The

Health and Physique

of the

Negro American

A Social Study made under the diredlion of

Atlanta University by the Eleventh

Atlanta Conference

C76

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BOOK 325.26.C76 llth c 1 CONFERENCE FOR STUDY OF NEGRO riMpm.'lf'^^ ATLANTA GA # CONFERENCE

3 T1S3 ODOlOlflS T

Health and Physique

of th(

Negro American

The Atlanta University Press Atlanta, Georgia

1906

H(|C

30

Report of a Social Study made under the di- ^i

recftion of Atlanta University; together with ^;^-^

the Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference ^ '^^

for the Study of the Negro Problems, held at . '"

Atlanta University, on May the 29th, 1 906

Edited by H

W. E. Burghardt Du Bois . [g

Corresponding Secretary of the Conference "'0

■)1

IT is the cranial and facial forms that lead us to accept the consanguinity of the African Hamites, of red- brown and black color, with the Mediterranean peoples; the same characters reveal the consanguinity of the primitive inhabitants of Europe, and of their remains in various regions and among various peoples, with the pop- ulations of the Mediterranean, and hence also with the Hamites of Africa. Sergi.

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Analytical Table of Contents

Page

\ I

Plates

Numbers A-H, 1-48.

Typical Negro-Americans. Number 49.

Typical Negro drug store.

Preface

\The Atlanta studies. A Data on which this study is based. V. Future work of Conference.

S

^Bibliography of Negro ^^ Health and Physique 6

V Bibliography of bibliographies. ' . >Bibliography.

Nfegro Health and Physique 13 ^1^ Races of Men

Ripley: The Aryan myth. The New Anthropology. 14

^ European Races.

The Mediterranean Race. 15

^ Sergi's Conclusions:

Greek and Roman types. African populations.

2. The Negro Race 16

The typical Negro (Ratzel).

Color (Ripley), (Sergi). 17

Hair (Ripley).

The cranlo-facial skeleton. 18

The size of the head.

The facial angle (Henniker).

History of human races.

First steps in human culture ( Boas).

The Negro and Iron (Boas). 19

Egyptian civilization.

African agriculture (Boas).

African culture (Boas): 20

Markets.

Handicaps. Inferiority of the Negro. 21

Negro development (Ratzel). Climate of Africa. 22

Geography. Slave Trade.

Present inhabitants (Denniker). 23 Composition of population (Ratzel).

Pof/e

3. The Negro Brain 24

Weight of the brain ( Denniker i. Memorandum of M. N. Wobk: Brain weights. Unwarranted conclusions. (Topinard), ( Hunt), (Bean), 25 ( Donaldson). Structure of brain. 26

Convolutions. 27

Changes in structure.

4. The Negro American

The slave trade.

Sources of slaves 28

The Negro- American type.

Bryce on the backward races.

Race Mixture. 21)

Census of Mulattoes.

Degree of mixture. so

Types of Negro-Americans. 81

Description of types.

A. Negro types. 33

B. Mulatto types. S4

C. Quadroon types. ;i5

D. White types with Negro blood. Conclusions. 315 Future of Race Mixture. 37 Brazil. ;-;8

5. Physical Measurements 39

Average height of men (Denniker).

Cephalic index. 40

Measurements of army recruits. 41

Age and height. 42

Age and weight. 44

Age and chest measurement. 4(5

Washington school children. 48

Kansas city school children. £0

Conclusions. ,51

Psycho-physical measurements.

Dietaries of Negroes. 52

6. Some Psychological Consid=° erations on the Race Problem 53

(by Dk. Hekbekt A. Miller). Psycho-physical comparison. Environment.

Psychology. 54

Psycho-physics.

Indians and Negroes. 55

Weissnian.

ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE

John Muiiey.

56

Inner life of Negroes.

Psycho-physical tests.

57

Quickness of perception.

Disconnected memory.

Logical memory.

58

Color choice.

Meaning of results.

59

Music.

Consciousness of kind.

7. The Increase of the Negro American 60

Increase 17!tl-1900. Wilcox's estimates. Birth rate. 61

Comparison of children and wo- men of child-bearing age. Comparison of children and pop- ulation. 62 Children and child-bearing wo- men in cities. 63 Conclusions. Age composition. Median age.

General age comparison 61

Sex distribution.

8. The Sick and Defective

Race and disease (Ripley). Consumption. Syphilis. Alcoholism, Army recruits. Causes of rejection linn -1902. 1903-1904. Racial differences Disease in army. Specific diseases. Venei-eal diseases. Malarial diseases. Insane. Feeble minded.

Incomplete records. The Blind.

Schooling. The Deaf.

9. Mortality

General death rate, 1890 and liKK).

Chief diseases.

Infant Mortality. Death rate by races, registration

area, city and county. Death rates, 1725-1860. Mortality of freedmen 1865-1872. Tendency of death rates. Causes of deaths. (Conclusions. Deaths by diseases:

Consumption.

Pneumonia.

Heart disease and dropsy.

Diarrheal diseases.

Diseases of nervous system.

Suicide.

Alcoholism.

65

73

74

77

Age and death. Infant Mortality. 79

Improvements in infant mor- tality. Changes in rates by age periods. 81 Effect of environment. Normal death rates. Army statistics, 1890-1900. 19(X)-1904. 82

Memorandum by R. R. Wright, Jr.: Mortality in cities: Death rates North and South. Corrected death rates. 83

Consumption North and South. 84 Infant mortality. Climate. 85

Season. 86

Philadelphia.

