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TRANSACTIONS
OF
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
VOLUME XIX.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY : SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE; AND BY MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., PATERNOSTER-ROW.
1909-10.
earey iad
D0
CONTENTS.
Zoological Results of the Ruwenzori Expedition, 1905-1906.
1. Preface. By W. R. Ocitvin-Granz, F.Z.S.
2. Itinerary. By R. B. Woosnam : 3. Vermes. By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S,, F.Z.8. 4, Mollusca. By E. A. Smirn, I.S8.0., F.Z.S. (Plate 7.) 5. Crustacea. By W. T. Catman, D.Sce., F.Z.S.
6. Arachnida. By ALS. Hirst, F.Z.S.
7. Neuroptera. By W. F. Kirsy, F.L.S., F.E.S.
8. Orthoptera. By W. F. Krrsy, F.L.S., F.E.S
9. Rhynchota. By W. L. Distanwr. (Plate IT.)
10. Diptera. By Ervust E. Austen, F.Z.S. ae 11)
11. Lepidoptera Heterocera. By Sir Georce F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S. 12. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. By F. A. Hzron. (Plate V.).
13. Hymenoptera. By the late Col. C. T. Bineuam, F.Z.S.
page 1
(Plate LV.) 103
14, Coleoptera. By Giusert J. Arrow, F.E.S., C. O. Warernouss, P.ES., C. J. Ganan, M.A., and Guy A. K. Marsuatt, F.Z.S. (Plates VI. & VIL). 185
15. Pisces, Batrachia, and Reptilia. a G. A. Bounrnesrr, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. (Plates
WIQUL, & 1D) . : ; : 16. Aves. By W. R. Ocitvin-Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., &e.
Appendix.—
On some Points in the Anatomy of Bradypterus cinnamomeus. By W. P. Pycrart, F.Z.S., M B.O.U., &e. (Plates X.-XIX.) . 253
17. Mammalia. By O1primtp Tuomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and R. C. Wroventon,
F.Z.S. (Plates XX.-XXIV.).
List of the Papers contained in Vol. XIX. . . .. .
Index of Species, &c.
4.8]
eas
wie vous
: A PEL, eter rn co
TRANSACTIONS
OF
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
Vou.. X1X.—Parr 1.
(Puates L.-III. and Trxt-rigurus 1-12.)
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE JIN HANOVER SQUARE; AND BY MESSRS, LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW.
October 1909. Price £2. 10s. Od.
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TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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TRANSACTIONS
OF
HHH ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS
OF THE
RUWENZORI EXPEDITION, 1905—-1906.
1. PREFACE.
Received and read November 17, 1908.
EVER since its discovery by Sir Henry Stanley in 1888, the great range of mountains in Equatorial Africa known as Ruwenzori, or the ‘‘ Mountains of the Moon,” has attracted the attention of naturalists in all parts of the world, especially in Europe and America. ‘The isolated position and the great altitude attained by the forest-clad, snow-capped peaks, rising to nearly 17,000 feet, made it certain that a rich and peculiar Fauna and Flora must await the investigations of the explorer.
With a view to benefiting the British Museum (Natural History), I therefore determined, if possible, to be first in the field; but the task of raising sufficient funds for the purpose of sending out a large and properly equipped expedition took
VOL. XIX.—ParRT I. No. 1.—October, 1909. B
2 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
more time to achieve than I had at first contemplated. At last, however, this difficulty was overcome through the generosity of—
His Grace Tue Duxe or Beprorp, K.G., President of the Zoological Society of London,
Tue Hart or Darrmourn, F.ZS.,
Viscount Iveaeu, F.Z.S.,
Lorp Srratucona anp Mount Royat,
The Hon. N. C. Roruscurxp, F.Z.S.,
Sir Atexanper Barrp, F.Z.S.,
Dr. Lupwie Monp, F.Z.S.,
Mr. W. A. Bett, F.ZS.,
The late Mr. C. Czarnixow, F.Z.S.,
Mr. W. H. Sr. Quintin, F.Z.S.,
Tue TrusTEES OF THE Percy Suapen Fund, and
Tue WorsutpruL Company or FisHMONGERS,
who became Subscribers to the Ruwenzori Expedition Fund on the understanding that the first set of specimens collected should be presented to the British Museum. Mr. C. EH. Fagan, Secretary of the British Museum (Natural History), kindly consented to act as Treasurer to the fund.
Meanwhile, the services of four first-rate field-naturalists and collectors,
Mr. R. B. Woosnam (leader of ) Late of the
the Expedition), Worcestershire Mr. R. E. Denv, Regiment, Hon. Greratp Lecer, and Mr. Dovetas CarrurHers,
were secured, and to these was finally added Mr. A. F. R. Wouuaston, who undertook to look after the health of the various members of the Expedition and to form botanical and entomological collections.
It would be difficult to find any five individuals who could have carried out the work so successfully and thoroughly as these gentlemen have done, and to anyone who studies the following pages this will be abundantly evident. To Mr. R. B. Woosnam, the leader of the Expedition, special praise is due for the admirable manner in which he conducted the exploration of Ruwenzori and brought it to a most successful termination in the face of many serious difficulties. The Zoological Society of London, in recognition of the signal services he has rendered to science on this and other similar occasions, has awarded him a silver medal, and certainly no reward was ever more justly merited. The botanical results have already been published in a paper by Dr. A. B. Rendle and others, which appeared in the ‘Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany,’ vol. xxxviii. pp. 228-279 (January 1908).
The organization and equipment of this large Expedition took many months to
W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT—PREFACE. 3
arrange, and before it had reached its destination and commenced work a number of the birds peculiar to the region had already been procured and sent to the British Museum by Mr. F. J. Jackson, C.B., whose nephew, Mr. Geoffrey Archer, paid a short visit to the north-eastern slopes of Ruwenzori in February 1902.
The Ruwenzori range has now been investigated as completely as is at present possible ; unfortunately, the western heights, which lie within the Congo territory, had to be abandoned before they had been properly explored, owing to the hostility of the natives.
The collections formed are among the finest that have ever been sent to the British Museum, both as regards the number of species and the perfect condition in which they have reached this country ; and, so far as the birds are concerned, they no doubt contain the great majority of the species which occur on Ruwenzori.
Some slight idea of what has been done may be gathered from the following list of the specimens which have been received :—
404 Mammalia. 25 Neuroptera. 2470 Aves. 47 Hymenoptera. 135 Reptilia and Amphibia. 1372 Lepidoptera. 31 Pisces. 130 Hemiptera.
12 Crustacea. 100 Arachnida. 1015 Coleoptera. 33 Orthoptera.
23 Homoptera. 55 Diptera *. 88 Mollusca. 66 Vermes.
A large number of the species were new to science.
Lastly, a very fine collection of dried plants (including many new species) was made. Numerous growing plants and seeds were also sent home, and are now being cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh, under the care of Professor I. Bayley Balfour.
The close affinity between the Highland Fauna of Ruwenzori and that of the Cameroon is a very striking feature of the collection as a whole; and now that the various groups have been thoroughly worked out, it is evident that a very valuable addition has been made to our knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Tropical Africa.
It is in accordance with the traditions of the Zoological Society that the heavy cost of publishing the zoological results of the Expedition should have been assumed by
that body.
W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT. British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
Cromwell Road, London, 8.W.
* « Notes on a Collection of SrpHonaprera from Ruwenzori, Uganda.” By the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, M.A., F.LS., FES.
A separate copy of this paper, which appeared in the ‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, (2) xix. pp. 76-79, pl. i. (1908), has been forwarded by the author. It was unfortunately received too late to be incorporated in the body of this work.
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RUWENZORI EXPEDITION REPORTS.
2. ITINERARY. Octroser 1905 to NovemMBeER 1906.
By R. B. Woosnam.
Received and read November 17, 1908. [Text-figures 1 & 2.|
Leaving England on October the 8th, 1905, by one of the German East African Company’s boats, the Expedition landed at Mombasa on November the 6th. All the supplies and most of the camp-equipment, collecting-boxes, and other impedimenta had been dispatched by a previous boat to the care of Messrs. Smith, Mackenzie, and Co., who had sent them off on their way up country. The Expedition was thus able to proceed without delay by the first train to Kisumu on Victoria Nyanza and thence, by one of the excellent steamers which have lately been built upon the lake, to Entebbe, the whole journey from Mombasa taking three days, whereas, before the construction of the Uganda Railway, it was a long and difficult march of three months. During the few days spent at Mombasa much kind advice and assistance were obtained from Mr. F. J. Jackson, C.B., C.M.G., at that time Acting Commissioner of the Kast Africa Protectorate, and his wide experience of Uganda enabled him to supply the members of the Expedition with valuable information upon many points.
At Entebbe a serious delay of twelve days was caused by the non-arrival of the truck-load of supplies and camp-equipment, which had been sent off from Mombasa a fortnight earlier, and which we were assured would be waiting for us. Telegrams having been dispatched to all possible sources of information, news was at last obtained that the missing truck had been delayed at Nairobi and that it would be forwarded at the first opportunity. The fortnight’s stay at Entebbe, though an annoying loss of time, passed pleasantly enough for the members of the Expedition. A little collecting was done and a memorable day’s expedition was made on the lake in canoes, resultimg in the death of several crocodiles and a hippopotamus.
The long war-canoes of Victoria Nyanza, holding 40 paddlers, are quite worthy of note. They are made of long thin planks, each of which is hewn from a single tree- trunk. As no saw or similar tool is used only one plank can be made from each tree, and the whole trunk has to be cut away in small chips on either side till only the plank remains. The planks are sewn together with grass or strips of fibre, one forming the bottom and two or more the sides of a light strong craft, which is capable
6 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Text-fig. 1.
3) CENTRAL AFRICA Rovtes of the | “BRITISH MUSEUM EXPEDITION” TO RUWENZORI ann tae LAKE REGION
5 wo ‘ = P i E 7 o 8 a PZ a 4 ee ee
cai (i
es
Map oF RuweEnzort AnD THE LAxn Rueron.
(Reproduced from part of Major R. G. Bright’s Survey, by the kind permission of the Colonial Office and that of the Royal Geographical Society.)
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. 7
of being driven through the water at a great pace by a well-trained crew. Canoes of a similar pattern are often used on Lake Edward, but not on the Congo River, where they are all of the “ dug-out ” type.
In the neighbourhood of Entebbe, the absence of ducks on Victoria Nyanza was remarkable, and all the herons, egrets, cormorants, and other water-birds were always to be seen perched upon trees: possibly the presence of numbers of crocodiles may account for this.
Professor Minchin, F.Z.S., kindly allowed the members of the expedition to visit the laboratory of the Sleeping Sickness Commission, where investigations of great interest and of vast importance to Uganda were being carried out.
Before leaving Entebbe, the discovery was made, at the eleventh hour, that Ruwenzori and all the country about the foot of the mountains was a “ game-reserve,” in which no shooting of any kind was permitted, but, after application had been made to the Commissioner of the Uganda Protectorate, special permission to collect was granted to the members of the Expedition.
In arranging the caravan for the march from Entebbe to Ruwenzori, much valuable help was given by the Collector, Mr. J. Martin, and the Assistant Collector, Major Treffry.
When, at last, all preparations were complete, a start was made from Entebbe on November the 23rd, and Fort Portal, the Government post near the western border of the Uganda Protectorate, was reached on December the 13th. From there a march of four days brought us to the small village of Bihunga, where the first base-camp was formed at an altitude of about 6500 feet, in the valley of the Mubuku River, along which lies the only known route to the snows on the eastern side of Ruwenzori.
The march from Entebbe is extremely uninteresting and monotonous. The country is undulating, almost hilly in places, covered with dense elephant-grass from 12 to 14 feet high and broken stretches of shorter spear-grass intermixed with mimosa bushes. Here and there great masses of granite-like rock protrude on the crests of the ridges where rain has washed away the soil. Guinea-fowls were sometimes to be seen on these rocky ridges, but usually succeeded in baffling their pursuers by escaping into the thick grass. Francolins were often heard calling in the evenings, but without a dog there was little chance of flushing them. The bottoms of the valleys were swampy and more thickly wooded with dark-leaved trees, or sometimes, in the larger valleys, there was a broad expanse of waving papyrus-swamp, but the road was generally shut in on both sides by the tall elephant-grass, which effectually excludes all view of the surrounding country. The march from Entebbe took longer than was anticipated, owing to the caravan being rather long and hampered by several awkward loads: with a small caravan the distance of about 170 miles to Fort Portal can be traversed in ten days. Porters are the only, but are not an ideal, means of transport ; if the number is over 30 or 40 they are a continual source of trouble to feed, and are becoming more expensive and more difficult to obtain every year.
8 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Fort Portal is the seat of Government of the kingdom of Toro, and it promises to develop into a town of some importance in the future. The district is very healthy— cows, sheep, and goats thrive well; beans, sweet-potatoes, bananas, and maize are largely grown ; and cotton and coffee are being tried with some success. In the event of the gold-mines at Kilo, just over the Congo border, proving rich, a good deal of the traffic will go through Fort Portal.
The Church Missionary Society has a large and important station at Fort Portal, under the care of Mr. H. E. Maddox, who has a thorough knowledge of the natives and their language: to him the Expedition was greatly indebted for help and advice and also for information derived from his experience of previous journeys to Ruwenzori. There is a well-organized hospital for natives, where some excellent work is being done, and a large brick church is now in process of construction. There is also a large station of French Roman Catholic Fathers close at hand.
Between the two Mission stations, upon the summit of the highest ridge of Fort Portal, stands the “‘ Palace’ of Kasagama, the King of Toro.
Fort Portal is the headquarters of the Sub-Commissioner of the Western Province of the Uganda Protectorate, and also of the Collector of the Toro district, Mr. J. O. Haldane, to whom the expedition was deeply indebted for continual help and kind hospitality.
CAMPS.
The first camp on Ruwenzori was formed in the Mubuku Valley on the east side of the range, at an altitude of 6500 feet, and was occupied for four months. From this base-camp short expeditions were made up to the higher regions and snows, but the impenetrable nature of the bamboo- and tree-heath-zones, as well as much of the forest, coupled with the absence of native paths above 7000 feet, prohibited much exploration without considerable expense in cutting roads.
From the Mubuku Valley a move was made to the southern end of the range, where another base-camp, formed at Mokia, at an altitude of about 3400 feet, was occupied for two months.
The country at the south end of Ruwenzori forms a great contrast to the dense elephant-grass and damp tropical valleys of the central part of the range. Here there is a distinct lack of moisture; short grass, euphorbia and acacia trees form a welcome change. On the plain, at the foot of the hills, there are several small crater-lakes of salt water, and deep dry ravines with precipitous sides extend from the mountains for some distance on to the plain. This dry country extends round the south of Ruwenzori and down the Semliki Valley as far as the Lume River. From that point to Fort Beni the road passes over open undulating plains covered with spear-grass and interspersed with many tall Borassus palms. From Fort Beni nearly to the north end of Ruwenzori the Semliki Vailey is overspread by the Eturi Forest,
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. 0)
which extends on to the lower slopes of the mountains. ‘This part of the Semliki Valley and Ruwenzori is almost unexplored; but at the time of our visit the tribes dwelling there had rebelled against Congolese authority and we were unable to enter it. There is no doubt that cannibalism is still practised in this district, and also by the Baambas on the north-western slopes of Ruwenzori. Between Lake Edward and Fort Beni the Semliki is a shallow sluggish river, but below the Fort, shortly after the river enters the forest, there is a dangerous rapid and probably there are more lower down. It is a noteworthy fact that no crocodiles were seen nor were any traces of them found either in Lake Edward or in the upper part of the Semliki above the rapids, and the natives assert that they do not exist there. In Lake Albert and the lower part of the Semliki crocodiles abound and are always to be seen, as also in Lake Tanganyika and the Congo rivers. It seems very curious that there should be no crocodiles in Lake Edward: the rapids on the Upper Semliki certainly do not explain their absence.
