THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
*••*
AND VERBATIM REPORTING
F. WILLIS MOSHER
''V^
\rucHTVpEWHiTTNX5 CHARTS
AND THE COMPLETE
TYPEWRITER INSTRUCTOR
SECQND
PUBLISHED BY
ROHRBOUGH BROTHERS OMAHA, NEB.
1903
COPTBIUHT 1908, BY F. NVllJ.IS MOSHKH
.MKWTIiY PRINTING CO.
OMAHA
M / 705
CONTENTS.
PACE
Preface' v i
Introductory - ] x
Shorthand Penmanship XIV
FIRST LESStN.
C«ns»nants 1
«* V»wels 1
£j Rules f*r Writing V«wels 2
Method of Study - 3
09
13
SECOND LESSON.
g The V»wel E - 6
in SH and CH 6
5 S 7 ^ Z - - - 7
Rules f»r the Use «f S 7 a 5 THIRD LESS8N.
The V«wel I - 10
St 10
FOURTH LESSON.
The ®-H»»k 13
Rules f«r the 0-Hook 13 Str - 14
448300
iv MOSHER SHORTHAND.
FIFTH LESSON. PAGE
The U-H»»k 17
Ruje for the U-H»«k 17
The T-Hook 18
The D-Hook 18
Rules for the T and D Hooks 19
SIXTH LESSON.
Word-Signs - 22
Phrasing 22
SEVENTH LESSON.
The Diphthong 01 - 25
The Diphthong EW 25
The Diphthong OW - 25
Blended Consonants 26
Lengthening Principle - 27
EIGHTH LESSON.
Tick for A, AN or AND - 29
OF and OF THE . 30
x 30
NINTH LESSON.
W and Y - .33
YA and YE - - - . . 34
TENTH LESSON.
NG - 36
NGK 36
Tr - 37
!>'• - 37
MOSHER SHORTHAND. v
ELEVENTH LESSON. PAOE
Suggestions - 39
Suggestions on Phrasing 40
Letters with Key - 42
TWELFTH LESSON.
Reversing Circle Vowels to add R and L - 45
Addition of S to a Reverse Circle - 47
Addition of LY 48
The 0-Hook Repeated 48
THIRTEENTH LESSON.
Reversing Principle (Continued) "49
FOURTEENTH LESSON.
Xd and Nt Indicated 5.3
FIFTEENTH LESSON.
Thr 57
SIXTEENTH LESSON.
Mp and Mb - 02
SEVENTEENTH LESSON.
Omission of Words 66
Figures . 67
EIGHTEENTH LESSON.
The Gr-Hook 70
NINETEENTH LESSON.
The Kl-Hook 7-1
vi MOSHER SHORTHAND.
TWENTIETH LESSON. PA<SE
Omission of Letters 78
Joining Vowels - - 79
The ATIC-Hook SO
TWENTY-FIRST LESSON.
Joined Prefixes
TWENTY-SECOND LESSON.
Disjoined Prefixes
TWENTY-THIRD LESSON.
Joined Affixes - 97
TWENTY-FOURTH LESSON.
Disjoined Affixes 103
Complete List of Word-Signs 113
Complete List of Phrases 131
Exercises Illustrating Phrases 134, 13S 140
Letters 142
Testimony 158
Charge to Jury 172
Writing Exercise, "Life is a Battle." 177
"From Webster's Reply to Hayne." 180
Writing Exercise, "Little Hindrances to Success." 185
"Hryan's Speech at Chicago, July 18, 1903." 187 "From the Argument of Daniel Webster on the Trial
of John Francis Knapp." 198
"Is there Iron in Your Blood?" 202
Cities and Countries 204
I >:iys and Months 205
States and Torn lories - - 205
PREFACE,
"Improvement the order of the age," is as true as it is familiar. Perfection, if ever attained, is the result of serious inquiry, careful experiment, and gradual change. The mechanic, who is able to discover and then remedy the defect of a given piece of machinery, oftentimes dis- plays as much inventive genius as the man who first con- trived the imperfect model. This is exemplified in every department of human activity, but in none, perhaps, more than in the realm of shorthand. It is safe to say that every author of shorthand, since the time of the early pioneers, deserves greater credit for adaptation, and ar- rangement of certain well known characters, or outlines, than he does for the creation or invention of anything actually new; for we have yet to find any modern system, the symbols or characters of which, do not have a close resemblance to the characters found in the primitive sys- tems. If this be true, the modern shorthand author has but little right to base his claim for credit upon anything more than the arrangement, adaptation, and application of signs and symbols already existing.
