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THE

HISTORY OF NEW SWEDEN,

■V.

/^ :,

A

HISTORY OF NEW SWEDEN;

OR,

THE SETTLEMENTS ON THE RIVER DELAWARE.

BY

LSRAEL ACRELIUS,

PROVOST OF THE SWEDISH CHURCHES IN AMERICA, AND RECTOR OF THE OLD SWEDES' CHURCH, WILMINGTON, DEL.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY

WILLIAM M. REYNOLDS, D.D.,

MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, ETC.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE JOINT AUSPICES OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETIES OF PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.

PHILADELPHIA:

PUBLICATION FUND OF

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA,

No. 820 SPRUCE STREET.

1874.

/p

^'

^ -p. /

" The Trustees of the Publication Fund of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania " have published eight volumes, viz. :

The History of Braddock's Expedition.

Contributions to American History.

Record of Upland, and Denny's Journal.

Reissue of Vol. i of the Memoirs.

Minutes of Defence of Philadelphia, 1814-1815.

Correspondence of Penn and Logan, Vols, i and 2.

History of New Sweden, by Israel Acrelius.

The investments held by the trustees of the Fund, now amount to twenty thousand dollars, the interest only of which is applied to publishing. By the payment of twenty-five dollars, any one may become entitled to receive, during his or her life, all the publications of the Society. Libraries so subscribing are entitled to receive books for the term of twenty years.

The Society desire it to be understood that they are not answerable for any opinions or observations that may appear in their publications : the Editors of the several works being alone responsible for the same.

John Jordan, Jr.

Aubrey H. Smith, } Trustees.

Fairman Rogkrs,

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA,

in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

LIPPINCOTT'S PRESS.

MEMOIRS

HISTORICAL SOCIETY

P E N N S Y LVA N I A.

VOL. XI.

PHILADELPHIA:

PUBLICATION FUND OF

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA,

No. 820 SPRUCE STREET. 1874.

INTRODUCTION.

oped.

^^^^^HE Swedish colony on die Delaware is undoubt- M edly an important element in those movements of humanity out of which the present position and character of the United States have been devel- Although the number of the colonists thus settled there was small, and the territory of which they took posses- sion but limited, and the political connection with Sweden soon severed, yet the influence of that movement is still felt not only upon the shores of the Delaware, but upon the banks of the Mississippi and the great lakes of the North, and from theGulf of Mexico to the Californian shores of the Pacific Ocean. The descendants of the original Swedish colonists continue to cultivate the lands of which their ancestors took possession more than two centuries since, and are an essential portion of the population of the three States which now divide among them the territory of the old Swedish colony. New colonists, in still increasing numbers, yearly wend their way from every part of Sweden to the most remote points ^ of the United States. Nor is there any doubt that that first colony of 1638 gives direc- tion and character to these new and increasing masses which now bid fair to make the offspring of the Scandi- navian races more numerous in America than in their original homes in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.

* Whilst we write (1873), a new Swedish colony is projected in Delaware, near the original starting-point of New Sweden.

viii INTRODUCTION.

The great Gustavus Adolphus first conceived the idea of this colony even as early as the year 1624. "This was one of the few years," says Geijer/ " that the King was able to devote to the internal development of the realm." But even then he looked at the subject of coloni- zation in America with the eye of a statesman who under- stood the wants not only of his own country, but of the world, and was able, with prophetic glance, to penetrate into the distant ages of the future. He proposed there to found a free state, where the laborer should reap the fruit of his toil, where the rights of conscience should be inviolate, and which should be open to the whole Protes- tant world, then engaged in a struggle for existence with all the Papal powers of Europe. All should be secure in their persons, their property, and their rights of con- science. It should be an asylum for the persecuted of all nations, a place of security for the honor of the wives and daughters of those who were flying from bloody battle- fields, and from homes made desolate by the fire and sword of the persecutor. No slaves should burden that soil, "for," said Gustavus, — and we realize the profound truth of his political economy after an experience of two centuries, at the end of which slavery expired amid the death-throes of our civil war, — "slaves cost a great deal, labor with reluctance, and soon perish from hard usage." But " the Swedish nation is industrious and intelligent, and hereby we shall gain more by a free people with wives and children." ^

But before his plans for the organization and planting of a colony in America could be matured, Gustavus Adol- phus was again hurried away to the battle-field. For the next two years he was engaged in a war with Poland.

' "Svenska Folkets Historia," Vol. III., p. 128. ' " Argonautica Gustaviana," pp. 3 and 22.

INTRODUCTION. IX

terminated by a treaty securing the freedom of worship alike to Protestants and Papists;^ and soon after its termi- nation he began to feel the first waves of that terrible contiict, " the Thirty Years' War," of which he erelong be- came the great hero, and in which he finally offered up his life, one of the noblest sacrifices ever made in the cause of religious liberty. Yet, even amid all these ex- citing and deeply engrossing events, Gustavus Adolphus did not forget his meditated colony. " They did but enlarge his views," says Bancroft;^ "and at Nuremberg, but a few days before the batde of Liitzen, the enter- prise, which sdll appeared to him as ' the jewel of his kingdom,' was recommended to the people of Germany," as it had already been to those of Sweden. And who can say what influence this recommendation has had in preparing the way for the coming of those myriads of Germans to our shores, by whom such miracles of in- dustry have been performed within the last century and a half? If it is said that but few of that vast multitude could ever have heard of the words of Gustavus Adol- phus, I answer, that the words of such a man cannot fall unheeded to the ground, and no one can say where they will spring up, or what golden harvests of thought and of action they will produce. It is of such words as these especially that Milton's profound remark is true, that "words are not altogether dead thinqs, but do contain a potency of life within them."

Be that as it may, there was at least one man who heard and properly pondered, appreciated, and applied the noble words and wise instructions of Gustavus Adol- phus upon this subject of a Swedish colony in America. That man was Axel Oxenstiern, the friend and prime minister of Gustavus Adolphus, his successor in the ad-

^ Geijer, ubi supra, p. 129. - Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II., p. 285.

X INTRODUCTION.

ministration of the kingdom ; one of the best friends and guardians of his royal master's infant daughter, the way- ward Christina ; and one of the best and greatest men, not only of his own age and of Sweden, but of any age or an)' country. The mande of Gustavus Adolphus could have fallen upon no worthier shoulders than those of Axel Oxenstiern. He carried to a glorious completion, both of war and of peace, the plans so grandly devised by his royal instructor. Baner, Torstensson, and Von Wrangel were the flaming swords which struck down the power of Austria ; but the brain that brought to a close the fearful Thirty Years' War, and established Protestant- ism upon an immovable basis of security, by the peace of Westphalia in 1648, was that of Axel Oxenstiern.

In the meantime, the great Chancellor carried out the wise plans of Gustavus Adolphus in the civil administra- tion of the country, and so also in this of a Swedish colony in America. On the loth of April, 1633, but a few months after the death of Gustavus Adolphus (which took place on the 6th ^ of November, 1632), Oxenstiern renewed to Germany the offer that the King had previously made relative to the participation of Germany in this American colony, but could only put the plan into execution four years afterwards, in 1637. There can be little doubt that this is the date at which the expedition under Menewe, or Menuet as the Swedes call him, whom the Hollanders called Minuits and Minnewitz, left Sweden ; although it may not have reached the shores of the Delaware until the beginning of 1 638. Voyages from Europe to America were at that time frequently of six months' duration. But it is evident from Kieft's Protest against the Swedish setdement, which is dated May 6; 1638, that the expedi-

' Not October 16, as it is, perhaps, by a typographical error in the margin of Bancroft, II., p. 285.

INTRODUCTION. XI

tion must have arrived early in that year. Van der Donck, in his Notes to a Petition sent to the States-General of the United Netherlands in 1 649, gives the same date, 1 6;^8, but also, incidentally, shows that they had been there a considerable time before Kieft's Protest was made. He there says : " One Minnewits, who had previously been Director at the Manhattans for the West India Company, came to this country eleven years ago, in the year 1638, with the ship De Kalmers leutel, and the yacht De Fogel- grypr (he translates the Swedish names of the vessels, ''Kalniars Nyckcr' and ''Vogel Grip,'' into Dutch;) "repre- senting, on the contrary, to the Netherlanders who resided at the (South) river, on behalf of the Company, and of Mr. Van der Nederhorst, that he was on a voyage to the West Indies, and that he wished first to transact some business there in passing, and to take in a supply of wood and water, when he should depart. Awhile afterwards some of our people returned thither, and still found them there ; but they had already prepared a little garden of salad, potherbs, and such like .... The third time it was clearly seen, by the building of a fort, what their designs and intentions were. Director Kieft, on obtaining infor- mation of the matter, protested, but in vain." ^ From this it is evident that a considerable time must have elapsed before Kieft issued his Protest against the setdement. The colonists had already made a garden, their seeds had sprung up, and they had erected their fort.

The right of the Swedes to settle upon the Delaware has been discussed with great zeal by Acrelius, on the one side, in favor of the Swedes, and by Van der Donck, on the other, in favor of the Netherlanders. The English also claimed the country by priority of discovery, and, so

* See the " Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York,' V'ol. I., pp. 291, 292. Albany, 1856.

Xii INTRODUCTION.

far as discovery can give a right, there is no doubt that this belonged to the Enghsh. Under the patronage of Henry VII. of England, the Cabots had, in 1496, become the first discoverers of the North American continent. In the following year, Sebastian Cabot, the son, explored the san-ie condnent, at various points, from the neighbor- hood of the polar circle to Albemarle Sound in the longi- tude of Cuba. It was not until 1609 that the Nether- landers began to make voyages of discovery to America. In that year Hudson, as is well known, touched at Cape Cod, entered the bay of New York, and sailed up the river, to which he gave his own name, as far as the village now called after him, and sent a boat even up to the present site of Albany.^ But it was not undl 1623 that Cornelius Mey entered the river, x\o\m called the Delaware, and to which he probably gave the name of the South river, as it was called by the Netherlanders as long as they had a foothold on the North American continent. From him also is derived the name of the Cape on the north side of the Delaware ; althouQr-h the oritrinal or- thography has long been changed to " May." He also ascended the river to the vicinity of the site of Philadel- phia, and on Timber creek, at Gloucester Point,^ in New Jersey, a few miles south-east of Philadelphia, erected a fort, to which he gave the name of Nassau, in honor of the distinguished Prince of that name. But this settle- ment was by no means permanent. Ten years afterwards, in 1633, when De Vries came up to inquire after the fate of the " few families " whom Mey was said to have left there, he found the Indians in possession of the fort, and

' It is also claimed that Hudson discovered the Delaware Bay on the 28th of August, 1609, before he entered New York Bay. See Journal of Juet (Hudson's mate) in " New York Hist. Col.," Second Series, Vol. I., p. 320.

- Not on Cooper's creek, as stated by some, nor in the neighborhood of Camden, as might be supposed from Bancroft's statement, Vol. II., p. 277.

INTRODUCTION.

prepared to destroy him and his men, as they had longr since done to those whom Mey had left behind him at that place. Similar to this was the fate of the colony planted by De Vries himself at Hore Kill, a few miles north of Cape Henlopen, in 1631. When he revisited it in the following year, to use his own words, "We found our house destroyed. It was surrounded with palisades in- stead of parapets or breastwork, but the most of them had been burned. We found the ground strewed with the heads and bones of our murdered men."^ In regard to this, the author of the "Remonstrance of the New Netherlands," etc., (most probably Adrian van der Donck,) which is contained in Vol. I., pp. 271-318, of the "Docu- ments," etc., says : " In this way was this colony again re- duced to nought, howbeit sealed with blood and purchased dearly enough." But they made no further attempts at settling the country upon the Delaware for some years, nor is there any evidence of the occupation of the coun- try by the Netherlanders at any time before the arrival of the Swedes in 1637 ^^ 1638.^

Campanius, in his " Description of the Province of New Sweden," (p. 68 of Dr. Du Ponceau's translation,) states that in 1631, or near that time, Charles I. ceded to Sweden all the rights of England to the country upon the Dela- ware, and that the Swedes purchased of the Hollanders their possessory rights ; but both of these statements are highly 'improbable, nor are they supported by any other historical or documentary evidence. They had, however, that best of all rights to such a territory, that is to say, actual possession, and the cheerful acquiescence of the

^ De Vries' Journal in " Collections of the New York Hist. Soc," Second Series, Vol. I., p. 251.

- The pretence that they had had " peaceable possession " for many years before the arrival of the Swedes (see " Documents," Vol. I., p. 588,) is clearly refuted by De Vries' statements given above.

XIV INTRODUCTION.

original occupants of the soil.^ It was, in fact, the Swedes who inaugurated the peaceful policy of William Penn, for which he has been so deservedly praised, in his purchase of the soil from the Indians, and his uniformly friendly intercourse with them. This was not an accidental cir- cumstance in the Swedish policy, but was deliberately adopted, and always carefully observed. In the Fifth Article of the Instructions given to Governor Printz in 1642, this language is employed: "The Governor .... must bear in mind that the boundaries of the country . . . extend, vi virhie of the articles of the contract entered into with the wild inhabitants of the country, as its rightful lords, from the sea-coast at Cape Hinlopen upwards along the south side of Godin's Bay, and so up the great South river, onward to Minque's Kil," etc. And in the Ninth Article it is said : " The wild nations bordering on all sides the Governor shall treat with all humanity and respect, and so that no violence or wrong be done to them by Her Royal Majesty or Her subjects aforesaid ; but he shall rather .... exert himself that the same wild people may be gradually instructed in the truths and worship of the Christian religion, and in other ways brought to civili- zation and good government, and in this manner properly guided. Especially shall he seek to gain their confidence, and impress upon their minds that neither he, the Gov- ernor, nor his people and subordinates are come into these parts to do them any wrong or injury, but much more for

* Gov. Stuyvcsant's transaction with the Indians in 1648 (Documents, I., 593,) is of a very doubtful and equivocal character, and entirely incon- sistent with the uniformly peaceable intercourse of the Swedes with the Indians. Since writing the preceding part of this note, I have received, through the kindness of Mr, Jos. J. Mickley, a copy of Gov. Rising's treaty with the Indians in 1654, in which two of their chiefs distinctly deny that they had ever made any gift or sale of the lands occupied by the Swedes to Gov. Stuyvesant. The original of this treaty is still preserved (1871) in the Royal Archives in Stockholm.]

INTRODUCTION.

the purpose of furnishing them with such things as they may need for the ordinary wants of hfe." Acrehus, " Beskrifning," etc., p. 24.

This pohcy was steadily pursued and adhered to by the Swedes during the whole time of their continuance in America, as the governors of the territory of which they had thus acquired the possession ; and the consequences were of the most satisfactory character. They lived in peace with the Indians, and received no injuries from them. The Indians respected them, and, long after the Swedish power had disappeared from the shores of the Delaware, they continued to cherish its memory, and speak of it with confidence and affection.

It was not because they were either weak or timid that the Swedish Government pursued diis pacific policy with the Indians. Sweden was then still one of the great mili- tary powers of Europe, and in her colonial attitude towards Holland showed that she was as ready to wield the sword in America as in Europe.

Holland wrested her Colony from her because Sweden was weak in her naval force, whilst Holland w^as at that time the leading maritime power of the world. She had just then broken down the colossal naval power of Spain, and was in the midst of that contest for the control of the ocean with Great Britain, in which it was so long doubtful which should place itself at the head of the empire of the waves. It is self-evident that no nation, however strong and warlike, can establish and maintain colonies separated from her by a wide and boisterous ocean, unless she has not only an abundance of ships in which to transport her colonists, and the supplies which they require from home, but also a suffiicient naval force with which to protect them from hostile attacks upon the sea, which, unless properly resisted, may readily cut off their connection and com-

XVi INTRODUCTION.

munlcation with their mother country. In addition to this, the Hollanders at Manhattan, as New York was then called, had, at only the distance of a couple of hundred miles, a force ten times as great as that of the Swedish colony, which they could readily precipitate upon it, and with which, in fact, they did surprise and crush it in the course of a few weeks. Governor Stuyvesant, leaving New Amsterdam at the close of August, 1655, before the end of September following had captured both the Swedish forts, and had undisputed possession of the whole Swedish Colony. Stuyvesant's force was from six hundred to seven hundred men strong. The Swedes had in Trinity Fort (now New Castle) less than fifty men,^ and scarcely one hundred in Fort Christina.

This weakness of the Colony was a natural result of the decline of the mother country. Sweden had ex- hausted herself by the superhuman efforts which she had made under the great Gustavus, and the great Chancellor whom he left at the head of affairs. Christina was too weak in character to restore, by wise government in peace, the strength of the kingdom, exhausted by wars of so many years' continuance. Oxenstiern had scarcely brought to a successful terminadon the Thirty Years' War, by the peace of 1 648, when he fell into disgrace with the young Queen. But ChrisUna was unable to govern the country without Oxenstiern, and on the 6th of June, 1654, she abdi- cated her throne. On the 28 th of August following, Oxen- stiern breathed his last earthly sigh, with proud remem- brance of the father, and pity for the daughter, in the words : " She is still the daughter of the great Gustavus,"- and so descended to his honored grave. Charles Gus-

' Hudde, in his " Report," (found in " New York Hist. Col.," p. 428, New Series,) says that, in 1645, it was " usually garrisoned by twelve men." " Geijer, " Svenska Folkets Historia," III., p. 481.

INTRODUCTION. XVll

tavus, who succeeded to the throne of Sweden, the son of the Elector Palatine and Catharine, the favorite sister of Gustavus Adolphus, is said to have had some idea of the importance of this Colony to Sweden ; but he was too much taken up with the wars in which he was almost im- mediately involved to be able to devote any attention to this distant point of his governmient. Vessels that he sent with reinforcements to the Colony are said to have been captured by the Spaniards ; besides which he was enoraaed in incessant wars with Poland and Denmark until the close of his brief reign in 1660. Then followed the long minority of his son, Charles XL, who was only five years of age at the time of his father's death. During this interval the claims of the lost Colony upon the Dela- ware appear to have been wellnigh forgotten.

But it is to the enduring honor of the Crown of Sweden, the Swedish people, and the Swedish Church, that they never forgot nor deserted those whom they had sent forth into the western wilderness as their pioneers, and as heralds of the Gospel to the poor heathen who were wandering there. The Gospel finally proved itself to be a firmer bond between Sweden and her colonists in America than either Political Economy, Statesmanship, or Military Power, In less than forty years (from 1655 to 1693), the handful of Swedes whom\ their last Governor, Rising, had left behind him on the Delaware had increased to about one thousand. We have, in Acrelius, a list of nearly two hundred families, embracing over nine hundred individuals ; and there is no doubt that there were at that time many more Swedes and their children in the adjacent country not thus enrolled. These people still cherished the simple faith of their ancestors, and were very anxious to have the services of the Church and a regular Minister, Upon the overthrow of the Swedish administration in

INTRODUCTION.

1655, one Minister, Lars Lock, who had come to the coun- try with Governor Printz in 1642, remained with them, and continued to officiate until 1 688, when he was removed by death. In the meantime, in 1677, they had called an- other Minister, the Rev. Jacob or James Fabritius, two Ministers being required for the increasing population, which was also scattered from the present site of Phila- delphia to New Castle, in Delaware, and Salem, in New Jersey. Fabritius, who had come from Holland, officiated in that language, which the Swedes seem generally to have acquired under the Dutch administration ; which, however, lasted only ten years, the English Government, under the Duke of York, taking possession of the whole Nether- lands territory, from the North to the South rivers, in 1664.

Their only surviving Minister, Fabritius, becoming in- capacitated by age for longer service, in 1 691, the Swe- dish colonists made repeated efforts to obtain another as .his successor. It was not, however, until 1696 that these efforts were successful. In 1693, one of their letters was laid before Charles XI., kine of Sweden, and, beinQ^ earn- esdy supported by Dr. Svedberg, afterwards Bishop of Skara, resulted in the establishment of the " Swedish Mission in America," by which, for nearly a century, the Swedish churches wpon the Delaware continued to be sup- plied, not only with a succession of pious and learned Ministers, but also with religious books, assistance in build- ing their churches, and other appliances for the develop- ment of their religious life. It was only after the Swedish language had almost entirely disappeared from among the descendants of the colonists sent from Sweden, and the great body of the members of their churches upon the Delaware spoke the English language exclusively, that the Swedish nation ceased to supply them with their

INTRODUCTION. xix

Ministers. There is not upon record a more remarkable instance of disinterested care for its expatriated citizens, than that of the Swedish Government for these obscure members of its race, no longer bound to it by any political ties, and separated from it by the wide expanse of the stormy Adantic. From 1696 to 1786 the Swedish Govern- ment sent to the churches on the Delaware no less than twenty-four (24) Clergymen, generally giving them an outfit, and paying the expenses of their voyage from Sweden to America, as also of their return voyage when, after many years of faithful labor, they returned to their native land, where they were again received with open arms, and often invested with pastorates of the most desirable character. How much money the Swedish Gov- ernment thus expended, it is now impossible to determine. As much as ^600-^ silver mint was for some time given to each Missionary for his voyage to America, and ^400 for his return voyage. The Provost received from $250 to $400 annual salary from Sweden, which was altogether independent of what he received from his congregadon in America. Special grants were also frequently made to Clergymen of distinguished merit, or to those whose necessities were urgent. The amount thus expended by the Swedish Government cannot have been less than ^100,000, and may have reached double that sum.^ It must also be borne in mind that money was scarce during that period, and that Sweden was then in a declining condition, and frequently suffering from financial embarrassment. The country, exhausted by the expen- diture of blood and treasure in the "Thirty Years' War," was brought to the verge of bankruptcy by the disastrous

* See notes on pp. 224, 368.