Causes of death. 87

Sickness. 89

Social condition.

Imprtjvement. 90

10. Insurance 91

Discrimination vs. Negroes. Experience of Insurance Compa- nies. 92 True Reformers. 92

11. Hospitals 93

Distribution of Negro hospitals. Statistics of Negro hospitals. 94

12. Medical Schools 95

Negro medical schools: Meharry. Howard. Leonard.

Flint. 96

Louisville. Knoxville.

13. Physicians

Census returns.

Age. Distribution of physicians. 97

1895.

1905. Schools barring Negroes. 98

Schools without Negro students. 99 Graduates of Northern schools. 100 Reports from Northern schools. 101 Success of physicians. . 102

Mob violence. 105

14. Dentists and Pharmacists 106

Census returns. Graduates in dentistry. Graduates in pharmacy. 107

Drug stores.

Statistics. 108

Reports.

15. The Eleventh Atlanta Con=

ference 109

Programme.

Resolutions. 110

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^

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f ^ ft

Preface

A study of human life today involves a consideration of human physique and the conditions of physical life, a study of various social organizations, beginning with the liome, and investigations into occu- pations, education, religion and morality, crime and political activity. The Atlanta Cycle of studies into the Negro problem aims at exhaustive and lieriodic studies of all these subjects as far as they relate to the Negro American. Thus far we have finished the first decade with a study of mortality (1896), of homes (1897), social reform (1898), economic organization (1899 and 1902), education (1900 and 1901), religion (1903) and crime (1904), ending with a general review of methods and results and a bibliography (1905).

The present publication marks the beginning of a second cycle of study and takes up again the subject of the physical condition of Negroes, but enlarges the inquiry beyond the mere matter of mortality. This study is based on tlie following data:

Reports of the United States census.

Reports of the life insurance companies.

Vital records of various cities and towns.

Reports of the United States Surgeon General.

Reports from Negro hospitals and drug stores.

Reports from medical schools.

Letters from physicians.

Measurements of 1,000 Hampton students.

General literature as shown in tlie accompanying bibliography.

Atlanta University has been conducting studies similar to this for a decade. The results, distributed at a nominal sum, have been widely used. Notwithstanding this success, the further prosecution of these important studies is greatly hampered by the lack of funds. With meagre appropriations for expenses, lack of clerical help and necessary apparatus, the Conference cannot cope properly with the vast field of work before it.

Especially is it questionable at present as to how large and important a work we shall be able to prosecute during the next ten-year cycle. It may be necessary to reduce the number of conferences to one every other year. We trust this will not be necessary, and we earnestly appeal to those who think it worth while to study this, the greatest group of social problems that has ever faced the nation, for substantial aid and encouragement in the further i^rosecution of the work of the Atlanta Conference.

Bibliography of Negro Health and Physique

A large part of the matter here entered is either unscientific or superceded by later and more careful work. Even such matter, however, has an historic interest.

Bibliography of Bibliographies

Catalogue of the Library of the United States Surgeon General's Office. See Negro.

Bibliography

Abel, J. J., and Davis, W. S.— On the pigment of the Negro's skin and hair. J. Exper.

M. New York, 1896. Alcock, N. and others.— Negroes; why are they black? Nature, 30:501; 31:6. Angerbllche (Die) Inferlorltat der Neger-Rasse. Atlanta University Publications.— Mortality among Negroes in Cities. Atlanta,

1896. Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities. Atlanta, 1897. Atwater, W. O., and Woods, Chas. D. Dietary studies with reference to the food of

Negroes In Alabama in 1895-1896. Washington, 1897. (U. S. Dept. Agri.) Babcock, J. W.— The colored Insane. New Haven (?) 1895. Baldwin, Ebenezer.— Observations on the physical, intellectual, and moral qualities

of our colored population. New Haven, 1834. Ball, M. v.— The mortality of the Negro. Med. News, LXIV, 389.

Vital statistics of the Negro. Med. News, LXV, 392. Balloch, E. A.— The relative frequency of fibroid processes In the dark skinned

races. Ibid, 29-35. Baxter, T.H.— Statistics; Medical and Anthropological, of the provost Marshall Gen- eral's Bureau. Washington, 1875. Bean, R. B. On a racial peculiarity in the brain of the Negro. Proc. Ass. Am. Anat.

Bait. 1904-6. The Negro Brain. Century, Vol. 72, pp, 778 and 947. Beazley, W. S.— Peculiarities of the Negro. Med. Progress, XV, 4(). Black and white ratios for eleven decades. Nation, 73:.391-2. Bodington, Alice.— The importance of race and Its bearing on the "Negro question."

Westminst. Rev., OXXXIV, 415-427. Brady, C. M.— The Negro as a patient. N. Orl. M. & S. J., LVI. 431-445. Broadnax, B. H.— New born infants of African descent. N. Y. M. Times, 1895.

Color of infant Negroes. Miss. M. Rec, VII, 174. Broca, Dr. Paul.— The phenomena of hybrldity in the genus homo. London, 1864. Brown, F. J.— The northward movement of the colored population. A statistical

study. Baltimore, 1897. Browne, Sir T.— Of the blackness of Negroes. In his works, 2:180-197. Bryce, Jas.— The relations of the advanced and the backward races of mankind.

