s
■iiiilllhlj
STUDIA IN
THE LIBRARY
of
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY
Toronto
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED ay JAMES I.OEB, LL.D.
EDITED BY t T. E, PAGE, C.H., LITT.D.
E. CAPPS, PH.D.. LL.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, Lrrr.D.
VARRO
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE
VAREO
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
ROLAND G. KENT, Ph.D.
PROrESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IJJ THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN TWO VOLUMES
I BOOKS v.- VII.
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MCMXXXVIII
Printed in Great Britain
CONTENTS
Introduction page
\'arro's Life and Works . . . . vii
Varro's Grammatical Works . , . viii
\'arro's De Lingua Latina . . . , ix
The Manuscripts of the De Lingua Latina . xii
The Laurentian Manuscript F . , xv
The Orthography of the De Lingua Latina x\ii
The Editions of the De Lingua Latina . xxvii
Bibliography ..... .xxxiii
Our Text of the De Lingua Latina . xliii The Critical Apparatus .... xliv
The Translation of the De Lingua Latina xlv
The Notes to the Translation . , xlvi
S}Tnbols and Abbre\iations . . . xlix
De Lingu.\ Latina, Te.\t and Translation
BookV 2
BookVL 172
Book VII 266
INTRODUCTION
VARRO'S LIFE AND WORKS
Marcxs Terentius ^'ARRO was born in 116 B.C., probably at Reate in the Sabine country, where his family, which was of equestrian rank, possessed large estates. He was a student under L. Aelius Stilo Praeconinus, a scholar of the equestrian order, widely versed in Greek and Latin literature and especially interested in the history and antiquities of the Roman people. He studied philosophy at Athens, with Anti- ochus of Ascalon. With his tastes thus formed for scholarship, he none the less took part in public life, and was in the campaign against the rebel Sertorius in Spain, in 76. He was an officer with Pompey in the war with the Cilician pirates in 67, and presumably also in Pompey 's campaign against Mithradates. In the Ci\il War he was on Pompey 's side, first in Spain and then in Epirus and Thessaly.
He was pardoned by Caesar, and lived quietly at Rome, being appointed librarian of the great collec- tion of Greek and Latin books which Caesar planned to make. After Caesar's assassination, he was pro- scribed by Antony, and his ^illa at Casinum, with his personal library, was destroyed. But he himself escaped death by the devotion of friends, who con- cealed him, and he secured the protection of Octavian,
vii
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He lived the remainder of his life in peace and quiet, devoted to his ^^Titings, and died in 27 B.C., in his eighty-ninth year.
Throughout his life he wrote assiduously. His works number seventy-four, amounting to about six hundred and twenty books ; they cover virtually all fields of human thought : agriculture, grammar, the history and antiquities of Rome, geography, law, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics and astronomy, education, the history of literature and the drama, satires, poems, orations, letters.
Of all these only one, his De Re Rustica or Treatise on Agriculture, in three books, has reached us complete. His De Lingua Latino or On the Latin Language, in twenty-five books, has come down to us as a torso ; only Books V. to X. are extant, and there are serious gaps in these. The other works are represented by scattered fragments only.
VARRO'S GRAMMATICAL WORKS
The grammatical works of Varro, so far as we know them, were the following :
De Lingua Latina, in twenty-five books, a fuller account of which is given below.
De Antiquitate Li tier arum, in two books, addressed to the tragic poet L. Accius, who died about 86 b.c. ; it was therefore one of Varro 's earliest writings.
De Origine Linguae Latinae, in three books, ad- dressed to Pompey.
Uipl XapaKT'jpcov, in at least three books, on the formation of words.
Quaestiones Plautinae, in five books, containing
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interpretations of rare words found in the comedies of Plautus.
De Similitudine Verhorum, in three books, on re- gularity in forms and words.
De Utilitate Sermonis, in at least four books, in which he dealt with the principle of anomaly or irregularity.
De Sermone Latino, in five books or more, addressed to Marcellus, which treats of orthography and the metres of poetry.
Disciplinae, an encyclopaedia on the Uberal arts, in nine books, of which the first dealt with Grammatica.
The extant fragments of these works, apart from those of the De Lingua Latina, may be found in the Goetz and Schoell edition of the De Lingua Latina, pages 199-242 ; in the collection of Wilmanns, pages 170-223 ; and in that of Funaioli, pages 179-371 (see the Bibliography).
VARRO'S DE LINGUA LATINA
\ arro's treatise On the Latin Language was a work in twenty-five books, composed in 47 to 45 B.C., and pubhshed before the death of Cicero in 43.
The first book was an introduction, containing at the outset a dedication of the entire work to Cicero. The remainder seems to have been divided into four sections of six books each, each section being by its subject matter further divisible into two halves of three books each.
Books Il.-Vn. dealt with the impositio vocabulorum, or how words were originated and applied to things
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and ideas. Of this portion, Books 1 1. -IV. were prob- ably an earlier smaller work entitled De Etymologia or the like ; it was separately dedicated to one Septumius or Septimius, who had at some time, which we cannot now identify, served V^arro as quaestor. Book II. presented the arguments which were advanced against Etymology as a branch of learning ; Book III. presented those in its favour as a branch of learning, and useful ; Book IV. discussed its nature.
Books v.- VI I. start with a new dedication to Cicero. They treat of the origin of words, the sources from which they come, and the manner in which new words develop. Book V. is devoted to words which are the names of places, and to the objects which are in the places under discussion ; VI. treats words denoting time-ideas, and those which contain some time-idea, notably verbs ; VII. explains rare and difficult words which are met in the writings of the poets.
Books VIII. -XIII. dealt with derivation of words from other words, including stem-derivation, de- clension of nouns, and conjugation of verbs. The first three treated especially the conflict between the principle of Anomaly, or Irregularity, based on con- suetudo ' popular usage,' and that of Analogy, or Regularity of a proportional character, based on ratio ' relation ' of form to form. VIII. gives the arguments against the existence of Analogy, IX. those in favour of its existence, X. Varro's own solution of the con- flicting views, with his decision in favour of its exi- stence. XI. -XIII. discussed Analogy in derivation, in the wide sense given above : probably XI. dealt with nouns of place and associated terms, XII. with time- ideas, notably verbs, XIII. wdth poetic words.
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Books XIV.-XIX. treated of syntax. Books XX,- XXV. seem to have continued the same theme, but probably with special attention to stylistic and rhetorical embellishments.
Of these twenty-five books, we have to-day, apart from a few brief fragments, only Books V. to X., and in these there are several extensive gaps where the manuscript tradition fails.
The fragments of the De Lingua Latina, that is, those quotations or paraphrases in other authors which do not correspond to the extant text of Books \\-X., are not numerous nor long. The most considerable of them are passages in the Nodes Atticae of Aulus Gellius ii. 25 and x\i. 8. They may be found in the edition of Goetz and Schoell, pages 3, lid, 192-198, and in the collections of Wilmanns and FunaioU (see the Bibliography).
It is hardly possible to discuss here even summarily \'arro's linguistic theories, the sources upon which he drew, and his degree of independence of thought and procedure. He owed much to his teacher Aelius Stilo, to whom he refers frequently, and he draws hea\'ily upon Greek predecessors, of course, but his practice has much to commend it : he followed neither the Anomalists nor the Analogists to the extreme of their theories, and he preferred to derive Latin words from Latin sources, rather than to refer practically all to Greek origins. On such topics reference may be made to the works of Barwick, Kowalski, Dam, Dahlmann, Kriegshammer, and Frederik Muller, and to the articles of Wolfflin in the eighth volume of the Archil' fiir lateinische Lexikographie, all listed in our Bibliography.
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THE MANUSCRIPTS OF THE DE LINGUA LATIN A
The text of the extant books of the De Liiigua Latina is believed by most scholars to rest on the manuscript here first listed, from which (except for our No. 4) all other known manuscripts have been copied, directly or indirectly.
1. Codex Laurentianus li. 10, folios 2 to SA>, parch- ment, written in Langobardic characters in the eleventh century, and now in the Laurentian Library at Florence. It is known as F.
F was examined by Petrus Victorius and lacobus Diacetius in 1521 (see the next paragraph) ; by Hieronymus Lagomarsini in 1740 ; by Heinrich Keil in 1851 ; by Adolf Groth in 1877 ; by Georg Schoell in 19O6. Little doubt can remain as to its actual readings.
2. In 1521, Petrus Victorius and lacobus Diacetius collated F with a copy of the editio princeps of the De Lingua Latina, in which they entered the difFerences which they observed. Their copy is preserved in Munich, and despite demonstrable errors in other portions, it has the value of a manuscript for v. 119 to vi. 61, where a quaternion has since their time been lost in F. For this portion, their recorded readings are known as Fv ; and the readings of the editio princeps, where they have recorded no variation, are known as (Fv).
3. The Fragmentum Cassinense (called a\so Excerptum and Epitome), one folio of Codex Cassinensis 361, parchment, containing v. 41 Capitolium dictum to the end of V. 56 ; of the eleventh century. It was
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probably copied direct from F soon after F was written, but may possibly have been copied from the archetype of F. It is still at Monte Cassino, and was transcribed by Keil in 1848. It was pubhshed in facsimile as an appendix to Sexti lulii Frontini de aquaeductu Urbis Romae, a phototyped reproduction of the entire manuscript, Monte Cassino, 1930.
4. The grammarian Priscian, who flourished about A.D. 500, transcribed into his De Figuris Numerorum Varro's passage on coined money, beginning \\ith tnulta, last word of v. 168, and ending with Nummi denarii decuma libella, at the beginning of v. IT^. The passage is given in H. Keil's Grammatici Latini iii. 410-411. There are many manuscripts, the oldest and most important being Codex Parisinus 7496, of the ninth century.
5. Codex Laurentianus U. 5, written at Florence in 1427, where it still remains ; it was examined by Keil. It is known && f.
6. Codex Havniensis, of the fifteenth centur}' ; on paper, small quarto, 108 folia ; now at Copenhagen. It was examined by B. G. Niebuhr for Koeler, and his records came into the hands of L. Spengel. It is known as H.
7. Codex Gothanus, parchment, of the sixteenth century, now at Gotha ; it was examined by Regel for K. O. Mueller, who published its important variants in his edition, pages 270-298. It is knoA\Ti as G.
8. Codex Parisinus 7489, paper, of the fifteenth century, now at Paris ; this and the next two were examined by Donndorf for L. Spengel, who gives their different readings in his edition, pages 661-718. It is known as a.
9. Codex Parisinus 6142, paper, of the fifteenth
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century ; it goes only to viii. 7 declinarentur. It is known as 6,
10. Codex Parisinus 7535, paper, of the sixteenth century ; it contains only v. 1-122, ending with dictae. It is known as c.
11. Codex Vindohonensis Ixiii., of the fifteenth century, at Vienna ; it was examined by L, Spengel in 1835, and its important variants are recorded in the apparatus of A. Spengel's edition. It is known as F.
12. Codex Basiliensis F iv. 13, at Basel; examined by L. Spengel in 1838. It is known as p.
13. Codex Guelferbytanus 896, of the sixteenth cen- tury, at Wolfenbiittel ; examined by Schneidewin for K. O. Mueller, and afterwards by L. Spengel. It is known as M.
14. Codex B, probably of the fifteenth century, now not identifiable ; its variants were noted by Petrus Victorius in a copy of the Editio Gryphiana, and either it or a very similar manuscript was used by Antonius Augustinus in preparing the so-called Editio Vulgata.
These are the manuscripts to which reference is made in our critical notes ; there are many others, some of greater authority than those placed at the end of our list, but their readings are mostly not available. In any case, as F alone has prime value, the variants of other than the first four in our list can be only the attempted improvements made by their copyists, and have accordingly the same value as that which attaches to the emendations of editors of printed editions.
Fuller information with regard to the manuscripts may be found in the following :
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Leonhard Spengel, edition of the De Lingua Latino
(1826), pages v-xviii. K. O, Mueller, edition (1833), pages xli-xxxi. Andreas Spengel, edition (1885), pages ii-xxviii. GiuHo Antonibon, Supplemento di Lezioni Varianti at
libri de lingua Latina (1899)> pages 10-23. G. Goetz et F. Schoell, edition (19 10), pages xi-xxxv.
THE LAURENTIAN MANUSCRIPT F
Manuscript F contains all the extant continuous text of the De Lingua Latina, except v. 119 trua quod to \i. 61 dicendofinit ; this was contained in the second quaternion, now lost, but still in place when the other manuscripts were copied from it, and when Victorius and Diacetius collated it in 1521 . There are a number of important lacunae, apart from omitted lines or single words ; these are due to losses in its archetype.
Leonhard Spengel," from the notations in the manuscript and the amount of text between the gaps, calculated that the archetype of F consisted of 16 quaternions, with these losses :
Quaternion 4 lacked fohos 4 and 5, the gap after
V. 162. Quaternion 7 lacked folio 2, the end of vi. and the
beginning of \'ii., and foUo 7, the gap after vii. 23. Quaternion 1 1 was missing entire, the end of \-iii. and
the beginning of ix. Quaternion 15 lacked folios 1 to 3, the gap after x. 23,
and foHos 6 to 8, the gap after x. 34.
The amount of text lost at each point can be cal-
" tyber die Kritik der Varronischen Biicher de Lingua Latina, pp. 5-12.
VOL. 1 6 XV
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culated from the fact that one folio of the archetype held about 50 lines of our text.
There is a serious transposition in F, in the text of Book V. In § 23, near the end, after qui ad humum, there follows ut Sabini, now in § 32, and so on to Septi- montium, now in § 41 ; then comes demisstor, now in § 23 after humum, and so on to ah hominibus, now in § 32, after which comes nominatum of § 41. Mueller," who identified the transposition and restored the text to its true order in his edition, showed that the altera- tion was due to the wrong folding of folios 4 and 5 in the first quaternion of an archetype of F ; though this was not the immediate archetype of F, since the amount of text on each page was different.
This transposition is now always rectified in our printed texts ; but there is probably another in the later part of Book V., which has not been remedied because the breaks do not fall inside the sentences, thus making the text unintelligible. The sequence of topics indicates that v. 115-128 should stand be- tween V. 140 and v. 141 ^" ; there is then the division by topics :
General Heading v. 105
De Fictu V. 105-112
De Vestitu v. 113-114, 129-133
De Instrumento v. 134-140, 115-128, 141-183
" In the preface to his edition, pp. xvii-xviii. The dis- order in the text had previously been noticed by G. Buchanan, Turnebus, and Scaliger, and discussed by L. Spengel, Emen- dationum Varronianarum Specimen I, pp. 17-19.
* L. Spengel, Emendationum Varronianarum Specimen I, pp. 13-19, identified this transposition, but considered the transpositions to be much more complicated, with the follow- ing order: §§105-114, §§ 129-140, § 128, §§166-168, §§118- 127, §§ 115-117, §§ 141-165, § 169 on.
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Then also vi. 4-9 and vi. io may have changed places, but I have not introduced this into the present text ; I have however adopted the transfer of X. 18 from its manuscript position after x. 20, to the position before x. 19> which the continuity of the thought clearly demands.
The text of F is unfortunately very corrupt, and while there are corrections both by the first hand and by a second hand, it is not always certain that the corrections are to be justified.
THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF THE DE LINGUA LATIN A
The orthography of F contains not merely many corrupted spelhngs which must be corrected, but also many variant spelhngs which are within the range of recognized Latin orthography, and these must mostly be retained in any edition. For there are many points on which we are uncertain of \'arro's own practice, and he even speaks of certain per- missible variations : if we were to standardize his orthography, we should do constant violence to the best manuscript tradition, %vithout any assurance that we were in all respects restoring Varro's own spelling. Moreover, as this work is on language, Varro has intentionally varied some spellings to suit his etymological argument ; any extensive normal- ization might, and probably would, do him injustice in some passages. Further, Varro quotes from earlier authors who used an older orthography ; we do not know whether Varro, in quoting from them, tried to
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use their original orthography, or merely used the orthography which was his own habitual practice.
I have therefore retained for the most part the spellings of F, or of the best authorities when F fails, replacing only a few of the more misleading spellings by the familiar ones, and allowing other variations to remain. These variations mostly fall within the following categories :
1 . EI : Varro wrote EI for the long vowel I in the nom. pi, of Decl. II (ix. 80) ; but he was probably not consistent in writing EI everywhere. The manuscript testifies to its use in the following : plebei (gen. ; cf. plebis vi. Ql, in a quotation) v. 40, 81, 158, vi. 87 ; eidem (nom. sing.) vii. 17 (eadem F), x. 10 ; scirpeis vii. 44 ; Terentiei (nom.), vireis Terentieis (masc), Teren- tieis (fem.) viii. 36 ; infeineiteis viii. 50 (changed to injiniteis in our text, c/l {in)finitam viii. 52) ; i{e)is viii. 51 (his F), ix, 5 ; iei (nom.) ix. 2, 35 ; hei re(e}i Jer(re)ei de{e)i viii. 70 ; hinnulei ix. 28 ; utrei (nom. pi.) ix. Q5 (uire.I. F ; cf. utri ix, 65) ; (B)a(e}biei, B{a)ebieis x. 50 (alongside Caelii, Celiis).
2. AE and E : Varro, as a countryman, may in some words have used E where residents of the city of Rome used AE {cf. v. 97) ; but the standard ortho- graphy has been introduced in our text, except that E has been retained in seculum and sepio (and its compounds : v. 141, 150, 157, 162, vii. 7, 13), which always appear in this form.
3. OE and U : The writing OE is kept where it appears in the manuscript or is supported by the context : moerus and derivatives v. 50, 141 bis, 143, vi. 87 ; moenere, moenitius v. 141 ; Poenicum v. 113, viii. 65 bis ; poeniendo v. 177. OE in other words is the standard orthography.
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4. VO UO and VU UU : Varro certainly wTote only VO or UO, but the manuscript rarely shows \'0 or UO in inflectional syllables. The examples are novom ix. 20 (corrected from nouiim in F) ; nomina- tuom ix. 95, X. 30 (both -iiuom F) ; obliquom x. 50 ; loquontur vi. 1, ix. 85 ; sequontur x. 71 ; cUvos v. 158 ; perhaps amburvom v. 127 {impurro Fv). In initial syllables \0 is almost regular : volt \i. 47, etc. ; volpes V. 101 ; valgus v. 58, etc., but vulgo \-iii. 66 ; Volcanus v. 70y etc. ; vohillis ix. 33. Examples of the opposite practice are aequum vi, 71 ; duum x. 11 ; antiquus \\. 68 ; sequuntiir viii. 25 ; confluunt x. 50. Our text preserves the manuscript readings.
5. UV before a vowel : Varro probablv \^Tote U and not \I\ before a vowel, except initially, where his practice may have been the other way. The examples are : Pacuhis v. 60, vi. 6 (catulus {Fv)), 94, vii. 18, 76, and Pacuvius v. 17, 24, vii. 59 ; gen. Pacui v. 7, vi. 6, vii. 22 ; Pacuuim vii. 87, 88, 91, 102 ; compltiium, impluium v. 161, and pluvia v. 161, compluvium v. 125 ; simpuium v. 124 bis {simpulum codd.) ; cf, panuvellium V. 114. Initially : uvidus v. 24 ; uvae, uvore v. 104 ; uvidum V. 109-
6. U and I : \'arro shows in medial svllables a variation between U and I, before P or B or F or M plus a vowel. The orthography of the manuscript has been retained in our text, though it is likely that Varro regularly used U in these types :
The superlative and similar words : albissumum viii. 75 ; frugalissumus viu. 77 ; c{a)esi{s)sumus \-iii. 76 ; intumus v. 154 ; maritumae v. 113 ; melissumum viii. 76 ; optumum vii. 51 ; pauperrumus viii. 77 ; proxuma etc. v. 36, 93, ix. 115, x. 4, 26 ; septuma etc. ix. 30, x. 46 ter ; Septumio v. 1, vii. 109 ; superrumo
xix
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vii. 51 ; decuma vi. 54. Cf. proximo optima maxima V. 102, minimum vii. 101, and many in viii. 75-78.
Compounds of -fex and derivatives : pontufex v, 83, pontufices v. 83 (F^ for pontijices) ; artufices ix. 12 ; sacrujiciis v. 98, 124«. C/l pontijices v. 23, vi. 54, etc. ; artifex v. 93, ix. Ill, etc. ; sacrijicium vii. 88, etc.
Miscellaneous words : monumentum v. 148, but monimentum etc, v. 41, vi. 49 bis ; mancupis v. 40, but mancipium etc. v, 163, vi. 74, 85 ; quadrupes v. 34, but quadripedem etc. vii. 39 bis, quadriplex etc. x. 46 etc., quadripertita etc. v. 12 etc.
7. LUBET and LIBET : Varro probably wrote lubet, lubido, etc., but the orthography varies, and the manuscript tradition is kept in our text : Inhere lubendo vi. 47, lubenter vii. 89, lubitum ix. 34, lubidine X. 56 ; and libido vi. 47, x. 60, libidinosus Libentina Libitina vi. 47, libidine x. 61.
8. H : Whether ^"arro used the initial H according to the standard practice at Rome, is uncertain. In the country it was likely to be dropped in pronuncia- tion ; and the manuscript shows variation in its use. We have restored the H in our text according to the usual orthography, except that irpices, v. 136 bis, has been left because of the attendant text. Examples of its omission are Arpocrates v. 57 ; Ypsicrates v. 88 ; aedus ircus v. 97 ; olus olera v. 108, x. 50 ; olitorium V. 146 ; olitores vi. 20 ; ortis v. 103, ortorum v. 146 bis, orti vi. 20 ; aruspex vii. 88. These are normalized in our text, along with certain other related spellings : sepulchrum vii. 24 is made to conform to the usual sepulcrum, and the almost invariable nichil and nichili have been changed to nihil and nihili.
9. X and CS : There are traces of a WTiting CS for X, which has in these instances been kept in the text :
XX
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arcs vii. 44 (ares F) ; acsitiosae (ac sitiose F), acsitiosa (ac sitio a- F) vi. 66 ; dues (duces F) x. 57.
10. Doubled Consonants : Varro's practice in this matter is uncertain, in some words. F regularly has littera (only Uteris v. 3 has one T), but obliterata (ix. 16, -atae ix. 21, -avii v. 52), and these spelUngs are kept in our text. Communis has been made regular, though F usually has one M ; casus is in- variable, except for de cassu in cassum viii. 39, which has been retained as probably coming from Varro himself. lupiter, \nih one P, is retained, because invariable in F ; the only exception is luppitri viii. 33 (iuppiti F), which has also been kept. Numo xi. 61, for nummo, has been kept as perhaps an archaic spelUng. Decusis ix. 81 has for the same reason been kept in the citation from Lucilius. In a few words the normal orthography has been introduced in the text : grallator vii. 69 bis for gralator, grabaiis viii. 32 for grabattis. For combinations resulting from pre- fixes see the next paragraph.
11. Consonants of Prefixes : Varro's usage here is quite uncertain, whether he kept the unassimilated consonants in the compounds. Apparently in some groups he made the assimilations, in others he did not. The evidence is as follows, the variant orthography being retained in our text :
Ad-c- : always ace-, except possibly adcensos vii. 58 (F'^, for acensos F^).
Ad-f- : always aff-, except adfuerit \\. 40.
Ad-l- : always all-, except adlocutum vi. 57, adlucet vi. 79, adlatis (ablatis F) ix. 21.
Ad-m- : always adm-, except ammonendum v. 6, amministrat vi. 78, amminicula \\\. 2, amminister \u. 34 (F^, for adm- F^).
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Ads- : regularly ass-, but also adserere vi. 64, adsiet vi. 92, adsimus vii. 99» adsequi viii. 8, x. 9? <id- signijicare often (always except assignificant vii. 80), adsumi viii. 69, adsumat ix. 42, adsumere x. 58.
Ad-sc-, ad-sp-, ad-st- : always with loss of the D, as in ascendere, ascribere, ascriptos (vii. 57), ascriptivi (vii. 56), aspicere, aspectus, astayis.
Ad-t- : always att-, except adtrihuta v. 48, and possibly adtinuit (F^, but att- F^) ix. 59-
Con-l-, con-b-, con-m-, con-r-: always coll-, comb-, comm-, corr-.
Con-p- : always comp-, except conpernis ix. 10.
Ex-f- : always eff-, except exfluit v. 29-
Ex-s- : exsolveret v. 176, exsuperet vi. 50, but exuperantum vii. 18 (normalized in our text to exsuperantum).
Ex-sc- : exculpserant v. 143.
Ex-sp- : always expecto etc. vi, 82, x. 40, etc.
Ex-sq- : regularly EsquiUis ; but Exquilias v. 25, Exquiliis v. 159 (^^)j normalized to Esq- in our text.
Ex-st : extat v. 3, vi. 78 ; but exsiat v. 3, normalized to extat in our text.
In-l- : usually ill-, but inlicium vi. 88 bis, QS (illici- tum F), 94, 95, inliceret vi. 90, inliciatur vi. 9* ; the variation is kept in our text:
In-m- : always imm-, except in {in}mutatis vi. 38, where the restored addition is unassimilated to indi- cate the negative prefix and not the local in.
In-p- : always imp-, except inpos v. 4 bis (once ineos F), inpotem v. 4 {inpotentem F), inplorat vi. 68.
Ob-c-, ob-f-, ob-p- : always occ-, off-, opp-.
Ob-t- : always opt-, as in optineo etc. vii. 17, 91» X. 19, optemperare ix. 6.
Per-l- : pellexit vi. 94, hut perlucent v. 140.
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Sub-c-, suh-f-, sub-p- : always succ-, suff-, supp-, except subcidit v. 116.
Subs- and subs- + consonant : regularly sus- + con- sonant, except subscribunt vii. 107.
Sub-t- : only in suptilius x. 40.