* See "Historical Sermon " of the Rev. O. Perinchief, of the Swedes' Church, Upper Merion, 1873, p. 11.

XX INTRODUCTION,

conclusion of the reign of Cliarles XII. We cannot, there- fore, but admire the Hberahty of Sweden towards the descendants of the handful of colonists whom, in the days of her power and prosperity, she sent forth to America, but whose spiritual necessities she was anxious to provide for even in times of her own deepest depression.

There is no doubt, also, that this Mission to the Swedes in America was originally designed for the Christianization of the heathen aborigines by whom they were at that time (1693) surrounded. This work had been begun by the elder Campanius, when the country was still in the hands of the Swedes, under Governor Printz's administration (in 1642). This was four years before Eliot (who has been called "the morning star of missionary enterprise"^ and "the Apostle of the Indians") commenced his labors in New England (1646). His Dialogues and Vocabu- laries of the language of the Delawares (which may be seen in his grandson's book''), and his translation of Luther's Shorter Catechism, were probably the first attempts at reducing the language of our North Ameri- can Indians to writing. The Catechism, printed in Sweden at the King's expense, was sent over to America with the Missionaries of 1696. Bishop Svedberg, the father of the well-known Emanuel Swedenborg, was the zealous counsellor of King Charles XI. as well in these benevolent plans for the benefit of the Indians as for the Mission generally; and so continued throughout his life. He was a man of no less marked character than his eccentric and mystical son. During forty years (from 1695 to 1735, which last is the date of his death,) he continued to devote himself to this work, of which he was,

^ Bancroft, " Hist, of U. States," Vol. II., p. 94.

' Th. Campanius Holm. "Description of New Sweden," etc., Du Pon- ceau's Translation, pp. 144-159.

INTRODUCTION.

in fact, during' all that time, the superintendent. He presented the churches on the Delaware with some hun- dred copies of his excellent hymn-book (three hundred by the first Missionaries, and more afterwards), and never grew weary in his services to them. He sent his own son over to them as a schoolmaster, and several of his relatives as Clergymen. He maintained a constant cor- respondence with them, and wrote an extensive work (entitled " America Illuminata") on the subject of Mis- sions in America, of which, however, only an abridgment has been published. In 171 2, the English " Society for the Propagation of the Gospel" thanked the King for his care of the Swedes in America, and elected Bishop Sved- berg as one of its honorary members. It was in accord- ance with his instructions that the Swedish Missionaries in America maintained such intimate relations with this Society and the Episcopal Clergymen and churches in the same field of labor.

Various other distinguished Swedes either took part in this Mission or manifested a lively interest in it. It is a very curious circumstance that Charles XII., even during his most arduous campaigns in Poland, in Russia, and even during his unfortunate sojourn in Turkey, found time to devote his attention to this apparently insignificant Mission — several of his orders in regard to it being dated from his camps in those countries, e. g., from his head- quarters at Smorgonia, in the Polish province of Lithuania, and from his camp at Tamerlash, near Adrianople, in Turkey. We infer from this that, notwithstanding the impetuosity of his character, Charles XII., like every great military genius, was as careful in attention to details as he was comprehensive in his grasp of the vital points of his circumstances.

The celebrated naturalist, Peter Kalm, Professor of

INTRODUCTION.

CEconomics In the University of Abo, in Finland, (then still an integral part of Sweden,) also took an active interest in that part of the Swedish Mission which was in New Jersey. He made this locality his head-quarters during- a considerable part of his sojourn in North America. The two volumes of his travels in this country are well known to the scientific world, and also contain much that is interesting to the student of American his- tory, as, like Acrelius, he was in this country only a few years before our great revolutionary struggle (from i 748 to 1750), when the causes that led to that great event were just making themselves felt, and men of sagacity already foreboded the great political storm that was gathering. But in these two volumes, so full of details in regard to plants, trees, birds and beasts, agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and politics, Kalm nowhere refers to the somewhat romantic episode in his travels, by which his frequent visits to the sands of Southern Jersey, and his rather protracted sojourn there, are ex- plained. Acrelius supplies us with this. He tells us that Professor Kalm there found the widow of the Missionary, the Rev. John Sandin, who had remained there, a stranger in a strange land, with her two children, both in their infancy, ever since the death of the husband and father. The worthy Professor became very much interested in this unfortunate family, visited them more and more fre- quently, often officiated in the now vacant Parish of the deceased Clergyman, and before he left the country, in 1750, became the husband of the widow, who, with her two children, accompanied him on his return to Sweden and Finland.

One of the most interesting and efficient men who took part in the Swedish Mission in America was Charles Magnus von Wrangel, who, in 1759, received the appoint-

INTRODUCTION. XXIU

ment of Provost of the Swedish churches on the Delaware, in which capacity he labored there for about nine years, returning to Sweden in 1768. He belonged to one of the most distinguished families in Sweden — that of the great General von Wrangel, who had distinguished him- self in the army of Gustavus Adolphus, and afterwards, in conjunction with Baner and Torstensson, showed that he was no unworthy scholar of the great soldier. Charles Magnus von Wrangel had studied in his native country at Westeras and Upsala, and then going to the University of Gottingen in Germany, received there the degree of Doctor of Divinity. Soon after this he was nominated as a Court Preacher in the Royal chapel in Stockholm; but, at the request of the Archbishop, Samuel Troilius, relin- quished this for the Provostship of the American Mission. In this position Von Wrangel's labors were of the most active and influential character. He reorganized the decaying Swedish churches, procured new and improved charters for them from the government of Pennsylvania, and united them into a compact body. He also added several new congregations' to their number. He pub- lished (In Dr. Franklin's printing-office) a translation of Luther's Shorter Catechism into English'-^ — probably the first appearance in English of that well-known manual of the elements of Christian doctrine. We are told by Dr. Clay^ that " he possessed a most winning and captivating eloquence," so that "he was usually obliged to preach in the open air on account of the great crowds who attended upon his ministry." But Dr. Clay is mistaken when he says " that he was, upon his return to Sweden, made a Bishop." On the contrary, although upon his return he

' Clay's "Annals," p. 125.

■■^ " Nachrichten aus Pennsylv.," pp. 384 and 867,

^ Ubi supra.

Xxiv INTRODUCTION.

received the position of " First Court Preacher," he died (in 1786) as the Rector of Sala. He occupied, however, a distinguished position among- the Swedish Clergy, and was one of the founders of the Swedish Society '' Pro fide et Christianismo',' which was estabhshed in 1771/

Quite a number of the Swedish American Pastors manifested considerable literary ability, and several of them published books or tracts on the state of the Swedish Church in America — more particularly And. Hesselius, Tobias E. Bjorck, and our author. Bjorck wrote in Latin a small quarto of thirty-four pages, under the title " Dis- sertatio gradualis de Plantatione Ecclesise Svecanae in America" (Upsala, 1731). The Dedication, in English verse, "To the Most Honorable Lord, Count Charles Gyllenborg, Senator in the Kingdom of Sweden and Chancellor of the University of Lund," is a poor specimen of English ; but his Latinity is respectable.

Of all these, however, the work of Acrelius is the most complete and respectable. As a history, it is more authen- tic as well as more extensive than that of the younger Campanius, who was never in America, and so not per- sonally cognizant of the matters in regard to which he wrote. Acrelius, of course, availed himself of the labors of Campanius as well as of his other predecessors ; and, in fact, the greatest mistake that he makes — that of regarding Jac. Chartiers as an English discoverer of America — is occasioned by his reliance upon the au- thority of Campanius. But in regard to the importance and superior value of Acrelius' work, we have the testi- mony of Dr. Du Ponceau, the translator of Campanius. In his Preface to that work (pp. ix. and x.), he says, "There is a later Swedish work on the same subject, which we have already alluded to, and which deserves to

' Cornelius' " Handbok," etc., p. 248.

INTRODUCTION. XXV

be made known. It is entitled " A Description, etc. By

the Rev. Isaac^ Acrelius," etc "and that history is,

in our opinion, much more complete, and in every respect superior to that now presented to the public ; to which, however, as being the oldest, the preference has, for the present, been given." It was inferred from this that it was the intention of Dr. Du Ponceau to translate the work of Acrelius also ; and it was also reported, after his death, that he had left the work behind him in manuscript, which is one reason why its translation was not under- taken by others. Dr. Du Ponceau may also have been prevented from accomplishing this work by the impres- sion that it had been already performed by the Rev. Dr. Collin, the last Swedish Rector of the churches on the Delaware, who, as early as i 799, translated a considerable portion of Acrelius for the benefit of the Rev. Dr. S, Miller, of Princeton, N. J., who was then engaged in pre- paring his " Church History." Dr. Miller appears to have transferred this translation to the American Philo- sophical Society of Philadelphia, by whom it was again transferred to the New York Historical Society for pub- lication in their "Collections," Vol. I., New Series, 1841, of which it forms a portion from page 401 to page 448. The Editor of that volume, in his "Introductory Note" on page 405, also says, " A complete version of Acrelius would be a valuable contribution to the stock of American history."

A still stronger desire for the publication of a transla- tion of Acrelius was expressed by Benjamin Ferris, the author of " A History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware," (Wilmington, 1846.) In his Preface, p. iv.,

^ " Isaac" is, of course, a slip of the pen for " Israel," which has also been copied by the editor of the " Documents relating to the Hist, of N. York." in his note to p. 168 of Vol. VII.

XXVi INTRODUCTION.

he says : " A good translation of Acrelius' ' History of New Sweden ' would undoubtedly add much to our stock of knowledge. The small part of it already published is composed of extracts selected by Nicholas Collin, and relates chiefly to the controversies between the Dutch and the Swedes. Such detached portions of the work impair the connection of the history, and present its author in a less favorable point of view than he may jusdy merit."

An interesdng personal notice is given of Acrelius by one of the most distinguished of his cotemporaries in America, Dr. William Smith, at that time Provost of the Philadelphia Academy, and who subsequendy took so active a part in the American Revolution. In a letter to Dr. Seeker, at that time (November i, 1756,) Bishop of Oxford, but subsequendy Archbishop of Canterbury, he says: "The bearer of this is the Rev. Mr. Israel Acrelius, a learned Swede, who has been several years Commissary to the Swedish Congregations on the Delaware, and now returns to considerable preferment in his own country as a reward of his faithful labors. He is well endded to the honor of Your Lordship's nodce, and knows the state of all the Missions in this Province perfecdy well. There is a good deal of confusion in some of them ; and as he is an impartial person, his account will, no doubt, be of weight should he be called upon. He has often preached in English, and made use of our service. His chief abode

was near Newcastle I leave all to Mr. Acrelius,

who will be on the spot, and can have no interest in being partial, as he is never to return to this place." ^

It is somewhat remarkable that Acrelius' labors as a

^ " Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York," Vol. VII., p. 168, where there is also a note by the editor giving an account of Acrelius' History of N. S.

INTRODUCTION. XXVll

historian, and especially as a church-historian, has been so little recognized either in his own country or abroad. The only notice we find of him among church-historians is in Skarstedt's " Manual of Swedish Church History," ^ p. 196, where we have an account of his controversy with Alnander, in 1761, in regard to the doctrinal relations of the churches of England and of Sweden to each other ; but no reference either to his residence in America or his work on New Sweden. Even Dr. Rudelbach, who devotes the fifth number of his " Christian Biography " ^ to an extensive sketch of Bishop Svedberg, in which his con- nection with the American Mission is particularly noticed, makes no mention of this work, in which Svedberg's mis- sionary zeal is so amply illustrated. We infer from this that but a small edition of the work was printed, and that it had a very limited circulation, which is further confirmed by the fact that so few copies of it are now to be found either in this country or in Sweden. Acrelius lived over thirty years after his return to his native land, dying, in the year 1 800, at the patriarchal age of eighty-six.

We have endeavored to translate our author into Eng- lish as simple and unpretentious as its Swedish original. Swedish orthography has, however, undergone a consid- erable change within the century that has elapsed since Acrelius wrote, and Swedish literature and style have kept pace with the progress of thought and of society In all parts of the world. But we believe that it will be found that the simple narrative of Acrelius will still meet the objects for which It was originally composed, and for which it is now presented to the American public. Near

* " Handbok i Sweriges Kyrkohistoria fiir skolan och hemmet, of C. W. Skarstedt:" Stockholm, 1867, pp. 244.

' " Christliche Biographic, von Dr. A. G. Rudelbach :" Leipzig, 1849, PP- 293-370, 4te u. 5te Lieferungen.

XXviii INTRODUCTION.

the close of the first century of our national existence as a republic, and far advanced in the third century since our " Pilgrim Fathers " from various lands first moored their barks in the James, the Hudson, Plymouth Bay, and the Delaware, we begin to revert with more and more interest to the obscure twilight in which our ancestors first landed upon these shores, where so bright and glorious a dawn has finally burst forth upon their descendants. Acrelius not only throws light upon the first colonization of the shores of the Delaware, but he also places us in the midst of those stirring events which immediately preceded the great Revolution of 1776 — Braddock's war of 1755, and the popular agitation of the Colonies, Pennsylvania and Delaware especially, by which it was attended.

The translator has endeavored, as far as possible, to elucidate all the points of topography and local history involved in the author's narrative, and by the insertion of several cotemporaneous (Lindstrom's) maps to give clear views not only of the Swedish Colony, but also of the country as known to the author during his five years' residence upon the banks of the Delaware and the Christina.

As the printing of this volume approached its comple- tion, there appeared the admirably written volume entitled " Memorial of Thomas Potts, Junior, who settled in Penn- sylvania; with an Historic-Genealogical Account of his Descendants to the Eighth Generation," from the pen of Mrs. Thomas Potts James. It gives a very full account of the early iron-works in the valley of the Schuylkill ; and the reader of this volume who may chance to be interested in the subject of its chapter xi., pp. 164 to 170, is referred to the work of Mrs. James, pp. 26, 28, ^o, 40, 42, 49, 53, 70, and 71. The two latter contain a list of furnaces in Pennsylvania in or about the year 1788.

INTRODUCTION. XXIX

The translator should not close these introductory remarks without the expression of his thanks for the aid rendered by Mr. Joseph J. Mickley. This gentleman's knowledge of Swedish Colonial history, and of the Swe- dish language, perfected during a sojourn in that country, was freely given to elucidate any obscurity or idiom ; and it is believed has secured the translation from any very serious error. To Messrs. John Jordan, Jr., and Townsend Ward, of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, his thanks are due for the most valuable aid in the revision of his translation, and in everything connected with its passage through the press and publication. To the Rev. William C. Reichel, of Bethlehem, who is also a valuable member of the Society, he would express his obligations for most of the notes attached to the author's appendix, giving an account of his visit to ISethlehem.

On the return of Acrelius to Sweden in 1756, he sent his portrait to the widow of Petrus Tranberg, his prede- cessor. At her death, it, and also a portrait of Tranberg, went to her daughter Elizabeth, who married Oloff Par- lin, Pastor of the Wicaco Church. In 1802, the yellow fever carried off every member of Mrs. Parlin's family who resided in Wilmington, Del., except her grand- daughter, who afterwards married John Gordon of that city, and inherited the portraits, and sent them to the parsonage of the Swedes' Episcopal Church, Spring Alley and Walnut St. Having never been reclaimed, they are now recognized as the property of the church, and are fully identified by the family of the late Mrs. Gordon, of Wilmington. The portrait of Acrelius has been engraved for this volume.

The valuable map which accompanies the volume has been engraved from a fac-simile copy, made for Mr. Mickley, from the original of Peter Lindstrom, the Royal Swedish Engineer.

w

u

liiffi

I

Foldout in Book!

U-

'f

DESCRIPTION

OF THE FORMER AND PRESENT CONDITION

OF THE

SWEDISH CHURCHES,

IN

WHAT WAS CALLED NEW SWEDEN,

AFTERWARDS

NEW NETHERLAND,

BUT AT THE PRESENT TIME

PENNSYLVANIA, TOGETHER WITH THE ADJACENT

PLACES ON THE RIVER DE LA WARE, WEST

JERSEY, AND NEW CASTLE COUNTY,

IN NORTH AMERICA.

PUBLISHED BY

ISRAEL ACRELIUS,

FORMERLY PROVOST OF THE SWEDISH CHURCHES IN AMERICA AND PASTOR AT CHRISTINA, BUT NOW PROVOST AND PASTOR IN FELLINGSBRO.

STOCKHOLM:

PRINTED BY HARBERG & HASSELBERG.

1759-

■jCJ^ JSPS tSrS iSpS inT^ iPTZ irPii feS^ ii;^v> t?>F& fc^S ferT5i &^5 ^tA)

Imprimatur N. von OELREICH.

3iit-f5 (ri^r^ (?;^£r ^5;^;? '^bdbif' '^i^fe;^ "S^i? '^iA;^ '!^*£' "^^

m

TO THE

jjjosi fl{i()MiT and jjjofit |^racioiifj IJucfn,

OUEEN LOUISA ULRICA,

Queen of the Swedes, the Goths, and the Vends.

MOST MIGHTY AND MOST GRACIOUS OUEEN !

EFORE the throne of Your Royal Majesty, a Swedish American offers this description of the former and of the present condition of the Churches amone which, in a service of eieht years, he offered up the powers of his Hfe amid laborious official duties, toilsome journeys, and the endurance of severe sicknesses.

Most Gracious Queen ! That land upon the river De la Ware which Queen Christina purchased of the wild heathen according to the laws and rights of nations ; that land whereon her soldiers built forts and erected the arms of the Swedish Crown ; that land which its first Colonists brought forth from its solitude — that land was ours. Peace, the beneficent mother of all useful arts, gave occasion to our great King Gustaf Adolph to undertake an enterprise so profitable ; but war, the destruction of all people, hindered its execution. Peace, renewed under Queen Christina, carried the plan to an admirable success ; but the war under Charles X. threw everything into confusion, and placed Sweden in a con- dition in which she could no longer avail herself of those advantages.

Those who have represented that land as poor and unprofitable to Sweden, have either concealed the truth, or betrayed their ignorance. The land when cultivated

XXXVl TO THE QUEEN.

brings forth an abundance of grain, every kind of die necessaries of life, copper, iron, and beautiful species of trees ; it is adapted to tobacco, to the culture of silk, and to vineyards, whilst its commerce would also bring to us sugar, coffee, chocolate, indigo, rice, cotton, yea, even gold and silver at reasonable prices.

This is little more than dreaming what, under certain circumstances, might have been possible. Yet, as Queen Christina's name upon the De la Ware shall adorn Church, Parish, Fort, Hundred, stream, and the like, even unto the world's end, so it is Your Gracious Majesty's permission that this book, which treats of that country, should derive its highest worth from the dear name of Your Royal Majesty as long as a leaf remains in it ; and as Queen Ulrica Eleanora, of most glorious memory, always cherished her Swedish Americans with especial Royal grace, and also assured them of this in her letter of April 15th, 1719, so I, a Provost of those Churches, recalled home, beg to include my brethren in office sdll remaining there, and their hearers, in the same Royal orace which has been accorded to me in the richest

o

measure since my return home, and which I trust that I may retain for all time to come.

Live, Queen Louisa Ulrica! May you long live to adorn the Royal House of Sweden ! May you live happy and prosperous, to the common joy of your faithful sub- jects ! May the God of heaven crown Your Royal Majesty with peace and gladness in time, and with the unfading crown of glory in eternity, wishes and prays from his heart.

Most Mighty and Most Gracious Queen, Your Royal Majesty's

Most humble and most faithfid sttbjcct,

Israel Acrelius.

PREFACE.

Ti'H what propriety can a Pastor write histories and secular books, Avhen no time seems left him which ought not to be applied to spiritual duties and the edification of the soul? This is a question of conscience, which might arise now, as well as upon many other occasions. We usually excuse ourselves by the idea that only leisure hours of mental relaxation are thus employed ; but what leisure is there for a faithful laborer in the Lord's vineyard, where the labor is itself rest ? Those who know what laborious official duties and toilsome journeys are demanded by the care of churches in America, might think that I there had less excuse for such employments than any one else. Often has this subject so weighed upon my mind, that I have for some time laid it entirely aside, and have now first since my return home taken it up again, and employed for its completion the leisure which Providence has here bestowed upon me.

The love of my foster-land ; a loving remembrance of my former dearly beloved Parishioners ; together with a special opportunity of making use of some of the principal documents in the New York Archives, which contain accounts of the first settlement of the Swedes upon the De La Ware, their trade and government there, which never before presented itself, and which no Swede might ever again have the opportunity of inspecting — these considerations have induced me to believe that I had not discharged my duty, if I did not therefrom col- lect that which might somewhat contribute to throw light upon so dark a point in Swedish history, detailing circumstantially that upon which others had only partially touched, and correcting the /mistakes which they had made from want of correct information.

The Swedish authors of whom I have made use, although I have not everywhere depended upon them, are the following: " Siipe7-infendent And. Rudmaii' s Manuscript''' in the Wicacoa Church-Book. This is

xxxvii

XXXVlll PREFACE,

a collection of information derived from the oldest Swedes upon Rudman's arrival in America in the year 1697. "A short description of the Province of New Sweden in America," by Thom. Campanius, Holm. , 1 702. " Dissertatio graditalis de Svionum in America Colouia, Prces. M. Pet. Eivio, Pesp. JoJm D. Sjuedberg, Up., 1709." "^ Siiori Account of tlie present Condition of iJie Swedisli C/ii/rch in America,'' by And. Hesselius, 1725. '' Disscrtat. Grad. de Planta- tione, EcciesicB Svecancc in America, Pras. M. And. Gra-niuall, Resp. Tobias E. Bjocrk, Ups., 1731." ''America Iliianinata," an exten- sive work in manuscript, but afterwards published in an abbreviated form, by Dr. Jesper Svedberg, Bishop of Skara, in 1732.