Oxford, 1892. 46 pp. Bryce, T. H.— On a pair of Negro Femora. J. Anat. and Physiol., 32:76-82.

Notes on the myology of a Negro. Ibid, 31 :607-618. Buchner, M.— Psychology of Negro. Pop. Scl. Mo., 23:.399.

NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQl E 7

Burmelster, H.— The black man; the comparative anatomy and physiology of the African Negro. Transl. by Julius Friedlander and Robert Tomes. New York, 1853.

Buschan, G.— Zur Pathologle der Neger. Arch, per I'antrop., XXXI, ii57-ii7^.

Byers, J. W.— Diseases of the Southern Negro. Med. and Surg. Reporter, LVIII, 734-37.

Campbell, J.— Negro-mania; Ijeing an e.xamination of the falsely assumed equality of the various races of men. Philadelphia, 1851.

Capacity of Negroes. Spectator, 75:927.

Cartwright, S. A.— Physical characteristics of Negroes. UeBow's Review, 11:184. Diseases of Negroes. DeBow's Review, 11:29, 331, .')04.

Castellanos, J. J.— The rural and city Negro pathologically and therapeutically con- sidered. Proc. Orleans Parish M. Soc, 189.5. ill pp., LXXX-LXXXV.

Castonnel des Fosses. La race noire dans I'avenir. Assoc, franc, pour I'avance. d. sc. 18: pt. 1,377-380.

Causes of color of the Negro. Portfolio (Deiinie's), 12:6447.

Chittenden, C. E.— Negroes in the United States. Pop. Sci. Mo., 22:841.

Clark, G. C— The immunity of the Negro race to certain diseases and the causes thereof. Maryland M. J., XXXVIII, 222-4.

Clarke, R.— Short notes of the prevailing diseases in the colony of Sierra Leone, with a return of the sick Africans sent to hospital in eleven years, and classi- fied medical returns for the years 185:^-4; also tables showing the number of lunatics admitted to hospital in a period of thirteen years and the number treated from April, 1842, to March, 1853. J. Statist. Soc, XIV, 0081.

Coates, B. H.— The effects of secluded and gloomy Imprisonment on individuals of the African variety of mankind in the production of disease. Philadelphia, 184:3.

Cohn, H.— Die sehleistungen der Dahoma-Neger. Wchnschr. f. Therap. u. Hyg. d. Auges, Bresl., 1898. 2:97. -Coleman, W. L.— Some observations on consumption, diabetes, melitus and con- sumption in the Negro. Alkaloid Clin., Ill, 114-U6.

The color of newly born Negro children. Lancet, 2:1419.

The colored race in life assurance. Lancet, II, 902.

Conradt, Ij., and Virchow, R.— Tabellarlsche Uebersicht der an Negern des Adeli- Landes augsefuhrten Auframen. Verhandl. d. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 164-18(5.

Corson, E. R.— The future of the colored race in the United States from an ethnic and medical standpoint; a lecture delivered before the Georgia Historical Society, June 6, 1887. XV, 19:^226. The vital equation of the colored race, and its future in the United States. Wilder quart, century book. Ithaca, 189.3. 115-175.

Cowglll, W. M.— Why the Negro does not suffer from trachoma. J. Am. M. Ass., XXXIV, .399.

Crawford, J.— On the physical and mental characteristics of the Negro. Tr. Ethn. Soc. 4:212-239.

Croly, D. G., and others.— Miscegenation: theory of the blending of the races applied to the American white man and the Negro. N. Y., 1864.

Cunningham, R. McW.— The morbidity and mortality of Negro convicts. Med. News, LXIV, 113-117. The Negro as a convict. Tr. M. Ass. Alabama, 1893. pp. 315-326.

Cureau, A.— Essai sur la phychologie des races Negres en I'Afrique tropicale. Deuxieme partie: Intellectualite. Rev. gen. d. sc. pures et appliq., 36:6:^-679.

Daniels, C. W.— Negro fertility and infantile mortality. British Guiana M. Ann., X, 8-17.

P. D. A propos de Negres blancs. Rev. med. de Normandie, Rouen, 1905, 441. Les Negres blancs. J. de med. de Par., 1906. XVIII, 41.

De Albertis, O.— Genesi, storia ed anthropologia della razza Negra. Revista, VIII, 290-308.

Degallier, Mile. Alice.— Notes psychologiques sur les Negres Pahoulns. Arch, de psychol., IV, 362-368.

8 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE

DeSaussure, P. G.— Is the colored race increasing or decreasing? Tr. Soutli Carolina M. Ass., XLV, 119-121. Obstetrical observations on the Negroes of South Carolina. Tr. Pan-Am. M. Cong., 189.1, pt. 1, 917-921. Diseases of Negroes. So. Quar. Review, 22:49.

Distinctive peculiarities and diseases of Negroes. De Bow's Review, 20:t)12. Dixon, W. A.— The morbid proclivities and retrogressive tendencies In the offspring

ofmulattoes. Med. News, LXI, 180-182. Dr. Cartwright on the Negro. DeBow's Review, 32:.54, 2:i8; 'Sii:(y2.

DuBois, W. E. B— The conservation of the races. American Negro Academy: Occa- sional Papers, No. 2. The Philadelphia Negi-o. Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, Nov. 14, 1890. Easton, Hosea.— A treatise on the intellectual character and condition of the col- ored people of the United States. Boston, 1837. Bdelman, Ij.— The Negro as a criminal and his influence on the white race Med.

