ee a es
The Diplomacy of 1861-65
N the many tributes paid to the memory of Abraham Lincoin on February 12—the Great Emanci- pator's birthday—few touched upon one facet of his career: his skill- ful guidance of U.S, foreign policy
during the tumultuous years of 1861-65, Beset by troubles at home,
Lincoln also faced grave issues abroad. Historians credit his tact and diplomacy with averting foreign wars and threats of wars.
During his four’ event-filled years as President he acted upon many important policies affecting the Monroe Doctrine, the rights and duties of neutrals, and efforts to avert foreign intervention, In at least one instance, the Trent Affair, he nipped an open break with Eng- land after that country issued an ultimatum, dispatched troops to Canada, and threatened to end dip- lomatic relations.
A student of foreign affairs, the President counseled against hasty action. His words of patience and caution prevailed in Cabinet meet- ings; at times he overrode the suggestions of his Secretary of State, William H, Seward. Drafts of official documents also reveal that Lincoln at times toned down inflam- matory words or phrases; he often relied on humanitarian principles and on human psychology to achieve results,
History has proved that Lincoln's diplomacy paid off. Although the South counted heavily on England's quick recognition of Southern inde- pendence, Lincoln prevented such an action on the part of the British Government. Britain gave aid and comfort to the South—even ac- corded the Confederacy the rights of a belligerent—but never actually sided with the South as a full- fledged military ally or officially recognized the Confederate States of America.
When Lincoln became President on March 4, 1861 he offered the key Cabinet post of Secretary of State to Seward, his defeated rival for the 1860 Republican presi- dential nomination, a former Gov- ernor of New York, and a U.S. Senator from 1849 to 1861.
Seward was among those who believed that a foreign war would bring the South back into the Union.]1 Less than a month after Lincoln took office, Seward submitted a memorandum tothe President rec- ommending stern action against
LINCOLN’S FOREIGN POLICY
Spain and France.
After the Dominican Republic asked for ''re-annexation"' to Spain, Spain reoccupied the country and incorporated it into the Spanish Empire in May 1861. Seward warned Spain of her violation of the Monroe Doctrine, but the note was ignoréd.
In France, Napoleon III per- mitted ships to be constructed for the Confederacy. Furthermore, he violated the Monroe Doctrine by assisting in placing Archduke Max- milian of Austria on the throne of Mexico, and ignored Washington's protests,
Although the North was too oc- cupied with the Civil War to take action against France, the Lincoln Administration opposed Napoleon's venture and waited for a suitable time to apply pressure,
In his memorandum of April 1, 1861 to the President, Seward urged Lincoln to demand expla- nations from Spain and ~-France, "And,"' said his memorandun, "if satisfactory explanations are not received from Spain and France, would convene Congress and de- clare war against them,"
President Lincoln, however, firmly but tactfully turned down Seward's suggestion for war. Sec- retary Seward, nevertheless, handled with skill the delicate re- lations of the United States with foreign nations during the Civil War. In 1867 he negotiated and signed the treaty with Russia for the cession of Alaska to the United States.
For the key post as Minister to England Lincoln appointed, at Seward's suggestion, Charles Francis Adams, sonof John Quincy Adams, who thus became the third generation of his family to repre- sent the United States in Great Britain.
In August 1861 President Jef- ferson Davis of the Confederate States appointed James M. Mason as a Special Commissioner to England, and John Slidell as a Special Commissioner to France, Mason and Slidell went to Havana and then boarded a British ship, Trent, for Southampton, England.
The U.S. man-of-war San Jacinto overhauled the Trent and her Cap- tain, Charles Wilkes, demanded the surrender of Mason, Slidell, and their two secretaries, Although the British captain protested vigor- ously, Wilkes' men ''captured" the
Confederate commissioners and took them to the San Jacinto, Wilkes then brought them to Bos- ton, where they were imprisoned, and he was hailed as a patriotic hero.
Stirred by this action, England protested to the U.S, Government and dispatched thousands of troops to Canada. If the American Gov- ernment did not make a satisfac- tory reply within 7 days, the British Government warned, the British Minister was to break off diplo- matic relations with the United States and return to London,
After prolonged debate _ the Lincoln Cabinet tactfully decided to release Mason and Slidell and permit them to go to England. Se- ward's note said that the Captain had acted ''upon his. own sugges- tions of duty, without any direc- tion or instruction...on the part of this government,'"' and expressed gratification that Great Britain was now supporting the principles for which the United States fought in 1812. The Trent controversy gradually died down.
Another major issue facing Lin- coln was Britain's attitude toward the South. For example, Britain permitted cruisers intended for the Confederacy to be constructed in British shipyards. In 1862 the Florida, Alabama, and Shenandoah began to prey upon the merchant shipping of the North. When Minister Adams protested vigor- ously Britain took measures to en- force her neutrality.
When the tragedy at Ford's Theatre ended Lincoln's life his foreign policy had served the Union well. Foreign wars with England, Spain and France had been avoided,
England had long before removed her troops from Canada; Spain withdrew from the Dominican Re- public after a revolt of the island- ers in 1865, and at the close of the Civil War, Lincoln's Secretary of State firmly insisted on the with- drawal of French troops from Mexico.
Faced with the possibility of war with the victorious Union, which now had more than 900,000 men under arms, and with his own mounting troubles at home, Na- poleon III reluctantly withdrew in 1867—-and Maxmilian's puppet em- pire collapsed.
1. J. G. Nicolay and John Hay, “‘Abraham Lincoln: A History,”’ Vol. Ill, p. 446.
February 1963
The Department of State News Letter is published monthly by the Bureau of Administration to acquaint the Department’s officers and em- ployees, at home and abroad, with developments of interest which may affect operations or personnel.
The deadline for submitting mate- rial for publication is the 23rd of each month,
Contributions from the field may be submitted by an Operations Memoran- dum with the subject title: News Letter.
In the Department, contributions should be in writing and addressed to the News Letter, Bureau of Admin- istration, Room 7333.
The Department of State News Letter, primarily intended for in- ternal communications, is now available to the general public through the Superintendent of Docu- ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
The domestic subscription rate is $4.50 a year. There is an addi- tional charge of $1.00 for foreign mailing. A single copy sells for 40 cents.
EDITORIAL STAFF
Gerson H. Lush Associate Editor Paul W. Ramsey Staff Assistant Barnett B. Lester Staff Assistant Richard Mintz Staff Assistant M. Joyce McDonald
COPS S SES ESSE ESSE SHS SHS ESS SESS OOOOH ESES OES SHOSHHE HEHEHE SSOHH SESH HOHHSSESHHHHESHHEHSHHHHHHSHHEHHSHESHHOHHSESESOHESEEEOS
IN THIS ISSUE
e Foreign Affairs Academy Bill Sent to Hill......... @ The President's Message to Congress..........00+ @ Jackson Subcommittee Plans New Hearings ......
State Reacts to Herter Recommendations ..........
President Asks $373 Million for State...........++++
Bell Calls for Frugality in Aid..............ssesceeeee
A Breakthrough in Data Processing ...........00++ The Department's First Electronic Computer ..... 14 Resurgent Vigor Marks Post Administration....... 18 The New Advisers on International Business..... 21 A Word to Commercial Officers.........sssscssssssees 22 The Latin American Committee .......s:ssesssseeseee 24 The Department’s New Cuban Office................ 25 eS ot eee ee, ee
lations and Procedures, 50; Bureau Notes, 51; Obituaries, 61; Personnel, 62.
THE COVER-Maurice Eysenburg’s a cover reminds us that ebruary is the birth month of two great Americans whose figures loom ever larger in the lengthening perspective of history.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + F
QUICK FOLLOW-UP
Foreign Affairs Academy Legislation in Mill
EGISLATION proposing estab-
lishment of a new National Academy of Foreign Affairs was transmitted to the Congress on February 11.
A Presidential letter accom- panied the bill drawn by an inter- departmental committee under the direction of William H. Orrick, Jr., Deputy Under Secretary for Ad- ministration.
The bill was based on the re- commendations of a Presidential Advisory Committee headed by James A. Perkins, Vice President of the Carnegie Corporation. The Perkins Committee had strongly recommended the establishment of a new institution "for advanced training, education and research with respect to U.S. foreign affairs in general and modernizing coun- tries in particular."
In a report to the President on December 17, the Perkins Com- mittee urged development of a Na- tional Academy of Foreign Affairs “with an autonomous charter, operating at the highest level of government and aiming for a level of quality equal to that of our best universities.
S OMEWHAT similar conclusions were reached a few weeks earlier by the Committee on Foreign Af- fairs Personnel, headed byformer Secretary of State Christian A. Herter.
Upon receipt of the Perkins re- port (see January News Letter) the President strongly endorsed the basic idea and asked Secretary Rusk to take the leadin formulating the necessary legislation.
With the submission of the Ad- ministration measure to Congress it is anticipated that a Citizens' Advisory Committee, chaired by Dr. Perkins, will be formed to give support to its enactment.
Mr. Orrick personally heads the interdepartmental committee which includes representatives of AID, USIA, CIA, the Departments of Defense, Agriculture, Com- merce and Labor, andthe Bureau of the Budget and the White House.
The Deputy Under Secretary for Administration recalled Jack A. Herfurt, Counselor for Adminis- tration at Amembassy Rome, to
2
Washington on a temporary detail to serve as the Project Director in the preparation of the legislation and related ‘details. Nicholas H. Zumas, a Special Assistant to Mr. Orrick, was assigned as Deputy Project Director.
Mr. Herfurt had the assistance of
a small staff which included Rogers Birnie Horgan, William T. Nunley, Margaret Cooper, Jack Beni, James D. Hurd, Natalie Boiseau, Helen B. Holman and Frances Hudson.
The Perkins panel suggested that the proposed National Academy "concentrate on interdepartmental programs and leave purely depart- mental concerns to the individual agencies.'' In the panel's view the Academy would absorb most of the functions of the present Foreign Service Institute.
Since the opening of the 88th Con- gress on January 9 a number of bills dealing with government for- eign affairs schools have been in- troduced in both the House and the Senate.
Legislative Roundup
The following bills were introduced and re- ferred to appropriate House and Senate Com- mittees between January 9 and January 22.
Employment Age: H. Res. 16 (Beckworth), a bill to authorize the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service to conduct an investigation and study to which employment in the Federal Government is denied to individuals because of age— House Rules Committee.
Appropriations: H.R. 542 (Mul- ter), a bill to provide for the pur- pose of disapproval by the Presi- dent each provision of an appro- priation bill shall be considered a separate bill—House Judiciary Committee.
H,. J. Res. 114 (Curtin), a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States empowering the Congress to au- thorize the President to approve and disapprove separate items or provisions in appropriation bills— House Judiciary Committee.
Classification: H.R. 429 andH.R. 1159 (Wallhauser), a bill to amend the Classification Act of 1949 to au- thorize the establishment of hazardous duty pay incertain cases —House Post Office and Civil Serv- ice Committee.
H.R. 725 (Multer), a bill to amend the Classification Act of 1949, as amended, so as to au- thorize longevity step increases for officers and employees in grades above grade 15 of the general schedule—House Post Of- fice and Civil Service Committee.
H.R. 1040 (Byrne), a bill to ex- tend the application of the Classi- fication Act of 1949 to certain positions in, and employees of, the executive branch of the Govern-
ment—House Post Office and Civil Service Committee.
Compensation: H.R. 270 (Bald- win), a bill to provide that the rates of compensation of officers and employees subject to the Classification Act of 1949 shall hereafter be fixed and adjusted by wage boards on the basis of pre- vailing rates and practices—House Post Office and Civil Service Com- mittee.
H.R. 1148 (St. George), a bill to adjust the compensation of officers and employees of the United States, and for other purposes—House Post Office and Civil Service Com- mittee.
H.R. 1616 (Gubser), a bill to pro- vide for the establishment of rates of compensation for positions inthe Federal Government in appropriate relationship to prevailing rates for similar positions, and for other purposes—House Post Office and Civil Service Committee.
Court Proceedings: H.R. 1039 (Byrne), a bill to provide that no officer or employee of the United States or any agency thereof shall be charged with loss of salary or compensation or with loss of an- nual leave with pay for any time taken which has required his or attendance uponcourt proceedings, including travel time to and from, whether in State, territorial, or Federal courts, and whether said officer or employee is a party plantiff, a party defendent, or a witness, and whether or not the Government of the District of
Columbia is a party~House Judi- ciary Committee. Decorations and Awards: S,. 150
(see ROUNDUP, page 44)
Department of State News Letter
BEYOND OUR BORDERS
The President Sees Steady Progress In Building a World Order
Following are excerpts from the President’s State of the Union Message delivered before a joint session of the Senate and House of Representatives on January 14. These ex- cerpts are confined mainly to that part of the address concerned with foreign affairs.
ITTLE more than a hundred
weeks ago I assumed the office of President of the United States. In seeking the help of the Con- gress and my countrymen, I pledged no easy answers, I pledged—and asked—only toil and dedication. These the Congress and the people have given in good measure, And today, having witnessed in recent months a heightened respect for our national purpose and power, having seen the courageous calm of a united people in a perilous hour, and having observed a steady im- provement in the opportunities and well-being of our citizens, I can report to you that the state of this old but youthful Union is good,
In the world beyond our borders, steady progress has been made in building a world of order. The people of West Berlin remain free and secure, A settlement, though still precarious, has been reached in Laos. The spearpoint of ag- gression has been blunted in South Viet-Nam. The end of agony may be in sight in the Congo, The doc- trine of troika is dead, And, while danger continues, a deadly threat has been removed from Cuba,
At home, the recession is behind us. Well over a million more men and women are working today than were working 2 years ago. The average factory workweek is once
again more than 40 hours; our industries are turning out more goods than ever before; and more than half of the manufacturing ca- pacity that lay silent and wasted 100 weeks ago is humming with activity.
In short, both at home and abroad, there may now be a temp- tation to relax. For the road has
February 1963
been long, the burden heavy, and the pace consistently urgent,
But we cannot be satisfied to rest here. This is the side of the hill, not the top. The mere ab- sence of war is not peace, The mere absence of recession is not growth, We have made a beginning -but we have only begun,
Now the time has come to make the most of our gains—to trans- late the renewal of our national strength into the achievement of our national. purpose,
* * *
Torninc to the world outside, it was only a few years ago—in southeast Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, even in outer space—that communism sought to convey the image of a unified, confident, and expanding empire, closing in on a sluggish America and a free world in dis- array. But few people would hold to that picture today.
In these past months, we have reaffirmed the scientific and mili- tary superiority of freedom, We have doubled our efforts in space, to assure us of being first in the future, We have undertaken the most farereaching defense im- provements in the peacetime his- tory of this country, And we have maintained the frontiers of free- dom from Viet-Nam to West Berlin.
But complacency or selfecon- gratulation can imperil our se- curity as much as the weapons of our adversary. A moment of pause is not a promise of peace, Dangerous problems remain from Cuba to the South China Sea, The world's prognosis prescribes not a year's vacation, but a year of obligation and opportunity.
Four special avenues of oppor- tunity stand out: The Atlantic al- liance, the developing nations, the new Sino-Soviet difficulties, and the search for worldwide peace.
First, how fares the grand al- liance? Free Europe is entering into a new phase of its long and brilliant history. The era of colonial expansion has passed; the era of national rivalries is fading; and a new era of interdependence
and unity is taking shape. Defying the old prophecies of Marx, con- senting to what no conqueror could ever compel, the free nations of Europe are moving toward a unity of purpose and power and policy in every sphere of activity.
For 17 years this movement has had our consistent support, both political and economic, Far from resenting the new Europe, we re- gard her as a welcome partner, not a rival. For the road to world peace and freedom is still very long, and there are burdens which only full partners can share—in supporting the common defense,
=
oa
in expanding worldtrade, inalining our balance of payments, in aiding the emergent nations, in concert- ing political and economic policies, and in welcoming to our common effort other industrialized nations, notably Japan, whose remarkable economic and political development of the 1950's permits it now to play on the world scene a major constructive role.
No doubt differences of opinion will continue to get more attention than agreements on action, as Europe moves from independence to more formal interdependence, But these are honest differences among honorable associatesmore real and frequent, in fact, among our West European Allies than between them and the United States, For the unity of freedom has never relied on uniformity of opinion, fortunately. But the basic agree- ment of this alliance on funda- mental issues continues,
The first task of the alliance remains the common defense, Last month Prime Minister Macmillan and I laid plans for a new stage in our long cooperative effort, one which aims to assist in the wider task of framing a common nu- clear defense for the whole al- liance.
The Nassau agreement recog- nizes that the security of the West
3
is indivisible, and so must be our defense, But it also recognizes that this is an alliance of proud and sovereign nations, and works best when we do not forget it. It recog- nizes further that the nuclear de- fense of the West is not a matter for the present nuclear powers alone, that France will be sucha power in the future, and that ways must be found without increasing the hazards of nuclear diffusion, to increase the role of our other partners in planning, manning, and directing a truly multilateral nu- clear force within an increasingly intimate NATO alliance. Finally, the Nassau agreement recognizes that nuclear defense is not enough, that the agreed NATO levels of conventional strength must be met, and that the NATO alliance cannot afford to be in a position of having to answer every threat with nu- clear weapons or nothing,
W: remain too near the Nassau decisions, and too far from their final realization, to know their final place in history. But I believe that, for the first time, the door is open for the nuclear defense of the alliance to become a source of confidence, instead of a cause of contention,
The next most pressing con- cern of the alliance is our com- mon economic goals of trade and growth, This Nation continues to be concerned about its balance- of-payments deficit, which, despite its decline, remains a stubborn and troublesome problem, We be- lieve, moreover, that closer eco- nomic ties among all free nations are essential to prosperity and peace. And neither we nor the mem- bers of the Common Market are so affluent that we can long afford to shelter high cost farms or fac- tories from the winds of foreign competition, or to restrict the channels of trade with other na-
If the
of the free world, Common Market should now move toward protectionism and restric-
tions
tionism, it would undermine its own basic principles, This Gov- ernment means to use the au- thority conferred on it last year by the Congress to encourage trade expansion on both sides of the At- lantic and around the world. Second, what of the developing
... The issue in the world struggle is . . . coercion versus free choice . . .
and nonalined nations? They were shocked by the Soviets' sudden and secret attempt to transform Cuba into a nuclear striking base, and by Communist China's arrogant invasion of India. They have been reassured by our prompt assiste
ance to India, by our support through the United Nations of the Congo's unification, by our patient search for ‘disarmament, and by the improvement in our treatment of citizens and visitors whose skins do not happen to be white. And as the older colonialism recedes, and the neocolonialism of the Commu- nist Powers stands out more starkly than ever, they realize more clearly that the issue in the world struggle is not communism versus capitalism, but coercion versus free choice,
They realize that the longing for independence is the same the world over, whether it is the independence of West Berlinor Viet-Nam. They realize that such independence runs athwart all Communist ambitions but is in keeping with our- own— and that our approach to their needs is resilient and resourceful, while the Communists rely on ancient doctrines and old dogmas.
