.
2. Hempstead, Jamaica, and Newtown.
RENSSELAER COUNTY.— Three Districts.
1. City of Troy.
2. Berlin, Grafton, Hoosick, Lansingbnrgh, Petersburgh, Pitta-
town, and Schaghticoke.
3. Brunswick, Clinton, Greenbnsh, Nassau. North Greenbush,
Poestenkill, Sand Lake, Schodack, and Stephentown. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.— Three Districts.
1. De Kalb, De Peyster, Fine. Fowler, Gouvemeur, Macomb,
Morristown, Oswegatchie, Pitc-airn, and Rossie,
2. Canton. Colt^n, Edwards, Hermon, Lisbon, Madrid, Norfolk,
Pierrepnnt, and Russell.
3. Brasher. Hopkinton. Lawrence, Louisville^ Massena, Pariah-
Tille, Potsdam, and Stockholm.
SARATOGA COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Ballston, Charlton, Clifton Park. Galway, Halfmoon, Malta,
Milton, Stillwater, and Waterford.
2. Corinth. D.iy, Edinburgh, Greenfield, Hadley, Moreau, Noith-
umberland. Providence, Saratoga, Saratoga Springs, and WUtou.
30
NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER.
passed by both, and receive the signature of the Governor, — or, if vetoed by him, the votes of two- thirds of both houses, — to lieeome laws. The original laws of the Legislature, bearing the signa- tures of the presiding officer of each house and of the Governor and Secretary of State, are bound, and preserved in the Secretary's office. All general laws are published in such newspapers in each county as may be designated by the Board of Supervisors.
Besides the State Legislature, a limited power of enacting laws is possessed by the boards of supervisors in the several counties, by the common councils of cities, and by citizens generally assembled in town and school district meetings.
The Board of Supervisors meets annually at the county seat, on the week following the general election, to canvass the votes for State and county officers ; it may hold special meetings at any time. It has power to appoint a clerk of the board, a county sealer of weights and measures, special commissioners for laying out roads, printers for publishing the general laws, inspectors of turn- pike and plank roads, and, in some counties, the Superintendent of the Poor, and other officers, and to fix the salaries of the county Judge and Surrogate, and of School Commissioners, (above |500, allowed by law, ) and, in some counties, the salary of the District Attorney ; to establish the bounds of assembly and school commissioner districts, to fix upon town meeting days,' to make orders concerning property owned by the county, and to repair or rebuild the county buildings ; to audit and settle charges against the county, and the accounts of town officers ; to equalize assessments and levy taxes to meet county expenses, and for such special purposes as may be directed by law. It also has power to alter the bounds of towns, and to erect new towns ; to change the location of the county seat and purchase sites for the erection of new buildings ; and to examine annually the securities held by loan commis- sioners. It may pass laws for the preservation of game or fish, and for the destruction of noxious animals, and perform such other duties as may be from time to time authorized by law.
STEUBEN COUNTY.— Three Distkicts.
1. Avoca, Bath, Bradford, Conliocton, Prattsburgh, Pulteney,
Urbana, Wayne, and Wheeler.
2. Addison, Cameron, Campbell. Caton. Corning. Erwin, Hornby,
Lindley, Rathlione, Thurston, and Woodhull.
3. Canisteo, Dansville, Fremont, Greenwood. Ilomellsville,
Howard, UartsYille, Jasper, Troupsburgh, West Union, and Wayland.
SUFFOLK COUNTT.— Two Distkicts. ]. East Hampton, Riverhead, Shelter Island, Southampton,
and Southold. 2 Brookhaven, Huntington, Islip, and Smithtown.
ULSTER COUNTY.— Three Districts.
1. Hurley, Kingston, and Saugerties.
2. Esopus, Gardiner, Lloyd. Marbletown. Marlborough, New
Palfz, Plattekill. Rosendale, and Shawangunk.
3. Denning, ILirdenburgh. Olive, Rochester, Sbandaken, Wa-
warsing, and Woodstock.
WASHINGTON COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Argyle. Cambridge. Easton, Fort Edward, Greenwich, Jack-
son. Salem, and White Creek.
2. Dresden, Fort Ann, Granville, Hampton, Hartford, H-sbron,
Kingsbury, Putnam, and Whitehall.
WAYNE COUNTY.— Two Districts.
1. Butler, Galen, Huron, Lyons, Rose, SaTannah, Sodus, and
Wolcott.
2. Arcadia, Macedon, Marion,- Ontario, Palmyra, Walworth,
and Williamson.
WESTCHESTER COUNTY.- Three Distkicts.
1. East Chester, Morrisania, Westchester, West Farms, and
Yonkers.
2. Greenburgh, Harrison, Mamaroneck, Mount Pleasant, New
Rochellc. North Castle, Pelham, ]*oundridge. Rye, Scars- dale, and White Plains.
3. Bedford, Cortlandt, Lewisboro, New Castle, North Salem,
Ossining, Somers, and Yorktown.