In the preparation of this text upon light-line short- hand, the author lays no claim to having originated an entirely new system, but he does claim to have prescribed certain remedies for the numerous defects known to be inherent in the Gregg system, as presented by the author's
viii MOSHER SHORTHAND.
latest text book. The improvements consist chiefly of the adaptation and use of certain expedients, which will add very materially to the legibility and speed, and most of all, give it a standing among the reporting systems. He has earnestly sought to do for the Gregg system, what Andrew J. Graham did for the Pitman, and in the comple- tion of his work, has a right to indulge the hope, that the result of his endeavor may be carefully judged by im- partial and unprejudiced teachers and students of short- hand.
F. WILLIS MOSHER.
Omaha, Nebraska, October, 1903.
INTRODUCTORY.
Eecent years have shown marked activity and progress in shorthand. . The most noteworthy event is the dis- position and desire to break away from the old systems. There seems to be a well grounded conviction that a sys- tem of shorthand, the alphabet of which is encumbered with many shades and slants, is too antiquated for modern exigencies. A system of shorthand so complicated as to make it extremely difficult to master, no longer attracts those who believe that something more simple and vastly superior may be substituted for it.
If the old Pitmanic systems could have been in some way simplified, which seems to have been impossible, it is safe to say that many of the so-called modern systems would never have appeared. Because of this, they are no longer taught in many of our leading schools and colleges, but have been replaced by other systems, some good, some bad, some wholly bad, while none are perfect. The demand for something more modern was so great that almost any new system, however crude and imperfect, received a re- spectful hearing. At this opportune time, the Gregg sys- tem was presented as a panacea for all the ills complained of, and while the author of it believed it to be equal to every emergency, those who Avere desiring a substitute for the Pitmanic systems were disposed to be charitable. A few leading schools adopted it, and from that time on it rap- idly grew in popularity and use. It was soon put to a severe test, but when severely tried was found wanting, be- cause it was yet crude and undeveloped. Instead of as- suming a recognized place among the reporting systems, it was a sore disappointment to many who had adopted it.
x MOSIIEK SHORTHAND.
It had many things to command it, but its long outlines and its lack of legibility and speed, were discouraging fea- tures. The only solution of the increasing difficulty seemed to be to either strengthen its weak places by making needed changes, or abandon it altogether. The author of the Gregg system was made aware of the discontent which so generally prevailed, and endeavored, to the best of his ability, to provide relief. His recent revised edition is presumed to contain all the needed changes, but it will require only a casual examination upon the part of any- one conversant with the different systems of shorthand, to see that many improvements are yet needed to make Gregg shorthand a really desirable and efficient system.
We give below some of the advantages which the Mosher system, as presented in this text, has over the Gregg sys- tem :
1. In the Mosher system, tr is represented by one stroke, in the Gregg by two strokes.
2. In the Mosher system, dr is represented by one stroke, in the Gregg by two strokes.
3. In the Mosher system, st is represented by one stroke, in the Gregg by two strokes.
4. In the Mosher system, str is represented by one stroke, in the Gregg by three strokes.
5. In the Mosher system, mp is represented by one stroke, in the Gregg by two strokes.
6. In the Mosher system, mb is represented by one stroke, in the Gregg by two strokes.
7. In the Mosher system, tltr is represented by one stroke, in the Gregg by two strokes.
8. By the lengthening principle given in the Mosher system, from two to three strokes are gained over the
MOSHER SHORTHAND. xi
9. The t-Jtook in the Mosher system saves one stroke over the Gregg.
10. The d-liook in the Mosher system saves one stroke over the Gregg.
11. The nt-loop in the Mosher system saves one stroke over the Gregg.
12. The indication of con, saves one stroke over the Gregg.
13. The tick of the Mosher system, for a, an, and and, has a great advantage over the Gregg stroke and dots.
14. The gr-hook of the Mosher system saves two strokes over the Gregg.
15. The kl-hook of the Mosher system saves two strokes over the Gregg.
16. The indication of L in the Mosher system saves one stroke over the Gregg.
IT. The Mosher system discriminates between conflict- ing words, thus securing absolute legibility, whereas in the Gregg, such words as: in and not, you and your, by and hrhind. lire and leave, and fall and follow, there is abso- lutely no distinction, making it impossible to write and correctly read such matter as will be found on pages 106, 167 and 169 of this book.