From the camp at Mokia another move was made round into Congolese territory, with the intention of making a third camp on the west side of the range, in a position corresponding to the first camp in the Mubuku Valley. A suitable camping- place was found in the Butagu Valley at an altitude of a little over 7000 feet; but, owing to the rebellious state of the tribes at the foot of the mountains, it was only occupied for three days. Matters then became so unpleasant that collecting was out of the question and the Expedition was compelled to beat a hasty retreat to Fort Beni, the Congolese Post on the Semliki River. This was a great disappointment, as no systematic collecting had been done in the district which lies on the west side of Ruwenzori between the Butagu Valley and the north end of the range. The Butagu is the largest valley on the west side and leads directly to the snows, but the river has not so great a volume of water as the Mubuku on the east side. From Fort Bem a hurried march was made through the forest to Irumu, on the Eturi River, by an entirely unused road on the west of the Semliki Valley, where no inhabited villages were seen, and where no food for carriers was obtainable for nearly 100 miles. This is probably one of the most uninhabited parts of the whole Eturi Forest, and the number of elephants and buffaloes which frequent it is extraordinary. About 6 or 8 miles from Irumu the forest terminates abruptly and its place is taken by an open rolling country of tall grass with patches of forest in the hollows. From Irumu a well-used road was followed back to Fort Portal. Shortly after leaving Irumu, the road passes over low hills which form the watershed of the Nile and Congo rivers and extend along the west bank of the Semliki to the mountains on the west of Lake Edward. Camps were formed for a short time in the Luimi (Wimi) Valley and at the north end of the range. Subsequently the Expedition set out on the return journey to England, travelling through the Congo Forest to Boma on the west coast. At the present day this is an easy journey to make, provided the sanction and assistance of
VOL. XIX.—PaRT I. No. 2.—October, 1909. Cc
10 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
the authorities of the Independent State of the Congo have been obtained. From Fort Portal we returned to Irumu, by the same road previously traversed, and thence a march of eleven days along a well-kept path through the forest brought us to Mawambi, the next Congolese post. Here it was necessary to engage fresh carriers for the march of eight days to Avakubi on the Aruwimi River. On the Aruwimi dug-out native canoes are used for all transport, and with these we continued our journey down to Basoko, where the Aruwimi joins the Congo. There are many dangerous rapids on the Aruwimi and at each it was necessary to unload the canoes, which were then taken down the rapids by expert canoe-men, while the baggage was carried round to the smooth water below by the women. ‘The latter do all the work of carriers in the Aruwimi district, the men working only in the canoes.
At Basoko we said good-bye to the canoes and canoe-men, but not without regret, and embarked in the steam-boats which now run regularly up and down the Congo. From Basoko ten days brought us to Leopoldville at the head of the rapids, and the remaining journey of two days to the coast was made by railway.
During the whole of our journey through Congolese territory we received the greatest kindness and hospitality from the officials of the Independent State, and every possible assistance was given and consideration shown to the members of the Expedition.
GENERAL FEATURES OF RUWENZORI.
On the journey from Entebbe, as Toro was approached, a sharp look-out was kept for the first glimpse of the “ Mountains of the Moon,” but it was not until we were within two days’ march of Fort Portal that we were rewarded with a sight of them. At dawn on the morning of December the 15th, from a camp called Butiti, about 30 miles from the foot of the mountains, we obtained our first and only view of the entire range absolutely clear of clouds. A great mass of dark blue mountains lay spread out before us in the form of a long ridge culminating near the middle in a group of high snow-clad peaks. Just to the south of the snow a few sharp jagged points of black rock rose against the sky-line, while towards the north the ridge ran down more gradually in a long slope nearly to Lake Albert. Dawn was tinging the snow-peaks with pink, but the gloom of night still hung around the lower slopes and valleys. It was a magnificent view, yet there was something foreboding and repellent in this rugged mass of dark mountains which usually wrapped themselves so stubbornly in their cloak of mist.
Ruwenzori is a mountain-range lying just north of the Equator, and forms a long ridge between Lakes Albert and Edward. It lies between latitude 0° and 1° N. and is cut by longitude 30° E. The whole range is about 70 miles long and 30 miles across the widest part. It does not run due north and south, but rather N.N.East and 5.S.West. The loftiest part of the ridge is formed by a cluster of peaks, the highest of which attains an altitude of 16,794 feet. The extent of snow is small in proportion
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. ILL
to the length of the range, and an area about 10 miles long by 8 miles broad contains all the permanent snow.
The slope of the west side of the ridge is very much steeper than that of the east, and the distance from the foot of the mountains to the watershed is considerably less. Mr. G. F. Scott Elliot estimated the western slope at an angle of 22° and the eastern slope at 4°.
At the south end two long narrow spurs project from the main mass into the Lake Edward plain, reaching almost to the shore of the lake. At the north end the lower slopes gradually subside into the high country of over 5000 feet which surrounds Fort Portal, and continues along the east side of Lake Albert ; but the main ridge, which is quite narrow at this point, extends into the Semliki Valley, nearly to Lake Albert.
The permanent snow-line on the east side is 14,500 feet; on the west side it is probably lower, owing to the fact that the latter is more protected from the sun’s rays than the east. Unfortunately the snow-line on the west side was not actually attained, although two members of the party climbed to an altitude of 11,000 feet, and would undoubtedly have reached the snow had they not been suddenly compelled to return on account of a native disturbance below.
Above 6000 feet the temperature on Ruwenzori never rises very high nor does it fall very low at the summit. At an elevation of 6500 feet in the Mubuku Valley the maximum and minimum Fahrenheit observed during four months averaged max. 74°-04, min. 58°16; at 12,500 feet the maximum and minimum observed were max. 51°, min. 36°; once in the early morning at 10,000 feet the vegetation was white with frost. Above the snow-line the temperatures observed by H.R.H. the Duke of the
- Abruzzi were max. 43°, min. 26°.
The rainfall and moisture on the mountain above 5000 feet are excessive, and during 118 days spent in the Mubuku Valley rain fell on 78 days. The dry and wet seasons on the mountains and in the Toro district are as follows :—
The dry season continues from the last week of December to the middle of February ; this does not mean that there is no rain then, but that there is less than at other times. From the middle of February till May and sometimes till June there is rain, but it is not excessive. June, July, and August are generally fine and fairly dry with only a little rain, but they are seldom so dry as January, and sometimes during June there is a very heavy rainfall. From September to the middle of December the rainfall is very great, November and December being the wettest months of all.
There is a very marked contrast between the climate of the south and the central portion of the range. At the south end the rainfall is much less, and the vegetation, as already stated, consists of short grass and acacia trees, the whole district having an arid appearance, much like parts of South Africa. The same conditions occur at the north end, but not to such a marked degree as at the south.
c2
12 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
THE CLOUD.
One of the most characteristic and at the same time most objectionable features of Ruwenzori is the ever-present cloud, which forms every morning and veils the upper regions in gloom and moisture. It disappears almost as regularly every evening at sunset, the mountains being nearly always clear of cloud during the night. Looking down from the heights in the early morning, the clouds may be seen forming into a bank which gradually rises and drifts up the mountain-side, all the while receiving reinforcements from the hot damp atmosphere below. By about 10 a.m. all signs of snow-capped mountains are blotted out and from below travellers can see nothing but a great bank of clouds apparently resting upon a high ridge. This is the real reason why Ruwenzori remained undiscovered for so long, although several travellers had approached within sight of it before its actual discovery by Sir Henry Stanley in 1888. When first the cloud is seen drifting silently up on to the mountain it is an interesting and curious phenomenon, and the stranger comes running out of his tent lest it should pass before he has seen it; but after a time, when familiarity has bred contempt, one begins to dread and hate this silent extinguisher of sunlight and joy that casts a gloom and stillness over the land which a few moments before was filled with life and the songs of birds.
Fortunately it is seldom that the cloud forms below 8500 or 9000 feet, but when it does it brings a chilling and depressing sensation that is difficult to withstand, and in a house or tent it is sometimes necessary to light candles to enable one to read or work.
GLACIERS.
The glaciers and snow-fields of Ruwenzori are only insignificant remains of what they were during an earlier epoch, when the valleys leading from the higher parts of the range were probably all occupied by larger or smaller glaciers.
Undoubtedly the Mubuku Glacier, which now terminates at 13,690 feet, extended much farther down the valley in former times, probably to below the Bihunga village at 6500 feet. Unmistakable strie and many great ‘“‘ perched blocks” may be seen scattered far down the valley.
The ascent of the Mubuku Valley is made in a curious succession of broad flat steps. The first at 10,000 feet must be more than a mile long and three or four hundred yards broad; then there is a steep climb up an almost perpendicular cliff to an altitude of nearly 11,000 feet, then another extent of flat valley, followed by a climb, and again a broad flat step at 12,000 feet, and another below the glacier at about 12,800 feet. The bottom of the valley and especially these flat steps are so deeply buried in peaty bog, the rotten vegetation of ages, that the old surface is completely hidden and few traces can now be seen of terminal moraines.
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. 13
VALLEYS VISITED.
The valleys visited by the expedition were the Mubuku and Luimi (Wimi) on the east side; a smaller valley, the Muhokya (Mokia), near the south end; and the Butagu on the west side. From the last-named we were obliged to beat a hasty retreat immediately after entering it. The Mubuku, Nyamwamba, Butagu, Russirubi, and Luimi are the largest and most important valleys of the range, although there are of course numerous smaller ones. Of these five large valleys, only the first four lead directly to the snow.
The streams flowing from the higher parts of Ruwenzori are all cold and clear, very slightly tinged with brown from the bogs in the higher valleys, and carry many little specks of glittering mica. On the plains at the foot of the mountains, where they cease to be foaming torrents, they resemble the most perfect trout-streams an angler could desire; and if trout were turned into them they might prove to be so in reality, for they contain an abundance of food and a plentiful supply of cool water.
The smaller streams are not so clear and carry large quantities of fine sand and mica in suspension. In the Luimi Valley there are hot springs rising actually in the bed of the river at an altitude of 6000 feet. Where they bubble up the water is almost boiling and there is a strong smell of sulphur, the rocks being thickly coated with a bright brick-red deposit of iron. ‘There are also hot springs at the north end of the range, and the natives have great faith in them for curing all manner of diseases and wounds.
In the Mubuku Valley there is a beautiful waterfall at 10,000 feet, and in the Luimi Valley there is also a small fall at about 7000 feet, but it is insignificant in comparison with the Mubuku fall. In the Mubuku Valley between two of the snow- covered ridges, at about 14,200 feet, there is a pass, named the Freshfield Pass by H.R.H. the Duke of the Abruzzi. This would enable natives and animals to move from one side of the mountains to the other, but being far above the forest, almost on the limit of vegetation, itis never used. ‘The natives prefer one at an altitude of about 10,000 feet, which crosses the ridge a little to the north of the Luimi Valley. Several small streams from the north end unite at the foot of the mountains and form the Mpanga River, which flows southwards and finds its way into Lake George (Ruisamba).
DIVISIONS OF RUWENZORI.
For the purpose of describing the distribution and range of the mammals and birds of Ruwenzori, the mountain may be divided into the following zones of vegetation running concentrically round the ridge in belts, which can be most clearly shown in a diagram (text-fig. 2, p.15.), The boundaries of these zones on the west side are not so well defined as on the east and come lower down. ‘This may be accounted for partly by the more humid climate on the west side and partly by the cloud-bank which intervenes before the sun has reached the western slopes.
14 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Table of Zones.
( 16,816 » ) 16,000 \ Snow and bare rock. | NO ey ae | 15,000 { 16,794-14,500. (Oe eed a worms. | 14,500 J ) 14,000 | ) | 13,500 | Senecios and Lobelias. | 13,000 ( 14,500-12,500. Almost always enveloped | | in cloud during the day- 4 12,500 J time. | 12,000 \ | 11,500 Tree-Heaths la Little animai-life. | 11,000 \ and Moss. | 10,500 12,500-10,000. | | 10,000 9500.) | Bamboos. | 808d 10,000-8500. J 8500 J \ 8000 > 7500 . Forest. 7000 8500-6500. | | 6500 _ e Abundant animal-life. 6000 \ | 00 | S Grass. 4000 | 3000 J J
These divisions must not be taken as hard-and-fast lines of difference, for the edges of the zones necessarily merge gradually one into another. Examples of the characteristic vegetation of one zone may often be seen in the middle of the next, and there is always a difference between the altitudes of the zones as observed in valleys or on exposed ridges. Again, it must not be thought that the particular plants named constitute the sole vegetation of the zones; they are merely taken as the most conspicuous and characteristic species of certain altitudes. It was most unfortunate and disappointing that the Expedition was prevented from making systematic collec- tions on the west side; there is so little material from that locality that a comparison of the two sides is at present impossible. Although only a few of the birds were obtained on the west side, we saw and heard enough to enable us to say that all or
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. 15
nearly all the species which inhabit the east side above 6500 ft. are to be found also
on the west.
Many mammals known from the east side were also identified on the west, and it will probably be found, when sufficient material has been obtained, that the fauna above 6500 ft. is almost identical on both sides of the range. ‘This is true also of the flora in
Text-fig. 2.
|
16815 FT 14500 of eS | SENECIOS i 12500 FT LOBELIAS 12500 FT
SEMLIKI
VALLEY 2500 FT
DIAGRAM OF THE RUWENZORI RANGE (VIEWED FROM THE SOUTH), SHOWING THE SEQUENCE OF ZONES OF VEGETATION, AND THE WAY IN WHICH THE LIMITS OF THE ZONES ARE LOWER UPON THE WEST.
(Reproduced by permission of the Royal Geographical Society.)
general, but, from the hurried observations we were able to make, we were of the opinion that there are several plants on the west which are not found on the east side. Beginning at the base and working up the slopes of the range, we find the following
zones :— A. Tue Grass-Zone (from 3000 to 6500 feet).
Except in its north-eastern quarter, where the slopes merge into the highlands of Toro at an altitude of about 5000 feet, Ruwenzori rises abruptly from the plains of Lakes George and Edward and the Semliki Valley, that is, from an altitude of about 3000 ft. These plains, with the exception of that part of the Semliki Valley where an eastward extension of the Eturi Forest becomes continuous with the Ruwen- zori Forest, are covered with short grass and scattered trees of euphorbia and acacia, the typical “ park-like” country of Central and Southern Africa. Short grass and bushes characterize the slopes to a height of about 5000 feet, where the zone of
16 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
elephant-grass begins. Small patches of forest, especially along the banks of the streams, are found in this zone, and a good deal of native-cultivation is seen. The elephant-grass extends to a height of 6500 feet, where the forest begins.
B. THe Forest-Zone (from 6500 to 8500 feet).
On a clear day when the cloud rests upon the higher part of the ridge, leaving that part below 10,000 ft. exposed, an instructive view can be obtained from Fort Portal. The forest-belt appears as a well-defined dark band running the whole length of the ridge without a break, but diminishing in breadth towards the north end until, at the point where it disappears over the ridge, it is only a narrow strip about 100 yards wide and a good deal mixed with bamboo.
As one approaches the forest from below, it appears impenetrable, for the bushes and lower part of the trees along the edge are overgrown with such a mass of tangled creepers and rank undergrowth that further progress seems impossible without cutting a way through or following one of the few native paths. Fortunately this only exists along the lower edge, especially round the native-clearings. Once inside the forest it is possible to walk in any direction, and only here and there is one stopped by an impenetrable tangle of undergrowth. Throughout a considerable part of the forest the surface of the ground is covered with ferns, through which one may walk with comparative ease, and in some of the valleys patches of magnificent tree-ferns flourish. In the lower parts of the forest there are many great rope-like creepers hanging from the trees—in fact, the lower margin of the forest-zone, especially in the valleys, is almost as tropical in appearance as the forests of Uganda and the Congo. Above 7000 ft. many of the tropical forms vanish, and species of mammals and birds known only from Ruwenzori begin to appear. At about 6500 ft. one first meets with lobelias (Lobelia giberroa), which form such a conspicuous feature of the higher altitudes. The majority of the trees are less than 2 ft. in diameter, except in the lower valleys, where some fine trees are seen, notably Symphonia globulifera and Pseudocedreta utilis, the latter attaining a great size and being a valuable timber-tree. The single species of conifer, Podocarpus milanjiana, which is found on Ruwenzori, appears first at about 7500 ft., but is most plentiful where the forest joins the bamboo-zone.
