AJIUIUJ,> ^vt uonan t'U/: -OF-CAIIF f| <£ t$ I & I & ^'f i MN8^ ^H i I s I $tt-UWVU«{S 1 1 \ if/ i 1 lOSANCElfj> r« ^ » II £ ^ I i I % ^\\E UNIVER%. 1 3 bv 'Viiini»»f, Vallanco, Kesi naa cep ii ; i BT G:BO; MAVO Stack Annex NEW SYSTEM VOL. IV. COPY-RIGHT SECURED. CONTENTS. Analysis - 5 Table I. 8 Table H. 9 Table III. - . 10 Table IV 11 Table V 12 Plates 1. 2. & 3. Temples; see volume I. from - - 137 to 159 Plates 4. 5. 6. & 7. Oracles ; see volume I. from - - 207 to 250 Plate 8. Altars; see volume I. 132. Tripod; 180. Sacred chickens ; 259 Plate 10. Two Druids, priests of the Gauls; volume I. 181, and volume n. 224. Priestesses of Vesta, volume I. 193. A Sibyl, - 196 Plates 11. 12. 13. 51. & 52. Bloody sacrifices, libations, and simple offer- ings, volume I. 159, to 177 Plates 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. & 19. Egyptian Deities; vol. II. - 25 to 91 (Plate 15. the principal figures of the Isiac Table) Plate 20. Phenician Deities, Astarte and Adonis; vol. H. 110 Persian Deities, Mithras, &7c. 178 Plate 21. Jupiter, vol. in. - - 11 Plate 22. Juno and Iris; vol. HI. 58 and 141. Apollo 87. Mercury 129 Plate 23. Vulcan; vol .III. 163. Venus 169. Minerva 143. Mars - 154 Plate 24. Aurora, 6?c. vol. IH. 122. Mars and Bellona, 154. Jupiter Pluvius, ......... 49 Plate 25. Jupiter and Juno, with their attendants; reference as above. (Hebe, vol. HI. 142) Venus, Cupid, and the Graces, 169 to 198 Plate 26. Venus, Cupid, Psyche, Hymenseus, and the Graces, ibid. Plate 27. Hermes or Mercury, Minerva and Iris; reference as above. Zephyrs, vol. HI. 371 Plate 28. The Colossus of Rhodes, vol. I. 130 Plate 29. Diana of Ephesus, vol. III. ... 120 Plate 30. The Nine -Muses, vol III. - 123 Plate 31. Cybele, vol. HL - 298 Plate 32. Cybele, vol. IH. 298. Vesta, (the younger) 305. Saturn, 66 Janus, . • - . 71 2G3230O iv CONTENTS. Plate 33. Ceres, vol. HI. Diania, 119. Bacchus, 198. Pan, - 322 Plate 34. Silenus, vol. HI. 324. Bacchus, Satyrs, &c. - - 314 Plate 35. Priapus, vol. 315. Flora, 309. Vertumnus, 314. Pomona, 312 Plate 36. Oceanus, vol. III. 353. Neptune, and Amphitrite, 356. Triton, Nereus, and Nereids, 379 Plate 37. Triton, Nereids, and a sea horse, vol. III. 379. JEolus, 368 Plate 38. Nox, vol. III. - - 285 Plate 3. Nox, Mors, Somnus, Dii Manes, vol. HI. 285. Nemesis, 276 Plate 40. Pluto and Proserpine, vol, 249. The Harpies, the Furies, &c. - 268. The Pares or Fates, 277. The door of Hell, 220. Charon, - and the Shades conducted by Mercury, ... 236 Plate 41. The infernal regions, Pluto, Proserpine, the three judges of hell, Cerberus, Charon and the Shades, the Furies, the notori- ous offenders suffering their torments, &c. vol. IH. - 215 Plate 42. Pluto and Cerberus, referrence as above. Plate 43. Diana, Hecate, or Proserpine Triformis, vol. III. - 123 Plate 44. Hercules, vol. III. 393. An Amazon, 404. Atlas, - - 76, Plate 45. Castor and Pollux, vol. III. 450. JEsculapius, Telesphorus, and Hygeia, 455 Plate 46. Victory, vol. III. 162. Justice, Appendix, 7. Fortune. 16. Fame, 13 Plate 47. The seasons of the year, vol. III. Appendix, - . 19 Plate 48. The god of the Tiber, vol. III. 352. The goddess Roma, Ap. 19 Plate 49. Pandora endowed with the choice -gifts of the gods^ vol. HI. .80 Plate 50. Niobe and her children shot to death by Apollo and Diana vol. HI. ......... 109 Plate 51. & 52, referred to in connection with Plate - . - 11, A NEW SYSTEM OF ANALYSIS. WHEN treating of the classification of the pagan deities in the introduction to the second volume, page 16, ;,'e promised to accompany this volume with a series of Analytical Tables, illus- trative of the various systems into which the mythologists have thought proper, for the sake of method to arrange those deities; but after the maturest deliberation, we find that the minuteness of detail which we had contemplated, in exhibiting a tabular view of so many systems, of which the greater part have been adopted only by the caprice of those who projected them, would not only be foreign from the object of utility by which the plan was