"By the application of these and other "short cuts," found in this text, speed is increased from thirty to fifty per cent, and at the same time, on account of the indi- viduality of outlines secured, the legibility is also greatly increased.
Where consonant sounds or letters are limited to one way of representation, regardless of the connection in which they are used, as found in the Gregg system, there must be but little individuality of words. While there may necessarily be a little difference in the outlines, still tliis difference is so slight that individualit}r is at once
xii MOSIIER SHORTHAND.
lost, especially in those words composed of the same, or similar consonant sounds. Without this individuality, one must depend entirely upon context, and this is often mis- leading.
Perhaps the best way to illustrate this lack of indi- viduality will be to refer to the Gregg notes which ap- peared in the November and December (1902) numbers of the Phonographic World. Jn these two numbers we find the words stairs, stars, still, and shutters, written as
follows :
stairs, stars, still, shutters
Compare them with the Mosher outlines in tlir -aim- issues of the World, written as follows :
stairs, stars, still, shutters V ^ V- $
It will at once be seen that the Gregg outlines are al- most identically the same, especially if written with any degree of speed. The individuality of the Mosher outlines makes confusion impossible. These comparisons are not limited to those above, but could be extended indefinitely.
Tn the preparation of this text, the author has retained all the good features found in the Gregg system, and discarded those which are bad; for instance, the dropping of terminations, conflicting words, long outlines, etc. It will also be noticed that this text contains a full list of practical word-signs, the advantage of which will be readily admitted. Some authors, and a few teachers, labor under the delusion that the fewer word-signs a text con- tains. the better it is. When looking at a text-book, the author of which prides himself on the small number of
MOSHER SHORTHAND. xm
word-signs, a reporter of years' experience aptly remarked : "It seems to be a boy's vocabulary with which to do a man's work." The author of this text has endeavored to furnish a man's vocabulary, with which to do a man's work. The word-signs, phrases, and also the writing and reading ex- ercises herein given, have been made so extensive, that a student completing this text-book in a thorough manner will have a good reporting vocabulary at his command.
No effort has been made to make this system resemble longhand. Longhand is not adapted to rapid writing. When great effort is made to write long hand with high speed, legibility is generally destroyed. In the place of trying to make this system resemble longhand, the author has endeavored to furnish a light-line, non-position sys- tem, which can be adapted to verbatim reporting. As an evidence of how well he has succeeded, it might be well to state that, while the system is little more than a year old, it is now being used for court reporting, as well as for the highest grade of amanuensis work.
The author of this text deems it a privilege, as well as a right, to make any suggestions or improvements which materially strengthen the Gregg system. In doing this, he desires to reiterate his oft-repeated declaration, namely : "That the Gregg system is based upon correct principles, and when properly developed will meet every exigency made upon any system, by both amanuensis and reporter."
SHORTHAND PENMANSHIP.
Shorthand Penmanship has come to be regarded as an essential part of a course in Shorthand. This being true it is not out of place to offer a few suggestions which, if carefully followed, will enable the learner of Shorthand to write it legibly and rapidly. Special attention is called to the movement herein recommended as being, in the opinion of the author, the only one which is destined to produce satisfactory results. By carefully following the sugges- tions herein given the student will soon acquire a mastery over all the outlines to be used in Mosher Shorthand.
MATERIALS. Xo learner can afford to retard his progress by using poor materials. The best paper, pens, and ink should be secured.
PAPER. A note book should be selected which contains a grade of paper adapted to the use of pen and ink.
INK. A good quality of black ink should be used. Ink should be selected which flows freely.
PENS. A steel pen is preferable to either a fountain pen or an ordinary gold pen. The Spencerian Counting House pen is excellent for shorthand purposes.
PEN-HOLDERS. A pen-holder of medium size with cork or rubber tip should be used. Metallic or other highly polished holders are not suitable.
PENCILS. When a pencil is used, the student should supply himself with three or four of medium hardness, which have been well sharpened.
PEN HOLDING. No one can hope to attain a high speed when he holds the pen with the hand in a cramped posi- tion. The accompanying cuts illustrate the best method
MOSHER SHORTHAND.
xvr MOSHER SHORTHAND.
of holding the pen, and also the position of the arm and hand. The elbow should extend a little over the edge of the desk; the wrist should be slightly arched. Study the cuts carefully, and then endeavor to hold your pen as shown in the illustrations.