In many places the lower margin of the forest has been cut back several hundred feet by the natives in clearing the ground for cultivation. These old spaces when left disused become thickly overgrown with rough grass, shrubs, scented herbs, and thistles, and are favourite places for birds, especially for all the smaller Finches.
The lower margin of the forest-belt at 7000 ft. marks, as a rule, the limit of human habitations, but in the Luimi (Wimi) Valley there is a village in a large clearing in the middle of the forest at 8000 ft. This, however, was the only instance observed of natives living much above the lower forest-line, though most of the large open spaces
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. ile)
covered with fern (bracken), which are to be seen in the lower parts of the forest, are probably old sites of cultivation.
The following is a list of the mammals and birds known to frequent the forest-zone, but many of them are also to be found outside it :—
Forest-Zone (6500 to 8500 feet).
MAMMALS.
Anthropopithecus troglodytes. Colobus ruwenzorii. Cercopithecus leucampyx stuhlmanni. Rousettus angolensis. Epomophorus, sp. inc. Pipistrellus nanus. Crocidura nyanzz.
ss niobe. Sylvisorex lunaris. Chrysochloris stuhlmanni. Felis pardus ruwenzorii. Genetta stuhlmanni.
35 bettoni.
Mungos sanguineus proteus. Sciurus ruwenzoril. Funisciurus boehmi emini.
op carruthersi.
BIrps.
Serinus graueri. Parus fasciiventris. Dryoscopus holomelas. Bradypterus barakee. o cinnamomeus.
Apalis personata.
>> Yruwenzoril. Geocichla piagge. Turdus abyssinicus. Alethe poliothorax.
» poliophrys. Turdinus pyrrhopterus.
VOL. XIX.—PART I. No. 3.—October, 1909.
Graphiurus soleatus. Otomys denti. Dendromus insignis. Mus ugande.
», jacksoni montis.
> denniz.
», univittatus lunaris. Leggada bufo. Thamnomys venustus. (Enomys bacchante editus. Cricetomys gambianus. Lophuromys aquilus.
we woosnaml. Dasymys medius. Arvicanthis massaicus. Potamocheerus cheeropotamus. Cephalophus rubidus.
Turdinus atriceps. Xenocichla kikuyuensis. Andropadus latirostris. Graucalus czsius. Tarsiger ruwenzori. Batis diops. Trochocercus albonotatus. Cryptolopha leta. Mesopicus ruwenzori. Turacus emini. Haplopelia jacksoni. Francolinus, sp. ine.
18 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
C. Tue BamBoo-Zone (8500 to 10,000 feet).
The bamboo-zone, which begins at the upper limit of the forest-zone, may be said to extend from 8500 to 10,000 ft. on the east side, and from 7000 to 8500 or 9000 ft. on the west side of the range.
A bamboo-jungle requires little description. From a distance it appears light- coloured in comparison with the forest and uniformly smooth, and it might be easily mistaken for undulating ridges covered with short grass, while in reality the bamboos are 30 ft. high and 3 to 4 inches in diameter. Where the bamboo-jungle is unmixed with forest it is impenetrable without cutting a path, for the dead bamboos lying across the growing stems make a most effectual barricade. In the densest parts practically no vegetation grows beneath the bamboos, except mosses and lichens, and the ground is thickly carpeted with the long thin yellow or whitish leaves. Here and there throughout the bamboo-zone long strips and clumps of tall conifers (Podocarpus milanjiana) may be seen on the tops of the ridges, especially along the lower parts of the zone. In these dense jungles there is little or no life to be seen, the birds preferring the more open parts, and the mammals, with the exception of monkeys and chimpanzees, finding no food to attract them. ‘These latter frequent the bamboo-zone in search of the young shoots, and traces of chimpanzees were found as high as 10,000 ft.
In the valleys, along the banks of the streams, thin patches of forest may be seen here and there as high as 10,000 ft. It is in places of this kind that several species of birds, which really belong to the forest below, are occasionally found and are thus sometimes to be met with in the bamboo-zone. On the south side of the Mubuku Valley at an altitude of 9900 ft., in the thickest part of the bamboo, there is a small lake, but the only birds seen upon it were some Grebes and Green Sandpipers, the latter (Totanus ochropus) were also seen on the Mubuku River as high as 11,000 ft. A few Black Ducks (Anas sparsa) were seen in the Mubuku Valley up to 12,000 ft., and were observed to be breeding in a broad swampy part of the river at 10,000 ft.
So far as we could ascertain, no mammals are confined to this zone, and the only bird which is more or less peculiar to it is Johnston’s Touraco (Gallirex johnstoni), the chief habitat of which is among the lower bamboo and Podocarpus-trees.
The following is a list of the mammals and birds which are known to inhabit the Bamboo-zone :—
Bamboo-Zone (8500 to 10,000 feet).
5 granti. Dasymys medius.
MamMALs. Anthropopithecus troglodytes. | Otomys denti. Myosorex blarina. | Mus denniz. Sylvisorex lunaris. | Lophuromys aquilus. |
Chrysochloris stuhlmanni.
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. 19
Birbs. Sitagra aliena. | Turdinus pyrrhopterus. Serinus graueri. | a atriceps. Cinnyris regius. | Xenocichla kikuyuensis. Zosterops jackson. | Andropadus latirostris. Parus fascliventris. | Alseonax pumilus. Dryoscopus holomelas. | Tarsiger ruwenzori. Bradypterus barake. | Chloropeta kenya. 5 cinnamomeus. Trochecercus albonotatus. Apalis personata. Cryptolopha leta. > ruwenzoril. | Mesopicus ruwenzori. Geocichla piaggze. | Gallirex johnstoni. Turdus abyssinicus. Haplopelia jacksoni. Cossypha archeri. | Columba arquatrix. Alethe poliophrys. | Francolinus, sp. inc.
D. Tue Tree-Heatu- and Moss-Zonz (10,000 to 12,500 feet).
In this zone may be seen perhaps the most weird scenery of all. The trunks and branches of the heath-trees, wrapped in their thick masses of moss, on which grow luxuriant ferns, present all manner of curious and grotesque forms. The trees them- selves are 30 to 40 feet high and lean at all angles, as if weighed down by their burdens of wet moss. Generations of dead ancestors lying across one another upon the ground, and covered over with a soft treacherous layer of moss a foot or more in depth, make the walking both difficult and dangerous. One may easily take a false step into a hole 6 or 8 feet in depth between two trunks ; and these fallen trees are not soft rotten wood, but are well preserved and hard as steel, with many dangerous sharp points where the boughs have been broken off. It is truly wonderful how the Bakonjo porters (the tribe inhabiting the lower slopes of the mountain) carry the loads over these slippery tree-trunks, with intervening morasses of black mud 2 or 3 feet in depth, for they never drop a load and get along at a good pace.
The best idea of the scenery of the moss- and heath-zone is obtained by picturing a wood of large birch-trees, upon which an abnormally heavy fall of snow has descended without a breath of wind to disturb it as it settles, so that it rests in great masses along the trunks and boughs and hangs in curiously-shaped lumps among the more slender branches. The moss on the giant heath looks much like this, but the masses on the trees and stumps are larger; the moss, too, is of many beautiful shades of colour— green, brown, yellow, pink, sometimes almost white, and many shades of red, all blending together into a perfectly harmonious and warm tint of reddish-brown. The soft beds of moss look comfortable and most inviting to sit upon, but a disappointment
p2
20 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
awaits one should the invitation be accepted, for the moss is like a sponge full of water and moisture drips from the trees above. Long wisps of grey and straw-coloured lichen swinging gently in the breeze give a look of great antiquity to the scene.
Very few mammals inhabited the wet and gloomy regions between 9000 ft. and the summit. The only species which existed in any numbers were Otomys dartmouthi and Dasymys montanus, which were extraordinarily numerous from 12,000 to 13,500 ft., and the Hyrax (Procavia ruwenzorii), which was plentiful from 10,000 to 12,000 ft., but was not found lower down.
This is the real home of the Alpine Flycatcher (Cryptolopha alpina), and it is far more numerous than any other species of bird found in this zone. The male utters a short melodious song, not unlike that of the Willow-Wren, a bird which it closely resembles in its habits.
In this zone is found Stuhlmann’s Sun-bird (Cinnyris stuhlmanni), a bird with a remarkably restricted range, for the species is entirely confined to a belt between 10,000 and 11,000 ft., and is by no means common. It is perhaps most plentiful just on the border of the bamboo and tree-heaths, where the two zones intermingle, and on this account it may sometimes be met with a little lower down, but never above 11,000 ft.
The difficulty of working the high cold regions prevented much trapping, and the list of animals which can be given as inhabiting the tree-heath-zone only includes :—
Tree-Heath- and Moss-Zone (10,000 to 12,500 feet).
MamMats. Rousettus lanosus. Otomys dartmouthi. Myosorex blarina. Mus denniz. Crocidura fumosa montis. Lophuromys aquilus. Sylvisorex lunaris. Dasymys montanus. Chrysochloris stuhlmanni. Procavia ruwenzorii. Felis pardus ruwenzorii. Cephalophus rubidus. y> serval ? Birps. Corvultur albicollis. Turdus abyssinicus. Cinnamopterus tenuirostris. Cossypha archeri. Serinus graueri. Tarsiger ruwenzori. Cinnyris stuhlmanni. Cryptolopha alpina. Parus fasciiventris, Swift, small (not obtained). Bradypterus cinnamomeus. Buteo auguralis.
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. 21
E. Tue SENecto- and Lopenia-Zone (12,500 to 14,500 feet).
At an altitude of about 12,500 ft. the tree-heaths almost disappear and senecios and lobelias, which appeared at a lower level, are the most prominent feature of the vegetation. Lobelia deckenti is found abundantly in the level swamps up to 13,000 ft., and L. stwhlmanni, which appeared first at 10,000 ft., is replaced at 12,000 ft. by LZ. wollastoni, which flourishes on the mountain-slopes up to 14,000 ft. In the level places the ground is a swamp covered by moss, rushes (Luzula johnstont), and lobelias. On the slopes bushes of helichrysum grow amongst the lobelias, and beneath the moss is black mud a foot or more in depth.
Two Shrews (Crocidura fumosa montis and Sylvisorex lunaris) were caught on the swampy ground below the glacier, near the source of the Mubuku, at an altitude of about 12,800 ft., and a small animal, probably one of these Shrews, was seen at an altitude of 14,200 ft.
A few large Fruit-Bats (Rousettus lanosus) inhabited the caves and cliffs at 12,500 ft., but apparently they did not feed so high up and always flew down the valley in the evening. No other Bats were seen above 10,000 ft.
Several specimens of a Mouse (Lophuromys aquilus) were caught at about 12,000 ft., and they were plentiful in the swampy ground at 10,000 ft. A few specimens of Mus dennie were caught in the rock-shelters at 12,500 and 10,000 ft.
Otomys dartmouthi and Dasymys montanus are extraordinarily numerous in this zone, and their runs were to be seen in all directions through the deep moss; but in spite of their numbers they were very difficult to catch, for they would take nothing that was offered to them as a bait, and the majority of the specimens obtained were caught by traps set in the runs. They appeared to be feeding upon rushes, mosses, and ever- lasting flowers, and refused the fresh beans, cheese, or bread offered to them, though a few were caught with a bait of oatmeal. Apparently both these species occur as high as 14,000 ft., as was proved by their numerous runs, but unfortunately none were caught in the traps set at that altitude.
Leopards wander up to the snow-line, but it is difficult to ascertain whether any live permanently high up on the mountains above 10,000 ft. Certain it is that under one of the numerous overhanging ledges of rock at 12,500 ft. there was a dry shelter in which a Leopard had evidently reared a litter of cubs, but there is still the question of food. Even supposing that small antelopes go up to 12,000 ft., though it is unlikely that they are found above 10,000 ft., the highest altitude at which any were seen, there would hardly be sufficient numbers to attract Leopards. In a Leopard’s droppings at 12,000 ft. the hoof of a Red Duiker (probably Cephalophus rubidus) was found, but the animal was doubtless eaten lower down. Leopards living high up might, of course, become expert in the art of catching Hyrax, and might then acquire a liking for their flesh, and this seems their only possible means of subsistence.
22 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
One is, however, inclined to think that the Leopards of which traces were seen on the path to the snows in the Mubuku Valley were visitors from the foot of the mountains and not residents at high altitudes.
Under many of the overhanging cliffs and in caves at 12,000 and 13,000 ft. traces of some large cat, probably a Serval, were found. It was preying on the Hyrax, but although traps were set in the most likely places, none of our party was lucky enough to catch one.
The examples of Hyrax (Procavia ruwenzorit) obtained on the mountain were found from 10,000 ft. up to 14,300 ft. At lower elevations, where the rock is exposed on the surface, forming cliffs and cracks, the Hyrax may also be found, but no traces of them were seen below 10,000 ft. in the regions visited by the Expedition. ‘They were most plentiful at an elevation of from 10,000 to 11,000 ft.
A species of Buzzard and a little Hawk which looked much like a Common Hobby were seen at 12,500 ft., but specimens were not procured.
No Owls were seen or heard above 9000 ft.
This is the home of the gorgeous Sun-bird Nectarinia dartmouthi, and in the early morning, when the sun sometimes shines for an hour or two, the country seems alive with the beautiful green males and the more sombrely clad females. ‘They are not so conspicuous in dark misty weather, but the short bright song of the male may often be heard in spite of mist and rain. They are extremely plentiful in this zone, but are absolutely confined to it, none being ever found below 12,500 ft.
The only other bird which was at all numerous in this zone was the large Swift (Cypselus maximus), which nests in colonies in the higher cliffs up to 14,000 ft.
The Abyssinian Thrush (Turdus abyssinicus) was seen above 14,000 ft., but probably does not breed above 13,000 ft.
The White-necked Raven was seen flying about above the snow-line, and a pair had a nest in a cliff overhanging the camp at 12,500 ft.
The Alpine Flycatcher (Cryptolopha alpina) was found sparingly up to 14,000 ft., but this species is far more plentiful among the tree-heaths below 12,500 ft.
A few examples of Rtippell’s Reed-Warbler (Bradypterus cinnamomeus) and Grauer’s Streaked Seed-eater (Serinus graueri) were seen up here, but they were probably only stragglers from below,
Senecio- and Lobelia-Zone (12,500 to 14,500 feet).
MAMMALS. Rousettus lanosus. | Otomys dartmouthi. Crocidura fumosa montis. | Mus denniz. Sylvisorex lunaris. | Lophuromys aquilus.
Felis pardus ruwenzorii. Dasymys montanus.
» serval ? Procavia ruwenzoril.
R. B. WOOSNAM—ITINERARY. 2
OQ
Birbs. Corvultur albicollis. | Turdus abyssinicus. Serinus graueri. | Cryptolopha alpina. Nectarinia dartmouthi. | Cypselus maximus.
Bradypterus cinnamomeus.
F. Tur Snow-Zone (14,500 to 16,794 feet).
Permanent snow lies at about 14,500 ft., and, as Ruwenzori is practically on the Equator, the snow-line is constantly at the same altitude. No Palearctic forms are found among the mammals and birds, but among the plants there are many alpine genera. No mammals or birds live above the snow-line. Butterflies, moths, and diptera were seen on the snow up to 16,000 feet, blown there by the almost constant wind. On the bare rocks above the snow-line a few worms, lichens, and mosses were seen.
eat Set
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us
RUWENZORI EXPEDITION REPORTS.