Nevertheless it is hard for any nation to focus on an external or subversive threat to its independ- ence when its energies are drained in daily combat with the forces of
poverty and despair, It makes little sense for us to assail, inspeeches and resolutions, the horrors of communism, to spend $50 billiona year to prevent its military advance, and then to begrudge spending, largely on American products, less than one-tenth of that amount to help other nations strengthen their independence and cure the social chaos in which communism always has thrived,
I AM proud—and I think most Americans are proudof a mutual defense and assistance program,
-
SS
evolved with bipartisan support in three administrations, which has, with all of its recognized problems, contributed to the fact that not a single one of the nearly 50 U.N, members to gain independence since the Second World War has succumbed to Communist control,
I am proud of a program and of a country that has helpedtoarm and feed and clothe millions of people on the frontlines of free- dom,
I am especially proud that this country has put forward for the 1960's a vast cooperative effort to achieve economic growth and social
The Hard Realities of U.S. Relations with Europe
Following is the opening statement read by President Kennedy at his press con- ference on January 24:
T would be well to remind all con-
cerned of the hard and fast realities of this Nation's relationship with Europe --realities of danger, power and purpose, which are too deeply rooted in history and necessity to be either obscured or altered in the long run by personal or even na- tional differences. The reality of danger is thet all free men and nations live under the constant threat of the Commu- nist advance. Although presently in some disarray, the Communist apparatus con- trols more than 1 billion people, and it daily confronts Europe and the United States with hundreds of missiles, scores of divisions and the purposes of domination.
The reality of power is that the re- sources essential to defense against this danger are concentrated overwhelmingly in the nations of the Atlantic Alliance.
In unity this alliance has ample strength to hold back the expansion of Communism until such time as it loses its force and momentum. Acting alone, neither the United States nor Europe could be certain of success and survival. The reality of purpose, therefore, is that that which Serves to unite us is right, and what tends to divide us is wrong. The people and Gov- ernment of the United States over the
three past Administrations have built
their policy on these realities. The same policy has been followed by the people and governments of Europe. If we are to be worthy of our historic trust, we must continue on both sides of the Atlantic to work together in trust.
Department of State News Letter
OF RT ne
ittle thes | of ona lary idge ican h of ions and hich di.
10st tual am,
‘t in has, ms, ot a JN, nce has rol, and arm
this the 't to cial
:
... We stand ready to help them build new bulwarks of freedom . . .
progress throughout the Americas =the Alliance for Progress,
I do not underestimate the dif- ficulties that we face in this mu- tual effort among our close neigh- bors, but the free states of this hemisphere, working in close col- laboration, have begun to make this Alliance a reality. Today it is feeding one out of every four schooleage children in _ Latin America an extra food ration from
our farm surplus, It has distri- buted 1,5 million schoolbooks and is building 17,000 classrooms, It has helped resettle tens of thou- sands of farm families on land they can call their own, It is stimulating our good neighbors to more self-help and reform— fiscal, social, institutional, and land reforms, It is bringing hous- ing and hope and health to mil- lions who were previously for- gotten. The men and women ofthis hemisphere know that the Alliance would not succeed if it were only another name for U.S, handouts— that it can succeed only as the Latin American nations themselves de- vote their best effort to fulfilling its goals.
The story is the same in Afri- ca, in the Middle East, in Asia. Wherever nations are willing to help themselves, we stand ready to help them build new bulwarks of freedom. We are not purchas- ing votes for the cold war; we have gone to the aid of imperiled nations, neutrals and allies alike, What we do ask—and all that we ask isethat our help be used to the best advantage, and that their own efforts not be diverted by needless quarrels with other in- dependent nations,
Despite all its past achieve- ments, the continued progress of the mutual assistance program requires a persistent discontent with present progress. We have been reorganizing this program to make it a more effective and efficient instrument, and that pro- cess will continue this year.
B UT free world development will still be an uphill struggle. Govern- mental aid can only supplement the role of private investment, trade expansion, and commodity Stabilization, and, above all, ine ternal self-improvement, The pro-
February 1963
cesses of growth are gradual— bearing fruit in a decade, not ina day. Our successes will neither be quick nor dramatic. Butifthese programs were ever to be ended, our failures in a dozen countries would be sudden and would becer- tain.
Neither money nor technicalas- sistance, however, can be our only weapon against poverty. Inthe end, the crucial effort is one of pur- pose, requiring not only the fuel of finance but the torch of idealism, And nothing carries the spirit of American idealism and expresses our hopes. better and more effectively to the far corners of the earth than the Peace Corps.
A year ago, less than 900 Peace Corps volunteers were on the job, A year from now they will number more than 9,000—men and women, aged 18 to 79, willing to give 2 years of their lives to helping peo- ple in other lands.
There are, in fact, nearly 1 mil- lion Americans serving their country and the cause of freedom in oversea posts, arecordno other people can match. Surely those of us who stay at home shouldbe glad to help indirectly—by supporting our aid programs; by opening our doors to foreign visitors and dip- lomats and _ students; and by proving, day by day, by deed as well as by word, that we are a just and generous people.
Tump, what comfort can we take from the increasing strains and tensions within the Communist bloc? Here hope must be tempered with caution. For the Soviet-Chi- nese disagreement is over means, not ends. A dispute over how to bury the West is no grounds for Western rejoicing.
Nevertheless, while a strain is not a fracture, it is clear that the forces of diversity are at workin- side the Communist camp, despite all the iron disciplines of regi- mentation and all the iron dogma- tisms of ideology. Marx is proven wrong once again: for it is the closed Communist societies, not the free and open societies, which carry within themselves the seeds of internal disintegration,
This disarray of the Commu- nist empire has been heightened by two other formidable forces. One is the historic force of na- tionalism and the yearning of all men to be free. The other is the gross inefficiency of their econo- mies, For a closed society is not open to ideas of progress, and a
police state finds it cannot com- mand the grain to grow.
New nations asked to choose be- tween two competing systems need only compare conditions in East and West Germany, Eastern and Western Europe, North and South Viet-Nam. They need only compare the disillusionment of Communist Cuba with the promise of a hemi- sphere Alliance for Progress. And all the world knows that no suc- cessful system builds a wall to keep its people in and freedom out, and that the wall of shame dividing Berlin is a symbol of Communist failure,
Fatty, what can we do to move from the present pause to- ward enduring peace ? AgainI would counsel caution, I foresee no spec- tacular reversal in Communist methods or goals. But if all these trends and developments can per- suade the Soviet Union to walk the
=_
:
=
A
path of peace, then let her know that all free nations will join with her. But until that choice is made, and until the world can develop a reliable system of international security, the free peoples have no choice but to keeptheir arms near,
This country, therefore, con- tinues to require the best defense in the world=a defense which is suited to the sixties, This means, unfortunately, a rising defense budget—for there is no substitute for adequate defense, and no"'bar- gain basement" way of achieving it. It means the expenditure of more than $15 billion this year on nuclear weapons systems alone, a sum which is about equal to the come bined defense budgets of our Euro- pean allies,
But it also means improved air and missile defenses, improved civil defense, a strengthened anti- guerrilla capacity and, of prime importance, more powerful and flexible nonnuclear forces, For threats of massive retaliation may not deter piecemeal aggression— and a line of destroyers ina quaran- tine, or a division of well-equipped men on a border, may be more useful to our real security than the multiplication of awesome weapons beyond all rational need,
But our commitment to national safety is not a commitment to exe pand our Military Establishment indefinitely. We do not dismiss
5
Now the winds of change appear to be blowing more strongly than ever
disarmament as an idle dream, For we believe that, in the end, it is the only way of assuring the se- curity of all without impairing the interests of any. Nor do we mis- take honorable negotiation for ap- peasement, While we shall never weary in the defense of freedom, neither shall we abandon the pur- suit of peace.
In this quest the United Nations requires our full and continued support. Its value in serving the cause of peace has been shown anew in its role in the West New Guinea settlement, in its use as a forum for the Cuban crisis, and in its task of unification inthe Congo, Today the United Nations is pri-
Ko hg =~ [aa
——
marily the protector of the small and the weak, and a safety valve for the strong. Tomorrow it can form the framework for a world of law--a world in which no nation dictates the destiny of another, and in which the vast resources now devoted to destructive means will serve constructive ends,
In short, let our adversaries choose, If they choose peaceful competition, they shall have it, If they come to realize that their ambitions cannot succeed—if they see that their ''wars of liberation'' and subversion will ultimately fail; if they recognize that there is more
OPENING MEETING--Convening of the oral examining panels of the Board of Examiners for the Foreign Service took place last month. Some of the members of the panels are shown above. Seated, left to right, are: Kenneth Holbert, Labor; Frederick D. Leatherman, State; William W. Walker, Director, Office of Personnel, and Alter- nate Member of the Board; Sydney L. Mellen, State; Paul Nagle,
6
security in accepting inspection than in permitting new nations to master the black arts of nuclear weapons and war; and if they are willing to turn their energies, as we are, tothe great unfinished tasks of our own peoples—then, surely, the areas of agreement can be very wide indeed: a clear under- standing about Berlin, stability in southeast Asia, an end to nuclear testing, new checks on surprise or accidental attack, and, ultimately, general and complete disarma- ment.
For we seek not the worldwide victory of one nation or system but a worldwide victory ot men, The modern globe is too small, its weapons too destructive—they multiply too fastandits disorders too contagious to permit any other kind of victory.
To achieve this end the United States will continue to spend a greater portion of its national production than any other people in the free world, For 15 years no other free nation has demanded
so much of itself, Through hot wars and cold, through recession and prosperity, through the ages of the atom and outer space, the American people have neither fal- tered nor has their faith flagged. If at times our actions seem to make life difficult for others, it is
Public Meml er. Comm erce;
Standing,
only because history has made life difficult for us all.
But difficult days need not be dark, I think these are proud and memorable days in the cause of peace and freedom. We are proud, for example, of Maj. Rudolf An- derson who gave his life over the island of Cuba. We salute Sp. James Allen Johnson who died on the border of South Korea. We pay honor to Sgt. Gerald Pendell who was killed in Viet-Nam. They are among the many who in this cen- tury, far from home, have died for our country, Our task now, and the task of all Americans, is to live up to their commitments,
My friends, I close on a note of hope. We are not lulled by the momentary calm of the sea or the somewhat clearer skies above, We know the turbulence that lies below, and the storms beyond the horizon this year. Now the winds of change appear to be blowing more strongly than ever, in the world of communism as well as our own, For 175 years we have sailed with those winds at our back, and with the tides of human freedom in our favor. We steer our ship with hope as Thomas Jefferson said, "leaving fear astern,"
Today we still welcome those winds of change--and we have every reason to believe that our tide is running strong. With thanks to Almighty God for seeing us through a perilous passage, we ask His help anew in guiding the good ship Union,
left to right, are: Roy T. Davis, Jr., State; C. A. R. Lindquist, Public Member; Albert Harkness, USIA; G. Harold Keatley, Donald Gilpat- ric and Wilbur Williams, all of Commerce; George Reed, AID, and Willard O. Brown, Acting Executive Director of the Board of Examiners. Oral examinations will be conducted in 18 cities of the United States.
Herbert Cummings,
Department of State News Letter
life
be and : of ud, An- the nes the pay who are en- ied ow, » 16 its, ote by . or ve, ies the nds ring the as ave our nan eer nas ear
ery >is
to ugh His hip
* 1
Senate Subcommittee Sets Stage
For New Hearings Relating to
Complexities of National Security
HE Senate Subcommittee on
National Security Staffing and Operations last month released a report that sets the stage for re- newed Congressional hearings on the problems of national security administration.
Chaired by Senator Henry M. Jackson (D. Wash.), the Subcom- mittee will examine the ''new com- plexities of national security that make the task of a President more difficult today than ever before." The subcommittee is not inquiring into the substance of policy but with the problem of ''getting good people into key foreign and defense posts and enabling them to do a job."
The subcommittee, set up last May, is a successor to Senator Jackson's Subcommittee on Na- tional Security Policy which, two years ago, began its study of how well the Government was organized to develop, coordinate and execute foreign and defense policy.
Unlike its predecessor, which concentrated its study on "policy making at the summit level,'' the new subcommittee indicated that policy making at the grass roots level of the country mission will be more closely examined.
The hearings, planned for this Congressional session, will bring to the Subcommittee top-level policy-makers in Washington, am- bassadors and military command- ers from the field and experts out- side government.
The continuing Presidential di- lemma of ''whom to listen to and how much before he moves" and the coordinating role of the Secretary of State will immediately concern the group, the report noted.
In presenting the basic issues under study, the report indicates that the problems ofthe diplomatic mission will not be overlooked by a lofty view of policy making. The role of the ambassador and the country team will be explored and a review will be made of the mis- sions' staffing and planning and reporting functions. For consider- ation too, will be a new concept of a single defense attache as military adviser in the mission to be ''designated by the Depart- ment of Defense, with suchassist-
February 1963
ance as necessary from the three services,"
Fundamental to the problems of the mission is the report's view that: ''Too much time is spent in Washington on matters that could be left to the mission; thus double- teaming talent when there is not
Secretary Rusk—pausing
briefly in directing the affairs of state—was pre- sented with a Boy Scout Statuette and Scout Emblem by 8-year-old Cub Scout Henry D, HornIlIlina special ceremony in the Department on January 23,
The statuette was in- scribed "Top V,I.P. 1963." The presentation was part of the celebration of the 53rd anniversary of the Boy Scouts of America, which was founded in Washington on February 8, 1910,
Secretary Rusk was a Boy Scout for two years in the
enough talent to go around. This tendency shows itself in the habit of Washington and the field to ‘live on the cables'~to keep each other busy debating points on which it might have been better to let the mission act by itself under
its general instructions . What seems to be called for is more respect in Washington for the judg- ment of ambassadors and more re- straint in second-guessing them." Serving with Senator Jackson on the Subcommittee are Sena- tors Hubert H. Humphrey (D., Minn.), Edmund S. Muskie (D., Me.), Karl E. Mundt (R., S. Dak.) and Jacob Javits (R., N.Y.). The report was submitted to the Sub- committee's parent Committee on Government Operations.
early 1920's and at one time was the Atlanta Council's knot-tying champion,
Cub Scout Horn is amem- ber of Pack 166, sponsored by the Glencarlyn Parent Teachers Association in Ar- lington, Va.
The pinning ceremony, a goodwill gesture, was the kickoff for "Operation V.I.P"' in which 500 Scouts of the National Capital Area Council asked top Govern- ment and community lead- ers to wear the Boy Scout Emblem as part of the local observance of Scout Week, February 7-13.
FOR A BETTER PERSONNEL PROGRAM
State Moves to Act on Herter Recommendations
HE Department is moving
rapidly to act on recommenda- tions made in December by the (Herter) Committee on Foreign Af- fairs Personnel.
Two key proposals, (1) for a single foreign affairs personnel system in the Department and (2) for establishment, with AID and USIA, of a ''compatible family of services,'' were deemed of special importance.
At Secretary Rusk's request, William H. Orrick, Jr., Deputy Under Secretary for Administra- tion, has assumed responsibility for action on the Herter recom- mendations.
To assist him in this task, Mr. Orrick has appointed an inter- agency Executive Committee on the Herter Report. The Committee will deal with all facets of the Re- port except the recommendations (see News Letter for December) for creation of a Foreign Affairs College and establishment of the post of Executive Under Secretary. These two proposals will be handled separately.
Mr. Orrick is serving as chair- man of the Executive Committee which is already functioning. Other members are John W. Macy, Jr., Chairman, Civil Service Commis- sion; Frank M. Coffin, Deputy Ad- ministrator, Agency for Interna-
tional Development; Donald M. Wilson, Deputy Director, United States Information Agency, and
Kenneth R. Hansen, Assistant Di- rector, Bureau of the Budget. Her- man Pollack, Deputy Assistant Sec- retary for Personnel, will serve as Executive Secretary of the Com- mittee.
Orner departments and agen- cies with international concerns, such as Agriculture, Commerce, and Labor, will be invited from time to time to the meetings ofthe Executive Committee to present their views of matters of con- cern to them.
Bernard Rosen, Deputy Director of Personnel, will assist Mr. Pol- lack in carrying out the Depar. ment's responsiblities for in- ternal action and inter-agency negotiations. He invited employees of the Department to send their views.
An inter-agency Steering Com- mittee, chaired by Mr. Pollack, will carry out the decisions of the Executive Committee and coordi- nate the activities of five inter- agency Task Forces which are to do the staff work.
In addition, State, AID, and USIA will establish work groups on Her- ter recommendations which affect them uniquely. Their work will be coordinated with the total effort through the Steering Committee.
In addition to Mr. Pollack, mem- bers of the Steering Committee are Roy Crawley, Director of Person- nel, Administration, AID; Ben Pos- ner, Acting Assistant Director (Ad- ministration), USIA; O. Glenn Stahl, Director, Bureau of Programs and Standards, U.S, CivilService Com- mission, and Irving Lewis, Deputy Chief, International Division, Bureau of the Budget.
Executive Secretary of this Com- mittee is Mrs. Elinor P. Reams, Chief, Program Planning and Man- agement Staff, Department of State.
Tue five inter-agency task forces are expected to finish their work no later than June 1. Members of these groups are:
1. Task Force on Legislation.
The News Letter story (Jan- uary issue) concerning the U.S. Consul General in Guayaquil, Ecuador, who passed the hat and sold old auto tires to raise funds for establishing a school at the edge of the jungle in that country was picked up by the Associated Press on January 18 for national distribution.
Time Magazine also ex- pressed interest in the story, interviewing FSO WardP. Allen, who was the Consul General con- cerned.
Mr. Allen, now Director of the Office of Inter-American Regional Political Affairs, re- ports an immediate response from three states—Ohio, Flori- da, and New York—asa result of
New Aid for School in the Jungle
Chairman is Warde Cameron of State. Other members include Richard Kearney and William E, Woodyear, also of State, and Edna Boorady, AID; Eugene Shora, USIA, and Edward Strait, Bureau of the Budget.
2. Task Force on Personnel Systems.
Members are Arthur Jones of State, Chairman; Dayton Hull and Susan Whitman, also of State; F.E, Ratterman and Arnold Sukrow, both of AID; Lionel Mosley and Ervin Dehn, USIA, and Herbert Jasper, Bureau of the Budget.
3. Task Force on Personnel Operations.
Committee members are William Krieg of State, Chairman; Thomas Recknagel, Donald Leidel and Clifford Hailey, all of State; Dawson Hales and Harold Nelson, AID; Allen Carter, Patrick Coldict and Edward Deckard, USIA; Ken- neth McDaniel, Agriculture; Rob- ert Merchant and James Taylor, Labor, and Herbert J. Cummings, Commerce.
4. Task Force on Recruitment.
This committee will be chaired by Lionel Mosley, USIA. Other members are John Scott and Rob- ert Mello, Civil Service Commis- sion; James McDevitt and Mel- bourne Spector, State; L. Eugene Wolf and Lewis White, AID, and Ralph Hilton and Joseph Kitchin, USIA,
5. Task Force on Personnel Re- search.
The membership: Dr. Albert P. Maslow of the Civil Service Com- mission, Chairman; Barry Casper, AID; Regis Walther, State, and Lawrence Epperson, USIA.
the AP story. Letters expressed interest and a desire to help in his one-man aid project in Ecua- dor.
Mr. Allen will decide how best to coordinate offers of aid for the school after a study of all mail received on the subject. He is in agreement with the Ecuadorean Ambassador in Washington that any further aid to the school should be on a people-to-people basis in the best interest of promoting U.S.- Ecuadorean friendship.
The original interview with Mr. Allen was conducted by the Office of Media Services, Bureau of Public Affairs, for the use of newspapers and TV and radio stations in his native state of Michigan.