The Church-Books of the several congregations were in former times kept with much care, and contain many useful observations. The above-named authors have, for the most part, followed Th. Campanius, whom I have found myself under the necessity of correcting in regard to the Swedes' first departure to America, as well as in relation to other circumstances relative to their government. In addition to this, after my return home, the well-born Lord And. Anton von Stiernman, Coun- sellor of the Chancery, and Knight of the Royal Order of the North Star, with his accustomed zeal for Swedish history, and regardless of all trouble, brought forth from the Archives of the Kingdom most im- portant documents, not hitherto made use of, which he most graciously communicated to me.

Although my recreation consisted, in a great measure, in the collec- tion of insects, birds, fish, quadrupeds, plants, ores, gravels, clay, etc., which I gathered at the expense of his Excellency, the Chamberlain, Mr. Charles de Geer, for his valuable cabinet, and whereof, after my return home, I very humbly presented a part for the gratification of my most gracious Queen ; yet I carefully abstained from the department of Natural History, inasmuch as the celebrated Professor Kalm, some- what before, and during my time, was visiting the same regions for this special object, being sent out by the Royal Academy of Science. And as I neither had occasion to attempt rivalling that learned man, nor to doubt that the publication of his Journals would meet the universal ex- pectation, so I had no reason to employ myself in that way.

As the Most Gracious Rulers of Sweden still, at considerable expense, watch over the spiritual welfare of the descendants of their Swedish subjects in America, who also cease -not to honor and recognize this care with the most humble gratitude, so, in the preparation and pub- lication of this work, it has been my principal aim to point out the faithful upholding of the Church, or its dangerous decline.

PREFACE. XXXIX

which, indeed, depends chiefly upon the unwearied, faithful, and conscientious supervision and exhortations of the Clergy during the time prescribed to them to reside among their countrymen in that re- mote part of the world ; and the reward that they have to expect is in eternity from the Great Chief Shepherd, whilst assured of respectable promotion upon their return to their native land. In the case of this latter matter, the Right Reverend Doctor Henry Benzelius, tiuring his lifetime, the zealous and deservedly renowned Archbishop of Sweden, who has lately fallen asleep in the Lord, vied with all his worthily re- nowned predecessors, and especially with the late Bishop of Skara, Dr. Jesper Svedberg, who will be held in everlasting remembrance among the Swedish churches in Pennsylvania.

For the very considerable expenditures devoted to that Missionary work, our realm does not, indeed, receive any temporal advantage or return. But as Pennsylvania every year receives important contributions from liberal hands in England for the use of the English churches, from Holland for the German Reformed, from various parts of Germany for the German Evangelical Churches, and from Scotland for the lately established Free Schools, so let none grudge that our own Sweden su]:)- ports the descendants of her countrymen in the way of salvation, who might otherwise be scattered amid every form of error. When the Lord shall bring to light that which is now involved in darkness ; when the inhabitants of God's kingdom shall be gathered from the East and from the West ; then shall be manifested the fruits of all the expendi- tures, all the toil and labor, the dangers of life and the snares of death which have been encountered ; and then shall each and all have their reward from God. To God alone be the glory. Amen.

Israel Acrelius.

Stockholm, August i8, 175S.

CONTENTS.

PART FIRST.

Of the Swedish Administration.

CHAPTER I.

Of the First Arrival of the Swedes, under Commandant Menewe.

1. The Discoveiy of America

2. The Discovery of Virginia

3. The Entrance of the Hollander

into the New World

4. Arrangements in Sweden for

Colony ....

5. The Execution of the Project

6. Renewal of these Plans

7. Under Queen Christina

PAGE			PAGE
17	8.	Menewe's Departure.	2^
18	q.	Purchase of Land
	10.	Christina the First Place Built	24
iq	II.	The Country Wild and Unin
		habited ....	24
20	12.	The Hollanders' Protest .	2S
21	n-	Another Proof of this	27
21	14-	Peter Hollendare, Menewe's Sue
22		cesser ....	28

CHAPTER n.

The Administration under Governor Printz.

I.	The Second Swedish Colony .	29	*3'	How Purchases of Land were
2.	The Former Route to North			made from the Heathen	52
	America ....	41	14.	The Indians a Dissatisfied People	53
3-	The Emigrants of Various Classes	41	15-	They frequently visited the
4-	Tenakongh, the Governor's Res-			Swedes .....	54
	idence .....	42	16.	Gov. Printz chastises the Holland-
5.	Intrusion of the Hollanders	43		ers, and searches their Ships .	56
6.	Further in this Matter	44	17-	Has the Arms of the States-
7-	The Hollanders' Purchase of			General torn down	56
	Land, and Building of Fort		18.	The Swedes and Hollanders unite
	Casimir ....	44		in driving out the English	57
8.	The Injury Remedied by the		19.	Proof thereof ....	58
	Building of Elfsborg .	45	20.	The Weakness of the Hollanders	59
9-	Other Forts ....	46	21.	Proof of this ....	59
10.	Other Places ....	46	22.	Further Proof ....	60
	To what Land the Swedes had a		23-	The Expenses of the Colony	60
	Right, partly by Purchase and		24.	Governor Printz returns Home.
	partly by Agreement	47		and leaves the Administration
12,	Proof of this ....	49		in the Hands of John Papegoija xli	61

xlii

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER III. The Administration of Director-General Rising.

1. John Claudius Rising

2. First Salute. The taking of For

Casimir

3. Council with the Indians at Printz

Hof ....

-1-. Descriptions of the Country made

out ....

5. Map of the Principal Places

6. A Plan of Fort Christina .

7. Unreasonableness of the Ho'

landers .... S. Fort Trinity taken 9. Capitulation at Fort Trinity or

Fort Casimir . [D. Fort Christina Captured

PAGE

75 78

The Capitulation The Oath of Allegiance . The Ammunition of the Crown Pledged for Travelling Ex- penses ..... The Tyranny of the Hollanders The Country belonged to the Crown of Sweden, and not to any Trading Company . Causes of the Swedes' Weakness That the Hollanders had no Right

whatever to the Country Destitution of Ministers The Destitution of the Tenacon Church 85

85

PART SECOND.

Of the Holland Administration.

CHAPTER I.

The Administration under Governor Paul Jaquet.

1. Establishment of the Government 88

2. Division of the Country . . 88

3. The Condition of the Swedes . 89

4. The Fourth Swedish Colony . 90

5. The Hollanders' First Colony . 90

6. Money

7. The Demand:

91

of the Indians in Regard to Trade . . -91

8. Laws 92

9. Jaquet's Departure . . -92

CHAPTER II. The Administration under Governors Alrich and Beckman.

Two Governoi-s

Orders to extend the Limits of the Company's Colony .

3. Fear of the English

4. Claims by Maryland

92

5. The Colony weakened

6. Fear of the Swedes .

7. Lady Armgot Printz .

8. Death of Governor Alrich

CHAPTER III.

The Administration under Governor Alexander Hinoyosa and Vice-Governor W. Beckman.

1. The Company Surrenders its

Colony to the City . '• 97

2. Hinoyosa Governor .

3. Controversy about Jacob Alrich

4. Trade ....

5. Fear of the Indians . . -99

6. Beckman's Dissatisfaction and

Complaints .... 99

7. The same .... loo

8. Lock's Misfortune . . . 100

9. Abehus Selskoorn . . . loi

CONTENTS.

xliii

PART THIRD.

The English Administration.

CHAPTER I.

The Government under the Duke of York.

PAGE I PAGE

1. The Colonization of North 1 5. Reconquered by the Holland-

America . . . • 102 i ers, but again Surrendered . 104

2. Pretensions of the English . 103 j 6. The Duke of York's Govern-

3. The Capture of the Country . 103 ment 105

4. Exchanged for Surinam . . 104 j 7. The Occupation of the Country io6

CHAPTER n.

The Establishment of the Government under the Proprietor \YiLLiAM Penn.

1. The Charter ....

2, 3, 4, 5. Penn's Grant from the

King .... loS, 109

6. Privileges Granted to the Coun

try by W. Penn .

7. Two other Grants .

8. Penn's Arrival

9. Change in the Form of Govern

ment .... 10. The laying out of Philadelphia

07 II. The Division of the Province .

2. Laws .....

3. Courts .....

4. Division of Homesteads .

5. Treaties with the Indians

6. Friendship between the Propri- etor and the Swedes .

7. The Proprietor's Trouble and Expense

121 1 8. Uproar among the Swedes

113 113 114

115 116

CHAPTER HI.

Of Changes in the Government, and its Present Condition.

I. Dissatisfaction with the Form of

Government . . .116

2. New Privileges

3. The Proprietors

4. Power of the Deputy Governor

5. Duties of the Deputy Gove

6. The Governor's Council

The Government — President of Council ....

117 8. The Assembly or Parliament . 119 117 9. Colonial Finances . . .122

117 10. The Three Lower Counties

Separated . . . .123

118 II. An Independent Government . 123 n8 12. List of Governors . . . 124

CHAPTER IV.

Misunderstanding between Proprietor Penn and the Swedes in Regard to Rights to their Lands.

1. New Imposition of Taxes

2. The Quakers to Blame for this

3. The English the Source of the

Troubles ....

4. Complaints ....

5. Complaints Renewed . .128

6. The Governor's Opinion . .128

7. The Swedes declared Innocent 129

8. Attempt to introduce Quaker-

ism 130

xliv

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

Misunderstanding between the Proprietors and the Province in LATER Times.

The Proprietors ill received

The Causes of this .

Matter for Dispute about Expen- ditures for the Indians.

Another about a Hospital

Another in Regard to the De- fence of the Country. Wheth- er the War was Right or Wrong

War Supplies Refused

• 130	7-	Demand for Making Paper-
• 131		Money ....	135
	8.	War Material Employed accord-
131		ing to their own Ideas .	136
• 133	9-	New Quarrels about Land
		Taxes	137
-	10.	The Country Miserably Laid
r		Waste	137
• 134	II.	Uproar	139
• 134	12.	Reconciliation ....	140

CHAPTER VI.

Of the Towns and their Trade.

1. In rhiladel]->hia County

2. Chester County

3. Lancaster County .

4. Various Counties

141 i 5. In the Lower Cover

143 ! 6. In New Jersey

143 [ 7. Commerce

143 I

144

144 145

CHAPTER Vn.

Of Agriculture.

1. Of the Soil . . . .146

2. New Clearings . . . 147

3. The Implements of Agricukure 147

4. The Kinds of Grain . . 14S

5. Plantings

6. Vegetable Gardens

7. Orchards ,

149 151 151

CHAPTER Vni.

Of Stock Raising.

1. Horses 152

2. Cattle 153

3- Sheep 153

4. Pasturage . . . -153

5. Upland Meadows . . .154

6. Swamp Meadows . . .154

7. Stables and Cattle-Sheds . -155

8. The Fruitfulness of the Country 156

CHAPTER IX.

The Manners and Customs of the People generally.

The Land as first Peopled	. 1=^6	4. Fashion of Clothes .	• 157
The Houses .	. 156	5. Order of Meals	. 157
Furniture	. 157-

CHAPTER X. Drinks Used in North America 160

CONTENTS.

xlv

CHAPTER XI.

Notices of Iron-Works ix Penxsylvania and the Adjacext Exglish coloxies.

		PAGE			PAGE
I.	Iron-Works in Pennsylvania ,	Ib4	6.	SteelAVorks .	. 167
2.	Works in New Jersey	166	7-	The Yield of Iron .	. 167
-5.	In Maryland . . . .	166	8.	The Workmen	. 16S
4-	In New England	166	Q.	Copper Mines .	. 170
5-	The General Qualities of Amer- ican Iron . . . .	167

CHAPTER XII. The most Remarkable Kinds of Trees in Pennsylvania

171

PART FOURTH.

The State of the Church from 165 5- 1696.

CHAPTER I.

The Churches Fall into a Decline.

1. The First Swedish Churches

2. Pastor Lars Lock Crippled

3. Pastor Jacob Fabritius Blind

4. His Salary ...

5. Want of Clergymen

6. A Letter to the Lutheran Con

sistory of Amsterdam ; TranS' lated from the Holland Lan

guage . Nothing Effected

1761 177 177 I 178 179

8. Anders Printz and John The-

179 I 13- 181 ! 14.

Thelin's Letter to America Charles Springer Conducts the

Correspondence in America . Springer's Letter to Postmaster

Thelin ....

List of Swedish Persons . List of Books Desired The Letter arrived safely

181 182

185

186 190 194 194

CHAPTER II. Revival of the Mission.

1. King Charles XL takes Counsel

of Dr. Svedberg . . .195

2. The King's Letter to Archbish-

op Suebilius . . . 196

3. The Candidate And. Rudman

called ..... 197

4. EricBjorkandJonasAur^ncalled 198

5. Their Outfit . . . .198

6. Their Leave-taking with the

King 199

7. The Voyage Commenced

8. Voyage continued from Eng-

land ....

9. The Arrival

xlvi

CONTENTS.

PART FIFTH.

Of Wicacoa Church.

CHAPTER I.

Of Mr. Rudmax's Time.

1. The Parish of Wicacoa .

2. Site of Wicacoa

3. A New Church to be Built

4. Controversy as to the Location

5. Reconciliation . . . ,

6. The Position for the New Church

7. The Church Building Completed

8. Rudman succeeded by Sandel .

9. Sandal's Departure .

203	10.	His Arrival ....	211
204	II.	Lars Tollstadius Intrudes into
204		the Congregation .	212
205	12.	Rudman's return Home Ar-
205		rested ....	213
206	13-	Justus Falkner Ordained in
207		Wicacoa ....	214
208	14.	Conclusion of Mr. Rudman's
21 I		Labors, and his Death	214

CHAPTER II.

Of Mr. Sandel's Time.

I.	The Duties of Church-Warden
	and Vestrymen .	215
2.	Inventoiy and Salary	215	II.
3-	Agreement in Regard to Time		12.
	of Service .	216
4.	Building and Repairs	216	^3
5-	Pew Regulations	216	14.
6.	Church Discipline .	217	15.
7-	Christopher Lidijn .	217
8.	Order of Divine Service .	218	16
9-	Arvid Hernbom, School-Maste	r 219
10.	The English Congregation ii	1	17

Philadelphia holds its Service

in Wicacoa .... Preaching at the State-House . The Consecration of Oxford

Church ....

The Laying of a Corner-Stone The Support of the Clergy Provost Sandel Recalled to

Sweden .... Purchase of Land for Wicacoa

Church . , . ,

The Voyage Home .

222 223

CHAPTER III.

Of Mr. Lidman's Time.

1. Mr. Lidman's Call and Sending

2. Installation in Wicacoa .

3. Sam. Hesselius, Pastor Extra-

ordinary ....

4. Good Order carefully Preserved

5. The Improvement of the Church

6. Im.provemcnts in Pew Arrange-

224

226

227 227

ments, and the Fencing of

the Graveyard . . . 228

7. The Minister's Salaiy . . 228

8. The Church Glebe . . .228

9. The Improvement of the Church

Land 229

10. His Voyage Home . . . 229

CHAPTER IV.

Of 'Mr. Falk's Time

1. His Commission . . . 230

2. His Arrival .... 231

3. The Building of a Parsonage . 231

4. Pet. Jonsson's Trouble therewith 232

5. Falk's Lawsuit . . .232

6. Destitution of the Congregation 233

CONTENTS.

xlvii

CHAPTER V.

Of Mr. Dylander's Time.

1. Application to both the King

and the Bishop .

2. Dylander's Departure

3. His Arrival .

4. The Renewal of good Order

5. The Injury of Vacancies .

6. Enjoyed Universal Lo\e .

Improvement of the Church Proposition for a Church at Kal

konhook The Minister's Salaiy An Earthquake Dylander's Death .

239 240 240

CHAPTER VI.

Of Mr. Naesman's Time.

1. Messrs. Hedstrand and Naes-

man .....

2. The Congregation Scattered

3. Parish Meeting

4. Good Regulations Proposed

5. Various Sects Trying to get into

the Church ....

6. A Union between the Swedish

and German Lutheran Clergy Proposed ....

7. Various Hindrances thereto

8. Meeting and Consultation there-

241 242 242 243

244

245 246

247

9-	Causes of the Misunderstanding between Muhlenberg and
	Nyberg ....	248
10.	Kock's Untn-nely Assumption . Cause of Misunderstanding on	249
	the Part of the Trustees	24q
12.	The People Scattered	2S2
	Mr. Naesman's Manifold Labors	2S2
14.	The Support Poor .	2S^
IS-	Mr. Naesman's Recall Home .	2'~,T,
16.	The Meeting ....	2S4
17-	Agreement ....	254

CHAPTER Vn. Of Mr. Parlin's Time.

1. The Rev. Mr. Parlin Appointed

2. His Journey

3. His Arrival

4. Mr. Naesman's Payment .

5. His Travels .

6. His Arrival Home .

255 256 256 257 25S 259

7. Performance of Duties . . 259

8. Improved Management of the

Church Property . . . 260

9. Support 261

10. Mr. Parlin's Death . . ,261

PART SIXTH.

Of Christina Congregation.

CHAPTER I. Of Mr. Bjork's Time.

1. The Situation of Christina Parish 263

2. The Origin of the Name . . 263

3. Tranhook Church . . . 264

4. A New Church Built . . 264

5. Means thereto .... 265

6. Christina Church . . . 266

7. The Consecration of the Church 267

8. Regulation of Pews . . 267

9. The Church-Yard . . .268 10. Land for a Glebe and Rectory 268

The Parsonage

Mr. Bjork's Zeal for the Parish

Salary

His Release

Three Ministers in the Parsonage

Pastor Bjork, Provost, and Set

tied at P'ahlun The Journey Home . Gift to the Church ,

19. Remembrance .

269

269 270 271

272

272 273 274 274

xh

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER II. Of the Rev. And. Hesselius' Time.

1. The Rev. And. Hesselius

2. The EstabHshment of Good

Regulations

3. Disorders Abated .

4. Aaron Johansson's Will .

5. An Unfaithful Church-Warden

6. The Minister's Support Short .

7. Signs in the Sky

PAGE				FAGB
274	8.	Frightful Occurrence		279
	9-	^^'onderful Rain		280
275	10.	A Monstrosity .		281
276	II.	Another Wonderful Rain		281
276	12.	Aid from the English " Society
277		for the Propagation of	the
278		Gospel in Foreign Parts '	'	282
279	13-	His Unwearied Zeal		283

CHAPTER III.

Of the Rev. Sam. Hesselius' Time.

1. His Arrival in the Country . 284

2. A Part of the Glebe sold . . 284

3. The Bequest to the Church Re-

linquished .... 285

4. Complaint

5. His Acquittal .

6. Good Testimonials

285 286 287

CHAPTER IV.

Of the Rev. John Eneberg's Time.

1. His Arrival .... 288

2. His Accession .... 2S8

3. Town Built on the Glebe . 289

4. Agreement thereon . . . 2S9

5. The Town named Wilmington 290

6. Disorder in Management . , 291

7. The Disorder Increases . . 292

8. Land Sold to Pay the Minister's

Salary .... 292

9. Transactions and Changes . 293

CHAPTER V.

Of the Rev. Peter Tranberg's Time.

Entrance upon his Duties The Inventory Official Acts . . .

New Arrangement with

Church Corporation Deliberation on the Subject

the

294 295 295

296 296

Trustees or Managers appointed 297

Management Disordered . . 297

Still Greater Disorder . . 297

No Accounts kept, and more

Land given away . . 298

Tranberg's Death . . . 298

CHAPTER VI. Of the Rev. Israel Acrelius' Time.

Arrival, and Entrance upon Duty .....

Order and Disorder

Order Established -Disorders Abated ....

School-Keeping

House Instruction .

Divine Service in English

House Building

Advantages of the Parsonage .

Repairs of the Church

The Management Conducted Secretly ....

	II.	Representations thereon .	308
300	12.	Revision of Accounts	308
301	13-	The Minister United with the
		Trustees ....	309
302	14.	Injury of Injudicious Manage-
303		ment	309
305	15-	Difference between Former and
304		Present Times	309
305	16.	Bank Interest ....	310
306	17-	Other Income ....	3"
306	18.	The Provost's Labors in Various
		Directions ....	3"
307	19.	Departure ....	3^3

CONTENTS.

xHx

PART SEVENTH.

The Churches at Racoon and Pennsneck.

CHAPTER I.

Of the Time before Racoon and Pennsneck became Parishes.

Racoon — its Situation and Name The First Settlement of Racoon Peter Schaefer's Adventures . Adventures of I^. Tollstadias . Misunderstanding about Churcli- Building .... The Bui' Jing of Racoon Churcli

314 315 315

317 318

7. Judgment thereon .

8. Thoughts about a Successor g. The Rev. Jonas Auren .

[O. Called to Racoon — Brunjan,

School- Mastei- [I. Auren Minister at Racoon, but

is a Sabbatarian .

PAGE 319 319 319

320

CHAPTER II.

Of Mr. Lidenius" Time.

1. Lidenius first Adjunct, and then

Pastor ....

2. Pennsneck ....

3. Church-Building

4. The Parsonage

5. The Repair of the Church

3-3 324

6. Jesper Svedberg . . . 324

7. Isaac Baner .... 324 S. His Children . . . .325 9. Christina in Debt to Racoon

and Pennsneck . . . 325

CHAPTER III. Of Tranberg and Windrufva's Time.