originally dictated, but even nugatory in effect, and conse- quently a task of supererogation, a mere brutum fulmen. We have therefore determined to confine ourselves to the narrower limits of utility, in the construction of the following tables, in which \ve have endeavored to give a perspicuous view of two of those systems, which are most frequently alluded to, most generally adopted, and consequently most worthy of curi- osity; though we doubt not but some of our readers will be of opinion, that we have exceeded the limits of utility even here; for, to repeat what cannot be too deeply impressed upon the minds of noviciates in this study, " the deities and superstitious worship of the pagans constitute an ill-matched whole, which was never a work of meditation, invented by the same persons, at the same time, or in one country, with any view to consist- ency;" whence it results, that after all that has been said upon the classification to which mythologists have reduced those del- (2) e ANALYSIS. ties for the sake of precision, still their arrangements will ever be at variance. Even that which distributes the gods into heavenly, infernal, terrestrial, and marine, though it is the most consistent in its parts, has nevertheless its insuperable exceptions, inasmuch as the authors who follow this arrangement, differ in their appoint- ment of many of the deities to their respective classes. The Muses, for example, are sometimes enrolled among the heavenly, and sometimes among the terrestrial deities. The same remark applies to Diana, who, though honoured by most pagan nations as a divinity of the first order, is frequently represented as a terrestrial goddess, partaking of the sports of the chase, and the delightful relaxations of bathing, accompanied by the nymphs of the forests and of the fountains: she is also sometimes placed among the infernal deities under the name of Hecate Triformis, when she is confounded with Proserpine. Bacchus, too, is fre- quently seen in the company of the Satyrs, the lowest in the order of terrestrial deities. This dispute, however, is confined chiefly to the heavenly and terrestrial gods; for, among those of the sea, jEolus alone, with some authors, claims a place among the terrestrial gods, if we except the fountain nymphs and river gods, who seem to stand upon the line of demarkation between the terrestrial and sea deities: and in regard to the infernal deities, with the exception of Diana, just mentioned, we can only call to mind Nemesis, who seems not entirely content with the ministration of justice in the mansions of the dead, but in the character of that irre- sistible Destiny which rules the will of Jupiter himself, she takes a flight sometimes to heaven, and at other times skims the surface of the earth, by sea and land, thereby confounding the arrangements of mythologists, who would fix her to either abode. In fine, what shall we say of the Lares and Penates? a class of deities that would seem to be exclusively terrestrial, since they have no other abode allotted to them, than that of those who adopted them for the protection of their person and house- ANALYSIS. , 7 hold. Shall we, then, consider them as terrestrial deities, even when a favourite Penate has been a Minerva, a Neptune, a Ve- nus, or an Apollo? and thereby overturn the only tolerably con- sistent system of heavenly, infernal, terrestrial, and marine deities, from which they were derived according to the caprice of the persons who adopted them? or consider it as being possessed of that convenient mutability, by which it gains on the one hand what it loses on the other? or, in short, shall we exclude them from a place in this arrangement, and let them share the fate of the Cabiri, the Palici, the Patseici, and other Particular associa- tions of deities, whose individual names are but imperfectly known, and have no part in the general classification of the gods? Besides these, we shall find in the same condition, a long list of tutelar deities acknowledged by the Greeks and Romans, who presided over the