Department of State News Letter
'
1 of ide
ina IA, the
nel
of and es oth vin er,
nel
are an; del te; on, lict n= b=
or,
Bs,
nt. -ed 1er »b- is- el- ne ind in,
Ne Yr, nd
FISCAL YEAR 1964
President Sends Budget to Hill; $373 Million Included for State
TATE Department appropria-
tions totaling $373,785,000 for Fiscal Year 1964 were included in the budget submitted to Congress on January 17 by President Ken- nedy.
The amount is approximately $47,000,000 more than the De- partment's availability Fiscal Year 1963 expenditures, exclusive of the special one time $100,000,000 ap- propriation for the purchase of United Nations Bonds. The Bureau of the Budget analysis of new obligational authority and ex- penditures, which includes the bond purchase figure, reflects a reduc- tion of almost $53,000,000.
Hearings on the Department's budget are tentatively scheduledto begin March 4 before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary and Related Agencies. The committee is headed by Representative John J. Rooney (D., N.Y.).
The Fiscal Year 1964 budget request submitted by the President includes an appropriation of $162,- 800,000 for Salaries and Expenses, an increase of $21,590,000 over the previous year excluding sup- plementals. Major increases are attributed to new posts, expanded intelligence and export promotion activities, improved training pro- grams, and non-salary expenses to increase the effectiveness of personnel.
Other items, as listed by the Bureau of the Budget, include:
Representation Allowances, $996,000, an increase of $46,000 to cover new posts and spiraling costs.
Acquisition, operation and main-~ tenance of buildings abroad, $27,- 000,000, an increase of $17,- 900,000, mainly for resumption of construction and acquisition of a portion of needed buildings and housing, especially in Africa. This appropriation will hinge on au- thorizing legislation which was
recently submitted to Congress.
Acquisition, operation and main- tenance of buildings abroad (special foreign currency program), $3,- 900,000, an increase of $1,695,000.
Emergencies in the diplomatic and consular service, $1,600,000,
February 1963
an increase of $100,000. International organizations and
conferences, $87,231,000. Exclud- ing the loan to the United Nations, the net increase of more than $12,000,000 is chiefly for contri- butions to the United Nations and its specialized agencies; the Or- ganization of American States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
International Commissions, $13,679 900, a reduction of $2,312,- 000.
Educational Exchange, $62,506,- 000, an increase of $11,823,000, principally for exchange-of-per- sons activities in the Far East, Latin America and Africa.
Migration and Refugee Assist- ance, $11,800,000, a decrease of $3,147,000 resulting from 18- month support for international or- ganizations from 1963 funds.
The President, in his budget message, noted that, ''we shall maintain pressure on each depart- ment and agency to improve its productivity and efficiency. Through improved management techniques, installation of modern equipment, and better coordination of agency programs, important productivity gains have already been realized, andfurther advances will be forthcoming. I mean to in- sure that in each of the various Federal programs, objectives are achieved at the lowest possible cost."
* OK
In his budget for Fiscal Year 1964, President Kennedy announced that he will propose moderate pay increases above the levels sche- duled to go into effect for salaried employees next January and higher pay for Federal executives.
The recommendations for pay adjustment stem from the salary reform law enacted last year, which established the policy that Federal salaries should be reason- ably comparable to pay for like work in the private sector.
While that law did not reflect full comparability in upper grades or adjust pay of top executives, the Congressional report on the legislation urged the President to
Surveys Lead to
Probable Closing of Some Consular Posts
The Department intends to close some U.S. consular posts as a result of manage- ment surveys undertaken by Regional Bureaus and cen- tral administrative offices during the last two years at the direction of Secretary Rusk.
The shifting of trade and travel patterns, the develop- ment of fresh operational techniques (such as the new mail order visa system) and modern transportation and communications facili- ties were among the reasons advanced for the closing of consular posts.
Also cited was the Depart- ment's need for the most ef- fective utilization of trained manpower and financial re- sources in view of the world- wide commitments of the United States.
Secretary Rusk, in Con- gressional testimony early in 1961, disclosed that the closing of some consular posts was one of the "large questions'' under examina- tion by the Department.
The Department will an- nounce the number and lo- cation of the posts to be closed, andthe closing dates, after a completion of the sifting of all the survey find- ings and notification to host countries.
make recommendations to the new Congress for appropriate in- creases in executive pay. Execu- tive salaries have not been ad- justed since 1956.
The President pointed out that agency requests for additional jobs had been reduced or denied where- ever possible and said: "I have directed the heads of departments and agencies to join in a Govern- ment-wide program to improve manpower controls and increase productivity. This will be done by a continuing review of personnel
needs, eliminating low-priority work, and adopting more efficient practices."
He added that a system of in- spections and reviews will be carried on to measure the ef- fectiveness and results of these ef- forts and to help uncover new ways to economize.
' ’ : ' : '
NEW ADMINISTRATOR SPEAKS
Bell Calls for Prudence And Frugality in AID
By DAVID E. BELL, Administrator Agency for International Development
ET me first state three assump-
tions underlying U.S. foreign aid efforts which I take itare com- mon ground between us.
First, I assume there is no misunderstanding here as to the fundamental reason why the United States Govern- ment is providing large sums each year for military and economic as- sistance to the less-developed countries of the world. We do so because our own security is in- volved. Our own vital interests re- quire us to do what we can to as- sist the growing strength of other independent countries—for only in a world community of free and self-sustaining nations can our own nation not only survive, but flourish and prosper.
Mr. Bell
What we do in the field of eco- nomic and military assistance, therefore-—how much money we provide, for what purposes, and to what countries—must be judged by the hard-headed test of whether it will strengthen the security of the United States and the free world sufficiently to be worth what it costs.
Second, I take it we are also in agreement that the development of independent strengthin any country is essentially the responsibility of the government and people of that country, not of the United States. The principal effort to develop a country's economic, political and military strength must be made by the people of that country them- selves.
Only when there is local leader- ship and a program of action for
bringing about changes can outside
Mr. Bell’s remarks as printed above were excerpted from an address before the annual meeting of the National Rural Electric Co- operative Association at Las Vegas, Nevada, on January 14.
10
aid be effective. We can help only those who want tohelp themselves. If the people of a country andtheir leaders are willing to discipline themselves, to make the sacrifi- ces necessary for economic de- velopment and military security— only then can American aid have any appreciable effect. In those countries or areas where such leadership is not present, we can engage at best in only stop-gap or emergency assistance.
Third, I assume we agree that the purpose of our efforts is to help other countries get on their own feet, and achieve a position in which they can sustain eco- nomic growth and political sta- bility without extraordinary help from us or from anyone else. Neither they nor we would be served by a continuing condition of dependence on outside help.
Waar is required to achieve a self-sustaining position is dif- ferent in each case--Korea is dif- ferent from Nigeria, Thailand is different from Chile. Insome cases the problem can be solved inrela- tively short order. In others it promises to require quite a few years.
But the purpose must be clear from the outset. Both the efforts of the countries receiving aid and of the United States aid programs must be aimed at achieving a con- dition in which each country's de- fense and development can be sus- tained by its own efforts.
These, then, are my three as- sumptions:
--we provide military and economic aid to other countries because it is in our own vital national interest;
--we can work effectively only with
countries that are prepared to help them- selves;
--and our objective must be to assist these countries to achieve a condition in
which they can sustain further progress by their own efforts--our aid programs, that is, must be intended to be self-termi- nating.
If we canagree onthese assump- tions, letus turn to ways and means. How do we accomplish these pur- poses? The essential pattern canbe stated simply, I believe, although
its application in individual cases can be highly complex.
The key to the solution is for us to assist each country to mobilize, to increase, and to apply its own resources in strengthening its economy, and where necessary, its military defenses~and for us to supply additional resources where they can be effectively used and are essential to achieve stability and economic growth. Our re- sources may be in the form ot trained experts giving advice, of capital equipment and materials, of surplus agricultural commodities, of military equipment, or other forms. But whatever the form of our resources, they must, to be effective, be related to the efforts of the country we are helping.
%* %* %
In most parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, we have the op- portunity to forestall communist infiltration and subversion—if we are wise and active enough to do so. The situations are endlessly complex and each is different. We must work in several dozen coun- tries, under widely varying con- ditions of terrain, climate andhis- torical and cultural backgrounds. Typically, however, what we are seeking to do is to provide a wide range of resources and talents to assist underdeveloped countries to achieve economic and social prog- ress through free institutions.
For the United States to provide such resources and talents cannot be the task of a single government agency. No single government agency could possibly have the ex- pertise, the business acumen and the technical skills that are neces- sary to create the capital plant, organize the human and material resources, supply the monetary investment and share the admin- istrative knowledge for a modern economy. In a sense, the task of the Agency for International De- velopment is to mobilize these pri- vate resources that already exist in our industries, farms, labor unions, cooperatives and state and local governments.
*
We are engaged in a tremendous struggle, on a world-wide scale, that will require sustained effort over many years to win. The powerful outreach of communist aggression, working by subver- sion, by infiltration, by insurgency --by whatever means an implac- able will can devise-—is moving in Southeast Asia, standing on the borders of India and Pakistan,
(Continued on page 41) Department of State News Letter
a
lous ale, fort The nist rere ncy lac- g in the tan,
e 41)
pene
MAJOR RECRUITMENT PLANNED
State Wants Peace Corps Volunteers for FSO’s
HE Department intends to make
the Peace Corps one of the "major recruiting grounds" for the Foreign Service.
In a letter to Robert Sargent Shriver, Jr., Director of the Peace Corps, on January 17, Tyler Thompson, Chairman of the Board of Examiners and Director General of the Foreign Service, said:
Goodwin Heads New
Peace Corps Group
Richard N. Goodwin, until re- cently Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, has been named Secretary General of the newly created International Peace Corps Secretariat.
The Secretariat, with headquar- ters in Washington, was created by unanimous resolution of the 43 countries ate tending the Inter- national Con- ference on Human Skills in the De- cade of Develop- ment, held at San Juan, Puerto Rico, from October 10 to October 12.
The Interna- tional Peace Corps Secretariat will assist in the establishment of national Peace Corps throughout the world.
It will function for one year, on a trial basis. Before the end of the year the countries partici- pating in the Conference will be consulted on the continuation of the Secretariat. A majority may then decide to transfer any or all of the Secretariat functions to existing international organiza- tions.
"The major function of the Sec- retariat,'' officials point out, "will be to assist in the expansion and creation of volunteer assistance to less developed countries."
The Secretariat will utilize the resources and experience of ex- isting volunteer organizations, in- cluding the U.S, Peace Corps.
February 1963
Mr. Goodwin
"The Department of State is very much interested in recruiting junior Foreign Service officers from among Peace Corps Volun- teers.
"The experience and knowledge acquired by a young man or woman as a consequence of a tour of duty as a Volunteer,'' Mr. Tyler added, ''would constitute signifi- cant qualifications for a junior member of the Foreign Service of the United States."
Mr. Thompson pointed out that the recruiting objective is in har- mony with the remarks made by President Kennedy on June 14, 1962 to the Peace Corps trainees and staff.
Several measures are now being mapped out to facilitate the re- cruitment and examination of Peace Corps Volunteers, Mr. Thompson noted. These include decentralized examinations in the field, expeditious scheduling of examinations, and provisions for a specialization option on the gen- eral background test inthe regular Foreign Service examination.
The latter option will be recom- mended to the Board of Examiners, whose members represent several departments of the Government.
This option in the written exami- nation would attempt to measure the aspirant's ability to live, act and learn in a foreign environ- ment, or measure what he has learned in such a situation.
Mr. Thompson pointed out that "it would probably not be feasible
to bring this about in time for the September 1963 examination. If the Board acts favorably on the pro- posal, however, we would then in- corporate it in subsequent written examinations."'
In addition, Peace Corps Volun- teers have a chance to enter the Foreign Service in Class 7.
W , 4
E shall consider service inthe Peace Corps as a Volunteer or Volunteer Leader as qualifying ex- perience for appointment as Class 7 rather than Class 8 under Section 516(b) of the Foreign Service Act of 1946,'' Mr. Thompson wrote Di- rector Shriver, ''provided the ap- plicant measures upto other quali- fications of age, education and suit- ability required for appointment at this higher grade."
The Department plans to supple- ment these arrangements with "an aggressive and intense"' recruiting drive among qualified Peace Corps Volunteers.
The Director General of the For- eign Service noted that these ar- rangements will be kept "under constant review'' and will be amended as necessary "to insure the fullest possible utilization of Peace Corps talent in recruiting for the Foreign Service."
In acknowledging Mr. Thomp- son's letter Director Shriver wrote:
"The efforts the Department of State is making to facilitate the examination process and the other measures outlined in your letter are very much appreciated. I know that many Volunteers are inter- ested in the Foreign Service and will be applying to take the exami- nations...
"I am gratified to know that you intend to make the Peace Corps one of the major recruiting grounds for the Foreign Service andappre- ciate your personal interestinthis matter."
RIO DE JANEIRO--Consul General Joseph S. Henderson is shown when he presented a certifi- cate for completion of the ‘‘Nationality Law and Consular Procedure’”’ FS! correspondence course to Mrs. Claude Marie Scarfo, a local employee. Others in the photograph are, left to tight, her husband, Richard Scarfo, Consular Officer; Sylvia N. Gobira, Marlene Vascon- celos da Silva, and Antonio T. Pombo, all members of the staff of the Passport Office.
: i | : '
BREAKTHROUGH IN DATA PROCESSING
Test Proves Computer Can Store,
Retrieve Substantive Information
In related development, improvement of administrative
systems evident as department acquires first electronic computer
HORTLY before three o'clock
on the afternoon of September 6, 1962, three State Department limousines rolled up to the base- ment entrance of the Pentagon, received quick recognition from the guards stationed there, and proceeded on into the alleyways underneath the building.
After a short journey, the limou- sines halted at an unpretentious entranceway to the Pentagon, and from the cars emerged twelve top Department officials, including the Secretary, the Under Secre- taries, and most of the Assistant Secretaries. Met there by the Sec- retary of the Air Force, the State Department party was quickly ushered into a small conference room adjoining the computer cen-
MECHANICAL MEMORY--The Digital Computer shown was used in the demonstration at the Air Force Computer Center, Pentagon. The launched the Department on a program @ system of automated support for researchers,
demonstration
ter of the Air Force Statistical Services Division.
This unorthodox entry into the Pentagon set the stage for an equally unusual demonstration that had been prepared by State's Division of Automated Data Pro- cessing (the office symbol is ADP) at the request of the Under Secre- tary for Political Affairs. In less than an hour this demonstration effectively established the feasi- bility of using computers to store and retrieve Departmental sub- stantive information. In so doing it helped launch the Department on an exciting new path of de- velopment leading to a system of mechanized support for re- searchers, desk officers, policy planners, and decision-makers
leading to at desk officers, drives
who daily depend on substantive information and who frequently need it in a hurry.
As a direct result of the demon- strated capability of computer systems to supply such informa- tion, the Secretary approved a request for the necessary funds to establish an operational pro- totype system in one area of the Department during FY 1964.
‘Tn format of the demonstra- tion that had these important consequences was almost decep- tively simple. Following brief in- troductory remarks indicating the range of information contained in
(Continued on next page)
policy plenners and decision-makers who depend on the quick re- trieval of information. The card reader and the master control are the left. Behind them is the data processing unit. The tape and printer are on the right;
15 tape drives were used.
ive tly
n= ter la~
ids
the
‘ae ant P- in= the
ge)
tape sed.
the computer file, an ADP spokes- man asked the officials to post several questions at random to
test the computer's speed and effectiveness in retrieving infor- mation. In less time than it takes to tell about it, the group formu- lated half a dozen questions of general interest and significance. Within several minutes these ques- tions were converted into machine language and were given to the computer to be matched against the documents stored on the com- puter's magnetic tape.
Approximately 15 minutes after the questions had first beenasked, and just as the group completed its tour of the machine room, the computer's high speed printer be- gan pouring forth "answers''—or more accurately, printed copies of documents containing information pertinent to the requests—at the rate of one page every three seconds.
This dramatic moment brought into clear focus the very purpose of the project—to demonstrate in a realistic manner the potential which computers have for sup- porting substantive operations in the Department of State.
Tus moment also brought to an end the tremendous amount of work required to make the demonstration possible. Early in May, ADP—a division of the Office of Operations—had begun its ef- fort to gather all of the informa- tion documents held in the De- partment concerning the country selected as the subject of the experimental project. This ex- haustive search for information— whether political, economic, cul- tural, military, biographic, or whatever—led to the files of 14 different offices scattered throughout the Department. It re- quired nearly two months before all the relevant files had been located and a reproduced copy of each unique document ob- tained.
Early in the project ADP had also begun to train eight junior Foreign Service officers and one officer from Records Manage- ment in the process of preparing document entries for the computer. During a period of three months
_this small group—under the gen-
eral guidance of appropriate desk officers—succeeded brilliantly in building a comprehensive and up-
to-date file of information about
the subject country. At almost
_ very step of the way this process required the exercise of sound
© judgment about the substantive
February 1963
contents of the documents.
First of all, a decision had to
be made whether or not to in-
clude a given document in the file at all; only 3300 of some 6000 documents passed this ini- tial scrutiny.
Secondly, a decision had to be made either to accept the docu- ment in verbatim form or to pre- pare a reduced version of it— either by abstracting the docu- ment or by extracting its most
significant sentences and para- graphs.
Finally, appropriate indexing codes had to be applied to the
document, and this was. extremely important, since these codes pro- vided the basis for the computer's selection of documents in answer to the various requests.
The final steps in the file- building process were purely me- chanical in nature: the complete document entries and their as- sociated indexes were keypunched and then placed on magnetic tape.
As the computer file grew, its usefulness increased. The ADP group began to practice interro- gating the file, evaluating the re- sponses, and refining the query technique on the basis of these results. As might be expected, the computer system responded
better to certain categories of questions than to others. From the very beginning it handled
rather specific requests for in- formation quite wellmas for ex- ample:
“How did each of the NATO countries vote in the U.N. on Issues A, B, and C?”
‘What countries have supplied arms to Organization Z?’’
‘What are the expressed views of Mr. X on Issue Y?””
On the other hand, very broad questions required considerable attention in query formulation to prevent the computer from re- trieving too much minimally rele- vant material.
‘What impact would Event X have on
the economy of Country Y?”’ “What is the guerrilla|capability of Or-
ganization Z?”’
‘What is the general level of educa- tion in Country Y?”’
“What progress has been made in imple- menting Policy A?”
As the computer file system approached its final form, desk officers began to ask questions that had operational significance.
‘What is the political complexion of Or- ganization Y?”’
“Which leaders of Organization Z have visited which Communist Bloc countries and on what occasions?”
“What public statements and what pri- vate statements have the leaders of Coun- try X made about Issue Y?”’
Ar a practice demonstration held in August three desk officers each posed several questions for the computer. All three were suffi- ciently pleased with the results to request that they be allowed to keep the computer responses for their own personal files.
Two of the officers reported seeing important documents among the output to their questions that they had never before known ex- isted. The ability of the computer system to satisfy these experts was one of the most significant measures of its success.
As this description of the sys- tem suggests, the computer capa- bility that was demonstrated ine volved nothing more than the speedy and effective storage and retrieval of information. Despite rumors and reports to the con- trary, it involved neither the simu- lation of foreign policy situations nor the attempt to make decisions by means of a computer.
Given the limited techniques that are presently available, the pri- mary value of a computer to De- partmental operations lies in its ability to manage large volumes of information and to retrieve andas- sociate this information upon re- quest, thereby giving informational support to the more demanding processes of planning, decision making, and the conduct of day- to-day operations.