1. Their Journey .

2. The Parish Divided

3. Places of Residence

327 327 328

4. Mr. Tranberg's Removal to Christina, and Complaints thereof .... 328

CHAPTER IV.

Of an Unfortunate Vacancy

1. 01. Malander holds Divine Ser-

vice .....

2. He Publishes a Herrnhuttish

Catechism ....

3. The Introduction of the Herrn-

hutters ....

4. Bruzelius' Intrusion

329 330

5. Investigation and Judgment in

the Matter .... 333

6. L. Nyberg mixes Himself up in

the Matter .... 334

7. Abrah. Reinike,theHerrnhutter 334

8. The State of Things in Penns-

neck 335

1. Journey and Arrival

2. Short Time, and Death

CHAPTER V.

Of Mr. Sandin's Time.

• 3361 3- Herrnhutters make New Attacks 33S . 338 1 4. Professor Kalm . . . 339

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VI. Of Mr. Uxander's Time.

1. Assistant Ministers in the Mission 339

2. Their Sending Forth . . 340

3. Unander first Vice-Pastor, then

Regular Pastor . . -341

4. Official Acts .

5. Repairs of the Parsonage

6. Removal to Christina

PAGE

342

343

CHAPTER Vn.

Of the Time of the Younger Lidenius.

I. His Residence in Pennsneck . 343 | 2. Services in Various Places . 343

The Churches of Kingsessing and Upper Merion. I. St. James' Church, Kingsessing 349 | 2. Christ Church, Upper Merion . 349

PART EIGHTH.

Of the Churches in General.

CHAPTER I. Of Various Orders and Disorders.

1. Of the Instruction of the Young

2. The School-Masters

3. The State of Christianity in Gen

eral ....

4. Attendance at Church

5. Baptism ....

6. Sponsorship

7. The Churching of Women

8. Attendance upon the Lord's

Supper

9. Marriage

351 351

352 353 353 354

355

356

10.	Burials ....	357
II.	Divine Service
12.	Divine Service in English	360
13-	Its Inconvenience .	360
14.	Occasion thereto	36X
15-	Further Inducements	362
16.	The Injury of Vacancies .	362
17-	Deficient Supervision	363
18.	Misunderstanding between Min
	isters and People	364
19.	Other Causes ,	365

CHAPTER II.

List of Swedish Books sent from Sweden to America

;66

CHAPTER III.

Of the Privileges and Means of the Mission.

1. Money for Travelling Expenses 368 4. Royal Briefs, etc. .

2. Yearly Salaries . . . 369 5. King Frederick's Brief .

3. Promotion and Pensions . . 369

Visit by the Provost Magister, -Israel Acrelius, to the Eph rata Cloister, Aug. 20, 1753

A Visit by the Rev. Provost Acrelius to the American Clois- ter at Bethlehem 402

370 370

373

History of New Sweden

Part First.

OF THE SWEDISH ADMINISTRATION.

CHAPTER I.

OF THE FIRST ARRIVAL OF THE SWEDES, UNDER COM- MANDANT MENEWE.

I. The Discovery of America.

FTER that the magnanimous Genoese, Christopher Columbus, had, at the expense of Ferdinand, king of Spain, in the year 1492, discovered the Western hemi- sphere, and the illustrious Florentine, AmericusVespu- cius, sent out by King Emanuel of Portugal, in the year 1502, to make a further exploration of its coasts, had had the good fortune to give the country his name, the European powers have, from time to time, sought to promote their several interests there. Our Swedes and Goths were the less backward in such expeditions, as they had always been the first therein. They had already, in the year 996 after the birth of Christ, visited America, had named it Vinland the Good, and also Skraellinga Land, and had called its inhabitants " the Skraellings of Vinland."' It is there- fore evident that the Northmen had visited some part of North America before the Spaniards and Portuguese went to South

* Olof Tryggvason^ 5 Saga, pp. 320, 321 ; also from p. 329 to 348,

l8 THE DISCOVERY OF VIRGINIA.

America. But the question is, what would have been thought about Vinland, if no later discoveries had been made, and what they thought about it before the time of Columbus ?

2. The Discovery of Virginia.

Every region in America was discovered in its own separate time. Virginia was discovered in the year 1497, by Sebastian Cabot, a Portuguese, who was then the captain of an English ship. Its coasts were afterwards visited by those brave knights. Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh, the latter of whom called the land Virginia, after Queen Elizabeth of England, who lived unmarried. Under this name was included all the country stretching from Cape Florida to the St. Lawrence river, which was formerly called Florida, when separate names were not yet given to its coasts. That was done about the year 1584. Cap- tain De la Ware, under the command of the English Admiral James Chartiers,* was the first who discovered the bay in which the Indian river Poutaxat debouched, and gave his name, Dela- ware, to both the river and the bay, in the year 1600 These countries were repeatedly visited by the English ; first by those sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh from Bristol, in the year 1603, and afterwards by Sir G. Popham and Captain James Davis, but little more was accomplished than that they learned to know the people, erected some small places and forts, which, however, were soon destroyed by the savages. In the year 1606 a body of emigrants was sent to the northern regions, by two companies, called the London and the Bristol Companies. The former settled southward on the Chesapeake Bay, the latter on the Kennebeck, or Sagadahoc river. Each had its territorial rights secured by a patent. In the year 1620 a dispute arose between them about the fisheries at Cape Cod, when a new patent was given. The J3ristol Company, which received an accession of some persons of rank and distinction, changed its name to that

1 [Acrelius has been led into this singular mistake by Campanius, whom he here follows — James Cartier (not Charfiers) was a French subject, and discovered the St. Lawrence in 1534. Lord (not " captain ") De la Ware was appointed Governor of Virginia in 1610, and arrived at Jamestown on the lOth of June of the same year. He probably entered the Delaware on his way to Virginia.]

THE HOLLANDERS IN AMERICA. I9

of the Plymouth Council, and obtained a right to all the lands lying above the 40th degree up to the 4Sth degree of North latitude, which was three degrees farther north than the former grant, and included the greater part of Acadia, or New Scotland; and also extended westward from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean ; all this was included in New England.' The rest re- mained under Virginia.

3. The Entrance of the Hollanders into the New World.

About the same time the Hollanders undertook to steal into these American harbors. They took a fancy to the shores of the bay called by the Indians Menahados, and the river Mohaan." Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of the Holland East India Company, had first discovered those places,^ and called the bay after his own name, Hudson's Bay. This East India Company, in the year 1608, sold its right to the country, which it based upon its priority of discovery, to some Hollanders. These obtained from the States-General of Holland an exclusive privilege [privilcgunii cxcliisiT'iini) to the country, and took the name of " The West India Company of Amsterdam." In the year 1610 they began to traffic with the Indians, and in the year 161 3 built a trading post {magazui) at the place now called Albany, and in the following year placed some cannon there. Samuel Argall,the Governor of Virginia, drove them out in 1618," but King James I. gave them permission to remain, that their ships might obtain water there in their voyages to Brazil.^ From that time until 1623," when the West India Company

1 Comp. ''The Ilisfory of the Neio World, called Ainei-ica^''' pp. 106, 107. Also, John Smith's, Rich. Grenville's, and Rich. Waitborn's Descriptions of America. Also, " The Present State of A^orth America,'" London, 1755.

^ [Evidently the Mohawk, although we do not anywhere else find that river so called. The connection would indicate the Hudson river, but that is never so desig- nated, but was called by the natives the Cohatatea, or Oiogue. See O'Callaghan, " History of New Netherland," I. 44, and H. 300.]

* [In the year 1609.]

* [O'Callaghan, I., p. 69, places this visit of Argall in i6i3,but he was not Governor of Virginia until 1617.]

* "The History of the New World," etc., p. 106.

8 [The West India Company obtained its charter June 3, 1621.]

20 GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS AND USSELINX.

obtained its charter, their trade with the Indians was conducted almost entirely on shipboard, and they made no attempts to build any house or fortress until 1629. Now, whether that was done with or without the permission of England, the town of New Amsterdam was built and fortified, as also the place Aurania, Orange, now called Albany, having since had three general- governors, one after the other. But that was not yet enough. They wished to extend their power to the river Delaware also, and erected on its shores two or three small forts, which were, however, soon after destroyed by the natives of the country.

4. Arrangements in Sweden for a Colony.

It now came in order for Sweden also to take part in this enter- prise. William Usselinx,^ a Hollander, born at Antwerp in Bra- bant, presented himself to King Gustaf Adolph, and laid before him a proposition for a Trading Company, to be established in Sweden, and to extend its operations to Asia, Africa, and Magel- lan's Land (Terra Magellanica), with the assurance that this would be a great source of revenue to the kingdom. Full power^ was given him to carry out this important project ; and, there- upon a contract'^ of trade was drawn up, to which the Company was to agree, and subscribe it. Usselinx published explanations of this contract, wherein he also particularly directed attention to the country on the Delaware, its fertility, convenience, and all its imaginable resources." To strengthen the matter, a charter (octroy^) was secured to the Company, and especially to Usse-

^ [As early as 1604 Usselinx, who was a merchant, proposed the formation of such a company in Holland. See O'Callaghan's History of New Netherland, I., 30.]

2 " Fullmagt for Willam Usselinx at inratta et Gen. Handel's Comp. til Asiam, Afr., Amer., och Terra Magell., Dat. Stock., d. 21 Dec, 1624."

^ "Sw. Rikes Gen. Handel's Compagnies Contract, dirigerat til Asiam, Africam, och Magellaniam samt, dcsz conditiones, etc. Stock., iir 1625."

* " Usselinx Forklaringar ofver Handel's Contractet." See the "Argonauiica Gustaviana" printed ftt^ankfurt on Main, in the year 1633. The original was in the Holland language, but was translated by Eric Shroderus, the king's translator, in the year 1626.

5 "Octroy eller Privilegier som then Stormagtigste Hogborne Furste och Herre, Herr Gustaf Adolph, Sweriges, Gothes och Wendes Konung u. Det Swenska nyss uprattade Sodra Compagniet nadigst hafver bebrefwat, Dat. Stockholm, d. 14 Junii, 1626."

FORMATION OF THE TRADING COMPANY. 21

linx, who was to receive a royalty of one thousandth upon all articles bought or sold by the company.

5. The Execution of the Project.^

The powerful king, whose zeal for the honor of God was not less ardent than for the welfare of his subjects, availed himself of this opportunity to extend the doctrines of Christ among the heathen, as well as to establish his own power in other parts of the world. To this end he sent forth Letters Patent," dated at Stockholm, on the 2d of July, 1626, wherein all, both high and low, were invited to contribute something to the Company, ac- cording to their means. The work was completed in the Diet of the following year, 1627, when the estates of the realm gave their assent, and confirmed the measure. Those who took part in this Company were: His Majest3^'s mother, the Queen Dowager Christina, the Prince John Casimir, the Royal Council, the most distinguished of the nobility, the highest officers of the army, the bishops and other clergymen, together with the burgomasters and aldermen of the cities, as well as a large number of the peo- ple generally.' The time fixed for paying in the subscriptions was the 1st of May of the following year (1628).* For the management and working of the plan there were appointed an admiral, vice-admiral, chapman, under-chapman, assistants, and commissaries, also a body of soldiers duly officered.

6. Renewal of these Plans.

But when these arrangements were now in full progress and duly provided for, the German war and the king's death occur-

^ Art. xxiii. of the octroy.

2 [Bancroft (in his History of the United States, IL 284, 285) correctly quotes this letter as given in the Argonautica Gust.]

* Joh. Loccenii, Hist. Svec, p. m. 556.

* " Mandat at alle som uti Soderlandska Compagniet sig upteknadt hafva," etc. " Order that all who have made subscriptions to the Southern Company, shall pay in the same without delay by the 1st of May, or be liable to the Company for all hindrance and damage." Dated at Stockholm, January 11, 1628. See " Samling af Kongl Bref, Stadgar, ock Forordningar angaende Swerige's Rikes Commerce, Politie ock Oeconomie," etc., made by the Royal Councillor Anders Anton von Stiernman, in the year 1750.

22 QUEEN CHRISTINA.

red, which caused this important work to be laid aside. The Trading Company was dissolved, its subscriptions nullified, and the whole project seemed about to die with the king. But just as it appeared to be at its end, it received new life. Another Hollander, by the name of Peter Menewe, sometimes called Menuet,^ made his appearance in Sweden. He had been in the service of Holland in America, where he became involved in difficulties with the officers of their West India Company, in consequence of which he was recalled home and dismissed from their service. But he was not discouraged by this, and went over to Sweden, where he renewed the representations which Usselinx had formerly made in regard to the excellence of the country, and the advantages that Sweden might derive from it.

7. Under Queen Christina.

Queen Christina, who succeeded^ her royal father in the gov- ernment, was glad to have the project thus renewed. The royal chancellor, Count Axel Oxenstierna, understood well how to put it in operation. He took the West India Trading Company into his own hands, as its president, and encouraged other noble- men to take shares in it. King Charles I. of England had already, in the year 1634, upon representations made to him by John Oxenstierna,^ at that time Swedish ambassador in London, re- nounced, in favor of the Swedes, all claims and pretensions of the English " to that country, growing out of their rights as its

^ [An autograph letter found in the royal archives in Stockholm gives the name as commonly written in English, MiNUlT.]

2 [Christina succeeded her father, the great Gustaf Adolph, in 1632, when only six years of age, and the kingdom remained under a regency until she was eighteen, in 1644; consequently, she was only eleven years of age in 1637, when the Ameri- can colony was established.]

^ [The brother of the great Chancellor.]

* Th. Campanius, p. 62, confirmed by Von Stiernman out of the official docu- ments, although the date of the year is given incorrectly. The articles of cession were found in the royal archives before the burning of the castle, where they were preserved. [Campanius (p. 68 of Duponceau's translation) says, "in or about the year 1631." It is significant that Acrelius'says nothing about " the purchase of their claim from the Hollanders," to which Campanius refers in the place just cited, and of which he says, " the treaty which confirmed that purchase was shown to me by the Hon. Mr. Secretary Elias Palmskiold."]

ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST COLONY. 23

first discoverers. Hence everything seemed to be settled upon a firm foundation, and all earnestness was employed in the pros- ecution of the plans for a colony.

8. Menewe's Departure.

As a good beginning the first colony was sent off,^ and Peter Menewe was placed over it, as being best acquainted in those regions. They set sail from Gotheborg in a ship-of-war, called the Key of Calmar, followed by a smaller vessel, bearing the name of the Bird Griffin, both laden with people, provisions, ammunition, and merchandise suitable for traffic and gifts to the Indiaiis. The ships successfully reached their place of desti- nation. The high expectations which our emigrants had of that new land were well met by the first views which they had of it. They made their first landing on the bay or entrance to the river Poutaxat, which they called the river of New Sweden, and the place where they landed they called Paradise Point?

9. Purchase of Land.

A purchase of land was immediately made from the Indians, and it was determined that all the land on the western side of the river, from the point called Cape Inlopen, or Hinlopen,^ up to the fall called Santickan,^ and all the country inland, as much as was ceded, should belong to the Swedish crown forever. Posts were driven into the ground as landmarks, which were still seen in their places sixty years afterwards.^ A deed was

1 [In August, 1637, although it did not reach the Delaware until 1638. See Odhner " Sveriges Inre Historia," p. 302. He reached the Delaware in the middle of April.]

^ [In the neighborhood of what is now Lewes, in the State of Delaware.]

3 [Now Henlopen, according to O'Callaghan (Hist, of New Neth., I. 73), origi- nally called "Hindlopen " by Captain Cornells Mey, after a town of the same name in Friesland. Mey also gave his own name to the southern cape of New Jersey, which we now call Cape May. He visited the country about the year 1614.]

■* [Trenton Falls, which Campanius (p. 49 of Transl.) calls "the falls of Assin- pink." On Visscher's Map of Pennsylvania, given in Duponceau's translation of Campanius, to face p. 78, we find " Saft/iicams" given as the most northern point.]

5 The Provost, Magister Andr. Rudman, upon his arrival in the country in 1697, made a careful investigation among the oldest Swedes in regard to the first settle- ment of the country. His manuscript remarks on the point are found in the Wicacoa Church book, and will be cited hereafter.

24 FORT CHRISTINA.

drawn up for the land thus purchased. This was written in Dutch, because no Swede was yet able to interpret the language of the heathen. The Indians subscribed their hands and marks. The writing was sent home to Sweden, to be preserved in the royal archives. Mans Kling was the surveyor. He laid out the land and made a map of the whole river, with its tributaries, islands, and points, which is still to be found in the royal archives in Sweden. Their clergyman was Reorus Torkillus of East Gothland.

lo. Christina the First Place Built.

The first abode of the newly arrived emigrants was at a place called by the Indians Hopokahacking. There, in the year 1638, Peter Menuet built a fortress, which he named Fort Chris- tina, after the reigning queen of Sweden. The place, situated upon the west side of the river, was probably chosen so as to be out of the way of the Hollanders, who claimed the eastern side — a measure of prudence, until the arrival of a greater force from Sweden. The fort was built upon an eligible site, not far from the mouth of the creek, so as to secure them in the navi- gable water of the Maniquas, which was afterwards called Chris- tina Kihl, or Creek.

II. The Country Wild and Uninhabited.

The country was wild and uninhabited by the Hollanders They had had two or three forts on the river — Fort Nassau, where Gloucester now stands, and another at Horekihl, down on the bay. But both of these were entirely destroyed by the Americans, and their occupants driven away. The following extract from the History ^ of the New Netherlands, which Adrian van der Donck published in the year 1655, with the

^ [This work is evidently different from the one translated in the " Collections of the New York Historical Society," Vol. I. (New Series), from p. 129 to 242; but was, no doubt, based upon " The Reinonstrajice of A'^ew N^etherland, and the Occur- rences there,'' presented "to the High and Mighty Lords, the States-General," etc., by Van der Donck and others, in the name of " the people of New Netherland," in the year 1649, which may be seen in the first volume of the New York "Docu- ments," pp. 270-318.]

THE HOLLANDERS PROTEST. 25

license and privilege as well of the States-General as of the West India Company, will serve as proof of what we have said : ^ " The place is called Hore-kihl,^ but why so called we know not. But this is certain, that some years back, before the Eng- lish and the Swedes came hither, it was taken up and settled as a colony b}^ Hollanders, the arms of the States being at the same time set up in brass. These arms having been pulled down by the villany of the Indians, the Commissary there resident demanded that the head of the traitor should be delivered to him. The Indians, unable to escape in any other way, brought him the head, which was accepted as a sufficient atonement of their offence. But some time afterwards, when we were at work in the fields, and unsuspicious of danger, the Indians came as friends, surrounded the Hollanders with overwhelming numbers, fell upon them and completely exterminated them. Thus was the colony destroyed, though sealed with blood, and dearly enough purchased."

12. The Hollanders Protest.

Notwithstanding all this the Hollanders believed that they had the best right to the Delaware river, yea, a better right than the

^ The extract may be seen on pages 37, 38, and 39 of said work. The author was more devoted to the honor and interests of his countrymen than to truth and iuslice. In the passage quoted he gives strong evidence directly the reverse of his intention. He calls Fort Nassau the first of the four fortresses of the Hollanders in America, which no one can understand. He speaks of the colony at Hore-kihl as quite considerable, although it consisted of very few persons who undertook to settle there, and although twenty-eight years afterwards, when the whole river was under the government of the Hollanders, they dared not erect there even a small fort, without having first, with great care, made the show of a purchase from the Indians. He makes Hore-kihl like the Delaware in depth and size, which no one can notice without a smile,

2 [Horekill (variously written Horeskill, Hoarkill, and Whorekill) is, no doubt, a corruption of Hoornkill, so called from Hoorn, a city in Holland, from which Cap- tain Mey sailed upon his expedition to America, when he discovered, or made his first visit to the Delaware. The derivation of the name suggested by Van Sweringen, in his " Account of the Settling of the Swedes and Dutch at the Delaware," (con- tained in Vol. III., pp. 342-347 of " Documents Relating to the Colonial Histoiy of New York," etc.,) is of a piece with the rest of his narrative, and entitled to no con- sideration. Horekill was about two leagues from Cape Henlopen, and is probably the stream now called Lewis' Creek, in the State of Delaware. See also the note to p. 21 of Ferris's " Original Settlements on the Delaware."]

26 kieft's protest.

Indians themselves. It was their object to secure at least all the land lying between said river and their city of New Amster- dam, where was their stronghold, and which country they once called " The New Netherlands." But as their forces were still too weak, they always kept one or another of their people upon the east side of the river to watch those who might visit the country. As soon, therefore, as Menuet landed with his Swedish company, notice of the fact was given to the Director-General of the Hollanders in New Amsterdam. He waited for some time, until he could ascertain Menuet's purpose ; but when it appeared that he was erecting a fortress for the Swedes, he sent him the following protest : ^

"Thursday, May 6, 1638. " I, William Kieft, Director-General of the New Netherlands, residing upon the island of Manhattan, in the Fort Amsterdam, under the government belonging to the High and Mighty States- General of the United Netherlands, and the West India Com- pany, chartered by the Council Chamber in Amsterdam, make known to you, Peter Menuet,- who style yourself Commander^ in the service of Her Royal Majesty, the Queen of Sweden ; that the whole South river of the New Netherlands, both above and below, hath already, for many years, been our property, occupied by our forts, and sealed with our blood ; which was also done when you were in service in the New Netherlands,

1 New York Office in the General Index to the Dutch Records, Lib. A. — The Swedish annalists, who have given any account of this Swedish colony in America, have represented the first emigration as taking place in the time of King Gustaf Adolph, about the year 1627. This was the opinion of Th. Camp, of Holm. See his "Nya Swerige" (New Sweden), pages 57, 58, 72, 73, which others have fol- lowed. See the "Dissert, de. plant, Ecclesice Siuec, in America,^'' p. 5. But this was only a conjecture suggested by the great preparations which were made at that time, but which were suddenly broken off. It would undoubtedly have been all the better if the work had been taken hold of at that time with all earnestness. But this pro- test is proof to the cont'-ary, and shows that the first arrival must have taken place some time in the year preceding the building of the fortress [that is to say, in 1638],

2 [According to O'Callaghan, Minuit arrived in the New Netherlands in 1624, and left the country in 1632. See Hist, of New Neth., I., pp. 100 to 128, for his administration. It was, therefore, under his government that De Vries made his attempt to establish a colony on the Delaware.]