News, LXXXII, 19ti. Eijkman, C. The color of Negroes. Janus IV, 390. Falson, J. A.— Tuberculosis in the colored race. Med. Rec, LV, 375. Fehlinger.— Die Sterblichkeit der europaischen und der Neger-Rasse. Natur.

Wchnschr., 111,280. Fletcher, R. M.. Jr.— Surgical peculiarities of the Negro race. Tr. M. Ass. Ala., 1S9S,

49-57. Frederic— Zur Kenntnis der Hautfarbe der Neger. Ztschr. f. Morphol. u. Anthrop.,

IX, 41-56. Freiberg, A. H., and Schroeder, J. H.— A note on the foot of the American Negro.

Am. F. M. Sc, CXXVI, 10:i;i-10;36. Frissell, H. B., and Bevier, Isabel.— Dietary studies of Negroes in eastern Virginia,

1897-1898. Gannett, H. Are we to become Africanized? Pop. Sci. Mo., 27:145. Glacomini, G. Annotazionl sullaanatomia del Negro; 1. memorla. (iior. d. r. Accad. di med. dl Torino, XXIV, 454-470. Annotazionl sulla anatomia del Negro; 2 memorla. Ibid., XXX, 729-803. Annotaziona sulla anatomia del Negro; 3 memoria. Ibid., XXXII, 4(52-500. Annotazioni sulla anatomia del Negro; 5 memoria. Ibid., XIj, 17-04. Notes sur Tanatomie du Negre; 4 memoire. Arch. ital. de biol., IX, 119-137. Gilliam, E. W.— Negroes in the United States. Pop. Sci. Mo., 22:4;e. Girard, H.— Notes anthropometriques sur quelquuns Soudanis occidentau.x, Ma-

linkes, Bambaras, Foulahs, Soninkes, etc. Anthropologie, XIII, 41; 167; 328. (Jirtln, T. C. Negroes, ancient and modern. DeBow's Review, 12:209. Gould, B. A. Investigations in the military and anthropological statistics of Ameri- can soldiers. Cambridge, 1869. Granville, R. K., and Roth,H. L.— Notes on the Jekris, Sobos and Ijos of the Warri

district of the Niger Coast Protectorate. J. Anthrop Inst., 1, 101-126. Gregoire, H. Enquiry concerning the intellectual and moral faculties, etc., of Ne- groes. Brooklyn, 181(». Guenebault, J. H., editor.— Natural history of the Negro race. From the French.

Charleston, is;^7. Hamilton, J. C— The .\frican in Canada. Proc. Am. As.s. Adv. Sc, XXXVIII, SM-

370. Harris, S.— The future of the Negro from the standpoint of the Southern physician.

Ala. M. J., XIV, .->7-6S. Also: Am. Med., Phila., 1901,11, 373-376. Hecht, D. O.— Tabes in the Negro. Am. J. M. Sc, CXXVI, 705-720. Herring, N. B. The morphological and psychophysical Intrlnsicallties of the Negro

race. Herz, M. Der Bau des Negerfusses. Zt.schr. f. orthop. Chir., XI., 168-174. Hlggins, R. C— Mortality among Negroes of the South. Nation, 15:105. Hodges, J. A.— The effect of freedom upon the physical and psychological develop- ment of the Negro. Richmond J. Pract., XIV, 161-171.

NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 9

Hoffman, F. L.— Race traits and tendencies of the American Negro. Vital statistics of the Negro. Med. News, LXV, 320-324. Vital statistics of Negroes. Arena, 5:529. Holcombe, W. H.— Capabilities of Negro race. Southern Literary Messenger, a3:40]. HoUey, Jas. T.— Vindication of the capaoltj' of the Negro race, etc. New Haven,

18.57. Howard, W. L. The Negro as a distinct ethnic factor in civilization. Medicine, IX,

423-42t). Hrdlicka, Ales. Anthropological investigations on one thousand white and colored

children of both sexes, the Inmates of the New York juvenile asylum, etc. N.

Y., 189-(?). Hrdlicka, Ales.— Physiological difference between white and colored children.

Amer. Anthrop., 1898, II, pp. 347-50. Hunt, Jas.— The Negro's place in nature. N. Y., 1864. .lacques.— Contribution a rethnologie de I'Afrlque centrale; hult cranes du Haut-

Oongo. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Brux. XV, 188-194. .Jacques, V.— Mensurations anthropometriques de trente-neuf Negres du Congo.

Ibid., 237-241. Jarvis, Edward.— Insanity among the colored population, etc. Phlla., 1844. .Tohnson, J. T.— On some of the apparent peculiarities of parturition In the Negro

race, with remarks on race pelvis in general. Am. .I.Obst., VIII, 88-123. .Johnson, (R. H.)— The physical degeneracy of the modern Negro, with statistics

from the principal cities, showing his mortality from A. D. 1700 to 1897. .Johnston, G. W.— Abnormalities and diseases of the genlto-urinary system In Negro

women. iVIaryland M. J., XX, 426-429. .Johnstone, H. B.— Notes on the customs of the tribes occupying Mombasa sub- district, British East Africa. J. Anthrop. Inst., XXXII, 263-272. Kollock, C. W.— The eye of the Negro. Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc, VI, 2-57-268.