Even though the experimental project successfully demonstrated a computer storage and retrieval capability, the system and techni- ques used in that particular proj- ect by no means represent the full range of information retrieval and analysis capabilities that can be brought to bear in a mechanized system.
The next step in ADP's develop- ment of a modern information re- trieval system will be the installa- tion in a single area of the Depart- ment of an operational prototype system tailored to meet the needs of the users in that area.
At present the ADP staff is studying several possible areas that would lend themselves to this initial mechanization effort. Once one of these has been selected and the nucleus of an operational sys- tem established there, then the mechanized system can be grad- ually extended to include other areas of the Department and to handle other kinds of problems associated with the retrieval and analysis of substantive informa- tion.
This article reports the results of an experi- mental project described by Henry H. Ford, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Operations, in the July, 1962, issue of the News Letter. See related story on next page.
13
A
SHE’S REALLY STACKED--WITH FIGURES
Maggie Does Magnificent Things
On Her Magic Magnetic Tapes
By F. P. DiBLASI, JR.
ECENTLY, the Department of
State took a giant step toward further improvement of its admin- istrative systems by hiring Maggie. Among those who know her best, she is described as being of med- ium build, fast, dependable, and accurate. She works in the Di- vision of Automated Data Pro- cessing (ADP) and doesn't mind being called on, day or night. By today's standards she really is a modest young thing, yet fully capa- ble of performing her present duties plus those which are being prepared for her to assume dur- ing the next several months.
Some idea of her ability may be gleaned from her ''vital statis- tics,"" which are attracting con- siderable attention these days:
She can read from or write on each of her four magnetic tapes (whence her name—Maggie) at the rate of 40,000 characters per sec- ond and she can print information at 600 lines per minute. She can read 800 punched cards a minute, punch 250 cards a minute, and re- member 8,000 numbers and letters at one time. (She will remember up to twice as much if her pay is raised.) Unfortunately she cannot think for herself and must be thoroughly instructed in everything she does. However, she executes each instruction given to her in millionths of a second!
Obviously ''Maggie" is an alias. Her real name is IBM 1401 and she is the Department's first electronic computer.
Berore she was allowed to re- port for duty, her bosses carefully laid out a unique andvariedcareer for Maggie. Although she is as- signed to ADP, she doesn't care whose work she does and as soon as she becomes helpful in one area she begins helping in another. In time she will provide assistance to managers of many administrative systems and users of administra-
Mr. DiBlasi is Chief of the Division of Automated Data Processing, Office of Opera- tions, Bureau of Administration.
14
tive information by giving them pertinent amd accurate data pre- cisely when needed, Contrary to some fears (and a few scattered wishes) an electronic computer can only assist—it cannot replace— management, because a computer is unable to think.
Since coming to the Department in September, Maggie has taken over all the allotment accounting operations previously done on punched card machines plus other accounting which that equipment was unable to do. She now handles over 40,000 transactions a month for almost 2,000 allotment ac- counts. Transactions are received from the Office of Finance by nine o'clock each morning, they are recorded, new balances are com- puted, updated reports are printed and returned to that office before noon! Of course, she also helps with many other tasks such as telling every post each month how much of its money was spent by each of the other posts, and pro- viding information for the finan- cial reports required by other agencies.
Anxious to do more and more, Maggie is being instructed in how to assist management stillfurther. For example, a travel advance system now in development will cause the computer to examine the status of each traveler's account and automatically print a bill to the traveler for the amount he owes. Aside from the dollar bene- fits which will accrue to the De- partment, morale amongtravelers certainly will be improved. No longer will one lie awake nights trying to recall whether he is in- debted to D.S. Travel Advance Ac- count No. 2035.
Although she is not yet working in personnel systems, Maggie, through her electronic abilities, can enhance the effectiveness of functions such as recruitment, se- lection, assignments, career plan- ning and allowances. Toward this purpose her co-workers in PER and ADP are spelling out the specific duties she will have in an integrated, personnel infor- mation system.
An integrated system, which only
a computer can support, will have complete data on people and po- sitions, and will produce summary, detailed or selective information at electronic speeds. Obviously Maggie cannot and will not make management decisions, but she can be of invaluable assistance in bringing together all facts which have a bearing on agiven problem. Moreover, a computer can weight the facts in accordance with man- agement's desires. Such a system will replace the present slow, te- dious methods of manually search- ing andcorrelating datafrom sepa- rate sources.
The most difficult problem in making such a system work well is establishing effective and eco- nomical procedures for gathering the most recent personnel data and converting these to a ma- chinable form. Happily, this prob- lem is partially solved by PER's automatic method of writing per- sonnel actions and simultaneously producing punched cards, which is probably the most advanced sys- tem of this type in the Govern- ment.
In a few weeks Maggie will as- sume all of the punched card pay- roll operations leading to the is- suance of salary checks, a subject dear to our hearts. She will do these operations about three times faster and more efficiently, but of greater importance she will auto- matically provide the salary data needed for the accounting system at the same time, Also, Maggie will give special attention to em- ployee services by furnishing with the check complete information on bonds, premium pay, deductions and leave.
Maggie has a reasonably capa- ble arithmetical side to her nature although she recognizes only zero and one. (She calculates in binary, a primitive forerunner of the deci- mal system that people use.) But she figures so fast, in her own way, that she can add or subtract two five-digit numbers over 4,000 times in one second. Other arith- metic functions are alittle slower. This ability will carry her career into several statistical areas of the Department's business.
For a long time, ADP has done statistical jobs for functions such as passport, communications and transportation on its conventional punched card machines. However, the mathematical limitations of that equipment precluded the possibility of mechanizing statistical opera- tions on a complete systems basis. With a computer, the development of such systems is quite feasible and the efficacy of a statistical
(see MAGGIE, page 16) Department of State News Letter
Maggie- The Magic Computer
»
William H. Orrick, Jr.,
Deputy Under Secretary for Administration, discusses Maggie's tape drives with Herman Bancom, of the Division of Automated Data. Each 2400-foot tape can store about
10,000 one-page telegrams.
o>
Bill Mayo of ADP
checks on computer units. At left is the input station--a card reader or reproducer. To Mayo’s immediate right is the data processing unit which can store 4,000 characters in its memory. It can also do arithmetic problems faster than
you can say electronic computer.
Q
Henry H. Ford (right), Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Operations,
and F. P. DiBlasi, Jr., ADP Chief, are shown in front
of the computer’s 600-word- a-minute printer.
[ scxtvet*=] MAGGIE
system for the Visa Office is now being studied.
Maggie should prove to bea''gal Friday'' to management in many areas by detecting trends and fore- casting changing conditions, by ac- curately prorating costs through statistical sampling techniques, and by projecting the probable ef- fects of contemplated changes in policy for administrative opera- tions.
Eecrronic computers, to- gether with related data processing machines, confront all of us witha challenge to be imaginative and quick to respondto opportunity, be- cause this equipment opens vast, new possibilities for improving our administrative systems.
Despite their amazing speedand versatility, however, computers cannot solve a single administra- tive problem! Only people can solve problems. What a computer cando is implement better solutions to problems=solutions which possi- bly could be designed before, but only now can be installed. To afar greater degree than any earlier equipment, electronic data proces- sing machines have broken down the fences that restrict our ability to design and operate administra- tive systems in the most practical and efficient way. These systems usually consist of chains of manually performed, repetitive tasks. Such tasks are not done well by people inasmuch as people have the ability to think, which is an ability to deviate from procedure,
Junior FSO’s Hear Capt. Beach
The Junior Foreign Service Of- ficer's Club played host last month to Captain Edward L. Beach, who commanded the U.S. nuclear sub- marine, Triton, on its historic submerged navigation of the globe.
Captain Beach, accompanied by other officers of the submarine crew, spoke to aninformal gather- ing of Club members about the im- pact of nuclear technology on mili- tary strategy.
Members of the International Junior Diplomats in Washington Club were also present. The talk was part of JFSOC's continuing program to hold informal gather- ings at members' homes so that junior officers in Washington can easily meet their colleagues from foreign embassies.
16
thereby causing serious problems. This has long been recognized by alert management. However, due to the limited capability of con- ventional equipment, most ad- ministrative systems had to be made to operate as best they could by the age-old expedient of using people to act as machines. Today's data processing equip-
ment makes it possible for us to use machines to do jobs which can be done best by machines and to free people's time for thinking, a job that only can be done by people. This simple fact expresses a basic objective of the De-
partment's Automated Data Pro- cessing Program—an objective that Maggie will help us to attain.
ADVISERS--Members of the Advisory Committee on the Foreign Relations Series are shown, left to right: Richard W. Leopold, Northwestem University; Philip W. Thayer, Johns Hopkins University; Clarence A. Berdah!, Southern Illinois University; Dexter Perkins, University of Pittsburgh; Leland M. Goodrich, Columbia University, and Fred H. Harrington, University of Wisconsin. Robert H. Wil- son, Duke University, was not present. The Advisers met with top officials in the Historical Office.
State Hopes to Keep Historical Series
Within Twenty Years of Currency
ECRETARY Rusk has praised
the Department's Advisory Committee on the ''Foreign Rela- tions'' Series for its ''reasonable"' recommendations that these vol- umes be published in chronologi- cal order and be kept within 20 years of currency.
The Advisory Committee is comprised of seven scholars nomi- nated for 3-year terms by the American Historical Association, the American Society of Inter- national Law, and the American Political Science Association.
The group were guests of Sec- retary Rusk at a recent luncheon. Members were in Washington to attend the sixth annual meeting with the top staff of the Depart- ment's Historical Office and to discuss the problems encountered in editing and publishing the De- partment's series entitled ''For- eign Relations of the United States."
Now pastits centennial year, this series constitutes the official rec- ord of the foreign policy of the United States. The Foreign Rela- tions Series, edited in the His- torical Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, has been published on an
annual basis since 1861, anditnow totals 215 volumes.
In a letter to Dexter Perkins, University of Pittsburgh, Chairman of the Committee; Secretary Rusk thanked the members of the Ad- visory Committee for their report and "for the time and thought that you have generously given to the problem."
The Secretary laudedthe group's recommendations and said he would "so inform our Historical Office."
The Secretary added: "You will understand, however, that publica- tion of a volume may occasionally be delayed because of the current sensitivity of significant docu- ments. I trust that such instances will be rare and that we can hold to a twenty-year line with fair regularity."
Other members of the Advisory Committee are FredH. Harrington, University of Wisconsin; Richard W. Leopold, Northwestern Univer- sity; Philip W. Thayer, Johns Hop- kins University; Robert R. Wilson, Duke University; Leland M. Good- rich, Columbia University, and Clarence A. Berdahl, Southern Illi- nois University.
Department of State News Letter
ng,
ses de- rO= hat
t to ity; and Wil.
ice.
White House ls Guiding Pay Reforms
President Kennedy has issued an executive order which provides for the administration of the Fed- eral Salary Reform Act of 1962,
In a letter accompanying the order, the President directed de- partment and agency heads to make sure that positions in the Federal service are classified properly and that employees possess all neces- sary qualifications for their po- sitions,
Executive order 11073 directs department and agency heads to:
Make full use of the Salary Reform Act to get and keep an efficient Federal work force.
Use the authority given them to moti- vate employees to perform continuously at their full capacity, and to insure that in matters of pay all employees covered by the act are treated fairly.
Insure that Government receives full value for the money its spends on salaries, and that every employee is paid no more than is warranted by the nature of his as- signments and the degree of competence with which he performs them.
The Director of the Budget
Federal Managers
WO powerful new tools have
been placed in the hands of government managers by the 1962 Federal Salary Reform Act to re- move the roadblock of ''dead level mediocrity'' built by automatic within-grade salary increases.
In a special bulletin to Depart- ment heads, the Civil Service Com- mission instructed management on its new authority under the Act to grant ''additional'"' pay increases to employees doing "high quality' work and to withhold within-grade increases from employees not working up to the new high stand- ards set by the Act.
The instructions apply to all employees paid in accordance with the General Schedule of the Classi- fication Act or in accordance with the Exempted Salary Schedule pur- suant to administrative action.
They do not apply to Foreign Service personnel or toemployees whose compensation is fixed by statute, personnel service con- tracts or wage boards.
February 1963
Bureau and the chairman of the Civil Service Commission are re- quired to submit to the President by December 31 of each year a report comparing the rates of Fed- eral statutory salaries with rates paid for the same levels of work in private enterprise.
Salary comparisons will be based on findings made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey.
The Budget Bureau and Civil Service Commission will provide authorized representatives of Fed- eral employee organizations with the BLS findings, the methods used in the survey, and the results obtained,
After receiving and considering the views of employee organi- zations, CSC and BOB will for- ward the employee organizations’ views to the President withthe an- nual report.
The order authorizes the Civil Service Commission to issue any necessary regulations and stand- ards to insure that within-grade increases are awarded only to those employees whose work is of an acceptable level of competence,
It requires each department and agency to establish a simple and fair plan for granting additional within-grade increases for high quality performance.
Agency plans must permit de- cisions on within-grade increases to be made at an appropriate super-
visory level. All employees in the agency will be informed at least once a year of the number of quality increases granted in their agencies,
The Civil Service Commission is required to establish regulations and standards, to the extent it deems appropriate, for such agency plans, The Commission will aid and advise agencies in drawing up plans, and will inspect the agen- cies' plans and their operations to make sure within-grade increases are granted in a manner that is fair to employees and in a way that provides motivation for high quality performance.
New Civil Service Film
Act of Honor, a 28-minute 16-mm color motion picture film which traces the Federal civil service from 1883 to the present, has been produced by the Civil Service Com- mission and is available for show- ing.
Prints may be borrowed from of- fices of the Civil Service Commis- sion,
About 52 percent of all Federal employees have veteran's prefer- ence, including some 65 percent of all men and 8 percent of all women.
Have New Authority Under Pay Act
Under a provision of the Act an employee will be given a within- grade increase if his work is "'of an acceptable level of competence as determined by the head of the department.'' The new ruling does away with the "automatic" pay in- crease tied to a "'satisfactory'' performance rating.
Management will also be per- mitted under the new provision to grant an additional increase, above the within-grade step, to employ- ees "in recognition of high quality performance above that ordinarily found in the type of position con- cerned,"
A Foreign Affairs Manual Cir- cular (98B), recently issued, in- forms supervisors of their new responsibilities in conforming to the Act.
The Civil Service Commission bulletin states:
"For many years Federal man- agers have blamed the classifica- tion system governing white collar
pay for its failure to allow them to adjust the salary rates of their em- ployees according to the actual work performance of the individual. 'A dead level of mediocrity,' many claimed, resulted from giving the same basic compensation to all employees doing similar work and granting increases in rates within the grade almost automatically ac- cording to length of service on the job. Now, under the Federal Salary Reform Act passed in October 1962, this roadblock to effective salary administration has been removed. Congress has placed two powerful new tools in the hands of Federal managers for recognizing individ- ual performance by their work- OFBecce
"The pursuit of excellence is an imperative of our times, both in private and public life. The two new salary authorities ... give Federal managers a continuing opportunity to influence the mo- tivation and performance of their Classification Act employees."
7
| |
By WILLIAM J. CROCKETT Assistant Secretary of State for Administration
OR more than two years the
Department has been decen- tralizing its administrative pro- cess, delegating more authority to the posts, and freeing them from the straight jackets of rigid rules and regulations.
And now, I am happy to Say, we are beginning to harvest the crops that we have tended so long. I have found, in a number of posts visited, a healthy resurgence of individual initiative, a new vigor in the discharge of administrative duties.
This reformation must continue until all posts have been recharged with the determination, the courage and the initiative to get the job done—to give the Chiefs of Mis- sion the strongest administrative support possible. After all, that's what the administrative personnel are there for.
Toward this end, it is the policy of the Department to encourage boldness, to back up those officers who blend common sense with initiative in finding new ways and better ways to perform their work.
The Department does not want fumbling and hesitancy; it does not want slavish adherence tothe letter of every regulation when good judgment dictates a better course.
Oftentimes, in fact, the very best operation may be the one where the administrative niceties, the regulatory punctilio are the poorest. We must rate our opera- tors primarily by the success of their overall achievements and only secondarily upon their ability to follow regulations, and to pre- pare flawless but sometimes meaningless reports.
Waar are the qualities, the con- cepts and the standards of the good administrative officer?
First, a goodadministrator pre- pares for the future. He is prudent in the use of resources and in making future commitments. He knows that there will come times when annual budgets may be cut, and when other agency reimburse-
18
THE REFORMATION GOES ON
Vigor and Initiative Mark Post Administration
Mr. Crockett
ments may be reduced or lost en- tirely; laws don't get passed, funds don't get appropriated, and other needs arise in other areas of the world.
The good administrative officer is prepared to weather such exi- gencies. Instead of putting all his annual funds or year-end windfalls into fancy new furnishings, into paint and showy renovation, hehas put a good portion of his funds into the bank! How? By buying and stocking the things that he will be called upon to buy in the future—
gasoline, spare parts, supplies, lumber, paints, advance rentals, etc.
By this means, the post is not living on a day-to-day basis but has provided for that rainy day when there may be no funds for anything but bare operations. Fortunate indeed is the post with an administrative officer who had the vision to see a rainy day ahead!
In like manner, the good opera- tor carefully calculates the future costs of today's decisions and ac- tions and ensures that there will be enough resources in the future to carry the ongoing implication of today's decisions.
Second, to do a good job, an administrative officer mustde- velop good contacts—with the Em- bassy, foreign nationals, airport and customs officials, United States military commands, hospi- tals and supply groups, the Ameri-
can school and many others.
These friendships must range widely—through the American and local business community, air- lines, hotels, and transportation agencies, heads of U.S. agencies, etc.,—for it is the personal con- tact which unlocks doors that could not be cracked by a diplomatic note or an OM to Washington! It is friendship, created by positive cultivation and based upon mutual respect and confidence that se- cures for the Embassy an extra quota of gasoline from the For- eign Office, free entry for the Trade Fair's goods, first priority access to the Army surplus stocks, those extra cars from that other agency, or room on the Attache plane for bringing in stocks, etc.
The good administrative officer wiil make strong and lasting friend- ships for the post that will obtain for all (not for himself) manifold benefits not covered by regulations or bilateral agreement! This is the essence of his job.
Tuo, the good administrative officer will strive to perfect his own administrative organization and operation. The keystone to the administrative strength of an Em- bassy is a group of well selected, well trained, and trusted local employees who know their jobs.
This means that the local em- ployees must be properly appre- ciated, respected, and used as a basic resource. They must know their duties and their responsi- bilities.
To accomplish this, there should be accurate job descriptions, or- ganizational charts, and written procedures for routine functions. Wage scales must be realistic and the attitudes of all Americans, and most especially the admin- istrative Americans, must create a climate of equality, friendship, and trust. Such a climate will preserve for the locals their stat- ure, their dignity and their con- fidence.
Fourth, the able administrative officer keeps in mind that he is the administrative officer to all of the staff. His clientele is the Ambassador, the Counselors, the
Department of State News Letter
ity
Lin 1d ns he
ve
on he ne od, sal
VIENNA--Congressman John J. Rooney, Chairman of the House Ap- propriations Subcommittee on the Departments of State, Justice and Commerce, the Judiciary and Related Agencies, presented em- ployee awards to members of the Embassy staff during his recent
fact-finding trip. Shown above, left to right, Hans Schikotanz;
(Continued from preceding page)
Foreign Service officers, the Staff Corps, USIS, AID, the military, the secretaries, the Marine Guards, the local employees—the highest to the most humble.