^ ["Commandant," in the original, is equivalent to chief officer.]

ADRIAN VAN DERDONCK. 2/

and you are, therefore, well aware of this. But whereas you have now come among our forts to build a fortress to our injury and damage, which we shall never permit ; as we are also assured that Her Royal Majesty of Sweden has never given you authority to build forts upon our rivers and coasts, nor to settle people on the land, nor to traffic in peltries, nor to undertake anything to our injury : We do, therefore, protest against all the disorder and injury, and all the evil consequences of bloodshed, uproar, and wrong which our Trading Company may thus suffer : And that we shall protect our riglits in such manner as we may find most advisable." ^ Then follows the usual conclusion.

13. Another Proof of this.

In his history of the New Netherlands already cited, Adrian van der Donck likewise relates how protest was made against the building of Fort Christina, but there also he gives evidence of the weakness of the Hollanders in the river on the first arrival of the Swedes, and that their strength consisted almost entirely in great words.

" On the river," he says, " lies, first, Maniqua's Kihl, where the Swedes have built Fort Christina, where the largest ships can load and unload at the shore. There is another place on the river called Schulkihl, which is also navigable. That, also, was formerly under the control of the Hollanders, but is now mostly under the government of the Swedes. In that river (Delaware) there are various islands and other places formerly belonging to the Hollanders, whose name they still bear, which sufficiently shows that the river belongs to the Hollanders, and not to the Swedes. Their very commencement will convict them. Before the year 1638 one Minnewits, who had formerly acted as Director for the Trading Company at Manhatans, came into the river in the ship Key of Cohnar, and the yacht called the Bird Griffin. He gave out to the Hollander, Mr. van der Nederhorst, the agent of the West India Company in the South river, that he was on a

1 [The translation of this protest given by Dr. O'Callaghan, in his Hist, of New Netherland, Vol. I., p. 191, being made from the Dutch, is naturally somewhat dif- ferent in its language from the above, which is made from the Swedish. But we pre- sume that the omission of the reference to the traffic in peltries is a slip of the pen.]

28 PETER HOLLENDARE.

voyage to the West India islands, and that he was staying there to take in wood and water. Whereupon said Hollander allowed him to go free. But, some time after, some of our people going thither found him still there, and he had planted a garden, and the plants were growing in it. In astonishment we asked the reasons for such procedure, and if he intended to stay there ? To which he answered evasively, alleging various excuses for his conduct. The third time they found, them settled and build- ing a fort. Then we saw their purpose. As soon as he was informed of it, Director Kieft protested against it, but in vain." ^

14. Peter Hollendare Menewe's Successor.

Thus Peter Menuet made a good beginning for the settlement of the Swedish colony in America. He guarded his little fort for over three years, and the Hollanders neither attempted, nor were able to overthrow it. After some years of faithful service he died at Christina.^ In his place followed Peter Hollendare, a native Swede, who did not remain at the head of its affairs more than a year and a half He returned home to Sweden, and was a major at Skepsholm, in Stockholm, in the year 1655.^

1 [See "Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York," etc., Vol. I., p. 291, where this passage, as well as the one already quoted from Van der Donck in ^ II above, is found. Van der Donck here says explicitly that Menuet came "before the year 1638," which also serves to fix the arrival of the Swedes in 1637.]

2 [C. T. Odhner (in his " Sveriges Inre Historia"), for a knowledge of which I am indebted to Mr. Joseph J. Mickley, of Philadelphia, informs us that Minuit returned to Sweden in 1639, and does not again make his appearance in the Swedish service, either in America or in Europe, and that in July, 1639, Lieutenant Peter Hollendare (a knight) was nominated as commandant at Fort Christina. See Odhner, p. 302 — printed at Stockholm, 1865.]

3 Rudman's MSS.

GOVERNOR PRINTZ S ADMINISTRATION.

CHAPTER II.

THE ADMINISTRATION UNDER GOVERNOR PRINTZ.

I. The Second Swedish Colon"^^

THE second emigration took place under Lieutenant-Col- onel John Printz, who went out with the appointment of Governcr of New Sweden. He had a grant of four hundred rix dollars for his travelling expenses, and one thousand two hundred dollars silver as his annual salary. The Company was invested with the exclusive privilege of importing tobacco into Sweden, although that article was even then regarded as unneces- sary and injurious, although indispensable since the establish- ment of the bad habit of its use.^ Upon the same occasion was also sent out Magister John Campanius Holm,- who was called by their excellencies, the Royal Council and Admiral Claes Flemming, to become the Government chaplain, and watch over the Swedish congregation.

The ship on which they sailed was called the Fmna. It went from Stockholm to Gotheborg, and there took in its freight. Along with this went two other ships of the line, the Swan and the Chanias, laden with people and other necessaries. Under Governor Printz ships came to the colony in three dis- tinct voyages. The first ship was the Black Cat, with ammu- nition, and merchandise for the Indians. Next the ship Szvan, on a second voyage, with emigrants, in the year 1647. After- wards two other ships, called the Key and The Lamp. Dur- ing these times the clergymen, Mr. Lawrence Charles Locke- nius and Mr. Israel Holgh, were sent out to the colony.

The instructions for the Governor were as follows :

^ Placat on tobacco for the year 1641.

2 [It was long a favorite usage in Sweden to designate clergymen by the name of the place or province in which they were born, so that Holm may here be equivalent to " a native of Stockholm."]

30 GOVERNOR PRINTZS INSTRUCTIONS.

''Instructions, according to luhich Her Royal Majesty, onr Most Gracious Queen, will have the Lieutenant- Colonel, now also the appointed Governor over New Sxveden, the noble and well-born John Printz, to regulate himself, as tvell during his voyage as upon his arrival in that country. Given at Stockholm, the 1 5 th of August, 1 642. " Inasmuch as some of the subjects of Her Royal Majesty and of the Crown of Sweden have, for some time past, un- dertaken to sail to the coasts of the West Indies, and have already succeeded in conquering and purchasing a consider- able tract of land, and in promoting commerce, with the especial object of extending the jurisdiction and greatness of Her Royal Majesty and of the Swedish crown, and have called the country New Sweden ; wherefore, and inasmuch as Her Royal Majesty approves and finds this their undertaking and voyaging not only laudable in itself, but reasonable, and likely, in the course of time, to benefit and strengthen Her Royal Majesty and the Swedish throne : So has Her Royal Majesty, for the promotion of that work, and for the assistance of those who participate therein, furnished them for the making of that important voyage, and also for the confirming and strengthening of that important work thus begun in New Sweden, for said voyage, two ships, named the Fama and the Swan, as well as some other means necessary thereto, under a certain Governor, whom Her Majesty has provided with sufficient and necessary powers, having thereunto appointed and legitimated Lieutenant- Colonel John Printz, whom she has, accordingly, seen good to instruct upon the points following.

" 2. The ships above named having proceeded to Gotheborg, John Printz, the Governor of New Sweden, shall now, without any delay, take his departure to said place, so arranging his journey by land that he may reach there by the first opportu- nity. Going down to Gotheborg, he shall assist in ordering and arranging everything in the best manner possible, and espe- cially in accordance with the best regulations that the members of the Company can have 'made ; and as concerns his own per- son, and that of his attendants, he shall so arrange his affairs that he may immediately, in the month of September next fol- lowing, set sail from this country and proceed to sea.

BOUNDARIES OF NEW SWEDEN, 3I

" 3. But either before, or at the time when the ships are about to set sail from Gotheborg, the Governor shall consult with the skippers and officers of the ships, considering and deciding, according to the state of the wind and other circumstances, whether he shall direct his course to the north of Scotland, or through the channel between France and England.

" 4. Under way and on the journey, he must see to it that the officers and people of the ships perform their duties at sea truly and faithfully; and in all important and serious matters he can always avail himself of the aid and counsel of the persons afore- said who usually form the council of a ship ; he shall also have every important occurrence carefully noted, causing a correct log, or journal, thereof to be kept, of which also he shall, by every opportunity, send hither a correct copy.

" 5. The Governor, God willing, having arrived in New Sweden, he must, for his better information, bear in mind that the boundaries of the country of which our subjects have taken pos- session extend, in virtue of the articles of the contract entered into with the wild inhabitants of the country, as its rightful lords, from the sea-coast at Cape Hinlopen,^ upwards along the west side of Godin's Bay,^ and so up the Great South river,-^ on- wards to Minque's Kil,* where Fort Christina is built, and thence still farther along the South river, and up to a place which the wild inhabitants call Sankikans,^ where the farthest boundaries of New Sweden are to be found. This tract, or district, of country extends in length about thirty (30) German miles, but in breadth, and into the interior, it is, in and by the contract, con- ditioned that Her Royal Majesty's subjects, and the participants in this Company of navigators, may hereafter occupy as much land as they may desire.

"6. Recently, and in the year last past — viz., 1641 — several English families, probably amounting to sixty persons in all, have

^ [Cape Henlopen — we follow the orthography of the text.]

2 [Usually written " Godyn's," Delaware Bay being so called by the Ifollanders,

aftei Samuel Godyn, who, in 1629, received a patent for a large tract of land there

as its patroon.]

' [The river Delaware.] * [Now Christiana Creek.]

^ [Trenton Falls, ninety (90) miles from the mouth of Delaware Bay.] 5

32 CONFLICT WITH HOLLAND.

settled, and begun to build and cultivate the land elsewhere, namely, upon the east side of the above mentioned South river, on a little stream named Ferken's Kil ; ^ so have also the above named subjects of Her Majesty, and participants in the Company, pur- chased for themselves of the wild inhabitants of the country the whole of this eastern side of the river, from the mouth of the aforesaid great river at Cape May up to a stream named Narra- ticen's Kil,^ which tract extends about twelve (12) German miles, including also the said Ferken's Kil, with the intention of thus drawing to themselves the Fnglish aforesaid. This purchase the Governor shall always, with all his power, keep intact, and thus bring these families under the jurisdiction and government of Her Royal Majesty and the Swedish Crown ; especially as we are informed that they themselves are not indisposed thereto ; and should they be induced, as a free people, voluntarily to submit themselves to a government which can maintain and protect them, it is believed that they might shortly amount to some hundred strong. But however that may be, the Governor is to seek to bring these English under the government of the Swedish Crown, inasmuch as Her Royal Majesty finds it to be thus better for herself and the Crown as partners in this under- taking ; and they might also, with good reason, be driven out and away from said place ; therefore, Her Most Royal Majesty aforesaid will most graciously leave it to the discretion of Gov- ernor Printz so to consider and act in the premises as can be done with propriety and success.^

" 7. There is no doubt that the Holland West India Company will seek to appropriate to themselves the place aforesaid, and

1 [Written also " Varken's Kil," i. e. " Ilog's Creek," which is now called Salem Creek. The Indians called it Oitsessingh, or Wootsessungsing.]

^ [Raccoon Creek. The " Naraticongs" are mentioned as an Indian tribe north of the Raritan. See O'Callaghan, I., 49.]

2 [It is not known whence these English settlers came, or the precise time of their coming. According Lo the text above, it was in 1641. Ferris, in his " History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware" (Wilmington, 1846), p. 55, on what authority he does not tell us, says that it was in 1640, and adds, " Some have sup- posed they were squatters from New Haven ; some, adventurers from Maryland ; and others, the pioneers of Sir Edmund Ployden." In all probability, they were the same party of people from New Haven who in the spring of 1642 settled on the Schuylkill.]

HOLLAND WEST INDIA COMPANY. 33

the large tract of land upon which the English have settled, and the whole of the above named east side of the Great South river, and that so much the rather as their fort or fortification of Nassau, which they have manned with about twenty (20) men, is not very far therefrom, upon the same eastern side of the river, just as they also make pretensions to the whole western side of the aforesaid South river, and consequently to all that of which our subjects aforesaid have taken possession, which they have seized, relying upon their Fort Nassau, whereby they would take possession of the whole South river, and of the whole country situated upon both sides of the same river. It is for this that they have protested against the beginning which her before mentioned Majesty's subjects have made in settling and building, and, so far as they could, have always opposed and sought to prevent our people from going up the South river and past their Fort Nassau. Therefore shall the Governor take measures for meeting the agents and participants of said Holland West India Company in a proper manner, and with mildness, but firmly, remonstrate, and make known to them the upright intentions of Her Royal Majesty and her subjects in the prem- ises, that nothing has herein been sought, or is now sought, other than a free opening for commerce; that Her Royal Majesty's subjects have, in a just and regular manner, purchased of the proper owners and possessors of the country that district of which they have taken possession, and which they have begun to cultivate, and that they cannot, therefore, without injustice, oppose Her Royal Majesty or her subjects, or seek to disturb them in their possessions without doing them great injury. But should the same Holland Company, contrary to all better hopes, allow themselves to undertake any hostility, or make any attack, then, in such case, it will only be proper to be prepared with the best means that circumstances will allow, and so seek to repel force by force ; therefore as this, like everything else, is best judged of and decided on the ground, so also does Her Royal Majesty place it in the Governor's discretion to meet such vex- ations in the first instance with kind admonitions, but if these are not effective, then with severity, according to the best of his understanding, so as to arrange everything to the best advantage

34 A CHARTER TO HOLLANDERS.

and honor alike of Her Royal Majesty and the members of the Company. But if no such troubles arise, which it is hoped will be the case, and Her Royal Majesty and her subjects remain undisturbed in that which they have rightfully brought into their possession, then shall the Governor hold good friendship and neighborhood with the aforesaid Hollanders at Fort Nassau, and with those who dwell upon the North river at Mankatan's,^ or New Amsterdam, as also with the English who dwell in the country of Virginia, and make no inroads upon any of them, nor interfere with that of which they arc in the actual possession. Especially, since the adjacent English in Virginia have already commenced to offer Her Royal Majesty's subjects in New Sweden all kinds of useful assistance, and to let them procure, upon reasonable payment, such cattle and seed-corn as they may desire ; therefore shall the Governor continually seek to give free and undisturbed course to the correspondence and com- merce thus begun with the English, to the use and benefit of Her Royal Majesty's subjects aforesaid.

" 8. Those Hollanders who have emigrated to New Sweden, and settled there under the protection of Her Royal Majesty and the Swedish Crown, over whom Jost von dem Boyandh - has command, the Governor shall treat according to the contents of the charter and privileges^ conferred by Her Royal Majesty, of the principles whereof the Governor has been advised ; but in other respects he shall show them all good-will and kindness, yet so that he shall hold them also to the same, that they also upon their side comply with the requisitions of their charter, which they have received. And inasmuch as notice has already been given them that they have settled too near to Fort Chris- tina, and as houses are said to be built at the distance of almost three miles from that place, they should therefore leave that

' [Usually called " Manhattan's," also " Manhattoe," from an Indian tribe of that name. See O'Callaghan's " History of New Amsterdam," I., p. 47.]

'^ [O'Callaghan, in his " Hist, of New Netherland," L, p. 366-7, calls this person Joosi de Bogaert, and (in his note on p. 367) says that, "In the translation in the New Series of N. Y. Hist. Soc. Trans., p. 411, the name is misspelled." The spelling, however, is that of Acrelius, which we give above.]

3 [" Octroy och privilegio."]

TREATMENT OF THE INDIANS. 35

place and betake themselves to a somewhat greater distance from the said fort. So also does Her Royal Majesty leave it to the good pleasure and prudence of the Governor, when on the ground, duly to consider the deportment of said Hollanders and the situation of the place of which they have taken possession, and, according to his judgment, either let them remain there quietly, or make such a disposition and settlement of the matter as he shall find most suitable and advantageous to Her Royal Majesty and the participants in said Company of navigation.

" 9. The wild nations,^ bordering upon all other sides, the Governor shall understand how to treat with all humanity and respect, that no violence or wrong be done to them b)' Her Ro}'al Majesty or her subjects aforesaid; but he shall rather, at every opportunity, exert himself, that the same wild people may gradually be instructed in the truths and worship of the Christian religion, and in other ways brought to civilization and good gov- ernment, and in this manner properly guided. Especiall}- shall he seek to gain their confidence, and impress upon their minds that neither he, the Governor, nor his people and subordinates are come into those parts to do them any wrong or injur}', but much more for the purpose of furnishing them with such things as they may need for the ordinary wants of life, and so also for such things as are found among them which they themselves cannot make for their own use, or buy or exchange. Therefore shall the Governor also see thereto that the people of Her Ro}'al IMajesty, or of the Company who are engaged in trading in those parts, allow the wild people to obtain such things as they need at a price somewhat more moderate than they are getting them of the Hollanders at Fort Nassau, or the adjacent English, so that said wild people may be withdrawn from them, and be so much the more won to our people.

" 10. In regard to the Governor's place of residence. Her Royal Majesty leaves it to him to provide and choose the same according

1 [The Lenni Lennape, called by the elder Campanius " Renni Rennappe ; " by the English, Delawares. The Delawares were subdivided into the tribes of the Assinpinks, in the north; the Andastakas, on Christina Creek, Del.: the Ranko- kas, or Chichequaas, and the Mingoes, the Neshaminies, in Bucks Co., Pa.; the Shackamaxons, the Mantas, and the Minnesinks, above the forks of the Delaware.]

2,6 OBJECTS OF THE COLONY.

as he finds the case to be in the place, or it can be continued where it now is, and the residence arranged and ordered in the most convenient manner possible ; in like manner shall the Governor also provide a suitable place for a fortress, either at Cape Hinlopen, or the island called "James' Island,"^ or wher- ever else a good site for the same may be found : wherein he has especially to keep in view these considerations above all others, namely, that by such a fortification it should be possible to close up the South river, having it commanded by the same fortress, and that there should also be found there, without great difficulty, a suitable harbor wherein the ships of Her Royal Majesty and her subjects could be in security, and, if need so were, continue to lie there over winter.

" II. And if the Governor does not find it necessary at once and hastily to fortify another new place, but can for the present properly defend himself by Fort Christina, then shall he so much the more zealously at once arrange and urge forward agriculture and the improvement of the land, setting and urging the people thereto with zeal and energy, exerting himself above all other things that so much seed-corn may be committed to the ground that the people may derive from it their necessary food.

" 12. Next to this, he shall pay the necessary attention to the culture of tobacco,^ and appoint thereto a certain number of laborers, so arranging that the produce may be large, more and more being set out and cultivated from time to time, so that he can send over a good quantity of tobacco on all ships coming hither.

" 1 3. That better arrangements may be made for the production of cattle, both great and small, the Governor shall at once exert himself to obtain a g^ood breed of cattle of all kinds, and espe- cially of that which is sent out from this country, and also seek to obtain a supply from the neighboring English, dividing every- thing with those who will use and employ it in agriculture in exchange for seed, and with such prudence as he shall find most serviceable to the members of- the Company.

1 [" Jaques Eyland " was in the neighborhood of Fort Nassau, probably between that and where Philadelphia now is.]

^ [^"Toiaci" is the spelling here; in modern Swedish it is " io^a^.^^]

SHEEP AND CATTLE TO BE INTRODUCED. 37

" 14. Among and above other things, he shall direct his atten- tion to sheep, to obtain them of good kinds, and as soon as may be seek to arrange as many sheep-folds as he conveniently can, so that presently a considerable supply of wool of good quality may be sent over to this country.

" 15. The peltry-trade with the natives he shall also, so far as possible, seek to sustain in a good state, ^ exercise a careful inspection of all engaged in it, prevent all frauds in established commissions, and take care that Her Royal Majesty and her subjects, and the members of the Company, may have reason to expect good returns for their cargoes. In like manner, he shall provide that no other persons whatever be permitted to traffic with the natives in peltries ; but this trade shall be carried on only by persons thereto appointed in the name of the whole Company, and in its ways.

" 16. Whatever else it may at present be necessary to do in that country will be best committed to the hands of the Governor in the country, according to the circumstances of the time and place ; more especially as the same land of New Sweden is situated in the same climate with Portugal ; - so, apparently, it is to be expected that salt-works might be arranged on the sea- coasts. But if the salt could not be perfectly evaporated by the heat of the sun, yet, at the least, the salt water might be brought to such a grade that it might afterwards be perfectly condensed by means of fire, without great labor or expense : which the Governor must consider, and make such experiment, and, if possible, put it into operation and make it effective.

" 17. And as almost everywhere in the forests wild grapevines and grapes are found, and the climate seems to be favorable to the production of wine, so shall the Governor also direct his thoughts to the timely introduction of this culture, and what might herein be devised and effected.

" 18. He can also have careful search made everywhere as to whether any metals or minerals are to be found in the country, and, if any are discovered, send hither correct information, and then await further orders from this place.

^ [In the original, " i godt esse.""]

