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CONCHOLOGY:

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CoNSERVATOR OF TH CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,

Voi: VE | CONIDA:, PLEUROTOMIDA.

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PHILADELPHIA: A> Published by the Author,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SciENCES, Cor. ISTH & RACE STS. w

1884.

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Wm. P, Kildare, Printer, 734 §& 736 Sansom St., Phila.

VA PAE OR CONCHO LOGY

Famity CONIDZ.

Teeth subulate, in two series, on a tubular prolongation of the retractile proboscis, and with a bundle of sharp subulate teeth at the extremity; head with a produced tubular veil; tentacles subulate; eyes on bulgings of the outer side of the tentacles ; mantle enclosed, with an elongated siphon in front; foot simple, long and narrow, with a conspicuous aquiferous pore on the middle of the anterior part of the sole.

Operculum unguiform, with apical nucleus.

Shell inversely conical, with narrow aperture the length of the body-whorl, the lip sharp, usually excavated at the hind-part, where it joins the suture; epidermis thin and smooth or longi- tudinally or spirally ridged, sometimes tufted.

The great family of Cones, well-characterized by peculiarities both of dentition and shell, are principally inhabitants of equa- ‘torial seas. Haunting the holes and fissures of rocks, and the labyrinths of coral-reefs, they lead a predatory life, boring into the shells of other mollusks, and sucking the juices from their bodies.

Until recently the classification of Conide given by Messrs. H. and A. Adams in their Genera of Recent Mollusca has been generally adopted. This classification is given in Structural and Systematic Conchology, ii, p. 187, and need not be reproduced here. The genera and subgenera are extremely artificial and insufficient for the purpose of arranging a large collection, inas- much as many of the systematic characters fail to discriminate groups when extensive series are compared. Dr. Weinkauff has recently (Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Gesell., i, 1874) arranged the Cones into sections, each named for a characteristic species,

4 CONIDA.

around which is grouped other similar species. In this arrange- ment, pattern of coloring takes high rank, and the groupings indicate species which may have had a common ancestry. That this classification is in many respects faulty cannot be denied, but it appears on the whole to be better than that of the Messrs. Adams.

A number of beautifully illustrated monographs of Conus have been published :—

Sowerby. Conchological Ilustrations. 137 colored figures.

Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum (and Supplement), vol. iii. 450 species ; the plates containing about 650 figures.

Reeve. Conchologica Iconica (and Supplement). 337 species,

Kiener. Coquilles Vivantes. 824 species, 111 plates.

Weinkauff. In: Kiister’s Continuation of Martini and Chem- nitz’s Conchylien Cabinet (completed 1875). 411 species, 71 colored plates.

Weinkaufi’s Catalogue of Conus, published in 1874, contains the names of 352 species, distributed into 17 groups or sec- tions :—

1. Marmorei (C. marmoreus, Linn.). 2. Literati (C. literatus, Linn.). 38. Figulini (C. figulinus, Linn.). 4. Arenati (C. are- natus, Hwass). 5. Mures (C.mus, Hwass). 6. Varii ( C. varius,” Linn.). 7. Ammirales (C. ammiralis, Linn.). 8. Capitanei (C. capitaneus, Linn.). 9. Virgines (C. virgo, Linn.). 10. Dauci (C.daucus, Hwass). 11. Magi(@. magus, Linn.). 12. Achatini- (C. achatinus, Chemn.). 13. Asperi (C. asper, Lam... 14. Terebri (C. terebra, Born). 15. Bulbi (C. bulbus, Reeve). 16. Tulip (C. tulipa, Linn.). 17. Texti (C. textile, Linn.).

The Cones are very variaole in some of their characters, such as the tuberculation of the spire and body-whorl, striz., colors and the pattern of coloring; so that the synonymy is very difli- cult to arrange satisfactorily. A number of species have heen characterized since the date of the last-named publication, but on the other hand several species considered distinct by Dr. Weinkauff I have been obliged to consolidate, so that in the following pages, arranged mainly in accordance with his cata- logue, the number of admitted species will not be found to vary materially from his enumeration.

CONIDA. 5

The family, as herein restricted, includes the single genus Conus. There are no extinct genera.

GosaviA, Stoliczka, described as a member of the family, I have described and figured as a subgenus of Voluta (Man., iv, 78).

Conorsis, Swainson, which may be subgenerically distinct, is described and figured in Struct. and Syst. Conch., ii, 188, t. 58, f.50. It is an eocene group.

About 100 fossil species of Conus have been described; they are extensively distributed, and first appear in cretaceous strata.

Dr. Weinkauff has added to his Systematic Catalogue of Conus, extensive tables of geographical distribution—in which the species found in each province are separately enumerated and named. The distribution may be summarized as follows :—

1. European Province,1 sp. 2. West African,27sp. 3. East American Province, 32 sp. 4. So. African, 22 sp. 5. West American (North, Central and South), 30 sp. 6. East African (including Madagascar and Red Sea), 8l sp. 7. South Asiatic, 76 sp. 8. East Asiatic (including Philippines and Sandwich Is.), 133 sp. 9. Australian, 113 sp.

There are, of course, many duplications in these numbers; the distribution of many single forms throughout the sixth to ninth provinces, as above defined, indicates that for Conus (and for many other carnivorous gastropods) these divisions have no real existence.