He must ensure equity of treat- ment, equity of social opportunity, equity of housing, of schooling, of representation at meetings, of rep- resentation at the Ambassador's parties, etc. Morale—the total morale—is his responsibility.
He must guard against frag- mentation of the mission and the promotion of small cliques. He must promote the general wel- fare in dozens of different ways— both officially and unofficially— by originating ideas and sup- porting ideas, by his presence, and by his actions.
Fits, the knowledgeable ad- ministrative officer strives al- ways for an integrated mission. The Ambassador represents the United States Government. The people of the mission must have a sense of belonging to the whole. They must lose their fierce agency loyalties and acquire a new loyal- ty for the entire ''diplomatic mis- sion,"
They will not achieve U.S. ob- jectives if they are in fragmented groups working at cross purposes and at sword points. The admin- istrative officer—through his of- ficial and unofficial interest—can ensure that the mission does be- come an integrated whole working for the total U.S. effort under the
February 1963
Richard Straus, Consular Officer; Stefan
are Franz Seyfried; Henmueller; Oskar
Ambassador. This will take his time, and much effort and even some of his money, but it is a job that is well worth achieving. It is his job to draft the pattern— group orientation, newcomers! parties, bridge groups, recrea- tional programs, and countless other activities which display a genuine interest in people are his working tools.
Sixtus, the knowing administra- tor will cultivate a genuine con- cern for the people at his post. Administration is a service activ- ity, but many of our administrative personnel are not "service" ori- ented. The job of administration is not one of control, of being a policeman, or serving as a watch- dog for every man's conscience. The job of administration is to provide the things that people need to make them into an effective, healthy, efficient workforce for the United States.
There must be a genuine con- cern on the part of all the ad- ministrative staff for people and their welfare—for people who must remain too long in hotels, for people who can't find proper hous- ing, for the kinds of schools there are for children, for the recrea- tional facilities for all the staff, for voucher payments unduly de- layed, for privileges and facili- ties that people need to do their jobs and to live comfortably—and so on ad infinitum.
The good administrative officer will build this kind of administra- tive concern into the hearts of his staff so that people do receive
Mitschek; Ray Jones; Hermine Roeser; Preben R. Nielsen; Gertrude Tanzer; Mr. Rooney; Dwight J. Porter, Deputy Chief of Mission; Otto Kreutzer; William J. Crockett, Assistant Secretary for Ad- ministration, who accompanied Mr. Rooney on the trip; Franz Em; Adalbert Bretterbaver; Konrad Mauritz and Friedrich Herrmann. The ceremony took place on November 29.
kind, considerate, efficient, and imaginative service.
A seventh point: the Embassy administrative officer must also be the administrative officer for all the consulates within his coun- try. In many ways, people as- signed to consulates may have a harder situation with regard to facilities—commissaries, schools, privileges, medical service, etc.— than do people at the Embassy. Care must be exercised to ensure that resources of money, people, etc., are equitably distributed to the consulates. The consulates are a part of the good administrative officer's concern.
The eighth point I would make concerns attention to little things. The general appearances and at- mosphere of an Embassy rest upon numerous little things done well. These things constitute a telling commentary on the effi- ciency and morale of the Em- bassy in general and of the ad- ministrative operation in particu- lar.
G ENERAL appearance may have some relationship to the availa- bility of funds, but it has a very direct relationship to the finesse, ingenuity, and effectiveness of ad- ministrative operations. The equipment may be old and the build- ing inappropriate, but cleanliness and orderliness can still exist. Clean restrooms, attractively
painted apartments, slip covered, furniture that is clean and neat, well polished floors, matched furn-
(Continued on next page)
9
(Continued from preceding page)
ishings (regardless of age), covered typewriters, absence of piles of paper, books and junk; well clipped hedges and lawns, clean cars and neat chauffeurs, attentive and alert receptionists, courteous Marine Guards, expeditious hand- ling of visitors' mail, time and method of clearance through cus- toms, and many other things almost too numerous to mention, alladdup to the fact that there is attention being given to the operating de- tails of the place. When the little things are well taken care of, the whole general appearance and operating atmosphere of the es- tablishment will virtually shout efficiency and excellence. The really good operation attains its excellence by the manner in which the small details are foreseen and handled by all of the staff.
My ninth point relates to the positive thrust of administration in its support of programs. This means much more than giving service. It means that criticisms of administrative operations are not received defensively but with the knowledge that each criticism may be an opportunity to find, to improve, and to correct de- ficiencies.
It means listening patiently and interestedly to every person's needs with the thought that some- thing can be done to help. It means that regulations or fund shortages or staff shortages are not used as easy excuses to refuse re- quests. It means that a serious, willing effort is made to give people what they want and need.
Ir means that administrative regulations, procedures, andother requirements are not used to put artificial ''controls'' upon program objectives. It means that all al- ternative avenues of approach will be explored for getting the job done when, for some good reason, the job can't be achieved as re- quested. It means a general at- titude which assumes at once that all things can be achieved—there is no acceptance of "It can't be done."' It means that the larger point of view will be the approach rather than the narrow. How can one judge this positive approach? In a few minutes conversation with the heads of the sections and agencies a visitor can obtain al- most full knowledge of the place of administration at the mission— a lackey or a leader!
The tenth point I wish to make concerns the initiative displayed in an administrative operation. This initiative can run the gamut of the official and the unofficial.
It may be evidenced in such things as Embassy clubs, commissaries, recreational facilities, movies for the staff and children, orientation programs for newcomers; kits of pots and pans, blankets, sheets, etc., assembled in advance to as- sist people before their effects arrive; temporary quarters for newcomers, Christmas parties for staff or for children, bridge groups, cooperation with other missions on schools, doctors, nurses, etc,; GSO facilities such as electrical, carpentry and plumbing shops; garage services, assistance with tours and tickets, exchange programs for personnel between the Embassy and the con- sulates, country conferences, language programs, employee loan funds, tie-ins with Army facili- ties and local facilities, displays of local merchandise for per- sonal purchases, and other activi- ties too numerous to mention.
Tse things probably won't be called for by any regulation. They are the extra dividends that a post receives from the personal efforts of the good administra- tive officer but they are vital elements in achieving excellence.
The unofficial activities prob- ably won't cost the U.S. Govern- ment a dime—in fact such serv- ices may be making a great deal of money for the employees of the post that in turn can be used to finance other activities for the betterment of all. The officer corps may personally have little need for or interest in such ac- tivities but this should not be the total criteria of their use- fulness. The needs of all the peo- ple who are the total composi- tion of the mission must be the real criteria.
My eleventh and final point, the most important of all, con- cerns common sense. The sound- est concepts of decentralized op- erations based on the best of policies implemented by the most enlightened regulations and backed up by all the standards in the world cannot in and of themselves make a good operation. These things offer no guarantee against damned foolishness, plain bad judg- ment, or inbred narrow bureau- cracy.
Common sense and good judg- ment in relating policy and regu- lations to the situation at hand are the real keystones of our operations.
When we find this happy com- bination we feel that the Depart- ment's efforts of the past two
years toloosen Washington's apron strings, to extend more authority
and flexibility to the field, have not been in vain.
In fact, we see evidence that the new policies have taken a firm root at many posts. And we feel particularly encouraged as the result of a recent letter from a very able Counselor of Em- bassy for Administration.
This officer, who knows well the initiative-stifling atmosphere of the past and the freer air of the present, concluded his mes- sage with these paragraphs:
"I. am no longer working for one of the poorest administered agencies of the Government, Neither is the Ambassador. The reason is simple. He is admin- istering the post and I hope I am helping him, in a manner suited to the needs and objectives of the U.S, Government in this country.
"Resources go where they do the most good. The best personnel talent is applied to the bggest problems. There is no dissipation of time and energy in useless re- porting, elaborate justifications, petty Washington quibbling, andthe like.
= ERSONNEL problems are solved locally by putting round pegs in roundholes, andclassifying jobs and titles to fit the need. There is a climate for initiative and re- sourcefulness. A career can be carved out, not by following 'the book,' but by demonstrating to superiors andinspectors that you— clerk or counselor—are achieving results in the performance of your job which contribute to the ob- jectives of the total U.S. mission. "It is no longer a game for the administrative weak or the timid. No Ambassador, in the exercise of his enormous responsibilities for the total conduct of U.S. pro- grams abroad, can fulfill these responsibilities while dragging the yoke of a complacent administra- tive bureaucracy behind him. Ad- ministration's place is in front. And it is just possible, if ad- ministration tries hard enough and just a little longer, we may make the Ambassador's suspicions come true by actually getting out infront and helping him pull."'
Ninety Federal employees re- cently became "teachers for aday" in seven Washington area school systems. They replaced social science teachers who were attend- ing a conference. Federal employ- ees selected as personable, articu- late, and knowledgeable discussed their jobs, careers in Government, and missions of Federal agencies with some 20,000 high school stu- dents in 250 classes,
Department of State News Letter
Seat fii ee
at
ire
ing
ind
ont
re- ay" 1001 cial nd- oy- cu- sed ent, ‘ies tu}
TO ASSIST AMERICAN FIRMS
State Establishes Advisory Committee
On International Business Problems
HE establishment of an Ad-
visory Committee on Inter- national Business Problems and the appointment of Clarence B. Ran- dall, former Chairman of the Board of Inland Steel, as Chairman, were announced February 4 by the De- partment.
The Committee, which will in- clude two other members, Edwin A. Locke, Jr., of Chicago, and Lloyd N. Cutler, of Washington, D.C. will advise the Secretary, and the Administrator of the Agency for International Development on the handling of specific business problems confronting American firms abroad. Other members may be appointed later.
The Committee will give particu- lar attention to the application of the Hickenlooper Amendment (Sec- tion 620e) of the Foreign Assist- ance Act of 1962 which calls for the termination of assistance to countries nationalizing or expro- priating U.S.-owned property un- less "appropriate steps" are taken to meet its obligations under inter- national law.
The Committee will meet periodically to review the handling, by the Department and its missions abroad, of specific business com- plaints submitted by American business in connection with their overseas operations.
In its review, the Committee will be assisted by the Under Sec- retary for Political Affairs, George C. McGhee; the Assistant AID Administrator for Development, Finance and Private Enterprise, Seymour Peyser, and by the De- partment of Commerce's Assistant Secretary for Domestic and Inter- national Business, Dr. Jack Behrman. Abram Chayes, State's Legal Adviser, will act as counsel to the Committee.
Other officers of the Department, AID and, when appropriate, other agencies of the Government, will be called upon to provide information concerning each case for review by the Committee.
Allan J. Robbins, Special Assist- ant for International Business in the Office of the Under Secretary, will serve as Executive Secretary of the Committee, and will be
February 1963
INDUSTRIAL STATESMAN--Under Secretary George W. Ball congratulates Clarence B. Ran- dall, former Chairman of the Board of Inland Steel, after he was sworn in as Chairman of the newly created Advisory Committee on Intemational! Business Problems. The Committee in- cludes two other members; Edwin A. Clark, Jr., of Chicago and Lioyd Cutler, of Washington.
responsible for implementing the Committe's recommendation, after approval by the Secretary and the AID Administrator.
In announcing the establishment of the new Committee, Under Sec- retary George W. Ball said: ''To- day both the Department of State and the American business com- munity recognize the increasing interrelation of American foreign policy and the operation of Ameri- can citizens overseas—including their financial and business in- terests. This requires constant vigilance to make certain that American firms doing business abroad receive a fair break—that they are not discriminated against or unfairly treated. The creation of this Committee is afurther step to improve the effectiveness of the Department's efforts toward that end."
Mr. Ball said that Secretary Rusk's recent communication to American Ambassadors abroad underscoring the importance of American business, and_ the
appointment of a Special Assistant for International Business are other recent examples of Depart- ment actions to better respond to the needs of the American business community.
Recent United States business problems in Ceylon and Brazil have shown us how valuable it would be to be able to call on the wise counsel of leaders of industry in considering the complex prob- lems facing United States industry abroad, he noted.
"We are very fortunate,'' Mr. Ball said, ''to obtain the services of Clarence Randall to chair the Advisory Committee on Interna- tional Business. Mr. Randall has had extensive experience in do- mestic and international business. Since his retirement, he has served both the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations in important ca- pacities. Secretary Rusk and I welcome his advice and counsel and the experience he brings to this new assignment. We wishalso
(see BUSINESS, page 40)
21
\ ied wn
eae
a a
TRADE TALK--Newly assigned commercial officers, attending the opening day program of the FSI course for commercial specialists, were introduced to the problems of trade promotion and invest- ment by (left to right) Carl N. Gibboney, course chairman; Theo- for Commercial
dore J. Hadraba, Coordinator
a
Pere
/
»
.
Activities, State; of the
A Word to Commercial Officers: THE NEW DIMENSION IS DECISIVE ACTION
By DAN H. FENN, JR. Staff Assistant to the President
O start with, I need not remind
this particular group of readers of the President's deep and con- tinuing concern with the task of our commercial officers overseas. Though the angle from which he at- tacks the problem is quite different from that of the man in the field, the two are sharing in a common endeavor in which the nation has a major stake.
He is well aware that the over- all statistics which help mark the international financial and political road we can travel represent the painstaking process of assembling data, assessing opportunities and persuading the often-reluctant American businessman to take ad- vantage of the possibilities offered by aggressive international pro- grams. In short, he can see the men behind the numbers and appre- ciate the work that they are doing.
For my part, I would like to comment briefly on a premise which underlies all of our activities in the world today. Though it is a principal segment of the framework within which we operate, the American people have not yet totally grasped it nor appreciated
These remarks by Mr. Fenn were originally included in a talk at the Foreign Service In- stitute before a class of newly assigned com- mercial specialists. Because of their general applicability the News Letter requested per- mission to reprint them here.
22
all its implications. But to every- one who is professionally involved in world affairs today it is com- pletely familiar.
I am referring to the fundamental change in our international role
TOKYO
HE American Chamber of Com-
merce in Japan has lauded the U.S. Embassy's recent series of briefings for businessmen and has offered to cooperate in planning future programs of this type.
In a letter to U.S. Ambassador Edwin O. Reischauer, Frank E. Allee, Vice President of the Cham- ber, expressed the appreciation of his organization for the 'Know Your Embassy Better Program! and added:
'' The talks by the three Ministers given at our luncheon were con- sidered very instructive. The briefings received highly appreci- ative comments, and I understand that suggestions were made in some Sections for further cooper- ation between these Sections and our Chamber...
"Several of our members have
os ee A 4 . / y
Amembassy Tokyo Cultivates
Good Business Relations
ee
al
Den H. Fenn, Jr., Staff Assistant to the President; and three Department of Commerce officials--Donald Sham, Business and De- fense Services Administration; Robert E. Simpson, Director, Of- fice of Regional Economics, and Eugene M. Braderman, Director recently created Bureau of International Commerce.
which has forced us to abandon our traditional emphasis on foreign re- lations and substitute for it the con- cept of foreign operations.
For most of our history we have been primarily concerned with the
expressed their desire that pro- grams such as this be held annu- ally. I am sure you will find our Chamber leaders very willing to co-operate in such future plans."
The program included discus- sions on the organization, func- tions, and services performed by U.S. Embassy and Consular per- sonnel throughout Japan. It was or- ganized to enable members of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan, and their wives, to know the Embassy better.
It included a luncheon at the American Club, a series of brief- ings at the American Embassy, and a reception at the Ambassador's residence.
Speakers included Mr. Allee, U.S. Minister John K. Emmerson, Minister Arthur Z. Gardiner, and Minister Charles B. Fahs.
Department of State News Letter
establishment, maintenance, utili- zation, repair or disruption of our relations with other countries. Now, suddenly, we find ourselves operating an information ap- paratus, an intelligence apparatus, an economic apparatus, a politi- cal, military and commercial ap- paratus in every part of the globe. Wherever we may be, we are seeking to accomplish certain ob- jectives, trying to make things happen.
Our people overseas are no longer primarily negotiators and reporters and representatives. They are specialists and executives who are running complex, multi- faceted programs and working on a host of different technical assign- ments. They are not essentially analysts and diplomats in the tra- ditional sense. They are doers.
I do not mean to imply that the "doing'' part of the job of an American official overseas has re- placed the "thinking" part with which he has been largely con- cerned in the past. Far from it~ we need careful, precise, creative thought in international affairs to- day as we have never needed it before. What I am saying is that
a new dimension has been added to the traditional functions of our people overseas—the dimension of decisive, effective action.
Tue evidence to support this contention is everywhere. It can be found in the statements of the President and the Secretary of State; in the 1962 standards es- tablished for the State Department Promotion Panels; in such docu- ments as Secretary Rusk's letter to the Ambassadors on the role of the embassies in the trade expan- sion program, a paper of particular interest to readers of this publica- tion. Most of all, it can be found in the nature of the jobs which Americans are called upon to do overseas today in contrast totheir functions a quarter of a century ago.
These changes, which have so vastly affected the institutions through which we conduct our in- ternational business and the men who work in those institutions, have been wrought by the position of leadership into which events and our own national aspirations have thrust us.
Leadership means action, initia- tive, the attempt to make events and circumstances conform to your requirements and objectives.
Our traditional emphasis on re- lations was based on our need to adjust and accommodate; our cur- rent emphasis on operations is based on our need and effort to lead.
It is ironic, at this moment in history when the United States is playing the most active, signifi- cant part in the shaping of world events that it has ever played, when our mix of accommodation and leadership is most heavily weighted on the latter side of the scale, that we are being accused in some quarters of subservience to the views of both our allies and our opponents.
We are told that we should re- turn to ''the old days'"' when Ameri- ca led the world. This interpre- tation of history will not stand much scrutiny!
Given our new posture, the job of the commercial officer be- comes at once more difficult and more rewarding and significant. It calls for a new level of inge- nuity and imagination, of knowl- edge, wisdom and perception, of initiative, vigor and decisiveness. The men who undertake these duties and understand these new requirements are owed the grati- tude and best wishes of all of us.
OTTAWA--Participants in the recent Principal Officers’ Conference held here are shown above. Seated around the table, left to right, are: Arne Fliflet, Vancouver; John H. Morris, Winnipeg; Homer W. Lanford, St. John’s; Alton L. Gillikin, Halifax; George F. Wilson, Windsor; W. Park Armstrong, Toronto; Jules Wayne, Ottewa; Iven B. White, Ottawa; Williom H. Orrick, Jr., Deputy Under Sec- tetery for Administration, Washington; Ambassador to Canada W. Welton Butterworth; Williom R. Tyler, Assistant Secretary for Euro-
February 1963
pean Affairs, Washington; Francis A. Linville, Ottawa; Avery F. Peterson, newly-designated Consul General at Vancouver; Jerome T. Gasperd, Montreal; M. Robert Rutherford, Edmonton; Walter Mueller, Saint John; Edwin J. Madill, Ca end Richard H. Courtenaye, Quebec. Left wall: Brandon H. Grove, Jr., Special Assistant to Deputy Under Secretary for Administration, Washington, and Delmar R. Carlson, Officer in Charge, Canadian Affairs, Washington. Right wall: Maynard Glitman and Lowrence W. von Hellens. Ottewa.