3. VERMES. *
By Frank E. Bepparp, V.A., F.RS., F.ZS. Received April 9, read April 23, 1907.
[Text-figures 3-8. |
Tue following pages relate to a number of species of Eudrilide collected by the Ruwenzori Expedition which I received from the Natural History Museum through the kindness of Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. They were collected upon Mt. Ruwenzori along with a number of other species of Oligocheeta belonging to the genera Benhamia and Alma. These latter genera have been lately investigated by Signor Cognetti de Martiis +, upon material collected by H.R.H. the Duke of the Abruzzi from the same locality. I have therefore limited myself to the description of the Eudrilide, of which specimens must, I should presume, have been collected by the Italian expedition; but, so far as I am aware, they have not up to the present been described. All the species are new, but are referable to genera already defined, which genera are in every case East African in range.
Suborder OLIGOCH ATA.
POLYTOREUTUS RUWENZORII Beddard. Polytoreutus ruwenzorti Beddard, P.Z.S. 1907, p. 415.
Of this species the collection contained but a single example, and that in a not very good state of preservation for dissection. I have, however, been able to ascertain, as I think without doubt, that the species is new and allied to a small group of species of this genus of which all the members hitherto known have been described by Michaelsen {. This group—which includes the species P. kirimaensis, P. usindjaensis, and P. sylvestris—is limited to the shores of Victoria Nyanza, Albert Nyanza, and the neighbouring country; and the occurrence therefore of an ally upon Mt. Ruwenzori is not surprising. ‘The likeness of these four forms is to be seen chiefly in the peculiar relations of the diverticula of the spermathecal pouch and, in three of them at any rate §, in the existence of paired copulatory pouches debouching to the exterior on
* Mr. Beddard’s Memoir is reprinted from P. Z.S. 1907, pp. 415-431. T Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. xxi. notes i. and iii.; vol. xxii. note xiv. £ “ Regenwiirmer,” in Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, 1896. § Apparently not in P. usindjaensis. VOL. XIX.—PART I. No. 4.—October, 1909. E
26 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
either side, and independent, of the penis The present species, the exact locality of which within this area I fix by means of its specific name, is represented by a fully mature example which measures 77 mm. in length by 5-6 mm. in breadth. It is therefore a rather stout and comparatively short worm.
The setw of Polytoreutus ruwenzorti are disposed like those of other species of the genus: 7.é. the ventral sete are much wider apart than the lateral sete. ‘The distance between each seta of the ventral pair is something like three times that which separates the individual sete of the lateral pair. I have endeavoured to make an exact study of the distribution of the sete upon the clitellar segments, concerning which there is some but not exhaustive information, on some other species of the genus already described ; for this character seems to be one of probably systematic value. On these segments I could only find one of the two setz of the lateral pair, and the seta present was the innermost. I ought to mention that these statements depend upon a micro- scopic examination of the entire cuticle stripped from the body, and not merely upon an inspection of the entire worm with a lens. The apertures through which the sete are protruded are so obvious that the failure to find one is strong evidence of its absence. The ventral sete, on the other hand, were present upon the clitellar segments with the exception of the xviith, where only the outer seta of the pair was present. Ventrally the clitellum is not so strongly developed as it is laterally and dorsally, which facts may be related to the presence or absence of sete.
The clitellum of Polytoreutus ruwenzorit is, like that of Polytoreutus sylvestris and some, but not all, other species, best developed laterally and dorsally. Ventrally it is not so well-developed, and here the intersegmental furrows are plainer than they are laterally. It embraces segments xiii. to xvii., which is the usual extent of the clitellum in this genus.
The nephridiopores lie in front of the lateral pair of setze, in front of each pair, but not definitely opposite either of the pair. They commence apparently in the fourth segment. A notable fact with reference to these pores is that when the cuticle is stripped off—and I have mapped the pores by this means—a considerable strip of the (as it would therefore appear) chitinous lining of the duct of the nephridium is also stripped off and protrudes from each aperture. I have not noticed anything of this kind in other Oligocheta.
The oviducal pores are quite conspicuous and lie upon the xivth segment behind and to the outside of the nephridial row and the lateral seta of that segment. The single male pore is on the border of segments xvii./xviii. and the spermathecal pore behind it upon the interval xviii./xix.
The internal anatomy of this species, so far as concerns the alimentary and circulatory organs, seems to agree with that of the next species to be described and with the members of this genus generally.
The sperm-sacs are like those of Polytoreutus generally (but not P. bettonianus) in
FRANK E. BEDDARD—VERMES. 27
being exceedingly long, and at their commencement and for a long way back of much less diameter than they are more posteriorly. The sacs extend for more than 30 segments back from their point of origin. That of the right side is fifteen segments longer than the shorter sperm-sac of the left side. The difference in length in this species is more pronounced than in that next to be described. The dilated chambers at the beginning of the sperm-duct immediately after it leaves the funnel are conspicuous in this as in the next species. The spermiducal glands are peculiar in form and do not altogether agree with those of P. sylvestris, to which they appear to come nearer in structure than to those of other species of the genus Polytoreutus. They agree, however, with the last-named species in the fact that the duct of the gland instead of emerging, as is the rule among these worms, from the end of the spermiducal gland, leaves the gland some little way in front of the proximal end. Each gland is rather bent in form, but otherwise lies straight. It is of firm consistency, but is not covered with a sheath of muscle appreciable to the naked eye or through a lens. The slight bending of the corresponding glands in Polytoreutus sylvestris figured by Michaelsen is rather exaggerated in the present species; they appear also to be rather longer in P. sylvestris than in P. rwwenzorvi. Michaelsen does not mention in that species a character which is very noteworthy in P.ruwenzor. He describes the “prostate”’ glands indeed merely as being “‘unregelmassig eingeschniirte.” In the specimen of P. ruwenzorii reported upon here the surface of the gland was much marked by furrows, and the appearance given was that of a very long gland tightly coiled up with some concrescence between the individual loops of the coil. ‘There is no indication of anything of the kind in the figures given by Michaelsen either of P. sylvestris or of its allies. The two copulatory chambers mentioned by Michaelsen * in P. sylvestris and P. kirimaensis are quite as large in P. rwwenzortvi as in those species,
As in several species—for example, Polytoreutus kirimaensis f,—the present species of Polytoreutus is to be characterised by a very slender spermathecal sac which lies beneath the nerve-cord, than which it is no thicker. It is thus difficult to see, and, as Michaelsen has remarked, is apt to escape the eye. Particularly was this the case with the worm described in the present communication. For the contents were very slight in certain regions of the sac, which rendered it even more difficult of observation. It is certainly no wider than the nerve-cord, which overlies it. It is largely by virtue of the different forms which the spermathecal sac shows in this genus that the species of Polytoreutus are discriminated.
The species which I name Polytoreutus rwwenzorii is quite different in details, so far as concerns this organ, from any other species of which descriptions have been published. It comes nearest to Polytoreutus t kirimaensis so far as I can gather, but shows obvious differences from that species.
* Loe. cit.
7 Michaelsen, “ Die Regenwiirmer Ost-Afrikas,” in Deutsch-Ost-Atrika, vol. iv. 1896, p. 16, £ Loe. cit. pl. 11. fig. 21.
E2
28 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
The median spermathecal sac is slender as in that species and is straight or nearly so in its course beneath the nerve-cord, not much convoluted as in the allied Polytoreutus sylvestris*. Anteriorly the sac passes into the fourteenth segment near to the anterior wall of that segment without any change. Arrived there it ends in two diverticula of short extent. These diverticula are apparently of much shorter extent than in any of the species Polytoreutus kirimaensis, P. usindjaensis, and P. sylvestris, whose spermathecal apparatus is built upon the same plan as that of P. ruwenzorii. Michaelsen, as a matter of fact, does not differentiate, except in the case of P. usindjaensis, between each diverticulum and the oviduct with which it becomes continuous, which in fact opens into it according to my interpretation of these various structures in the genus Polytoreutus +. In the figure annexed hereto this arrangement is rendered plain. The
Text-fig. 3.
“ye EN |
?
Spermathecal sac of Polytoreutus ruwenzorii.
d. Diverticulum of sac. 0.d. Oviducal pore. 9. Spermathecal pore.
sudden diminution of the cecum of the spermathecal sac (text-fig. 3) where it is continuous with the oviduct is obvious. Moreover, the oviduct is extremely long as compared with that of some other species, and is much coiled. Much more so is this the case with Polytoreutus rwwenzorii than with any of the three species mentioned as coming nearest to it in respect of the spermathecal sac and its forward diverticula. But apparently these three species do agree with P. ruwenzorié in having a much longer oviduct than in many other species of the genus. ‘here is a further point of agreement between the new species described in the present paper and the three Hast-African
* Where, however, it is also occasionally less convoluted, perhaps in less mature individuals (Michaelsen,
loc. cit. pl. ii, fig. 23). T P.Z.S8. 1902, vol. ii. p. 206 et seq.
FRANK E. BEDDARD—VERMES. 29
species with which I have compared it in the nature of the spermathecal diverticula. The slender spermatheca just in front of the terminal section of the male efferent apparatus divides into two branches, which diverge at right angles and run dorsally, this portion of the spermatheca forming a tube more than 5 mm. in length. ‘Towards the dorsal median line the tube of each side turns back upon itself after emitting a very short but slightly swollen diverticulum ; the recurrent branch runs alongside of the outgoing branch, the two forming a loop which suggests at first sight a nephridium. It is indeed not very much thicker than the nephridia. The returning branch then, having arrived at the level of the point whence it departed, dorsally turns at right angles and joins its fellow a little in front of the external aperture, which is quite inconspicuous. This peculiar origin of the diverticulum on each side is exactly matched in the three species to which the present is evidently allied, viz. Polytoreutus usindjaensis, P. kirimaensis, and P. sylvestris. But in all of the three species mentioned the diverticulum itself is of some considerable calibre. Polytoreutus kirimaensis comes nearest to the present species in that the diverticulum is smaller than in the other two. But even in that species it is much larger than in P. rwwenzorii. There is thus no difficulty in discriminating Polytoreutus ruwenzorii by the structure of the female efferent and copulatory apparatus. It is very interesting to notice that Polytoreutus ruwenzorit also shows points of resemblance to P. sylvestris and P. kirimaensis (but apparently not to P. usindjaensis) in the structure of the male efferent apparatus, which has been already described. ‘There seems to be no doubt that these four species form a little group of Polytoreutus ; but it is not possible in my opinion to separate them off from the other species as a genus or even a subgenus, at least at present.
It is clear from the above account that Polytoreutus rwwenzorit comes nearest to P. sylvestris of Michaelsen. It is only, as I think, with this species that we have to reckon in determining the distinctness or otherwise of the Polytoreutus which I regard as new.
The most plain differences from this species are to be seen in the small size of the spermathecal diverticula and the very reduced length in front of the undivided portion of the posteriorly fused spermathecal sacs. It may be thus defined :—
POLYTOREUTUS RUWENZORIL.
Length 70-80 mm.; breadth 4-5 mm. Distance between sete of ventral pair three times that between sete of lateral pair. Outer seta of lateral pair absent on clitellar segments. Clitellum saddle-shaped. Male pore avit./xvitt. ; spermathecal pore xvitt./aix. No genital area behind pores. Spermathecal sac bifurcate for a short distance in front ; posterior diverticula very small; oviduct between spermathecal sac and receptaculum very long. Right sperm-sac longer than left. Spernviducal glands giving off duct in front of proximal end gland, much furrowed. Copulatory chambers present.
30 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
PoLytoreutus GRANTI Beddard. Polytoreutus granti Beddard, P. Z. S. 1907, p. 420.
In describing some years since * several species of this genus from East Africa, I found among a collection from Mt. Kenya two closely allied species, which, however, were plainly to be differentiated upon a careful study. It is interesting to find upon Ruwenzori the same presence of two closely allied species of Polytoreutus, not—it may be remarked—specially related to their congeners of Kenya. To find closely related species in the same comparatively restricted area is rather more remarkable than would have been the existence of more remotely allied examples of the same genus. This species, which I have named after Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, F.Z.S., comes nearer to Poly- toreutus kirimaensis than does P. ruwenzorii. It is represented by a single specimen, not fully mature as to the clitellum, but apparently quite fully mature as to the sexual organs. One of the two copulatory chambers and the penis were protruded. The size and the external characters generally agree with those of P. ruwenzorit.
The worm is a trifle more slender. ‘The elited/iwm was not developed, and upon the segments to be included in it I observed no deficiency of sete such as occurs in P. ruwenzorti. The relations between the distances which separate the two sete of each pair are much as in P. ruwenzorii. In the same way I observed a long tube of chitin to be extruded from the nephridiopores. I do not like to assert positively that there is a difference between the two species in the segment which contains the first pair of nephridiopores. But in the present species I noted a pair of these apertures in the third segment, 7. ¢. a segment further forwards than I observed the same pores in P. rwwenzorii. The internal anatomy seems to agree with that of P. ruwenzorii and other species of Polytoreutus in the alimentary canal with its appended calciferous glands and in the situation of the last heart (eleventh segment). It may be mentioned, however, that P. granti, like P. ruwenzorii, has the dorsal vessel doubled in the twelfth segment. This doubling of the dorsal vessel is known in the genus Polytoreutus—tor example, in P. gregorianus f.
The male organs of reproduction are much like those of P. ruwenzorii, and yet show differences in minutie. As in that and other species of the genus, there is but a single vas deferens on each side, ending in front in an elongated chamber (“‘Samenmagazine ”) behind the funnel. The sperm-sacs are but a single pair. They are elongated and not so markedly thin anteriorly as in P. rwwenzorii and other species. The right-hand sac, as in that species, is longer than the left, but the difference is not quite so pronounced. The length of the longer sac is 21 mm. ‘The two sacs are not joined at
* “On some new Species of Earthworms belonging to the Genus Polytoreutus, &e.,” P. Z. 8. 1902, vol. ii. p. 190.
+ Beddard, P. Z. S. 1901, vol. i. p. 191. Michaelsen has not referred to the condition of the dorsal vessel in the species with which the present is particularly compared.
FRANK E. BEDDARD—VERMES. 31
their distal extremity. The terminal apparatus of the male efferent ducts is quite like that of P. ruwenzorii. In precisely the same way (text-fig. 4) the spermiducal gland is almond-shaped, and somewhat bent upon itself at the point whence its duct emerges ; the surface is not, however, quite so strongly furrowed. The copulatory chambers seem to be exactly as in P. ruwenzorii.
The female organs of generation (text-fig. 5, p. 32), on the other hand, show greater differences from the same organs in P. rwwenzorti. There is the same slender median spermathecal sac which underlies the nerve-cord and is hardly convoluted in its course. Nor is it of any greater diameter than the nerve-cord. Anteriorly this sac divides into two, but there is no marked division near to the point of bifurcation of the sac between the spermathecal sac and the oviduct which opens into it. This break is very clear in P. rwwenzorii. And in that species the diverticula * of the spermathecal sac are
Text-fig. 4.
Terminal male organs of Polytoreutus grantt.
e.c. Copulatory chamber. p. Spermiducal gland.
short, the greater part of the coiled tube intervening between the unpaired spermathecal sac and the receptaculum being the oviduct. In the present species I could not ascertain the precise spot where the oviduct debouched into the diverticula of the spermathecal sac, but this point is at any rate very far removed from the point of bifurcation of the spermathecal sac; the greater part of the coiled tube, therefore, which intervenes between the unpaired spermathecal sac and the receptaculum being referable to the diverticula of the spermathecal sac. This important difference between these two species, otherwise very nearly allied, is remarkable. It is apparently correlated with another structural feature in which they differ. In examining micro- scopically this part of the reproductive apparatus in glycerine after removal from the body, I noted in addition to the receptaculum, called by Michaelsen the ‘ Eitrichter- blase,” a spherical chamber which obviously corresponds to what Michaelsen calls the
* The word “diverticulum” is, of course, not strictly correct. The two spermathece are fused in the
middle and separate at both ends.