MOVEMENTS. Two movements are used. First, a slid- ing movement; that is, the hand slides from left to right. Second, finger movement, which is the action of the thumb with the first and second fingers.
K, G, R, L, N", and M should be made exclusively with the sliding movement. In forming the slanting characters, and the hooks, circles and loops, the thumb and fingers should be used in connection with the sliding movement. Just enough pressure should be made with the thumb against the pen to hold it in place. The muscles of the thumb and fingers should be so relaxed that they may ho brought into action instantaneously to supplement the sliding movement.
What penmen call "muscular movement," that is, allow- ing the arm to roll on the muscles of the forearm, should be strenuously avoided, as this movement is not adapted to shorthand writing. Those who adopt it never acquire high speed, neither do they become accurate writers.
In writing shorthand, as the point of the pen moves from left to right the hand should slide an equal distance. The movement of the pen and the sliding of the hand on the tips of the third and fourth fingers should be simultaneous. Do not make a horizontal character with the fingers and then hitch the hand along. Whore a stenographer writes •that way ho uses two movements where one would suffice. The result is it requires double the physical exertion that is used when the hand and pen move simultaneously.
An effort should be made to keep the hand continuously moving from left to right, keeping the point of the pen
MOSIIER SHORTHAND.
XVII
XVIII
MOSTIER SHORTHAND.
close to the paper and moving with a steady, uniform action.
In practicing the movement exercises, do not make them with a quick dash, but let the hand move slowly and con- tinuously. When making the horizontal lines, the hand should slide from left to right with the same action and at
the same speed it does when writing shorthand, and when writing shorthand the hand should move from left to right with the same action it does when making the horizontal lines. When a stenographer's hand has been properly trained, he will, when taking rapid dictation, move the hand PO steadily and continuously, that a person standing a few feet away would be unable to tell by the movement
22^-
MOSJIER SHORTHAND. xix
^6^/^t 5> * /XT-Wi . V/2, " \
of the hand, whether he^vere writingjjliertliand or making horizontal lines. ^
TURNING LEAVES. As soon as the fif*st four or five lines of a page have been written, the leaf should be slipped up slightly with the left hand, as shown in the accompanying cut. The thumb is kept under the leaf while the finger^ are used to hold the lower part of it down smoothly. Ajs the writer's hand passes from the end of one line to the beginning of the next, the left hand should slip the paper.
There are two advantage^ jf> be gained by manipulating the leaves in this way. x'*First, it enables the writer when he gets to the end of the page, to turn to the next page without the loss of time. Second, it affords a good place for the hand to slip along when the writer has nearly rt^ reached the bottom of the page. Good notes cannot :nade whjjQ the fingers have to slide on a desk or
7
/ Q #*ZS< "
ks^ ^
sfv '
u"-i>.-» *<* ^
\<\,
-rj2^— ^ y^
M $0vo/^
(4
f i
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>**" ^°~
XX
MOSHER SlIOETHAND.
7-7
7'7
L,L-
MOSIIER SHORTHAND. xxi
XXII MOSHEU SlIOUTllAMJ.
Tin- sliorilijind in this hook wns photo-ciiirravcd from original notes written by the author.
LESSON I.
1. N M K L K G*
The above characters are made from left to right.
2. P B F V J
P, B, F, V, J, are made with downward strokes.
3. H T D TH . TH
T, D, TH, are made with upward strokes.
VOWELS.
4. In shorthand, vowels are represented by hooks and circles.
A is represented by a large circle. A dash may be placed
NOTE. — In shorthand, we spell phonetically ; that is, all silent letters are omitted.
* G represents the hard sound of G, and is therefore called Gay.
2 MOSHER SHORTHAND.
under it to indicate the long sound, a breve to indicate the short sound, and a dot the medium sound.
XO as in mail. 2. as in mat. o as in mar.
RULES FOE WRITING VOWELS.
5. RULE I. When a circle vowel begins or ends a word, it is written on the lower side of straight characters, and on the inside of curves.
may hame ate day pay ape ray ache
RULE II. A vowel occurring between two straight char- acters which join without an angle, is written in accord- ance with the movement of the hands of a clock.
date name man main
RULE III. A vowel occurring between two straight characters joined with an angle, is written on the outside of the angle.