Trans-l- : in tralatum \\. 11, vii. 23, 103, x. 71 ; tralatido vi. oo (tranlatio Fv) and translaticio v. 32, vi. 64 (translatio F, tranlatio Fv), translatims vi. 78.
Trans-v- : in travolat v. 118, and transversus vii. 81, X. 22, 23, 43.
Trans-d- : in traducere.
12. DE and DI : The manuscript has been followed in the orthography of the following : direcio vii. 15, dirigi viii. 26, derecti x. 22 bis, deriguntur derectorum X. 22, derecta directis x. 43, directas x. 44, derigitur X. 74 ; deiunctum x. 45, deiunctae x. 47.
13. Second Declension : Nom. sing, and ace. sing, in -uom and -uum, see 5.
Gen. sing, of nouns in -ius : Varro used the form ending in a single I (cf. viii. 36), and a few such forms stand in the manuscript : Mud v. 5 (inuti F) ; Poem v. 7, vi. 6, vii. 22 ; Mani vi. 90 ; Quinti vi. 92, Ephesi viii. 22 (ephesis F), Plauti et Mard \iii. 36, dispendi ix. 54 (quoted, metrical ; alongside dispendii ix. 54). The gen. in II is much commoner ; both forms are kept in our text.
Nom. pi., \\Titten by Varro with EI {cf. ix. 80) ; examples are given in 1, above.
Gen. pi. : The older forai in -um for certain words (denarium, centumvirum, etc.) is upheld viii. 71, ix. 82, 85, and occurs occasionally elsewhere : Velabrum v. 44, Querquetulanum v. 49, Sabinum v. 74, etc.
Dat.-abl. pi., written by Varro with EIS {cf. ix. 80) ;
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examples are given in 1, above, but the manuscript regularly has IS.
Dat.-abl. pi. of nouns ending in -ius, -ia, -ium, are almost always written IIS ; there are a few for which the manuscript has IS, which we have normalized to IIS : Gabis v. 33, (Es)quilis v. 50, kostis v. 98, Publicis v. 158, Faleris v. 162, praeverbis vi. 82 (cf. praeverbiis vi. 38 bis), mysteris vii. 34 (cf. mysteriis vii. 19)? miliaris ix. 85 (militaris F).
Deus shows the follo>vdng variations : Nom. pi. de(e)i viii. 70, dei v. 57, 58 bis, 66, 71, vii. 36, ix. 59, dii V. 58, 144, vii. 16 ; dat.-abl. pi. deis v. 122, vii. 45, diis v. 69, 71, 182, vi. 24, 34, vii. 34.
14. Third Declension : The abl. sing, varies between E and I : supellectile viii. 30, 32, ix. 46, and supelleciili ix. 20 {-lis F) ; cf. also vesperi (uespert- F) and vespere ix. 73.
Nom. pi., where ending in IS in the manuscript, is altered to ES ; the examples are mediocris v. 5 ; partis V. 21, 56; ambonis v. 115; urbis v. 143; aedis v. 160; compluris vi. 15 ; Novendialis vi. 26 ; auris vi. 83 ; dis- parilis viii. 67; lentisix. 34; 07nnis ix. 81; dissimilis ix. 92.
Gen. pi. in UM and IUM, see viii. 67. In view of dentum viii. 67, expressly championed by Varro, Veientum v. 30 {uenientum F), caelestum vi. 53, Quiritum vi. 68 have been kept in our text.
Ace. pi. in ES and IS, see viii. 67. Varro's dis- tribution of the two endings seems to have been purely empirical and arbitrary, and the manuscript readings have been retained in our text.
15. Fourth Declension : Gen. sing. : Gellius, Nodes Atticae iv. 16. 1, tells us that Varro always used UIS in this form. Nonius Marcellus 483-494 M. cites
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eleven such forms from Varro, but also sumpti. The De Lingua Latina gives the following partial examples of this ending : usuis ix. -i {suis F), x. 73 {usui F), casuis X. 50 (casuum F), x. 62 (casus his F). Examples of this form ending in US are kept in our text : fructus V. 34, 134, senatus v. 87, exercitus v. 88, panus v. 105, domus V. 162, census v. 181, motus vi. 3, sonitus vi. 67 bis, sensus vi. 80, usus viii. 28, 30 bis, casus ix. 76, manus ix. 80.
Gen. pi. : For the variation between UUM and UOM see 4, above. The form with one U is found in tribum v. 5G, ortum v. 66, manum vi. 64 {nianu F), magistratum viii. 83 {-his F), declinatum x. 54 ; these have been normalized in our text to UUM (except manum, in an archaic formula). Note the following forms in the manuscript : cornuum v. 117, declinatuum vi. 36 {-tiuuvi Fv), x. 31, 32, 54, sensuum \\. 80 ; tribuum vi. 86 ; fructuum ix. 27 ; casuum ix. 77, x. 14,23, manuum ix. 80, nominatuom (-iiuom F) ix. 95, x. 30, nomina- tuum X. 19-
16. Heteroclites : There are the following : gen. sing, plebei v. 40, 81, 158, vi. 87, and plebis vi. 91 ; nom. sing, elephans and ace. pi. elephantos vii. 39 ; abl. sing. Titano \ii. 16 ; abl. pi. vasis v. 121, poematis Wi. 2, 36, \1ii. 14, and poematibus vii. 34.
17. Greek Forms : There are the following : ace. sing, analogian ix. 1, 26, 33, 34, 45, 49, 76, 79, 105, 113, 114, but also analogiam ix. 90, 100, 110, x. 2, and analogia{m) ix. 95, 111. Ace. sing. Aethiopa viii. 38 {etkiopam F). Nom. pi. Aeolis v. 25, 101, 102, 175, Athcficiis viii. 35.
18. Forms of IS axd IDEM : The forms in the manuscript are kept in our text ; there are the follow- ing to be noted :
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Nona. sing. masc. : idem often ; also eidem vii. 17
(eadem F), x. 10.
Nom. pi. : a V. 26, ix. 2 ; iei ix. 2, 35 ; idem ix. 19- Dat.-abl. pi. : eis vi. 18, vii. 102, ix. 4, x. 8 ; ieis
viii. 51 {his F, but assured by context), ix. 5 ; is vii. 5
(rfw F) ; iisdem vi. 38 ; isdem vii. 8 (hisdem F), viii. 35
few (hisdem F).
19. QUOM and CUM etc. : Varro wrote quom, quor, quoius, quoi, and not cum, cur, cuius, cui, though the latter spellings are much commoner in the manu- scripts, the readings of which are kept in our text. Quo7}i is not infrequent, being found vi. 42, 56, vii. 4, 105, viii. 1, X. 6, and in other passages where slight emendation is necessary. Quor is found only cor- rected to cur, viii. 68, 71, and hidden under quorum corrected to qtiod, viii. 78. Quoius is written viii. 44, ix. 43, X. 3, and in other passages where emendation is necessary. Quoi nowhere appears, unless it should be read for qui vi. 72, and quoique for quoque ix. 34, adopted in our text.
Both qui and quo are used for the abl. sing, of the relative, and quis and quibus for the dat.-abl. pi., and similar forms for quidam. In quo is used with a plural antecedent of any gender : v. 108, vi. 2, 55, 82, vii. 26, viii. 83, ix. 1, x. 8, 41.
20. ALTER and NEUTER : Gen. alii ix. 67 is found as well as aUerius ix. 91 ; neutri ix. 62, neutra{e) X. 73, as well as neutrius ix. 1 ; dat. fem. aliae x. 15.
21. Contracted Perfects : Only the contracted perfects are found, such as appellarunt v. 22 etc., declinarit v. 7, aherraro v. 13, appellassent ix. 69, curasse vii. 38, consuerunt consuessent ix. 68, consuerit ix. 14 bis ; exceptions, novissent vi. 60, auspicaverit vi. 86 (quoted), nuncupavero vii. 8 (quoted), vitaverunt x. 9-
xxvi
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Similarly, the Y is omitted after I, as in praeterii ix. 7, prodterunt v. 13, expediero vili. 24, etc. ; excep- tion, quivero v. 5 (F^, for quiero F^).
22. PONO in Perfect : The text always has posui and its forms, except twice, which we have standard- ized : imposiverunt viii. 8, imposierint ix. 34.
23. Gerundives : \'arro used the old form of the gerundive and gerund with UND in the third and fourth conjugations, but the forms have mostly been replaced by those with END. The remaining ex- amples of the older form are Jerundo v, 104^, Jerundum vi. 29,J^aciundo vii. 9« quaerundae vii. 35, reprehendundi ix. 12, reprehendu7idus ix. 93.
24. \'ERSUS : The older forms vorto, vorti, vorsus are not found in the manuscript. The adverbial compounds of versus have (with one exception) been retained in our text as they appear in the manuscript : susus versus v. 158. susum versus ix. Q5; deorsum, s^usum V. 161 ; rursus vi. 46, 49, ix. 86 ; deosum versus ix. 86 ; prosus and rusus (rosus F) x. 52.
THE EDITIONS OF THE DE LINGUA LA TINA
There are the follo\Wng printed editions of the De Lingua Latina, some of which appeared in numerous reprintings :
1. Editio princeps, edited by Pomponius Laetus ; without statement of place and date, but probably printed at Rome by Georgius Lauer, 1471. It rests upon a manuscript similar to M.
A second printing, also without place and date, but probably printed at Venice by Franc. Renner de
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Hailbrun, liTi, was used by Victorius and Diacetius in recording the readings of F, and this copy was used by L. Spengel for his readings of F and of Laetus ; as compared with the l^Tl printing, it shows a number of misprints.
2. Editio vetustissima, edited by Angelus Tifernas with but shght variation from the edition of Laetus ; probably printed at Rome by Georgius Sachsel de Reichenhal, 1474.
3. Editio Rholandelli, edited by Franciscus Rholan- dellus Trivisanus ; printed at Venice, 1475. It shows improvement over the edition of Laetus, by the introduction of readings from relatively good manu- scripts.
4. Editio Veneta, similar to the preceding, but in the same volume with Nonius Marcellus and Festus ; first printed in 1483, and reprinted in 1492 by Nicolaus de Ferraris de Pralormo (L. Spengel's Editio Veneta I), and in 1498 by Magister Antonius de Gusago (Spengel's Veneta II).
A Venice edition of 1474, printed by loh, de Colonia and loh. Manthem de Gherretzen, was used by Goetz and Schoell and cited as Ed. Ven. in their edition.
5. Editio Baptistae Pii, edited by Baptista Pius, an eclectic text based on previous editions, but with some independent emendations ; printed at Milan by Leonardus Pachel, 1510.
6. Editio Aldina, edited by Aldus Manutius after the edition of Pius, but with some changes through his own emendations and in accordance with manu- script testimony, possibly including that of -F ; printed at Venice by Aldus, 1513. The volume includes the Cornucopia Perotti, the De Lingua Latina, Festus, and Nonius Marcellus ; it was reprinted at Venice by
INTRODUCTION
Aldus in 1517 and 1527, and at Basel and Paris several times, up to 1536. The 1527 printing shows some improvements (see 7).
7. Editio Par'mensis, edited by Michael Bentinus, and essentially following the Aldine of 1527, for which Bentinus collated a number of manuscripts and used their readings ; it includes also the Castigationes or Corrections of Bentinus, a series of critical and ex- planatory comments. It was printed at Paris by Cohnaeus, 1529^
8. Editio Gryphiana, similar to the preceding, including the Castigationes of Bentinus, and the frag- ments of the Origines of M. Porcius Cato ; for its preparation, Petrus Victorius had transcribed the readings of B as far as ix. 74. It was published at Lyons by Sebastian Gryphius, 1535.
9. Editio Vulgata, edited by Antonius Augustinus, with the readings of B (received from Petrus Vic- torius) and the help of Angelus Colotius, Octavius Pantagathus, and Gabriel Faernus ; it was printed at Rome by Vine. Luchinus in 1554 and again by Antonius Bladus in 1557.
The text of the De Lingua Latina has been re- garded as greatly corrupted in this edition, since Augustinus based it on a poor manuscript, introduced a great number of his own emendations, and attempted a standardization of the orthography, notably in \\Titing quom and the like, and in using EI for long I in endings (e.g., dat.-abl. pi. heis lihreis, ace. pi. simileis, gen. sing, vocandei). Despite his errors, he has made a number of valuable emendations, as will be seen from the citations in our apparatus criticus.
The text of this edition was rather closely followed by all editors except Vertranius and Scioppius, and
INTRODUCTION
Scaliger in his emendations, until the edition of Leon- hard Spengel in 1826,
10. Editio Vertranii, edited by M. Vertranius Maurus, following the edition of Augustinus, but discarding the spellings of the type quom and the use of EI for long I, and making a large number of his own conjectural emendations ; printed at Lyons by Gryphii Heredes, 1563.
1 1 . Coniectanea in M. Terentium Varronem de Lingua Latina, by Josephus Scaliger ; not an edition, but deserving a place here, as it contains numerous textual criticisms as well as other commentary ; written in 1564, and published at Paris in 1565. Both these Coniectanea and an Appendix ad Coniectanea (the original date of which I cannot determine) are pi'inted with many later editions of the De Lingua Latina.
12. Editio Turnebi, edited by Adrianus Turnebus, who used a manuscript very similar to p and made numerous emendations ; printed at Paris by A. Wechelus, 1566 (Turnebus died 1565).
13. Opera quae supersunt, with Scaliger 's Coniectanea, printed at Paris by Henr. Stephanus, 156^.
14. Edition of Dionysius Gothofredus, containing only an occasional independent alteration ; in Auc- tores Linguae Latinae in unum corpus redacti, printed at Geneva by Guilelmus Leimarius, 1585.
15. Edition, with the notes of Ausonius Popma ; printed at Leiden ex officina Plantiniana, 1601.
16. Editio Gaspari Scioppii, edited by Gaspar Sciop- pius, who relied on data of Gabriel Faernus and on collations of Vatican manuscripts by Fulvius Ursinus ; it contains many valuable textual suggestions, though perhaps most of them belong to Ursinus rather than to Scioppius (who expressly gives credit to Faernus,
INTRODUCTION
Turnebus, and Ursinus). It was printed at Ingolstad in 1602 ; reprinted in 1605.
1 7. Editio Bipontina, in two volumes, the second con- taining a selection of the notes of Augustinus, Turne- bus, Scaliger, and Popma ; issued at Bipontium (Zweibriicken in Bavaria), 1788.
18. M. Terenti Varronis de Lingua Latina libri qui supersunt, edited by Leonhard Spengel of Munich ; the first scientific edition, resting on readings of F (but only as represented by Fv), H, B, a, h, c, and a comparison of all, or almost all, the previous editions. It was printed in Berlin bv Duncker und Humbloth, 1826.
19- M. Terenti Varronis de Lingua Latina librorum quae supersunt, edited by Karl Ottfried Mueller, who added the readings of G to his critical apparatus. Mueller has the merit of setting the paragraphs of V. 23-41 in their proper order, and of placing brief but valuable explanatory material in his notes, in addition to textual criticism. This edition was printed at Leipzig by Weidmann, 1833.
20. M. T. Varronis librorum de Lingua Latina quae supersunt, reprinted after Mueller's edition with a very few textual changes by A. Egger ; issued at Paris by Bourgeois-Maze, 1837.
21. Varron de la Langue Latine, a translation into French by Huot, accompanied by Mueller's text ; in the Collection des Auteurs Latins avec la traduction en
frangais, directed by Xisard, printed at Paris by Firmin Didot Freres and issued by Dubochet et Cie., 1845.
22. Libri di M. Terenzio Varrone intomo alia lingua latina, edited and translated with notes by Pietro Canal ; in the Biblioteca degli Scrittori Latini with
INTRODUCTION
translation and notes ; printed at Venice by Gius. Antonelli, 18-t6-1854. It was reprinted in 1874, with addition of the fragments, to which notes were attached by Fed. Brunetti.
This edition is httle known, and deserves more attention than it has received, although Canal was very free with his emendation of the text ; but he used a number of additional manuscripts which are in the libraries of Italy.
23. M. Terenti Varronis de Lingua Latina libri, edited by Andreas Spengel after the death of his father Leonhard, who had been working on a second edition for nearly fifty years when he died ; printed at Berlin by Weidmann, 1885.
This edition is notable because of the abundant critical apparatus.
24. M. Terenti Varronis de Lingua Latina quae supersunt, edited by Georg Goetz and Friedrich Schoell ; printed at Leipzig by Teubner, IQIO.
This edition is very conservative, many corrupt passages being marked with a dagger and left in the text, while excellent emendations for the same are relegated to the apparatus criticus or to the Annota- tiones at the end of the volume ; but it has great value for its citation of abundant testimonia and its elabor- ate indexes.
Two errors of earlier editors may be mentioned at this point. Since \'arro in v. 1 speaks of having sent three previous books to Septumius, our Book V. was thought to be Book IV. ; and it was not until Spengel's edition of 1826 that the proper numbering came into use. Further, Varro's remark in viii. 1 on the subject matter caused the early editors to think that they had xxxii
INTRODUCTION
De Lingua Latina Libri Tres (our v.-vii.), and De Atialogia Libri Tres (our viii.-x.) ; Augustinus in the \'ulgate was the first to realize that the six books were parts of one and the same work, the De Lingua Latina.
It is convenient to list here, together, the special treatments of the passage on the city of Rome, v. 41-56, which is given by the Fragmentum Cassinense :
H. Keil, Rkeinisches Museum \i. 142-li5 (1848).
L. Spengel, Uber die Kritik der varronischen BUcker de Lingua Latina ; in Abhandl. d. k. buyer. Ak. d. Wiss. 7, 4.7-54 (1854).
B. ten Brink, M. Terentii Varronis Locus de Urbe Roma ; Traiecti ad Rhenum, apud C. Van der Post Juniorem, 1855.
H. Jordan, Topograpkie der Stadt Rom im Altertkum u. 599-603 (Berlin, 1871).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A bibliography of editions, books, and articles, for the period 1471-1897, is given by Antonibon, Supple- mento di Lezioni Varianti, pages 179-187 ; but there are many misprints, and many omissions of items. Bibliographical Usts ^^^ll be found in the foUoNnng :
Bibliotheca Philologica Classica, supplement to Philo-
logus. Dix annees de pkilologie classique 1914-1934, i. 428-429,
edited by J. Marouzeau (1927). L' Annee philologique i. for 1924-1926 ; ii. for 1927, etc.,
edited by J. Marouzeau (1928 fF.).
VOL. I c 2 xxxiii
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Critical summaries of the literature will be found as follows : 1826-1858 : Philologus xiii. 684-751 (1858), by L.
Mercklin. 1858-1868 : Philologus xxvii. 286-331 (1868), by A.
Riese. 1867-1876 : Philologus xl. 649-651 (1881), merely
listed. 1877-1890 : Bursians Jahresberichte uber den Fortschritt
der klassischen Philologie Ixviii. 121-122 (1892),
by G. Goetz. I89I-I90I ; Bursians Jrb. cxiii. 116-128 (1901), by
P. Wessner. 1901-1907 : Bursians Jrb. cxxxix. 85-89 (1908), by
R. Kriegshammer. 1901-1920 : Bursians Jrb. clxxxviii. 52-69 (1921), by
P. Wessner. I92I-I925 : Bursians Jrb. cexxxi. 35-38 (1931), by
F. Lammert.
For the period before the edition of L. Spengel in 1826, it is unnecessary to do other than refer to the list of editions ; for other writings on Varro were few, and they are mostly lacking in importance, apart from being inaccessible to-day. The following selected list includes most of the literature since 1826, which has importance for the De Lingua Latina, either for the text and its interpretation, or for Varro 's style, sources, and method ; but treatises dealing with his influence on later authors have mostly been omitted from the Hst :
Antonibon, Giulio : Contributo agli studi sui libri de Lingua Latina ; Rivista di Filologia xvii. 177-221 (1888).
INTRODUCTION
Antonibon, G. : De Codice Varroniano Mutinensi ;
Philologus xlviii. 185 (1889). Antonibon, G. : Supplemento di Lezioni Varianti at
lihri De Lingiia Latino de M. Ter. Varrone ;
Bassano, 1899.
Barw"ick, K. : Remmius Paldmon ufid die romische Ars
grammatica ; Leipzig, 1922 {Philologus, Suppl.
XV. 2). Bednara, Ernst : Archiv fur lateiniscke Lexikographie
xiv. 593 (1906). Bergk, Th. : Quaestiones Lucretianae ; Index Lec-
tionum in Acad. Marburg. 184'6-1847. Bergk, Th. : De Carminum Saliarium Reliquiis ; Index
Lectionum in Acad. Marburg. 1847-184-8. Bergk, Th. : Quaestiones Ennianae ; Index Scholarum
in Univ. Hal. 1860. Bergk, Th. : Varroniana ; Index Scholarum in Univ.
Hal. 1863. Bergk, Th. : De Paelignorum Sermofie ; Index Scho- larum in Univ. Hal. 1864. Bergk, Th. : Zeitschrift fiir die Altertumsivissenschaft
ix. 231 (1851), xiv. 138-14-0 (1856). Bergk, Th. : Philologus xiv. 186, 389-390 (1859), xxx.
682 (1870), xxxii. 567 (1873), xxxiii. 281, 301-302,
311 (1874). Bergk, Th. : Jahrhiicher fur classische Philologie
Ixxxiii. 317, 320-321, 333-334, 633-637 (1861);
ci. 829-832, 841 (1870). Bergk, Th. : Rheinisches Museum xx. 291 (1865). Bergk, Th. : Kleine Philologische Schriften (Halle,
1884) ; passim, reprinting most of the articles
Usted above. Birt, Th. : Rheinisches Museum Uv. 50 (1899).
INTRODUCTION
Birt, Th. : Philologus Ixxxiii. 40-41 (1928).
Boissier, Gaston : Etude siir la vie et les ouvrages de
M. T. Varron ; Paris, 1861, 2nd ed. 1875. Boot, J. C. G. : M?iemosyne xxii. 409-412 (1894). Brakmann, C. : Mnemosyne Ix. 1-19 (1932). ten Brink, B. : M. Terentii Varronis Locus de Urhe
Roma ; Traiecti ad Rhenum, 1855. Brinkmann, A. : Simpuvium — simpulum ; Arckiv fur
lateinische Lexikographie xv. 139-143 (1908). Buecheler, F. : Rhemisches Museum xxvii. 475 (1872). Buecheler, F. : Archiv fiir lateinische Lexikographie
ii. 119,619-624(1885).
Christ, Wilhelm : Philologus xvi. 450-464 (1860),
xvii. 59-63 (1861). Christ, Wilhelm : Archiv fur lateinische Lexikographie
ii. 619-624 (1885).
Dahlmann, Hellfried : Varro und die hellenistische Sprachtheorie ; Berlin, 1932 {Forschungen zur Mass. Phil. v.).
Dahlmann, Hellfried : M. Terentius Varro, article in Pauly-Wissowa's Real-Encyc. d. class. Altertums- wiss. Suppl. vol. vi. 1172-1277 (1935).
Dam, R. J. : De Analogia, observationes in Varronem grammaticainque Romanorum ; Campis, 1930.
Ellis, Robinson : Journal of Philology ^\yi. 38, 178-179
(1891). ElHs, Robinson : Hermathena xi. 353-363 (1901).
Fay, Edwin W. : Varroniana ; American Journal of
Philology XXXV. 149-162, 245-267 (1914). Foat, W. G. : Classical Review xxix. 79 (1915). Fraccaro, Plinio : Studi Varroniani ; Padova, 1907.
INTRODUCTION
Funaioli, Hyginus : Grammaticae Romanae Fragmenta ; Leipzig, 1907.
Galdi, M. : Rivista Indo-Greco-Italica xi. 3-4, 21-22
(1927). Georges, K. E. : Philologus xxxiii. 226 (1874). Goetz, Georg : Berliner Pkilologiscke JVockenschrift,
1886, 779-783. Goetz, Georg : Quaestiones Varronianae ; Index
Scholarum, in Univ. lenensi, 1886-1887. Goetz, Georg : Aelius Stilo, article in Pauly-Wissowa's
Real-Enc. d. cl. Altrv. i. 532-533 (1894), Suppl.
vol. i. 15 (1903). Goetz, Georg : Gottingische Gelehrte Anzeigen, 1908,
815-827. Goetz, Georg : Ztir Wilrdigung der grammatischen
Arbeiten Varros ; Ahhandl. der kon. sacks. Gesell-
schaft d. Wiss. xxvii. 3, 67-89 (1909). Goetz, Georg : Berliner Pkilologiscke Wockensckrift,
1910, 1367-1368. Groth, Adolfus : De M. Terenti Varronis de Lingua
Latina lihrorum codice Florentino ; Argentorati,
1880.
Haupt, Moritz : Hermes i. 401-403 (1866), iii. 147-
148 (1869), iv. 332-334 (1870). Haupt, Moritz : Opuscula (3 vols., 1875, 1876, 1876),
ii. 192-195, iii. 355-357, 477. Heidrich, Georg : Der Gehrauck des Gerundiums und
Gerundivums bei Varro ; Jahresbericht, Gvmn.
Melk, 1890. Heidrich, Georg : Bemerkungen iiber den Stil des Varro ;
Jahresbericht, Gymn. Melk, I891. Henry, Victor : De sermonis kumani origine et natura
M. Terentius Varro quid senserit ; Insulis, 1883.
INTRODUCTION
Hertz, M. : Jahrhiicher fur classische Philologie cix.
249-255 (1874). Hirschfeld, O. : Hermes viii. 469 (1874). Hultsch, Fr. : Pkilologus xxii. 346 (1865). Hultsch, Fr. : Metrologicorum Scriptorum reliquiae
ii. 49-51 ; Leipzig, 1866.