32 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
“ Ovarialblase,” and which is believed by him to contain the ovary. In Polytoreutus ceruleus * this Ovarialblase forms the end of the branch of the spermathecal sac into which it opens on the one hand, and is connected on the other with a narrow tube communicating with the Hitrichterblase, which is, I think, part of the funnel of the oviduct pulled out by the retreating spermathecal sac. I cannot be certain that the spherical chamber in Polytoreutus granti has the same connections, but I cannot help regarding it as the homologous structure. I have not represented it in the figure (text-fig. 5). Now this appears to be wanting in Polytoreutus ruwenzorii altogether, as it is, for example, in Polytoreutus magilensis. Where it does occur it appears to mark the boundary between the oviduct and the spermathecal sac; if so, then the present species has, as I have already suggested, a very long diverticulum to the spermathecal sac and a short oviduct ¥.
Text-tig. 5. AG o.d. a.
$
Spermathecal sac of Polytoreutus granti.
Lettering as in text-fig. 3.
Polytoreutus granti differs from its ally P. ruwenzorii in possessing, like P. kirima- ensis and P. sylvestris, considerable appendages to the spermathecal sac posteriorly. These measured in my example 6 mm., and were therefore just a trifle shorter than the spermiducal glands, which measure 7 mm. in length. The proportions, in fact, are not very different from those of P. sylvestris ; but in the present species the length of both structures seems to be considerably less than in P. sylvestris, where they extend very much further back in the body. As in that species, however, the spermathecal diverticulum on each side receives or emits the duct leading to the exterior from the side and not from the end. The relationshipseof the diverticulum to the thread-like regions of the spermathecal sac which enter and leave it were precisely like those
* Michaelsen, JB. Hamb. wiss. Anst. ix. Taf. iv. fig. 30. v Beddard, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. n.s. vol. xxxiv. pl. xxv. fig. 7.
FRANK E. BEDDARD—VERMES. 33
depicted by Michaelsen for P. sylvestris, and not like those of P. kirimaensis ; for in the latter species the spermathecal diverticulum simply bifurcates at its end into the incurrent and excurrent regions of the spermathecal sac.
The above account of the anatomy of Polytoreutus granti shows that it cannot be confused either with the species which I have just described or with any other known form. It comes nearest to P. ruwenzorii and to P. sylvestris. It differs most markedly from P. rwwenzorii by the characters of the spermathecal diverticula, and by the great length of the anterior undivided portion of the spermathecal sac. It differs from P. sylvestris mainly in the presence of a well-marked circular chamber at the end of the undivided spermathecal sacs, and by the shorter spermathecal diverticula and spermiducal gland. It may be thus defined :—
POLYTOREUTUS GRANTI.
Length 70-80 mm.; breadth 4-5 mm. Distance between setw of ventral pair three times that between sete of lateral pair. Male pore xvii./xviii., spermathecal pore xvidi./aix. Spermathecal sacs long and much coiled in undivided anterior region ; posterior diverticula of some length. Oviduct between spermathecal sacs and recep- taculum ovorum not long. Right sperm-sac longer than left. Spermiducal glands furrowed ; duct arising before proximal end of gland. Copulatory chambers present.
NEUMANNIELLA RUWENZORI Beddard. Neumanniella ruwenzorii Beddard, P. Z. 8. 1907, p. 428.
I refer two fully mature, moderately large individuals, as well as a number of smaller specimens, of an earthworm, apparently new to zoology, to the genus Neumaniiella *, for reasons which the following account of its structure will render plain. The principal distinguishing feature of the genus is thus described by its founder, viz.:—‘ Die fiir mehrere neue Arten aufgestellte Gattung Mewmanniella unterscheidet sich von den verwandten Gattungen Eminoscolex, Gardullaria und Teleudrilus durch die vollstandige Unpaarigkeit der Samentasche.” This is plainly to be seen in Newmanniella ruwenzorii. ‘The larger of the two examples is 105 mm. long and measures 3 mm. in diameter. It is not strongly pigmented. The prostomiwm is very small and restricted within the peristomial segment.
The setew have the usual arrangement met with in this genus. The individual sete of the ventral pair are much wider apart than the closely paired sete of the lateral pair. The distance between each seta of the ventral pair is fully five times as great as that which separates the two sete of the lateral pair. ‘The sete are rather small. On some segments, at any rate, of the clitellum there are no sete present at all. This is certainly the case with segment xiy., where the exact position of the lateral seta
* Michaelsen, ‘“‘ Die Oligocheten Nordost-Afrikas,” Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. f. Syst.) xviil. p. 501. VOL. XIX.—par? I. No. 5.—October, 1909. F
)
d4 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
between the nephridiopore in front and the ovipore behind could be easily fixed. There is no trace upon the cuticle (which was stripped off and examined) of these sete or of the orifices through which they protrude. In Mewmanniella siphonocheta Michaelsen particularly notes that sete are present * upon the clitellum. Nothing is said upon the matter in the case of other species. The absence of sete upon the clitellum is well known to occur in certain species of Pheretima, while other species have them on the clitellum.
The nephridiopores are very plainly visible upon the clitellar segments only with the use of a lens; but they are not thus visible upon the other segments of the body. The reason for this is not wholly, if at all, the turgescence of the clitellar segments, which thus makes the pores obvious. When the cuticle is stripped off it is very distinctly to be noted that the pores themselves are smaller in size upon the pre- clitellar than upon the clitellar segments. ‘The difference is very considerable. This ean hardly be the result of stretching, and must indicate a larger nephridium, or, at least, a larger terminal duct to the nephridium. I observed the first nephridiopore upon the third segment. Michaelsen states (of the species where he notes the point) that the nephridiopores lie in line with the pair of sete ¢ d. I found in Neumanniella ruwenzorivi a decided relationship to seta c. These pores are, it should be added, near to the anterior dividing-line of their segment.
The clitellum of Newmanniella ruwenzorii is complete all round the body. It is as strongly developed upon the ventral as upon the dorsal side. Its yellow colour contrasts with the rest of the body. The clitellum shows some variation from species to species of this genus in the fact of being saddle-shaped or as in the present species. It begins upon the xiiith segment, the posterior one-third of which is invaded by the clitellar epithelium. At the other extremity it ends upon the xvilith segment, so that the dimensions are as in other species of the genus, and as in the Eudrilide generally. T have already remarked upon the apparent absence of sete upon this region of the body ; there are also no traces to be observed externally of penial sete in the neighbourhood of the male generative pore or elsewhere.
The most anterior of the generative pores is the spermathecal aperture. ‘This is very conspicuous in the middle line and just on the boundary-line of segments xiii. and xiv. It is rather a small orifice, but nevertheless quite evident. ‘There is no modification of the integument in its neighbourhood. On the xivth segment are the padred orifices of the oviducts. These lie exactly behind the nephridiopores of that segment and not far from the posterior boundary of the xivth segment. The apertures are quite conspicuous, but not much (if at all) larger than the nephridiopores upon the clitellum, which, as already mentioned, are wider than those apertures upon the segments in front of the clitellum.
* Loe. cit. p. 502. * N. siphonocheta and NV. tenuis, loc. cit. pp. 502 & 505.
FRANK E. BEDDARD—VERMES.
(Sv) On
The male pore is a single aperture like the spermathecal pore. It lies exactly on the boundary-line of segments xvil. and xviii. It is considerably larger than the spermathecal pore, and the actual orifice is surrounded by an area having a rather transparent appearance. There is no protrusion of the Bursa propulsoria, nor is the orifice situated upon an area which is at all raised beyond the general level of the body. Apart from the slightly modified integument surrounding the male pore, which has no counterpart in the case of the spermathecal pore, the body of this species shows no genital papille.
With regard to internal structures | have no observations to make, save those based upon examination with a lens and a microscope in the case of detached pieces of certain organs and systems. I have not investigated this Eudrilid by means of sections on account of its poor state of preservation.
With regard to the alimentary tract, the paired calciferous glands seem to me to be rather further back than the thirteenth segment, but as the worm was much softened I should not like to be quite certain. The condition of the proximal swellings upon the sperm-ducts seems in this genus to offer systematic characters for the differentiation of the species. For in NV. tenuis these ‘“‘Samenmagazine” are hardly marked at all, and they are quite conspicuous in WV. siphonocheta. In the present species these structures are present, but rather different im their condition from those of some other Eudrilide. Each of these swellings upon the sperm-duct is of oval form, tapering towards each end; but instead of lying immediately after the funnel of the sperm-duct, there is a considerable stretch of narrow tubular sperm-duct before the funnel. The latter lies deep within the sperm-sac. I have observed the characters of these bodies in the smaller specimens, but not in that from which the present description of the species has been prepared.
The terminal male efferent apparatus is constituted as follows:—Hach of the two prostate or spermiducal glands measured about 10 mm. in length, and each gland was folded only once upon itself, thus forming a U. ‘The diameter of each gland was not more than, if indeed quite so much as, 1 mm. The (morphologically) posterior end of each gland lay further forwards in the body than the proximal or anterior end of each spermiducal gland. Anteriorly each tubular spermiducal gland suddenly narrowed to form a firm and slender duct; the two ducts running backwards soon join and form an unpaired tube which constitutes one limb of a U, the anteriorly directed limb being the Bursa propulsoria. The spermiducal glands have a soft Opaque appearance; they are not hard and with a nacreous glitter as in some Eudriiids. On the other hand, the Bursa propulsoria has an almost metallic appearance to the naked eye. It is slender and fusiform. ‘There are no penial sete.
The spermathecal gland of this KEudrilid was unfortunately cut into when the animal was slit open along the back. It is more or less globular in shape, and occupies about the first half of the clitellum. It is quite dorsal in position, lying
F 2
36 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
immediately beneath the body-wall, and has pushed the dorsal blood-vessel to the left. The contents were an opaque white granular mass, in which could be detected nothing resembling a spermatophore, though the friable coagulated matter may have been the material out of which a spermatophore was to be constructed. The sperma- thecal sac (text-fig. 6), it should be said, widens out from its duct, which lies to the right side of the gut. I could see no indication of any communication between the spermathecal sac and the cavity of the intestine, such as occurs, for example, in Parascolex. 'The narrow duct of the spermathecal sac shows no nacreous glitter, nor
Text-fig. 6.
Spermathecal apparatus of Newmanniella ruwenzorit.
d. Diverticula of spermathecal sac (S.). f. Funnel of oviduct. 0.d. Oviducal pore.
2. Spermathecal pore.
does it ultimately widen out into any structure that may be termed a Bursa copulatrix. On the contrary, the duct of the spermathecal sac just before its opening on to the exterior suddenly narrows to half its former calibre and becomes more muscular, with transverse and longitudinal fibres. At the point where this narrowing begins, two ceca, one on each side, are given off and slightly curled backwards. These arise therefore from what I have termed the duct of the spermatheca. These ceca are rather longer than the very narrow terminal chamber of the spermatheca, with a diameter half again the width of that chamber; each cecum is about half the diameter of the wider part of the duct of the spermatheca. From the extremity of each ceecum arises a short tube with very weak muscular walls; this becomes a little wider, and at a short distance from the spermathecal cecum contains the oviducal
FRANK E. BEDDARD—VERMES. 37
funnel, which can be seen to fan out within the chamber so formed. The oviduct apparently also opens partly into the receptaculum ovorum; the short oviduct opens on to the exterior in the usual way. The receptaculum ovorum was full of eggs. I could find no ovary within the chamber into which the funnel of the oviduct opens, and suspect that the ovarial tissue has been entirely transferred to the receptaculum ovorum. In any case, the various sacs and ducts mentioned appeared to form a closed system in which the ovary, if persistent elsewhere, was not included. I am not clear how far this species agrees and disagrees with others of the genus. In three of the four species described by Michaelsen, that naturalist figures a tube which encloses the oviducal funnel at one end and opens at the other into the spermathecal sac. ‘There is no indication of any diverticula of the spermathecal sac which receives the “¢ Verbindungsschlauch,” such as I find in Newmanniella ruwenzorii. Nor could I, as already mentioned, detect a special ovarian sac lodging the ovary and com- municating with the rest of the egg-conducting apparatus, such as Michaelsen found. It should be observed that this bifurcation of the spermathecal sac anteriorly to receive the oviducts is exactly like the disposition of this sac in Polytoreutus. Its presence in the species Mewmaniella ruwenzorii necessitates a revision of the generic characters used by Michaelsen, who uses as a generic character the fact that ‘*Samentasche ganz unpaarig.” This character alone therefore serves to discriminate the present species from all of those described by Michaelsen. It may be thus defined :—
NEUMANNIBLLA RUWENZORIL.
Length 105 mm.; breadth 3 mm. Distance between ventral sete about five times that between dorsal sete. Some of the sete absent from clitellum. Clitellum complete, xiti./aviti. Male pore single, median, upon avii./aviii. Spermathecal pore single, median, upon wiii./viv. Spermiducal glands with well-marked narrow long duct, each of which joins its fellow to open into fusiform muscular terminal chamber. No penial sete. Spermathecal sac with two diverticula, which receive oviducts at eatremities, and a small narrow muscular Bursa propulsoria.
EMINOSCOLEX RUWENZORII Beddard.
Eminoscolex ruwenzorii Beddard, P. Z. 8. 1907, p. 428.
I refer to a new species of the genus Himinoscolex a worm which is considerably softened, but in which the more important characters are nevertheless plainly visible. The completely paired condition of the male and female organs, coupled with the ventral calciferous pouches in segments ix., x., xi. and the paired glands in segment Xili., are decisive of its generic position.
The worm measures rather more than 200 mm. in length by 4-5 mi. in width, and
38 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
is thus the largest species of the genus. The colour above is dark purplish brown. The clitellum was not developed. The setw are paired; but the phrase descriptive of these structures in Michaelsen’s amended definition of the genus*, viz., ‘‘ Borsten ventral sehr weit, lateral enger gepaart,”’ hardly applies to the present species.
The ventral sete (text-fig. 7) are rather wide, much as in Polytoreutus, but the lateral sete are only slightly more approximated, the proportions being about 5: 6. It is remarkable that on the nine or ten anterior segments of the body the ventral sete are very much larger, perhaps twice the size of the lateral sete; this discrepancy
Text-fig. 7.
Ventral view of Eminoscolex ruwenzorir. Some of the segments are numbered.
ceases after that point, and both pairs of setz are equisized and small. The ventral pair of sete of the xviith segment are absent.
The nephridiopores lie in front of the lateral pair of sete, and are not specially related to one or other of the pair. They appear to begin in the third segment.
The oveducal pores are upon the xivth segment, in line with the nephridiopores.
The spermathecal pores are paired as in other species of the genus. The pore of each side lies m front of the outer of the ventral pair of sete. The pores are not very large.
* “Die Oligocheten Nordost-Afrikas,” Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. f. Syst.) Bd. xviii. p. 482.
FRANK E. BEDDARD—VERMES. 39
On the following intersegmental furrow (¢. é., xili./xiv.) are two pairs of minute orifices, which lie on a level with each of the four ventral sete. They are rendered more conspicuous by being surrounded with a yellowish area. ‘This area is the expression of internal sacs, which probably correspond to the copulatory glands found in many Earthworms of the families Megascolicide and Geoscolicidee, but not, I believe, hitherto recorded among the Eudrilide. These sacs, though small, are very easily to be seen when the septum separating segments xiii. and xiv. is pushed forward.
The male pores are very large and conspicuous, and lie between segments xvii. and XVlll, in a straight line with the spermathecal pores. ‘The flaps of skin surrounding the pores cause them to be rather obliquely set, as is shown in the accompanying figure (text-fig. 7). The hinder margin of each orifice is much thickened and forms a glandular pad ; the two very nearly meet in the middle line behind.