23
AN INTER-AGENCY MATTER
Latin American Committee: An Effective Instrument
HE Latin American Policy Committee, begun as an ex- periment in March, 1962, ap- proaches its first anniversaryasa very real and very effective instru- ment of Department policy-making. Essentially an _ inter-agency group, the Committee studies coun- tries or situations, formulates policy on the basis ofthese studies and follows up on the execution of these coordinated policies by the agencies concerned,
To succeed in sucha broad man- date, the committee must, and does, represent all agencies with major policy interests in Latin America,
Chaired by Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs Edwin M, Martin, the Committee includes three other State Department of- ficials—Walt W, Rostow, Counse- lor of the Department and Chairman of the Policy Planning Council; Roger Hilsman, Director of In- telligence and Research, and Ster- ling J, Cottrell, the senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs,
The White House is represented by Special Assistants tothe Presi- dent Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Ralph Dungan. Other agencies in- volved and their representatives on
LIMA--Dougles Henderson, Charge d’Affcires, .i., recently pre- sented two-year Safe Driving Awards to Embassy chauffeurs. Left vera; Luis Medrano; Alejendro Hvaman; Mr.
to right ere Antero Ri
24
the Committee are:
The United States Information Agency Donald Wilson, Deputy Di- rector, and Hewson Ryan, Assistant Director for Latin America.
The Agency for International De- velopment—Teodoro Moscoso, United States Co-ordinator for the Alliance for Progress, and Graham Martin, Deputy U.S, Co-ordinator.
The Department of Defense— Paul Nitze, Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs.
The Central Intelligence Agency --Richard Helms, Deputy Director,
Understandably, the Department of State serves as the fulcrum of the Committee's activities—pro- viding, under the direction of As- sistant Secretary Martin, both the Committee staff (W.L.S, Williams, Executive Secretary, and Clint Smith, Staff Secretary) and the bulk of its staff studies and rece ommendations. Meetings are gen- erally held on a weekly basis.
Flexibility is a keynote of the Committee's activities. Thus, though the bulk of its work has consisted of long-range country studies, it also covers suchdivers topics as the spectrum of our cul- tural relations with Latin America
Henderson; Antonio de las Casas; Joseph S.
(a study which was coordinated by Dr. Arturo Morales-Carrion, Deputy Assistant Secretary).
“°C RasH" situations are also provided for—such as the time last April when a proposed strategic study on Central America was deferred in favor of an urgent review of a potentially dangerous situation in the Dominican Re- public—with policy recommenda- tions going forward to the Presi- dent after a week-end of hard work,
The Dominican problem also provides an illustration of the third Committee function—inas- much as the policy formulations of April have since been periodically reviewed to ensure their effective- ness and periodically revised to ensure that the policies specified meet current requirements of the situation,
In any one of the situations out- lined above, the presence of the U.S. Ambassador to the country concerned is always viewed as a welcome addition to the Come mittee's deliberations. In fact, the Committee's schedule is some- times changed to take advantage of the presence in Washington of a given ambassador,
Considerations of security pre- clude a more detailed presenta- tion of the Committee's activi- ties, but it is worth noting that its success is already winning for it the flattery of imitation; staff members report a growing num- ber of inquiries from other areas which are interested in adopting the inter-agency Policy Come mittee idea.
Sagona, Admini stra- tive Officer; Redrigo La Torre and Maximo Flores. The pre- sentations were made during the Embassy's Christmas party.
Department of State News Letter
lso ast gic jas ent us <r la- si- ard
iso the 1s= sof lly re-
to ied the
ute the try 3 a
ct, 1e- > of fa
re- ta- vie hat for taff
eas ‘ing me
Cottrell Heads It
NEW CUBAN OFFICE ADDED TO STATE
N a significant reorganization
move, the Administration last month created the post of Coordi- nator of Cuban Affairs in the De- partment of State.
The new office is the focal point for the development, coordination, recommendation and execution of all U.S. Government policies re- lating to Cuba.
To fill the post, Secretary Rusk appointed Sterling J. Cottrell, a career Foreign Service officer who also serves, by recent appoint- ment, as the sen- ior Deputy Assist- ant Secretary to Edwin M. Martin, Assistant Secre- tary of State for Inter-American Affairs.
In discharging ” his duties, Mr. Mr. Cottrell Cottrell will have the assistance of officers designated for that pur- pose by other interested agencies of the Government. A Coordinating Committee, chaired by the Coordi- nator of Cuban Affairs, will work on problems relating to Cuba.
Mr. Cottrell, who assumed his coordinating duties on January 8, comes from the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs where he was Deputy Assistant Secretary.
Emphasizing the reorganized ef- fort in the handling of Cuban mat- ters, the Department on January 16 announced the opening of an office in Miami, Fla., to serve as the local arm of the Office of Coordinator of Cuban Affairs. In charge of the Miami office is John Hugh Crimmins, alsoacareer Foreign Service officer.
Named to serve as Deputy Co- ordinator in Washington was Rob- ert A. Hurwitch, who had been serving as Special Assistant on Cuban Affairs to Assistant Secre- tary Martin. Clint E. Smith has been named Staff Assistant to the new office's inter-agency Coordi- nating Committee. Mr. Smith al- so will continue to serve as Staff Secretary of the Latin American Policy Committee.
Working in the Coordinator's office are Godfrey H. Summ, who was Officer in Charge of Cuban
February 1963
Affairs in the Office of Carib- bean and Mexican Affairs; Robert T. Follestad, assistant OIC, and Francis Barrett. Cuban affairs were removed from the Office of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs when the Coordinator office was established.
Mae. Cottrell, 48, joined the For- eign Service in 1946. His early posts included Bogota, Caracas, Quito, Panama and Rio de Janeiro. Following assignment to the De- partment as the Brazil desk offi- cer, he attended the Naval War College in 1956. Since then his posts have included Singapore, Djakarta, and Taipei as Deputy Chief of Mission.
In 1959 he was named Political
Adviser to CINCPAC at Honolulu with the personal rank of Minister. In 1961 he was named Director of Task Force Vietnam and in 1962 was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary for Far Eastern Affairs with Southeast Asia as his primary area of responsibility.
Ma. Crimmins, 43, now is Di- rector of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs. He joined the Department of State in 1946 and after a suc- cession of posts inintelligence and research was named first secre- tary at the U.S. Embassy in Riode Janeiro in 1957. In August 1961 he became Deputy Director of the Of- fice of Caribbean Affairs and in February last year was named di- rector of that office.
Mr. Hurwitch, 42, joined the For- eign Service in 1950 and the follow- ing year was assigned to Lima. He was subsequently assigned to Ham- burg, Bonn and Bogota before re- turning to the Department in No- vember 1960 as Officer-in-Charge of Cuban Affairs. He was named Deputy Director of the Office of Caribbean-Mexican Affairs a year ago and then special assistant on Cuban affairs to the Assistant Sec- retary in June 1962.
U.S. Trade Mission Finds Many Opportunities in Europe
HE first industry-organized
trade mission from the U.S, to explore overseas markets for con- sumer goods—a team of men's clothing manufacturers which visited several European countries in November and December—found "many opportunities" for Ameri- can participation in the expanding European market for men's and boys' wear.
The mission delivered its re- port to Vice President Lyndon B, Johnson and Secretary of Com- merce Luther H, Hodges in Wash- ington on January 31 and received the thanks of both for the serv- ices performed,
The mission's survey was cen- tered on Belgium, France and Italy and the Common Market and the United Kingdom, Its purpose was to determine trade opportunities, present or potential; to study and analyze, on the spot, the status and trends in European manu- facturing of men's and boys' wear; and to assess the possibilities for the promotion of American-made apparel in those countries,
The mission was sponsored by The American Institute of Men's and Boys' Wear (AIMBW) which in 1962 suggested to leaders of the industry ''the paramount im- portance" of taking a first-hand look at the economies andthe male apparel industry developments in the European Economic Community and the United Kingdom. Unlike trade missions organized by the Department of Commerce and largely government-financed, this mission was financed privately.
The formulation of plans for the survey coincided with the Federal Government's plans for the trade expansion program, The AIMBW advised the Departments of Com- merce and State of its proposed mission and received assurances from both of their backing of the project,
In proportion to population, Fed- eral employment has decreased significantly from 17 employees for every 1,000 population a few years ago to only 13 today.
Rowan to Head Finland Mission;
Will be Youngest Ambassador
President Kennedy on January 19 nominated Carl T. Rowan, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Af- fairs, as the new U.S. Ambassador to Finland.
According to the office of the Director General of the Foreign Service, Mr. Rowan will be one of the youngest Ambassadors in the history of the United States and the youngest currently to hold a U.S. ambassadorial post.
In the Helsinki assignment Mr. Rowan will succeed Ambassador Bernard A, Gufler, a career dip- lomat, who recently resigned the post. Ambassador Gufler, who served in Finland since March 1961, is being reassigned.
Mr. Rowan, 37, recently served as a member of the U.S. delegation to the 17th General Assembly ses- sion of the United Nations. He en- tered the Depart- ment in February 1961 after a career as anews- paperman, author and lecturer.
Born in Ravens- croft, Tenn., on August 11, 1925, Mr. Rowan served in the U.S, Navy during World War II, attaining of- ficer rank at the age of 19. He holds a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Oberlin College and a master's degree in journal- ism from the University of Min- nesota,
After leaving the University of Minnesota, Mr. Rowan worked briefly for the Baltimore Afro American. From 1948 untilhis ap- pointment as Deputy Assistant Sec- retary for Public Affairs he worked for the Minneapolis Star and Tri- bune.
Mr. Rowan has won many high honors. He is the only newspaper- man to winthree successive annual medallions from Sigma Delta Chi, the Nation's leading organization of professional journalists.
Mr. Rowan was cited as ''Min- neapolis' outstanding young manof 1951" by the Minneapolis Junior Chamber of Commerce and was designated one of ''America's Ten Outstanding Young Men of 1953" by the U.S. Junior Chamber of Com- merce. He holds honorary degrees from Simpson College of Indianola, Iowa; Hamline University of St.
26
Mr. Rowan
Paul, and Oberlin College, andwas given a''distinguished achievement award" by the Regents of the Uni- versity of Minnesota.
He is the author of four books, "South of Freedom," "The Pitiful and the Proud,'' "'Go South to Sorrow,"' and "Wait Till Next Year.'' The first two placed on the American Library Association's annual list of "best books of the year."
Mr. Rowan is married to the former Vivien L. Murphy of Buf- falo, N.Y. They have three children -—Barbara, 18; Carl, Jr., 10 and Geoffrey, 9.
Bingham Ranks as Ambassador at ECOSOC
Jonathan B. Bingham, who was recently named by President Ken- nedy as the new U.S. Representa- tive to the United Nations Eco- nomic and Social Council, will have the personal rank of Ambassador, Department officials said.
Mr. Bingham, who previously served as U.S. Representative and President of the Trusteeship Coun- cil with the personal rank of Min- ister, has held many high posts in the Department. From 1951 to 1953 he was Deputy Administrator of the Technical Cooperation Ad- ministration.
Post Changes
The United States andthe Yemen Arab Republic agreed onFebruary 1 to raise their legations in Taiz and Washington to embassies.
Parker T. Hart, Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and to the State of Kuwait, had also held the position of Minister to Yemen. Pending the assignment of an Ambassador to the post, James N. Cortada, who has most recently served in the Department as Director of the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Regional Affairs, has been designated Charge d'Affaires, a.i.
Edward M. Korry,
Publishing Executive, Goes to Ethiopia
President Kennedy on January 25 selected Edward M, Korry, New York publishing and broad- casting executive, as the new U.S, Ambassador to Ethiopia. He will succeed Ambassador Arthur L, Richards, a career diplomat, who served in the Addis Ababa post since June 1960,
Mr. Korry, 41, has been Manager of Special Projects and Assistant to the President of Cowles Maga- zine and Broadcasting, Inc., since 1960.
From 1943 to 1947 he served in various news capacities at the New York headquarters of the United Press. Ir 1947 he joined the London Bureau of the United Press as a correspond- ent and remained there until the fol- lowing year when he was named Chief United Na- tions Corre- spondent for the United Nations. Me. Kerry
After a short tour at the United Nations Mr. Korry was assigned to Belgrade where he servedas Chief United Press Correspondent for Eastern Europe.
In 1951 Mr.Korry became United Press Manager for Germany andin the next year he was named UP Manager for France. In 1954 he also became Chief United Press Correspondent for Europe. From 1955 to 1960 Mr. Korry was Euro- pean Editor of Look Magazine.
Mr. Korry has served on many public boards and committees, During the past year he was a consultant to the Under Secretary of State and served as a Public Member of one of the Foreign Service Selection Boards,
Mr. Korry is married to the former Marian Patricia McCarthy of Syracuse, N.Y. Mrs. Korry is the granddaughter of the late Gov- ernor Nathan Miller of New York and a direct descendant of Benja- min Franklin. The Korrys have four children.
Rank of Minister
President Kennedy has accorded the personal rank of Minister to Francis T. Williamson during his assignment as Deputy Chief of Mission at Rome.
Department of State News Letter
ie
led to his of
Charles Withers
Appointed First Envoy to Rwanda
President Kennedy on January 19 named Charles D. Withers, cur- rently a Foreign Service Inspector, as the first U.S. Ambassador to the newly independent African na- tion of Rwanda.
Mr. Withers, a career Foreign Service officer, entered the For- eign Service in 1943 and was later assigned as an economic analyst at Leopoldville. He has served in Bordeaux, Bombay, Dac- ca, Karachi and in the Depart- ment.
From 1957 to 1958 he served as U.S. Consul General at Nairobi and in 1960hewas mex detailed tothe Im- perial Defence College in London.
Mr. Withers was appointed a Foreign Service Inspector in Jan- uary 1962.
Born in Green- ville, S.C. on April 15,1916, the new Ambassador received a bachelor's degree from Washington and Lee University in 1937. Following his graduation he was employed for two years in private industry before accepting employment with the Federal Hous- ing Administration in 1940. He served briefly as a business analyst for the War Production Board in 1942. In 1948-49 he was detailed to the U.S. Department of Com- merce.
Mr. Withers marriedthe former Jane Dunham in 1944,
Archibald Alexander New ACDA Assistant
President Kennedy has selected Archibald S. Alexander, former Under Secretary of the Army, as Assistant Director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
In his new post with ACDA Mr. Alexander will be in charge of the Agency's Economic Bureau, the White House said.
Mr. Alexander, an attorney, has served as Chairman of the Board of Governors of Rutgers Univer- sity since 1959, and as President of the Free Europe Committee, Inc., New York, since 1959. He was a public member of the Foreign Service Selection Boards in 1947.
Mr. Withers
February 1963
Merchant Leads U. $. Team
In Developing NATO Proposals
President Kennedy on January 24 announced that Career Ambas- sador Livingston Merchant is head- ing a team which will prepare and negotiate U.S, proposals with re- spect to the NATO multilateral force.
The 59-yeareold Foreign Serv- ice officer retired from active service in May 1962 after more than 20 years in the Department, He was recalled by the President to take the new assignment.
The President praised Ambas- sador Merchant as "one of our most distinguished diplomats,"
In his new assignment, the Am- bassador also will assist U.S. Am- bassador Thomas K, Finletter, U.S. Representative to the U.S, Mission to. the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion and European Regional Organi- zations in Paris, in discussions in the North Atlantic Council.
The President said:
"The negotia- tions to be carried out in conjunction with the study of this subject in the North Atlantic
Mr. Merchant
Council are an outgrowth of the agreement between myself and Prime Minister Macmillan, at Nassau on December 2lst, that our two governments would seek the de- velopment of a multilateral NATO nuclear force in the closest con- sultation with other NATO allies,"
Other members of the team will be Gerard C, Smith, former As- sistant Secretary for Policy Plan- ning, and Rear Admiral John M. Lee, representing the Department of Defense.
Mr. Smith headed a State De- partment-Department of Defense mission which visited Europe to discuss the problems of a multi- lateral force with our allies in the fall of 1962. Rear Admiral Lee also participated in that mission,
President Kennedy said ''these three principal negotiators will be supported by an appropriate staff."
Ambassador Merchant has held many high posts in the Department and overseas. He served as As- sistant Secretary of State for Euro- pean Affairs, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, and twice as U.S. Ambassador to Canada. In 1958 he was the recipient of the National
Civil Service League's career service award for outstanding achievement.
Gossett Appointed Herter Deputy
President Kennedy has nomi- nated William T. Gossett, a Special Assistant to the President, as Deputy Special Representative of the President for Trade Ne- gotiations with the rank of Am- bassador.
Mr. Gossett will serve as chief deputy to Christian A. Herter, former Secretary of State. As Special Representative of the President for Trade Negotiations, Mr. Herter helps formulate policy under provisions of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.
The two trade officials returned early this month from an official visit to Europe. In Brussels Mr. Herter conferred with officials of the European Economic Com- munity, in Geneva with represen- tatives of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and in Paris
with officials of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and De- velopment.
A lawyer, Mr. Gossett had been engaged in trade expansion activi- ties as a Special Assistant to the President. Mr. Herter's deputy has served as Vice President, General Counsel, Director and as a member of the Executive and Administration Committees of the Ford Motor Company since 1947,
His law practice, dating from 1929, included several years (1943-47) as General Counsel for the Bendix Aviation Corporation.
Mr. Gossett was born inGaines- ville, Texas, on Sept. 9, 1904,
and was graduated from the Uni- versity of Utah in 1925 and from Columbia Law School in 1928. He has received honorary degrees from Coe College and Wayne Uni- versity.
7
SO THAT THE PEOPLE MAY KNOW
Foreign Policy Conferences
Held in Kentucky, California
HE ninth in the State Depart-
ment's series of Regional For- eign Policy Conferences was held in Los Angeles on February 13 under co-sponsorship of the Los Angeles World Affairs Council in cooperation with Town Hall.
Secretary Rusk and AID Ad- ministrator David Bell were among a group of distinguished Govern- ment spokesmen scheduled to ad- dress the conference which con- vened shortly before the News Letter went to press.
Invitations to the conference had been sent to representatives of the press, radio and television media, non-governmental organizations concerned with foreign policy, and community and business leaders from Southern California, Arizona, Hawaii, and Southern Nevada.
Others scheduled to appear on the program included Paul H. Nitze, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Affairs, and these State Department officers:
Robert J. Manning, Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, G. Griffith Johnson, Assistant Sec-
retary for Economic Affairs; Mrs. Katie Louchheim, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Services; Herbert K. May, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Af- fairs; J. Wayne Fredericks, Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs; James P. Grant, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Near East- ern and South Asian Affairs, and Robert Schaetzel, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Atlantic Affairs.
Most of these officials also were scheduled to appear at a Foreign
Policy Background Conference in San Francisco the following day. The conference was sponsored by the World Affairs Council of North- ern California in cooperation with the Department.
Representatives of the press, radio and television and nongov- ernmental organizations concerned with foreign policy from Northern California were invited to attend.
The eighth regional conference was held at Louisville December 10 and 11. There the event was
He spoke-- wait W. Rostow
co-sponsored by the University of Louisville, The Courier-Journal, and The Louisville Times.
The program, held at the Uni- versity of Louisville, was ad- dressed by George C. McGhee, Under Secretary of State for Po- litical Affairs; Walt W. Rostow, Counselor and Chairman of the Policy Planning Council; Assistant Secretary Manning; Carl T. Rowan,
~Photos by Courier-Journal and Louisville Times
They listened-- University of Lovisville student audience ct Regional Foreign Policy Conference
LOUISVILLE CONFEREES--In this group discussion at the Regional Foreign Policy Conference at Louisville are shown Sterling J. Cot- trell, the senior nee Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs; John P. Lovell and Sven Groennings, Instructors in Government
Continued from preceding page bama, Indiana,
sissippi, Ohio,
Kentucky,
at the University of Indiana; George C. McGhee, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, and Arturo Morales-Carrion, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. Conference co-spon- sors were the University of Louisville and the Louisville newspapers.