Jacobs ; Varietas lectionum in Varronis lihris de Lingua
Latina ; Beitrdge zur dlteren Litteratur ii. 217-222
(1836). Jahn, Otto : Hermes ii. 246-247 (1867). Jeep, J. W. L. : Zur Geschichte der Lekre von den
Redeteilen bei den lateinischen Grammatikern ;
Leipzig, 1893. Jonas, Richard : Zum Gehrauch der Verba frequenta-
tiva und intensiva in der dlteren lateinischen Prosa ;
Gymn. Posen, 1879- Jordan, Heinrich : Hermes ii. 83, 89 (1867), xv. 118-
121 (1880). Jordan, Heinrich : Topographie der Stadt Rom im
Alterthum, vol. i. 1, 1878 ; i. 2, 1885 ; i. 3, revised
by Ch. Huelsen, 1907 ; vol. ii. 1871, especially
pages 237-290, 599-603 ; Berhn. Jordan, Heinrich : Kritische Beitrdge zur Geschichte
der lateinischen Sprache, Berlin, 1879 ; passim,
esp. pages 90-91, 96-103, 131, 138, 224, 321.
Keil, Heinrich : Das Fragmentum Casinense des Varro
de Lingua Latina ; Rheinisches Museum vi. 142-
145 (1847). Kent, R. G. : On the Text of Varro, de Lingua Latina ;
Trans. Am. Philol. Assn. Ixvii. 64-82 (1936). Kowalski, G. : Studia Rhetorica ; Eos xxxi. 141-168
(1928).
INTRODUCTION
Kriegshammer, Robert : De Varronis et Verrii Fonti- bus quaestiones selectae ; Leipzig, 1903.
Krumbiegel, Richard : De Farroniano Scribendi Genere quaestiones ; Leipzig, 1892.
Lachmann, Karl : Rheinisches Museum \i. 106-125
(1839) ; new series, ii. 356-365 (1842), iii. 610-611
(184-5) ; reprinted in Kleinere Schriften ii. 162-
187 (1876). Lachmann, Karl : In T. Lucretii Cari de Rerum Natura
libros Commentarius (1850), passim ; 4th ed.,
1882, with index. Lahmeyer, Gustav : Philologus xxii. 100-105 (1865). Lersch, Laurenz : Die Sprackpkilosophie der Alien i.
117-127 (1838), ii. 14-3-153 (1840), iii. 169-172
(1841) ; Bonn. Lobeck, Chr. Aug. : Aglaophamus ii. 1002-1004 ;
Konigsberg, 1829. Luebbert, Ed. : Commentationes Pontijlcales ; BerUn,
1859.
Mad\ig, J. N. : Adversaria Critica i. 178, ii. 166-178 ;
Copenhagen, 1871 and 1873. Mercklin, Lud^vig : De Junio Gracchano commen-
tatio ; particulae duae, Dorpat, 1840, 1841. Mercklin, Lud\\ig : Quaestiones Varronianae ; Index
Scholarum in Univ. Dorpat. 1852. Mercklin, Ludwig : De Varronis tralaticio scribendi
genere qtiaestiones ; Index Scholarum in Univ.
Dorjjat. 1858. Mette, H. J. : De Cratete Mallotn seu Pergameno ;
Berlin, 1931. Mette, H. J. : Varroniana (supplement to preceding);
Berlin, 1931.
INTRODUCTION
Mueller, August : De Priscis Verhorum Formis Var-
ronianis ; Halle, 1877. Mueller, C. F. W. : Zeitschrift fur das Gymnasial-
wesen xlx, 421-424, 792-800, 867-874 (1865). Mueller, K. O. : Zur Topographie Roms : Uber die
Fragmente der Sacra Argeorum bei Varro, de Lingua
Latina V {IV), 8 ; in Bottiger, Archdologie und
Kunst i. 69-94 ; Breslau, 1828. Mueller, K. O. : Sextus Pompeius Festus, edition, page
xliv ; Leipzig, 1839- Mueller, Lucian : Jakrhucher fiir classische Philologie
xcvii. 427 (1868). Mueller, Lucian : Rheinisches Museum xxiv. 553-557
(1869). Muller Jzn, Fridericus : De veterum imprimis Ro-
manorum studiis etymologicis, pages 115-248 ;
Utrecht, 1910.
Nettleship, H. : Latin Grammar in the First Century ;
Journal of Philology xv. 189-214 (1886). Neukirch, J. H. : De Fabula Togata Romanorum,
pages 71, 83, 89, 96, 99, 122, 188, 278 ; Leipzig,
1833. Norden, Eduard : Rheinisches Museum xlviii. 348-354
(1893). Norden, Eduard : De Stilone Cosconio Varrone gram-
maticis commentatio ; Index Scholarum in Univ.
Greifswald. 1895. Norden, Eduard : Die antike Kunstprosa vom VI.
Jahrhundert vor Christus bis in die Zeit der Renais- sance i. 194-200 ; Leipzig, 1898.
Oxe, C. E. L. : De M. Ter. Varronis etymis quibusdam commentatio ; Gymn. Programm, Kreuznach, 1859.
xl
INTRODUCTION
Oxe, C, E. L. : M. Terenti Varronis lihrorum de lingua Latino argumentum ; Gymn. Programin, Kreuz- nach, 1871.
Pape, Wilhelm : Lectiones Varronianae ; Berlin, 1829. Plasberg, O. : Rheinisches Museum liii. 70, 75-76
(1898).
Reiter, Hugo : Quaestiones Varronianae grammaiicae ;
Konigsberg, 1882. Reiter, Hugo : Observationes criticae in M. Terenti
Varronis de lingua Latina libros ; Jahresbericht,
Gymn. Braunsberg, 1884. Reitzenstein, R. : M. Tereniius Varro und Johannes
Mauropus von Euchaita ; Leipzig, 1901. Ribbeck, Otto : Die Composition der Varronischen
Biicher V-VJI de lingua Latina ; Rheinisches
Museum xli. 618-626 (1886). Riese, Alexander : Philologus xxvii. 305-306 (1868). Ritschl, Fr. W. : Jahrbiicher fur classische Philologie
xcv-ii. 341-34.3 (1868). Roehrscheidt, K. : review of Reitzenstein ; Got-
tingische Gelehrte Anzeigen, 1908, 791-814. Roessner, Otto : De praepositionum ab de ex usu Var-
roniano ; Halle, 1888. Roth, K. L. : Uber das Leben des M. Terentius Varro ;
Gymn. Programm, Basel, 1857 (also separately
issued). Roth, K. L. : Philologus xvii. 175-176 (1861).
Samter, Ernest : Quaestiones Varronianae ; Berlin,
1891. Schwabe, L. : Jahrbiicher fur Philologie ci. 350-352
(1870).
xli
INTRODUCTION
Sitzler, Johann : Uber den Kasusgebrauch bei Varro ;
Beilage zum Gymn. Programm, Tauberbischofs-
heim, 1889. Skutsch, F. : Hermes xxxii. 96-97 (1897). Skutsch, F, : Rkeinisches Museum Ixi. 603-609
(1906). Spengel, Andreas : Bemerkungen zu Varro de lingua
Latina ; Sitzungsber. d. kon. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss.,
phil.-hisL CI. 1885, 24-3-272. Spengel, Leonhard : Emendationum Varronianarum
Specimen I ', Munich, 1830. Spengel, L. : review of Mueller's edition ; Jahrbiicher
fur Philologie xi. 1-20 (1834). Spengel, L. : Zeitschrift fiir die Altertumswissenschaft
iv. 142-144 (1846). Spengel, L. : Uber die Kritik der Varronischen Biicher
de Lingua Latina ; Abhandl. d. kon. bayer. Akad.
d. Wiss. vii. 2. 1-54 (1854). Spengel, L. : Commentatio de emendanda ratione lib-
rorum M. Terentii Varronis de lingua Latina ;
Munich, 1858 (to F. Thiersch, on semicentennial
of the doctorate). Spengel, L. : Philologus xvii. 288-306 (1861). Spengel, L. : Die sacra Argeorum bei Varro ; Philo- logus xxxii. 92-105 (1873). Stieber, G. M. : Varroniana : Die griechischen Fremd-
ivorter bei Varro de Lingua Latina, Orthographic,
Lautlehre, Index der bei Varro bejlndlichen Fremd-
wiirter ; typed dissertation, Wiirzburg, 1921. Stowasser, J. M. : Wie?ier Studien, vii. 38-39 (1885). Stroux, Johannes : Antidoron, Festschrift Jacob Wacker-
nagel 309-325 ; Gottingen, 1924. Stuenkel, Ludwig : De Varroniana verborum forma-
tione ; Strassburg, 1875. xlii
INTRODUCTION
Usener, H. : Ein altes Lekrgebaude der Philologie ; Sitzungsher. d. kon. bayr. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Muncken, phil.-hist. CI 1892, 582-64.8.
van der VTiet, J. : Mnemosyne xx. 416 (1892). Voigt, Moritz : Rkeinisches Museum xxiv. 332-335 (1869), xxxiii. 150 (1878).
W — , H. : Jahrbiicher fur classiscke Philologie Ixxxvii.
740 (1863). Wackernagel, J. : Hermes Iviii. 460 (1923). Walter, Fritz : Philologus Ixxv. 484-485 (1919). Walter, F. : Pkilologische Wochenschrift 1. 827 (1930). Weber, Julius : Quaestionum Grammaticarum Speci- men ; Jena, 1914. Wilmanns, August : De M. Terenti Varronis libris
grammaticis particiila ; Bonn, 1863. Wilmanns, August : De M. Terenti Varronis libris
grammaticis ; Berlin, 1864 (the preceding, \n\h
addition of the fragments). Wolfflin, Eduard : Archiv fur lateinische Lexiko-
graphie ii. 5, 89, 324 (1885), viii. 411-440, 563-585
(1898).
Zander, K. M. : Versus italici antiqui, page 24 ;
Lund, 1890. Zippmann, A. : De loco Varroniano qui est de Lingua
Latina \\\\. 44 ; Gymn. Programm, Scheidemiihl,
1869. Zumpt : review of L. Spengel's edition ; Jahrbiicher fiir rvissenschaftliche Kritik, 1827, 1513-1527.
OUR TEXT OF THE DE LINGUA LATIXA
WTien a text is to be confronted by a translation, that text must be presented in an intelligible wording,
xliii
INTRODUCTION
with emendations of corrupt passages and the filling up of the gaps. It happens that while some of the corrupt passages in this work are quite desperate, many can be restored, and many gaps can be filled, with some degree of confidence, since Festus, Nonius Marcellus, and others have quoted practically ver- batim from Varro ; with the aid of their testimonia, many obscure passages can be restored to clarity. This has been the procedure in the present volumes ; if any departures from the manuscript authority seem violent, they are required as a basis for a transla- tion. Yet the present text is throughout as conserva- tive as is consistent with the situation.
The text has in fact been so arranged as to show, with least machinery, its relation to the best tradition. With the use of italics and of pointed brackets, and the aid of the critical apparatus, any reader may see for himself exactly what stands in the manuscript. The use of symbols and the like is explained on pages xlix-1.
THE CRITICAL APPARATUS
The critical apparatus is intended to show how the text is derived from the best manuscript tradition, namely F, or where F fails, then Ft; or other good codices.
In each item, there is given first the name of the scholar making the emendation which is in the text, after which the reading of F is given. It is therefore not necessary to name F except in a few places where there might be confusion ; if the reading is not that of F, then the manuscript is specified. Where the emendation of a scholar has been anticipated by a xliv
INTRODUCTION
copyist of some manuscript, the reference to this manuscript is commonly given. If several successive emendations have been necessary to reach the best reading, the intermediate stages are given in reverse order, working back to the manuscript. For ease of typography, manuscript abbre\iations are mostly presented in expanded form.
The reader may therefore evaluate the text which is here presented ; but the present editor has made no attempt to present the almost countless emendations which have been made by scholars and which have not been adopted here.
THE TRANSLATION OF THE DE LINGUA LATIN A
The translation of the De Lingua Latina presents problems which are hardly to be found in any other of the works translated for the Loeb Classical Librarv. For the constant (and ine\-itable) interpretations of one Latin word by another, which Varro had to present in order to expound its origin, requires the translator to keep the Latin words in the translation, glossed ^\^th an English equivalent. In this way only can the translation be made intellig- ible.
Because of the technical nature of the subject it has been necessan,- to follow the Latin with some degree of closeness, or the points made by Varro will be lost. If the translation is at times difficult to understand, it is because most of us are not accus- tomed to dealing with matters of technical linguistics; and even though \'arro lacks the method of modern
xlv
INTRODUCTION
scholars in the subject, he has his own technique and must be followed in his own way.
The numerous metrical citations which Varro gives from Latin authors are translated in the same metre, though sometimes the translation is slightly shorter or longer than the Latin.
There are only two translations of the De Lingua Latino into a modern language : that of Huot into French, a mere paraphrase which often omits whole sentences, and that of Canal into Italian (Nos. 20 and 21 in our list of Editions). There is no translation into German, nor any into English before the present volumes.
THE NOTES TO THE TRANSLATION
The notes are planned to give all needed help to the understanding of a difficult subject matter ; they cover matters of technical linguistics, historical and geographical references, points of pubUc and private life. They explain briefly any unusual word-forms and syntactical uses, and label as incorrect all false etymologies (of which there are many), either ex- plicitly or by indicating the correct etymology. They state the sources of quotations from other authors and works, giving references to a standard collection of fragments if the entire work is not extant. They name the metres of metrical quotations, if the metre is other than dactylic, or iambic, or trochaic.
The fragments of Greek and Latin authors are cited in the notes according to the following scheme :
Festus (and the excerpts of Paulus Diaconus), by xlvi
INTRODUCTION
page and line, edition of K. O. Mueller, Leipzig,
1839. Grammatici Latini, by volume, page, and line, edition
of H. Keil, Leipzig, 1855-1880. Nonius Marcellus, by page and Une, edition of
J. Mercier, 1589 ; 2nd ed., 1614 ; reprinted
1825.
For the following authors : Accius : see Ribbeck and Warmington, below. Ennius : see Vahlen and Warmington, below. LuciUus : C. Lucilii Carmhnim Reliquiae, ed. F. Marx,
2 vols., Leipzig, 190Jr-1905. * Naevius : see Ribbeck, Warmington, Baehrens, Morel,
below. Pacu\ius : see Ribbeck and Warmington, below. Plautus, fragments : edition of F. Ritschl, Leipzig,
1894 ; the same numbering in G. Goetz and
F. Schoell, Leipzig, 1901.
vonAmim, J. : Stoicorum Veterum Reliquiae ; Leipzig,
1903. Baehrens, Emil : Fragmenta Poetarum Romanorum ;
Leipzig, 1886. Bremer, F. P. : lurisprudentiae Antehadrianae quae
supersunt ; Leipzig, 189&-1901. Bruns, Georg : Pontes luris Romani Antiqui ; re\-ised
by Th. Mommsen ; 7th ed., re\ised by O.
Gradenwitz, Tubingen, 1909- Buettner, Richard : Porcius Licinus und der litterarische
Kreis des Q. Lutatius Catulus ; Leipzig, 1893. Funaioli, Hyginus : Grammaticae Romanae Frag- menta ; Leipzig, 1907. Hultsch, Friedrich : Polyhii Historiae ', Berlin, 1867-
1872.
xlvii
INTRODUCTION
Huschke, P. E. : lurisprudentiae Anteiustinianae Reli- quiae ; 6th ed.j revised by E. Seckel and B. Kuebler, Leipzig, 1908.
Jordan, Heinrich : M. Catonis praeter librum de re rustica quae extant ; Leipzig, 1860.
Kaibel, G. : Comicorurn Graecorum Fragmenta, vol. i. Part I ; Berlin, 1899-
Maurenbrecher, Bertold : Carminum Saliarium reli- quiae ; Jahrbiicher fiir classische Philologie, Suppl., vol. xxi. 313-352 (1894).
Morel, Willy : Fragmenta Poetarum Latinorum ; Leip- zig, 1927.
Mueller, Karl, and Theodor Mueller : Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum ; Paris, 1841-1870.
Nauck, August : Aristophanis Bysantii Grammatici Alexandrini Fragmenta ; Halle, 1848.
Peter, Hermann : Historicorum Romanorum Frag- menta ; Leipzig, 1883.
Preibisch, Paul : Fragmenta Librorum Pontijiciorum ; Tilsit, 1878.
Regell, Paul : Fragmenta Auguralia ; Gymn. Hirsch- berg, 1882.
Ribbeck, Otto : Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Frag- menta : vol. i., Tragicoruvi Romanorum Fragmenta, 3rd ed., Leipzig, 1897 ; vol. ii., Comicorurn Romanorum Fragmenta, 3rd ed., Leipzig, 1898 (occasional references to the 2nd ed.).
Rose, Valentin : Aristotelis qui ferehantur librorum fragmenta ; Leipzig, 1886.
Rowoldt, Walther : Librorum Pontijiciorum Romanorum de Caerimoniis Sacrijiciorum Reliquiae ', Halle, 1906.
Schneider, Otto : Callimachea ; Leipzig, 1870.
Schoell, Rudolph : Legis Duodecim Tabularum Re- liquiae ; Leipzig, 1866.
xlviii
INTRODUCTION
Usener, Hermann : Epicurea ; Leipzig, 1887.
Vahlen, J. : Ennianae Poesis Reliquiae,2nd ed., Leipzig, 1903 (the 3rd ed., 1928, is an unchanged reprint).
Warmington, E. H. : Remains of Old Latin, in the Loeb Classical Library ; vol. i. (Ennius,Caecilius), 1935; vol. ii. (Li\^us Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius, Accius), 1936 ; Cambridge (Mass.) and London.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Letters and words not in the manuscript, but added in the text, are set in < >, except as noted below.
Letters changed from the manuscript reading are printed in italics.
Some obvious additions, and the follo^\•ing changes, are sometimes not further explained by critical notes :
ae with italic a, for manuscript e. oe, Mith italic o, for manuscript ae or e. itaUc b and v, for manuscript u and b. italicy and pk, for manuscript ph and_/. italic i and y, for manuscript y and i. itaUc h, for an h omitted in the manuscript.
The manuscripts are referred to as follows ; read- ings without specification of the manuscript are from F :
F=Laurentianus li. 10 ; No. 1 in our Ust.
F^ or nji, the original writer of F, or the first
hand. jp2 or m^, the corrector of F, or the second hand. Ft- = readings from the lost quaternion of F, as recorded by Victorius ; our No. 2.
xlix
INTRODUCTION
Frag. Cass. = Cassinensis 361 ; our No. 3. f= Laurentianus li. 5 ; our No. 5. H=Havniensis ; our No. 6. G = Gothanus ; our No. 7.
a = Parisinus 7489 ; our No. 8.
6 = Parisinus 6142 ; our No. 9-
c = Parisinus 7535 ; our No. 10. F= Vindobonensis Ixiii. ; our No. 11.
jD = Basiliensis F iv. 13 ; our No. 12. 3I=Guelferbytanus 896 ; our No. 13. fi = that used by Augustinus ; our No. 14.
The following abbreviations are used for editors and editions (others are referred to by their full names) :
Lae^M* = editio princeps of Pomponius Laetus. Rhol. = Rholandellus, whose first edition was in
1475. P«a = Baptista Pius, edition of 1510. .t^MOf. = Antonius Augustinus, editor of the Vul- gate edition 1554, reprinted 1557. &JO/J. = Gaspar Scioppius, edition of 1602, re- printed 1605. L. .S/). = Leonhard Spengel, edition of 1826 (and articles). Mue. = Karl Ottfried Mueller, edition of 1833. .:/. 5/). = Andreas Spengel, edition of 1885 (and articles). GS. = G. Goetz and F. Schoell, edition of 1910.
VARRO
M. TERENTI VARRONIS DE LINGUA LATINA
De Disciplina Originum Verborum ad
CiCERONEM LIBER nil EXPLICIT ; INCIPIT
LIBER V
I. 1. QuEMADMODUM vocabula essent imposita rebus in lingua Latina, sex libris exponere institui. De his tris ante hunc feci quos Septumio misi : in quibus est de disciplina, quam vocant JriyxoAoyiKryv^ : quae contra ea<m>2 dicerentur, volumine primo, quae pro ea, secundo, quae de ea, tertio. In his ad te scribam, a quibus rebus vocabula imposita sint in lingua Latina, et ea quae sunt in consuetudine apud <popu- lum et ea quae inveniuntur apud)' poetas.
2. CuTwi unius cuiusque verbi naturae sint duae, a qua re et in qua re vocabulum sit impositum (itaque
§ 1. 1 For ethimologicen. " Rhol., for ea. ' Added by A. Sp.
§2. ^ Rhol., for cm.
§1. "Books II. -VII.; Book I. was introductory. " Books II. -IV. " Quaestor to Varro, c/. vii. 109 ; but when or where is not known. Possibly he was the writer on architecture mentioned by Vitruvius, de Arch. vii. praef. 1 4, and even the composer of the Libri Observationum men-
2
MARCUS TERENTIUS VARRO'S ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE
On the Science of the Origin of Words, addressed to cicero
book iv ends here, and here begins BOOK V
L 1. In what way names were applied to things in Latin, I have undertaken to expound, in six books." Of these, I have already composed three * before this one, and have addressed them to Septumius " ; in them I treat of the branch of learning which is called Etymology-. The considerations which might be raised against it, I have put in the first book ; those adduced in its favour, in the second ; those merely describing it, in the third. In the following books, addressed to you,** I shall discuss the problem from what things names were applied in Latin, both those which are habitual \vith the ordinary folk, and those which are found in the poets.
2. Inasmuch as each and every word has two innate features, from what thing and to what thing
tioned by Quintilian, Inst. Orat. iv. 1. 19. '' Cicero, to whom \'arro addresses the balance of the work. Books V.-XXV., written apparently in 47—46 b.c.
3
VARRO
a qua re sit pertinacia cum requi(ri>tur,2 ostenditur* esse a perten<den>do* ; in qua re sit impositum dicitur cum demonstratur, in quo non debet pertendi et pertendit, pertinaciam esse, quod in quo oporteat manere, si in eo perstet, perseverantia sit), priorem illam partem, ubi cur et unde sint verba scrutantur, Groeci vocant eTv/zoAoyiav,* illam alteram vrep^i) ar]- //atvo/xevwi'. De quibus duabus rebus in his libris promiscue dicam, sed exilius de posteriore.
3. Quae ideo sunt obscuriora, quod neque omnis impositio verborum extat,^ quod vetustas quasdam delevit, nee quae extat sine mendo omnis imposita, nee quae recte est imposita, cuncta manet (multa enim verba li<t>teris commutatis sunt interpolata), neque omnis origo est nostrae linguae e vei*naculis verbis, et multa verba aliud nunc ostendunt, aliud ante significabant, ut hostis : nam turn eo verbo dicebant peregrinum qui suis legibus uteretur, nunc dicunt eum quem tum dicebant perduellem.
4. In quo genere verborum aut casu erit illustrius unde videri possit origo, inde repetam. Ita fieri oportere apparet, quod recto casu quom^ dicimus inpos,* obscurius est esse a potentia qua(m>* cum
* OS., for sequitur. ' For hostenditur. * Rhol., for pertendo. * For ethimologiam.
§ 3. ^ For exstat.
§ 4. ^ Aug., with B, for quem. ^ p, Laetns, for ineos. ' For qua.
§ 2. " Properly an abstract formed from pertinax, itself a compound ottenax ' tenacious,' derived from tenere ' to hold.' § 3. « Cf vii. 49. § 4. " Not from potentia ; but both from radical pot-.
4
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 2-4.
the name is applied (therefore, when the question is raised from what thing pertinacia ' obstinacy ' is," it is shown to be from pertendere ' to persist ' : to what thing it is applied, is told when it is explained that it is pertinacia ' obstinacy ' in a matter in which there ought not to be persistence but there is, because it is perseverantia ' steadfastness ' if a person persists in that in which he ought to hold firm), that former part, where they examine why and whence words are, the Greeks call Etymology, that other part they call Semantics. Of these two matters I shall speak in the following books, not keeping them apart, but gi\ing less attention to the second.
3. These relations are often rather obscure for the following reasons : Not every word that has been applied, still exists, because lapse of time has blotted out some. Not every word that is in use, has been applied without inaccuracy of some kind, nor does every word which has been applied correctly remain as it originally was ; for many words are disguised by change of the letters. There are some whose origin is not from native words of our own language. Many words indicate one thing now, but formerly meant something else, as is the case with hostis ' enemy ' : for in olden times by this word they meant a foreigner from a country independent of Roman laws, but now they give the name to him whom they then called perduellis ' enemy.' "■
4. I shall take as starting-point of my discussion that derivative or case-form of the words in which the origin can be more clearly seen. It is evident that we ought to operate in this way, because when we say inpos ' lacking power ' in the nominative, it is less clear that it is from potentia <* ' power ' than when we
5
VARRO
dicimus inpotem* ; et eo obscurius fit, si dicas pos quam* inpos : videtur enim pos significare potius pontem quam potentem.
5. Vetustas pauca non depravat, multa tollit. Quem puerum vidisti formosum, hunc vides defor- mem in senecta. Tertium seculum non videt eum hominem quem vidit primum. Quare ilia quae iam maioribus nostris ademit oblivio, fugitiva secuta sedulitas Muci^ et Bruti retrahere nequit. Non, si non potuero indagare, eo ero tardior, sed velocior ideo, si quivero. Non mediocres* enim tenebrae in silva ubi haec captanda neque eo quo pervenire volumus semitae tritae, neque non in tramitibus quaedam obiecta^ quae euntem retinere possent.
6. Quorum verborum novorum ac veterum dis- cordia omnis in consuetudine com(m>uni, quot modis^ commutatio sit facta qui animadverterit, facilius scrutari origines patietur verborum : reperiet enim esse commutata, ut in superioribus libris ostendi, maxime propter bis quaternas causas. Litterarum enim fit demptione aut additione et propter earum tra(ie)ctionem2 aut commutationem, item syllabarum produetione (aut correptione, denique adiectione aut
* Aug., for inpotentem. * Aug., with B, for postquam.