Mr. Arthur Adams, in his delightful natural history notes, in the Narrative of the Voyage of the Samarang, writes :—

“The animal of Conus aulicus has the proboscis beautifully varied with red and white, and there is a square and very minute operculum on the dorsal surface of the hinder part of the foot. Its bite produces a venomed wound, accompanied by acute pain, and making a small, deep, triangular mark, which is suc- ceeded by a watery vesicle. At the little island of Meyo, one of the Moluccas, near Ternate, Sir Edward Belcher was bitten by one of these Cones, which suddenly exserted its proboscis as he took it out of the water with his hand, and he compared the sensation he experienced to that produced by the burning of phosphorus under the skin. The instrument which inflicted the wound, in this instance, I conceive, must have been the tongue,

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6 CONIDA.

which in these mollusks is long, and armed with two ranges of sharp pointed teeth.

“The Cones become more numerous and varied in their colors, as we approach the equatorial seas, and they form bright and beautiful ornaments to the shores of tropical islands. They seem to prefer obscure holes in the rocks, where they lead a predatory life, boring into the substance of the shells of other mollusks, for the purpose of sucking the juice from their bodies. They crawl but slowly, and usually with their tentacles extended in a straight line before them. They are very timid, and shrink within their shells quickly on the approach of danger. Some affect deep water, and one was dredged by us in the Sunda Straits, in thirty fathoms; and another, the Conus Thalassiarchus, at Sooloo, in about forty fathoms.”

“The proboscis in its retracted state, as seen in the animal preserved in spirits, is short, broad, conical, annulate, prominent, in the base of the tubular veil, with a roundish, central mouth. Instead of having any elongated lingual band covered with short transparent teeth, like the rest of the Proboscidifera and Ros- trifera, it has a fleshy tube with a bundle of subulate barbed teeth directed towards the mouth; this tube is prolonged behind and below at right-angles with its upper part and mouth into an elongated, fleshy, attenuated subulate tube, containing with its hinder edge two series of similar subulate red barbed teeth, directed from the aperture towards the apex of the tube. (A single tooth, greatly magnified, of C. Hebrzus, Linn., is repre- sented in Structural and Systematic Conchology, t. 10, f. 5.)

“The teeth are implanted by a distinct root into the substance of the tube; those near the upper or oral part of the tube are placed rather irregularly in two parallel rows, but those nearer the tip are more crowded, and the lines gradually diverge from each other.

‘‘T shall not attempt to describe the manner in which these teeth are brought into action, as I have only seen them in the preserved specimen; but those nearest the mouth are probably used to pierce the animal, which is held fast by the contraction of the veil, as described by Adanson. The organization and structure of the mouth is so unlike that of the other Probosci- difera and Rostrifera, where the teeth are placed on a lingual

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* CONUS. i

band and used to rasp the food, being replaced by others as soon as those in action are injured by use, that I am inclined to form the Cones into a third suborder, which may be called Toxifera ; and it is probable that the Pleurotomidz, which are described by Lovén as having similar subulate teeth in two series, should be placed in the same suborder,as they appear to differ from the Cones chiefly in the veil being truncated and not produced round the base of the proboscis.”—Dr. J. E. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Rebeca Nene pe LTT

An operculum normally exists in all the groups of Conus (probably in all the species), but it is so very small relative to the size of the shell as to have generally escaped observation, and is very seldom preserved in collections. It is corneous, narrowly elongated, with apical nucleus, and the impression of the muscular attachment varies from one-half to two-thirds of the inner surface. The opercula of aynumber of species of Cones are figured and described by Crosse and Marie, in Journal de Conchyl., 1874.

Operculum of C. textile, Linn. (PI. 29, figs. 92, 93).

Sections of the shell of Conus, showing the structure and plan of growth, are figured in Structural and Systematic Conchology, i, Pl. 1, figs. 6, 7,8. The anatomy of Conus tulipa, Linn., is illustrated and described in the same work, i, Pl. 15, fig. 80. Sa Genus CONUS, Linn.

Shell thick, obconic, whorls enrolled upon themselves, the spire short, smooth or tuberculated ; aperture elongated, narrow, the margins parallel, truncated at the base; the outer lip with a slight sutural sinus.

Section I. MARMORETI.

Conus (typical) of Mérch and H. and A. Adams. Coronazis, Swainson. Rhombus, Montfort. C. MARMOREUS, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 1-5.

White or light pink-white, with chocolate or chestnut reticula- tions, so arranged as to expose the white in rounded triangular large spots; aperture white or light pink. Length, 4-5 inches.

Indian Ocean, Japan, Australia, Polynesia, ete.

The barbed teeth of this species inflict severe wounds.

8 _ CONUS.

Var. BANDANUS, Hwass. PI. 1, fig. 2. The triangular white markings are more crowded than in the typical form ; the colored markings form two irregular bands. Philippines, New Caledonia, Banda, etc.

Var. Crosseanus, Bernardi. PI. 1, fig. 3.

The chocolate reticulations heavier and closer.

New Caledonia. Var. NIGRESCENS, Sowb. PI. 1, fig. 4.

Surface nearly entirely covered by the chocolate markings. Intermediate states of coloring are quite common, so that the division into varieties is arbitrary.

Var. PSEUDOMARMOREUS, Desh. PI. 1, fig. 5.

Shell regularly grooved throughout, spire rather more elevated,

not tuberculated, last whorl somewhat convex on the sides.

Length, 2 inches, Habitat unknown.