Mis-
wide range of foreign policy is- and
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs; Sterling J. Cottrell, recently appointed senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter- American Affairs; Mrs. Katie Louchheim; Arturo Morales-Car- rion, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, and Adam Yarmolinsky, Special As- sistant to the Secretary of De- fense.
Despite heavy snow in much of the conference area and icy weather in Louisville, between 500 and 600 delegates, representing news media, non-governmental or- ganizations, and civic and business leaders from seven states—Ala-
: _
TE ee Yu
Tennessee, West Virginia—came to Louisville to hear the State and Defense De- partment participants talk on a
erlying Reason
The regional conferences were be- gun in July 1961 at San Francisco and Denver to enable those who inform the public on foreign affairs to hear and discuss the issues directly with the senior officers of the Department and other agencies most responsible for foreign policy.
er regional conferences have been held at Kansas City, Dallas, Minneapolis and St. Paul, Chicago, and Toledo.
sues the first day.
The next morning, over 200 delegates joined in a round-table discussion on communications be- tween the Government and non- governmental organizations andthe public, chaired by Daniel W. Mon- tenegro, Director of the Office of Public Services.
The response to the conference, as shown by the many letters re- ceived afterwards, was highly satisfactory. Many of those who wrote expressed their apprecia- tion for getting an insight into the policies and problems of the De- partment and for the opportunity of hearing and seeing in person some of the policy-makers, while another called the program "Democracy at work."
SINGAPORE--Consul General Sam P. Gilstrap recently presented Length of Service Awards to members of the Consulate General stoff. Shown, left to right, are: Lawrence A. Phillips, Consul, 12 years: Lovis C. SantaMaric, 12 years; Joseph J. Kozlowski,
a February 1963
General Services Assistant, 10 years; Mr. Gilstrap; Robert Don- hauser, Deputy Principal Officer, 20 years; Stewart Adams,
15 years; Charles R. Putterbaugh, Communications Assistant, 10 years; Avtar Singh, 10 yeors, and Alec bin Alliman, 10 years.
DISARMAMENT DISCUSSION--This is how the camera showed Govern- ment participants in a briefing on disarmament for educational television. From left to right around the table: Roswell S$. Gilpatric, Deputy Secre- tary of Defense; William C. Foster, Director, United States Arms Con-
STATE DEPARTM| diag Lee
vey ae
STATE DEPARTMENT BRIEFING
70 TV Stations Use Disarmament Program
BOUT 70 television stations
around the country last month broadcast an hour-long program called "State Department Brief- ing: Disarmament."
The program was the second "State Department Briefing'' to be produced cooperatively by the Department and National Educa- tional Television. The first, broad- cast in September and October, discussed "Five Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy."
About half of the new program was devoted to a briefing on arms control and disarmament by William C. Foster, Director, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA); Roswell L. Gil- patric, Deputy Secretary of De- fense; and Arthur H. Dean, until recently Chairman of the U.S. Delegation to the 17-nation dis- armament conference at Geneva.
The second half-hour offered an unrehearsed discussion of sub- ject by these governmental officers and a group of private citizens, including James B. Carey, Presi-
30
dent of the International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers; Luis F. Corea, Senior Vice President, Riggs National Bank; Mrs. Jesse Orlansky, Chair- man of the Foreign Policy Com- mittee, Washington, D.C., League of Women Voters; Bernhard G. Bechhoefer, attorney, author of "Postwar Negotiations for Arms Control"'; and Eric Stevenson, of the International Studies Division, Institute for Defense Analyses.
The discussion was moderated by John Steele, Chief of the Time- Life Washington Bureau.
Secretary Rusk closed the pro- gram with a statement filmed in advance in the Department's In- ternational Conference Room. He left the listeners with this warn- ing:
''The question is not whether we can end the arms race. We must end it. Our very survival may de- pend on it."
The State Department Briefing programs are prepared for the De- partment by the Office of Media
trol and Disarmament Agency, and Arthur H. Dean, until recently Chair- man of the U.S. Delegation to the 17-nation disarmament conference at Geneva. Standing is John Steele, Chief, Time-Life Washington Bureau. A new TV briefing now in preparation concerns Red China and the U.S.S.R.
Services of the Bureau of Public Affairs, (P/MS), headed by W. D. Blair, Jr. The public affairs staff of ACDA cooperated closely in the broadcast on disarmament with William J. Gehron as the project officer. P/MS project of- ficers included Miss Simone Pou- lain and Mrs. Joan Ward.
Visuau support for the televised briefing was prepared by Visual Services Division (VS), Bureau of Administration, with Miss Patricia Poyma as coordinator. Cellomatic projection slides and a handsome set, reminiscent of rooms like the Operations Center conference and briefing room, were designed for the program by Miss Nancy Stinson of VS.
The text of the broadcast, which is also being carried (sound only) by a number of radio stations, is available as an ACDA pamphlet under the title, ''Arms Control and Disarmament,"' and as Depart-
ment of State press release No. 20, of January 14.
Department of State News Letter
air- > at au.
RR.
—
lic Ww. irs ely ent the of- Du-
sed ual 1 of cia tic me ike ice ned ncy
ich aly) , is nlet and irt- No.
Two Campaigns For Funds Set For March-April
OVERNMENT personnel will
be canvassed during the period March 1-April 15 for contributions to the National Health Agencies and the Joint Crusade.
Workers in the Department of State are now being organized for the campaign in Washington and a joint appeal overseas to the For- eign Service, the Agency for In- ternational Development, the United States Information Service and the Peace Corps.
Vice President Lyndon Johnson will be Honorary Chairman of the 1963 National Health Agencies Ap- peal, and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy will again serve as Chairman. W. Willard Wirtz, Sec- retary of Labor will head the Joint Crusade.
President Kennedy has warmly endorsed both campaigns and has appealed to Government workers to support them. Campaign work- ers will endeavor to give every individual the opportunity to make a voluntary contribution in cash on a non-quota basis.
Included among the National Health Agencies which derive funds from this campaign are the Muscu- lar Dystrophy Associations of America, National Multiple Scle- rosis Society, National Society for Crippled Children and Adults, United Cerebral Palsy Associa-
tions, American Cancer Society and the American Heart As- sociation.
Funds received through the Joint Crusade go to CARE, Radio Free Europe, and the American-Korean Foundation.
In the Department, Secretary Rusk is serving as Chairman of the campaign and William H. Or- rick, Jr., Under Secretary for Administration, is serving as vice- chairman. Frederick R. Carson, a Foreign Service officer, is the Department campaign coordinator. Mr. Carson is assisted by Bryant Buckingham, Foreign Service of- ficer, and Frank Proctor, Employ- ee Relations Assistant.
Bernard Rosen, Deputy Director in the Office of Personnel, is serving as a Special Assistant to the Attorney General to help or- ganize and conduct the National Health Agencies drive in State, AID, Arms Control and Disarma- ment Agency and the Peace Corps.
February 1963
AMBASSADOR STEEVES AND DR. ANWARI
A U.S. Foundation Helps
Medical Research in Kabul
KABUL
MERICAN Ambassador John
M. Steeves recently pre- sented a $12,000 check to Dr. Mohammed Osman Anwari, President of Kabul University, as the initial portion of a grant for medical research in the field of abnormal hemoglobins.
The grant, which was made to Kabul University by the Na- tional Science Foundation of Washington, D.C., is in recog- nition of the work of Dr. Syed Alef Shah Ghazanfar, Assistant Director of the Department of Biochemistry of the School of Medicine of Kabul University. Dr. Ghazanfar initiated re-
search in this field while a graduate fellow at Harvard Uni- versity, Cambridge, Mass. The purpose of the grant is toassist Kabul University in providing laboratory and other facilities for the continuation of this study in Afghanistan.
In presenting the grant to Dr. Anwari, Ambassador Steeves expressed pleasure that an American scientific institution was not only participating in furthering research projects at the Kabul University but was also facilitating independent scientific work by an Afghan medical scientist who had him- self received considerable training in the UnitedStates.
USIA Increases Chinese Broadcasts
The U.S, Information Agency has consolidated the Chinese broad- casts of its radio network, the Voice of America, which are beamed to Red China, South Asia and Taiwan,
Mandarin language programs will be extended from four anda half to seven and a half hours daily, a two-thirds increase,
The Republic of China has estab- lished Mandarin as the official national language. Mandarinis also the language now used in schools, universities and technical in-
stitutes in Red China. This means that virtually all Chinese, particu- larly the youth of China, who have access to short wave radios will be able to follow the VOA's Man- darin broadcasts.
Radio is the only reliable means available to USIA for reaching the people of Red China regularly with America's story. Through its other media services—films, tele- vision, publications, exhibits and personal contact-—USIA reports America and its policies to mil- lions of people elsewhere.
31
Secretary Rusk chets with, from left to right, Representative Robert Taft, Jr., and Representative Oliver Bolton, both of Ohio, ond William C. Foster, Director, United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. The briefing was commended by many present.
32
Secretory Rusk addresses new members of Congress at a recent foreign
policy briefing held at the Department of State. Other senior Deportment officials joined in the briefing, a new undertaking which attracted more then 50 new members of the House and Senate. A reception followed.
Three former Governors converse at Department reception. From
left: G. Mennen Williams, Assistent Secretory of State for Afri- can Affairs; Senator Gaylord Nelson, of Wisconsin, and W. Averell Horriman, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs.
Department of State News Letter
Mrs. Rusk and wives of other high ranking Department offi- From Californie came these guests, Mrs. Robert Leggett and Mrs. cials entertained wives of new Congressmen and Senators at a Ronald Cameron. The coffee was held in the John Quincy Adams recent coffee. Mrs. Rusk is shown here greeting Mrs. Sam Gib- Room at the Department of State. Afterwards the ladies were taken bons, of Tampa, wife of the Florida Representative,and their son Tim. on @ tour of the building. About 40 Congressional wives attended.
Wives of New
Congressmen And Senators
Guests at State
In this group are the wives of four new Senators. Shown, left
te right, are Mrs. Abra- ham Ribicoff, of Connec- ticut; Mrs. Edward M. Kennedy, of Massachu- setts; Mrs. Rusk, Mrs. Danie! Brewster, of Mary- land, and Mrs. Birch Bayh of Indiana
Ann Clark Nancy French
THE DISTAFF RECRUITERS
Wanda Lewis
Jocelyn LeMieux
Adele Lee
They Travel Far in Search of Girls for Foreign Service
Y do girls join the Foreign
Service? Why do they leave comfortable homes, loved friends and families to venture into the scorching heat of Africa, or the drenching rains of Thailand, or on occasion the sun-drenched streets of Rome?
The answer is not as simple as you might expect. True, they may seek adventure and travel, or hope to meet and marry the man! But more often they are eager to make the world a better place in which to live. They see a need for their services and they respond to that need.
These and other reasons bring girls from small and large towns all over the United States—first to Washington and eventually tosome 300 posts around the world.
Few would expect one day to find themselves in Foreign Serv- ice "posts" right here inthe United States~posts with American names such as San Francisco, New York, Atlanta, Chicago and Philadelphia! But not so strange, five of our top Foreign Service girls have been on stateside assignments since June of 1962. Their assignments ? Recruiting Officers for the U.S. Department of State in five dif- ferent regions of the United States.
Ann Clark, headquartered in At- lanta, Georgia, scours the "'Dixie"' region ... interviewing, writing letters, encouraging and arranging for new entrants into the Foreign Service Staff Corps. She brings to her new post first-hand experience gained in tours of duty on four continents.
Her first assignment in Seoul, Korea, was abruptly terminated when Communist forces from North Korea invaded the country to the south. They crossedthe YaluRiver and Ann crossed the international dateline en route to Djakarta, In- donesia. Politics there could never
34
be called calm and peaceful either!
Her tenure at our Embassy in Rome coincided with the Trieste riots. She arrived in Caracas, Venezuela, in time to witness the overthrow of the ruling dictator. In telling gasping audiences about her experiences, Ann shrugs casu- ally and says, "The riots are al- ways in another part of town... I've been lucky, I guess, they never hit me!
Rediscovering the true meaning of personal freedom is the high- light of Nancy French's ex- periences overseas. Before re- porting to her present assignment in Chicago, her post was Prague, Czechoslovakia. There she ex- perienced first hand what it means to live under a Communist regime.
She says, "It's an awesome ex- perience. You really learn to love the American way of life and ap- preciate the full impact and mean- ing of democracy. I was able to contrast our way of life with daily living under the Communists! re- strictions which constantly con- strain you.''
In just a few years, Wanda Lewis, who now calls Philadelphia "home," has already traveled ‘round the world. Many who are in the For- eign Service can boast of this distinction. For the Foreign Serv- ice is exactly that ... service to our country overseas, and this means the whole world.
The most popular request for a first assignment is Europe, and Wanda had high hopes that this would be possible in her case. As it turned out, she was sent to Rangoon, Burma. Today, after sub- sequent assignments and exten- sive travel in Europe, she says she feels her heart really belongs to the Far East.
She enjoyed the opportunities to hear concerts and operas in cities
and countries where they were first performed ... to see the historical ruins and glittering showplaces in the Western World --. and to mingle with descendants of people who first populated the United States. However, she points out to the young people she sees every day that there are evenolder ruins, and more cultured and friendly people to be found in the Pacific and Far East.
Recruiting Officers Joselyn Le Mieux in San Francisco and Adele Lee in New York—with a total of ten overseas assignments between them—also cherish their particu- lar memories of peoples and places, of working and living in each locale. Each draws upon her storehouse of memories in talking to people who are interested in the Foreign Servicemand each one knows what life is really like over- seas.
Even though these Foreign Serv- ice girls have returned home to the "States" they need a period of
transition ... for the language is a new one ... one spoken by City Editors, Feature Editors, and
Women's Editors—or by Program Directors and Producers of tele- vision and radio stations. Foreign phrases such as "Auf Wiederse- hen," "Stil vous plait," "Come e sta," and ''Sayonara'' are put aside. Now they learn the new language of their recruiting trade: "copy," and "30," and "spots" are some of the working words of their new vocabu- lary.
Frontier zones and international flights have been replaced by state lines and suitcase jaunts from one recruiting city to another. Criss- crossing state lines in the United States is far simpler than crossing from one country to another. Yet these recruiting "jaunts" can be more arduous than some of the most difficult overseas assign-
Department of State News Letter
= ey
Tw VF OSS eS YY
ments—particularly when you're loaded down with recruiting para- phernalia.
Agrivinc at the new recruiting city, each Recruiter contacts rep- resentatives of the various media. She schedules personal interviews and appearances on television shows; tapes announcements for radio; and is interviewed by Women's Editors to spread the good news of what life is like in the Foreign Service.
At local State Employment Serve ice offices or the U.S. Civil Serv- ice Commission Office she sets up shop. Then begins the task of interviewing those who have been attracted by the advance publicity
. people of all ages and social background who come in to see the
Lecture Series At Agriculture Open to Public
A series of weekly lectures on current issues is being offered by the Graduate School, U.S, Depart- ment of Agriculture, during Feb- ruary and March. The public is invited to attend without charge.
The lectures, part of the Criti- cal Issues and Decisions Execu- tive Training Program, will be given on Thursdays from 1:30 to 2:30 p.m, in the Thomas Jeffer- son Auditorium, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Independence Ave- nue, between 12th and 14thStreets, S.W.
Stephen K, Bailey, Dean of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse Univer- sity, opened the series on Febru- ary 7 with a lecture on ''Economic Growth and Our Responsibilities Abroad."' Donald N, Michael, Di- rector of the Peace Research In- stitute, Washington, was scheduled to speak on February 140n'‘tWork, Technology, and Leisure,"
Other speakers in the series in- clude Harold Taylor, educator, "The Closed and the Open Society," February 21; Henry Steele Com- mager, Professor in the Depart- ment of American Studies, Amherst College, "Can Democracy Pro- duce Excellence?,"' February 28; Peter H, Odegard, Head of the Department of Political Science, University of California, ''Execu- tive Secrecy?,"' March 7, and Wil- liam M. Birenbaum, Dean, The New School for Social Research, New York, "Aesthetics Versus Utility," March 14,
February 1963
Recruiting Officer ... whocome to find out what the Foreign Service is all about.
Those who for one reason or another cannot go abroad learn about opportunities in the "home office," in the Department of State in Washington, D.C. Written tests and medical examinations are ad- ministered after the initial inter- view.
After a background examina- tion is completed andtravel orders are received these new Foreign Service recruits report to Wash- ington, D.C., eager to start ona new life filled with adventure and travel —and filled, too, with a sense of satisfaction that they serve their country.
Meanwhile, the Recruiting Offi- cer, after a week or two or some-
S part of its continuous effort
to make assignments as far in advance as feasible, the Office of Personnel announced on January 15 the list of officers to be as- signed to Advanced Career Train- ing for the academic year 1963- 64, beginning in August and Sep- tember.
The assignment list included the following:
NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE Fort McNair, Wash., D.C.
Christian Chapman, Charles Cross, Joseph Donelan, Adolph Dubs, Howard E, Furnas, Robert Gordon, Joseph Greenwald, Edward Masters, Albert Mayio, Adrian T. Middleton, Thomas Recknagel, Charles Stefan, Emory C. Swank, Viron Vaky, George S. Vest.
SENIOR SEMINAR IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS Foreign Service Institute
William O. Anderson, William Buffum, Frank Cash, William Chapin, Richard T. Davies, Robert Hurwitch, George R. Jacobs, Mar- shall P. Jones, Julius L. Katz, Ruth H. Kupinsky, Chris G, Pet- row, Frank D. Taylor, Margaret Tibbetts, William Witman, Chal- mers Wood.
IMPERIAL DEFENCE COLLEGE London, England
Galen L. Stone.
47 Officers Assigned To Advanced Career Training
times even longer of intensive campaigning and _ interviewing, picks up and goes on to a new location in her region. Broad- casters and editors have been alerted to her coming. There she repeats the whole process allover again. And yet it seems like a new story each time it's told. Posters, scripts, and press releases brochures, pamphlets, and applica- tion forms ... these are her new passports!
Travel in the Foreign Service, yes! Meeting new people with dif- ferent backgrounds, yes! So with a ready smile these Recruiting Of- ficers go on their 24-hour rounds: telling you about and showing you the work that must be done beyond our borders to make things safe here at home.
BOWIE SEMINAR (HARVARD) Cambridge, Mass.
David E. Mark, Lewis M. Pur- nell.
CANADIAN DEFENCE COLLEGE Kingston, Ontario
William M, Johnson.
NATO DEFENSE COLLEGE Paris, France
Edward W. Burgess, Richard G. Johnson.
INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE OF THE ARMED FORCES Fort McNair, Wash., D.C.
John Mellor, William A. Root, Charles G. Wootton.
NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Newport, R.1.
John M. Howison, Walter E. Jenkins, Dayton S. Mak.
ARMY WAR COLLEGE Carlisle Barracks, Pa.
LeRoy Percival, Sydney Sober, Francis T. Underhill.
AIR WAR COLLEGE Maxwell AFB, Montgomery, Alc.
Sandy M. Pringle, Kingdom W. Swayne.
35
ee oe ee ee ee ee 2 ee oe ee
ton, Inspector General; Samvel
of Rwanda; Robert M.