MOSHER SHORTHAND.
dame
EULE IV. A vowel occurring between two curved char- acters which extend in the same direction, is written in- side the second curve.
lake gale rare cake rake
EULE V. A vowel occurring between a straight and a curved character, is written on the inside of the curve. mail dale lame cane fame
EXCEPTION TO EULE V. When P or B is followed by a circle vowel and N, M, T, or D, the vowel is written on the outside of the curve.
pain bane bait pate palm
METHOD OF STUDY.
6. In preparing the lessons in this book, each exercise should be studied until it can be read without reference to the key. It should then be written and compared with the engraved copy.
4 MOSHER SHORTHAND.
In making this comparison, be careful to make the char- acters the proper length, and the vowels the proper size.
After the preceding instructions have been complied with, read the exercise which has no key, then transcribe it into longhand, then the longhand into shorthand, and com- pare notes with the engraving.
EXERCISE WITH KEY.
8. KEY.
1. Neigh, may, ray, lay, gay, hame, hail, ape, age.
2. Tame, Dane, Jane, pain, feign, day, hay, hate, Jay, bay, ache.
3. Fan, jam, tan, pan, lamb, Jap, van, ran, back, lap.
4. Far, calm, par, bath, ark, palm, mark, bar.
NOTE.— Words which are to be capitalized when transcribing are indicated by placing under them two short ticks.
MOSHER SHORTHAND. 5
9. EXERCISE WITHOUT KEY.
# ^ ^ — — f -/^
- — jx*5? T^< °^
/
r V
x- • o /f >P-
<~- Q v.^--, Q_^ >«i__— C5 ~~*—& \JZ/\JP
y "s i/" v^ Vv/^v^ x J^ ^ •
V^ 1r QUESTIONS.
Name the characters made from left to right.
Name those made with downward strokes.
Name those made with upward strokes.
How is H indicated?
How are vowels represented in shorthand?
How is A represented?
How are the various sounds indicated?
When a circle vowel begins a word or ends a word, how is it written ?
How are circle vowels written to straight characters which are joined without angles?
How is a vowel written which occurs between two straight characters joined with an angle ?
How is a circle vowel written between two curved charac- ters extending in the same direction?
When a vowel occurs between a straight and a curved character, how is it generally written?
What exception is there to this?
LESSON II.
10. E E SH CH S S Z Z
o o / / j f ) (
11. The vowel E is represented by a small circle. A dash may be placed under it to indicate the long sound, and a breve to indicate the short sound.
12. SH and CH are made with downward strokes. They are made on the same slant as J, but are much shorter, SH being a mere tick. They should be written more nearly vertical than T and D.
READING EXERCISE.
1. Knee, me, lee, key, fee, tea, here, she, team, dean, mean.
2. Bell, fell, sell, bet, pet, check, neck, peck, deck, egg.
3. Leap, reap, heap, bean, dell, knell, eel, reel, eat.
MOSHER SHORTHAND.
15. S somewhat resembles TH, but is easily distin- guished from it as it is more nearly vertical, and is made with a downward stroke, while TH is invariably written with an upward stroke.
16. S may be written with either a right or left curve. The form made with a right curve is used more frequently than the other, and is therefore called the "standard" S. The form made with a left curve is made with the reverse movement of the hand, and is therefore called the "re- verse" S.
z.
17. In nearly all cases Z may be represented by the same character that is used for S, but where desirable Z may be distinguished from S by making the Z a little longer. When Z begins a word it is generally safer to make this distinction, but when it occurs in the middle or at the end of a word it is seldom necessary to do so.
RULES FOR THE USE OF S.
18. RULE I. When S is the only consonant in the word the standard S should be used.
say as see essay
d 9 J 3
8 MOSHER SHORTHAND.
EULE II. When 8 is joined to curves, that form is used which corresponds in curvature with the consonant to which it is attached.
slay spear save bakes case
RULE III. When S is joined to straight characters, that form is used which will make the sharper angle. panes bates lanes gains
19. READING EXERCISE.
^ -f- ^7^ ^
5^ —^ y o^ -^ •£ -— -p^- -^
•9 v_^ -f? 4 -^ V -- — a o< o< <i_^> C ^^
t^ ^-£-* /" c^r ---"^ )
^ " X
20. KEY.
1. Sleep, save, sale, slap, slain, cakes, rakes, raps, keys.
2. Hams, seems, adz, rats, cheese, jams, tease, pets, lanes, rains.
MOSHER SHORTHAND. 9
3. Haze, raise, maze, zeal, zephyr, gaze, phase, chaise, phrase, zebra, zenith.
4. Same, gale, hail, rap, snake, erase, snap, saber, schemes.
5. Sear, task, span, pans, cakes.
21. WRITING EXERCISE.
Maps, snaps, snakes, save, seize, span, rap, say, fasten. Bates, seems, seal, bakes, slain, bales, rails.