Described from a single specimen, and at most only a variety of C. marmoreus.

C. nocrurNnus, Hwass. PI. 1, figs. 6, 7. Pattern of markings essentially the same as in C. marmoreus, — but the chocolate-color coalesces into two broad irregular bands within which the triangular white spots appear only occasionally. Length, 2-3 inches. Ceylon, Java, Mauritius, Moluccas, Viti Isles, etc. In C. Deburghiz, Sowb. (fig. 7), the surface is sometimes granular in revolving lines, and the nodules are compressed.

C. aRANEOsUS, Hwass. PI. 1, figs. 8-10.

Shell very closely reticulated with white and light chestnut, the white spots crowded and irregular in size, the chestnut lines forming two interrupted, irregular bands.

Length, 2 5-4 inches. Ceylon, Philippines, Moluccas.

Dr. Weinkauff has adopted the name C. peplum, Chemnitz, for this species, but that author only happened to be binomial in this instance, many of his other Cones being designated by a descriptive phrase; I therefore prefer to retain the better known, if later name given by Hwass. This species is in part the C. arachnoideus of Gmelin.

CONUS. 9

Var. Nicoparicus, Hwass. PI. 1, fig. 9.

Reticulating lines chocolate-color, the two bands usually better defined.

Ceylon, Nicobar Isles. Var. vipua, Reeve. Pl. 1, fig. 10.

Very like variety Nicobaricus, the bands not so well outlined

usually, and having scattered triangular white spots upon them. ; Philippines.

In this species, as in C. marmoreus, the varieties are entirely arbitrary.

C. IMPpERIALIS, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 11-13.

Shell yellowish white, with numerous interrupted revolving lines and spots of dark brown and two irregular light brown bands. Length, 2-3 inches.

. Ceylon, Java to New Caledonia and Viti Isles.

Var. Fuscatus, Lam. PI. 1, fig. 13.

The light brown coloring extends in clouds and irregular markings over the surface, so that the bands can scarcely be defined.

Zanzibar, Mozambique, Philippines, ete. Var. virnipuLus, Lam.

The coloring is olive-brown, irregularly but somewhat longi-

tudinally disposed, with more or less indication of two bands. Zanzibar.

C. Reciuzianus, Bernardi. Pl. 1, fig. 14. Yellowish white, with irregular broad yellowish brown bands

and spots. Length, 58 mill. Yellow Sea.

Only a single specimen occurred, which is possibly faded in coloring. ‘C. zonatus, Hwass. PI. 1, fig. 15.

Purple ash, with narrow chestnut revolving lines and white spots, the latter frequently irregularly coalescing. Length, 2-3 inches. Ceylon, Nicobar Isles.

C. MARcHIONATUS, Hinds. Pl. 2, fig.16; Pl. 27, fig. 3.

Yellowish or light brown, with large white rounded triangular spots. Length, 1-1-5 inches. Marquesas Islands.

10 CONUS.

Pattern of coloring very like C. marmoreus, but lighter; the shell is immediately distinguished by the want of the coronal of tubercles and its usually small size. Mr. Melville, of Prestwich, near Manchester, England, who possesses a remarkable collec- tion of Cones, has sent me a colored drawing of a gigantic specimen in his collection, 2°25 inches in length; he proposes to call it var. eudoxus (PI. 27, fig. 3).

Section II. Lirerart. Lithoconus (ex parte), Morch.

C. Literatvus, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 17-19.

‘Shell white, with usually two or three broad light yellow or orange-brown bands, marked with revolving series of large and small dark chocolate or nearly black, round, square or triangular spots; these spots are frequently elongated longitudinally, and sometimes partially coalesce so as to form interrupted longi- tudinal stripes; base of shell often tinged with chocolate.

Length, 3—5°5 inches. Zanzibar, Ceylon, Java, Singapore, New Caledonia, Viti Is. C. Gruneri, Reeve (fig. 18), from the island of Java, appears to be a young shell without any distinguishable characters.

Var. MILLEPUNCTATUS, Lam. PI. 2, fig. 19.

Said to differ from C. literatus in the spots being smaller and much more numerous, and in the absence of the yellow bands. It is connected by intermediate stages with the typical lzteratus.

C. catatus, A. Adams. PI. 2, fig. 20.

Shell small, with revolving grooves, which are longitudinally striate; spire minutely coronate, the apex acutely elevated ;

white, widely reticulated with orange. Length, 16 mill. China. I am not acquainted with this species.

-C. PLANAXIS, Deshayes. PI. 2, fig. 21.

Yellowish, encircled by narrow, more or less interrupted chestnut lines, chocolate-tinged at the base. Length, 19 mill. Isle of Bourbon. An unsatisfactory species, being evidently described from a very young shell.

x.

CONUS. 11

C. musicus, Hwass. PI. 2, figs 22, 23.

Whitish, with light ash-violet broad bands and narrow revol- ving lines of chocolate, broken up into short lines and spots; spire often slightly coronate, rayed with chocolate.

Length, 15-25 mill.

Philippines, Australia, Solomon’s Is., New Caledonia.

C. Mighelsi, Kiener (fig. 23), is a synonym.

C. EBURNEUS, Hwass. PI. 2, figs. 24, 25.

Shell white, usually with two or three light yellowish bands, marked with very dark chocolate revolving spots.

Length, 2 inches.

Ceylon to Viti Islands.