§ 5. ^ For muti. " For mediocris. ^ For oblecta. § 6. ^ After modis, Fr. Fritzsche deleted litterarum. ^ Scaliger and Popma,for tractationem.
* Avoided in practice, in favour of dissyllabic potis. " Be- cause the nasal was almost or quite lost before s ; cf. the regular inscriptional spelling cosol= consul.
§ 5. «P. Mucius Scaevola and M. Junius Brutus, distin- guished jurists and writers on law in the period 150-130 b.c. Mucius, as pontifex maximus, seems to have collected and 6
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 4^6
say inpotem in the accusative ; and it becomes the more obscure, if you say pos ^ ' ha\-lng power ' rather than inpos ; for pos " seems to mean rather pons ' bridge ' \han potens ' powerful.'
5. There are few things which lapse of time does not distort, there are many which it removes. Whom you saw beautiful as a boy, him you see unsightly in his old age. The third generation does not see a person such as the first generation saw him. TTiere- fore those that oblivion has taken away even from our ancestors, the painstaking of Mucius and Brutus," though it has pursued the runaways, cannot bring back. As for me, even if I cannot track them down, I shall not be the slower for this, but even for this I shall be the s\^-ifter in the chase, if I can. For there is no slight darkness in the wood where these things are to be caught, and there are no trodden paths to the place which we ^^•ish to attain, nor do there fail to be obstacles in the paths, which could hold back the hunter on his way.
6. Now he who has observed in how many ways the changing has taken place in those words, new and old, in which there is any and every manner of varia- tion in popular usage, will find the examination of the origin of the words an easier task ; for he \^'ill find that words have been changed, as I have shown in the preceding books, essentially on account of two sets of four causes. For the alterations come about by the loss or the addition of single letters and on account of the transposition or the change of them, and likcAvise by the lengthening or the shortening of syllables, and their addition or loss : since I have adequately shown
published the Annales Pontificum, and to have put an end to the further writing of them by the pontifex maximus.
7
VARRO
detrectione)' ; quae quoniam in superioribus libris* cuiusmodi essent exemplis satis demonstravi, hie ammonendum esse modo putavi.
7. Nunc singulorum verborum origines expediam, quorum quattuor explanandi gradus. Infimus^ quo populus etiam venit : quis enim non videt unde ar(g>e<n>b'fodinae=' et viocurus ? Secundus quo grammatica escendit' antiqua, quae ostendit, quem- admodum quodque poeta finxerit verbum, quod confinxerit, quod declinarit ; hie Pacui :
Rudentum sibilus,
hie :
IncMrvicervicum* pecus, hie :
Clamide clupeat b<r)acchium.*
8. Tertius gradus, quo philosophia ascendens per- venit atque ea quae in consuetudine communi essent aperire coepit,i ut a quo dictum esset oppidum, vicus, via. Quartus, ubi est adj/tum^ et initia regis : quo si non perveniam (ad>* scientiam, at* opinionem aucupabor, quod etiam in salute nostra nonnunquam fflcit^ cum aegrotamus medicus.
' Added by Kent, after Scaliger, Mve., OS. ; cf. Quintilian, Inst. Orat. i. 6. 32. * After libris, Aug. deleted qui.
§ 7. ^ After infimus, Sciop. deleted in. " Canal, for aretofodine. ^ Sciop., for descendit. * G, Aldtis, for inceruice ruicum. * For bacchium.
§8. ^ For caepit. ^ Sciop., for aiAiiam.. ^ Added by L. Sp. * Sciop., for ad. * Aldus, with p, for fecit.
§ 7. " Cf. viii. 62. " Teucer, Trag. Rom. Frag. 336 Ribbeck» ; R.O.L. ii. 296-297 Warmington. " Ex inc. fab.
xliv, verse 408, Trag. Rom. Frag. Ribbeck^, R.O.L. ii. 292-293 Warmington, referring to the dolphins of Nereus ; the entire
8
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 6-8
by examples, in the preceding books, of what sort these phenomena are, I have thought that here 1 need only set a reminder of that previous discussion.
7. Now I shall set forth the origins of the indivi- dual words, of which there are four levels of explana- tion. The lowest is that to which even the common folk has come ; who does not see the sources of argentifodinae " ' silver-mines ' and of viocurus ' road- overseer ' ? The second is that to which old-time grammar has mounted, which shows how the poet has made each word which he has fashioned and derived. Here belongs Pacuvius's *
The whistling of the ropes, here his "
Incurvate-necked flock, here his **
With his mantle he beshields his arm.
8. The third level is that to which philosophy ascended, and on arrival began to reveal the nature of those words which are in common use, as, for example, from what oppidum ' tovvn ' was named, and vicus ' row of houses,' " and via ' street.' The fourth is that where the sanctuary is, and the mysteries of the high- priest : if I shall not arrive at full knowledge there, at any rate I shall cast about for a conjecture, which even in matters of our health the physician sometimes does when we are ill.
verse in Quintilian, Inst. Oral. i. 5. 67, Nerei repandirostrum incur vicerricum pecus. <* Hermiona, Trag. Rom. Frag. 186 Ribbeck», R.O.L. ii. 232-233 Warmington ; the entire verse in Nonius Marcellus, 87. 23 M. : currum liquit, clamide contorta astu clipeat braccium.
§ 8. " From this meaning, either an entire small ' village ' or a ' street ' in a large city.
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9. Quodsi summum gradum non attigero, tamen secundum praeteribo, quod non solum ad Aris- tophanis lucernam, sed etiam ad CleantAis lucubravi. Volui praeterire eos, qui poetarum modo verba ut sint fieta expediunt. Non enim videbatur consen- taneum qua(e>re(re>i me in eo verbo quod finxisset Ennius causam, neglegere quod ante rex Latinus finxisset, cum poeticis multis verbis magis delecter quam utar, antiquis magis utar quam delecter. An non potius mea verba ilia quae hereditate a Romulo rege venerunt quam quae a poeta Livio relicta ?
10. Igitur quoniam in haec sunt tripertita verba, quae sunt aut nostra aut aliena aut oblivia, de nostris dicam cur sint, de alienis unde sint, de obliviis re- linquam : quorum partim quid ta(men) invenerim aut opiner^ scribam. In hoc libro dicam de vocabulis locorum et quae in his sunt, in secundo de temporum et quae in his fiunt, in tertio de utraque re a poetis comprehensa.
11. Pythagoras Samius ait omnium rerum initia esse bina ut finitum et infinitum, bonum et malum,
§ 9. ^ Aug., for quare.
§ 10. ^ After A. Sp., with tamen frotn Fay's quo loco tamen ; for quo ita inuenerim ita opiner.
§ 9. " Aristophanes of Byzantium, 262-185 b.c, pupil of Zenodotus and Callimachus at Alexandria, and himself one of the greatest of the Alexandrian grammarians, who busied himself especially with the textual correction and editing of the Greek authors, notably Homer, Hesiod, and the lyric poets. * Fra(7. 485 von Arnim ; Cleanthes of Assos, 331-
232 B.C., pupil and successor of Zeno, founder of the Stoic school of philosophy (died 264), as head of the school, at Athens, and author of many works on all phases of the Stoic teaching. '^ L. Livius Andronicus, c. 284^202 b.c, born at Tarentum ; first epic and dramatic poet of the Romans.
§11. " Pythagoras, born probably in Samos about 567 b.c,
10
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. ^11
9. But if I have not reached the highest level, I shall none the less go farther up than the second, because I have studied not only by the lamp of Aris- tophanes," but also by that of Cleanthes.* I have desired to go farther than those who expound only how the words of the poets are made up. For it did not seem meet that I seek the source in the case of the word which Ennius had made, and neglect that which long before King Latinus had made, in \-iew of the fact that I get pleasure rather than utility from many words of the poets, and more utility than pleasure from the ancient words. And in fact are not those words mine which have come to me by inheritance from King Romulus, rather than those which were left behind by the poet Livius ? '^
10. Therefore since words are divided into these three groups, those which are our own, those which are of foreign origin, and those which are obsolete and of forgotten sources, I shall set forth about our own why they are, about those of foreign origin whence they are, and as to the obsolete I shall let them alone : except that concerning some of them I shall none the less write what I have found or myself conjecture. In this book I shall tell about the words denoting places and those things which are in them ; in the follow- ing book I shall tell of the words denoting times and those things which take place in them ; in the third I shall tell of both these as expressed by the poets.
1 1 . Pythagoras the Samian " says that the primal elements of all things are in pairs, as finite and infinite,
removed to Croton in South Italy about 529 and was there the founder of the philosophic-political school of belief which attaches to his name. His teachings were oral only, and were reduced to writing by his followers.
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vitam et mortem, diem et noctem. Quare item duo status et motus, (utrumque quadripertitum)^ : quod stat aut agitatur, corpus, ubi agitatur, locus, dum agitatur, tempus, quod est in agitatu, actio. Quadri- pertitio magis sic apparebit : corpus est ut cursor, locus stadium qua currit, tempus hora qua currit, actio cursio.
12. Quare fit, ut ideo fere omnia sint quadri- pertita et ea aeterna, quod neque unquam tempus, quin fuerit^ motus : eius enim* intervallum tempus ; neque motus, ubi non locus et corpus, quod alteram est quod movetur, alterum ubi ; neque ubi is agitatus, non actio ibi. Igitur initiorum quadrigae locus et corpus, tempus et actio.
13. Quare quod quattuor genera prima rerum, totidem verborum : e quis <de) locis et iis^ rebus quae in his videntur in hoc libro summatim ponam. Sed qua cognatio eius erit verbi quae radices egerit extra fines suas, persequemur. Saepe enim ad limitem arboris radices sub vicini prodierunt segetem. Quare non, cum de locis dicam, si ab agro ad agrarium^ hominem, ad agricolam pervenero, aberraro. Multa
§11. ^ Added by L. Sp.
§ 12. ^ For fuerint. * Aug., for animi.
§ 13. ^ L. Sp.y for uerborum enim horum dequis locis et
his. ^ L. Sp., for agrosium.
§ 13. " Celebrated on April 23 and August 19, when an offering of new wine was made to Jupiter ; c/. vi. 16 and vi. 20. 12
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 11-13
good and bad, life and death, day and night. There- fore likewise there are the two fundamentals, station and motion, each divided into four kinds : what is stationary or is in motion, is body ; where it is in motion, is place ; while it is in motion, is time ; what is inherent in the motion, is action. The fourfold division will be clearer in this way : body is, so to speak, the runner, place is the race-course where he runs, time is the period during which he runs, action is the running.
12. Therefore it comes about that for this reason all things, in general, are divided into four phases, and these universal ; because there is never time without there being motion — for even an intermission of motion is time — ; nor is there motion where there is not place and body, because the latter is that which is moved, and the former is where ; nor where this motion is, does there fail to be action. Therefore place and body, time and action are the four-horse team of the elements.
13. Therefore because the primal classes of things are four in number, so many are the primal classes of words. From among these, concerning places and those things which are seen in them, I shall put a summarv' account in this book ; but we shall follow them up wherever the kin of the word under discus- sion is, even if it has driven its roots beyond its own territory. For often the roots of a tree which is close to the line of the property have gone out under the neighbour's cornfield. Wherefore, when I speak of places, I shall not have gone astray, if from ager ' field ' I pass to an agrarius ' agrarian ' man, and to an agricola ' farmer.' The partnership of words is one of many members : the Wine Festival ° cannot be set
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societas verborum, nee Vinalia sine vino expediri nee Curia Calabra sine ealatione potest aperiri.
II. 14. Incipiam de locis ah^ ipsius loci origine. Locus est, ubi locatum quid esse potest, ut nunc dicunt, collocatum. Veteres id dicere solitos apparet apud Plautum :
Filiam habeo grandem dote cassa(m> atque
inlocabil«(m>* Neque earn queo locare cuiquam.
Apud Ennium :
O Terra Thraeca,, ubi Liberi fanum inciu^um' Maro* locavi<t>.^
15. Ubi quidque consistit, locus. Ab eo praeco dicitur locare, quod usque idem it,^ quoad in aliquo constitit pretium. In(de)2 locarium quod datur in stabulo et taberna, ubi consistant. Sic loci muliebres, ubi nascendi initia consistunt.
III. 16. Loca natura(e>i secundum antiquam divisionem prima duo, terra et caelum, deinde par- ticulatim utriusque multa. Caeli dicuntur loca su-
§ 14. ^ Sciop., for sub. * So Plautus, for cassa dote atque inlocabili F ; Plautus also has virginem for filiam. ' Wilhelm, for inciuium. * For miro F^, maro F^. * Ribbeck, for locaui.
§ 15. ^ Turnebus, for id emit. ^ Laetus, for in.
§ 16. ^ Aug., for natura.
* A place on the Capitoline Hill, near the cottage of Romulus, and also the meeting held there on the Kalends, when the priests announced the number of days until the Nones ; c/. vi. 27, and Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 15. 7.
§ 14. " Theuncompounded word ; which, like its compound, meant both ' established in a fixed position ' and ' established in a marriage.' ^ Aulularia, 191-192. "That is, in
marriage. <* Trag. Rom. Frag. 347-348 Ribbeck^ ; R.O.L.
14
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 13-16
on its way without wine, nor can the Curia Calahra ' Announcement Hall ' ^ be opened without the calatio ' proclamation.'
H. 14. Among places, I shall begin "«-ith the origin of the word locus ' place ' itself. Locus is where something can be locatum " ' placed,' or as they say nowadays, collocatum ' established.' That the ancients were wont to use the word in this meaning, is clear in Plautus ^ :
I have a grown-up daughter, lacking dower,
unplaceable/ Nor can I place her now with anyone.
In Ennius we find ** :
O Thracian Land, where Bacchus' fane renowned Did Maro place.
15. Where anything comes to a standstill, is a locus * place.' From this the auctioneer is said locate ' to place ' because he is all the time like^v^se going on until the price comes to a standstill on someone. Thence also is locamim ' place-rent,' which is given for a lodging or a shop, where the payers take their stand. So also loci muliehres ' woman's places,' where the beginnings of birth are situated.
III. 16. The primal places of the universe, accord- ing to the ancient division, are two, terra ' earth ' and caelum ' sky,' and then, according to the division into items, there are many places in each. The places of the sky are called loca super a ' upper places,' and
i. 376-377 Warmington. Maro, son of Euanthes and priest of Apollo in the Thracian Ismaros, in thanks for protection for himself and his followers, gave Ulysses a present of excellent wine {Odyssey, Lx. 197 ff.). Because of this, later legend drew him into the Dionysiac circle, as son or grandson of Bacchus, or otherwise. There were even cults of Maro himself in Maroneia, Samothrace, and elsewhere.
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pera et ea deorum, terrae loca infera et ea hominum. Ut Asia sic caelum dicitur modis duobus. Nam et Asia, quae non Europa, in quo etiam Syria, et Asia dicitur prioris pars Asiae, in qua est Ionia ac provincia nostra.
17. Sic caelum et pars eius, summum ubi stellae, et id quod Pacuvius cum demonstrat dicit :
Hoc vide circum supraque quod complexu continet Terram.
Cui subiungit :
Id quod nostri caelum memorant.
A qua bipertita divisione Luc«7iusi suorum un<i)u5' et viginti librorum initium fecit hoc :
Aetheris et terrae genitabile quaerere tempus.
18. Caelum dictum scribit Aelius, quod est caelatum, aut contrario nomine, celatum quod aper- tum est ; non male, quod <im)positori multo potius <caelare>* a caelo quam caelum a caelando. Sed non
§ 17. ^ Scaliffer, for lucretius. * Laetus, for unum. § 18. ^ GS.,for posterior. * Added by Scaliger.
% 16. " Asia originally designated probably only a town or small district in Lydia, and then came to be what we now call Asia Minor, and finally the entire continent. * Ionia was a coastal region of Asia Minor, including Smyrna, Ephesus, Miletus, etc., and was included within provincia nostra. But ' our province ' ran much farther inland, comprising Phrygia, M ysia, Lydia, Caria (Cicero, Pro Flacco, 27.65), which explains the ' and.'
§ 17. " Chryses, Trag. Rom. Frag. 87-88 and 90 Ribbeck» ; R.O.L. 2. 202-203, lines 107-108, 1 1 1 Warmington. > Satirae, verse 1 Marx. As there were thirty books of Lucilius's Satires, the limitation to twenty-one by Varro must be based on another division (for which there is evidence), thus : Books XXVI.-XXX. were written first, in various metres; I.-XXI.,
16
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 16-18
these belong to the gods ; the places of the earth are loca infer a ' lower places,' and these belong to man- kind. Caelum ' sky ' is used in two ways, just as is Asia. For Asia means the Asia, which is not Europe, wherein is even Syria ; and Asia means also that part " of the aforementioned Asia, in which is Ionia ^ and our province.
17. So caelum ' sky ' is both a part of itself, the top where the stars are, and that which Pacuvlus means when he points it out " :
See this around and above, which holds in its embrace The earth.
To which he adds :
. That which the men of our days call the sky.
From this division into two, Lucilius set this as the start of his twenty-one books ^ :
Seeking the time when the ether above and the earth were created.
18. Caelum, AeUus wTites," was so called because it is caelatum ' raised above the surface,' or from the opposite of its idea,* celatum ' hidden ' because it is exposed ; not ill the remark, that the one who applied the term took caelare ' to raise ' much rather from caelum than caelum from caelare. But that second
to which Varro here alludes, were a second volume, in dactj'lic hexameters, which Lucilius had found to be the best vehicle for his work ; XXII. -XXV. were a third part, in elegiacs, probably not published until after their author's death.
§ 18. ° Page 59 Funaioli. Caelum is probably connected with a root seen in German heiter ' bright,' and not with the words mentioned by \'arro. * Derivation by the contrary of the meaning, as in Indus, in quo minime luditur ' school, in which there is very little playing ' (Festus, 1:22. 16 M.).
VOL. I c 17
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minus illud alterum de celando ab eo potuit dici, quod interdiu celatur, quam quod noctu non celatur.
19. Omnino e(g}o^ magis puto a chao cho<um ca)vum^ et hinc caelum, quoniam, ut dixi, " hoc circum supraque quod complexu continet terrain," cavum caelum. Itaque dicit Androm(ed>a' Nocti :
Quae* cava caeli Signitenentibus conficis bigis ;
et Agamemno :
In altisono caeli clipeo : cavum enim clipeum ; et Ennius item ad cavationem :
Caeli ingentes fornices.
20. Quare ut a cavo cavea et cauZlae^ et convallis, cavata vallis, et cave<m>ae* <a)* cavatione* ut cavum,* sic ortum, unde omnia apud i/esiodum, a chao cavo caelum.
IV, 21. Terra dicta ab eo, ut Aelius scribit, quod
§ 19. ^ Aldus, for eo. ^ GS. ; choum hinc cavum Mue. ; for chouum. ^ Scaliger,for androma. * Aug., for noctique.
§ 20. ^ Scaliger, for cauile. ^ GS., for cauea e. ^ Added bj/ Mue. * iVwe., /or cauitione. ^ Vertranius, for cauium.
§ 19. " Latin cavum is not related to Greek chaos, but it is the source of all the Latin words in § 19 and § 20, except caelum and convallis. * Ennius, Trag. Rom. Frag. 95-96 Ribbeck^ ; R.O.L. i. 256-257 Warmington; anapaestic. <= Ennius, Trag. Rom. Frag. 177-178 Ribbeck^ R.O.L. i. 300-301 Warmington ; anapaestic. ■* Ennius, Trag. Rom. Frag. 374 Ribbeck» ; R.O.L. i. 364-365 Warmington.
§ 20. " Commonly meaning the spectators' part of the theatre; but also 'stall, bird-cage, bee-hive.' * Also
18
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 18-21
origin, from celare ' to hide,' could be said from this fact, that by day it celatur ' is hidden,' no less than that by night it is not hidden.
19- On the whole I rather think that from chaos came ckoum and then cavum " ' hollow,' and from this caelum ' sky,' since, as I have said, " this around and above, which holds in its embrace the earth," is the cavum caelum ' hollow sky.' And so Andromeda says to Night,^
You who traverse the hollows of sky With your chariot marked by the stars.
And Agamemnon says,"
In the shield of the sky, that soundeth on high,
for a shield is a hollow thing. And Ennius likewise, x^-ith reference to a cavem,**
Enormous arches of the sky.
20. WTierefore as from cavum ' hollow ' come cavea'^ ' ca\'ity,' and caullae^ ' hole or passage,' and convallis " ' enclosed valley ' as being a cavata vallis ' hollowed valley,' and cavemae ' caverns ' from the cavatio ' hollowing,' as a cavum ' hollow thing,' *^ so developed caelum ' sky ' from cavum, which itself was from chaos, from which, in Hesiod,* come all things.
IV. 21. Terra" 'earth ' is — as Aelius * writes — named from this fact, that it teritur ' is trodden ' ;
' sheepfold.' ' Apparently out of place ; but perhaps Varro had in mind a pronunciation with only a slight nasal sound, virtually covallis, c/. c&ntio from cocentio {coventionid occurs in an old inscription). ** This text is a desperate attempt to bring sense into the passage. • Theogony, 123 ff. § 21. ° From tersa ' dry ' : tritura and tribulum are the only words in the section connected with tero. " Page 67 Fu- naioli.
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teritur. Itaque tera in augurum libris scripta cum R uno. Ab eo colonis locus com<m>unis qui prope oppidum relinquitur tentorium, quod maxime teritur. Hinc linteum quod teritur corpore extermentarium. Hinc in messi tritura, quod tum frumentum teritur, et trife?<lum,i qui teritur. Hinc fines agrorum termini, quod eae partes ^ propter limitare iter maxime te- runtur ; itaque hoc cum P in Latio aliquot locis dici- tur, ut apud Accium, non terminus, sed ter(i>men* ; hoc Graeci quod re/a/xoca. Pote vel illinc ; Euander enim, qui venit in Palatium, e Graecia Areas.
22. Via^ quidem iter, quod ea vehendo teritur, iter item'* actus, quod agendo teritur ; etiam ambitus <i>ter,^ quod circumeundo teritur : nam ambitus circuitus ; ab eoque Duodecim Tabularum interpretes ' ambitus parietis ' circuitum esse describunt. Igitur tera terra et ab eo poetae appellarunt summa terrae quae sola teri possunt, ' sola terrae.'
§21. ^ For triuolum. ** For partis. ^ L. Sp.ffor is. * L. Sp., for termen.
§22. ^ Lachmann, for uias. ^ A. Sp., for iterum. ' Groth, for ter.
' No consonants were doubled in the writing of Latin until about 200 B.C., and then not regularly for some decades ; before 200 b.c, terra was necessarily written tera. ** Page 16 Regell. * Derivative of terra. * From extergere ' to wipe off.' " From a different root ter- ' to cross over.' ^Trag. Rom. Frag., p&ge 262 Ribbeck^; R.O.L. ii. 599 Warmington. * See Livy, i. 5.
§ 22. " Of uncertain etymology, but not from vehere. * Amb-itus - circu-itus in meaning ; -itus and iter both from the root in ire ' to go.' " The fundamental Roman laws, traditionally drawn up by the Decemvirs of 451-450 b.c. <* Page 136 Schoell ; page 113 Funaioli. ' Cf. Ennius, Ann. 455 Vahlen^ ; R.O.L. ii. 208-209 Warmington; page
20
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 21-22
therefore it is written tera " in the Books of the Augurs,** with one R. From this, the place which is left near a town as common property for the farmers, is the territorium * ' territory,' because it teritur ' is trodden ' most. From this, the linen garment which teritur ' is rubbed ' bv the body, is an extermentarium/ From this, in the harvest, is the tritura ' threshing,' because then the grain teritur ' is rubbed out,' and the trihulum ' threshing-sledge,' with which it teritur ' is rubbed out.' From this the boundaries of the fields are called termini,^ because those parts teruntur ' are trodden ' most, on account of the boundary-lane. Therefore this word is pronounced with I in some places in Latium, not terminus, but terimen, and this form is found in Accius '' : it is the same word which the Greeks call repfioji'. Perhaps the Latin word comes from the Greek ; for Evander, who came to the Palatine, was an Arcadian from Greece.*
22. A via " ' road ' is indeed an iter ' way,' because it teritur ' is worn do^^'n ' by vehendo ' carrying in wagons ' ; an actus ' driving-passage ' is likewise an iter, because it is worn doAvn by agendo ' driving of cattle.' Moreover an ambitus ^ ' edge-road ' is an iter ' way,' because it teritur ' is worn ' by the going around : for an edge-road is a circuit ; from this the inter- preters of the Tnelve Tables " define the ambitus of the wall •* as its circuit. Therefore tera, terra ; and from this the poets ® have called the surface of the earth, which sola ' alone ' can be trod, the sola ^ ' soil ' of the earth.
75 Funaioli ; Lucretius, ii. 592 ; Catullus, 63. 7. ^ Though solus ' lone ' has a long vowel, and solum ' soil ' has a short vowel ; but Varro normally disregards the differences of quantity.
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23. Terra, ut putant, eadem et humus ; ideo Ennium in terram cadentis dicere :
Cubitis pinsibant humum ;
et quod terra sit humus, ideo is humatus mortuus, qui terra obrutus ; ab eo qui Romanus combustus est, (siy in sepulcrum^ eius abiecta gleba non est aut si OS exceptum est mortui ad familiam purgandam, donee in purgando hwmo' est opertum (ut pontifices dicunt, quod inhumatus sit), famiUa funesta manet. Et dicitur humilior, que* ad humum^ demissior, in- fimus humilHmus, quod in mundo infima humus.
24. Humor hinc. Itaque ideo Lucihus :
Terra abiit in nimbos ^Mmoremque.^
Pacuvius :
Terra ex/jalat" auram atque auroram humidam ;
<humidam>* humectam ; hinc ager uhginosus humi- dissimus ; hinc udus uvidus ; hinc sudor et udor.