1 TOWN MEETINGS. Town meetings are held on the same day throughout the county ; and the time may be changed once in 3 years. The town meetings must come between the 1st day of Feb. and the 1st of May. They are at present all held on Tuesdays, as follows : —
|
Counties. |
Tuesdays upon ichicfi Tuum Meetings are held. |
CODOTIES. |
Ihtesday 8 upon which Town Meetings are held. |
Counties. |
Tuesdays upon which Town Meetings are held. |
|
Albany Allegany. ... Broome, Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung.... Chenango... Clinron Columbia.... Cortland Delaware. ... Dutchess Erie |
2d in April. 2d in March. 2d in Feb. Last in Feb. Ist after 1st Mon. in Mar. 3d in Feb. 2d after Ist Mon. in Feb. Ist in March. 1st in March. 1st in March. 3d in Feb. 2d in Feb. 2d in March. Ist in March. 1st in March. 1st in Feb. 2d in Feb. Ist in March. Ist in Feb. 1st in Feb. |
Herkimer.... Jefferson |
1st in March. 3d in Feb. l6t in AprU. 3d in Feb. let in April. 1st in March. lat after let Mon. in Mar. 2d in Feb. 2d in April. 1st in March. 3d in Feb. Ist after let Mon. in April. 1st in March. 1st in April. let in March. let in March. Istafterlst Mob. in April. Ist in April. Ist in March. |
Richmond ... Rockland St. LawTence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie ... Schuyler Senec-a Steuben Suffolk. Sullivan Tioga Tompkins ... Ulster "Warren "Washington AVavno "Westchester Wyoming.... |
2d in Feb. 2d in April. 2(1 in Feb. 1st in March. Ist in April. 3d in Feb. 2d in Feb. 2d in March. 2d in Feb. Ist in April. 1st after Ist Mon. in Mjit. Ist in Feb. Ist in April. 1st in March. 1st in April. let in March. Ist in March. Last in March. Last in Feb. Last in Feb. |
|
Lewis Li\ing8ton._ Madison Monroe Montgomery New York... Niagara |
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|
Onondaga. ... Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego |
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|
Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton... |
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Putnam Queens Rensselaer... |
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At these meetings are elected, by ballot, a supervisor, torwn clerk, 4 justices, (with exceptions named on pi^e 34, 3 assess- ors, (for 3 years, 1 annually,) a collector. 1 or 2 overseers of poor, (at the option of the town, excepting Montgomery and Kings cos- that are not inclnded in the general law.) 1 or 3 com- missioners of highways, (if 3, one elected annually for S years.) not more than 5 ronstables and 2 inspectors of election for
each election district, a third being appointed by the pre- siding officer of the town meetings from the two having the next highest vote. The town of Manlius elects 7 con- stables. Each town at its annual meeting also elects by ayes and noes, or otherwise, as many overseera of highways as there are road districts, and as many pound masters as the electors may determine.
STATE GOVERNMKNT.
31
The Common Council in each of the cities has jurisdiction over municipal affairs within limits fixed by law, and observes the usual formalities of legislative bodies in its proceedings. Two aldermen are generally elected from each ward, who, with the mayor, constitute the Common Council ; but the organization of no two cities is in this respect exactly alike.' The enactments of the Common Council are usually termed " ordinances," and have the force of law. The council usually has the appointment of a large class of minor city officers, including the keepers of parks and public buildings, inspectors of various kinds, and in some instances the officers and membora of the police and fire departments. These appointments are usually held at the pleasure of the appointing power.
To'wn Meetings may pass laws regulating roads and bridges, the height offences, the support of the poor, the range of animals, the destruction of noxious weeds, the preservation of town pro- perty, and for such other purposes as may be directed by special acts. Every town is a corporate body, may sue and be sued, may hold and convoy lands within its limits for purposes specified by law, and may appropriate moneys for public objects within the tovm.
ScbOOl Districts, at regular meetings, may pass rules concerning the support of schools, employment of teachers, repairs, supplies, and similar affairs, which have the force of law.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
The Governor is elected once in two years.^ lie is commander- in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State, and possesses the sole power of granting pardons and commutations of sentence after conviction.^ lie issues requisitions for the return of crimi- nals in other States, and he is authorized to offer rewards for the arrest of criminals within this State. He annually communicates to tlie Legislature, at the commencement of each session, a state- ment of the condition of the public departments, and such other matters as he may deem necessai-y. On extraordinary occasions he may convene the Senate or Legislature.* Within ten days after its passage by the Legislature, he may veto any act, by returning it to the house in which it originated, with his objections; and such act
can become a law only by the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses.^
The Governor nominates, for appointment by the Senate, a large class of State and county and a
few military officers,* and may fill vacancies occurring in these ofl[ices during the recess of the Senate.
Some other classes of officers are appointed by the Governor alone, — generally for specific terms,
but in some cases during pleasure. He may also fill vacancies occurring in elective offices, and
1 In New York, theCommon Council consists of two branches, — the Board of Aldermen, consisting of 17 members, chosen for 2 years; dud the Board of Conncilmen, consisting of 24 members, chosen annually, 6 from each senatorial district. Each of these branches elects one of its own number president; and the mayor pttssesses a veto power upon their laws analogous to that of the Governor upon those of the Stjite Legislature.
3 To bo eligible to the office of Governor a person must be a citizen of the V. S., a resident of the State for the last 5 j'ears previous to election, and must have attained the age of 30 years. The colonial governors of N. Y. were appointed by the crown. Under the Constitution of 1777 they were elected for 3 years and were required to be freeholders. Under the Constitution of 1822, the governor was elected for 2 years, and, in addition to the pre- sent qualifications, was required to lie a native of the U.S. and a freeholder.
Under the first State Constitution electors were classified, and only those owning freehold property worth $250 and upward were allowed to vote for Senators and Governor. The aggregate of the several classes at different periods has been as follows : —
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■8 |
o |
6oA . |
|||
|
1 |
o |
11^ |
g |
||
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Years. |
«l |
.« |
I'll |
1 |
Total. |
|
11 |
11 |
s |
|||
|
1T90 |
19.369 |
23.426 |
14.674 |
138 |
67.606 |
|
1795 |
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