Much smaller and more swollen in outline than C. literatus, lower part of the body-whorl distinctly grooved, spire with two impressed revolving lines, spots smaller than in C. literatus. C. polyglotta, A. Ad. (fig. 25), varies slightly in the disposition of the coloring.

C. TESSELLATUS, Born. Plate 2, figs. 26, 27.

Shell white, with reddish orange spots and short lines in

‘revolving series, and forming by crowding together two irregular

bands; base stained with light violet. Length, 2—-2°5 inches.

Red Sea, Ceylon, Mozambique, Mauritius, Philippines, New Caledonia, Polynesia.

Has the same revolving sculpture at base and on the spire as C. eburneus ; the difference is in coloring only.

C. crassus, Sowb. (fig. 27), is shorter and more ventricose, but can scarcely claim varietal rank. Vitti Islands. C. BAYLEI, Jousseaume. PI. 2, fig. 28.

White, with light brown spots disposed in revolving series and indistinctly forming bands; base of shell and spire without revolving grooves, Length, 32 mill.

Habitat unknown,

Distinguished from C. tessellatus by the smooth surface.

C. suturatTus, Reeve. PI. 2, figs. 29, 29a.

Shell yellowish or pink-white, with broad light brown bands ; spire and base sulcate. Length, 28 mill. North Australia.

12 CONUS.

Reeve’s original description and figure were made from a dead, faded and depauperate shell (fig. 29).

C. Proreus, Hwass. Pl. 2, figs. 30-35; Pl. 3, fig. 36.

Shell white, with revolving series of spots and irregular or cloud-like markings of orange, chestnut or chocolate, often form- ing interrupted bands; base grooved, spire with a single broad

sulcus. Length, 1°5-2°5 inches. ¢ West Indies, Florida.

Dr. Weinkauff has distinguished C. leoninus, Chemn., not Hwass, said to come from the East Indies, but it does not appear to me to be different; C. leoninus of Hwass (fig. 31) is certainly the same. OC. spurius, Gmelin, of authors (fig. 32) may also be placed here confidently, but the original description must remain a doubtful identification. C. ochraceus, Lam. (fig. 33 ,if correctly identified by Reeve and Sowerby, and C. brevi- culus, Sowb., are also synonyms; and C. armillatus, C. B. Ad., is a young shell.

Var. BICOLOR, Sowb. PI. 2, fig. 34.

Shell shorter and wider at the spire than the usual form. West Africa. Var. PAPILIONACEUS, Hwass. PI. 2, fig. 35. Spire generally more depressed than in the typical form, the revolving rows of spots of smaller size, closer and more numerous. Length, 2—2°5 inches. Senegal; Canaries; St. Thomas, West Indies (Swift). Merges into the type by insensible gradations.

Var. SIAMENSIS, Hwass. PI. 3, fig. 36.

Distinguished from var. papilionaceus by having more numer- ous narrow articulated fillets. The locality indicated by the name is exceedingly doubtful.

C. FLAMMEvS, Lam. PI. 3, fig. 37.

Yellowish white, flamed and spotted with chestnut, the flames usually longitudinally disposed, forming revolving bands, the spots in revolving series. Length, 2-2°75 inches.

West Coast of Africa; Honduras (Dyson).

This is the C. Lorenzianus of Chemnitz, and very probably only a variety of C. Proteus, Hwass.

CONUS. ies

C. CHARACTERISTICUS (Chemn.), Auct. Pl. 3, figs. 38, 39. White, irregularly longitudinally flamed, forming two (or sometimes three) interrupted broad bands; body-whorl some- what inflated, rounded at the upper part, striate below; spire striate. Length, 2 inches. West Africa, West Indies (authors); Borneo.

The West Indies are not confirmed as locality by any of the local collectors. “Borneo” is upon the label of specimens before me, purchased from a London dealer. Deshayes, in the second edition of Lamarck, admits the identity with this of Lamarck’s C. questor and C. muscosus, the latter being not adult. C. Pauline, Kiener, is also a synonym, according to Dr. Wein- kauif, and from the description of the unfigured C. Masont, Nevill (Indian Ocean), I am inclined to place it here also.

C. succinctus, A. Ad. PI. 3, fig. 40.

Light rose-colored, with two revolving lines of chestnut ¢lots. Length, 27 mill. Natal, South Africa. C. amBicuus, Reeve. PI. 3, figs. 41, 42. Whitish, with obscure, light brown bands, and longitudinal streaks; spire ornamented with arched brownish spots. Length, 1:5 inches. West Africa. Reeve says: ‘ There is always a doubtful character about shells exhibiting faint indications of color; I have not, however, succeeded in referring this to any species hitherto described.” C. griseus, Kiener (fig. 42), is a synonym.

C. TRocuuLus, Reeve. Pl. 3, fig. 43 a.

Shell white, with usually a violet tinge, interior of aperture’ light violet. Length, 1°25-1°5 inches.

Cape Verd Islands. C. cUNEIFORMIS, Smith. Pl. 3, fig. 43.

White, faintly tinted with purple, spire, particularly towards the apex, stained with pale brown; interior of aperture light violet ; spire with three or four fine spiral striz; body-whorl with revolving grooves, which become obsolete upon its upper third. Length, 1] inch.

Habitat unknown,

14 CONUS.

Distinguished from C. trochulus by its narrower, straighter form, the sulcated body-whorl and striated spire.