particular functions of human life, over particular places, cities, and districts of country; not to omit the Virtues, the Vices, and other evils, which also had divine honours paid them. These two classes, though not included among the terrestrial deities properly so cslled, may with some colour of propriety be regarded as a sort of terrestrial deities, in consequence of their functions and prerogatives being con- fined to earthly or human affairs. Thus the reader may judge for himself how little advantage is to be derived from a mere skeleton of a subject whose parts are so monstrous and incoherent as those of the pagan theology; and how necessary it is, in order to form anv thing like a just conception of the whole, to review the parts in detail, as we have digested them in the foregoing volumes. We dare entertain a hope, however, that these hints will serve to appease his curi- osity, and abate his ardour in the search for system in a subject where incongruity and confusion are the predominating fea- tures: in short, that we have pointed out in a few words, the principal defects of the most approved classification of the gods, which he might have passed over without notice, or have sought in vain to correct by study and reflection, or have detected, only for his individual satisfaction. ANALYTICAL TABLES CLASSIFICATION TABLE FIRST. Dn MAJORUM GENTIUM — the Superior Gods, or Select Gods. Dll CONSEN TES, or, Jupi- ter's Council. fl Juno 2 Neptune 3 Minerva 4 Venus 5 Apollo 6 Mercury 7 Jupiter 8 Ceres 9 Vulcan j 10 Mars I 11 Diana U2 Vesta f 1 Janus I 2 Saturn I 3 Genius The comple- J 4 Sol ment of the Se- } 5 Pluto \,lect Gods. 6 Bacchus I 7Tellus ( 8 Luna January February March April May June July August September October November December IThe above were theDnMAjORUM , GENTIUM of the ^Greeks; to which these eight were I added by the Rp- j mans. (This class should include all the de- Dn MINORUM GENTIUM, Dn I ities not enumerated above; of which ADSCRIPTITII, or Dn INDIGE-< some are heavenly deities, a great TES, &c. — the Inferior Gods. j many are terrestrial deities, marine ^deities, and infernal deities. DII SEMONES, or SEMIHOMINES^ — the Demi-Gods, or Heroes. This class should include all those worthies, of the heroic age, whether men or women, who received divine honours in commemoration of their ^meritorious deeds. ANAM.-I- TABLE SECOND. INFERNAL DEITIES. •Chaos The mother of all things. Nox The goddess of the night. Proserpine The queen of Hell. ~\ o f Clotho 1 J; . J Presides over our birth. Lachesis V~ o < Draws out the thread of life. Atropos I 2 S 1 Cuts the thread of life at death. ~ 3-1 1 ? r lNFERNAL( GODDESSES.' Alecto Tisiphone Megaera 1 § S ) ^ne fi'iglitful ministers of the ven- V" 'S < geance of the gods, and the im- 1 J2 ^ 1 placable torments of the wicked. J P I "\ u • fVoracious birds with the faces of Aello l_ j~ £ 1 women, confounded with the Fu- Ocypete rw fi"! ries« and like th?m execute the Celeno J r3 J? I vengeance of the gods. Nemesis The goddess of justice. LChimxra A monster of Hell. ("Erebus Sometimes taken for Hell itself. Pluto The king of Hell. Plutus „ The blind god of wealth. Minos "} v 55 Coresident of the judges of Hell. Rhadamanthus > ^M "S 'udged the Asiatics. JEacus 3^~c C. Judged the Europeans. INFERNAL Charon The ferry-man of Hell. GODS. } Mors The relentless god of death. j Somnus The god of sleep; brother of Mors. J Morpheus Phobetor 1 Phantasia B| j Represents human figures, j* -< Represents beasts, birds, &c. ,§ 1 Represents inanimate things. tt>ii Manes The gods of tombs and the ghosts. ANALYSIS. TABLE THIRD. HEAVENLY DEITIES. juno The queen of heaven. Iris The messenger of Juno. Hebe The goddess of youth. Minerva Goddess of wisdom and of war. Venus Goddess of beauty and of love. 1 8 C Aglaia j g I The goddesses of amiability; and the Thalia V-o «\ sources of every thing agreeable and smil- Euphrosine | <u j ing in nature. Diana Goddess of hunting. Symbol of the moon. Clio "j ("Presides over history. Euterpe I $ I Presides over music. Thalia | 3 | Presides over comedy. Melpomine j !3 j Presides over tragedy- Terpsichore > g < Presides over the dahce. Erato f '£ j Presides over amorous poetry. Polyhymnia « Presides over singing. Calliope | £ | Presides over eloquence. Urania J ^Presides over astronomy. Aurora The goddess of the morning. ^Bellona Goddess of war, and companion of Mars. "Ccelus Represents heaven itself. Saturn Represents destructive time. • Janus The god of prudence. Jupiter The king of heaven and all the gods. Mercury Messenger cf Jupiter and god of merchants. Apollo God of music and the fine arts. Mars The god of war and bloodshed. Vulcan The god of blacksmiths and of fire.- Bacchus The god of wine and of sottishness. Cupid The god of love. Hymenaeus The god of ma; riage. .Ganymede The cupbearer of the gods. ANALYSIS. 11 TABLE FOURTH. TERRESTRIAL DEITIES. fTerra or Titza Represents the earth itself. Tellus Goddess of the earth, the same as Tarra. Cybele Goddess of the earth and cities. Ops or Rhea Goddess of the earth, confounded with Cybele. Bona Dea Goddess of the earth, confounded with the above. Vesta (the elder) Symbol of the earth, confounded with the above. Vesta (the younger)Symbol of fire, and patroness of vestals. The goddess of corn and harvests. The goddess of flowers and gardens. The goddess of fruits and orchards. The goddess of shepherds and flocks. A prophetess, the wife of Faunus. 0 « f Presided over the woods and forests. S "eLj Presided over particular trees. 1 >» i Prided over th6 mountains. £ c ^Presided over groves and valleys. J2 ("Patroness of Numa in the Arician grove. . , A beautiful nymph, favourite of Diana. >, ] One of Diana's attendants mother of Britomartis. J Transformed by grief into a voice. '3 ] Changed into a tortoise by Mercury. mpanied Ceres in search of Proserpine, ged into a laurel to avoid Apollo. Changed into the lotus to avoid Priapus. ^i unan^ 3 Accor '•5 Chan§ £ LChanj fDemogorgon B | Terminus ° I Pan J Silenus g j Faunus : j Sylvanus £ 1 Priapus LVertumnus The god or genius of the earth. The god of land-marks and boundaries. rThe god of shepherds and peasants. The foster-father of Bacchus. j« ") Gave prophecies to men as Fauna did to women. \_A rural god confounded with Faunus. The god of gardens and orchards. The god of the seasons and their changes. 12 ANALYSIS. TJJ3LE FIFTH. SEA DEITIES. fTethys Amphitrite Oceanides Nereids . Naiads . . Limniades wife of Oceanus and mother of the Oceanides. wife of Neptune and queen of the sea. Thetis . . Calypso . Metis. . . Cymothoe Deiopeia . Arethusa Cyane . . Syrinx . tf , I The daughters of Oceanus and Tethys— 3,000. J The daughthers of Nereus and Doris — 50. \ The guardians of the rivers and fountains. I The guardians of pools and marshes. i.l J2 fThe wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles. a (The & 1 Queen of Ogygia and mistress of Ulysses. >. I First wife of Jupiter and mother of Minerva. __ £ J Assisted the Trojan fiVet in a storm. *£ ] Promised by Junoto ^Eolus for raising that storm. o j One of Diana's attendants, chang'd to a fountain. '•£ I One of Proserpine's attendants, chang'd to ditto. pj Lchanged into a reed to avoid Pan. P *K * ~] « (These three nymphs governed three islands on Parthenope I 5 I ^ ^^ Q{ fofSfa Syrenusse. The charms IjiC'Cia, . . . /* u "s /»_„ u*_v- xi i-i i*,i «r,.«« :«^fr^«+.,«i Ligei Leucotia . Scylla . . LCharybdis c J 1M •j"1 1 for which they were celebrated were ineffectual .on- Ulysses. Changed into a rock on the coast of Sicily. Changed into a whirlpool on the coast of Italy. 'Oceanus Neptune Triton . Proteus Phorcys .ffiolus . Glaucus Saron . Portumnu LEgeon . s Represented the Ocean itself. The king of the seas, and sea deities. Neptune's trumpeter and son by Amphitrite. The god of transfiguration and prophesy. The father of the Gorgons and Graiae by Ceto. The god and the father of the winds. The god of fishing and of fishermen. The god of mariners. Presided over the sea ports. Assisted the Titans, was vanquished by Neptune. . 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