The intersegmental septa are not very much thickened, and they cease to be at all thickened after that which separates segments xi./xil. The gizzard, which is well developed, though not very large, lies undoubtedly in segment v. The median calciferous pouches are in segments ix., x., and xi. ‘The paired calciferous glands of segment xill. have rather an unusual form. ach consists of a relatively narrow tubular coiled structure very much longer than it is broad. ‘his lies coiled on each side of the gut in the xilith segment.
The dorsal blood-vessel is nowhere double; the last pair of hearts is in segment x1.
The male organs are much like those of other species of this genus. The present species is holandrous, and the sperm-sacs are two pairs, more or less tongue-shaped bodies, in segments xi. and x11. The ends of the sperm-ducts near to where they open into the sperm-sacs are, as in other Eudrilide, dilated into what Michaelsen has termed a “*Samenmagazin.” As in other species of Hminoscolex, the region of the sperm-ducts in question is not only widened but is of some length and coiled, forming a body of oval contour constituted by the closely approximated windings of the tube. It is conspicuous through its white colour as in other Eudrilide. The sperm-duct opens into the tip of the spermiducal gland (text-fig. 8, p. 40), which is in this species directed forwards ; the entire gland is sausage-shaped and bent once upon itself. It ends in a narrow muscular duct which opens into the rather large Bursa propulsoria ; the latter is of circular contour. ‘There are no penial sete.
The female organs of generation were so much softened that some details have probably escaped me. It is, however, plain that there are a pair of nearly spherical spermathecal sacs which are perfectly free from each other and do not communicate, as in some species of the genus, at the distal extremity with each other. The oviduct is very long and straight in its course ; anteriorly it is seen to communicate with a rather small receptaculum ovorum, which lies close to the septum dividing the x1ith from the xivth segment to the outside of the oviduct. In the other side is a slight swelling which appears to be fixed against the septum dividing the same segments,
40 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
which doubtless represents the ‘ Eitrichterblase” and the “ Ovarialblase.” I am doubtful whether this chamber is also in communication with the spermathecal sac or surrounds it. It is not, however, necessary to settle this point for purposes of the identification of the species, which I believe is sufficiently distinguished from other species of the genus hitherto described. Of these there are ten species known.
A peculiarity of Hminoscolex ruwenzorii is the thickened fold which bounds the male pores posteriorly, and is comparable to a rudimentary penis or pair of penes. Of
Text-fig. 8.
Terminal male organs of Eminoscolex ruwenzorit.
B.c. Bursa propulsoria. p. Spermiducal gland. v.d. Vas deferens.
this structure there seem to be the equivalents in a few other species, viz., in E. sylvestris *, E. barnimi +, E. neumanni ¢, E. viridescens, and perhaps E. toreutus 9. Although the mere thickening which I have figured in E. rwwenzorii is different from the projecting penis of /, viridescens, the immaturity of my specimen might account for the difference very easily.
But Hminoscolex rwwenzorii is to be distinguished from E. sylvestris and H. barnimi by the fact that the dorsal sets are further apart than in those species, where the distance a—b is three times the distance c-d. It cannot be confused with EL. neumanni by reason of the fact that in the latter species the spermathecal pores are opposite to the lateral setee, whereas in EL. ruwenzorii they are, as in the majority of species, in front of the ventral sete. There remain Z. toreutus and E. viridescens. In the latter species ||, however, the spermathecal pores are a segment further back and are placed
* Michaelsen, Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. f. Syst.) xvili. p. 486.
ry Id., MT. Hamb. wiss. Anst. xvii. t Jd. rabid. xiv. § Jd., “ Regenwiirmer,” in Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, iv. p. 9.
|| Zd., Oligocheeta in ‘ Das Thierreich,’ Lief. 10 (Berlin, 1900), p. 407.
FRANK E. BEDDARD—VERMES. 4]
in a common depression; in KH. toreutus the spermiducal glands appear to have a different form and the spermathece are larger. Hminoscolex ruwenzorii may be thus defined :—
EMINOSCOLEX RUWENZORII.
Length 200 mm. ; breadth 4-5 mm. Ventral setw rather further apart than lateral, the proportions being 6:5. Ventral sete of nine anterior segments enlarged. Male pores xvit./aviit. with thickened posterior margins (a penis?); female pores xii./xiii. in line with seta b. Copulatory-gland pores on witi./xiv. Proaimal ends of four sperm- ducts widened and twisted into a closely adpressed coil. Spermiducal gland of only moderate length, with narrow muscular duct. Spermathece more or less spherical, not conjoined.
VOL. XIX.—PaRrT I. No. 6.— October, 1909.
Snes oaui Tov
Ut
RUWENZORI EXPEDITION REPORTS.
4, MOLLUSCA. By BE. A. Smits, L.S.0., F.Z.8.
Received October 24, read November 17, 1908. [Piate I.*]
Tue collection of Mollusca now reported on, although small, contains several specimens of interest, besides the four species which appear to be new. The fine series of Limicolaria saturata and L. smithi show how variable those species are both in form and colour, and the variety of the large Achatina schweinfurthi presents a very unusual style of coloration.
As the Ruwenzori district had been to a certain extent explored by Dr. Stuhlmann 7 in 1894, it is rather surprising that the present collection, consisting of only fourteen species, should contain so large a proportion of novelties.
A few new species obtained by the Duke of the Abruzzi on Ruwenzori have been described by Carlo Pollonera {.
1. Virrina oLEosa Martens. Vitrina oleosa Martens, Deutsch-Ost- Afrika, vol. iv. p. 40, pl. i. fig. 4. a-n. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 10,000-14,000 feet.
Several specimens from the above elevation apparently belong to this species, or to Vitrina cagnit Pollonera §. From VJ. oleosa they may differ in having the peristeme of the same colour as the rest of the shell, and not black. V. cagnii is said to be “‘ fusco-cornea,” whereas the present specimens are yellowish horn-colour.
2. TROCHOZONITES LEPTALEUS, sp.n. (Plate I. figs. 12, 13.)
Testa concave conica, ad peripheriam acute carinata, tenuis, anguste perforata, pallide cornea, supra haud nitida; spira elata, breviter concava ; anfractus 8, lente accrescentes, superiores 23 globosi, leves, ceteri planiusculi, ad suturam carinati, plicis tenuibus oblique arcuatis numerosis ornati, ultimus infra carinam acutem nitens, planiusculus, lineis incrementi tenuissimis, striisque microscopicis
* For explanation of the Plate, see p. 50.
+ For an account of Dr. Stuhlmann’s collections, see Martens and Simroth in ‘ Deutsch-Ost-Afrika,
vol. iv. (1898). + Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Torino, vol. xxi. no. 538 (1906). § Tom. cit. p. 1 (1906).
44 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
uregulariter concentricis sculptus; apertura obliqua, subquadrata, brevis; peri- stomium tenue, margine columellari ad insertionem breviter expanso et reflexo. Alt. 8°5 mm., diam. 11. a. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 10,000-14,000 feet. Under a lens the plice look quite rib-like; they do not extend below upon the keel so as to affect the regularity of it. T. mamboiensis Smith * is similar in form, but less strongly plicate upon the upper surface, and the concentric sculpture upon the base of the body-whorl is more distinct than in the present species. It is also darker in colour.
3. TRACHYCYSTIS ? RUWENZORIENSIS, sp. n. (Plate I. figs. 9-11.)
Testa orbicularis, depressa, tenuis, anguste umbilicata, olivaceo-cornea, ad apicem albida, vix nitida, lineis incrementi arcuatis conspicuis subplicatis ornata; spira parum elata, ad apicem obtusa; anfractus 5, sutura subprofunda sejuncti, con- vexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, superiores duo leves, ultimus haud de- scendens, infra plicis vel striis minus conspicnis; apertura oblique lunata; peri- stomium tenue, simplex, margine columellari ad insertionem dilatato et reflexo.
Diam. maj. 13 mm., min. 108, alt. 63.
a-d. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 10,000—-14,000 feet.
In form this species is rather like Helix bukobe Martens}, but is more narrowly
umbilicated. The colour of the latter species, moreover, is described as chestnut-brown,
with a light zone on the body-whorl. The present species is so thin that the underside of the body-whorl is liable to wrinkle when dry. The lines of growth are well-marked, even finely plicate above.
4, ENA (CERASTUS) RETIRUGIS (Martens).
Buliminus retirugis Martens, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, vol. iv. p. 60, pl. ii1. fig. 25.
a. Ruwenzori (no particular locality given).
A single specimen agreeing in all respects with the description, excepting that the network or malleation is of the same colour as the rest of the shell and not pale yellow. It is rather smaller than the type, having a length of 24 mm. 4. lagariensis Smith is probably only a variety of this species in which the malleation is almost obsolete, and Buliminus (Petreus) aloysti sabaudie Pollonera is the same, or a
very closely allied form.
5, ACHATINA SCHWEINFURTHI, var. (Plate I. fig. 8.) Achatina schweinfurthi Martens; Pilsbry, Manual Conch. vol. xvii. p. 61, pl. vi. fig. 15. a. Ruwenzori (no special locality stated).
* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, vol. vi. p. 151, pl. v. fig. 3. + Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, vol. iy. p. 58, pl. ii. fig. 23.
E. A. SMITH—MOLLUSCA. 45
Only a single specimen is in the collection. It is, however, peculiar on account of the absence of the dark irregular brown markings upon the last two whorls; these are covered with a yellow periostracum, beneath which the shell is white. A. tincta Reeve, A. weynst Dautzenberg, A. buchneri Martens, and the present species are very difficult to separate, all being characterized by a very similar style of coloration and sculpture.
6. Burroa niuotica (Pfeiffer). Bulimus niloticus Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 24. a. Ruwenzori (no special locality given). Only one young shell was obtained. For further references, see Pilsbry, Manual of Conchology, 2nd series, vol. xvi. p. 300; and for the anatomy, Reynell, Proc. Malac. Soc. vol. vil. p. 97, pl. xvii.
7. LIMIcoLaRia saTURATA Smith. (Plate I. figs. 1-4.) Limicolaria saturata Smith, Proc. Malac. Soe. vol. i. p. 324, fig. 1 on p. 323. ? Limicolaria ventricosa Smith, 1. c. p. 324, fig. 2, abnormal. a—a', Ruwenzori (no special locality given). A fine series of specimens of this species indicates that it is very variable both in colour and form. ‘These differences can be shown only by means of coloured figures. One set of specimens is of the same rich dark colouring as the type, whereas another set has quite light brown markings. One of the most constant features is the size of the two or three apical whorls: these are rather small, so that the top of the spire is slender in comparison with other species. I do not feel quite sure that L. ventricosa is an abnormal example; certain specimens in the present collection approach it in shape, but none of them has the top whorls quite so broad.
8. LIMICOLARIA SMITHI Preston. (Plate I. figs. 5-7.) Limicoluria smithi Preston, Proc. Malac. Soe. vol. vii. pp. 89, 90, fig.
a—f. Ruwenzori (no special locality given).
Also recorded from the Uganda District (Preston); Bunjako, N. of Victoria Nyanza; between Entebbe and Fort Portal, Toro, Uganda; Kibiro, east shore of Lake Albert.
As pointed out by the author, this species is extremely variable in colour, and the differently coloured shells appear to occur together in the same locality.
Some specimens are white covered with a greyish-olive periostracum, and with or without a blackish umbilical zone. Others have a dark infrasutural interrupted band besides the basal zone. Some specimens, like the type, have the upper whorls blackish-purple, or inclining to purplish-rose, or again quite pale. The finest example, from Kibiro, east shore of the Albert Nyanza, is a very striking shell with broad,
46 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
almost black, oblique flames and short wavy lines of a reddish-brown colour at the upper part of these whorls. In another shell from the same locality these reddish lines extend further over the whorls, in the last of which they cover three-fourths of its extent. Iam inclined to think that Martens* has figured this species as L. colorata, vars. saturata. and infrafusca, and perhaps fuscescens. L. mediomaculata Martens +
is also very closely allied.
9. HoMorus FUSCOSTRIGATUS, sp. n. (Plate I. fig. 14.)
Testa subulata, sordide lutea, strigis obliquis numerosis saturate fuscis picta, ad apicem haud strigata, ad suturam linea lutescente cincta; anfractus 10, lente accrescentes, leviter convexiusculi, lineis tenuibus confertis incrementi striisque spiralibus decussati, ultimus ad peripheriam rotundatus, linea fusca indistincta cinctus; apertura inverse auriformis, cerulescens, longitudinis totius 4 fere equans; labrum tenue, nigrescens; columella tenuis, leviter arcuata, antice breviter truncata.
Longit. 32 mm., diam. 73; apertura 7} mm. longa, 4 lata.
a. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 7000 feet.
Subulina martensi of Dupuis and Putzeys appears to be closely related to the present species, but is much larger, with more convex whorls.
The lines of growth in H. fuscostrigatus are somewhat puckered at the suture, which is consequently more or less uneven; they are very fine and thread-like, and, being crossed by the transverse strie, are cut up into elongate sections. The peripheral dark line is very indistinct and may be an individual peculiarity.
10. Homorus Brcotor, sp. n. (Plate I. fig. 15.)
Testa mediocriter elongata, nigro-rufescens, ad apicem flavescens, nitens, lineis incrementi obliquis, striisque spiralibus tenuibus sculpta; spiraad apicem obtusa ; anfractus 64, regulariter crescentes, valde conyvexi, superiores 2} flavescentes, ultimus perconvexus, striis spiralibus minus distinctis; apertura inverse auri- formis, intus purpurascens, longitudinis totius 2 adequans; labrum extra incrassatum ; columella in medio arcuata, antice oblique truncata.
Longit. 16 mm., diam. 64; apertura 6 mm. longa, 33 lata.
a. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 7000 feet.
This species is remarkable on account of the yellowish apex, which contrasts strikingly with the rest of the shell, and for the thickening of the labrum on the outside with a rounded rib, a feature which perhaps may prove to be of generic importance.
* Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, vol. iv. p. 105, pl. iv. figs. 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14. t Op. cit. p. 107, pl. iv. figs. 3, 5, 7.
E. A. SMITH—MOLLUSCA. 47
The surface of this shell is highly glossy, although exhibiting spiral strie and lines of growth. The latter, under the lens, have a somewhat puckered appearance below the suture.
11. Homorvus RuNssoRINUS (Martens). Glessula runssorina Martens, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, vol. iv. p. 114, pl. v. figs. 11, 12. a-c. Mubuku Valley, EK. Ruwenzori, 10,000 feet. ‘Three specimens, two of which are larger than the shells described by von Martens. Length 32 mm., diam, 11; aperture 12 mm. long, 6 broad. The upper whorls exhibit more or less indistinct spiral strie, and the whole surface under the microscope presents a minutely frosted appearance.
12. CycLopHorus (AFERULUS) ELATIOR Martens. Cyclophorus elatior Martens, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, vol. iv. p. 8, pl. i. fig. 1, pl. i1. fig. 4. a-c. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 feet. This species is remarkable for the spiral brown lineation of the yellowish peri- ostracum. When this is worn off the shell is dirty white beneath. Von Martens’s specimens were collected by Dr. Stuhlmann near the south shore of Lake Edward.
13. Limna#A NATALENSIS Krauss. Limneus natalensis Krauss, Stidafrik. Moll. p. 85, pl. v. fig. 15. a, 6. Ruwenzori (no special locality given).
This South African species appears to have a wide range northward, if the various shells which have been recorded under this name all belong to one and the same species. It is said to occur in Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika.
14. PLANORBIS BRIDOUXIANUS Bourguignat. Planorbis bridouxianus Bourg. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1890, vol. x. p. 20, pl. i. figs. 9-12. a, 6. Ruwenzori (no special locality given).
Two specimens, which seem to agree with the description and figures of this Tanganyika species.
IGA Ip
VOL. XIX.—ParT I. No. 7.—October, 1909.
50 E. A. SMITH— MOLLUSCA.
PLATE I.