C. cyanostoma, A. Ad. PI. 3, fig. 44.

Shell doubly striated on the spire, with revolving striz towards the base; ash-color, with longitudinal, brown markings, aperture violaceous. Length, 1 inch.

West Africa.

May perhaps = C. trochulus, Reeve, as suggested by Wein- kautf, but none of my specimens of the latter species have strize on the spire, and they are all white, as in all the published figures.

C. ctarus, E. A. Smith.

Shell abbreviately turbinate, rosy white, suleate towards the base; spire depressed-conical, striate; angle of body-whorl carinated; aperture light rosaceous. Length, 27 mill.

West Australia.

Ay, unfigured species, represented by a single specimen in the British Museum. It is said to somewhat resemble C. cyanostoma, A. Adams, but is narrower.

C. rricipus, Reeve. Plate 3, fig. 45.

Shell pale straw-color, violaceous at base and apex; spire three-grooved, revolving striz on the lower part of the body- whorl, which become granulose towards the base.

Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown. A species having no well-marked characters.

C. venuLatTus, Hwass. PI. 3, figs. 46-50.

Color varying from light chestnut to dark chocolate, with indistinct darker revolving lines, irregularly marbled throughout with white; spire and lower part of body-whorl striate.

Length, 1:25—2 inches.

West Coast of Africa.

The synonyms are C. nivosus, Lam. (fig. 47), and C. ateralbus, Kiener. Dr. Weinkauff considers C. unifasciatus, Kiener, a juvenile of the species, but does not state his reasons; the figure is so different that I cannot agree to place the species here.

CONUS. 15

Var. NivirER, Brod. PI. 3, figs. 48, 49.

The revolving lines of color are more distinct, with less of the white maculation.

Var. Crorcuil, Reeve. PI. 3, fig. 50.

Shell smooth, striated at base and on the spire; white, very closely encircled throughout with fine thread-like burnt-brown lines, sometimes interrupted with a few snow-white spots, spire with the edge of the last whorl spotted with brown.

Saldana Bay, So. Africa; W. Africa.

Reeve describes this as a species, distinguishing it from C. venulatus by the striate spire; but the spire is distinctly striate in a large proportion of the specimens (some are smooth) of C. venulatus before me.

C. cenuanus, Hwass. PI. 3, fig. 51.

Shell pink-brown or violaceous brown, with revolving narrow lines of alternate white and chocolate quadrangular spots and dashes, these lines being usually alternately larger and smaller. The surface is usually smooth, but sometimes the lines are slightly elevated ; spire smooth. Length, 1°5—-2 inches.

Sones gal, Guinea, Moluccas. C. ProMetTuEus, Hwass. PI. 3, fig. 52.

Shell narrow, rather thin, spire sulcate; white, variegated with numerous lines of short dashes and spots of light chestnut.

Length, 3-9 inches.

x. Agr ica, Madagascar, Senegal (Mus. Acad. Nat. Sciences).

This is the largest of the Cones, and is of very light build, considering its size. A magnificent series is before me, including the individual measuring nine inches in length, and which were brought to Philadelphia by a vessel trading to the Gaboon region. The smaller specimens approach too closely to C. papilionaceus.

C. Ferausont, Sowb. PI. 4, fig. 52 a.

White, under a brown epidermis, lightly striulate transversely ; shell heavy, with slightly channeled spire. Length, 5°75 inches. Panama (Ferguson):

This species, which I have not seen, appears very like a faded specimen of the last. The locality rests upon the original

16 CONUS.

description; none other of the numerous Panama collections published include any similar shell.

O. Omaicus, Hwass. PI. 4, fig. 53.

Shell narrow, whitish, encircled by numerous lines of square spots and dashes of orange-brown, often forming two or three broad bands by their approximation. Length, 2-2°75 inches.

Ins. Oma, Banda Group; Amboina.

Section III. Fiau int.

Dendroconus, Swainson, Morch. C. BeTuLINuS, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 54, 55.

Shell yellow or orange-brown, with revolving series of spots, and short lines of chocolate upon narrow white bands, spire radiated with chocolate; base of shell strongly grooved.

Length, 2°5—4 inches.

L. Africa, Isle of Bourbon, Ceylon, Java, China, Philippines. Var. SuRATENSIS, Hwass. PI. 4, fig. 55.

Spots more numerous; the more rugose growth-lines cause them to be rather regularly interrupted, so that they form longi- tudinal as well as revolving series.

Philippines. C. cuaucus, Hwass. PI. 4, fig. 56.

Bluish ash or very light chocolate, with usually a lighter narrow central band, and numerous short chocolate lines in revolving series, spire broadly radiated with chocolate.

Length, 2 inches.

Sumatra, Borneo, Moluceas, Philippines.

Resembles C. betulinus, var. Suratensis, but may be distin- guished mainly by its color.

C. FiguLinus, Linn. PI. 4, figs.57, 58; Pl. 27, fig. 1.

Chestnut-color, encircled by numerous narrow chocolate lines, spire chocolate-colored. Length, 2-3°5 inches. Ceylon, Java, Philippines, New Caledonia. The body-whorl is occasionally narrowly light-banded in the middle.

Var. Lororst, Kiener. PI. 4, fig. 58. Shell larger, with more depressed spire than usual in jigulinus;

CONUS. Ve

ash or chocolate cream-color, generally with an obscure light central band, sometimes with more or less obscure chestnut revolving lines, but generally these are absent; spire often radiately streaked with chestnut.