Further observations of the eye of the Negro. Tr. Pan-Am. M. Cong., Wash.,

1895. Pt. 2, 1482-1484. Kulz.— Die hygienesche Beelnflussung der schwarzen Rasse durch die weisse In

Deutsch-Toga. Arch. f. Rassen-u. Gesellch. Biol., II, 673-(i88. LeHardy, J. C— Mortality among Negroes: the sanitary privileges to which they are

entitled from the authorities. Sanitarian, XXXVII, 492-49.5. f.ehman-Nltsche, R Die dunklen Haut flecke der Neugeborenen bei Indianern

und malatten. Globus, LXXXVI, 297-309. lilvlni, F.— Contribuzloni alia anatorala del Negi-o. Arch, per I'anthro., XXIX, 203-

228. -Lofton, L.— The Negro as a surgical subject. N. Orl. M. & S. J., LIV, 530-533. Macalister, A.— On the osteology of two Negroes. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. Science, III,

347-3-50. "Macdonald, A.— Study of 16,473 white and 5,4-57 black children. Report Com. Ed., 1897-

8. Chapters 21 & 25. Colored children; a psycho-physical study. J. Am. M. Ass., XXXII, 1140-1144. Macdonald, J. R. L.— East Central Africa customs. J. Anthrop. Inst., XXII, 99-122. Notes on the ethnology of tribes met with during progress of the . J uba expedition

of 1897-9. Ibid., II,226-25(». Mapes, C. C— Remarks from the standpoint of sociology. Med. Age, XIV, 713-715. -Matas, R.— The surgical peculiarities of the Negro: a statistical inquiry based upon

the records of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. Tr. Am. Surg. Ass., XIV,

483; 610. Mays, T. J.— Increase of insanity and consumption among the Negro population of

the South since the war. Boston M. & S. .1., CXXXV. .537-540. McGulre, H., and Lydston, G. F.— Sexual crimes among the Southern Negi-oes;

scientifically considered. Va. M. Month , XX, 105-125. Mcintosh, J.— The future of the Negro race. Tr. South Oar. M. Ass., 1891^ 183-188. Mcintosh, T. M.— Enlarged prostrate and spina bifida in the Negro. .Vied. Rec, LIV,

350. McKie, T. J.— A hriet history of in.sanity and tuberculosis in the Southern Negro. ,T.

Am.M. Ass., XXVIII, 5;W.

10 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE

McVey, B.— Negro practice. N. Orl. M. & S. J., XX, 328-a32.

Miller, J. F.— The effects of emancipation upon the mental and physical qualiflca-

tions of the Negro of the South. North Car. M. J., XXXVIII, 285-294. Miller, Kelly.— A review of Hoffman's "Race traits and tendencies." Washington,

1897. Michel, M.— Two cervical muscle anomalies In the Negro. Med. Rec, XLI, 125. Mitchell, Mary V. Clinical Notes from diseases among colored children. Rep. Proc.

Alumnae Ass. Woman's M. Coll., Penn., 50-.58. Morison. Notes sur la formation du pigment chez de Negre. Cong, internal, de

edrmat. et de syph. C.-r., 1889, 130-131. Mortality among Negroes in cites. Proceedings of the conference for investigations

of city problems, held at Atlanta University, May 26-27, 1896. De MortlUet, G.— Sur les Negres de I'Algerle et de la Tunlsie. Bull. Soc. d'antrop., de

Par., 1890. I, 353-359. Morton, A. S.— The color of newly born Negro children. Lancet, II, 1605. Murrell, T. E.— Peculiarities In the structure and diseases of the ear of the Negro.

Tr. IX, Internat. M. Cong., Ill, 817-824. Muskat, G.— Der Plattfus des Negers. Deutsche med. Wchnschr. XXVIII, 471. Musser, J. H. Note on pernicious anemia and chlorosis in the Negro. Univ. M.

Mag., V, 770. Negro, equality of the races. So. Quar. Review, 21: 15;J. Negro Insane. Charities Review, 10:8.

Negro, The: what is his ethnological status? Cincinnati, 1872. Olivier.— Les troupes noires de I'Afrlque orlentale francaise. Rev. d. troupes colon., II,

97-129. - Orr, J. Some suggestions of Interest to physicians on the scientific aspect of the race

question, with particular reference to the white and Negro races. Va. M. Semi- Month., VIII, 90-95. Oson, Jacob. A search for truth or an inquiry into the origin of the Negro, etc.

N. Y., 1817. Paterson, J. S.— Negroes of the South: increase and movement of the colored popu- lation. Popular Science Monthly, 19:655, 784. Fatten, G. W.— An essay on the origin and relative status of the white and colored

races of manliind. Towanda, Pa., 1871. Peney, A. Etudes sur les races du Soudan. Compt. rend. Acad. d. so., XLVIII, 430. Perry, M. L.— Insanity and the Negro. Current Literature, 33:467.

Some practical problems in sociology shown by a study of the Southern Negro.