§ 23. ^ Added by Tumebiis. ^ For sepulchrum.
^ Aldus, for homo. * 3/«^., /or quae. ^ After humum in F, is found the passage ut Sabini § 32 to Septimontium § 41 ; M^ie., following G. Buchanan and Tiirnebus, recognized the interchange of two leaves of the archetype of F and restored the text to its proper order.
§ 24. ^ Kent, for imbremque, for without humor or a derivative the citation is irrelevant. * Laetus, for exalat. ' Added by Fay.
§ 23. « Trag. Rom. Frag. 396 Ribbeck» ; R.O.L. i. 376-377 Warmington. ^ Gleba in a collective sense. " Cf. frag. 170 Rowoldt. ** Quod, contracted for quoad.
§ 24. " Humor, properly umor, got its h by popular as- sociation with humus, with which it is not etymologically connected. ^ 1308 Marx ; five feet of a spondaic dactylic
22
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 23-24
23. Humus ' soil ' is, as they think, the same as terra ' earth ' ; therefore, they say, Ennius meant men falling to the earth when he said,*
With their elbows the soil they were smiting.
And because humus ' soil ' is terra ' earth,' therefore he who is dead and covered with terra is humatus ' in- humed.' From this fact, if on the burial-mound of a Roman who has been burned on the p}Te clods ^ are not thrown, or if a bone of the dead man has been kept out for the ceremony of purifying the household, the household remains in mourning ; in the latter case, until in the purification the bone is covered with humus — as the pontifices say,*' as long as <* he is in-humatus 'not inhumed.' Also he is called humilior 'more humble,' who is more downcast toward the humus ; the lowest is said to be humillimus ' most humble,' because the humus is the lowest thing in the world.
24. From this comes also humor ^ 'moisture.' So therefore LuciUus says * :
Gone is the earth, disappeared into clouds and moisture.
Pacuvius says * :
The land exhales a breeze and dawning damp ;
humida,'^ the same as humecta ' damp,' P'rom this, a marshy field is hufnidissimus ' most damp ' ; from this, iidus" and uvidus ' damp ' ; from this, sudor f ' sweat ' and udor ' dampness.'
hexameter. ' Trag. Rom. Frag. 363 Ribbeck'; R.O.L. ii. 322-323 Warmington. ■* From same base as humor ; so also humectus. » Sjncopated form of uvidus, which, with its abstract substantive udor, contains the base of humor in a simpler form (without the ;n). 'Akin to English sweat, and not connected with the other Latin words here discussed.
23
VARRO
25. Is si quamvis deorsum in terra, unde sumi^ pote, puteus ; nisi potius quod ^eolis dicebant ut irvTajxov sic tti'tcov a potu,^ non ut nunc <^pk{ap).^ A puteis oppidum ut Puteoli, quod incircum eum locum aquae frigidae et caldae multae, nisi a putore potius, quod putidus odoribus saepe ex sulphure et alumine. Extra oppida a puteis puticuli, quod ibi in puteis obruebantur homines, nisi potius, ut Aelius scribit, puticuli* quod putescebant ibi cadavera proiecta, qui locus publicus ultra E^quilias.^ Itaque eum Afranius /mtiZucos* in Togata appellat, quod inde suspiciunt per pjfteos' lumen.
26. Lacus lacuna magna, ubi aqua eontineri potest. Palus paululum aquae in altitudinem et palam latius difFusae. Stagnum a Graeco, quod ii^ o-reyi'ov quod non habet rimam.* Hinc ad villas rutunda* stagna, quod rutundum facillime continet, anguli maxima laborant.
§ 25. ^ For summi. * Buttmann, for potamon sic po tura potu. * Victories, for <f>pe. * Mue.,for puticulae. * For exquilias. * Scaliger, for cuticulos. ' Canal, for perpetuos.
§ 26. ^ For 11. * Scaliger, for nomen habet primam. ' B, for rutundas.
§ 25, "Or ' pit ' ; derivative of root in ptttare ' to cut, think,' c/. amputare ' to cut oif.' * AeoUs, nom. pi. = Greek AtoAet?. * This and Trureoj are unknown in the extant
remains of Aeolic Greek, but a number of Aeolic words show the change : anv for a-rro, i5/xoia>? for ofxoiais. ** The modern Pozzuoli, on the Bay of Naples, in a locality characterized by volcanic springs and exhalations ; Varro's derivation is correct. * Page 65 Funaioli. ' The Roman ' potters' field,' for the poor and the slaves. " Com. Rom. Frag. 430 Ribbeck^ ; with a jesting transposition of the consonants. Cf. for a similar effect ' pit-lets ' and ' pit-lights.' The description suggests that they were constructed like the Catacombs. 24
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 25-26
25. If this moisture is in the ground no matter how far down, in a place from which it pote ' can ' be taken, it is a puteus ' well ' " ; unless rather because the Aeolians ^ used to say, like — I'ra/zo? '^ for Trora/ios ' river,' so also — rVcos ' well ' for iroreos ' drinkable,' from potus ' act of drinking,' and not (^pkap ' well ' as they do now. From putei ' wells ' comes the town- name, such as Puteoli,'^ because around this place there are many hot and cold spring-waters ; unless rather from putor ' stench,' because the place is often putidus ' stinking ' \\ath smells of sulphur and alum. Outside the towns there are puticuli ' little pits,' named from putei ' pits,' because there the people used to be buried in putei ' pits ' ; unless rather, as Aelius * wTites, the puticuli are so called because the corpses which had been thrown out putescehant ' used to rot ' there, in the public burial-place ^ which is beyond the Esqui- line. This place Afranius ^ in a comedy of Roman Ufe calls the Putiluci ' pit-lights,' for the reason that from it they look up through putei ' pits ' to the lumen 'light.'
26. A laais ' lake ' is a large lacuna " ' hollow,' where water can be confined. A palus ^ ' swamp ' is a paululum ' small amount ' of water as to depth, but spread quite ^videly palam ' in plain sight.' A stagnum '^ ' pool ' is from Greek, because they gave the name orc-y vos ** ' waterproof to that which has no fissure. From this, at farmhouses the stagna ' pools * are round, because a round shape most easily holds water in, but corners are extremely troublesome.
§ 26. " Lacuna is a derivative of lacits, "" Palus, paulu- lum, palam are all etymological ly distinct. ' Properly, a pool without an outlet ; perhaps akin to Greek araycov ' drop (of liquid).' ■* Original meaning, ' covered.'
25
VARRO
27. Fluvius, quod fluit, item flumen : a quo lege praediorum urbanorum scribitur^ :
Stillicidia fluminaque* ut<i nunc, ut> ita' cadant fluantque ;
inter haec hoc inter (est), quod stillicidium eo quod stillatim cadj't,* flumen quod fluit continue.
28. Amnis id flumen quod circuit aliquod : nam ab ambitu amnis. Ab hoc qui circum Aternum^ habitant, Amiternini appellati. Ab eo qui popu- lum candidatus circum i<,* ambit, et qui aliter facit, indagabili ex ambitu causam dicit. Itaque Tiberis amnis, quod ambit Martium Campum et urbem ; op- pidum Interamna dictum, quod inter amnis est constitutum ; item Antemnae, quod ante amnis, qu<a> Amo^ influit in Tiberim, quod bello male ac- ceptum consenuit.
29. Tiberis quod caput extra Latium, si inde nomen quoque exfluit in linguam nostram, nihil (ad>^ hvjioXoyoi' Latinum, ut, quod oritur ex Samnio,
§ 27, ^ For scribitur scribitur. ^ For flumina quae. ^ L. Sp., after Gothofredus, for ut ita. * a, Pape, for
cadet.
§28. ^ Aug., with B, for alterunum. ^ For id, 3 Canal, for quanto,
§ 29, ^ Added by Thiersch.
§ 27, " Cf. Digest, viii. 2. 17. * That is, rain-waters dripping from roofs and streams resulting from rain shall in city properties not be diverted from their present courses. Such supplies of water were in early days a real asset.
§ 28. " Probably to be associated with English Avon (from^ Celtic word for ' river '), and not with ambire ' to go around.' ^ Good etymology ; Amiternum was an old city in the Sabine country, on the Aternus River ; with ambi- ' around ' in the form am-, as in amicire ' to place (a garment) around.'
26
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 27-29
27. Fluvius ' river ' is so named because it Jiuit ' flows,' and likewise jiumen ' river ' : from which is written, according to the law of city estates,"
Stillicidia ' rain-waters ' and flumina ' rivers ' shall be allowed to fall and to flow without interference.*
Between these there is this difference, that stilUcidium ' rain-water ' is so named because it cadit ' falls ' stillatim ' drop by drop,' andjiumen ' river ' because it Jiuit ' flows ' uninterruptedly.
28. An amnis ° is that river which goes around something ; for amnis is named from ambitus ' circuit.' From this, those who dwell around the Aternus are called Amiternini ' men of Amiternum.' * From this, he who circum it ' goes around ' the people as a candi- date, ambit ' canvasses,' and he who does otherwise than he should, pleads his case in court as a result of his investigable ambitus ' canvassing.'" Therefore the Tiber is called an amnis, because it ambit ' goes around ' the Campus Martius and the City '^ ; the tovm Interamna * gets its name from its position inter amnis ' between rivers ' ; likewise Antemnae, because it lies ante amnis ' in front of the rivers,' where the Anio flows into the Tiber — a towTi which suffered in war and wasted away until it perished.
29. The Tiber, because its source is outside Latium, if the name as well flows forth from there into our language, does not concern the Latin ety- mologist ; just as the Volturnus," because it starts from
* That is, for corrupt electioneering methods. ■* The Tiber swings to the west at Rome, forming a virtual semicircle.
* A city in Umbria, almost encircled by the river Nar.
§ 29. " Adjective from voltur ' vulture ' ; there was a Mt. Voltur farther south, on the boundary between Samnium and Apulia.
27
VARRO
Volturnus nihil ad Latinam linguam : at" quod proxi- mum oppidum ab eo secundum mare Volturnum, ad nos, iam^ Latinum vocabulum, ut Tiberinus no<me>n.* Et colonia enim nostra Volturnu7«* et deus Tiberinus.
30. Sed de Tiberis nomine anceps historia. Nam et suum Etruria et Latium suum esse credit, quod fuerunt qui ab Thebri vicino regulo Veientum^ dixe- rint appellat?<m,* primo Thebrim. Sunt qui Tiberim priscum nomen Latinum Albulam vocitatum lit- teris tradiderint, posterius propter Tiberinum regem Latinorum mutatum, quod ibi interierit : nam hoc eius ut tradunt sepulcrum.*
V. 31. Ut omnis natura in caelum et terram divisa est, sic caeli regionibus terra in Asiam et Europam. Asia enim iacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septemtriones et aquilonem. Asia dicta ab nympha, a qua et lapeto traditur Prometheus. Europa ab Europa Agenoris, quam ex PA(o)enice^ Manlius
* For ad. * After iam, A. Sp. deleted ad. * A. Sp., for non. ® Atig., with B, for uolturnus.
§30. ^ Aug., for uem&nium. ^* For appellatam. ^ For sepulchrum.
§31. 1 For fenice.
* The god of the river Tiber.
§ 30. " No probable etymology has been proposed. ^ Veil was one of the twelve cities of Etruria, about twelve miles north of Rome ; it was taken and destroyed by the Romans under Camillas in 396 b.c. " Page 117 Funaioli. ^ ' Whitish,' from albus ' white ' ; or perhaps more probably ' the mountain stream,' containing a pre-Italic word seen in Alpes ' Alps.' « King of Alba Longa, ninth in descent from Aeneas, and great-grandfather of Numitor and Amulius ; he lost his life in crossing the river (Livy, i. 3). 28
ox THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 29-31
Samnium, has nothing to do with the Latin language ; but because the nearest to^\•n to it along the sea is ^'olturnuIn, it has come to us and is now a Latin name, as also the name Tiberinus. For we have both a colony named \ olturnum and a god named Tiberinus.^
30. But about the name of the Tiber * there are two accounts. For Etruria believes it is hers, and so does Latium, because there have been those who said that at first, from Thebris, the near-by chieftain of the \'eians,* it was called the Thebris. There are also those who in their writings " have handed down the story that the Tiber was called Albula ^ as its early Latin name, and that later it was changed on account of Tiberinus * king of the Latins, because he died there ; for, as they relate, it was his burial-place.
V, 31. As all natura is divided into sky and earth, so with reference to the regions of the sky the earth is di\ided into Asia and Europe. For Asia is that part which lies toward the noonday sun and the south wind, Europe that which lies toward the Wain " and the north wind.*' Asia was named from the nymph " who, according to tradition, bore Prometheus to lapetus. Europe was named from Europa** the daughter of Agenor, who, Manlius *" writes, was carried off from Phoenicia by the Bull ; a remarkable
§31. "In America usually called the Dipper. * The points of the compass are here, as often with the ancients, somewhat distorted. ' Concerning Asia, see Hesiod, Theogony, 359 ; and cf. Herodotus, iv. 45. •* Concern- ing Europa, see Herodotus, iv. 45 ; Horace, Odes, iii. 27. 25-76 ; Ovid, Metamorphoses, ii. 833-875. ' Or Mallius, or Manilius ; the names are often confused in the manuscripts. He cannot be identified. See Frag. Poet. Rom., page 284 Baehrens, and Gram. Rom. Frag. 85 Funaioh.
29
\ARRO
scribit taurum exportasse, quorum egregiam ima- ginem ex aere PytAagoras Tarenti.
32. Europae loca multae incolunt nationes. Ea fere nominata aut translaticio nomine ab hominibus^ ut Sabini et Lucani, aut declinato ab hominibus, ut Apulia et Latium, <aut>^ utrumque, ut Etruria et Tusci.' Qua regnum fuit Latini, universus ager dictus Latius, particulatim oppidis cognominatus, ut a Praeneste Praenestinus, ab Aricia Aricinus.
33. Ut nostri augures publiei disserunt, agrorum sunt genera quinque : Romanus, Gabinus, pere- grinus, hosticus, ineertus. Romanus dictus unde Roma ab Rom(ul>o^ ; Gabinus ab oppido Gabi(i>s ; peregrinus ager pacatus, qui extra Romanum et Gabinum, quod uno modo in his serv(a>ntur* auspicia ; dictus peregrinus a pergendo, id est a progredien- do : eo enim' ex agro Romano primum progredieban- tur : quocirca Gabinus quo^ue* peregrinus, sed quorf* auspicia habet* singularia, ab reliquo discretus ;
§ 32. 1 C/. § 23, crit. note 5. ^ Added by Aug.
' Scaliger, for Tuscia.
§ 33. 1 Rhol., for Romo ; cf. viii. 80. ^ Laetus, for seruntur. * For eo quod enim. * Scaliger, for quo siue. * Turnebus, for quos. * Turnebus, for habent.
f Pythagoras of Rhegium, distinguished for his statues of athletes, flourished in the middle of the fifth century b.c.
§ 32. " vSuch names as Sabini, Lucani, Tusci meant originally the people and not the countries.
§ 33. " Page 1 9 Regell. " Or possibly Romus (Romo F); for Festus, 266 b 23-27 M., states that according to Antigonus, an Alexandrian writer, Rome received its name from Rhomus, a son of Jupiter, who founded a city on the Palatine.
30
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 31-33
bronze group of the two was made by Pythagoras ' at Tarentum.
32. The various locaUties of Europe are inhabited by many different nations. They are in general denominated by names transferred from the men, Hke Sahini ' the Sabine countrj',' and Lucani ' the country of the Lucanians,' or derived from the names of the men, hke ApuUa and Latium, or both, hke Etruria and Tusci.'* Where Latinus once had his kingdom, the field-lands as a whole are called Latian ; but when taken piecemeal, they are named after the towns, as Praenestine from Praeneste, and Arician from Aricia.
33. As our State Augurs set forth," there are five kinds of fields : Roman, Gabine, peregrine, hostic, uncertain. ' Roman ' field-land is so called from Romulus,^ from whom Rome got its name. ' Gabine ' is named from the town Gabii.*' The ' peregrine ' is field-land won in war and reduced to peace, which is apart from the Roman and the Gabine, because in these latter the auspices are observed in one uniform manner : ' peregrine ' ** is named from pergere ' to go ahead,' that is, from progredi ' to advance ' ; for into it their first advance was made out of the Roman field-land. By the same reasoning, the Gabine also is peregrine, but because it has auspices of its own special sort it is held separate from the rest.
* An ancient Latin city midway between Rome and Praeneste, where Sextus Tarquinius took refuge after his expulsion from Rome. It fought against Rome at Lake Regillus, and thereafter declined into poverty and was almost deserted, though it was revived by the emperors of the first two Christian centuries. '* Derivative of peregri ' abroad,
away from home : to, from, or in a foreign land,' which is either prep, per ' through ' - loc. agri, or a loc. of a com- pound pero-agro- ' distant field-land.'
31
VARRO
hosticus dictus ab hostibus ; incertus is, qui de his quattuor qui sit ignoratur.
VI. 34. Ager dictus in quam terram quid agebant, et unde quid agebant fructus causa ; ali<i>, quod^ id Graeci dicunt dyp6(i'). Ut ager quo- agi poterat, sic qua agi actus. Eius finis minimus constitutus in latitudinem pedes quattuor (fortasse an ab eo quat- tuor, quod ea quadrupes agitur) ; in longitudinem pedes centum viginti ; in quadratum actum et latum et longum esset centum viginti. Multa antiqui duo- denario numero finierunt ut duodecim decuriis actum.
35. lugerum dictum iunctis duobus actibus quad- ratis. Centuria prim(um> a^ centum iugeribus dicta, post duplicata retinuit nomen, ut tribus a/)(ar>tibus2 (populi tripartite divisi dictae nunc)^ multiplicatae idem tenent nomen. Ut qua* agebant actus, sic qua vehebant, viae^ dictae ; quo^ fructus convehebant, villae. Qua ibant, ab itu' iter appellarunt ; qua id anguste, semita, ut semiter dictum.
§ 34. ^ L. Sp.,for aliquod. " Turnebus, for quod.
§ 35. ^ L. Sp.,for prima. * GS.,for actibus. ' Added by GS., c/. C'ohimella, v. 1. 7. * Aug., for quo. * Laetus, for actus viae. * Aldus, for quod. ' Laetus, for habitu.
§ 34. " Connexion of ager with agere doubtful, for the original meaning was wild land, not subjected to human use ; but this had been replaced even in early Latin by the meaning of tilled land or land used for grazing animals. The equation with the Greek word is correct. * Page 114 Funaioli.
§ 35. " About two-thirds of an acre. " Abstract noun
from centum ' hundred ' ; applied chiefly to a company of soldiers. ' From tri-bhu-s ' being three ' ; the final num-
ber of tribes was thirty-five. ** Not from vehere. ' From
32
ox THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 33-35
' Hostic ' is named from the hostes ' enemies.' ' Un- certain ' field-land is that of which it is not known to which of these four classes it belonsrs.
V I. 34. Ager ' field ' is the name given to land into which they used agere ' to drive ' something, or from which they used to drive something," for the sake of the produce ; but others say ^ that it is be- cause the Greeks call it aypos. As an ager ' field ' is that to which driving can be done, so that whereby dri\ing can be done is an actus ' driveway.' Its least limit is set at four feet in width — four perhaps from the fact that by it a four-footed animal is driven — -and one hundred and twenty feet in length. For a square actus, both in breadth and in length, the limit would be one hundred and twenty feet. There are manv things which the ancients deUmited ^nth a multiple of twelve, like the actus of twelve ten-foot measures.
35. A iugerum " is the name given to two square actus, iuncti ' joined ' together. A centuria * ' cen- tury- ' was named originally from centum ' one hun- dred ' iugera, and later, when doubled, kept its name, just as the tribus <^ ' tribes,' which got their name from the three parts into which the people were di\ided, still keep the same name though their number has been multiplied. As where they agebant ' drove ' were actus ' driveways,' so where they tehebant ' trans- jKjrted ' were viae ** ' highways ' ; whither they con- vehebant ' transported ' their produce were villae ' ' farmhouses.' \^'hereby they went, they called an iter ' road ' from itus ' going ' ; where the going was narrow, was a semita f ' by-path,' as though it were called a semiter ' half-road.'
vicus ' dwelling-place.' ' From sed ' apart ' ~ mita, from meare ' to go.'
VOL. I D 33
VARRO
36. Ager cultus ab eo quod ibi cum terra semina coalescebant, et «bi n(on) consitus^ incultus. Quod primum ex agro piano fructus capiebant, campus dietus ; posteaquam proxuma superiora loca colere c<o>eperunt, a colendo colles appellarunt ; quos agros non colebant propter silvas aut id genus, ubi pecus possit pasci, et possidebant, ab usu s<al)vo'' saltus nominarunt. Haec etiam Graeci ve/xi],^ nostri nemora.
37. Ager quod videbatur pecj^dum^ ac pecuniae esse fundamentum, fundus dietus, aut quod fundit quotquot annis multa. Vineta ac vineae a vite multa. Vitis a vino, id a vi ; hinc vindemia, quod est vini- demia aut vitidemia. Seges ab satu, id est semine. Semen, quod non plane id quod inde ; hinc seminaria, semente*,^ item alia. Quod segetes ferunt, fruges,
§ 36. ^ Wissowa, for ab inconsitus. * Lachmann, for suo, ^ Lachmann, for NhMh.
§37. ^ jPor pecodum. ^ Laetus, for sementem.
§ 36. " Participle o{ colere ' to till, cultivate.' ^ Not from capere. ' Not from colere. ^ A ' leap,' from salire ' to leap ' ; then a ' narrow passage (which can be leapt across),' ' defile ' ; then a ' valley of mixed woods and pasture-land.' * Like saltus, a mixture of woods and pasture-land, but not necessarily in a valley between hills or mountains.
§ 37. " Derivative of fundus ; fundere is unrelated. '' Vinum, vinetum, vinea, vin-demia (demere ' to take off ') go together ; vitis and vis are unrelated. ' Satus, semen, 34
ox THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 36-37
36. Ager ctiltus " ' cultivated field-land ' is so named from the fact that there the seeds coalescehant ' united ' with the land, and where it is not consitus ' sown ' it is called incultus ' uncultivated.' Because they first used capere ' to take ' the products from the level field-land, it was called campus * ' plain ' ; after they began to till the adjacent higher places, they called them colles '^ ' hills ' from colere ' to till.' The fields which they did not till on account of woods or that kind where flocks can be grazed, but still they took them for private use, they called saltus ** ' wood- land-pastures ' from the fact that their use was salvus 'saved.' These moreover the Greeks call rt/x»; ■ glades ' and we call nemora * ' groves.'
37. Field-land, because it seemed to be \he.funda- mentum <• ' foundation ' of animal flocks and of money, was caWed fundus ' estate,' or else because it fundit ' pours out ' many things every year. J'ineta and vineae ' \inevards,' from the many vites ' grape-vines.' J'itis * ' grapexine ' from vinum ' wine,' this from vis ' strength ' ; from this, vindemia ' vintage,' because it is vinidemia ' wine-removal ' or vitideniia ' vine-re- moval.' Seges '^ ' standing grain ' from satus ' sow- ing,' that is, semen ' seed.' Semen ^ ' seed,' because it is not completely that which comes from it ; from this, seminaria ' nursery-gardens,' sementes ' sowings,' and likewise other words. \Miat the segetes ' fields of grain ' feruni ' bear,* are fruges * ' field-produce ' ;
seminaria, tementes go together, but seges probably is not related to them. '* \'arro takes semen as from semis ' half,' because the semen is less in quantity than that which grows from it ; an incorrect etymology. ' Fruges, friii, fructus belong together, but /erre is unrelated ; \'arro takes fruges froxn /erre, /rui from fruges, fructus from frui.
35
VARRO
a fruendo fructus, a spe spicae, ubi et culmi, quod in summo campo nascuntur et sum(m>um culmen.
38. Ubi frumenta secta, ut terantur, arescwnt,^ area. Propter horum similitudinem in urbe loca pura areae ; a quo potest etiam ara deum, quod pura, nisi potius ab ardore, ad quern ut sit fit ara ; a quo ipsa area non abest, quod qui arefacit ardor est solis.
39. Ager restibilis, qui restituitur ac reseritur quotquot annis ; contra qui intermittitur, a novando novalis ager. Arvus et arationes ab arando ; ab eo quod aratri vomer sustulit, suIcms^ ; quo ea terra iacta, id est proiecta, porca.
40. Prata dicta ab eo, quod sine opere parata. Quod in agris quotquot annis rursum^ facienda eadem, ut rursum capias fructus, appellata rura. Dividi t(am>en e*se ius^ scribit Sulpicius plebei rura largiter ad (ad)oream.' Praedia dicta, item ut praedes, a
§ 38. ^ L. Sp.,/or et arescant. § 39. ^ Laetus, for sulcos.
§ 40. ^ For rursum rursum. ^ Lachmann, for dividit in eos eius. * Fay, for ad aream.
* Spes and spica are unrelated ; Varro was misled by the rustic pronunciation speca, mentioned by him in De Re Rustica, i. 48. 2. " Culmus and culmen are unrelated.
§ 38. " Arescunt, area, ara, ardor, arefacit belong to- gether. ' Unoccupied by buildings or the like ; in the country, free also of bushes and trees. " Applied in the
city to building lots, courtyards, and free spaces before a temple or other building, and around an altar.
§ 39. " That is, re + stabilis ' again standing firm ' ; while restituere is re + statuere, ultimately to same root as stabilis.
* Properly from a root meaning ' draw, pull.' " Not con- nected with proiecta, but with English furrow.
§ 40. " Incorrect etymologies. '' i. 241 Bremer ; per-
haps Servius Sulpicius Rufus, a legal authority, contempor- ary with Cicero. " Praedium is a derivative of praes (pi.