Mask, tasks, leans, bask, pass, mass, slacks, sneak, slash, sheep.
QUESTIONS.
How is the short sound of. E represented ? How is SH represented? In Avhat direction is it made? In what direction is CH made? Which is the longer? How is S distinguished from TH ?
What is the form called which is made with a right curve? What is the form called which is made with a left curve? How is Z generally represented? How may Z be distinguished from S ? When is it desirable to make this distinction? When S is the only consonant in a word, which form is used ?
When S is joined to curves which form is used? Which form is used when joined to straight characters?
LESSON III.
22. I I St St
C o 1 <-
The diphthong I is represented by a large circle which is slightly indented so as to distinguish it from A. This indentation should be Yery slight, and in many cases it may be omitted altogether, as there is very little danger of its conflicting with A.
my rye night pie higher
23. The short sound of I, as in mill, is represented by a email circle. A dot may be placed under it to distinguish it from E.
tin chin pin fin hill nip
S~ J~ cX J- ^ _
(
St.
24. S is traced with a backward slant to add T or D. St, like S, may be traced with either a right or left curve.
MOSHER SHORTHAND. 11
Like the S, the one traced to the right is called the ".standard," and the one traced to the left, the "reverse."
25. BEADING EXERCISE.
^ '/ <+ +
<_^> <« x t^ <Q & ,P «^-— ~^
T*- "^r . . . . ' -^~r J^
26. KEY.
1 . Rhyme, rim, shine, shin, dime, dim, file, fill, my. •J. Bite, bit, pine, pin, ripe, rip, lime, limb, height, hit,
3. Sell, steel, pass, past, base, baste, seam, steam, sick, stick.
4. Mine, knife, chimney, chimes, hymns, staff, same, sane, stain.
."). Mi>?. mist, sign. sin. sieve, vim. fins, limbs.
12 MOSHER SHORTHAND.
HOUT KEY.
<r •-*
28. WRITING EXERCISE.
Tests, stitch, vast, face, least, stab, stake, stack, stick, stems, signs, stiff, sip, hash, rasp, lean, pest, paste, seems.
QUESTIONS.
How is the diphthong I represented?
How do you represent the short sound of I ?
What is the difference between S and St ?
How do you determine which form to use? \ \
In what direction is St traced? ^
LESSON IV.
29. 0 0 0 Str Str
In shorthand, 0 is represented by a character which resembles the lower half of a longhand 0. It is called the 0-hook.
The long sound of 0 may be indicated by placing a dash under it, and the short sound by placing a breve. A dot placed under the 0-hook represents the broad sound of A.
doe
30. RULE I. When the 0-hook precedes N, M, R or L, the hook should be written on the upper side without an angle. (See line 1 below.)
RULE II. When the 0-hook is preceded by a downward stroke it is written in its natural form, (See line 2 below. )
RULE III. When S precedes 0, the standard S should be used.
RULE IV. When St precedes 0, the reverse St should be used.
31.
MOSHER SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE.
/ S / /
s
r
rr T
32. KEY.
1. Own, oar, hall, maul, moan, tone, coal, roll.
2. Ball, foam, pone, bone, pour, shore, oat, bow, dot, sole.
3. Sore, foe, knoll, mote, mode, soap, lot, roast, lost.
4. Stone, coast, modest, molest, pole, Paul, rope, robe.
5. Hot, hobby, nobby, top, rob.
Str.
33. Either form of St may be lengthened to add R.
READING EXERCISE.
* & &
- > ^ x V_
. — *-
*>
MOSHER SHORTHAND. 15
34. KEY.
1. Pose, post, poster, rows, roast, roaster, mass, mnst, master, fist.
2. Seam, steam, stream, steep, strip, stripe, feast, fes- ter, fast, faster, mist.
3. Stitch, stretch, boast, boaster, castor, Eochester, bows, toes, toast, toaster.
35. READING EXERCISE WITHOUT KEY.
/ >
^ *
/
^S ' — ^\ ^
J • X
\n (&,
36. WRITING EXERCISE.
i
Steer, stitch, lobster, loan, steep, stab, cast, invest, in- vestor, infest, fester, Sole, roll, mob, braced, list, lister, strike, stroll, core, knoll, stick, roast, jest, rest, nest, test, sinister, modes, toll.