This ‘variety is almost intermediate between the typical C. Jigulinus and C. glaucus, Hwass.

Var. CHYTREUS, Melvill. Pl. 27, fig. 1.

Shell small, slightly turbinated, brown, encircled with unevenly placed, thick, dark red-brown lines, aperture narrow, spire some- what rounded. Length, °63 inch. Smaller and with thicker and more irregular color-lines than the type; aperture narrower.

C. queRcinus, Hwass. PI. 4, fig. 59.

Shell lemon-yellow, with numerous fine, rather close, chestnut revolving lines; spire rather elevated, with concave outline, the shoulder of the body-whorl obtusely angulated.

Length, 2—4 inches.

Red Sea, HE. Africa, Mauritius, Ceylon, Philippines, Viti Islands, Sandwich Islands.

The revolving lines are much finer and closer than in the pre- ceding species of this group; the form of the spire is also different. In old specimens the revolving lines become obsolete; the shell in this state has received the name of C. ponderosus, Beck.

C. pygirormMis, Reeve. Pl. 4, figs. 60, 61.

Shell light flesh-color, the spire gently acuminate, the earlier whorls tuberculated, body-whorl pyriform, the outline concave below, with revolving striz towards the base.

Length, 2-3 inches.

West Columbia, Panama, ete.

C. patricius, Hinds (fig. 61), is the young of this species.

C. Catirornicus, Hinds. PI. 4, figs. 62, 63.

Shell smooth, with convexly elevated spire, which is some- times striate, and pyriform body-whorl, rounded or slightly angulated at the shoulder, and striated towards the base; light olive-brown, with or without obscure chestnut reticulations and maculations, sometimes light- or dark-spotted on the shoulder,

2

18 CONUS.

usually invested with a rather thin brown epidermis; aperture - more or less tinged with chocolate. Length, 25-33 mill. California. C. dealbatus, A. Ad. (fig. 63), is a synonym. C. unirascratus, Kiener. PI. 4, fig. 65. Shell the general form of C. Californicus; chocolate, with a rather broad yellowish brown band just below the shoulder.

Length, 1 inch. Habitat unknown.

Dr. Weinkauff makes this a juvenile of C. venulatus, Hwass, but it does not appear to me to be closely allied to that species, either in form or coloring; on the contrary, its resemblance to C. Californicus is so great that I feel nearly certain that it should be united with that species.

C. scatprus, Reeve. PI. 4, fig. 64.

Shell turbinated, rather solid, polished, grooved towards the base; whitish, with numerous hair-like, light brown, revolving lines ; spire spirally striated, rather elevated, with sharp apex, variegated with chestnut-color. Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Dr. Weinkauff gives California as locality, but this must be considered very doubtful, as the numerous collectors on that coast have not yet discovered it.

ys Section IV. ARENATI. Puncticulis, Swains., Morch.

‘(C. ARENATUS, Hwass. PI. 4, fig. 66; Pl. 27, fig. 2.

Shell stoutly turbinated, coronated on the spire; white, sprinkled in a waved longitudinal manner with very small, close brown dots, sometimes forming indistinct bands; aperture usually light flesh-color. Length, 2 inches. Red Sea, EL. Africa, Ceylon, Philippines, N. Caledonia, Viti Isles. Var. MESOKATHAROS, Melvill. Pl. 27, fig. 2.

Middle portion of body-whorl unspotted. C. oprsus, Hwass. Pl. 4, fig. 67.

Shell obsoletely coronated with tubercles, body-whorl some- what convex, stout; white or very pale yellow or blush, faintly

CONUS. 19

clouded, with numerous small chestnut or chocolate spots and short lines, often forming dark clouds, so placed as to make interrupted, revolving bands. Length, 2—2°75 inches.

Ceylon, Java.

C. punicarius, Hwass. PI. 4, fig. 68; PI. 5, fig. 69.

Shell white, the spire tubercuiated, covered by dark chocolate or nearly black spots, which sometimes by their juxtaposition indicate two bands; epidermis, as in the other species of the group, very thin, translucent. Length, 1:°5-2°5 inches.

Japan, New Guinea, New Caledonia to Central Polynesia.

C. fustigatus, Hwass (fig. 68), includes the varieties in which the spots are larger and less numerous.

C. Vautireri, Kiener. PI. 5, fig. 70.

Spire tuberculate, sides of body-whorl nearly direct ; white, with chestnut spots, overlaid here and there by lighter chestnut clouds. Length, 33 mill.

NV. Caledonia, Marquesas Islands.

C. sTERCUS-MUScARUM, Linn. PI. 5, fig. 71.

Shell with somewhat convex sides, a rather short, conical spire, which is broadly channeled, and acutely angulated shoulder; white with numerous revolving lines of chocolate and opaque white spots, and chocolate or chestnut cloudings forming interrupted broad bands; spire darkly maculated and spotted ; aperture tinged more or less with flesh-color. Length, 2 inches.

Ceylon, Java, Philippines, N. Australia.

Section V. MurEs. Coronaxis, Mirch, not Swainson.

Shell with tuberculated spire, the body-whorl covered by nar- row, raised revolving striz; ash-white, longitudinally streaked and maculated with chestnut, the tubercles of the spire white, and usually a white band below the middle of the body-whorl ; aperture chestnut-colored, with a central white band.