^ [Portugal is situated between 37° and 42° N. latitude, and New Sweden was between 38° and 41° of the same latitude.]

38 FISHERIES SILK CULTURE PROPOSED.

" 19. Out of the abundant forests, the Governor shall examine and consider how and in what manner profit may be derived from the country ; especially what kind of advantages may be expected from oak-trees and walnut-trees, and whether a good quality of them might be sent over here as ballast. So also it might be examined whether oil might not be advantageously pressed out of the walnuts. ^

" 20. The Governor shall likewise take into consideration and correctly inform himself how and where fisheries might be most profitably established ; especially as it is said that at a certain season of the year the whale fishery can be advantageously pros- ecuted in the aforesaid Godin's Bay,^ and adjacently ; he shall therefore have an eye upon this and send over hither all needed information as to what can be done in this and other matters connected with the country, and what further hopes may be entertained in reference thereto.

"21. The Governor shall also carefully inquire, and inform himself in regard to the food and convenience for keeping a great number of silkworms, wherewith a manufacture might be estab- lished ; and if he discovers that something useful might thus be accomplished, he shall take measures for the same.

" 22. Whatever else could be done in connection with the suc- cessful cultivation of the land, but cannot be introduced just for the present, this Her Royal Majesty will graciously have en- trusted to the fidelity, foresight, and zeal of the Governor, with the earnest command and admonition that he seek in all matters to uphold the service and dignity of Her Royal Majesty and the crown of Sweden, as also to promote the advantage and interest of the members of the Company, in the conservation of the same land of New Sweden, its culture in every way possible, and the increase of its profitable commerce.

" 23. But far above all this, as to what belongs to the political government and administration of justice, everything of this kind must be concucted under the name of Her Royal Majesty and the Crown of Sweden, for no less reason than that the coun-

1 [The Dutch, under De Vries, in 1630, tried to prosecute the whale fishery in the Delaware, but found it unprofitable. See New York Hist. Collect., New Series, Vol. I., p. 250]

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 39

try enjoys the protection of Her Royal Majesty and of the Crown, and that the interest of the Crown is in the highest degree in- volved in the protection of that country, its cultivation, and active trade and commerce. To give the Governor specific in- formation herein cannot so well and effectually be done at so great a distance ; it must therefore be left to his own discretion and good sense that he upon the ground provide, arrange, and execute whatever conduces to bring matters into good order and a proper constitution, according as he finds the necessities of the time and place to require. At first, and until matters can be brought into a better form, the Governor may use his own seal, but in a somewhat larger form, in briefs, contracts, correspond- ence, and other written documents of a public character.

" 24. He shall decide all matters of controversy which may arise according to Swedish law and right, custom and usage ; but in all other matters also, so fir as possible, he shall adopt and em- ploy the laudable customs, habits, and usages of this most praise- worthy realm.

" 25. He shall also have power, through the necessary and pro- per means of compulsion, to bring to obedience and a quiet life the turbulent and disorderly who will not live quietly and peace- fully, and especially gross offenders, who may possibly be found ; he may punish not only with imprisonment and the like duly proportioned means of correction, but also, according to their misdeeds or crimes, with the loss of life itself; yet not in any other than the usual manner, and after the proper hearing and consideration of the case, with the most respectable people and the most prudent associate judges who can be found in the country as his counsellors.

" 26. Above all things, shall the Governor consider and see to it that a true and due worship, becoming honor, laud, and praise be paid to the Most High God in all things, and to that end all proper care shall be taken that divine service be zealously per- formed according to the unaltered Augsburg Confession, the Council of Upsala, and the ceremonies of the Swedish Church ; and all persons, but especially the young, shall be duly instructed in the articles of their Christian faith ; and all good church dis- cipline shall in like manner be duly exercised and received. But

40 CHURCH DISCIPLINE.

SO far as relates to the Holland colonists that live and settle under the government of Her Royal Majesty and the Swedish Crown, the Governor shall not disturb them in the indulgence granted them as to the exercise of the Reformed religion according to the aforesaid Royal Charter.^

" 27. In all else which cannot here be set down in writing, the Governor shall conduct himself as is suitable and becoming to a faithful patriot, and take into due consideration whatever is cor- respondent to his office, according to the best of his under- standing, and with the greatest zeal and care, also regulating himself in accordance with that which may be here communi- cated to him by word of mouth ; and there is herewith given him a special list of the people who accompany him, and of the means and equipment of his office.

" 28. Finally, Her Royal Majesty is also well satisfied that the said office of his government shall continue and exist for three years, after the lapse of which he, the said John Printz, shall be free to return hither again, after the necessary arrangements have been made in regard to his successor, or some substitute in the said service. Should he, the said John Printz, have a desire to continue longer in this charge, he shall have the preference over others therefor, provided that the advantage and service of Her Majesty and the Crown, and of the Company, so demand. Given as above.

" Paehr Brahe, Herman Wrangel,

Claes Flemming, Axel Oxenstierna,

Gabriel Bexgtsson Oxenstierna.-

And. Gyllenklou."^

1 ["Octroy," given to Henry Ilochhammer in 1641. See O'Callaghan's " New Netherlands," I., p. 366.]

2 [These five names are historical. They foiTned at that time the Swedish Council of State who carried on the government immediately after the death of Gustaf Adolph the Great, and during the minority of his daughter Christina, who was not quite six years old at the time of ner father's death (November 6, 1632), and, consequently, in her seventeenth year at the date of this document. She ascended the throne as actual sovereign on her eighteenth birthday, viz., December 6, 1644. The Swedish colony in America was, undoubtedly, the work of the great Chancellor Axel Oxen- stiern, though first suggested by Gustaf Adolph.]

3 [Gyllenklou was secretary of the Council.]

the voyage — the emigrants. 4i

2. The Former Route to North America.

The voyage to New Sweden was at that time quite long. The watery way to the West was not yet well discovered, and there- fore, for fear of the sand banks off Newfoundland, they kept their course to the east and south as far as to what were then called the Brazates.^ The ships which went under the command of Governor Printz sailed along the coast of Portugal, and down the coast of Africa until they found the eastern passage,^ then directly over to America, leaving the Canaries^ high up to the north. They landed at Antigua, then continued their voyage northward past Virginia and Maryland, to Cape Hinlopen. Yet, in view of the astonishingly long route which they took, the voy- age was quick enough in six months' time — from Stockholm on August 16, 1642, to the new fort of Christina, in New Sweden, on February 15, 1643."^

3. The Emigrants of Various Classes.

The Swedes who emigrated to America belonged partly to a trading company provided with a charter, who for their services, according to their condition or agreement, were to receive pay and monthly wages ;* a part of them also went at their own

' [The Azores. ?] - ['• Passaden " in the original.]

^ [If they sailed due west to Antigua, they must have gone down south to the lati- tude of the Cape de Verde Islands.]

■• Th. Camp. Holm, p. 63. Compare " Sam. Pufendorfii Commentar. de Reb. Swec.," Lib. XIV., p. 506, | 75, where, about the year 1642, he says: " In this year John Printz is sent as Governor to New Sweden in North America, to arrange the affairs of the new province, where, some years before, certain Batavian merchants had begun to form a colony under the auspices of Queen Christina. Here an agree- ment had been made with the barbarians, the natives and lords of that country, that the boundaries of that New Sweden should extend from the promontory of Hinlopen up the western side of Godwin's Bay (Godyn's Bay) to the bank of the Great South river up to Minque's Kil, where Fort Christina is situated ; thence farther along the banks of said river as far as to a place called by the natives Sankikas, where the last Swedish fort is. This tract extends thirty German miles in length ; but as to its breadth into the interior, it was agreed that the Swedes might occupy as much land as they wished. But the Hollanders who had erected the fort which they called Nassau, upon the eastern bank of the South river, laid claim to all the country on the western bank of the same which was occupied by the Swedes, which they also, some years after, got possession of for themselves by excluding the Swedes."

° Octroy och Priv. foer participanterne af det til Afr. As. och Amer. anstaeldte

42 TREATMENT OF MALEFACTORS.

impulse, to try their fortune. For these it was free to settle and live in the country as long as they pleased, or to leave it, and they were therefore, by way of distinction from the others, called freemen. At first, also, malefactors and vicious people were sent over, who were used as slaves to labor upon the fortifications. They were kept in chains, and not allowed to have intercourse with the other settlers ; moreover, a separate place of abode was assigned to them. The neighboring people and country were dissatisfied that such wretches should come into the colony. It was also, in fact, very objectionable in regard to the heathen, who rtiight be greatly offended by it. Whence it happened that when such persons came over in Governor Printz's time, it was not permitted that one of them should set foot upon the shore, but they had all to be carried back again, whereupon a great part of them died during the voyage, or perished in some other way. Afterwards it was forbidden at home in Sweden, under a penalty, to take for the American voyage any persons of bad fame, nor was there ever any lack of good people for the colony.^

4. Tenakoxgh, the Governor's Residence.

Governor Printz was now in a position to put the government upon a safe footing to maintain the rights of the Swedes, and to put down the attempts of the Hollanders. They had lately, before his arrival, patched their little Fort Nassau. On this account he selected the island of Tenackong as his residence, which is sometimes also called Tutaeaenung and Tenicko,' about three Swedish miles from Fort Christina. The convenient situ- ation of the place suggested its selection, as also the location of Fort Nassau,^ which lay some miles over against it, to which he

Handels Comp. och Skepsfart at njuta uti foeljande Tjugu fyra ars tid. — Dat. Stock. d. 15 Dec, 1649, § 2.

1 Th. Canipanius, pp. 66, 67.

2 [Now Tinicum, in Delaware co., Pa., about nine miles S.W. of Philadelphia.]

^ [Fort Nassau was built near the mouth of Timber Creek, below Gloucester Point, in New Jersey. It is said to have been built l)y Cornelius May in 1623; but when visited by De Vries, ten years afterward (Jatiuary 5, 1633), it was in the possession of the Indians, among whom he was afraid to land. We have no evidence that the fort was reoccupied by the Dutch before the establishment of the Swedish colony in 1638. See Voyages of De Vries in N. York Hist. Col., New Series, Vol. I., p. 253.]

INTRUSION OF THE HOLLANDERS. 43

could thus command the passage by water. The new fort, which was erected and provided with considerable armament, was called New Gotheborg. His place of residence, which he adorned with orchards, gardens, a pleasure-house, etc., he named Printz Hall. A handsome wooden church was also built at the same place, which Magister Campanius consecrated, on the last great pra\'er-day which was celebrated in New Sweden, on the 4th of September, 1646. Upon that place also all the most promi- nent freemen had their residences and plantations.

5. Intrusion of the Hollanders.

The Hollanders intruded upon the Swedes in their traffic with the Indians, and Printz, therefore, sought to keep them under. In the name of the High and Mighty States-General and of the West India Company,^ under which all their transactions were carried on, they had never bought as much as a foot's breadth of land; but from time to time sent in some particular persons, who treated with the heathen on their own account, and thus tried to find out what course the Swedes would pursue in conse- quence. In the year 1646 came one Thomas Broen with a per- mit from Peter Stuyvesant,^ the Holland Director at New Amsterdam, to settle himself at Mantas^ Huck, on the other side of the bay, directly opposite Tenakongh. This permit he showed to Governor Printz, and desired his aid in the building of his abode. The Governor promised this upon condition that he would place himself under the Swedish government. But when he saw beneath this the trick of the Hollanders, he himself bought of the Indians the land from Mantas Huck to Narrati- con's, or Raccoon's Kihl, and raised upon it a post to which the Swedish coat-of-arms was affixed, whereby the plan of the Hol- landers was frustrated for the time,

- [The Dutch West India Company received its charter from the States -General of the United Netherlands on the 3d of June, 1621. See the Charter in Appendix to O'Callaghan's Hist, of New Neth., pp. 399-407.]

' [Peter Stuyvesant was appointed Director of New Netherland on the 2Sth of July, 1646, but did not arrive there until May il, 1647. It is, therefore, probable that " 1646" is a typographical error for 1649.]

^ [O'Callaghan, ubi supra, p. 165, calls this place " Mantuas Hoeck," and repre- sents it as being " above Fort Nassau ; " whereas Acrelius places it " opposite Tena- kongh," some miles below.]

44 hudde protests against printzs purchase.

6. Further in this Matter.

Andries Hudde, appointed commandant ad interim at Fort Nassau on the I2th of October, 1645, protested in writing against Printz's land-purchase of the 8th of September, 1646, and gave information of the same to the Director, Peter Stuyv^esant, namely, that Governor Printz sought to procure for himself all the land east of the river; that if he could make himself master of both sides, it was probable that he would export annually thirty or forty thousand beaver skins. Now, as the Holland Company's treasury was entirely empty, and the Hollanders saw that they had no time to lose, they resorted to another plan. Some freemen — Simon Ruth, Cornelius Marizen, Peter Her- mansson, Andries Hudde, Alexander Boj/er, and David Davids — united together and purchased of the Indians a piece of land extending from Ancocus KihP to Tenakongh Island,- another place higher up on the river than where the Governor had his residence, and also took a title therefor; but with the reservation that if the Company wished to purchase it for themselves, they might do so by refunding their purchase money to them. Governor Printz protested against this as an unbecoming pro- ceeding, which protest also Hudde sent over to New Amster- dam. Peter Stuyvesant, in his answer, complains of their inability to maintain their rights, and promises money to buy all the land from Narraticon's Kihl to the bay, which, however, was never done.^

7. The Hollanders' Purchase of Land, and Building of Fort Casimir.

Governor Printz had blocked up the passage of the Hollanders to Fort Nassau by water, but they devised another method of evading his superior power. They entered into a treaty with the

1 [On the map " Kancoques," now Rancocas Creek.]

2 [Near Burlington, N. J.]

» [O'Callaghan (Hist, of New Neth., I., p. 371) is evidently mistaken in placing the appointment of Hudde in the y^ar 1646. Hudde's Report (contained in the N. Y. Hist. Col., New Series, L, pp. 428 to 442) fixes it on November i, 1645. That document covers the whole period from 1645 to 1647, and was directed to Governor Stuyvesant after his arrival in America.]

BUILDING OF ELFSBORG. 45

Indians for the land which Hes between Maniqua's or Minqua's Kihl and the river, as far down as Bombe's Huck or Bambo Hook^ (Canarosse), and concluded the purchase on the 19th of July, 1651.^ That agreement was the only one which had yet been made in the name of the States-General and the West India Company. But by that they bought the land which the Minquesses'' had already, in Menewe's time, sold to the Swedes, and it is therefore unreasonable to believe that the true owners of the land subscribed that bill of sale. Shortly after this Fort Casimir* was built at Sandhuk. Governor Printz at once pro- tested against it ; but either he had not the means of hindering it, or had not time for it, and so the matter rested.

8. The In7ury Remedied by the Building of Elfsborg.

To remedy the injury which the Hollanders inflicted by Fort Casimir, Governor. Printz erected upon the place called Woot- sessung Sing^ another Swedish fort, which he called Elfsborg, one Swedish mile'' below Sandhuk, and two miles below Chris- tina, but on the eastern shore, from which that district of country was in former times, and even now is called Elsingborg." From this was fired a Swedish salute upon the arrival of Swedish ships. But its principal object was to search the Holland ships which came before it, and (which stuck very hard in their maw) to make them lower their flag. The fort was afterwards abandoned by the Swedes and destroyed, as it was almost impossible to live there on account of the gnats {I'lJ'ggor);^ whence it was for some time called Myggenborg.

^ [Acrelius elsewhere (p. 48, inf.) calls this point " Sphinel Udden''' or " Spider's Point," which, however, is distinct on Lindstrom's Map.]

'^ The General Index, &c., uhi supra.

^ [Carnpanius calls these tribes Minques or Minckus, whom the English called Mingos and Iroquois. They had subdued the Lenni Lennapi, or Delawares, and this may account for the conflicting sales of land.]

* [Now New Castle, in the State of Delaware.]

5 [Lindstrom calls this place on his map " Elfzborg, or Asamehaking " ; Campa- nius, " Oitsessing, Elfsborg, or Asamohackingz," which is the Dutch Varcken's Kil (Hog Creek), now Salem Creek, as already explained above.]

8 [A Swedish mile is 6.648 English miles, or 11,700 yards.]

' [Elsinborough twp. is three miles N. E. of Salem.]

8 [No douljt mosquitoes, which are sometimes very troublesome in that part of New Jersey. Compare the English " rnidge.'''''^

46 names of forts and places,

9. Other Forts.

Besides these there were Fort Korsholm, at Passayunk/ where the commander, Sven Schute, had his residence. Manayungh, on the Skorkihl, or Skulkihl," was a fine little fort of logs, having sand and stones filled in between the woodwork, and surrounded by palisades, four Swedish (twenty-seven English) miles -^ from Christina, eastwardly. Mecoponacka, Upland,* was two Swedish miles from Christina, and one mile from Gotheborg, upon the river shore, on the same plan, with some houses and a fort.

10. Other Places.

Other places were equally well known, though not fortified. Chinsessing,'* a place upon the Schuylkill, where five families of freemen dwelt together in houses two stories high, built of white- nut tree (hickory), which was at that time regarded as the best material for building houses, but in later times was altogether disapproved of for such purposes. Kamkiing^ had a watermill, which the Governor had built for the people, which was the first in the country. Chaviassung' was also called Finland, a district where the Fins dwelt by the waterside, and Neammi s Kilil^ one and a quarter miles from Christina. Manathaan,^ or Cooper's Island, was an island opposite Fort Christina, so called from a cooper, who dwelt there with two Hollanders, and made casks, or wooden vessels and small boats. Techoherassi was Olof Stille's^" place.

1 [In the southern part of Philadelphia. In this and the following word (Manayunk), I have changed the Swedish y into its English equivalent, 7 — Passayunk = Passa- jungh. — Tr.]

2 [Now Schuylkill, according to the Dutch orthography.]

3 [Campanius (p. 8, Du Ponceau's translation) has evidently made a mistake in saying "four German miles" instead of Swedish.]

* [Now Chester. Pa.]

5 [Kingsessing, three miles S.W. of Philadelphia, on the Schuylkill.]

6 [Karakung is the Indian name of Cobl/s Creek. The mill stood above the Ijridge near the Blue Bell Inn. The iron bolts by which the framework was fastened to the rock in the bed of the stream are still to be seen. Record of Upland, p. SS.]

' [We have no satisfactory details in regard to this Finnish settlement.]

« [Called also Naaman's Creek, a Small stream in the N. E. of Delaware.]

9 [This is no longer an island, though it is still called " Cherry Island Marsh."]

'" [Or, Stille's Land. " He was the ancestor of the Swedish Stilles in America.

His native place was Roslagen, in the parish of Lanna, and Penningsby Court, as his

passport still shows," says Acrelius in his note in loco.]

BOUNDARIES OF THE SWEDISH TERRITORY. 47

Gripsholm/ Nya Wasa, etc., which are marked upon the oldest maps, were places laid out and occupied, but did not get estab- lished under the Swedish administration.

II. To WHAT Land the Swedes had a Right, partly by Purchase and partly by Agreement.

The land on the west side of the river, which the Swedes had purchased of the heathen, first in Menewe's time, and afterwards under Governor Printz, or had acquired a right to by agreement, stretched from Cape Hinlopen to the Falls of the Delaware, and thence westward to the Great Fall in the river Susquehanna, near the mouth of the Conewaga" Creek. These Indians were called, by Europeans in general, Delawares ; but within a circle of eighteen miles around the Swedes, there were ten or eleven separate tribes, each having its own sackkewan,^ or king. Among these were especially the Minesinkos, the Mynkusses, or Minequesses, upon the so-called Maniquas, or Minqua's Kihl (Christina), with whom the Swedes formed a special friendship.'

^ [These places were probably on the Schuylkill, S.W. of Philadelphia.]

2 [The accompanying sketch and remarks, by Samuel W. Mifflin, of Columbia, Pa., one of the most accomplished civil engineers of our country, fully elucidate the locality of the point fixed by the Swedes as their western boundary on the Susquehanna :

"I inclose a tracing (see p. 48) from a county map, on a scale of one (i) mile to an inch, of the falls of Conewago. You will perceive that there are two Conewago creeks, one on each side of the river; that on the east side is much the smaller stream, and forms the boundary between Lancaster and Dauphin counties. The falls begin on a line directly opposite the mouth of this stream. They lie on both sides of the barren island which divides the river, and extend about three-quarters of a mile down the river, — not quite so far down as the mouth of the western stream. The height of the falls is fifteen feet, and the channel, though very rough, is not considered dangerous for rafts when skilfully handled. York Haven, the nearest point to the falls, is about eleven miles from York, and fourteen from Columbia, being about half way between Columbia and Harrisburg."]

^ [Commonly written "sachem" by English writers.]

* [The Delawares, properly called Lenni Lennape, belonged to the great Algonkin family, which stretched from the mouth of the St. Lawrence north to Hudson's Bay, and west to the Rocky Mountains, and south down the Atlantic coast to the neigh- borhood of Florida, where they were met by the Choctah-Muskogees, Catawbas, Tuscaroras, and the Cherokees, north of which tribes they stretched to the Mississippi. The Iroquois, whom the Swedes called "Minques" and " Minekas," were an intrusive race, extending from Lake Champlain on the east, and thence on the south of the St. Lawrence, and on both sides of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and south to the Susquehanna and Ohio. The Tuscaroras in southern Virginia were also Iroquois.] 6

^8

AN INDIAN FORTIFICATION.

These extended twelve Swedish miles ^ into the interior of the country, on to the Conestoga and the Susquehanna, where they had a fort which was a square surrounded by palisades, with some iron pieces on a hill, and some houses within it/

^ [Ninety-three (93) English miles.]