QUESTIONS.
How is 0 represented in shorthand? What is this character called? How are the long and short sounds of 0 marked? What sound is represented by placing a dot under the O-hook ?
1G MOSHER SHOKTHAXD.
On what characters is the 0-hook placed on the upper side without an angle?
How is the 0-hook written when preceded bv a downward stroke ?
What form of S should be used when it precedes the 0-hook?
When St precedes the 0-hook, whaf form should be used ?
How may R be added to St ?
LESSON V.
37.
00 00
The 00 vowel is represented by the upper half of the longhand 0. It is called the U-hook.
A dash may be placed under the U-hook to represent the long sound of 00, a breve to represent the short sound of 00, and a dot to represent the short sound of U.
? as in cool. ^ us in look. •^ as in luck.
38. RULE I. When the U-hook follows N or N, it should be written on the under side without an angle. (See line 1 below.)
39.
READING EXERCISE.
18 MOSHER SHORTHAXD.
tL j *Ls*
.-7 . — _ , — „ c — . — ^ _^ / ^ J \L- /^ *
/ y ~/ , . £ --^ k< — v-^. — . -*^ l-> ,
{ Y -> ^ ^/
40. KEY.
1. Noon, nook, none, muff, nut, mood, mud, moon.
2. Duck, tuck, tool, tomb, doom, dumb, ton, tub.
3. Luck, shuck, pucker, push, bush, puff, buff, pun, bun, loom, dub.
4. Eush, cup, cub, pole, pool, pull, fun, cook, hoot, buck.
5. Pup, bug, shun, tough, shut, rut, root, rude, stoop, stool, shoe.
G. Snub, shoes, rum, coon, huts, cookie, dummy.
THE T-HOOK AND D-HOOK.
41. A short final hook attached to the upper side of X, M, R, L, T, D, TH, the under side of K and G, and the left side of SH, CH, J, F, V, and standard S, St and Str., may be used to represent T or I).
The hook may be made short to represent T and Ions: to represent D, although in practical work it is seldom necessary to make this distinction, as no confusion will arise should they be made the same length.
MOSHER SHORTHAND. 19
Kt Md Tt Td THt Ed Ld SHt CHd Jt St Stt
_^ =, ^> ^ ^ ~^> ?> J J J j ,-*
Cold left bold beard laughed mold
42. The T-hook may also be used when there is a circle vowel occurring between the hook and the character to which it is attached. If the vowel is one which is repre- sented by a large circle, the hook should be made large. If it is one represented by a small circle, the hook should be made small.
43. When T or D is represented by a hook and the preceding vowel is omitted, the diacritical marl's may be placed under the hook to indicate whether the omitted vowel is long, short, or medium.
44. D may be indicated after P or B by a large hook, rate read goat get made neat date debt bad pad
45. E.ULE I. T cannot be indicated after P or B by the T-hook. The stroke T must be written.
EULE II. }] "hen T or D is preceded bij a hook-vowel, the T or D stroke should be used.
coat wrote
road code cut shut
20 ^IOSHER SHORTHAND.
46. When the diphthong I precedes a T-hook or D- liook, the hook should terminate with a short backward strok-?.
47. READING EXERCISE.
^ s-
1.- Cold, bold, mold, reeled, relet, sealed, peered. '^. Pelt, abashed, lashed, smashed, dashed, cashed, rate, late, read, seed.
3. Shade, sheet, shed, shied, feed, fade, vied, meet. made, met, mad, rat, read.
4. Set. seat, sat. neat. net. note, raid, laid, lead, bed, bad. bait. pate, rates, mates.
5. Ride, side, lied, fight, bite, kite, dates, seats, i-heets, rolled, sold, cheat.
0. Alert, abide, relied, rise, rides, lights.
\
MOSIIER SHORTHAND. 21
QUESTIONS.
How may U and OO be represented?
What is this hook called?
What diacritical mark is used to indicate long 00 ?
What mark to indicate the short sound of 00 ?
What mark to indicate the short sound of U ?
How is the U-hook written when it follows N or M?
How may T or 1) be represented?
How may the hooks be written when it is desirable to distinguish between T and D ?
What is said about T or D when it follows a hook vowel?
Can the hook be used when it immediately follows the diphthong I ?