Limicolaria saturata, p. 45. ‘ smitht, p. 45. Achatina schweinfurthi, var., p. 44. 1. Trachycystis? ruwenzoriensis, p. 44. Trochozonites leptaleus, p. 43. Homorus fuscostrigatus, p. 46. éicolor, p. 46.
Ss
JQ s L ie
| aI
bo oc CO oO i (Se)
eas en Fe OR EES 7
or)
Trans tool, JooVot MN. FEL.
J.Green,del.et Chromo lith.
LAND SHELLS FROM RUWENZORL.
a Biv. tS
eel
EO WEEINEZTO UR | EPXOP Die OmNn eB, OS:
5. CRUSTACEA. By W. T. Cauman, D.Sc., F.Z.S.
Received and read November 17, 1908. [Text-figures 9-12. |
THE river-crab of Ruwenzori (I find no reason to suppose that more than one species is represented in the collection) belongs to one of the most puzzling and imperfectly known sections of a very difficult genus.
All the specimens differ in some degree from the type-specimens of Potamon johnstoni (Miers) from Kilimanjaro with which I have compared them, but they appear to approach more closely to that species than to any of the others hitherto described, and I do not consider that the differences justify their separation under a new specific name.
Only the acquisition of large series of river-crabs from all parts of Africa will enable the species inhabiting that continent to be properly defined, and I may take this opportunity to remind collectors that river-crabs from any part of Africa (and, indeed, from most parts of the world) will be very gladly received at the Natural History Museum.
PoraMoNn (POTAMONAUTES) JOHNSTONI (Miers).
Thelphusa depressa Krauss var. johnstoni Miers, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 237. Potamon (Potamonautes) johnstoni Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, (4) vii. pp. 160 & 170 (1905).
Twelve specimens were collected by the Ruwenzori Expedition, and seven specimens from the same region, presented by Sir H. H. Johnston in 1901, are in the Natural History Museum.
The smallest specimen measures 12°5 mm. and the largest 33°5 mm. in length of carapace. The breadth-ratio of the carapace varies from 1:32 to 1:48, being on the whole less in the smaller specimens. The surface of the carapace is moderately flat, except in its anterior third, where it is convex antero-posteriorly. ‘The inter-regional grooves are strongly marked, especially the central part of the “cervical” groove and the transverse branchial grooves or posterior branches of the cervical; the latter con- strict the branchial regions so that the postero-lateral margin of the carapace is concave or almost notched. ‘The anterior or lateral limbs of the cervical groove die out almost immediately in front of their junction with the posterior branches. The inner branchial
H 2
62 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
areole are well defined, as are also the branchio-cardiac grooves, and there is on each side a posterior transverse branchial groove, the two being more or less distinctly united by a fainter depression across the intestinal area. The mesogastric furrow is deep and its branches are not angulated.
In the smaller specimens (20 mm. in length or less) the postfrontal crest, which is nearly straight on each side but advanced in the middle, is sharply defined and minutely granulated. ‘The antero-lateral margin has also a marginal line of fine granules and the antero-lateral regions of the dorsal surface are slightly rugose. With
Text-fig. 9.
Potamon (Potamonautes) johnstoni. Male specimen from Ruwenzori. Above is shown the larger chela of the same specimen from the outer side. Both figures are natural size.
increasing size, however, the whole carapace becomes smoother; the postfrontal crest becomes softened and rounded, although generally retaining some faint traces of granu- lation; the antero-lateral margins become rounded, with, asa rule, only a slight indication of the granular line ; and the whole dorsal surface becomes smooth and polished.
The frontal width varies from about °38 of the width of the carapace in the smallest specimens to °26 in the largest; the front is strongly deflexed, and its margin, raised and beaded in small specimens, becomes smoothed off in the larger. ‘The eyes are
W. T. CALMAN—CRUSTACEA. 53
relatively much larger in the small and medium-sized specimens, where they fill, or nearly fill, the orbits; in the largest specimens the orbits appear much too large for the eyes. The margin of the orbits is a raised line which is beaded only in small specimens. The outer orbital angle projects at most very slightly and is often quite smoothed away; below it there is usually a small orbital notch, but in some of the larger specimens this can no longer be detected.
The degree to which the lateral margins of the carapace project beyond the outer orbital angle (a point to which much importance is attached by Miss Rathbun in her revision of the subgenus) varies with the size of the specimen. In all the specimens of 20 mm. carapace-length or less the lateral projection is less than the major diameter of the orbit; in all the specimens of 25 mm. and upwards it exceeds that diameter.
On the under surface of the carapace the pterygostomial furrow is, at most, indistinctly granulated ; the inferior prolongation of the cervical groove (separating the sub-hepatic and sub-branchial regions) is more or less indistinct, sometimes practically obsolete (as in Hilgendorf’s P. bipartitum).
Text-fig. 10.
Abdomen of the specimen shown in text-fig. 9. Natural size.
The groove on the merus of the third maxillipeds varies in distinctness without much relation to the size of the specimens; it is never very strongly marked and in some of the large specimens it is altogether obliterated. The merus of the chelipeds has its three edges granulated, the granules being most prominent and conical on the anterior edge. ‘The second tooth on the inner side of the carpus is small and is followed on the proximal side by a row of large granules, The chelw are smooth, with faint grooves on both fingers; the fingers gape to a varying degree in large specimens of both sexes and are generally a little more slender in large males than in females.
There are two transverse grooves on the sternum of the male in front of the abdomen ; the anterior region of the sternum in females is setose. The male abdomen has nearly straight sides and the angle which the outline forms between the last two segments does not project laterally.
The two type-specimens of P. johnstont from Kilimanjaro (which have not hitherto been figured) are males and are somewhat larger (35 and 37 mm. carapace-length) than any of the Ruwenzori specimens. ‘They agree with the latter in the general characters of the ‘‘ perlatus-group” as defined by Miss Rathbun (¢. ¢. p. 162) and in
54 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
the general disposition of the grooves of the carapace, especially the obliteration of the anterior branch of the cervical groove and the strong development of its posterior branch (or transverse branchial groove), which constricts the branchial region. They further agree with the larger of the Ruwenzori specimens in the fact that the lateral projection of the carapace exceeds the major diameter of the orbit, in which respect the character of the species is wrongly given by, Miss Rathbun in the monograph referred to. The differences between the two forms may be summed up by saying that
Text-fig. 11.
The larger of the two type-specimens (males) of “ Thelphusa depressa var. johnstoni,” described by Miers from Kilimanjaro. Some of the walking-legs have been reconstructed from those of the other specimen.
Above is shown the larger chela of the same specimen from the outer side. Both figures are natural size.
the ridges and granules of the carapace and chelipeds are much sharper and better defined in the Kilimanjaro types, although the latter are larger than the largest and smoothest of the Ruwenzori specimens.
In the types, the postfrontal crest is sharp and more or less distinctly granulated ; the antero-lateral marginal line is well-marked and its granules large and distinct ; the raised margin of the front and orbits is more sharply defined and in the orbits is
W. T. CALMAN—CRUSTACEA. 55
distinctly beaded, and the outer orbital angle is more prominent, almost dentiform. A fine beading is also present along a part of the pterygostomial furrow. On the merus of the chelipeds the marginal granules are larger and sharper, more especially one at the distal end of the inner edge; the granules behind the second inner carpal tooth are almost obliterated. The larger chela is relatively a little longer and more slender. The furrow on the merus of the third maxillipeds is much more distinct than in the Ruwenzori specimens.
Miss Rathbun has suggested, as Hilgendorf also did, that the species to which she gives the name P. ambiguus (= P. hilgendorfi Hilgendorf nec Pfeffer) may be identical with P. johnstoni, while, on the other hand, Ortmann places P. hilgendorfi Pfeffer as a synonym of P. johnstoni. Whether either or both of these opinions are likely to be correct I do not venture to say; I think it probable that only a re-examination of the type-specimens will enable the synonymy of the existing species of this group to
Text-fig. 12.
Young specimen taken from under the abdomen of the mother (Ruwenzori). x 9.
be finally settled. Nobili* has described a species from Ruwenzori under the name Potamon (Potamonautes) aloysti sabaudiev, but his description is so brief that I find it impossible to form any conception of the'species.
One of the females in the present collection bears numerous eggs (each 2°6 mm. in diameter) attached to the abdominal appendages, and another has numerous young ones sheltering under the abdomen. As few good figures of young Potamonide exist I have thought it well to give a figure of one of these. They are in what Mercanti has called the second stage of development. Mercanti states that in the young of P. edulis at this stage abdominal appendages are absent, but Miss Rathbun finds them to be present in all the species examined by her. They are certainly present in all the young individuals of the species dealt with here, but they differ in the degree of development. In some specimens they have the form of distinct and prominent papille on the second
* Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Torino, xxi. no. 544 (1906). y Bull. Soc. Entom. Ital. xvii. p. 209 (1885).
56 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
to the fifth abdominal somites. In other specimens the papille on the second somite are distinct, but those on the following somites are much less so. It is possible that these latter specimens are males, but I could find no trace of appendages on the first somite, where they occur in the adult males. The carapace of the young specimens measures about 3°0 x 2°7 mm.
List of Localities. “ Ruwenzori, 6500 ft. Presented by Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B.” Seven specimens (4 ¢, 3 @), from 12°5 to 25 mm. in length of carapace.
‘From a tributary of the Mpanga River, E. Ruwenzori. Ruwenzori Expedition.” Three specimens (2 ¢, 1 2), from 31-33 mm. in length.
‘Small brook running into the Mubuku River, E. Ruwenzori. Ruwenzori Expedition.” Two specimens (¢ 2), 29°5 and 33 mm, in length.
‘“ Mubuku River, E. Ruwenzori, 6900 ft. Ruwenzori Expedition.” Six specimens (3 3,35 2), from 13°5 to 33°5 mm. in length.
“From a small stream near Irumu, Eturi River. Ruwenzori Expedition.” One specimen ( ¢ ), 27 mm. in length.
The figures accompanying this paper were drawn by Miss G. M. Woodward.
RUWENZORI EXPEDITION REPORTS,
6. ARACHNIDA.
By A.S. Hirst, £.Z.S. Received November 13, read November 17, 1908.
A FEW species of Spiders and Ticks were collected by the members of the Expedition, and a list of these is given below. A single form, Cladomelea ornata, has been described as new.
Suborder ARANE/E.
Family CLUBIONID&. 1. SELENOPS VIGILANS Pocock. Selenops vigilans Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ii. p. 349, text-fig. 2 (1898).
Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, 3400 ft. A single female specimen.
2. PALYSTES ELLIOTI Pocock. Palystes elliott Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvii. p. 58, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1896).
Mokia, S.EK. Ruwenzori, 3400 ft. A female specimen. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 7000 ft. A female specimen.
3. Crenus (LEPTOCTENUS) PULCHRIVENTRIS Simon ? Ctenus (Leptoctenus) pulchriventris Simon, Ann. Soc. Hut. France, lxv. p. 493 (1896). Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 7000 ft. Three females.
Family ARGIOPID 4. 4. NEPHILA PILIPES Lucas.
Epeira pilipes Lucas, in Thomson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 416, pl. 13. fig. 7 (1858),
Mokia, $.E, Ruwenzori, 3400 ft. A large number of specimens.
5. ARGIOPE FLAVIPALPIS Lucas. Epeira flavipalpis Lucas, in Thomson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 423 (1858).
Mokia, $.E. Ruwenzori, 3400 ft. Four female specimens.
6. CYRTOPHORA cITRICOLA Forskal. Aranea citricola Forskal, Descript. Anim. &e. p. 86 (1775).
Mubuku Valley, EK. Ruwenzori, 7000 ft. Numerous specimens. VOL. XIX.—PART 1. No. 8.—October, 1909. I
58 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
7. CLADOMELEA ORNATA Hirst. Cladomelea ornata Hirst, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xx. p. 36, text-fig. 4 (1907). Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, 3400 ft. A single female specimen.
? — Colour pale yellow; tarsi and distal portions of metatarsi fuscous, the metatarsi of the anterior pairs of legs being marked in the middle of their length with an additional dark patch; patella and tibie with light brown spots; cephalothoracic spines apically darkened.
Cephalothorawz.—Ocular tubercle moderately elevated as compared with that of C. longipes Cambr., the three spines of the cephalothorax of fair length and the middle one slightly curved in an anterior direction.
Abdomen.—Dorsal tubercles of abdomen small, almost uniform in size, and distri- buted much as in C. longipes. The two median tubercles of the second row are replaced, however, by a single tubercle. Additional tubercles are present in the posterior median part of the abdomen, a couple being situated between the row of three tubercles and the lozenge-shaped group of four tubercles and another pair placed posteriorly to the lozenge-shaped group.
Legs—Patella and tibia of first leg a little longer than metatarsus and tarsus, and with tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus more slender than is the case in C. longipes.
Measurements in mm.—Leneth of first leg 27, of second leg 19:5, of third leg 10, of fourth leg 13:5, of posterior cephalothoracic spine 2°75, of ocular tubercle -5, of cephalothorax 4°75, of abdomen 10; total length 14:5; breadth of cephalothorax 4°75, of abdomen 12.
Egg-cocoon pate yellow in colour, spherical, the surface smooth, the pedicle very short.
Suborder ACARI.
Family Ixop1p @. 8. AMBLYOMMA MARMOREUM Koch. Amblyomma marmoreum Koch, Arch. f. Naturg. (1) x. p. 224 (1844),
Mokia, 8.E. Ruwenzori, 3400 ft. Five males from a puff-adder.
9, AMBLYOMMA HEBREZUM SPLENDIDUM Giebel.
Amblyomma splendidum Giehel, Zeitschy. f. d. ges. Naturwissensch. xlix. p. 293 (1877). Amblyomma hebreum splendidum Neumann, Arch. de Parasitol. ix. pp. 2338, 234 (1905).
Semliki Valley. Six males and four females frem a buffalo.
10. ORNITHODOROS SAVIGNYI cacuS Neumann. Ornithodoros savignyi var. cecus Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xiv. p. 256 (1901).
Uganda, from native huts. Numerous specimens.
RU WEIN ZOU SERX PE DEON] RoE ©) Rak s:
7. NEUROPTERA. BUA Nin ER BYE Hele S eh obpss Received November 13, read November 17, 1908.
I Give in this and the following report lists of the species of named Neuroptera and Orthoptera from Ruwenzori in the Natural History Museum. All these, except a few noted as collected by Mr. Scott Elliot, were obtained by the Hon. Gerald Legge and Mr. A. F. R. Wollaston during the recent expedition to the district. A new genus and species of Dragonfly, a new species of Ant-lion, two new species of Cockroach, and a new genus and species of Grasshopper are here described.
Suborder ODONATA.
Family LIBELLULID&.
Genus PALPOPLEURA. Rambur, Insectes Névroptéres, p. 129 (1842).
PALPOPLEURA LUCIA Drury. Libellula lucia Drury, Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, ii. pl. 45. f. 1 (1778).
Three specimens: a male and a yellow form of the female taken at Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, on May 18 and 21 respectively, at a height of 3500 feet; and a specimen of the white form of the female, taken in the Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, at a height of 6000 feet.
Genus ACCAPHILA, gen. n.
Male.—Kiyes touching ; frontal tubercle entire, very slightly arched, truncated in front ; abdomen long, rather slender, second and third segments carinated, very slightly thickened at base, but with the sixth and seventh segments widened, as in the South American genera Dythemis and Macrothemis. Wings rather long and narrow, pterostigma moderately long: fore-wings with 11 continuous antenodal and 7 post- nodal cross-nervures; the right fore-wing with a 12th rudimentary discontinuous cross-nervure ; sectors of the arculus stalked, nodal sector hardly waved ; loop-nervure open to the hind margin; no supra-triangular nervures, one cross-nervure in the lower basal cell; triangle regular, traversed, followed by one row of two or three cells, and then by two rows of cells, increasing only towards the hind margin; sub- triangular space rather longer than broad, consisting of 3 cells: hind-wings with 8-9 antenodal and 8 postnodal cross-nervures; triangle free, its base coinciding
12
60 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
with the arculus, and followed by two rows of cells, increasing only towards the hind margin; two cross-nervures in the lower basal cell. Legs rather long and slender, with short spines; appendages of the second segment of the abdomen small and slender, but long and very conspicuous ; upper terminal appendages very stout, hatchet-shaped, and pointed; lower appendage simple, pointed, about half as long as the upper ones.