Length, 1-1-75 inches.

West Indies, Florida.

20 CONUS.

Var. rosEus, Lam. PI. 5, fig. 73.

Shell usually larger, rosy-, or purple-, or even yellowish-brown, with white tubercles and a distinct white band below the middle of the body-whorl; the striz are often punctate with chestnut, and the spire is spotted with chestnut between the tubercles ; aperture rosy or chestnut-color with a central white band.

Length, 1-5-2 inches.

C. punctatus (Chemn.), Auct. PI. 5, fig. 74.

Shell yellowish pink or light yellowish brown, with (usually) raised revolving lines closely marked with red or chestnut dots, indistinctly white-banded on the middle, and often at the shoul- der of the body-whorl; spire with revolving striz and brown maculations—which often extend irregularly down the body- whorl. Length, 1°5—2°25 inches.

West Africa, Ceylon, Moluccas, West Indies (Swift coll.).

Shell white, sometimes rose-tinted, with three or four revolving bands composed of irregular longitudinal dark chocolate or nearly black markings; these markings also ornament the slightly coronated spire; aperture white with clouded bands corresponding with the exterior markings; surface more or less striate throughout, but strize more prominent towards the dark stained base. Length, 1-1°75 inches.

Ceylon, E. Africa, Mauritius, Japan, Philippines, New Caledonia to Viti Is., ete.

C. sphacelatus, Sowb. (fig. 76),is considered by Dr. Weinkauff, the juvenile of this species; that it is a very young shell is evi- dent, but Iam by no means convinced that it is properly placed here; Mr. Melvill, who possesses the type specimen, considers - it a distinct species.

Var. VERMICULATUS, Hwass. PI. 5, fig. 77.

The black markings are more continuous, so as usually to cover the length of the shell except an irregular white central band; sometimes these markings are impressed so that the intervening white spaces project granulously or tuberculately above the surface ; occasionally also the entire surface becomes dark chocolate with the exception of the white band,and a white

CONUS. 21

Spot here and there. Not so large as the type, rarely exceeding an inch in length.

C. MACULIFERUS, Sowb. PI. 5, fig. 78.

Shell wide, with short spire, slightly corenate; yellowish white with two revolving series of irregular longitudinal chestnut markings, which are sometimes partially connected one with

another in each series. Length, 30 mill. Red Sea. C. BALTEATUS, Sowb. PI. 5, figs. 79-81.

Shell olive-brown or brown violaceous, with a more or less irregular white band below the middle, and another one below the tuberculated spire; interior of aperture tinged with violet.

Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Nicobar Islands, Mauritius.

C. pigmentatus, Adams and Reeve (fig. 80), and C. cernicus, H. Adams (fig. 81),are synonyms. In the latter,and sometimes also in the former, the painting is more or less obscurely macu- lated with white, but the specimens before me sufliciently indi- cate the identity of these species.

C. encAustus, Kiener. PI. 5, figs. 82, 83.

Spire depressed, grooved and coronated with tubercles, body- whorl with distant punctured grooves, more strongly and closely grooved towards the base; clouded with chocolate- and ash-color, and encircled with numerous chocolate and white spots in lines ; aperture purplish. Length, 1:25 mill.

Marquesas Islands.

C. pretextus, Reeve (fig. 83), is a synonym.

C. mitraRgis, Hwass. PI. 5, figs. 84-90; Pl. 27, fig. 12.

Shell with spire more or less raised, striate or sometimes nearly smooth, with or without tubercles; body-whorl striate, the striz usually granulous towards the base, and sometimes throughout ; yellowish or light chestnut or grayish, variously clouded with darker chestnut or olive, often irregularly light-banded at the middle, and below the spire, and encircled with chestnut spots on the striz; interior chocolate, with a central white band.

Length, °75—-1°25 inches.

Red Sea to Isle of Bourbon and Natal, and to Sandwich and Galapagos Islands.

22 CONUS.

A species of wide distribution, and apparently everywhere common. There is considerable variation in the height and cor- onation of the spire, as well as in the color and pattern of the markings, and the consequence has been the description of several species, which the large series of specimens before me compels me to unite. C. minimus of Linneus has been identi-- fied with members of this group, but, as pointed out by Dr. Weinkauff, erroneously. The latter author has made C. minimus = C. achatinus. Hanley did not find any shell labeled minimus in the Linnean collection. The synonyms include C. tiaratus, Brod. (fig. 85), C. fulgetrum, Sowb. (fig. 86), C. scaber, Kiener (fig. 87), and C. coronatus, Dillw.

Var. ABBREVIATUS, Nuttall. Pl. 5, fig. 89.

The spots are more distant and somewhat more regularly

disposed. Sandwich Islands.

C. Barbadensis, Hwass (not Reeve), is probably identical, and does not inhabit the West Indies.

Var. ARISTOPHANES, Duclos. PI. 5, fig. 90.

Shell violaceous gray, somewhat clouded with pink-white, the revolving lines milk-white, interrupted by chestnut short.dashes and spots.

Red Sea, Philippines, Polynesia. C. BAccaTus, Sowb. PI. 6, fig. 92.

Shell minutely decussated, with regular rows of conspicuous granules; whitish, with large orange blotches arranged in three bands ; spire-whorls concave, nearly smooth ; body-whorl with a

biangulate shoulder. Length, 23 mill. Fiabitat unknown.