How should the hook be written when it follows the diph- thong- I ?
LESSON VI.
49. In shorthand, words which occur frequently are abbreviated. These abbreviations are called word-signs. Word-signs, thoroughly memorized, are great time savers in rapid writing, and are also an aid in reading.
Study the word-signs carefully, then write them from the key and compare with the engraving.
50. WORD-SIGNS.
51. KEY.
1. In, not, more am, are our, will well load, put up, but be, have, the, their.
2. Can, go good, I why, he, large, came, make, before, where, while, of.
3. All. you, your, at it, a an and.
PHRASING.
52. Tn order to acquire high speed, it is frequently nec- essary to write two or more words without raising the pen. This is called phrasing. When phnslng is done judiciously,
MOSHER SHORTHAND. 23
it greatly assists in the acquirement of speed. It is not ad- visable, however, for the beginner to try to build phrases. It will be better for him to confine his phrase writing to such exercises as are given in the text-book, and to use them whenever they may occur in dictation. By the time these are thoroughly mastered, he will be better prepared to construct phrases for himself.
53. EXEECISE WITH KEY.
54. KEY.
1. In our, for the, of the, are you, he will, he will not, he will not be, I will.
2. I will not, I will not be, are you, are you not, are you not the, you can.
3. You cannot, you cannot be.
55. BEADING EXERCISE.
V <"~ N \ ~~
24 MOSIIEU SHORTHAND.
56. KEY.
Can you make a good oar? He will be here before you go. Jane will bake the cake. The main pier will be very large. Will you go for the hay while I go for the coal ? Will you go home before I leave ? The bale of hay will be for you. I bought a load of coal. He will eat the hot meat.
57. WRITING EXERCISE.
The lady will need the key in an hour. I would not eat the thick cream, but I would pm it in the large bowl. He may row the boat for an hour, but cannot go a mile. The rye may be ripe, but I will not Tray it. You cannot go home before night. He will write you -before you buy the ream of paper. The lady will not make a bow for you, but will bake you a cake. Will you pay for a load of coal or a bale of hay ? May will buy a coat for Joe.
QUESTIONS.
How are words written which occur frequently ?
What are these abbreviations called ?
What is phrase writing?
Does phrasing tend to increase speed?
Does it injure the legibility?
Should beginners endeavor to construct original phrases?
NOTE. — A period is made with a backward stroke. The interro- gation point the same, only longer.
LESSON VII.
58. 01 EW OW
cJ> <r <T'
In shorthand, the diphthong 01 is formed by the join- ing of the two vowels 0 and E. (See line 1.)
The diphthong EW is formed by the joining of the two vowels E and 00. (See line 2.)
The diphthong OW is formed by the joining of the two vowels A and 00 (II). (See line 3.)
59. READING AND WRITING EXERCISE.
60. KEY.
1. Oil, toil, toy, joy, hoy, boil, Roy, royal, noise.
2. Few, feud, view, viewed, Jew, fuel, cue, cute, re- fuse, hue, now.
3. Now, mow, mouth, gout, fowl, owl, doubt, row.
61.
MOSHER SHORTHAND.
BLENDED CONSONANTS.
Tn Dn Tm Dm Nt Nd Mt Md
In the syllables ten, den, tern, and dem, the vowel may usually be omitted and the characters T and M, D and M, written without an angle, except in monosyllables. (Lines 1 and 2.)
N and T, N and D, M and T, M and D, may bo treated in the same manner. (Line 3.)
(This principle is used only in a limited number of words. Another principle relating to the same class of words will be introduced in a following lesson.)
The angle may also be omitted between T and F, D and F, T and V, D and V. (Line 4.)
At the beginning of words, the angle between J and Xt is omitted. "(Line 5.)
' 62. READING AND WRITING EXERCISE.
SHORTHAND. 27
63. KEY.
1. Mitten, bitten, Satan, tendency, written, attempt, sin itten.
2. Redeem, Lawton, canteen, routine, Botany, deny, de- molish.
3. Ventilate, medicine, into, tenor, timid, epidemic, atom.
4. Defy, plaintiff, devout, defect, adjective, define, di- vest, native.
5. Genteel, gentle, gentile, gently, gentleman.
64. WRITING EXERCISE.
Soil, soiled, coiled, voyage, decoy, enjoy, annoy, toiled^ voucher, powder, couch, fume, f u^t) excuse, lieu, pew, chew, mew,