Atlanta Jour. Rec. Med., IV, 459-466. Petrie, W. M. F. An Egyptian ebony statuette of a Negress. Man, 1, 129. Physical characteristics of the Negro. So. Quar. Review, 22:49. Plttard, E.— De la survlvance d'un type Negrolde dans les populations modernes de

I'Europe. Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc, CXXXVIII, 1533. Plehn, A. Beobachtung in Kamerun, Ueber die Anschauungen und Gehrauche

einiger Negerstamme. Ztsch. rf. Ethnol., XXXVI, 713-728. Ueber die Pathologic Kameruns mit Rvickslcht auf die unter den Kustennegern

vorkommenden Krankheiten. Arch. f. Path. Anat., CXXXIX, 539-549. Zur verglelchenden Pathologie der schwarzen Rasse In Kamerun. Ibid., CXLVI,

486-508. Wnndheilung bel der schwarzen Rasse. Deutsche Med. Wchnschr., XXII, 544-

546. Die acuten Infektlons Krankheiten bel den Negern der aquatorlalen Kusten

Westafrlkas. Vlrchow's Arch. f. Path. Anat., CLXXIV., Suppl. Hft., 1-103. Popovsky, J.— Les muscles de la face chez un Negre Achanti. Anthropologic, I, 413-

422. Powell, T. O. The increase of Insanity and tuberculosis In the Southern Negro since

1860, and its alliance and some of the supposed causes. J. Am. M. Aos., XXVII,

1185-89. Pritchett, J. A.— Tuberculosis in the Negro. Ala. M. & S. Age, V, 386-421. Ramsay, H. A. The necrological appearance of southern typhoid fever in the Negro.

Thomson, Ga., 1^52.

NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 11

Katzel, F.— The History of Mankind; tr. from 2nd German edition by A.J. Butler. New Yorii; 2 Vol., 1904.

Ray, J. M.— Observations upon eye disease and blindness In the colored race. New York M. J., LXIV, 8(5-88.

Regnault, F.— Pourquoi les Negres sont-ils noirs? (etude sur les causes de la colora- tion de la peau). Med. Mod., VI, (506.

Relnsch, P. S.— The Negro race and European civilization. Am. J. Soclol., X, 1, 145, 1(57.

Report of the committee on the comparative health, mortality, length of sentences, etc., of white and colored convicts. Philadelphia, 1849.

Reyburn, R.— Type of disease among the freed people (mixed Negro races) of the United States, based upon the consolidated reports of over 430,4(56 cases of sick and wounded free people (mixed African races) and, 22,053 of white refugees under treatment from 186.'j to June 30, 1873, by medical officers of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedinen and Abandoned Lands. Med. News, LXIII. (523-()27.

Richardson, C. H.— Observations among the Cameroon tribes of West Central Africa. Mem. Internat. Cong. Anthrop., 199-207.

Riley, H. C— Color of new born Negroes. Med. Brief, XXVIII, 537.

Ripley, W. Z.— The Races of Europe. New York. 1899.

Robertson, John.— On the period of puberty in the Negro. Edinburgh, 1848.

Robertson, T. L.— The color of Negro children when born. Ala. M. & 8. Age, X, 413.

Rodes, 0. B., Jr.— The thoracic index In the Negro. Zuschr. f. Morphol. u. Anthrop., IX, 1(13-117.

Rogers, J. G.— The effect of freedom upon the physical and psychological develop- ment of the Negro. Proc. Am. Med. Psychol. Ass., XVII, 88-98.

Roscoe, J.— Notes on the manners and customs of the Baganda. J. Anthrop. Inst.,

XXXI, 117-130.

Further notes on the manners and customs of the Baganda. Ibid., 1902. XXXII, 25-80. Roth, H. L.— Notes on Benin customs. Internat. Arch. f. Ethnog., XI, 235-242. Roy, P. S.— A case of chorea in a Negro. Med. Rec, XLII, 21-5.

Scheppegrell, W.— The comparative pathology of the Negro in diseases of the nose, throat, and ear, from an analysis of 11,8.>5 cases. Proc. Orleans Parish. M. Soc, III, pp. 85-88. Schiller-Tletz.— Die Hautfarbe der neugeborenen Neger kinder. Deutsche Med.

Wchnschr., XXVII, 615. Schurtz, K.— Die geographische Verbreitung der Negertrachten. Ibid., IV, 139-53. Schwarzbach, B. B.— The power of sight of natives of South Africa. Brit. M. J., II,

1731. Semeleder, F.— Negroes in the Mexican Republic. Med. Rec, LVIII, 66. Sergi, G.— The Mediterranean Race. London, 1901.

Shaler, N. S.— The transplantation of a race. Pop. Sc. Month., LVI, 513-24. The future of the Negro in the Southern States. Ibid., LVII, 147-156. The Neighbor: the natural history of human contrasts. (The problem of the African). Boston, 1904. Sholl, E. H.— The Negro and his death rate. Ala. M. & S. Age, III, 337-341. Shufeldt, R. W.— Comparative anatomical characters of the Negro. Med. Brief,

XXXII, 26-28.

Simonot.— Considerations sur la coloration de la peau de Negre. Bull. Soc. d' an- throp de Par., Ill, 140-1-52.

Slavery and the diversity of the races. So. Quar. Review. 19:392.

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Soslnsky, T. S.— Medical aspects of Negro. Penn. Monthly, 10:.529.

Steffens, C— Die Verfelnerung des Negertypus in den Vereinlgten Staaten. Globus, LXXIX, 171-74.

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XXXIII, 16:5-202.

12 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE

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190.5, I, 389. Talbot, E. S.— Negro ethnology and sociology. Illinois M. Bull., "V, 124-127. Tar box, I. N. The curse; or, the position in the world's history occupied by Ham.