^ [Campanius (p. 124 of Du Ponceau's translation) gives a plate of an Indian fort, which may correspond to the statement of Acrelius. But we have no notices of Indian fortifications provided with artillery.]

SPEECH OF CANASATEGO. 49

But some of them were with the Swedes every day, who, also, once or twice in a year, made a journey up into the country among the Minequesses, with their wares for sale. The road was very difficult, over sharp gray stones, morasses, brooks, and streams, which can still be very well seen by those who travel between Christina and Lancaster.

12. Proof of this.

The old Indians still tell of the treaties which their forefathers made with the Swedes, as also how far they were disposed to admit them iiito their country. Of this it may serve as evidence to introduce the following extract from the minutes of the treaty made in Lancaster ■}

" The Court-House in Lancaster, June 26, 1744, P. M.

" Present. — Hon. George Thomas, Kt., Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania, etc. ; the Hon. Commissioners of Virginia ; the Hon. Commissioners of Maryland ; the Depu,ties of the Six Nations of Indians. Conrad Weiser, Interpreter.

" Canasatego, the Indians' spokesman, spoke as follows :

" Brother, the Governor of Maryland : When you spoke of the affair of the land yesterday, you went back to old times, and told us you had been in possession of the province of Maryland above one hundred years. But what is one hundred years in comparison to the length of time since our claim began? — since we came up out of this ground? For we must tell you that, long before one hundred years, our ancestors came out of this very ground, and their children have remained here ever since. You came out of the ground in a country that lies beyond seas ; there you may have a just claim, but here you must allow us to be your elder brethren, and the lands to belong to us long before you knew anything of them. It is true that, about one

1 [Acrelius seems to translate from the original minutes of the treaty, and his trans- lation differs in various particulars from that given in Vol. IV. of the " Colonial Records" of Pennsylvania, as published by that State. I subjoin a copy of the minutes, as there given, for purposes of comparison, and so as to present entire this remarkable and genuine specimen of Indian eloquence.]

50 SPEECH OF CANASATEGO.

hundred years ago, a German ship came hither and brought with them various articles, such as awls, kniv^es, hatchets, guns, and many other things, which they gave us. And when they had taught us to use these things, and we saw what kind of a people they were, we were so well pleased with them that we tied their ships to the bushes on the shore. And afterwards, liking them still better, and the more the longer they stayed with us, thinking that the bushes were too weak, we changed the place of the rope, and fastened it to the trees. And as the trees might be overthrown by a storm, or fall down of themselves (so strong was our friendship for them), we again changed the place of the rope, and bound it to a very strong rock. [Here the Interpreter said, They mean the land of Oiuvidago}^ There we fastened it very securely, and rolled wampum- around it. For still greater security, we stood upon the wampum, and sat upon it to fasten it, and to prevent all injury, and we took the greatest

1 [Probably Hotinnonchiendi, "the Complete Cabin," the name by which the Five Iroquois nations called themselves. See O'Callaghan's Hist, of the New Ncth., II., p. 303, note I.]

- Wampum is a kind of oblong pearls or beads made of oyster-shells, or of mussels called clams, white, brown, or bluish-red. These are a kind of holy relics for the Indians, who formerly made them for themselves, but now generally buy them in the stores. They are used — i. For ornament. Strung upon strings, and fastened upon leather, they serve them as belts, bracelets, necklaces, and bands around their heads. Sometimes, also, they hang down, being fastened in their ears, or nose. 2. As tokens of friendship. When their meetings (councils) were held, for each article which was set forth or adopted, a string or belt of wampum was given, according to the impor- tance of the point. This custom is still maintained very carefully in their intercourse with Europeans, who also pay them back again, in like manner, with suitable gifts; sometimes also with wampum. 3. Formerly, aho, for money. The brown, or blue and red, were of double the value of the white. Six white ones were worth one stiver (two cents) ; three brown, or blue and red, one stiver; twenty stivers were one guilder of the country (forty cents) ; five country guilders, otte guilder of Holland. Wampum was strung upon thread or strings, usually a fathom long, which was worth five guilders. The w.ay of counting the wampum, for its value in stivers, was on the thumbs, in this wise : from the end of the nails to the first joint, for the string within that distance contained either six white ones, and so one stiver, or six brown ones, and so two stivers. The manner of proving the goodness of the wampum was to draw the wampum over the nose. If the string ran over it as smooth as glass, the wampum was good ; otherwise, not. For as the corners were worn off by use, so that they were no longer close upon the threads, they were no longer good. See hereon P. Lindstrom's account in Th. Campanius, 1, c, pp. 138, 139. [Translation, pp. 131, 13c.]

SPEECH OF CANASAT EGO. 5I

care to keep it uninjured for all time. As long as that stood, the newly-arrived Germans recognized our right to the country, and from time to time urged us to give them portions of our land, and that they might enter into a union and treaty with us, and become one people with us." ^

That this is more correctly said of the Swedes than of the Hollanders can be inferred from this, that the Hollanders never made such a purchase from them as to include their whole country, which the Swedes did ; yet the English are rather dis- posed to explain this in favor of the Hollanders. The savages regarded both the Swedes and Hollanders, being Europeans, as one people, and looked upon their quarrels as disagreements between different familics.-

^ The History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada, pp. 103, 104,

2 We are indebted to John F. Huston, Esq., of Harrisburg, Pa., for the following extract from the " Colonial Records," Vol. IV.:

" At a council held in the Court-house at Lancaster, June 26th, 1744, there being present Hon. George Thomas, Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania, the Honoraljle Commissioners of Virginia, the Honorable Commissioners of Marylnnd, the Deputies of the Six Nations, and Conrad Weiser, Interpreter, Canassatego spoke as follows :

" Brother, the Governor of Maryland : When you mentioned the affair of the land yesterday, you went back to old times, and told us you had been in possession of the province of Maryland above one hundred years ; but what is one hundred years in comparison to the length of time since our claim began ? — since we came out of this ground ? For we must tell you that, long before one hundred years, our ancestors came out of this very ground, and their children have remained here ever since. You came out of the ground in a country that lies beyond seas ; there you may have a just claim, but here you must allow us to be your elder brethren, and the lands to belong to us long before you knew anything of them. It is true that, aTiout one hun-. dred years ago, the Dutch came here in a ship, and brought with them several goods, such as awls, knives, hatchets, guns, and many other particulars, which they gave us. And when they had taught us how to use their things, and we saw what sort of people they were, we were so well pleased with them that we tied their ship to the bushes on the shore, and afterward, liking them still better the longer they stayed with us, and thinking the bushes too slender, we removed the rope and tied it to the trees ; and as the trees were liable to be blown down b)' high winds, or to decay of them- selves, we, from the affection we bore them, again removed the rope, and tied it to a strong and big rock [here the interpreter explained that they meant the Oneida country]. And not content with this, for their further security, we removed the rope to the big mountains [here the interpreter explained that they meant the Onondago country], and there we tied it very fast, rolled wampum about it, and, to make it still more secure, we stood upon it, and sat down upon it to defend it, and did our best endeavors that it might remain uninjured forever. During all this time the new-

52 PURCHASES OF LAND.

13. How Purchases of Land were made from the Heathen.

Purchases of land from the wild tribes were made in this way: Both parties set their names and marks under the purchase-con- comers, the Dutch, acknowledged our right to the lands, and solicited us from time to time to grant them parts of our country, and to enter into league ancf covenant with us, and to become one people with us. After this the English came into the country, and, as we were told, became one people with the Dutch. About two years after the arrival of the English, an English Governor came to Albany, and finding what great friendship subsisted between us and the Dutch, he approved it mightily, and desired to make as strong a league, and to be on as good terms with us as the Dutch were, with whom he was united, and become one people with us. And by his farther care in looking at what had passed between us, he found that the rope which tied the ship to the great mountain was only fastened with wampum, which was liable to break, and rot, and to perish in the course of years. lie, therefore, told us that he would give us a silver chain, w^hich would be much stronger, and last forever. This we accepted, and fastened the ship with it, and it has lasted ever since. We have, in- deed, had some small dift'erences with the English, and during these misunderstand- ings some of their young men would, by way of reproach, be every now and then telling US that we should have perished if they had not come into the countiy and furnished us with swords, and hatchets, and guns, and other things necessary to the support of life. But we always gave them to understand that they were mistaken; that we lived before they came among us, and as well or better, if we may believe what our forefathers have told us. We had then room enough, and plenty of deer, which was easily caught ; and though we had not knives, hatchets, or guns, such as we have now, yet we had knives of stone, and hatchets of stone, and bows and arrows, and these served our uses as well then as the English ones do now. We are now straitened and sometimes in want of deer, and liable to many other inconveniences since the English came among us, and particularly from that pen-and-ink work that is going on at the table [pointing to the secretaries]. And we will give you an in- stance of this : our Brother Onas,* a great while ago, came to Albany to buy the Sus- quehanna lands, but our brother, the Governor of New York, who, as we suppose, had not a good understanding with our Brother Onas, advised us not to sell him any land, for that he would make an ill use of it ; and pretending to be our good friend, he advised us, in order to prevent Onas or any other persons imposing on us, and that we might always have our land when we should want it, to put it into his hands, and told us he would keep it for our use, and never open his hands, but keep them close shut, and not part with any of it, but at our request. Accordingly, we trusted him, and put our land into his hands, and charged him to keep it safe for our use. But some time after he went away to England, and carried our land with him, and then so'd it to our Brother Onas for a large sum of money ! And when, at the instance of our Brother Onas, we Were minded to sell him some land, he told us that we had sold the Susquehanna lands already Lo the Governor of New York, and that he had bought them from him in England ; though when he came to understand how the Governor of New York had deceived us, he very generously paid us for our lands

over again.

* [So the Indians called the Governor of Pennsylvania.]

THE INDIANS DISSATISFIED. 53

tract. Two witnesses were also taken by the Christians. When these made their oath that they were informed as to the trans- action, and had seen the payment made, then the purchase was vahd. If the kings or chiefs of the Indians signed such an agree- ment in the presence of a number of their people, then it was legitimate on their side. In former times they were quite truth- ful, although oaths were not customary among them. But it was not so in later times, after they had had more intercourse with Christians. Payments were made in awls, needles, scissors, knives, axes, guns, powder and balls, together with blankets of frieze or felt, which they wrap around them. One blanket suf- fices for their dress. These wares they procured for themselves, for their skms of beavers, raccoons, sables, gray foxes, wildcats, lynxes, bears, and deer.

14. The Indians a Dissatisfied People.

It is true the savages sold their lands at a low rate, but they were a discontented people, who, at no great intervals, must have new gifts as new reminders, if their friendship was to

"Though we mention this instance of an imposition put upon us by the Governor of New York, yet we must do the English the justice to say, we have had their hearty assistance in our wars with tlie French, who no sooner arrived among us than they began to render us uneasy, and to iirovoke us to war; and we have had several wars with them, during all which we constantly received assistance from the English, and by their means we have always been able to keep up our heads against their attacks.

" We now come nearer home. We have had your deeds interpreted to us, and we acknowledge them to be good and valid, and that the Conestoga or Susquehanna Indians had a right to sell those lands to you, for they were then theirs ; but since that time we have conquered them, and their country now belongs to us, and the land we demand satisfaction for, and part of the lands comprised in those deeds. They are the Cohongorontas' lands; those we are sure you have not possessed one hundred years — no ! nor above ten years. And we made our demands so soon as we knew your people were settled in those parts. These have never been sold, but remain still to be disposed of, and we are well pleased to hear you are provided with goods, and do assure you of our willingness to treat with you for those unpurchased lands, in confirmation whereof we present you with this belt of wampum." Which being received with the usual ceremony, Cannasatego added : " That as the three Gov- ernors of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania had divided the lands among them, they could not, for this reason, tell how much each had got, nor were they concerned about it, so that they were paid by the several Governors for the several parts each possessed, and this they left to their honor and justice."]

54 INTERCOURSE WITH INDIANS.

remain firm. Such they always have been, and still are. As they regarded the Swedes and the Hollanders as one people, it was all the same to them which of them had their land, so that they only frequently got gifts. Three years after Governor Printz's arrival, as gifts were withheld, and Swedish ships came but seldom, the Indians murmured that they did not receive more, and that the Swedes had no more goods for their traffic. Then there came out a rumor that the savages had a mind to fall upon and exterminate them. This went so far that in the year 1654 their Sackkewan sent out his son, called his elders together, and had a consultation as to what was to be done. But as they regarded the Swedes as a warlike people, who were not to be trifled with, as also that they had dealt justly with them, and were shortly expecting other ships with costly wares, they prudently laid aside all hostile thoughts, and confirmed anew their former friendship.^

15. They frequently visited the Swedes.

After the Christians came in, and the savages gave over their country to them, the latter removed farther into the forests in the interior of the country. But it was their custom, at certain times of the year, to come forth in great numbers to visit the Swedes, and trade with them. That was done for the most part after they had planted their maize, namely, in the month of June, and so they remained for some time after the close of summer, when they gathered wild pease, which grew along the river, and dried them. These pease, in their language, were called Tacky. The Indians were not troublesome, as in the mean time they sup- ported themselves by fishing and hunting, which custom they kept until within fifty years since. These tribes were the Delawares, the Mynquesses, or Minnesinks, who called the Swedes their

^ On this can be read Mag. Joh. Campanius' Dialogue, which he has composed upon this subject in the dialect of the barbarians He was himself at that time present in the country, and so is the best witness; in Thorn. Camp., 1. c, pp. 6S, 173. [See pp. 74 and 153-156 of Du Fonceau's Trans. Acrelius has here confounded two dif- ferent councils of the Indians. The elder Campanius could not have been present at an Indian conference in 1654, or hnve had any personal knowledge of it, as he left the country in 1648. The younger Campanius tells us that the conference of 1654 was held with Governor Risingh.]

THE FLATHEADS. 55

brothers. Sometimes there came with them some of that race which the Swedes called Flatheads,' for their heads were flat on the crown. These were dangerous, and murdered people, when they found them alone in the woods. They first struck the person on the head, so that he either died or swooned, after which they took off the skin of the head, notwithstanding which, some per- sons revived again. That is called scalping, and is still in use among all the American Indians, and the skin of the head is called a scalp, which is their usual token of victory. An old Swedish woman, called the mother of Lars Bure, living at Chin- sessing, had the misfortune to be scalped in this manner, yet lived many years thereafter, and became the mother of a number of children. No hair grew on her head again, except what was short and fine.^ On their account the people were compelled to live close together, as also to have stories on their houses pro- vided with loopholes. By their intercourse with the savages the Swedes became well acquainted with the Indian language, and there are still some of the older ones who express themselves quite well in it. The savages were very much attached to Olof Stille, of Techohcrassi, in his old age; but they wondered much at his thick black beard, from which also they gave him a special name."*

1 [Probably Iroquois.]

2 It is told of an English soldier, who v/as on picket-duty at Oswego in 1755, that, in a drunken fit, he laid himself down upon his arms and went to sleep. A hostile Indian saw and scalped him, taking him to be dead, and so left him. When the relief came, he waked up, shook himself, and said he had been somewhat drunk, and that his head was not yet quite right ; but, upon further examination, it was found that his scalp was gone.

^ It is remarkable that the Indians hate a beard, and that neither men nor women among them have hair upon their body, except the head. Comp. Job. Bertram's " Travels through a part of Pennsylvania," p. 7. Conrad Weiser, a man of German descent, but born in the country,* was greatly beloved by the Indians, and very well acquainted with their language. He stayed at one time in the Ephrata cloister, among the monks, callfed Beiselians, Dunkards, or Dumplars, a kind of Anabaptists. During that time he also let his beard grow, according to the law of the order. He was for many years an Interpreter between the Indians and the English in their councils. The former had the same confidence in him as in one of their own race. They have given him the name of Tarachawagon. When a sale of land is made, the Indians

* [Conrad Weiser, according to his own statement, was born in Germany in the year 1696, and came to this country in his fourteenth year. See Hall, Pennsylv. Nach., p. 973.]

56 GOV. PRINTZ AND THE HOLLANDERS.

i6. Gov. Prixtz chastises the Hollanders, and searches THEIR Ships.

Governor Printz, for some time, played the master in the river of New Sweden, and held the Hollanders under him, although he did not exterminate them. Adrian van der Donck, in the passage before cited, testifies how he chastised them at Fort Elfsborg :

" The Swedish governor, thinking that now is the right time, has built a fort called Elsingborg. There he holds a high hand over each and all, even over the vessels of our Trading Company, and all those who sail up into the South river, compelling them to strike their flags, without exception. He sends two men on board to inquire where they come from. Which is scarcely better than searching us, to which it will come at last. We cannot understand what right those people, the Swedes, have to act so ; or how the officers of another power, as these give them- selves out to be with full powers, can take upon themselves such high authority over another people's lands and wares, which they have so long had in possession, and sealed with their own blood : especially as we hold it by a charter." ^

17. Has the Arms of the States-General torn down. The Holland Commander- had erected the arms of the States- General upon the shore of the river, but the Swedish Governor

subscribe on the one side, and the English Commissioners upon the other. Then the Interpreter must write his name, Tarachaiuagon, first, under those of the Indians, and then " Conrad IFeiser" under the English, as a sign that each has an equal share in him. So it also went with his beard. At the meeting in Lancaster in 1744 (June), when they came together, and before they began to consult, they first took half of his beard oft" of him, as their own right. Next, it was among their principal representa- tions to ihe meeting, and especially to the Governor of Pennsylvania, that he should take off the other part of Tarachawagon's beard, since he would otherwise scare their children when he came among, them. To give their speech the greater weight, they here delivered a string of wampum, as is the custom. The Governor, before his departure, assured them that he would take off the other part of the beard, and that he had already given an order for this. In confirmation of this, he also gave them a string of wampum, v/hich was received with their usual exclamation of joy, " Yo-hah, yo-hah:' "The History of the Five Indian Nations," etc. The Treaty of Lancas- ter, p. 151.

1 [See " Documents relative to the Colonial Hist, of the State of New York," etc., Vol. I., p. 291. (The differences of phraseology are to be referred to the retransla- tion from Swedish into English.)]

* [Sw., " Commendanien'^l

EXPULSION OF THE ENGLISH. 57

ordered them to be torn down. A Swedish Lieutenant was bold enough to perform this errand at Santhickan, now the town of Trenton, where the falls of the river are. When the Hollanders asked him, "How dare you do such a thing?" he answered, " If the very standard of the States - General stood there, I would treat it in the same manner." This was done on the 8th of September, 1646.

Adrian van der Donck refers to this in the passage before cited, where he says :

"A further proof: Above Maghchachansie or Mechakanzjiaa,^ at Santhickan,- the arms of their High Mightinesses were erected, in consequence of Director Kieft's orders, as a token that the river and all its parts belonged to the dominion, and were the property of the States. But what advantage had we from this ? Nothing else than shame, and a diminution of our honor. Eor the Swedes, in their intolerable haughtiness, threw them down, and now, whilst we keep quiet, they think that they have per- formed a heroic exploit. Although we have protested against that and various other trespasses, they regard it no more than as if a crow should fly over their heads. If the Swedish Gov- ernor gets reinforcements in time, we should have more to fear from him than from the English, or any of their Governors. That is in brief what relates to the Swedes, whereof the Com- pany's servants could give fuller information, to whose Journals and Documents we appeal." ^

18. The Swedes and Hollanders unite in driving out the English. However jealous the Hollanders were of the Swedes for the advantages which they thus gained, and however they contended

1 [In the N. York Hist. Doc, idn supra, this name is written " jMachihachansio," where a note also tells us that this is " AlagechquesJioii " of the Dutch maps, and sup- posed to be the creek at Bordentown, N. J.]

2 In Van der Donck, " Sankikans."

^ [Acrelius appears to have condensed Van der Donck's rather diffuse style. The English translation in the " Documents relating to the Colonial History," etc., p. 292, is, apparently, closer to the original. Andreas Hudde, in his "Report" of 1645, seems to have given the " fuller information" of the operations of the Swedes on the Delaware for which Van der Donck here calls. See the Report translated by in the " New York Hist. Col.," New Series, Vol. I., pp. 428 to 442.]

58 EXPULSION OF THE ENGLISH.

with each other for these things, yet they were always equally united when it came to shutting the English out of the river. Already in those times the Englishman sought to settle himself on those coasts, and had so far a claim to it as the western shore was regarded as the rear of Virginia, especially as the times then gave him the best right who had the most strength. The year before Governor Printz landed, the English had fortified a place upon the Schulkihl, to drive out whom the Commissary at Fort Nassau received the following orders :

" May 22, 1642.

" Instructions for]\^ Jansson Ilpexdam, Couimissary of the West India Company, hozu to conduct himself upon the South river of the Netherlands :

"So soon as the sloops Real and S. Martin reach land, he, the said Jan Jansson Ilpendam, shall repair to both or either of the said sloops (and, if he finds it necessary, he shall collect as great a force as he is able), and go into the Schulkihl, to the place which the English have lately taken possession of, and im- mediately land there, and demand their orders, and by what authority they undertake to rob us of our land and trade. If they have no royal authority, which expressly commands them to set themselves down upon our boundaries, or a copy of the same, he shall compel them, in a polite manner, to remove, so that no blood may be shed. If they refuse this, he shall take them in custody, and convey them on board the sloops, and in other respects see to it that he may maintain the supremacy, and protect the honor of their High Mightinesses, as also of the Most Honorable the West India Company. But if the English are either taken or driven away, he shall completely demolish the place. The said Jan Jansson shall also see to it that the English are not injured in their property, of which a full inven- tory shall be made out in their presence. Done in our Council in the Fort of Amsterdam, and given as aforesaid."^

19. Proof thereof. That the Swedes very willingly -assisted in this, and did the most for its accomplishment, is also testified by Adrian van der

^ [This was during Gov. Kieft's administration, and the " Instructions," of course, proceeded from him.]