36
I
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 37-40
from frui ' to enjoy ' comes fructus ' fruits ' ; from spes f ' hope ' comes spicae ' ears of grain,' where are also the culmi ^ ' grain-stalks,' because they grow on the top of the plain, and a top is a admen.
38. Where the cut grain-sheaves arescunt " ' dry out ' for threshing, is an area ' threshing-floor.' On account of the likeness to these, clean places ^ in the city are called areae ; from which may be also the Gods' ara ' altar,' because it is clean '^ — unless rather from ardor ' fire ' ; for the intention of using it for an ardor makes it an ara ; and from this the area itself is not far away, because it is the ardor of the sun which arefacit ' does the drying.'
39. Ager restihilis " ' land that withstands use ' is that which restituitur ' is restored ' and replanted yearly ; on the other hand, that which receives an intermission is called novalis ager ' renewable field- land,' from novare 'to renew.' Arvus ' ploughable ' and arationes ' ploughings,' from arare ' to plough ' ; from this, what the ploughshare sustiilit ' has re- moved ' is a sulcus * ' furrow ' ; whither that earth is thrown, that is, proiecta ' thrown forth,' is the porca " ' ridge.'
•to. Prata " ' meadows ' are named from this, that they are parata ' prepared ' without labour. Rura <» ' country -lands ' are so called because in the fields the same operations must be done every year rursum ' again,' that you may again get their fruits. Sul- picius ^ writes, however, that it is a just right for the country- lands of the populace to be divided for lavish distribution as bonus to discharged soldiers. Praedia " ' estates ' are named, as also praedes ' bondsmen,'
praedes), a compound of prae + vas ' guarantor ' ; praestare has the same prefix, but a different root.
37
VARRO
praestando, quod ea pignore data publice mancup«s* fidem praestent.
VII. 41. Ubi nunc est Roma, Septi'montium' nominatum ab tot montibus quos postea urbs muris comprehendit ; e (juis Capitolinum dictum, quod hie, cum fundamenta foderentur aedis lovis, caput huma- num dicitur inventum. Hie* mons ante Tarpeius dictus a virgine Vestale Tarpeia, quae ibi ab SaWnis necata armis et sepulta : cuius nominis monimentum relictum, quod etiam nunc eius rupes Tarpeium appellatur saxum.
42. Hunc antea montem Saturnium appellatum prodiderunt et ab eo Late(um>i Saturniam terram, ut etiam Ennius appellat. Antiquum oppidum in hoc fuisse Saturnia<m>'' scribitur. Eius vestigia etiam nunc manent tria, quod Saturni fanum in faucibus, quod Saturnia Porta quam lunius scribit ibi, quam nunc vocant Pandanam, quod post aedem Saturni in aedificiorum legibus privatis parietes postici " niuri (Saturnii) "' sunt scripti.
43. Aventinum aliquot de causis dicunt. Naevius
* Gesner^for mancupes.
§ 41. ^ Turnebus, for septem niontiuni ; c/. also § 23, crit. note 5. * For hinc.
§ 42. ^ Ten Brink, for late. ^ Aug., with B, for hac fuisse saturnia. ' Added by ten Brink ; Frag. Cass, has murisssunt.
§ 41. " Somehow a derivative of capvt ; but the story of finding a head was invented to explain the name.
§42. "Ennius, Jnn. 25 Vahlen^ ; R.O.L. i. 12-13 Warniington ; the metre demands the nominative case. GS. think that Ennius may have written Saturnia tellus, as Vergil does in Aen. viii. 329 ; but Ovid, Fasti, v. 625,
38
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 40-43
from pruestare ' to offer as security/ because these, when given as pledge to the official authorities, prae- stent ' guarantee ' the good faith of the party in the case.
Vn. 41, Where Rome now is, was called the Septimontium from the same number of hills which the Citv afterwards embraced within its walls ; of which the Capitoline '^ got its name because here, it is said, when the foundations of the temple of Jupiter were being dug, a human caput ' head ' was found. This hill was previously called the Tarpeian, from the Vestal Mrgin Tarpeia, who was there killed by the Sabines ^^ith their shields and buried ; of her name a reminder is left, that even now its cliff is called the Tarpeian Rock.
42. This hill was previously called the Saturnian Hill, we are informed bv the writers, and from this Latium has been called the Saturnian Land, as in fact Ennius " calls it. It is recorded that on this hill was an old town, named Saturnia. Even now there re- main three evidences of it : that there is a temple of Saturn by the passage leading to the hill ; that there is a Saturnian gate which Junius writes ^ of as there, which they now call Pandana " ; that behind the temple of Saturn, in the laws for the buildings of private persons, the back walls of the houses are mentioned as " Saturnian walls." ^
43. The name of the Aventine is referred to
has Saturnia terra. * i. 38 Bremer. ' So called quod semper pateret (Festus, 220. 17 M.), 'because it was always open ' (c/. pandere ' to throw open '). ■* The third point becomes clear only by ten Brink's insertion of Satiirnii ; the use of miiri ' city-walls ' for parietes ' building-walls ' shows that the walls at this place had once formed part of a set of city-walls.
39
VARRO
ab avibus, quod eo se ab Tiberi ferrent aves, alii ab rege Aventino Albano, quod (ibi)^ sit sepultus, alii A<d>ventinum' ab adventu hominum, quod co<m>mune Latinorum ibi Dianae templum sit con- stitutum. Ego maxime puto, quod ab advectu : nam olim paludibus mons erat ab reliquis disclusus. Itaque eo ex urbe advehebantur ratibus, cuius ves- tigia, quod ea qua turn <advectum>' dicitur Vela- brum, et unde escendebant ad <in>fimam* Novam Viam locus sacellum <Ve>labrum.*
44. Velabrum a vehendo. Velaturam facere etiam nunc dicuntur qui id mercede faciunt. Merces (dicitur a merendo et acre) huic vecturae qui ratibus transibant quadrans. Ab eo Lucilius scripsit :
Quadrantis ratiti. VIII. 45. Reliqua urbis loca olim discreta, cum Argeorum sacraria septem et viginti in (quattuor)
§ 43. ^ Added by Laetus. ^ Mue., with M, for auen- tinum. * Added by L. Sp. * Turnebus, for fimam. * Mue., for labrum.
§ 43. " Page 115 Funaioli. Etymologies of place-names are particularly treacherous ; none of those given here ex- plains Aventimis. Varro elsewhere (de gente populi Romani, quoted by Servius in Aen. vii. 651) says that some Sabines established here by Romulus called it Aventinus from the Avens, a river of the district from which they had come. '' Frag. Poet. Rom. 27 Baehrens; R.O.L. ii. 56-57 Warming- ton. " The spelling with d is required by the sense. <* Varro says that a ferry-raft was called a velabritm, and that this name was transferred to the passage on which the rafts had plied, when it was filled in and had become a street ; but that there survived a chapel in honour of the ferry-rafts.
§ 44. " Correct etymology. ' Incorrect etymology.
40
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 43-45
several origins.* Naevius ^ says that it is from the aves ' birds,' because the birds went thither from the Tiber ; others, that it is from King Aventinus the Alban, because he is buried there ; others that it is the Adventine <^ Hill, from the adventus ' coming ' of people, because there a temple of Diana was estab- lished in which all the Latins had rights in common. I am decidedly of the opinion, that it is from advectus ' transport by water ' ; for of old the hill was cut off from everj-thing else by swampy pools and streams. Therefore they advehebantiir ' were conveyed ' thither by rafts ; and traces of this sur\ive, in that the way by which they were then transported is now called Velahrum ' ferr\*,' and the place from which they landed at the bottom of New Street is a chapel of the \'elabra.''
44. Velabrum " is from vehere ' to convey.' Even now, those persons are said to do velatura ' ferrj-ing,' who do this for pay. The nierces * ' pay ' (so called from merere ' to earn ' and aes ' copper money ') for this ferrjing of those who crossed by rafts was a farthing. From this LuciUus -WTote " :
Of a raft-marked farthing."*
^ HL 45. The remaining localities of the City were long' ago di\ided off, when the twenty-seven"
* 1272 Marx. ■* The quadrans or fourth of an as was marked with the figure of a raft.
§ 45. " It would seem simpler if the shrines numbered twenty-four, six in each of the four sections of Rome. But both here and in vii. 44 the number is given as twenty-seven. It is hardly likely that in both places XXUII (= XXVII) has been miswritten for XXIIII ; yet this supposition must be made by those who think that the correct number is twenty- four.
41
VARRO
partis^ urbi(s>'' sunt disposita. Argeos dictos putant a principibus, qui cum i/ercule Argivo venerunt Romam et in Saturnia subsederunt. E quis prima scripta est regio Suburana,* secunda Esquilina, tertia Collina, quarta Palatina.
46. In Suburanae^ regionis parte princeps est Caelius mons a Caele Vibenna,^ Tusco duce nobili, qui cum sua manu dicitur Romulo venisse auxilio contra Tatium' regem. Hinc post Caeli** obitum, quod nimis munita loca tenerent neque sine suspicione essent, deducti dicuntur in planum. Ab eis dictus Vicus Tuscus, et ideo ibi Vortumnum stare, quod is deus Etruriae princeps ; de Caelianis qui a suspicione liberi essent, traductos in eum locum qui vocatur Caeliolum.
47. Cum Caelio^ coniunctum Carinae et inter eas quem locum Caer(i)o/ensem* appellatum apparet,
§ 45. ^ L. Sp., for sacraria in septem et uiginti partis.
* Laetus, for urbi. * Aug., for suburbana F^, subura F^.
§ 46. ^ A uff., with B, for suburbanae. ^ Frag. Cass., for uibenno ,• cf. Tacitus, Ann. iv. 65. * Puce ins, with Servius in Aen. v. 5Q0, for latinum. * Coelis Aug., for celii.
§ 47. ^ Laetus, for celion. ^ Kent ; Caeliolensem ten Brink {and similarly through the section) ; for ceroniensem.
* Puppets or dolls made of rushes, thrown into the Tiber from the Pons Sublicius every year on May 14, as a sacrifice of purification ; the distribution of the shrines from which they were brought was to enable them to take up the pollu- tion of the entire city. Possibly the dolls were a substitute for human victims. The name Argei clearly indicates that the ceremony was brought from Greece.
§ 46. " Comparison with § 47, § 50, § 53, § 54, shows that
42
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, \. 45-47
shrines of the Argei * were distributed among the four sections of the City. The Argei, they think, were named from the chieftains who came to Rome with Hercules the Argive, and settled do-v^Ti in Saturnia. Of these sections, the first is recorded as the Suburan region, the second the Esquiline, the third the Colline, the fourth the Palatine.
46. In the section of the Suburan region, the first shrine " is located on the Caelian Hill, named from Caeles \'ibenna, a Tuscan leader of distinction, who is said to have come ^\■ith his followers to help Romulus against King Tatius. From this hill the followers of Caeles are said, after his death, to have been brought down into the level ground, because they were in possession of a location which was too strongly forti- fied and their loyalty was somewhat under suspicion. From them was named the f'icus Tuscus ' Tuscan Row,' and therefore, they say, the statue of Vertumnus stands there, because he is the chief god of Etruria ; but those of the Caelians who were free from suspicion were removed to that place which is called Caeliolum ' the little Caelian.' *
47. Joined to the Caelian is Carinae ' the Keels ' ; and between them is the place which is called Caerio-
the sacra Argeorum (§ 50) used princeps, terticeps, etc., to designate numerically the shrines in each pars ; and that the place-name was set in the nominative alongside the neuter numeral : therefore " the first is the Caelian Hill " means that the first shrine is located on that hill. Cf. K. O. Mueller, Zur Topographie Roms : iiber die Fragmenta der Sacra Argeorum bei Varro, de Lingua Latino, v. 8 (pp. 69-94 in C. A. Bottiger, Archaologie und Kunst, vol. i., Breslau, 1828). * The Caeliolum, spoken of also as the Caeliculus (or -um) by Cicero, De Har. Resp. 15. 32, and as the Caelius Minor by Martial, xii. 18. 6, seems to have been a smaller and less im- portant section of the Caelian Hill.
43
VARRO
quod primae regionis quartum sacrarium scriptum sic
est :
Caer<i)olen.sjs' : quarticeps* circa Minerviuin qua in Coeli«<m> monte<ni)^ itur : in tabernola est.
Caer<i>olensis* a Carinarum' iunctu dictus ; Carinae pote a' caeri<m)onia,* quod hinc oritur caput Sacrae Viae ab Streniae sacello quae pertinet in arce<m>,^*' qua sacra quotquot mensibus feruntur in arcem et per quam augures ex arce profecti solent inaugurare. Huius Sacrae Viae pars haec sola volgo nota, quae est a Fore eunti primore^^ clivo.
48. Eidem regioni adtributa Subura, quod sub muro terreo Carinarum ; in eo est Argeorum sacel- lum sextum. Subura(m)^ Junius scribit ab eo, quod fuerit sub antiqua urbe ; cui testimonium potest esse, quod subest ei^ loco qui terreus murus vocatur. Sed <ego a)' pago potius Succusano dictam puto Suc- cusam : (quod in nota etiam>* nunc scribitur (S^^C>^
^ Kent, for cerolienses. * ^iug., for quae triceps.
* Aug., for celio monte. * Kent, for cerulensis. ' For carinaerum. * Jordan, for postea. ' cerimonia Bek- ker, for cerionia. ^"Aug., and Frag. Cass., for arce. ^^ Aldus, for primoro.
§ 48. * ]Vissowa, for subura. * Victorius, for et.
* Added by Laetus (a Frag. Cass.). * Added by Mue., after Qvintilian, hist. Orat. i. 7. 29. * Added by Merck- lin, to fill a gap capable of holding three letters, in F ; cf. Qiiintilian, loc. cit.
§ 47. " That is, Caeliolensis ' pertaining to the CaeliohisJ' Through separation in meaning from the primitive, the r has been subject to regular dissimilation as in caerulus for *caelu-
44
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 47-48
lensis,'^ obviously because the fourth shrine of the first region is thus ^^Titten in the records :
Caeriolensis : fourth * shrine, near the temple of Miner\a, in the street by which you go up the Caelian Hill ; it is in a booth.*
Caeriolensis is so called from the joining of the Carinae with the Caelian. Carinae is perhaps from caerimonia ' ceremony,' because from here starts the beginmng of the Sacred Way, which extends from the Chapel of Strenia ^ to the citadel, by which the offerings are brought ever}' year to the citadel, and by which the augurs regularly set out from the citadel for the observation of the birds. Of this Sacred Way, this is the only part commonly known, namely the part which is at the beginning of the Ascent as you go from the Forum.
48. To the same region is assigned the Subura," which is beneath the earth-wall of the Carinae ; in it is the sixth chapel of the Argei. Junius * wTites that Subura is so named because it was at the foot of the old city {suh urhe) ; proof of which may be in the fact that it is under that place which is called the earth- wall. But I rather think that from the Succusan dis- trict it was called Succusa ; for even now when abbre- viated it is written S\'C, with C and not B as third
lus, Pariiia for Palilia ; possibly association with Carinae furthered the change. * C/. % 46, note a. * The words sinistra via or dexteriore via may have been lost before in tabemola ; cf. ten Brink's note. ** A goddess of health and physical well-being.
§ 48. " Etymology entirely uncertain. The neuters quod and in eo, referring to Subura, mutually support each other. * M. Junius Gracchanus, contemporary and partisan of the Gracchi ; page 1 1 Huschke. He wrote an antiquarian work De Potestatibus.
45
VARRO
tertia littera C, non B. Pagus Succusanus, quod succurrit Carinis.
49. Secundae regionis Esquiliae.^ Alii has scrip- serunt ab excubiis regis dictas, alii ab eo quod (aes- culis)" excultae a rege Tullio essent. Huic origini itiagis concinunt loca vicina,* quod ibi lucus dicitur Facutalis et Larum Querquetulanum sacellum et Imcus* Mefitis et lunonis Lucinae, quorum angusti fines. Non mirum : iam diu enim late avaritia una (domina)^ est.
50. Esquiliae duo montes habiti, quod pars <0p- pius pars>i Cespms^ mons suo antiquo nomine etiam nunc in sacris appellatur. In Saeris Argeorum scriptum sic est :
Oppius Mons : princeps <Es>quili<i>s' uls* Iwcum Facu- talem* ; sinistra via,^ secundum ni{o>erum est.
Oppius Mons : terticeps cis' lucum* Esquilinum ; dex- terior(e)* via in tabernola est.
Oppius Mons : quarticeps c<i>s^'' Iwcum*' Esquilinum ; via dexteriore^'' in figlinis est.
§ 49. ^ Turnebus, for esquilinae. ^ Added by ten Brink. ^ GS.,for uicini. * Laetus, for lacus. * GS., for unae.
§ 50. ^ Added by Mue. ^ For cespeus. ' Kent ; Exquilis Mue., for quills. * Lindsay ; ouls Mue. ; for ouis. ^ Laetus, for lacum facultalem. ® ScaUger, for quae. ' Mue., for terticepsois. * Aldus, for lacum. ' Kent, for dexterior. ^" Mue., for quatricepsos.
^^ Laetus, for lacum. ^^ Kent, for uiam dexteriorem.
« As stated by Quintilian, Inst. Orat. i. 7. 29. " This association was made easy by the fact that r was normally lost in Latin before ss : cf. rursutn and rusiim, dorsum and Dossennus. Hence one might take Succusa to be suc- cur{s)sd; but such an s, representing ss, could not become r as in Subura.
46
ox THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 48-50
letter.*^ The Succusan district is so named because it succurrit '* ' runs up to ' the Carinae.
49. To the second region belongs the Esquiline." Some * say that this was named from the king's excuhiae ' watch-posts,' others that it was from the fact that it was planted with aesculi ' oaks ' by King Tullius. With this second origin the near-by places agree better, because in that locality there is the so- called Beech Grove,'' and the chapel of the Oak- Grove Lares,** and the Grove of Mefitis * and of Juno Lucina f — whose territories are narrow. And it is not astonishing ; for now this long while, far and wide, Greed has been the one and only mistress.
50. The Esquiline includes two hills, inasmuch as the Oppian part and the Cespian " part of the hill are called by their own old names even now, in the sacri- fices. In the Sacrifices of the Argei there is the follow- ing record * :
Oppian Hill : first shrine, on the Esquiline, beyond the Beech Grove ; it is on the left side of the street along the wall.
Oppian Hill : third shrine, this side of the Esquiline Grove ; it is in a booth on the right-hand side of the street.
Oppian Hill : fourth shrine, this side of the Esquiline Grove ; it is on the right-hand side of the street among the potteries.
§ 49. " By origin, ex-queliai ' dwelling-places outside,' in contrast to the inquilini ' dwellers inside ' the walls of the city. * Page 115 Funaioli. ' Facutalis has the C in its old use with the value of ff. ** Not other\sise known, but the emendations proposed seem violent; Querquetulanutn Ls gen. pi. « Goddess of malodorous exhalations, with the function of averting their pestilential effect. ' Juno as goddess of child-birth.
§ 50. " Usually spelled Cispius, but Varro has Cesp-. * Page 6 Preibisch.
47
VARRO
Cespius^' Mons : quinticeps cis^* iMCum*^ Poetelium ; Esquiliis^* est.
Cespius Mons : sexticeps apud aedeni lunonis Lucinae, ubi aeditumus habere solet.
51. Tertiae regionis colles quinque ab deorum fanis appellati, e quis nobiles duo. Collis^ Viminalis* a love Vimin<i>o,^ quod ibi ara e<ius>.* Sunt qui, quod ibi vimineta^ fuerint. ColU's* Quirinalis, (quod ibi)' Quirini fanum. Sunt qui a Quiritibus, qui cum Tatio Curibus venerunt ad Roma<m),* quod ibi habuerint castra.
52. Quod vocabulum coniunctarum regionum nomina obliteravit. Dictos enim collis pluris apparet ex Argeorum Sacrificiis, in quibus scriptum sic est :
Collis Quirinalis : terticeps cis^ aedem Quirini. Collis Salutaris : quarticeps adversum est <A>pol<]>inar cis* aedem Salutis.
1^ Mue., for sceptius. ** Mue., for quinticepsois. ^* Laetus, for lacum. ^* Scaliger, for esquilinis.
§ 51. ^ L. Sp., for colles. ^ Laetus, for uiminales. 3 Auff., with B, for uimino ; cf Festus, 376 a 10 M. * L. Sp., after ten Brink (arae eius), for arae. * G, Aug., for uiminata. * Laetus, for colles. ' Added by L. Sp. * Ten Brink ; Romam Laetus ; for ab Roma.
§ 52. ^ Mue., for terticepsois. ^ Apollinar cis 3Iue., for pilonarois.
' Apparently to be associated with putidus ' stinking,' because of the mention of Mefitis a few lines before ; but if so, the oe is a false archaic spelling, out of place in putidus and its kin. Another possibility is that it is to be connected with the plebeian gens Poetelia ; one of this name was a member of the Second Decemvirate, 450 b.c. •* That is, adjacent to the sacristan's dwelling. 48
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 50-52
Cespian Hill : fifth shrine, this side of the Poetelian • Grove ; it is on the Esquiline.
Cespian Hill : sixth shrine, at the temple of Juno Lucina, where the sacristan customarily dwells. "*
51. To the third region belong five hills, named from sanctuaries of gods ; among these hills are two that are well-known. The \'iminal Hill got its name from Jupiter Vtminius ' of the Osiers,' because there was his altar ; but there are some ° who assign its name to the fact that there were vimineta ' willow- copses ' there. The Quirinal Hill was so named because there was the sanctuarj- of Quirinus *• ; others '^ say that it is derived from the Quirites, who came with Tatius from Cures ** to the vicinity of Rome, because there they established their camp.
52. This name has caused the names of the adjacent localities to be forgotten. For that there were other hills with their own names, is clear from the Sacrifices of the Argei, in which there is a record to this effect " :
Quirinal Hill : third shrine, this side of the temple of Quirinus.
Salutary Hill * : fourth shrine, opposite the temple of Apollo, this side of the temple of Salus.
§51. "Page 118 Funaioli. '' Quirinalis, Quirinus,
Quirites belong together ; but Cures Ls probably to be kept apart. ' Page 116 Funaioli. '' An ancient city of the Sabines, about twenty-four miles from Rome, the city of Tatius and the birthplace of Numa Pompilius, successor of Romulus ; cf. Livy, i. 13, 18.
§ 52. " Page 6 Preibisch. * Salutaris, from salus
' preservation ' ; the temple perhaps marked the place of a victory in a critical battle, or commemorated the end of a pestilence. We do not know whether this Salus was the same a.s luppiter Salutaris. mentioned by Cicero, De Finibus, iii. 20. 66 ; cf. the Greek Zeus aorrqp ' Zeus the Saviour.'
VOL. I F. 49
VARRO
Collis Mucialis : quinticeps apud oedem Dei Fidi' ; in delubro, ubi aeditumus habere solet.
Coll/s'* Latiaris^ : sexticeps in Vico Inste/ano* summo, apud au(gu>raculum' ; aedificium solum est.
Horum deorum arae, a quibus cognomina habent, in eius regionis partibus sunt.
53. Quartae regionis Palatium, quod Pallantes cum Euandro venerunt, qui et Palatini ; (alii quod Palatini), 1 aborigines ex agro Reatino, qui appeliatur Palatium, ibi conse(de)runt^ ; sed hoc alii a Palanto* uxore Latini putarunt. Eundem hunc locum a pecore dictum putant quidam ; itaque Naevius Balatium appellat.
5 1. Huic Cermalum et Velias^ coniunxerunt, quod in hac regione* scriptum est :
Germalense : quinticeps apud aedem Romuli. Et Veliense' : sexticeps in Velia apud aedem deum Penatium.
' For de i de fidi. * For colles. * M, Laetus, for latioris. * Jordan, for instelano ; c/. Livy, xxiv. 10. 8, in vico Insteio. ' Tu7-tiebus, for auraculum.
§ 53. ^ Added by A. Sp. ^ Fray. Cass., M, Ijaetus, for conserunt. ^ Mue., (Palantho L. Sp.), for palantio ; cf. Fest. 220. 6 M.
§ 54. ^ For uellias. ^ M, Laetus, for religione. ' Bentinus, for uelienses.
" Mucialis, apparently from the gens Mucia ; the first known Mucins was the one who on failing to assassinate Porsenna, the Etruscan king who was besieging Rome, burned his right hand over the altar-fire and thus gained the cognomen Scae- vola ' Lefty.' Several Mucii with the cognomen Scaevola were prominent in the political and legal life of Rome from 215 to 82 B.C. ** Deus Fidius was an aspect of Jupiter ; cf. Greek Zei)? marios. " Latiarls 'pertaining to Latium'; tuppiter Latiaris was the guardian deity of the Latin Con- federation, cf. Cicero, Pro Milone, .SI. 85.
50
ox THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 52-54
-Mucial Hill ' : fifth shrine, at the temple of the God of Faith, "^ in the chapel where the sacristan customarily dwells.
Latiary Flill ' : sixth shrine, at the top of Insteian Row, at the augurs' place of observation ; it is the only building.
The altars of these gods, from which they have their surnames, are in the various parts of this region.
53. To the fourth region belongs the Palatine," so called because the Pallantes came there with Evan- der, and they were called also Palatines ; others think that it was because Palatines, aboriginal inhabitants of a Reatine district called Palatium,^ settled there ; but others '^ thought that it was from Palanto,** ^\ife of Latinus. This same place certain authorities think was named from the pecus ' flocks ' ; therefore Naevius " calls it the Balatiiun f ' Bleat-ine.'
54-. To this they joined the Cermalus " and the Veliae,* because in the account of this region it is thus recorded "^ :
Germalian : fifth shrine, at the temple of Romulus,
and
Velian : sixth shrine, on the Velia, at the temple of the deified Penates.