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XXV, 282-285. Thomson, Jas., M. D. A treatise on the diseases of Negroes . Jamaica, 1820. Thompson, A.— Craniology (Negroid and non-Negroid skulls). Man, V, 101. Tlederaann, F.— Das Hirn des Negers mit dem des Europaers und Ourang-Outangs

verglichen. Heidelberg, 1837. Tipton, F. The Negro problem from a medical standpoint. New York M. J., XLIII,

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ter. Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch., f. Anthrop., 1902, 492. Tria, G. Ricerche sulla cate del Negro (contribuzione alio studio sul slgnlflcato funzionale dello strato graculoso e sulla dlffuslone del plgmento cutaneo). Glor. Internaz. d. sc. med., X, 365-.S69. Turner. Sir W. Notes on the dissection of a third Negro. J. Anat. and Physiol.,

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No. 8: Negroes in the United States, by W. F. Wilcox and W. E. B. DuBoIs. No. 13: Ages. , No. 14: Sexes. No. 15: Mortality. No. 22: Birth rate. Van den Gheyn, R. P.— L'origine Aslatique de la race noire. Compt. rend, du Cong.

sclent, internat. d. catholiques. Sect. 8, 132-154. Van Evrie, J. H. Negroes an inferior race. New York, 1861. Valenti, G. Varleta delleossa nasali In un Negro del Soudan. Mocltore. Zool. Ital.,

VIII, 191-194. Variot, G.— Observations sur la pigmentation cicatricielle des Negres, et recherches microscopiques sur les naevi pigmentalres d'un mulatre. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Par., XII, 463. Verneau, R.— Les migrations des Ethiopiens. Anthropolozie, X, 641-662. Vlrchow, R.— Kopfmaasse von 40 Wei- und 19 Kru-Negern. Verhandl. cJ. Berl. Ge- sellsch. f. Anthrop , 1889, 85-93. Zwei junge Bursche von Kamerun und Togo. Ibid., .541-545. Vital statistics of Negroes of the South. DeBow's Review, 21 :405. Waltz, T. Die Negervolker und ihre Verwandten. Leipzig, 1860.

Waldeyer, W.— Ueber einlge Gehlrne von Ost-Afrlkanern. Mitth. d. anthrop. Ge- sellsch. In Wlen., XIV, 141-144.

NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 13

Walker, F. A.— Statistics of the colored race In the United States. Pub. Am. Statist. Ass. II, 91-100.

Walton,.!. T. The coniparativo mortality of the white and colored races in the South. Charlotte M. ,]., X, 291-294. The comparative mortality of the white and colored races in the South. Char- lotte (N. C.) M. J., X, No. 3, 291-294.

Weisbach, A.— Einige Schadel aus Ostafrika. Wien, I8S9.

Whitaker, U. R.— Natural history of Negro. Southern Literary Journal, 3:1.')1; 4:87.

Why is the Negro black? Scientific American, 49:20125.

Widenmann.— Her Plattfuss des Negers. Deutsche Med. Wchnschr., XXVIII, ^m.

Williams, Daniel H. Ovarian cysts In colored women. Reprint from "Chicago Medical Record." 12pp.

Wilser, L. Urgeschichtliche Neger in Europa. Globus, LXXXVII, 45.

Wolbarst, A. Ij., Provence D. M., and March, O. J. The color of Negro babies. Med. News, LXXIII, 844.

Wolff, B. Deficient vulvar development in Negresses. Med. Age, XVI, 137.

Wortman,,!. L. The Negro's anthropological position. Wash., 1891.

Wyman, J.— Observations on the skeleton of a Hottentot. Boston, 1863.

Willcox, Walter F.— The probable Increase of the Negro race in the Urited States. Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1905.

Addendum

Denniker, J.— The Races of Man. New York, 19o4.

Negro Health and Physique

1. Races of Men

It is doubtful if many of the per.sons in the United States who are eagerly and often bitterly discussing race prolilems have followed very, carefully the advances which anthropological science has made in the last decade. Certainly the new knowledge has not yet reached the common schools in the usual school histories and geographies. Ag Ripley says :

It may smack of heresj^ to a.ssert, in face of the teaching of ail our text^ books on geography and history, that there is no single European or white race of men; and yet that is the plain truth of tlie matter. Science has ad- vanced since Linneeus' single type of Homo Europceus albiis was made one of the four great races of mankind. No continental group of htiman beings with greater diversities or extremes of physical type exists. Tliat fact accounts in itself for much of our advance in culture.*

In our school days most of us were brought up to regard Asia as the mother of European peoples. We were told that an ideal race of men swarmed forfh from the Himalayan highlands, disseminating culture right and left as they spread through the barbarous west. The primitive language, parent to all of the varieties of speech Romance, Teutonic, Slavic, Persian, or Hindustanee^. spoken by the so-called Caucasian or white race, was called Aryan. By in- ference this name was shifted to the shoulders of the people themselves, who. were known as the Aryan race. In the days when such symmetrical generali- zations held sway there was no science of physical anthropology; prehistoric archaeology was not yet. Shem, Ham, and Japliet were still the patriarchal

♦Ripley, p. 103.