FOREIGN SERVICE INSPECTORS were photographed in the Benjemin Franklin Room while in Washington for their annual meeting in Jan- vary. Seated, left to right, are Jeremiah J. O'Connor, Randolph A. Kidder, Edward G. Cale, J. Paul Borringer, Norris S. Hesel- D. Boykin, Charles D. Withers, newly-cppointed Ambassador to the Republic Marr. Standing are Clarence E.
e < é
a o. =
— : P . ES YF \,
CO pat S Yaad Ly> e tar i
od i
Rufus Burr Smith,
Birgfeld,
Robert C. Brewster, Edward W. Harding, Jemes W. Pratt, Jos ve Bortos, Theo E. Hall, Lee B. Blanchard, Crawford, Herbert Reiner, Jr. Asa L. Evans, and William é. Affeld, Jr. Donald M. Ralston was absent when the photograph was taken. The Inspectors retumed to Washington to review recent developments and to attend briefing ses- sions on policy trends, in preparation for their 1963 inspection tours.
Perry H. Culley, John E. D. Merle Walker, Peter J. Skoufis,
F.S. Inspectors Conclude Briefing Sessions
HE Foreign Service Inspection
Corps has concluded its annual January briefing sessions, meeting in a final session with Secretary Rusk, who charged the inspectors, as his personal representatives, with a variety of responsibilities ranging from an over-all appraisal of U.S. Government effectiveness in the field to the resolution of personal grievances.
Members of the Corps had had, in addition, a series of meetings with Deputy Under Secretary Wil- liam H. Orrick, Jr., Assistant Sec- retary William J. Crockett, Direc- tor General of the Foreign Serv- ice Tyler Thompson, and the As- sistant Secretaries and Deputy As- sistant Secretaries of the various regional, functional and admin- istrative bureaus andtheir key staff members, in addition to repre- sentatives of the Departments of Commerce and Labor.
In all these sessions, as well as throughout the Inspection Corps! internal training and discussion
%
meetings, emphasis was given to the improvement and refinement of new inspection procedures in- troduced on a trial basis in eight inspections at the end of 1961 and used in all of the 113 posts in- spected during 1962.
The new procedures, which in
essence substitute post checklists and brief problem statements for the often lengthy ''Statements to Facilitate Inspection’ formerly required, stress a pre-inspection self-audit conducted by the post itself. The inspection report also has been shortened, allowing the
1963 INSPECTION SCHEDULE
With the conclusion of their annual January briefing ses- sions the 16 inspectors have now departed for the first posts on their 1963 schedules. During
the ten months ahead, their itineraries are to take them to some 80 or more posts inSene- gal, Togo, the Congo, Ruanda, Burundi, Angola, Mozambique, the Rhodesias, Malagasy, Tan- ganyika, Zanzibar and Sudan in Africa; Greece, Cyprus and Turkey in the Near East; Ire- land, Luxembourg, Russia, Bul-
garia, Rumania, Hungary, Po- land, Czechoslovakia, Yugosla- via, Malta, Netherlands, Ice- land, Germany and Italy in the European area; and Peru, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Venezuela, Brazil and Mexico among the American republics, This year's inspections cover what to the Inspection Corps seems a relatively small geo- graphical area, since no Far Eastern posts and only seven NEA posts are included in 1963's projected itineraries.
Department of State News Letter
inspectors more time to assist posts in improving their opera- tions and to give counsel and guid- ance to Foreign Service personnel.
In line with the Department's efforts to decentralize authorities and delegate responsibilities to overseas posts, the Inspection Corps is ascribing increased im- portance to effectiveness, ef- ficiency, initiative and judgment rather than to mere compliance with Departmental instructions and requirements.
C onsERABLE attention has been given alsoto improvements in the format of the inspection re- ports, which must meet the needs of a diverse audience.
In addition to the inspected posts themselves, which of course re- ceive copies of the reports, the eventual Washington end-users of various portions of the report range from the 7th floor to the basement of the Department, and to outside agencies as well.
For this reason the report is divided into two major portions, one a four to ten-page Evaluation of Post, summarizing the in- spectors' findings, designed pri- marily for officers in the executive levels, and the other a series of functional sections consisting of the statements of post problems and the inspectors' comments and recommendations, intended for the more specialized end-users.
Receiving their initial briefings on inspection procedures were five Foreign Service officers recently assigned for a tour of duty in the Inspection Corps. These are Clarence E, Birgfeld, previously minister-counselor of the U.S. Mission to the European Come- munities, Brussels; Edward G, Cale, minister-counselor in Mexi- co; Theo E, Hall, administrative counselor, Taipei; Randolph A. Kidder, political counselor, Paris; and Rufus Burr Smith, economic counselor, New Delhi. In addition, two former inspectors have re- turned to the Inspection Corps: John E, Crawford, previously ad- ministrative officer at Lagos; and D. Merle Walker, Deputy Director for Foreign Buildings.
In addition to those listed above, the following are continuing their assignments as Foreign Service inspectors: J. Paul Barringer, Lee B. Blanchard, Samuel D. Boykin, Robert C. Brewster, Perry H. Culley, Asa L. Evans, James W. Pratt, Herbert Reiner, Jr., and Peter J. Skoufis. Directing the group from Washington head- quarters are Inspector General Norris S. Haselton and Executive Officer Robert M. Marr.
February 1963
SIGNIFICANT step in recog-
nizing the 'new diplomacy" is reflected in revised regulations governing the Department's poli- cies for granting diplomatic and consular titles.
The changed regulations are the result of an intensive examination of the title structure of all over- seas posts by an inter-agency study group. Representing State, AID and USIA, the Title Study Group decided, after months of delibera- tion, that "the basic criterion for the granting of diplomatic or con- sular titles should be whether the officer needs it to function ef- fectively."
The chief of mission or princi- pal officer of a consular post, the Group concluded, is in the best position to determine suchneed.
The work of the Group repre- sents the first solution to the problems of title structure created by multi-agency representation abroad.
The principal features of the revised regulations are:
-—The official needs of the of- ficer or the post will be the basic factors in deciding whether a spe- cific title will be authorized. None will be granted for personal, social or financial benefits. The Ambas- sador is given the "conclusive voice'' to decide whether the cri- teria for title need has been satis- fied.
They are applicable to all of- ficers in the Foreign Service— FSOs, FSRs or FSSs, including those appointed by USIA and AID.
~—The Ambassador is given the authority to control and manage
“New Diplomacy” Recognized In Granting Titles and Rank
the diplomatic list so that all agencies represented in his mis- sion are equitably placed.
The regulations also set ont guidelines for justifying the use of a title. Generally the following officers will receive titles:
An officer inthe ForeignServ- ice, other than one who is an ambassador, minister or counseé- lor, who is assigned to atop super- visory position of a major sec- tion or program activity.
-—Any other officer who is en- gaged in a diplomatic or consular function where the effective per- formance of his duty requires a close and consistent pattern of contacts with foreign officials.
—-Any officer whose need for it to perform effectively is ap- parent to the Ambassador.
TrapiTIonaLLy the use of a title was restricted to diplomats in their roles of representing, negotiating, protecting and re- porting. The "new diplomacy," recognized by the 1961 Vienna Convention, broadens this tradi- tional concept of the diplomatic mission to include the roles of developing economic, scientific and cultural relations. It is this new concept of diplomacy, ushered in by the post war world, which provided the philosophic spring- board for the Title Study Group's conclusions.
The members of the Title Study Group were: Jules Bassin, State; Harold Dickinson, USIA; Peter Uihlein, AID, and staff member Daniel Sprecher, State.
President Calls Attention To New Ethics Law
President Kennedy has re- emphasized that all Govern- ment officials and employees "must act withintegrity, im- partiality and devotion tothe public interest,"
The President's words were contained in a memo- randum sent to the heads of all Executive departments and agencies and calling at- tention to legislation effec- tive last month which re- vises and strengthens laws
relating to bribery and con- flict of interest of Govern- ment personnel.
The memorandum re- quested each department and agency to review its regula- tions covering conflicts of interest and ethical conduct to insure that they are con- sistent with the new law and that they make full use of its provisions for the em- ployment of outside experts with appropriate safeguards,
FOR PRESIDENTIAL GUESTS
Official Visit Policy Altered; Allows Two Days in Washington
HE Department on January 2
announced a new policy for State and Official Visits to per- mit President Kennedy ''to con- tinue to see and talk to as many world figures as his heavy sche- dule in 1963 permits."
The official visits may iast up to 10 days—2 days in Washington, and up to 8 elsewhere in the United States, under the new policy.
The Department will continue to announce itineraries in the sched- uling of the official State and Presidential Guest Visits as the scheduling becomes firm. The White House itself, however, will announce the acceptance of the President's invitations after the guest actually replies to the Chief Executive and confirms the date.
The first two distinguished for- eign visitors of 1963 were Amintore Fanfani, Prime Minister of the Italian Republic, who spent 4 days in the United States, visiting Wash- ington, Chicago and New York from January 15 to January 19 and Carlos Manuel Muniz, Minister of
FOREIGN MINISTER MUNIZ
Foreign Affairs of the Argentine Republic, who arrived in New York on January 19 at the invitation of Secretary Rusk, conferred with high officials in Washington, and then returned to New York on January 24 for additional activities which were arranged on his be- half by the Argentine Embassy.
Looking after distinguished guests—and scheduling their visits to the United States—is the task of the Department's busy Office of the Chief of Protocol, headed by Angier Biddle Duke. Mr. Duke's principal aide in charge of official foreign visits is Samuel L, King, Assistant Chief of Protocal for Visits and Public Events,
Me. Duke, Mr. King, andasmall staff map out the State and official functions, luncheons, dinners, and receptions given by President Ken- nedy, Vice President Lyndon B, Johnson, Secretary Rusk, and other high-ranking officials of the U.S, Government, and plan and arrange other activities for the guests.
Generally the President gives a State Dinner for his guests at the White House on the first night in Washington and Secretary Rusk gives a State Dinner on the second night. The President usually attends a luncheon tendered by the guest in return.
Other events include receptions, wreath-laying ceremonies, visits to national shrines and art gal- leries, luncheons by various civic and national organizations, an ad- dress to the Congress or to other groups, such as members of the National Press Club, and press conferences,
The Chief of Protocol and his top aides work closely with offi- cials of the White House, State Department, and foreign embas- sies, They also contact city and state officials throughout the coune try in an effort to present the best possible ''American image" to the guests,
Days of conferences go into planning an official visit, But mak- ing the schedule is only part ofthe job.
The Office of the Chief of Proto- col prepares countless charts, dia-
grams, floor plans, seating ar- rangements, pronunciation lists, fact sheets, biographic data, in- structions to key officials and or- ganizations, pointers on protocol, and scores of pages of "admin- istrative arrangements,"
For example, the State visit of His Imperial Majesty, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran, and the attractive Empress Farah to the United States in April 1962 required months of in- tensive planning—and a detailed, minute-by-minute book of "ad- ministrative arrangements" which covered 234 mimeographed pages, single spaced.
Every detailesecurity, proto- col, transportation, logistics, in- vitations, press coverage, music, flowers, seating arrangements, hotel accommodations, sightsee- ing, honor guards—had to be co- ordinated.
Last year 49 foreign guests visited the Nation, They included an Emperor and an Empress, a King, a Queen Mother, Princes and Princesses, Chiefs of State, Presidents, Prime Ministers, Chancellors, Foreign Ministers, heads of international organiza- tions, and other leaders from va- rious areas of the world,
All were personally received by President Kennedy at the White House. Many were guests of honor at dinners given by President and Mrs. Kennedy and Secretary and Mrs. Rusk,
PREMIER FANFANI
Department of State News Letter
A Reception for NATO Ambassadors
A RECEPTION honoring NATO Ambassadors was held in the diplomatic entertainment area of the Department of State on January 11. Some 600 persons attended. Hosts at the reception were The Yale Club of Washington and Ambassador and Mrs. Angier Biddle Duke.
<> Secretary Rusk chats with R. Dennison Coursen, Presi- dent of The Yale Club of Washington, and Mrs. Coursen.
q
Ambassador Duke and Mr. Coursen greet Sir Ormsby Gore, British Ambassador to the United States
.
<> Dr. J. Herman van Roijen, Netherlands Ambasse- der, and Mrs. van Roijen, chet with Mr. Coursen.
»
Ambassador Georges Heisbourg, of Luxembourg, and Mrs. Heisbourg are shown as they arrived at the reception.
CAMERON HEADS DELEGATION
U.N. Vienna Conference Will
Consider Consular Rules
OR the first time the tradi-
tional customs and practices of consulates are expected to be governed by a single set of inter- national rules as the result of a United Nations Conference con- vening in Vienna next month.
The U.N, General Assembly has invited all its member states to send delegates to Vienna's Neue
Hofburg for the event. The U.S. will send a 10- member dele- gation, headed by the Department's Warde M. Came- ron, Assistant Legal Adviser for Administration and the Foreign Service, and made up of individuals in the Department and abroad who are experienced in various phases of the consular function.
At Vienna, the delegates are ex- pected to formulate rules binding the States in their consular rela- tions. It will be the first time this
Mr. Cameron
has been attempted since con- sulates were first calledinto prac- tice by the roving merchants of the Feudal Age.
There is, for example, no uni- versally accepted rule regarding the appointment and recognition of consular officers or naming classes of consuls or the status the various classes of consuls en- joy once they have been received by a state.
A SIMILAR convention held in Vienna in 1961 was called to adapt already established rules on dip- lomatic intercourse and immuni- ties to modern conditions. Although consulates are an older institution than the permanent diplomatic mis- sion, they have not been given the same recognition by either of the two Congresses of Vienna. A patch- work of rules, varying from country to country, now governtheir status. The Conference, beginning March 4 and expected to last about six weeks has a two-fold task: it must first establish what the rules governing consular _ relations should be, and then codify them.
Most countries now carry on con- sular relations in accord with what each consider to be the interna- tional custom and practice or pur- suant to bilateral treaty. The first treaty signed by the U.S. with a foreign power, the 1778 Treaty of Amity and Commerce withFrance, made provision for regulating con- sular functions and set the pre- cedent for later treaties with con- sular provisions. The only multi- lateral treaty containing consular provisions which the U.S. ratified is the Habana Treaty of 1928, to which many of the Latin American countries are party.
AGREEING on a firm setof rules governing consular practices and immunities, however, will be more difficult than the 1961 agreement on diplomatic practice and immuni- ties, since local as well as na- tional governments are concerned.
The question of codifying con- sular rules, which like Topsy "'have just growed" was first raised at the League of Nations in 1928, But the subject never got beyond the asking.
It was again brought up at the first meeting of the International Law Commission, an organ of the U.N. in 1949. Consular intercourse and immunities was one of 14 top- ics considered suitable for codi- fication. The International Law Commission in 1961 adopted the draft articles which will be the basis for the work of the Vienna Conference.
[ satire 2" BUSINESS
to welcome Mr. Locke and Mr. Cutler, both outstanding men in their professions, whose judgment and experience will indeed be very helpful."
Mr. Randall, before retiring from business in 1956, was Presi- dent and Chairman of the Inland Steel Co. He was selected by the National Association of Manu- facturers as Man of the Year (1952); by the National Sales Executives as Business Statesman of the Year (1954); and received the Captain Robert Dollar Memorial Award of the National Foreign Trade Coun- cil. In Government, Mr. Randall served as consultant to the former Economic Cooperation Admin- istration, as a member of the De- partment of Commerce's Business Advisory Council, and as Special Assistant to President Eisenhower on Foreign Economic Policy. He
most recently served as Chair- man of President Kennedy's Ad- visory Panel on Federal Pay Sys- tems.
Edwin Allen Locke, Jr., has had a long and distinguished career in business, banking and government. He is presently president and di- rector of Union Tank Car Co. of Chicago, and director of the Fed- eral Home Loan Bank, Harris Trust and Savings Bank, Zonolite Co. and the Nalco Chemical Co. He served earlier in the Paris and London branch offices of the Chase National Bank and was later the bank's vice-president. During the war he held prominent posts in the government and was made personal representative and special assistant to the President from 1945 to 1947. From 1951-53 he served as Special Representa- tive of the Secretary of State with the rank of Ambassador.
Lloyd M. Cutler is a partner in the lawfirm of Wilmer, Cutler and Pickering, Washington, D.C. Mr. Cutler has held various assign- ments with the Government. During
the war he held high posts withthe Lend Lease Administration and was later associated with the State Department as Foreign Liquidation Commissioner for Latin America. In 1950, he was part-time adviser to the U.S. Representative, North Atlantic Production Board, London, and in 1952 was staff adviser to the Brownell Committee to pre- pare reports on operation and or- ganization of Government commu- nications intelligence activities. His most recent service was as Chairman, last year, of the '"' Tight- rope Committee,'' which prepared a report for the Federal Aviation Administrator.
Ambassadors Confer
Six Ambassadors of the United States in Central America and Panama met in San Salvador late last month for a discussion of problems of regional interest with officials of the Department of State and the Agency for International Development.
Department of State News Letter
pes tase a nat
ee
poant
one
= re at JS id
he al he se p- i- aw he he na
the ras ate ion C& ser rth on, to re- or- nu- es. as ht- red ion
ted and ate
vith ate nal
[et
BELL
page 10
hovering over Africa, seeking to expand its foothold in the western hemisphere.
We must be equally determined, equally enduring, equally in- genious. We must be prepared to stick to this job for as long as our national interests are threatened, as long as our security is chal- lenged.
We must learn as we go to be more efficient in our operations. We must concentrate our efforts where they will do the most good, and eliminate marginal activities. We must obtain increased contri- butions to the common cause from the other developed nations of the world.
In these and other ways we must work unceasingly to get maximum returns at minimum cost. We must be prudent and frugal in our man- agement of foreign aid funds—as in every other program involving the use of public funds.
But we must never lose sight of the fundamental fact that what we are doing through our programs of military and economic aid to under- developed countries, is helping to wage the epic battle of our time— the battle between freedom and communism. We can win that struggle—if we are prepared to sustain a wholehearted effort throughout the years of the com- munist challenge.
EMPLOYEE AWARDS--Jomes R. Johnstone, Deputy Assistont for Foreign Buildings,recently presented Length of Service Awards to sta members in an office ceremony. Left to right are Salvatore DiGiacomo,
February 1963
Quarters Allowance “Freeze” Will End April 14
FFECTIVE Aprill4,all over-
seas employees receiving a living quartersallowancewill be paidtheallowance under the flat rate system initiatedtwo years ago in the Standardized Regulations (Government Civilians, Foreign Areas).
The flat rates of April 1961 were set at $100 less than the then exist- ing ceilings for each quarters group. This was to prevent an in- crease in the cost to the Govern- ment of installing the new plan, be- cause many employees were draw- ing living quarters allowances at less than the ceilings.
To provide a transition period in which employees could make other housing arrangements if they chose, the amounts of quarters al- lowances then being paid employees were "frozen" for a maximum of two years. Thus employees gen- erally continued to receive the same allowances as previously, regardless of the new flat rates. Some of these "frozen" allow- ances were above the new flat rates, others below it.
The end of the two-year transi- tion or "freeze" period means that now the "frozen" living quarters allowances of employees will be adjusted generally to the flat rates established for the post. There will
20 years; 10 years; Ruth E. Cu
be small reductions for some em- ployees (in most cases a maximum of $100 a year) and possible in- creases in allowance for others previously ''frozen'' below the flat rates.
The reasons for installing the flat rate living quarters allowance system in 1961 were: 1) toattempt to reduce the upward spiraling of rents, 2) to enable employees to offset out-of-pocket expenses in one