§ 53. " For Palatlum, there is no convincing etymology. * An ancient city of the Sabines, on the Via Salaria, forty- eight miles from Rome, on the banks of the river \'elinus. •Page 116 Funaioli. ■* According to Festus, 220. 5 M., Palanto was the mother of Latinus ; she is called Pallantia by Servius in Aen. viii. 51. ' Frag. Poet. Rom. 28 Raeh- rens; R.O.L. ii. 56-57 Warmington. 'As though from balare ' to bleat.'
§ 54. " There is no etymology for Cermalus ; the word began with C, but for etymological purposes \'arro begins it with G, relying on the fact that in older Latin C represented two sounds, c and g. * Apparently used both in the singular, Velia, and in the plural, Veliae ; there is no ety- mology. ' Page 7 Preibisch.
51
VARRO
Germalum a germanis Romulo et Remo, quod ad ficum ruminalem, et ii ibi inventi, quo aqua hiberna Tiberis eos detulerat in alveolo expositos. Veliae unde essent plures accepi causas, in quis quod ibi pastores Palatini ex ovibus* ante tonsuram inventam vellere lanam sint soliti, a quo vellera» dicuntur,
IX. 55. Ager Romanus primum divisus in partis tris, a quo tribus appellata T«tiensium,^ Ramnium, Lucerum. Nominatae, ut ait Ennius, Titienses ab Tatio, Ramnenses ab Romulo, Luceres, ut Junius, ab Lucumone ; sed omnia haec vocabula Tusca, ut Volnius, qui tragoedias^ Tuscas scripsit, dicebat.
56. Ab hoc partes^ quoque quattuor urbis tribus dictae, ab locis Suburana, Palatina, Esquilina, Collina ; quinta, quod sub Roma, Romilia ; sic reliquae' tri<gin>ta' ab his rebus quibus in Tribu(u>m Libro* scripsi.
X. 57. Quod ad loca quaeque his coniuncta fuerunt,
* Victoriiis, for quihus. ^ Laetvs, for ueWtiner a. (uellaera Frag. Cass.).
§ 55. ^ Groth, for tatiensium. ^ For tragaedias.
§ 56. ^ For partis. * For reliqiia, altered from re- liquae. * Turnehus, for trita. * Frag. Cass., L. Sp., for libros.
'' Page 118 Funaioli.
§ 55. " Roman possessions in land, both state property and private estates ; as opposed to ager peregrinus ' foreign land.' *" None of the etymologies is probable, which is not surprising, as they were of non-Latin origin, whether or not they were Etruscan. " ylnn. i. frag. lix. Vahlen^ ;
R.O.L. i. 38-39 Warmington. " Page 131 Funaioli ;
page 11 Huschke. * Page 126 Funaioli; Volnius is not mentioned elsewhere.
§ 6G. " The four urbanae tribus ' city tribes.' * The
52
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 54^57
Germalus, they say, is from the germani ' brothers ' Romulus and Remus, because it is beside the Fig-tree of the Suckhng, and they were found there, where the Tiber's winter flood had brought them when they had been put out in a basket. For the source of the name \'eUae I have found several reasons,*^ among them, that there the shepherds of the Palatine, before the invention of shearing, used to vellere ' pluck ' the wool from the sheep, from which the vellera ' fleeces ' were named.
IX. 55. The Roman field-land " was at first divided into iris ' three ' parts, from which they called the Titienses, the Ramnes, and the Luceres each a tribus ' tribe.' These tribes were named, ** as Ennius says,*^ the Titienses from Tatius, the Ramnenses from Romulus, the Luceres, according to Junius,** from Lucumo ; but all these words are Etruscan, as Vol- nius,* who wrote tragedies in Etruscan, stated.
56. From this, four parts of the City also were used as names of tribes, the Suburan, the Palatine, the Esquiline, the Colline," from the places ; a fifth, because it was sub Roma ' beneath the walls of Rome,' was called Romilian *• ; so also the remaining thirty " from those causes which ** I wrote in the Book of the Tribes.
X. 57. I have told what pertains to places and those things which are connected with them ; now of
first of the rusticae tribus ' country tribes,' called also Ro- tnulia ; Festus, 271. 1 M., attributes the name to their being inhabitants of a district which Romulus had taken from Veii. " Thirty-five tribes in all, some named from their places of origin, others from Roman gentes. The three original names, given in § 55, went out of use as tribe names long before the time of Varro. ** Quibus for qutis, attracted to the case of its antecedent.
53
VARRO
dixi ; nunc de his quae in locis esse solent immortalia et mortalia expediam, ita ut prius quod ad deos per- tinet dicam. Principes dei Caelum et Terra. Hi dei idem qui Aegi/pti^ Serapis et Isis, etsi //arpocrates digito significat, ut taceam.* Idem principes in Latio Saturnus et Ops,'
58. Terra enim et Caelum, ut <Sa>mothracum' initia decent, sunt dei magni, et hi quos dixi multis nominibus, non quas <S>amo<th>racia^ ante portas statuit duas virilis species aeneas dei magni,* neque xit volgus putat, hi Samot^races dii, qui Castor et Pollux, sed hi mas et femina et hi quos Augurum Libri scriptos habent sic " divi potes,"* pro illo quod Samot/^races deal SwaroL^
59. Haec duo Caelum et Terra, quod anima et corpus. Humidum et frigidum terra, sive
Ova par/re^ solet genus pennis condecoratu m, Non animam,
§ 57. ^ For quia egipti. ^ Turnebus, for tata seam. ' For obs.
§ 58. ^ Laetus, for mothracum. * Laetus, for am- bracia. ' Laetus, for imagini. * Laetus, for diui qui potes. « Aug., for THeOeSYNATOe.
§ 59. ^ Laetus, for parere.
§ 57. " The chief gods of the Egyptians ; their last child was Harpocrates, the youthful aspect of the Sun-God Horus. Harpocrates was commonly represented with his finger on his lips, imposing silence (c/, Catullus, 74. 4) ; the passage seems
54
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 57-59
these things which are wont to be in places, I shall explain those which deal with immortals and with mortals, in such a way that first I shall tell what per- tains to the gods. The first gods were Caelum ' Sky ' and Terra ' Earth.' These gods are the same as those who in Egypt are called Serapis and Isis," though Harpocrates with his finger make a sign to me to be silent. The same first gods were in Latium called Saturn and Ops.
58. For Earth and Sky, as the mysteries of the Samothracians ° teach, are Great Gods, and these whom I have mentioned under many names, are not those Great Gods whom Samothrace * represents by two male statues of bronze which she has set up before the city-gates, nor are they, as the populace thinks, the Samothracian gods," who are really Castor and Pollux ; but these are a male and a female, these are those whom the Books of the Augurs '^ mention in wtH- ing as " potent deities," for what the Samothracians call " powerful gods."
59. These two. Sky and Earth, are a pair like life " and body. Earth is a damp cold thing, whether
Eggs the flock that is feather-adorned is wont to give
birth to. Not to a life,
to Indicate that some orthodox Romans scorned the Egyptian deities and objected to their identification with the Roman gods, a prejudice which the scholar \'arro did not share.
§ 08. " Mystic rites in honour of the Cabiri. * An
island in the' northern Aegean, off the coast of Thrace. ' The Cabiri, popularly identified with Castor and Pollux, since they were all youthful male deities to whom protective powers were attributed. "* Page 16 Regell.
§ 59. " Not quite ' soul,' though it is that which distin- guishes the living body from the dead body.
55
VARRO
ut ait Ennius, et
Post inde venit divinitus pullis Ipsa anima,
sive, ut Zenon Cit<ie)us,*
Animalium semen ignis is qui anima' ac mens.
Qui caldor e caelo, quod h?/?c* innumerabiles et im- mortales ignes. Itaque Epicharmus (cum>* dicit de mente humana ait
Istic est de sole sumptus ignis ; idem (de) sole* :
Isque totus mentis est, ut humores frigidae sunt humi, ut supra ostendi.
60. Quibus iuncti Caelum et Terra omnia ex (se> genuerunt,^ quod per hos natura
Frigori niiscet calorem atque hwmori* aritudinem.
Recte igitur Pacuius quod ait
Animam aether adiugat,
et Ennius
terram corpus quae demerit,* ipsam capere, neque dispendi facere hilum.
' Aug., /or citus. ^ Laetus, for animam. * Lachmmm, for hinc. * Added by L. Sp. ® L. Sp., for idem solem. § 60. ^ Laefus, for exgenuerunt. ^ For homori. ' Scaliger, for deperit.
* Ann. 10-12 Vahlen^ ; R.O.L. i. 6-7 Warmington.
' Frag. 126 von Arnim. Zeno, of Citium in Cyprus, re- moved to Athens, where he became the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy ; he lived about 331-264 b.c.
5Q
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 59-60
as Ennius says,* and
Thereafter by providence comes to the fledglings Life itself,
or, as Zeno of Citium says,"
The seed of animals is that fire which is life and mind.
This warmth is from the Sky, because it has count- less undying fires. Therefore Epicharmus, when he is speakiiig of the human mind, says <*
That Ls fire taken from the Sun,
and likewise of the sun.
And it is all composed of mind,
just as moistures are composed of cold earth, as I have sho\sTi above.*
60. United A\ith these," Sky and Earth produced ever}-thing from themselves, because by means of them nature
Mixes heat with cold, and dryness with the wet.*
Pacu\aus is right then in saying *
And heaven adds the life,
and Ennius in saying that **
The body she's given Earth does herself take back, and of loss not a whit does she suffer.
' Ennius, Varia, 52-53 Vahlen* ; R.O.L. i. 112-413 Warming- ton. • C/. V. 24.
§ 60. " That is, heat and moisture. ' Ennius. Varia, 46 Vahlen-: R.O.L. i. 410-411 Warmington. ' Trag. Rom. Frag. 94 Ribbeck* ; R.O.L. ii. 204-205 Warmington. ' Ann. 13-14 \'ahlen* ; R.O.L. i. 6-7 Warmington ; indirectly quoted, and therefore not metrical ; cf. ix. 54.
57
VARRO
Animae et corporis discessus quod natis is exi<t>us/ inde exitium, ut cum in unum ineunt, initia.
61. Inde omne corpus, ubi nimius ardor aut humor, aut interit aut, si manet, sterile. Cui testis aestas et hiems, quod in altera^ aer ardet et spica aret, in altera natura ad nascenda cum imbre et frigore luctare non volt et potius ver* expectat. Igitur causa nascendi duplex : ignis et aqua. Ideo ea nuptiis in limine adhibentur, quod coniungit<ur)' hie, et mas* ignis, quod ibi semen, aqua femina, quod fetus* ab eius humore, et horum vinctionis vis* Venus.
62. Hinc comicMS^ :
Huic victrix Venus, videsne haec ?
Non quod vincere velit Venus, sed vincire. Ipsa Vic- toria ab eo quod superati vinciuntur. Utrique test«s* poesis, quod et Victoria et Venus dicitur caeligena : Tellus enim quod prima vincta Caelo, Victoria ex eo. Ideo haec cum corona et palma, quod corona vinclum
* Sciap.yfor nati sis exius.
§ 61. ^ Mue., for altero, ^ Aldus, for totius uere.
* A. Sp., for coniungit. * G, H, a for mars. * For faetus. * Pape ; iunctionis vis Turnebus ; for uinctione suis.
§ 62. ^ Laetus, for comicos. * For testes.
§ 61. " On arrival at her husband's house, the Roman bride was required to touch fire and water (or perhaps was sprinkled with water), as initiation into the family worship.
* Apparently Venus is said to be the basis of the word vinctio ; wrong.
§ 62. " Com. Rom. Frag., page 133 Ribbeck^. » It is morphologically possible, but not likely, that victrix stands for the agent noun to vincire ; vincere ' to conquer ' and vincire ' to bind ' seem to be distinct etymologically.
58
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 60-62
Inasmuch as the separation of Ufe and body is the exitus ' way out ' for all creatures born, from that comes exitium ' destruction,' just as when they inetmt ' go into ' unity, it is their iniiia ' beginnings.'
61. From this fact, every body, when there is excessive heat or excessive moisture, perishes, or if it sur\ives, is barren. Summer and winter are witnesses to this : in the one the air is blazing hot and the wheat-ears dry up ; in the other, nature has no wish to struggle with rain and cold for purposes of birth, and rather waits for spring. Therefore the condi- tions of procreation are two : fire and water. Thus these are used at the threshold in weddings," because there is union here, and fire is male, which the semen is in the other case, and the water is the female, because the embryo develops from her moisture, and the force that brings their vinctio ' binding ' is Venus * ' Love.'
62. Hence the comic poet says,"
Venus is his victress, do you see it ?
not because \'enus -vs-ishes vincere ' to conquer,' but vincire ' to bind.' * Victory herself is named from the fact that the overpowered vinciuntur ' are bound.' '^ Poetry bears testimony to both, because both Victorv^ and Venus are called heaven-born ; for Tellus ' Earth,' because she was the first one bound to the Sky, is from that called Victory. ** Therefore she is connected with the corona ' garland ' and the palma ' palm,' * because the garland is a binder of the head and is
' Victoria belongs to vincere ' to conquer.' ^ Earth as a productive, nourishing divinity ; identification with Victoria is not found elsewhere. • The customary symbols of victory.
59
VARRO
capitis et ipsa a vinctura dicitur viere, (id) est vincin' ; a quo est in Sota Enni :
Ibant malaci viere Veneriam corollam. Palma,* quod ex utraque parte natura vincta habet paria folia.
63. Poetae de Caelo quod semen igneum cecidisse dicunt in mare ac natam " e spumis " Venerem, coniunctione ignis et humoris, quam habent vim significant esse Ve(ne>ris.^ A qua vi natis dicta vita et illud a Lucilio :
Vis est vita, vides, vis nos facere omnia cogit.
6t. Quare quod caelum principium, ab satu est
dictus Saturnus, et quod ignis, Saturnalibus cerei
superioribus mittuntur. Terra Ops, quod hie omne
opus et hac opus ad vivendum, et ideo dicitur Ops
mater, quod terra mater. Haec enim
Terris gentis omnis peperit et resiimit denuo,
quae
Dat cibaria,
* Sciop., for uiere est uincere. * Scaliger, for palmam.
§ 63. ^ L. Sp. ; significantes Veneris Laetus ; for signi- ficantes se ueris.
^ Vincire is in fact derived from an extension of the root seen in riere. " 25 Vahlen*; R.O.L. i. 404-405 Warming- ton. '' Palma and paria are etymologically separate.
§ 63. " A Greek legend, invented to connect the name of yiphrodite with d<f>p6s ' foam ' ; c/. Hesiod, Theogony, 188- 198. The name Aphrodite is probably of Semitic origin. 60
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 62-64
itself, from vinchtra ' binding,' said vieri ' to be plaited,' that is, vinciri ' to be bound ' ^ ; whence there is the line in Ennius's Sola ^ :
The lustful pair were going, to plait the Love-god's garland.
Palma ' palm ' is so named because, being naturally bound on both sides, it has paria ' equal ' leaves.'»
63. The poets, in that they say that the fiery seed fell from the Sky into the sea and \'enus was born "from the foam-masses,"" through the conjunction of fire and moisture, are indicating that the vis ' force' which they have is that of \'enus. Those born of this t"i* have what is called vita ^ ' life,' and that was meant by Lucilius '^ :
Life is force, j'ou see ; to do everything force doth compel us.
64. Wherefore because the Sky is the beginning, Saturn was named from satus " ' sowing ' ; and because fire is a beginning, waxlights are presented to patrons at the Saturnalia.* Ops '^ is the Earth, be- cause in it is every opus ' work ' and there is opus ' need ' of it for living, and therefore Ops is called mother, because the Earth is the mother. For she **
AH men hath produced in all the lands, and takes them back again,
she who
Gives the rations,
* Vis and vita are not connected etymologically. * 13-k) Marx.
§ 64. « This etymology is unlikely. * Confirmed by Festus, 54. 16 M. ' Ops and opiis are connected ety- mologically. ^ Ennius, Varia, 48 Vahlen*; R.O.L. i. 412- 413 Warmington.
61
VARRO
ut ait Ennius, quae
Quod gerit fruges, Ceres ;
antiquis enim quod nunc G C.^
65. Idem hi dei Caelum et Terra lupiter et luno, quod ut ait Ennius :
Istic est is lupiter quern dico, quern Graeci vocant Aereni, qui ventus est et nubes, iniber postea, Atque ex inibre frigus, vent?rs^ post fit, aer denuo. Haec<e>^ propter lupiter sunt ista quae dico tibi, Qui^ mortalis, (arva)* atque urbes beluasque omnis iuvat.
Quod hi(n)c'^ omnes et sub hoc, eundem appellans dicit :
Divumque honiinunique pater rex.
Pater, quod patefacit semen : nam tum esse^ con ceptum (pat)et,' inde cum exit quod oritur.
66. Hoc idem magis ostendit antiquius lovis nomen : nam olim Diovis et Di<e>spiter^ dictus, id est dies pater ; a quo dei dicti qui inde, et diws* et
§ 64. ^ Lachnmnn ; C quod nunc G Mue. ; for quod nunc et.
§ 65. ^ Laetus, for uentis. ^ Mor. JIaupt ; haecce
Mue.; for haec. ^ Aug., icith li, for qua. * Added
by Schoell. ^ L. Sp., for hie. * Mue., for est. ' Mue., for et.
§ 66. ^ Laetus, for dispiter. ^ Bentinus, for dies.
'Varia, 49-50 Vahlen^ ; R.O.L. i. 412-413 Warmington; gerit and Ceres are not connected. f There was a time when C had its original value g (as in Greek, where the third letter is gamma) and had taken over also the value of K. The use of the symbol G for the sound g was later. C in the value g survived in C. = Gaius, Cn. = Gnaeus.
§ 65. » Varia, 54-58 Vahlen^ ; R.O.L. i. 414-415 Warm- ington. * lupiter and iuvare are not related. " An-
ox THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 64-66
as Ennius says,* who
Is Ceres, since she brings {gerit) the fruits. For with the ancients, what is now G, was written C/
65. These same gods Sky and Earth are Jupiter and Juno, because, as Ennius says,**
That one is the Jupiter of whom I speak, whom Grecians call
Air ; who is the windy blast and cloud, and after- wards the rain ;
After rain, the cold ; he then becomes again the wind and air.
This is whj' those things of which I speak to you are Jupiter :
Help he gives * to men, to fields and cities, and to beasties all.
Because all come from him and are under him, he addresses him with the words '^ :
O father and king of the gods and the mortals.
Pater ' father ' because he patefacit ** ' makes evident ' the seed ; for then it patet ' is evident ' that concep- tion has taken place, when that which is born comes out from it.
66. This same thing the more ancient name of Jupiter " shows even better : for of old he was called Diovis and Diespiter, that is, dies pater ' Father Day ' *> ; from which they who come from him are called dei ' deities,' and dius ' god ' and divum ' sky,' whence fuh divo ' under the sky,' and Dius Fidius ' god of
tiales, 580 Vahlen" ; R.O.L. i. 168-169 Warmington. * Pater and patere are not related.
§ 66. " III- in lupiter, Diovis, Dies, dens, Dius, divum belong together by etymology. ^ K. O. Mueller thought that \'arro meant dies as the old genitive, ' father of the day,' instead of as a nominative in apposition ; but this is hardly likely.
QS
VARRO
divum, imde sub divo, Dius Fidius. Itaque inde eius perforatum tectum, ut ea videatur divum, id est caelum. Quidam negant sub tecto per hunc deierare oportere. Aelius Dium Fid(i)um dicebat Diovis filium, ut Graeci Aido-Kopoj/ Castorem, et putabat* hunc esse Sancum* ab Safcina lingua et Herculem a Graeca. Idem hie Dis* pater dicitur infimus, qui est coniunctus terrae, ubi omnia (ut)" oriuntur ita' abori- untur ; quorum quod finis ortu(u>m, Orcus* dictus.
67. Quod lovis luno coniunx et is Caelum, haec Terra, quae eadem Tellus, et ea dicta, quod una iuvat cum love, luno, et Regina, quod huius omnia ter- restria.
68. SoP vel quod ita Sa6ini, vel (quod)^ solu*^ ita lucet, ut ex eo deo dies sit. Luna, vel quod sola lucet noctu. Itaque ea dicta Noctiluca in Palatio : nam ibi noctu lucet templum. Hanc ut Solem Apollinem quidam Dianam vocant (Apollinis vocabulum Grae- cum alterum, alterum Latinum), et hinc quod luna in altitudinem et latitudinem simul it,* Diviana appel- lata. Hinc Epicharmus Ennii Proserpinam quoque
* Puccius, for putabant. * Sealiger, for sanctum. ^ Mue., for dies. * Added by Mne. '' Mue., for ui.
* Turnebiis, for ortus.
§ (>8. ^ Laetus, with M, for sola. ^ Added by Aug., wiih B. ' Sc'iop., for solum. * L. Sp., for et.
' Page 60 Funaioli. '' Sabine Sancus and the Umbrian divine epithet Sangio- are connected with Latin sancire ' to make sacred,' sacer 'sacred.' * l)is is the short form of dives ' rich,' cf. the genitive divitls or ditis, and is not con- nected with dies ; it is a translation of the Greek UXovtojv ' Pluto,' as 'the rich one,' from ttXoOtos 'wealth.' ^ The Italic god of death, not connected with ortus, but perhaps with arcere ' to hem in,' as ' the one who restrains the dead.' § 67. " Not connected either with Iiipiter or with iuvare.
64
ox THE LATIX LANGUAGE, V. 66-68
faith.' Thus from this reason the roof of his temple is pierced with holes, that in this way the divum, which is the caelum ' sky,' may be seen. Some say that it is improper to take an oath by his name, when you are under a roof. AeUus " said that Dius Fidius was a son of Diovis, just as the Greeks call Castor the son of Zeus, and he thought that he was Sancus in the Sabine tongue,** and Hercules in Greek. He is Uke- wise called Dispater ' in his lowest capacity, when he i": joined to the earth, where all things vanish awav ven as they originate ; and because he is the end of ihese ortus ' creations,' he is called OrcusJ
67. Because Juno is Jupiter's wife, and he is Sky, she Terra ' Earth,' the same as Tellus ' Earth,' she also, because she iuvat ' helps ' una ' along ' with Jupiter, is called Juno," and Regina ' Queen,' because all earthly things are hers.
68. Sol " ' Sun ' is so named either because the Sabines called him thus, or because he solus ' alone ' shines in such a way that from this god there is the dayhght. Luna ' Moon ' is so named certainly be- cause she alone ' lucet ' shines at night. Therefore she is called Xoctiluca ' Night-Shiner ' on the Pala- tine ; for there her temple noctu lucet ' shines by night.' * Certain persons call her Diana, just as they call the Sun Apollo (the one name, that of Apollo, is Greek, the other Latin) ; and from the fact that the Moon goes both high and A^idely , she is called Diiiana.'^ From the fact that the Moon is wont to be under the
§ 68. « Not connected with solus. * Either because the white marble gleams in the moonlight, or because a light was kept burning there all night. * An artificially pro- longed form of Diana ; Varro seems to have had in mind (hciare ' to go aside ' as its basis.
VOL. IF 65
\'ARRO
appellat, quod solet esse sub terris. Dicta Proserpina, quod haec ut serpens modo in dexteram modo in sinisteram partem late movetur. Serpere et proser- pere idem dicebant, ut Plautus quod scribit :
Quasi proserpens bestia,
69. Quae ideo quoque videtur ab Latinis luno Lucina dicta vel quod est e<t>^ Terra, ut physici dicunt, et lucet ; vel quod^ ab luce eius qua quis conceptus est usque ad eam, qua partus quis in lucem, <l)una* iuvat, donee mensibus actis produxit in lucem, ficta ab iuvando et luce luno Lucina. A quo parientes eam invocant : luna enim nascentium dux quod menses huius. Hoc vidisse antiquas apparet, quod mulieres potissimum supercilia sua attribuerunt ei deae. Hie enim debuit maxime collocari luno Lucina, ubi ab diis lux datur oculis.
70. Ignis a <g>nascendo,^ quod hinc nascitur et omne quod nascitur ignis s(uc>cendit2 ; ideo calet, ut qui denascitur eum amittit ac frigescit. Ab ignis iam maiore vi ac violentia Volcanus dictus. Ab eo quod
§ 69. 1 L. Sp., for e . ^ For quod uel. * Sciop., for una.
§ 70. ^ 3Iue.,for nascendo. ^ OS., for scindit.
•* Ennius, Varia, 59 Vahlen^. Proserpina is really borrowed from Greek IIepo€(f>6vT], but transformed in popular speech into a word seemingly of Latin antecedents. ' Poenulus 1034, Stichus 724 ; in both passages meaning a snake.
§ 69. " Liicina, from lux ' light,' indicates Juno as goddess of child-birth. >> Equal to ' full moon,' or ' month.'
66
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 68-70
lands as well as over them, Ennius's Epicharmus calls her Proserpiiia.^ Proserpina received her name because she, like a serpens ' creeper,' moves widely now to the right, now to the left. Serpere ' to creep ' and proserpere * to creep forward ' meant the same thing, as Plautus means in what he writes * :
Like a forward-creeping beast.
69. She appears therefore to be called by the Latins also Juno Lucina," either because she is also the Earth, as the natural scientists say, and lucet ' shines ' ; or because from that light of hers ^ in which a conception takes place until that one in which there is a birth into the light, the Moon continues to help, until she has brought it forth into the light when the months are past, the name Juno Lucina was made from iuvare ' to help ' and lux ' light.' From this fact women in child-birth invoke her ; for the Moon is the guide of those that are born, since the months belong to her. It is clear that the women of olden times observed this, because women have given this goddess credit notably for their eyebrows. '^ For Juno Lucina ought especially to be established in places where the gods give light to our eyes.
70. IgTiis ' fire ' is named from gnasci " ' to be born,' because from it there is birth, and everything which is born the fire enkindles ; therefore it is hot, just as he who dies loses the fire and becomes cold. From the fire's vis ac violentia ' force and violence,' now in greater measure, \ulcan was named." From the fact that fire on account of its brightness Julget
• Because the eyebrows protect the eyes by which we enjoy the light (Festus, 305 b 10 M.). § 70. " False etymologies.