14 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE

founciers of the great racial varieties of the genus Homo. A new science of philology dazzled the intelligent world by its brilliant discoveries, and its words were law. Since 18(50 these early inductions have completely bi'oken down in the light of modern research ; and even today greater uncertainty prevails in many phases of the question that would have been admitted possi- ble twenty years ago.*

So, too, a leading Italian anthropologist says:

Whenever there has been any attempt to explaifl the origin of civilization and of the races called Arjan, whether in the Mediterranean or in Central lOurope, all arch;eologists, linguists, and anthropologists have until recent years been dominated by the conviction that both civilization and peoples Hiust have their unquestionable cradle in Asia.f

As illustrating tlie former tendency, Sergi adds:

A celebrated anthropologist, when measuring the heads of the mummies of the Pharaohs preserved in the Pyramids, wrote that the Egyptians belonged to the white race. His statement meant nothing ; we could construct a sjilo- gism showing that the Egyptians are Germans, since the latter also are fair. De Quatrefages classitied the Abyssinians among the white races, but if they are black, how can they be white?]:

The new anthropology, wliile taking into account all the older race insignia, like color, hair, form of features, etc., has added to these exact measurements of the underlying bony skeleton and other carefully col- lected data. Of these new measurements the form of the head is being most emphasized today.

The form of the head is for all racial purposes best measured by what is technically known as the cephalic index. This is simply the breadth of the head above the ears expressed iii percentage of its length from forehead to back. Assuming that this length is 100, the width is expressed in a fraction of it. As the head becomes proportionately broader that is, more fully rounded, viewed from top down this cephalic index increases. When it rises above 80, the head is called brachycephalic, when it falls below 75, term dolichocephalic is applied to it. Indexes between 75 and 80 are characterized as mesocephalic. §

-Based on the new measurements and discoveries, the chief conclu- sions of anthropologists today as to European races are as follows:

1. The European races, as a whole, show signs of a secondary or derived origin; certain characteristics, especially the texture of the hair, lead us to class them as intermediate between the extreme primary tj^pes of the Asiatic and the Negro races respectively.

2. The earliest and lowest strata of population in Europe were extremely long-headed ; probability points to the living Mediterranean race as most nearly representative of it today.

' 3; It is highly probable that the Teutonic race of northern Europe is' merely a variety of this primitive long-headed type of the stone age ; both its distinctive blondness and its remarkable stature having been acquired in the relative isolation of Scandinavia through the modifying influences of envir- onment and of artificial selection.

4 It is certain that, after the partial occujiation of western Europe by a dolichocephalic Africanoid type in the stone age, an invasion by a broad-

Ripley, pp. 452-3. t Sergl, p. 1. J Sergl, p. 35. $ Ripley, p. m.

NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 15

headed race of decidedly Asiatic affinities took place. This intrusive element is represented today by the Alpine type of Central Europe.*

What was now this Mediterranean race whence the p]uropeans were primarily derived? Sergi adds:

In opposition to the theory of a migration from the north of Europe to the west and then to Africa, I am, on the contrary, convinced that a migration of the African racial element took place in primitive times from the south towards the north. The types of Cro-Magnon, L'Homme-Mort, and other French and Belgian localities, bear witness to the presence of an African stock in the same region in which we find the dolmens and other cnegalithic monuments erroneously attributed to the Celts, t

He adds:

We have no I'eason to suppose that the movement of emigration in the east of Africa stopped at the Nile valley ; we may suppose that it extended towards the east of Egypt, into Syria and the regions around Syria, and thence into Asia Minor. It is possible that in Syria this immigration encountered the primitive inhabitants, or a population coming from northern Arabia, and mingled with them or subjugated them. J

Sergi's conclusions are:

1. That the primitive populations of Europe originated in Africa.

2. The basin of the Mediterranean was the chief center of the movement whence the African migration reached central and northern Europe.

3. From this great Eurafrican stock came .

(a) The present inhabitants of northern xVfrica.

(b) The Mediterranean race.

(c) The Nordic or Teutonic race.

4. These three varieties of one stock were not "Aryan," nor of Asiatic origin.

5. The primitive civilization of Europe is Afro-Mediterranean, becoming eventually Afro-European.

6. Greek and Roman civilization were not Aryan but Mediterranean. §

This primitive race was a colored race :

If, therefore, as all consistent students of natural history hold today, the human races have evolved in the past from some common root type, this pre- dominant dark color must be regarded as the more primitive. It is not per- missible for an instant to supiJose that 99 per cent of the human species has varied from a blond ancestry, while the flaxen-haired Teutonic type aloue has I'emained true to its primitive characteristics. ||

The types of Greek and Roman statuary:

Do not in the slightest degree recall the features of a northern race; in the delicacy of the cranial and facial forms, in smoothness of surface, in the ab- sence of exaggerated frontal bosses and supra-orbital arches, in the harmony of the curves, in the facial oval, in the rather low foreheads, they recall the beautiful and harmonious heads of the brown Mediterranean race. If

Of the part of this great stock which remained in North Africa, Sergi says :

The area of geographical distribution of these African populations is im- mense, for it reaches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic, from the equator, and

Ripley, p. 457-470. f Sergi, p. 70. J Sergi, p. 144. $ Sergi, pp. V-VII,

II Ripley, p. 465, TT Sergi, p. 20.

16 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE

even beyond the equator to the Mediterranean. In this vast area we tind, when we exclude racial mixtures, that the physical characters of the skele- ton, as regards head and face are uniform, but that the phj'sical characters of the skin and intermediate parts, that is to say, the development and form of the soft parts, vary. This uniformity of the cranio-facial skeletal characters, which I consider the guiding thread in anthropological research, lias led me to regard as a single human stock all the varieties distributed in the area already mentioned. In the varj'ing cutaneous coloration I see an effect of temperature, of climate, of alimentation, and of the manner of life.*

2. The Negro Race

It !ias usually been assumed that of all race.s the Negro race