WEAKNESS OF THE HOLLANDERS. 59

Donck in the place already referred to, although he is greatl}- mistaken as to the situation of the place.

" There lies another creek (Kihl) on the eastern shore, three miles down towards the mouth of the river, called Varckens Kihl (Hog- creek, or Salem creek), where some English settled, but Director Kieft drove them away, and protested against them, being in part supported by the Swedes ; for they had both agreed to drive the English away," page 39. " The English have, at various times, and in various places, striven to get possession of that river, to which they insist that they have the best right. This has thus far been prevented by protests and forcible expul- sion, as we well know that if v/e allow them to establish them- selves, the river will be lost, or we shall be put to great incon- venience, as they will swarm into it in great crowds. It is given out as certain, that many English families are now on their way thither. But if they once get a firm footing, it will soon be all over with both Hollanders and Swedes ; at all events, we shall lose a great deal, if reinforcements are not speedily sent." ^

20. The Weakness of the Hollanders.

It now seems that it may be reasonably concluded that the strength of the Hollanders in the river was considerable, seeing that they could effect so much ; but these movements did not amount to much. A few unarmed English families might be driven out of the country by a small force. On the contrary, they neither drove any trade at that time, nor had they any mili- tary force, which reflected the least honor on the Commandant.

21. Proof of this.

The Commandant and Commissary, Jan Jansson Ilpendam, who commanded at Fort Nassau, was, on the 12th of October, 1646, called to New Amsterdam, to render an account of goods which he had on hand, for both the West India Company and some private persons. Andries Hudde was sent to Fort Nassau to examine his books, and return such goods as were unneces- sary, but was himself to remain as Commandant until further

[See " Documents . . . Colonial Hist, of N. York," Vol. I., p. 292.]

60 EXPENSES OF THE COLONY.

orders, and repair the fort that same year. The magazine there was in no better condition than that Ilpendam in his account specifies the receipt of two bales of Harlem cloth, and two packs of beaver-skins, which he had on hand during his time, and that was all that he was now to account for.^

22. Further Proof. Neither could that command have been of much honor or revenue, Andries Hudde, who had been appointed as Com- mander, ad interim, at Fort Nassau, on the 31st of December, 1654, petitioned the Governor and his Council in New Amster- dam, that he might be employed as schoolmaster for New Am- sterdam, but the matter was referred to the preachers and their consistory. A singular descent from Commander to schoolmas- ter!" But neither would that take shape, for in the year 1660 he was Secretary to the Governor at Altona (Christina), and at the same time Sexton of the Church.

23. The Expenses of the Colony. The support of the Governor and of the garrison amounted annually to twenty-six hundred and nineteen rix-doUars,' to be drawn from the excise on tobacco in Sweden, and as the income from this did not amount to so much, the Crown's third of all confiscated tobacco was added to it, as also the fines for the offence. If any loss occurred in the management, it was to be made up out of the department of the excise. All the merchan- dise which was brought from Holland to Gotheborg, to be shipped to New Sweden, together with all the tobacco and peltries from New Sweden, were to go free of duty. But the tobacco which the Company imported from Holland was to be subject to a duty.*

1 New York Archives in the General Register of Holland Transactions, Lib. A.

a New York Archives, Lib. C, p. 342.

3 [It is, no doubt, a misprint in O'Callaghan's " Hist, of N. Netherlands," I., p. 367, when he says, " Her Majesty appropriated two milfions six hundred and nine- teen dollars" for the support of the province of New Sweden — the "millions" should be "thousands," as is apparent not only from Acrelius, but from the note of O'Callaghan on the same page.]

* "Open Letter relative to the State of New Sweden," Jan. 20, 1648.

printz returns to sweden. 6l

24. Governor Printz returns Home, and leaves the Ad- ministration IN THE Hands of John Papegoija.

Governor Printz clearly saw the weakness of the Hollanders, but prudence suggested to him doubts as to how long that might continue, and what might follow thereafter. He looked upon New Amsterdam as a place from which a sudden thundering and lightning might burst forth. Now he was strong enough to drive the Hollanders out of the river, but how he was afterwards to preserve his advantages he did not know. He had not for a long time had a message from home. The reinforcements which he expected were delayed until his hope turned into despair. Neither were the Indians to be relied upon. As long as the Swedes had anything that they wanted, everything was well; but without that, murmurs and misunderstandings speedily arose. He sent some persons home to Sweden with representations in regard to the existing state of affairs, together with complaints concerning the intrusions by his neighbors, among whom the old Schut ^ was one. But Governor Printz was afraid that he should have to wait too long; he had not patience to wait for either answer or reinforcement, and there- fore, in the year 1652, returned home to Sweden, after he had been in the country ten years. In his place he appointed his son-in-law, Mr. John Papegoija, as Vice-Governor.^

1 [Holland officer — probably Hudde.]

^ See Anton von Stiernman's " Matrikel ofver Sveriges Rikes Ridderskap och Adel " for the year 1754, p. 350, where we have the following: "Printz, John. Ennobled on July 20, 1642. Introduced in 1643. After well-spent studies in home and foreign universities, he turned his attention to military life, and rose therein, during the Prussian and German war, until, in the year 1638 (May 28), he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the West G5tha cavalry. In 1640 he most shamefully and disgracefully surrendered the fortress of Chemnitz, and thereupon went off without the authority of the Field-Marshal John Baner, his leave or permission, and re- turned to Stockholm. Here he was put under arrest; but after six weeks was dis- missed, having given bail, yet with the proviso that he was to appear before a court-martial, which decided that he sliould be deprived of his commission, which sentence was confirmed by the Council of State on the 17th of February, 1641. But his wife, children, and furniture, that had been placed under arrest in Halberstadt, were, upon his humble petition, released in the first-named year, 1640, on the 29th of August. He was afterwards, on the 1 6th of August, 1642, appointed Governor of New Sweden. After his return thence he was made a General, and, in the year

62 NEW EMIGRATION FROM SWEDEN.

CHAPTER III.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIRECTOR-GENERAL RISING.

I. John Claudius Rising.

IN the year 1654 the ship Eagle arrived from Sweden. Upon it came John Claudius Rising, formerly Secretary in the Royal College of Commerce, but now appointed Commissary and Governor's Assistant-Councillor in New Sweden. In his company was the engineer, Peter Lindstrom,' together with various officers, officials, and military. Their clergyman was one named Peter. The inhabitants of the country, submitting to the Swedish government, should enjoy free allodial grants for themselves and their heirs, have the liberty of trading with the natives at their pleasure, introduce their goods into New Sweden, export them at two per cent., and then be free from all duties in Sweden and its subject provinces.^ The special privileges, given to certain participants in the tobacco trade in the year 1653, were also revoked, as they had fallen into disorder, whilst, on the other hand, the exclusive privilege of the American Com- pany to the enjoyment of that trade was renewed.^ The incli- nation to emigrate from Sweden to America was so strong that when the ship set sail, over one hundred families of good and respectable people, provided with good passports and recom- mendations, were compelled to remain in Gotheborg. They had sold house and home and all their goods in the expectation of becoming Americans along with their wives and children, but could not get away for want of room on the ships.

1658, Governor of the district of Jonkoping. He was born in the parsonage of Bott- neryd. He died in 1663, without male issue, and the family ended with him on the Swedish side."

1 [The MS. of Lindstrom's Memoir of this expedition to New Sweden is still preserved in the Royal Library in Stockholm, of which, also, Mr. J. J. Mickley, of Philadelphia, is having a copy made to bring to this country.]

2 Placat angaende Handelen och Seglation pa Nya Sverige ar 1654 d. 15 Mart. ' Privilegium for det Americanska Compagniet d. 23 Dec, 1654.

meeting of indians at printz hall. 63

2. First Salute. The taking of Fort Casimir. They arrived safely, and immediately came to at Fort Casimir, the fort upon Sandhuk,' which they first saluted with two guns. Then they sent up to the Commandant to ask whether he would surrender the fort which had been so improperly erected upon the Swedes' ground and against their protests. But when the Commandant required rather a long time for deliberation, Com- missary Rising landed about thirty soldiers, against whom the fort was not strong enough to defend itself; yet the Hollanders did not at that time purchase any right to the land with their blood." A correct inventory was made of everything in the fort, and every one was allowed to carry off his property, whether belonging to the Company or to private individuals. The people were left at liberty either to go away, or, after taking the oath of allegiance to the Swedish Crown, to remain and be protected in all their rights.^ This was done upon Trinity Sun- day, on which account the fort was called by the Swedes the Fort of the Holy Trinity. It was afterwards, according to the plans and measurements of the engineer, Peter Lindstrom, as good as built anew, and was at the same time improved with outworks.

3. Council with the Indians at Printz Hof.

The Vice-Governor, John Papegoija, had determined to take his departure from the country, and the government was, there- fore, handed over to the said Commissary, John Rising, after which he assumed the title of " General Director of New Sweden." He at once devoted himself to the strengthening of the old treaty with the Indians, of which the engineer, Peter Lindstrom, gives the following account in Chap. II. of his manuscript treatise :

1 [Now New Castle, in Delaware, about four miles below Christina.] "^ [A quiet hit at Adrian van der Donck's expression on the title of the Hollanders to the countries on the South river, above quoted.]

^ [O'Callaghan in his " Hist, of New Neth.," IL, p. 167, says that Gov. Stuyve- sant had acted without orders in the erection of Fort Casimir, and that the West India Directors were not altogether disposed to sustain him in that procedure.] 7

04 LINDSTROMS NARRATIVE.

"On the i/th of June, 1654, there were assembled at Printz Hall ten sachems, or chiefs of the barbarians. There a talk was made to them on behalf of the great Queen of Sweden, and it was sought to renew the ancient league and friendship that sub- sisted between them and the Swedes, who had purchased of them the lands which they occupied. The Indians complained that our ships had brought much evil upon them, as so many of them had since died. Yet they took the gifts and divided them among themselves. They then went out and conferred among them- selves. Then they came in again, and one of them, named Naaman, reproached the others for having spoken ill of us and done us injury, for we were good people. 'See there,' said he, 'what they bring us, and offer us their friendship.' So saying, he stroked himself three times down his arm, which among them is a sign of especial friendship. He then returned thanks on behalf of all of them for the present, and said that hereafter we should keep a much firmer friendship ; that as they had hereto- fore, in the time of Governor Printz, been as one body and one heart (striking his breast as he spoke), so they should hereafter be as one head with us. Whereupon he took hold of his head, waving his hands around as if he were tying a tight knot, and then he gave an amusing comparison, namely, that as the calli- bash is a round growth, without a rent or a seam, so should we hereafter be as one head without a crack. So if any one should propose to make an attack upon them, we should make it known to them ; and if they heard of any such thing against us, they would warn us even if it were at the darkest hour of midnight. To this it was answered that this was very good if they would so affirm and observe this, whereupon they all uttered a loud shout, and assented. Thereupon the great guns were fired, which greatly pleased them, so that they cried, ' Pii Jiu hn, luoki- ricli pickon' that is to say, ' Hear now! can believe! the great guns are firing.' Then wine and brandy were given them. Then another stood up and said that all who were present should hold that alliance fast, and never do us any injury. They should not kill our swine or our'cattle; and if it should be proved upon any one that he had done this, he should be punished for it to the warning of others. They then advised us to settle some

GOV. rising's and engineer lindstrom's mss. 65

colonies in Passayung, where most of them lived, to see if any one acted to the contrary, and then he should be punished. They also declared that all the land which we had purchased should belong to us. Thereupon the deeds of purchase were taken up, — although only a part of thehi were there present, the rest being in Stockholm, — and the names that were in them were read over. When they heard their names they were greatly pleased by it ; but when any one was named who was dead, they hung down their heads.^ In the meantime two large kettles and other vessels filled with suppan- were set upon the ground. That is a mush of maize, or Indian corn, which grows there. The chiefs kept their seats, and the common people eat their full."'^

4. Descriptions of the Country made out.

Director Rising and the Engineer Lindstrom employed the time which they spent in New Sweden very creditably in making an accurate investigation of the situation of the country, and its fertility. These observations were subsequently set forth in regular descriptions, of which the Director prepared one, and Lindstrom two, all of which still remain in manuscript."' The suitableness of the climate for human health ; the power of the soil to send forth its products ; the ability of animals to reproduce their kind ; also, the rich supplies of the precious metals, gold and silver, as also the minerals valuable to science and the arts — all these were extravagantly ^ set forth. But in this the authors

1 [O'Callaghan (Hist. N. Neth., II., p. 81) informs iis that in 1648 the Indians of the Schuylkill confirmed to the Dutch a grant of land there made to them some time previously. They were evidently a different party; but which were the rightful owners it is now impossible to tell.]

2 [Du Ponceau (p. 78 of his translation of Campanius) spells the word "sappaun." The last syllable, "paun," is, no doubt, the same word which Campanius in his Indian Dialogues writes " poon" = " bread," whence our word " pone."]

* Th. Camp , p. 70, etc.

* [" A French translation of Lindstrom's relation is in the library of the American Philosophical Society, which was procured for them from the archives of the govern- ment at Stockholm." Du Ponceau, in the preface to his translation of Campanius, p. 8.]

* [" Hyperpoliskt " in the original; apparently a misprint for " hyperboliskt" — " hyperbolically."]

66 REPORTS OF GOLD IN NEW SWEDEN.

were justifiable, for, on the one hand, they described their own country, whilst, on the other hand, other writers have employed the same method to bring to the light unknown regions, for the purpose of enticing people over the great sea, and to procure settlers.^

1 The engineer, Peter Lindstrom in his Treatise (Tractat), which is preserved in the Royal Archives (Cancelliet), in Chap. 5, relates thus: "There was once an American with Governor Printz, who, when he saw that his wife had a gold ring upon her finger, inquired of her why she wore such a trifle upon her finger? The Governor hearing this, asked the American whether he could procure such stuff for him? If he could, he would give him a great deal that was good in return. Where- upon the American answered, ' I know where there is a whole mountain full of this.' On this the Governor took an armful of red and lilue cloth, also lead, powder, look- ing-glasses, needles, etc., and showing them to him, said, ' See here what I will give you if you will bring me a piece of that in proof of what you have said; but I will send two of my people along with you.' To this he would not agree, but said, ' I will first go and bring you the proof; if that satisfies you, then there is time enough for you to send some one with me.' Promising the proof, he thereupon received some pay. A few days thereafter he returned with a piece as large as two fists, which the aforesaid Governor tested, and found that it abounded in good gold, and obtained a considerable quantity from it, from which he afterwards had gold rings and bracelets made. He therefore promised the American a much greater reward if he would show our people, whom he would send with him, where that mountain was situated; which he also promised to do, but said that he had not leisure for it at that time, but would come back again after some days ; and then he again received some presents. After this American came to his countrymen and began to boast before them, they compelled him to tell for what he had received his gifts ; and when they came to know it. they put him to death, so that that place might not loecome known to us, sup- posing that it might bring some mischief upon them," etc. It is difficult to establish the trustworthiness of that report, for no gold-mountain has as yet been discovered, although the English have well understood how to search for it. See Th. Camp., 35. (Transl., pp. 44, 45.)

In the same manner is to be understood p. 39, 1. c, where it is told of grains of silver found in flint-stones not far from Racoon's Kihl, as an indication that the ad- jacent hills contain good silver ore. So also, p. 41, of black clay in Varge Kihl, serviceable for making ink, also for painting with as lampblack; also, in the same place, blue earth that can be used for blue paint ; p. 42, of a white clay in Swapeck- sisko, or Hwhitler's Kihl, which, when it becomes dry and tempered, is good for white paint; ibid., of red clay, in Ilwiskakimensi, or Red-clay creek, which, when dried, pounded, and well prepared, is used instead of cinnabar. Of both the last named it can be said with certainty that neither has been proved to the present time.

Captain John Smith, in the account ofliis Travels in Virginia, expresses himself as follows : " And that I may in few words describe that country, it is so fashioned that all that Muscovia and Polonia have of various kinds of resins and pitch, fish, and many other things; what France has in wine and salt, Spain in iron, steel, figs, wine,

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5. Map of the Principal Places.

Said Engineer Lindstrom's description of New Sweden, which was placed in the Royal Archives, was accompanied by a map of all the places known upon the Swede's river. The map be- gins at the mouth and extends up to the falls, upon both sides of the river.

On the east side of the river were :

Cape May, which is still so called ; Astvehoens ^ river in Indian, called in Swedish Riddare Kihl, now commonly^ (English) Prince Maurice river; P^ogelsand, Sw., now Egg Island ; Sepa- hacking, or Cohanzy creek, the Indian name being retained in English ; Roiter river, now Atlevas,'^ (AUoway's ?) or Oliver's creek; Asamohacking, Oijtsessing, VVootsessungsing, Ind., Elfs- borg, Sw., now Elsingburg ; Warkens Kihl in Dutch, Hog creek in Eng., now Salem creek ; Obisquahosit, Ind., now Pennsneck ; Kagkikanizackins Kihl, Ind., Aldmans Kihl, Sw., now Olmutz^ creek; Memiraco, Narraticon, Ind., now Raccoon creek. N. B. This name has undergone various changes : Memiraco, Racoon, Racuun, Narraticon, Araratcung, Ratcung ; Mackles Kihl, now Manto's creek; Piscozackasings Kihl, Ind., now Woodbury creek; Tetamekanckz^ Kihl, Ind., now Timber creek; Arwames, Tekoke, Tekaacho, Hermaomissing, Ind., Fort Nassau ** in Hol-

and much more, this (accorchng to the rejiorts of Englishmen) we may have there within the space of half a hundred miles in great abundance for the whole realm." Yet the matter is found quite otherwise. [This seems to be an epitome of Smith's statement as given in his " Virginia," p. ^2 of Pinkerton's Vol. XII. — R.]

Mr. William Penn has given out that when he made his first voyage to Pennsyl- vania, which was in November, 1682, when they came near the land tliey noticed so pleasant and delightful an odor in the air, as though it came from the sweetest smelling orchard when first coming into bloom. Obs. — At that time everything lies waste, and it is most unhealthy !

1 [On the copy of the map publislied in l)u Ponceau's translation of Campanius, the name appears to be " Astvetioens river; " but neither form has a distinct Indian type.]

'■^ Acrelius uses the Latin " vulgo" to denote the current name, which is usually English. In our translation Sw. stands for Swedish ; Eng., English ; Ind., Indian, etc.

^ I suspect that "Atlevas" is a typographical error for "AUoway's," as the creek is now called — not "Oliver's."

* Now Oldman's, not " Olmutz " creek.

* [Tetamekonchz on the map.]

6 [This variety of names may have arisen from the fact that the first fort of 1623 or

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'rFisJiIfivfi: ajtJfhfAcpn'rlied arelf^fidflxjls. J.Hatoet SaTmin^ efler Timmer Oan, or ocli ilankaskyl. T. "Finlandh. U. VplsIlds^s^,OJ•Ouv,•/er Creole W! StiHeiiS udd-t-ii,

mtzJcvlen. f/r Ois^Tw7i n\-*^. 16.j^|nikfiufi ska. 17. Sassadtan. 16. Tefeoke. 19- Tetainekoiic'hs fc|4. 20.H.-icktmi«iieHaekiii4j^. 21, Kkriohauick. 22. Mamteslt^. 23. JTaeobs Oo, or Jambs Jslcaid'. 24.Jjaii^s udAen, oz TOS. "26. Ohiscpiasaii. 27. Asamo liiickiiigs fe^I. * . .

68 TOPOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNT.

land, now Gloucester Point; Rancoques or Ancocus, Ind. ; Aquikonasra, Werentapecka, Traconick, Poaetquessing, Menei- eck, etc., etc., are forgotten places.^

On the west of the river :

Cape Hinlopen (Holland), now Cape Henlopen ; Horekihl, Sw. ; Paradiset,^ Sw., now Lewistown ; Paradise Point, Sw., in English, Prime Hook;^ Mordare Kihl, Sw., now Mother creek ;^ Warge Kihl, Sw., now Dover creek ; Spinnel Udden,^ Sw., Bom- tie's Hook, Hoi., now Bambo" Hook; Amke Kihl, Ind., now Duck creek; Aekan, Ind., now Blackbirds' creek; Minquess Kihl, Menejackse, or Apoquemeny, Ind., and still so called; Niew Claus Land, Hoi., now St. George's and Red Lion Hun- dred; Drufve-udden, Sandhuken, Sw., Fort Casimir, Hoi., now New Castle; Maniquas, Minquas, Ind., Christina Kihl, Sw., now Christiana. Christine, and Christeen ; Hopokohacking, Ind., Fort Christina, Sw., now Rocksen ; Swapecksisko, Ind., Hwit- ler's Kihl, Sw., now White Clay creek ; Hwiskakimensi, Ind., Rodlers Kihl, Sw., now Red Clay creek ; Noteboms Oen,'' Sw., Knes ad Bradz oen, Hoi., now Bread and Cheese Island;' Tas- woyen, Sickpeckon, Ind., now Elk river,which falls into Chesapeake Bay in Maryland ; Fiske Kihl^Branwins creek, now Brandywine creek; Stromkihlen, Skyllpott or Skylpadde Kihl, Sw., now Sk\'llpott ; Manathaan,