67
VARRO
ignis propter splendoreni fulget, fulgwr^ et fulmen, et fulgur(itum>* quod fulmine ictum.
71. <In)^ contrariis diis, ab aquae lapsu lubrico Ij/mpha. Lj/mpha luturna quae iuvaret : itaque multi aegroti propter id nomen hinc aquam petere Solent. A fontibus et fluminibus ac ceter2S aqut's^ dei, ut Tiberinus ab Tiberi, et ab lacu Velini Velinia, et Lj/mphae Com(m)otiZ<e)s' ad lacum Cutiliensem a eommotu, quod ibi insula in aqua commovetur.
72. Neptunus, quod mare terras obnubit ut nubes caelum, ab nuptu, id est opertione, ut antiqui, a quo nuptiae, nuptus dictus. Salacia Neptuni ab salo. Venelia^ a veniendo ac vento illo, quern Plautus dicit :
Quod ille^ dixit qui secundo vento vectus est Tranquillo mari,' ventum gaudeo.
73. Bellona ab bello nunc, quae Duellona a duello.
* Canal, for fulgor. * Ttirnebus, for fulgur.
§ 71. ^ Added by Madvig, who began the sentence here instead of after diis. ^ V, p,for ceteras aquas. * GS., for comitiis.
§ 72. ^ Aug., for uenelia. ^ mss. of Plautus, for
ibi F. ' itss. of Plautus have mare.
* The three words are from fulgere ' to flash ' ; but the -itum of fulguritum is suffixal only, and is not connected with ictum.
§ 71. " Properly from the Greek vu/x^rj, with dissimilative change of the first consonant. * The first part may be the same element seen in lupiter, but is certainly not connected with iuvare. " A lake in the Sabine country, formed by
the spreading out of the Avens River a few miles southeast of Interamna. ■* A lake in the Sabine country, a few miles east of Reate, in which there was a floating island which drifted with the wind.
§ 72. " Neptunus is not connected with the other words, though nubes may perhaps be related to nubere and its
68
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 70-73
' flashes,' come fulgur ' lightning-flash ' and fulmen ' thunderbolt,' and what has heen fulmine ictum ' hit by a thunderbolt ' is caWed J'ulguritu)?!.^
71. Among deities of an opposite kind, Lympha " ' water-nymph ' is derived from the water's lapsus luhrieus ' slippery gliding.' Juturna * was a nymph whose function was iiivare ' to give help ' ; therefore many sick persons, on account of this name, are wont to seek water from her spring. From springs and rivers and the other waters gods are named, as Tiberinus from the river Tiber, and ^'elinia from the lake of the \'elinus,'^ and the Commotiles ' Restless ' Nymphs at the Cutilian Lake,** from the commotus ' motion,' because there an island commoveiur ' moves about ' in the water.
72. Neptune," because the sea veils the lands as the clouds veil the sky, gets his name from nuptus ' veiling,' that is, opertio ' covering,' as the ancients said ; from which nuptiae ' wedding,' nuptus ' wed- lock ' are derived. Salacia,* wife of Neptune, got her name from solum ' the surging sea.' \'enilia '^ was named from venire ' to come ' and that ventus ' wind ' which Plautus mentions ** :
As that one said who with a favouring wind was borne Over a placid sea : I'm glad I went.*
73. Bellona ' Goddess of War * is said now, from lellum " ' war,' which formerly was Duellona, from
derivatives. * Almost certainly an abstract substantive to salax ' fond of leaping, lustful, provoking lust ' ; though popularly associated with salmn. ' There is a Venilia in
the Aeneid, x. 76, a sea-nymph who is the mother of Turnus. ** Cistellaria, 14-15. « Punning on ventum : the last phrase may mean also " I'm glad there was a wind."
§ 73. » Correct.
69
VARRO
Mars ab eo quod maribus in bello praeest, aut quod Sabinis acceptus ibi est Mamers. Quirinus a Quiri- tibus. \'irtus ut viri^us^ a virilitate. Honos ab* onere : itaque honestum dicitur quod oneratum, et dictum :
Onus est honos qui sustinet rem publicam.
Castoris nomen Graecum, Pollucis a Graecis ; in Latinis litteris veteribus nomen quod est, inscribitur ut IIoAuSerKj^s' Polluces, non ut nunc* Pollux. Con- cordia a corde congruente.
74. P'eronia, Minerva, Novensides a Sa6inis. Paulo aliter ab eisdem dicimus haec : Palem,^ Vestam, Salutem, Fortunam, Fontem, Fidem. E(t> arae* Sabinum linguam olent, quae Tati regis voto sunt Romae dedicatae : nam, ut annales dicunt, vovit Opi, Florae, Vediovi* Saturnoque, Soli, Lunae, Volcano et Summano, itemque Larundae, Termino, Quirino, Vortumno, Laribus, Dianae Lucinaeque ; e quis non- nulla nomina in utraque lingua habent radices, ut arbores quae in confinio natae in utroque agro ser-
§ 73. ^ Scaliger, for uiri ius. ^ After ab, Woelfflin deleted honesto. ' For pollideuces. * For nuns.
§ 74. 1 Scaliger, for hecralem. ^ Mue., for ea re. ' Mue., for floreue dioioui.
* Mars and Mamers go together, but mares ' males ' is quite distinct. " Virtus is in fact from vir. "* Honos and omis are quite distinct. ' Com. Bom. Frag., page 147 Ribbeck^. ' As in inscriptions, where such spelHngs are found. " Essentially correct.
§ 74. " An old Italian goddess, later identified with Juno.
* Apparently ' new settlers,' from novus and insidere, used of the gods brought from elsewhere as distinct from the indigetes or native gods. ' It is unlikely that all the deities of the
70
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 73-74
duellum. Mars is named from the fact that he com- mands the mares ' males ' in war, or that he is called Mamers ^ among the Sabines, ^^ith whom he is a favourite. Quirimis is from Quirites. Virtus ' valour,' as viritus, is from virilitas ' manhood.' " Honos ' honour, office ' is said from onus ^ ' burden ' ; therefore hones- turn ' honourable ' is said of that which is oneratum ' loaded with burdens,' and it has been said :
Full onerous is the honour which maintains the state.*
The name of Castor is Greek, that of Pollux like^^ise from the Greeks ; the form of the name which is found in old Latin literature ^ is Polluces, like Greek IIoAi'Sei'KT/^, not Pollux as it is now. Concordia ' Con- cord ' is from the cor congruens ' harmonious heart.' ' 74. Feronia,^ Minerva, the Xovensides ^ are from the Sabines. With slight changes, we say the follow- ing, also from the same people "^ : Pales,^ Vesta, Salus, Fortune, Fons,^ Fides ' Faith.' There is scent of the speech of the Sabines about the altars also, which by the vow of King Tatius were dedicated at Rome : for, as the Annals tell, he vowed altars to Ops, Flora, Vediovis and Saturn, Sun, Moon, Vulcan and Summa- mis, ^and likewise to Lariinda,^ Terminus, Quirinus, Ver- tumnus, the Lares, Diana and Lucina : some of these names have roots in both languages,'' like trees which have sprung up on the boundary- Une and creep about
next two lists were brought in from elsewhere ; many of the names are perfectly Roman. •* Goddess of the shepherds, who protected them and their flocks. * God of Springs ; c/. vi. 22. ' A mysterious deity who was considered responsible for lightning at night. » Called also Lara, a tale-bearing nymph whom Jupiter deprived of the power of speech. * Quite possible, but very unlikely in the cases of Saturn and Diana.
71
VARRO
pwnt* : potest enim Saturnus hie de alia causa esse dictus atque in Sabinis, et sic Diana,^ de quibus supra dictum est.
XL 75. Quod ad immortalis attinet, haec ; de- inceps quod ad mortalis attinet videamus. De his animaUa in tribus locis quod sunt, in acre, in aqua, in terra, a summa parte (ad)^ infimam descendam. Primum nomm(a) ommMm^ : alites <ab> ah*,' volucres a volatu. Deinde generatim : de his pleraeque ab suis vocibus ut haec : upupa, cuculus, corvus, ^irundo, ulula,bubo ; item haec: pavo, anser,galHna,columba.
76. Sunt quae ahis de causis appellatae, ut noctua, quod noctu canit et vigilat, lusci(ni>ola,*quod luctuose canere existimatur atque esse ex Attica Progne in luctu facta avis. Sic galeri^us^ et motacilla, altera quod in capite habet plumam elatam, altera quod semper movet caudam. Merula, quod mera, id est sola, volitat ; contra ab eo graguli, quod gregatim,
* For serpent. ^ A Idus, for dianae.
§75. ^ Added by G, H. ^ Fay ; nomen omnium Mv£. ; for nomen nominem. ' Aug., for alii.
§ 76. ^ Victorius, for lusciola. ^ Aug., with B, for galericus.
♦ Saturn in § 64., Diana in § 68.
§75. "The first six, except hirundo (of unknown ety- mology), are onomatopoeic. Of the last four, pavo is borrowed from an Oriental language ; anser is an old Indo- European word ; galllna is ' the Gallic bird ' ; cohimba is named from its colour.
§ 76. " Perhaps correct, if from luges-cania ' sorrow- singer.' '' Procne, daughter of Pandion king of Athens and wife of Tereus king of Thrace, killed her son Itys and served him to his father for food, in revenge for his ill-treat- ment and infidelity ; see Ovid, Metamorphoses, vi. 424-674. " Literally ' hooded,' wearing a galerum or hood-like helmet. ** If not correct, then a very reasonable popular etymology. 72
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 71^76
in both fields : for Saturn might be used as the god's name from one source here, and from another among the Sabines, and so also Diana : these names I have discussed above.*
XL 75. This is what has to do with the immortals ; next let us look at that which has to do with mortal creatures. Amongst these are the animals, and because they abide in three places — in the air, in the water, and on the land — I shall start from the highest place and come down to the lowest. First the names of them all, collectively : alites ' \nnged birds ' from their alae ' wings,' volucres ' fliers ' from volatus ' flight.' Next by kinds : of these, very many are named from their cries, as are these : upupa ' hoopoe,' cuculus ' cuckoo,' conns ' raven,' hirundo ' swallow,' ulula ' screech-owl,' biiho ' horned owl ' ; likewise these : pavo ' peacock,' anser ' goose,' gallina ' hen,' columba ' dove.' "
76. Some got their names from other reasons, such as the noctua ' night-owl,' because it stays awake and hoots noctu ' by night,' and the lusciniola ' night- ingale,' because it is thought to canere ' sing ' luctuose ' sorrowfully ' '' and to have been transformed from the Athenian Procne * in her luctus ' sorrow,' into a bird. LikcAnse the galeritus '^ ' crested lark ' and the motacilla ' wagtail,' the one because it has a feather standing up on its head, the other because it is always moving its tail.** The merula ' blackbird ' is so named because it flies mera ' unmixed,' that is, alone ' ; on the other hand, the gragidi f 'jackdaws ' got their names because they fly gregaiim ' in flocks,' as certain
' That is, without other birds, like wine without water : an absurd etymology, f Properly graciiU ; not connected with greges.
73
VARRO
ut quidam Graeci greges yipyepa. Ficedula(e>' et miliariae a cibo, quod alterae fico, alterae milio fiunt pingues.
XII. 77. Aquatilium vocabula animalium partim sunt vernacula, partim peregrina. Foris muraena, quod ^ivpaiva Graece, cybium^ et thj/nnus, cuius item partes Graecis vocabulis omnes, ut melander atque uraeon. \^ocabula piscium pleraque translata a ter- restribus ex aliqua parte similibus rebus, ut anguilla, lingulaca, sudis^ ; alia a coloribus, ut haec : asellus, umbra, turdus ; alia a vi quadam, ut haec : lupus, canicula, torpedo. Item in conch_?/liis aliqua ex Graecis, ut peloris, ostrea, echinus. Vernacula ad similitudinem, ut surenae,' pectunculi, ungues.
XIII. 78. Sunt etiam animalia in aqua, quae in terram interdum exeant : alia Graecis vocabulis, ut polypus, h^ppo<s> potamios,^ crocodilos,^ alia Latinis,
' Ed. Veneta, for ficedula.
§77. ^ Aldus, for cytybium, ^ Aldus, for lingula casudis. ^ For syrenae.
§ 78. ^ L. Sp., for yppo potamios. ^ For crocodillos.
" Correct ; Varro, De Re Rustica, iii. 5. 2, speaks of miliariae as prized delicacies, raised and fattened for the table.
§ 77. " The identification of many animals and fishes is quite uncertain, and the translation is therefore tentative. But the etymological views in §77 and §78 are approximately correct. '' More precisely, the flesh of the young tunny salted in cubes. " Seemingly a variant form for melan-
dryon, Greek yieXavhpvov ' slice of the large tunny called /leAcEvS/su? or black-oak.' ''From Greek ovpalos 'pertain- ing to the tail (oupa).' «Diminutive of anguis 'snake.' f Because flat like a lingua ' tongue ' ; lingulaca means also
74
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 76-78
Greeks call greges ' flocks ' yepyepa. Ficedulae ' fig- peckers ' and miliariae ' ortolans ' are named from their food,^ because the ones become fat on the^^CM* ' fig,' the others on milium ' millet.'
XIL 77. The names of water animals are some native, some foreign." From abroad come muraena
* moray,' because it is pvpaiva in Greek, cyhium ' young tunny '^ and thunnus ' tunny,' all whose parts likewise go by Greek names, as melunder" ' black-oak-piece ' and uraeon ^ ' tail-piece.' \ ery many names of fishes are transferred from land objects which are like them in some respect, as anguilla * ' eel,' lingulaca f ' sole,' sudis ^ ' pike.' Others come from their colours, like these : asellus ' cod,' umbra ' grayling,' turdus ' sea- carp.' ^ Others come from some physical power, Uke these : lupus ' wolf-fish,' canicula ' dogfish,' torpedo ' electric ray.' * Likewise among the shellfish there are some from Greek, as peloris ' mussel,' ostrea ' oyster,' echinus ' sea-urchin ' ; and also native words that point out a likeness, as surenae,' pectuncuU^ ' scallops,' ungues '■ ' razor-clams.'
XIII. 78. There are also animals in the water, which at times come out on the land : some with Greek names, like the octopus, the hippopotamus, the crocodile ; others with Latin names, like rana ' frog,'
' chatter-box, talkative woman.' ' On land, a ' stake.'
* On land, respectively ' little ass,' ' shadow,' ' thrush.'
* On land, respectively ' wolf,' ' little dog,' ' numbness.'
* Of unknown meaning, and perhaps a corrupt reading ; Groth, De Codice Florentino, 27 (105), suggests perna« from Pliny, Sat. Hist, xxxii. 11. 54. 154, who mentions the perna as a sea-mussel standing on a high foot or stalk, like a haunch of ham with the leg. * On land, ' little combs,' diminutive of pecten. ' ' Finger-nails ' ; perhaps not the razor-clam, but a small clam shaped like the finger-nail.
75
VARRO
ut rana, <anas),' mergus ; a quo Graeci ea quae in aqua et terra possunt vivere vocant dfj,cf)ifSta. E quis rana ab sua dicta voce, anas a nando, mergus quod mergendo in aquam captat escam.
79. Item alia^ in hoc genere a Graecis, ut quer- quedula, (quod) ^ KepKvyS}/?,' alcedo,* quod ea akKmov ; Latina, ut testudo, quod testa tectum hoc animal, lolUgo, quod subvolat, httera commutata, primo vol- Hgo. Ut ^egypti in flumine quadrupes sic in Latio, nominati lM(t>ra5 et fiber. LM(t)ra,* quod succidere dicitur arborum radices in ripa atque eas dissolvere : ab (lucre) Iwtra.^ Fiber, ab extrema ora fluminis dextra et sinistra maxime quod solet videri, et antiqui februm dicebant extremum, a quo in sagis fimbr(i)ae et in iecore extremum fibra, fiber dictus.
XIV. 80. De animalibus in locis terrestribus quae sunt hominum propria primum, deinde de pecore, tertio de feris scribam. Incipiam ab honore publico.
^ Added by Aug.
§ 79. 1 L. Sp., with B, for aliae. ^ yidded by Kent. ' GS., for cerceris. * Groth ; halcedo Laetus ; for
algedo. ^ GS. ; lytra Txirnehus ; for lira. * Stroux ; ab lucre Scaliger ; for ab litra.
§ 78. " Cf. § 77, note a.
§ 79. " Conjectural purely. *" An absurd etymology.
' Originally udra ' water-animal,' with I from association with Ititum ' mud ' or lutor ' washer.' Varro attributes to the otter the tree-felling habit of the beaver. "* Properly ' the brown animal.' * Fiber, fimbriae, fibra have no etymologi- cal connexion.
76
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 78-80
anas ' duck,' mergiis ' diver.' Whence the Greeks give the name amphibia to those which can live both in the water and on the land. Of these, the rana is named from its voice, the anas from nare ' to SAvim,' the mergus because it catches its food bv mergendo ' di\-ing ' into the water."
79- Likewise there are other names in this class, that are from the Greeks, as querquedula ' teal,' because it is KepKi'jSii^;," and alcedo ' kingfisher,' because this is aAKi'oji' ; and Latin names, such as testudo ' tortoise,' because this animal is covered with a testa ' shell,' and lolligo ' cuttle-fish,' because it volat ' flies ' up from under,^ originally volligo, but now A^ith one letter changed. Just as in Egypt there is a quadruped li\ing in the river, so there are river quadrupeds in Latium, named Intra ' otter ' and Jiber ' beaver.' The lutra '^ is so named because it is said to cut off the roots of trees on the bank and set the trees loose : from luere ' to loose,' httra. The beaver'' was called ^6er because it is usually seen very far off on the bank of the river to right or to left, and the ancients called a thing that was very far off a Jebrum ; from which in blankets the last part is caWed Jimbriae ' fringe ' and the last part in the liver is the Jibra ' fibre.' *
XIV. 80. Among the living beings on the land, I shall speak first of terms which apply to human beings, then of domestic animals, third of wiid beasts. I shall start from the offices of the state. The Consul ° was
§ 80. " Properly, consulere is derived from consul. Of consul, at least four reasonable etymologies are proposed, the simplest being that it is from com +sed ' those who sit to- gether,' as there were two consuls from the beginning ; the / for d being a peculiarity taken from the dialect of the Sabines {c/. lingua for older dingua).
77
VARRO
Consu Jnominatus qui consuleret populum et senatum, nisi illinc potius unde Accius^ ait in Bruto :
Qui recte consulat, consul fiatJ Praetor dictus qui praeiret iure et exercitu ; a quo id Lucilius :
Ergo praetorum est ante et praeire.
81. Censor ad cuius censionem, id est arbitrium, censeretur populus. Aedilis qui aedis sacras et privatas procuraret. Quaestores a quaerendo, qui conquirerent publicas peeunias et maleficia, quae triumviri capitales nunc conquirunt ; ab his postea qui quaestionum iudicia exercent quaes(i>tores^ dicti. Tribuni militum, quod terni tribus tribubus Ramnium, Lucerum, Titium olim ad exercitum mitte- bantur. Tribuni plebei, quod ex tribunis militum primum tribuni plebei facti, qui plebem defenderent, in secessione Crustumerina.
82. Dictator, quod a consule dicebatur, cui dicto audientes omnes essent. Magister equitum, quod
§ 80. ^ Later codices, for tatius F^, H, p^, taccius F^, V, a. ^ Laetus, for consulciat.
§ 81. ^ Mommsen, for quaestores.
* Trag. Rom. Frag. 39 Ribbeck» ; R.O.L. ii. 564-565 War- mington. ' lure is dative. ''1160 Marx.
§ 81. " The tribunus was by etymology merely the ' man of the tribus or tribe,' and therefore did not derive his name from the word for ' three,' except indirectly ; c/. § 55.
* That is, elected by the plebeians from among their military tribunes whom they had chosen to lead them in their Seces- sion to the Sacred Mount (which may have lain in the terri- tory of Crustumerium), in 494 b.c. Their persons were
78
ox THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 80-82
so named as the one who should consulere ' ask the advice of ' people and senate, unless rather from this fact whence Accius takes it when he says in the Brutus ^ :
Let him who counsels right, become the Consul.
The Praetor was so named as the one who should praeire ' go before ' the law " and the army ; whence Lucilius said this "^ :
Then to go out in front and before is tin; duty of praetors.
81. The Censor was so named as the one at whose censio ' rating,' that is, arhitrium ' judgement,' the people should be rated. The Aedile, as the one who was to look after aedes ' buildings ' sacred and private. The Quaestors, from quaerere' to seek,' who conquirerent ' should seek into ' the public moneys and illegal doings, which the triumviri capitales ' the prison board ' now investigate ; from these, afterwards, those who pronounce judgement on the matters of investigation were named quaesitores ' inquisitors.' The Tribuni" Militum ' tribunes of the soldiers,' because of old there were sent to the army three each on behalf of the three tribes of Ramnes, Luceres, and Tities. The Tribuni Plebei ' tribunes of the plebs,' because from among the tribunes of the soldiers tribunes of the plebs were first created,^ in the Secession to Crustumerium, for the purpose of defending the plebs ' populace.'
82. The Dictator, because he was named by the consul as the one to whose dictum ' order ' all should be obedient." The Magister Equitum ' master of the
sacrosanct, enabling them to carry out their dutj- of protect- ing the plebeians against the injustice of the patrician officials. § 82. » Rather, because he dktat ' gives orders.'
79
VARRO
summa potestas huius in equites et accensos, ut est summa populi dictator, a quo is quoque magister populi appellatus. Reliqui, quod minores quam hi magistri, dicti magistratus, ut ab albo albatus.
XV. 83. Sacerdotes universi a sacris dicti. Pontu- fices, ut^ Scaevola Quintus pontufex maximus dicebat, a posse et facere, ut po<te>ntifices.^ Ego a ponte arbitror : nam ab his SubUcius est factus primum ut restitutus saepe, cum ideo sacra et uZs' et cis Tiberim non mediocri ritu fiant. Curiones dicti a curiis, qui fiunt ut in his sacra faciant.
84. Flamines, quod in Latio capite velato erant semper ac caput cinctum habebant filo, f(i>lamines^ dicti. Horum singuli cognomina habent ab eo deo cui sacra faciunt ; sed partim sunt aperta, partim obscura : aperta ut Martiahs, Volcanahs ; obscura Dialis et Furinahs, cum DiaUs ab love sit (Diovis enim), Furi(n>aUs a Furriwa,* cuius etiam in fastis
§ 83. ^ After ut, Ed. Veneta deleted a. ^ OS., for
pontifices, c/. v. 4. * For uis.
§ 84, 1 Canal, for flamines, cf. Festus, 87. 15 M. ^ /^^
Sp. ; Furina Aldus ; for furrida.
' Not quite ; for magistratus is a fourth declension sub- stantive, ' office of magister,' then ' holder of such an office,' while albatus is a second declension adjective.
§ 83. " Q. Mucins Scaevola, consul 95 b.c, and subse- quently Pontifex Maximus ; proscribed and killed by the Marian party in 82. He was a man of the highest character and abilities, and made the first systematic compilation of the ius civile ; see i. 19 Huschke. " Varro may be right, though
perhaps it was the ' bridges ' between this world and the next which originally the pontifices were to keep in repair ; cf. Class. Philol. viii. 317-326 (1913). "The wooden bridge on piles, traditionally built by Ancus Marcius. ^ The curia
80
ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE, V. 82-84
cavalry,' because he has supreme power over the cavalry and the replacement troops, just as the dictator is the highest authority over the people, from which he also is called magister, but of the people and not of the cavalry. The remaining officials, because they are inferior to these niagistri ' masters,' are called magistratus ' magistrates,' derived just as albatus ' whitened, white-clad ' is derived from albus ' white.' ^
XV. 83. The sacerdotes ' priests ' collectively were named from the sacra ' sacred rites.' The pontifices ' high -priests,' Quintus Scaevola " the Pontifex Maxi- mus said, were named from posse ' to be able ' and facere ' to do,' as though potentifices. For my part I think that the name comes from pons ' bridge ' ^ ; for by them the Bridge-on-Piles '^ was made in the first place, and it was likewise repeatedly repaired by them, since in that connexion rites are performed on both sides of the Tiber with no small ceremony. The curiones were named from the curiae ; they are created for conducting sacred rites in the curiae.'^
84. The jiamines^ ' flamens,' because in Latium they always kept their heads covered and had their hair girt ^\ith a woollen^/M?« ' band,' were originally caWeidJilamines. Individually they have distinguish- ing epithets from that god whose rites they perform ; but some are obvious, others obscure : obvious, like Martialis and VolcanaUs ; obscure are Dialis and Furinalis, since Dialis is from Jove, for he is called also Diovis, and Furinalis from Furrina,'' who even has a
was the fundamental political unit in the early Roman state ; it was an organization of gentes, originally ten to the curia, and ten curiae to each of the three tribes.
§ 84. " Of uncertain etymology, but not from filamen. * A goddess, practically unknown ; cf. vi. 19.
VOL. I G 81
VARRO
feriae Furinales sunt. Sic flamen Falacer a divo patre Falacre.
85. Salii ab salitando, quod facere in comitiis in sacris quotannis et solent et debent. Luperci, quod Lupercalibus in Lupercali sacra faciunt. Fratres Arvales dicti qui sacra publica faciunt propterea ut fruges ferant arva : a ferendo et arvis Fratres Arvales dicti. Sunt qui a fratria dixerunt : fratria est Grae- cum vocabulum partis^ hominum, ut <Ne)apoli^ etiam nunc. Sodales Titii <ab avibus titiantibus)* dicti, quas in auguriis certis observare solent.
86. Fetiales, quod fidei publicae inter populos praeerant : nam per hos