Described from a unique specimen in the collection of Dr. Prevost, of Alengon.

C. REFLECTUS, Sowb. PI. 6,-fig. 91.

Shell pear-shaped, anteriorly granulated, otherwise smooth, very minutely coronated, spire closely grooved; whitish, with two broad bands of rose-color clouded with brown.

Length, 25 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Described from a single specimen.

CONUS. 23

C. TraniatTus, Hwass. PI. 6, fig. 93.

Shell indistinctly zoned alternately with pale violaceous and white, vividly encircled with fillets of dark chocolate and white articulations ; spire obsoletely coronated.

Length, 1—-1:25 inches.

: Red Sea, Ceylon, China.

Very close to C. genuanus in general appearance, but the articulations sre more regular in size and position, the spire is slightly tuberculate.

C. CryLonensis, Hwass. PI. 6, figs. 94-100.

Shell coronated, with rather depressed spire, granular striate towards the base; white, variously marbled with chestnut, often obscurely white-banded at the upper part and below the middle of the body-whorl, base tinged with violet.

Length, -75—9 inch.

Red Sea, Ceylon, West Africa, Mauritius, Australia, New Caledonia, Polynesia to Sandwich 1s., Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas. C. nux, Brod. (fig. 95), and C. pusillus, Gould, are synonyms.

Var. acutus, Sowb. PI. 6, fig. 96.

Spire more elevated, shell smaller.

Ceylon. Var. PUSILLUS (Chemn.), Auct. Pl. 6, fig. 97.

Shell white with revolving rows of chestnut spots. Varies from Ceylonensis in the same way that var. abbreviaius does from miliaris.

Var. TENUISULCATUS, Sowb. PI. 6, fig. 98.

Lower half of the body-whorl finely suleate; white marbled with light chestnut, with two darker bands, which are flecked with white; base and aperture violaceous,

Mauritius. Var. SPONSALIS, Chemn. PI. 6, fig. 99.

Body-whorl somewhat convex on the sides, wide at the shoul- der, which is somewhat rounded; yellowish white, with a few chestnut or red zigzag longitudinal markings, forming an inter- rupted broad superior, and often a narrower inferior band ; base violaceous. :

Philippines, New Caledonia, Polynesia.

94 CONUS.

This is possibly a distinct species; in which case the preceding and following varieties should be placed with it.

Var. NANUs, Brod. PI. 6, fig. 100.

Shell usually smaller than the type, white, under a thin, light yellowish brown epidermis, obsoletely mipeuiined or se gs spotted with chestnut, base violaceous.

Polynesia, Aveiralee C. speciosus, Sowb. PI. 6, fig. 1.

Spire minutely crenulated ; irregularly marbled with chestnut and white. Length, °8 inch. Locality unknown.

Is probably a juvenile shell; differs from C. Ceylonensis in the base being without violet tint.

C. Coupert!, Bernardi. PI. 6, fig. 2.

Spire not crenulated, marbled with chestnut and white, obscurely indicating three bands. Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Closely related to the foregoing species; if identical, as sur-

mised by Dr. Weinkauff, Sowerby’s name will become a synonym.

C. nutitus, Menke. PI. 6, fig. 3.

Shell thin, somewhat inflated, slightly coronated, surface covered by close, nearly obsolete revolving striz; brown or brick-red, either unspotted or with faint darker dots in revolving series. Length, ‘5 inch.

Australia, Tasmania.

Shell not coronated, spirally grooved towards the base; straw- color or pink, clouded with pale chestnut, with (sometimes obsolete) revolving lines of chestnut and white articulations, and a faint white band; spire maculated with chestnut.

Length, ‘5 inch.

Botany Bay (Brazier); Port Stephens, Australia (Cox).

Is perhaps only a variety of the preceding species.

C. ponTIFICALIS, Lam. PI. 6, fig. 5.

Spire convexly elevated and tuberculated, whole surface covered by very fine minutely punctured revolving lines; epi-

CONUS. a

dermis yellowish olive, very thin, usually persistent in a very broad band upon the body-whorl, but absent from narrow shoulder and basal bands, which, with the spire, are white.

Length, 1-1°25 inches. : Tasmania. Section VI. Varu.

Coronaxis, Stephanoconus and Leptoconus, in part.

C. AURANTIUS, Hwass. PI. 6, figs. 6, T.

Shell with elevated, tuberculated spire; surface irregularly clouded with chestnut or orange and white, and minutely marked with interrupted narrow brown or orange revolving lines, more or less broken up into articulations ; upon the lower half of the body-whorl these lines become striz, and are distantly, minutely granular. Length, 1°5—2 inches.

Philippines, Moluccas, New Caledonia.

A narrow shell, with more conical spire than the common West Indian species, C. nebulosus. C. leucostictus, Gmel., includes several species; Sowerby’s identification of it may be placed here.

C. varius, Linn. PI. 6, figs. 8-10.

White, marbled with orange, rose, chestnut or chocolate, with sometimes revolving lines of spots; spire with rather small tubercles, basal half of body-whorl with revolving grooves, upper half of body-whorl with revolving rows of tubercles, which become more distinct towards the spire. Length, 25-40 mill.

Australia, New Caledonia, Philippines, Moluccas.

The synonyms include C. interruptus, Mawe (fig. 10) = C.

pulchellus, Sowb., not Swains., =