A remarkable genus, of somewhat doubtful affinities.
ACCAPHILA EUDOXIA, Sp. 0.
Long. corp. 45 millim.; exp. al. 72 millim.; long. pter. 3 millim.
Male——Head yellow, frontal tubercle and middle of front (which is strongly punctured) purple; a spot on each side of front, the middle of nasus (except a short transverse yellow mark above and below), all the lower mouth-parts, except the triangular mentum, and some spots behind the eyes, black. Thorax bronzy green, with double yellow median line and interalary spaces yellow ; pleura with alternate bands of bronzy green and yellow. Abdomen black, the two basal segments with yellow markings in the middle above and on the sides; the remaining segments have long yellow spots at the base on the sides; there is also a slender yellow middle carina above, marked with a large yellow spot on segment 7. Legs black, a line on the front femora beneath and the hind trochanters yellow. Wings hyaline; pterostigma brown, with a yellow central line; membrane of hind wings grey, very small.
Described from one male: Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000 feet, Jan. 30, 1906.
Genus ORTHETRUM.
Newman, Entomological Magazine, i. p. 511, note (1883).
ORTHETRUM CHRYSOSTIGMA. Libellula chrysostigma Burmeister, Handbuch der Entomologie, ti. p. 857. n. 58 (1835). Six specimens from the Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori: two males and one female taken at a height of 6000 feet, on Feb. 24, 1906; and two males and one female taken on March 2, 1906, at a height between 5000 and 7000 feet.
ORTHETRUM sp.
One female specimen: Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 feet, March 20, 1906. A species allied to O. cagfrum Burm.
ORTHETRUM TRUNCATUM.
Calvert, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xix. p. 162 (1892); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvin. p. 128 (1896).
fab. Kilimanjaro (Calvert) ; Ruwenzori (G. F. Scott Elliot).
W. F, KIRBY—NEUROPTERA. 61
Genus CAcERGATES. Kirby, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, xii. pp. 263, 806 (1889).
CACERGATES LEUCOSTICTUS. Libellula leucostictus Burmeister, Handbuch der Entomologie, ii. p. 849. n. 8 (1835).
Four specimens, three males and one female, taken at a height of 3500 feet at Mokia, 8.E. Ruwenzori, on May 21, 1906.
Family AUSCHNID &.
Genus ZEScHNA.
Illiger, Magazin fir Insektenkunde, 1. p. 126 (1802).
/ESCHNA ELLIOTI. Kirby, Annals & Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, vol. xvii. p. 124 (1896). Brought by Mr. Scott Elliot from Ruwenzori.
Family AGRIONID A.
Genus PHAON. De Sélys-Longchamps, Synopsis des Caloptérygines, p. 23 (1858).
PHAON IRIDIPENNIS. Calopteryx iridipennis Burmeister, Handbuch der Entomologie, ii. p. 827. n. 9 (1835). A male specimen taken at Fort Beni, Semliki Valley, July 21, 1906.
Genus LIBELLAGO.
De Sélys-Longchamps, Synopsis des Caloptérygines, p. 57 (1853).
LIBELLAGO sp.
Two female specimens, taken at a height of 6000 feet on Feb. 26, 1906, and between 5000 and 7000 feet on March 2, 1906, in Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori. It is possibly a new species, but it would not be desirable to deseribe it without a larger series of both sexes.
Genus MIcRONYMPHA. Kirby, Synonymic Catalogue of Neuroptera Odonata, p. 140 (1890). 7
3 £
MICRONYMPHA SENEGALENSIS. Agrion senegalense Rambur, Histoire Naturelle des Insectes: Névroptéres, p. 276. n. 24 (1842). Two specimens from Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, taken at a height of 6000 feet on Feb. 24, 1906.
62 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Suborder PLANIPENNIA.
Family MYRMELEONID4.
Genus PALPARES.
Rambur, Histoire Naturelle des Insectes: Névroptéres, p. 365 (1842).
PALPARES PAUCIMACULATA, Sp. nl.
Exp. al. ant. 113 millim., post. 120 millim.; long. corp. 45 millim.
Body thickly clothed with shaggy grey hair; head yellow, antenne, except at base, black, as also the mandibles, a transverse band below the antenne, and three broad longitudinal bands, one behind each eye, and the third median and continued over the pronotum, which is otherwise yellow above and on the front and sides beneath; legs chestnut-red, tarsi black; abdomen dark brown. Fore-wings hyaline, with yellow nervures, the bounding nervure black ; the costal cross-nervures formed of two spots, often united into a thick line; pterostigma veined with yellow; beyond itis a ight brown irregular patch, dentated on the costal side, and followed by one or two smaller blotches and spots towards the apex of the wing; below these are two light brown dashes, running to the hind margin; about the middle of the wing are two irregular spaces indicated merely by the blackish outlines of the cells, and there are several other nervures marked with blackish, the most conspicuous being along the forking fourth nervure, where the spots take the appearance of thorns; the nervules running to the hind margin are also spotted with black on their inner half, except towards the base. Hind-wings with many of the cross-nervures in the costal area marked with thick black lines; pterostigma marked with yellow; three hight brown apical blotches, and some evanescent dusky marks on the hind margin below; three brown blotches below the subcostal nervure—the first nearly round, the second forming an irregular oval, the third forming a longer and narrower irregular stripe, throwing off a curved branch outwards towards its lower end; below the round spot is a dark sagittate spot, above two or three small ones on the inner margin; below the second are two small spots between it and the hind margin; and on the hind margin itself are one or two smaller black or dusky marks here and there.
The fore-wings are almost exactly similar to P. submaculatus Kolbe. (Deutsch- Ost-Afrika, iv. Netzfliigler, p. 10. n. 5, plate, f 5), and the hind-wings are very similar to some varieties of P. lébelluloides Linn., except for the almost total absence of spots towards the inner margin of the hind wings.
One specimen, Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, 3500 feet, May 18, 1906.
RUWENZORI EXPEDITION REPORTS.
8. ORTHOPTERA. By W. ¥. Kirsy, 20.8., FES.
teceived November 13, read November 17, 1908.
Family BLATTID &.
Genus BLATTA.
Linnzus, Systema Nature, (ed. x.) i. p. 424 (1758).
BLATTA MONTANA, Sp. 0.
Long. corp. 10-12 millim., lat. 6-7 millim.
Shining black; antennee, mouth-parts, tegmina, and legs rufo-castaneous. Tegmina short, subquadrate, closely but indistinctly punctured, coriaceous, slightly overlapping, and rather shorter than the pronotum, only extending to the second segment of the abdomen. Cerci stout, pointed, about as long as the prominent last ventral segment of the abdomen.
One male, three females; Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-15,000 feet, 1906.
Resembles Blatéta truncata Sauss. from India, but the latter has the tegmina distinctly striolated.
Genus DyscoLoGAMIA. Sauss. Rev. Suisse Zool. i. p. 297 (1893).
DYSCOLOGAMIA WOLLASTONI, sp. 0.
Male. Long. corp. 19-20 millim.; exp. al. 55-57 millim.
Head small, reddish behind and black in front, shining; antenne reddish; pronotum reddish brown or dark brown, the front, and in the lighter specimen a spot on each side above, reddish; tegmina rufous brown, with the costa redder; scapular nervure scarcely pale; outer lower half of right tegmen greyish hyaline; wings dingy hyaline, with the costal border and apex yellowish ; abdomen and legs reddish; terminal segments of abdomen blackish above.
Resembles D. cesticulata Sauss. from the Malay Peninsula; but the tegmina are darker, and without whitish markings except very narrowly along the scapular vein. The veins of the tegmina are less numerous, wider apart, and irregularly reticulated by
64 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
more distinct transverse and loop nervures. There is a rather smaller species, with lighter tegmina and darker wings, in the Natural History Museum from Mombasa.
Two specimens from Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, collected in June 1906, at an elevation of 3500 feet.
Family MANTID &.
Genus CALIDOMANTIS. Rehn, Canadian Entomologist, xxxii. p. 271 (1901).
CaLIDOMANTIS FENESTRATA. Mantis fenestrata, Fabr. Spec. Ins. i. p. 849, n. 23 (1781). Five male specimens from Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6009-7000 feet, taken on Dec. 30, 1905, Jan. 14 and 15 and Feb. 5, 1906.
Genus Popa. Stal, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Férhandlingar, xii. p. 169 (1856).
POPA SPURCA. Stal, op. cit. p. 169 (1856). One specimen from Mpanga Forest, Fort Portal, Uganda, at a height of 5000 feet.
Family ACHETID A.
Genus CURTILLA. Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, iii. p. 445 (1815).
CURTILLA AFRICANA. Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois, Insectes recueillies en Afrique et en Amérique, p- 229, Orth. pl. 2. f. 6 (1805). Three specimens, taken at Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, at a height of 3500 feet, in May 1906. Genus BRACHYTRYPES. Brachytrupes Serville, Histoire naturelle des Insectes Orthoptéres, p. 323 (1839).
BRACHYTRYPES MEMBRANACEUS. Gryllus membranaceus Drury, Ulustrations of Exotic Entomology, ii. pl. 43. f. 2 (1778).
Two specimens from Fort Portal, Uganda (5200 feet).
Family PHASGONURIDA.
Genus GRYLLACRIS.
Serville, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, xxii. p. 188 (1831).
W. F. KIRBY—ORTHOPTERA. 65
GRYLLACRIS NANA.
Brunner von Wattenwyl, Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-kéniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxxviil. p. 364. n. 92 (1888). One specimen, taken on Ruwenzori in 1906; no special information. Previously brought from Ruwenzori by Mr. Scott Elliot.
Genus THAUMATOXENIA, gen. n.
An extremely aberrant insect, but showing some affinity with Debrona Walk. (Otiaphysa Karsch).
Male.—Head small; fastigium depressed, pointed. Pronotum sellated, the saddle long and narrow, the principal sulcus forming a rectangle about the middle of its length, behind which the saddle is widened to the extremity. Cerci incurved and hooked at the extremity, as long as the subgenital lamina, which is broad and concave at the extremity. Legs very long and slender; cox with a slight spine ; all the femora with short spines beneath; tibiee sulcated and spined on the upper ridges and also beneath ; tegmina oval, about three times as long as broad, and rounded off at the extremity ; costal and inner marginal areas very broad, the costal area with subparallel lines or partially reticulated ; the inner marginal area with more regularly curved parallel lines; between them rise three parallel nervures close together—the first running to the costa at 2 of its length, and, in one specimen, dissolving into two short branches on the left side, which soon disappear; the second running to the costa before the tip, and throwing off beneath at 4 of its length a slender branch which presently bifurcates and runs to the costa just above the tip; the third bifurcates almost at the base, and the upper branch is much waved and runs to the margin just below the tip. After the bifurcation is a long pale space between the branches; the lower branch curves down to the inner margin, enclosing another pale space, broader than the upper one, and crossed by more distinct parallel nervules; nearer the base is a small drum, crossed by a very strong slightly oblique nervure; and the nervure bounding the lower space beneath runs very close to the inner margin, with which it soon coalesces. Wings longer than the tegmina, and rather pointed at the extremity.
THAUMATOXENIA LEGGEI, sp. n.
Long. corp. 21 millim.; exp. tegm. 70 millim., lat. 10 millim.; long. tib. post. 28 millim.
Testaceous ; antenne darker beyond the two basal joints ; pronotum above with two diverging red lines ; tegmina greenish yellow (probably green in life); wings rather long and narrow, subhyaline, obtusely pointed at the tip, the upper half of which is greenish yellow.
Two male specimens from Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000 feet, Dec. 1905, Jan. 13, 1906.
VOL. X1X.—PaRT 1. No. 9.—October, 1909. K
66
ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Family LocustTip &.
Genus ACRYDIUM. Geoffroy, Histoire abrégée des insectes que se trouvent aux environs de Paris, i. p. 390 (1762) (Tettiw auct.). ACRYDIUM DEPRESSUM.
Tetrix depressa Brisout, Annales de la Société entomologique de France, sér. 2, tom. vi. p. 424 (1848).
Five specimens of this or an allied species, labelled simply ‘‘ Ruwenzori, 1906.”
RUWENZORI EXPEDITION REPORTS.
9. RHYNCHOTA. By W. L. Distant.
Received November 13, read November 17, 1908. [Puate IT.*]
THIs enumeration of the Rhynchota of Ruwenzori, which were collected by the Hon. Gerald Legge and Mr. A. F. R. Wollaston, includes 56 species arranged in 41 genera. Of these, 11 species and 1 genus proved to be new. It also includes species previously described from the collection made by Mr. G. F. Scott Elliot in the -same locality, as well as a few procured on Ruwenzori by Sir H. H. Johnston. So far as the Rhynchotal fauna is concerned, its affinities are, in the main, distincjly West African, the South African fauna being much less represented. The absence of several families from this enumeration shows that this Rhynchotal collection is not exhaustive, though doubtless very representative.
Suborder HETEROPTERA.
Family PENTATOMID 4.
Subfamily ScuTELLERINA.
Genus SOLENOSTETHIUM. Solenostethium Spin. Ess. Hém. p. 360 (1837).
SOLENOSTETHIUM SEHESTEDI. Tetyra sehestedii Fabry. Syst. Rhyng. p. 130. 9 (1803).
Mokia, $.E. Ruwenzori, 3500 ft.—Not uncommon on the West Coast of Africa.
Genus STEGANOCERUS. Steganocerus Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 902 (1864).
STEGANOCERUS MULTIPUNCTATUS. Cimex multipunctatus Thunb. Nov. Ins. Sp. ii. p. 30 (1783). Fort Beni, Semliki Valley —Distributed over the whole of Africa south of the
Sahara. * For explanation of the Plate, see p. 84.
Ka
68 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Genus SPHHROCORIS. Spherocoris Burm. Handb. Ent. ii. 1, p. 390 (1835).
SPHAROCORIS ANNULUS. Cimex annulus Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 697 (1775). Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, 3500 ft.—Also found in the same locality by Mr. Scott
Elliot. Widely distributed over the African continent, excluding the northern and southern areas.
SPHAROCORIS POCILUS. Spherocoris pecilus Dall. List Hem. i. p. 9 (1851). Ruwenzori (G. F. Scott Elliot).
Also recorded from Nubia and Senegal.
Genus CrYPTAcrvUs. Cryptacrus Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 904 (1864).
CRYPTACRUS COMES. Tetyra comes Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 130 (1803). Mubuku Valley, EK. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft.—Sir H. H. Johnston also brought home the species from the same locality. C. comes is a variable species and widely
distributed in Tropical and Subtropical Africa. The unicolorous variety seems to be the dominant form on Ruwenzori.
Genus CaLLIpEa. Callidea Lap. Ess. Hém. p. 71 (1882).
CALLIDEA BOHEMANI. Callidea Bohemani Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1858, p. 210. Mubuku Valley, KE. Ruwenzori, 6000-7000 ft.—Widely distributed in Southern and Tropical Africa. Genus Horza, Hotea Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 41 (1843).
TLoTEA SUBFASCIATA. Hotea subfasciata Westw. in Hope Cat. i. p. 11 (1887).
Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft.—Widely distributed in Tropical and Subtropical Africa.
W. L. DISTANT—RHYNCHOTA. 69
Subfamily Cypnin&.
Genus CypDNUs. Cydnus Fabr. (part.) Syst. Rhyng. p. 184 (1803).
CYDNUS RUDIS. Aithus rudis Walk. Cat. Het. i. p. 157 (1867). Fort Beni, Semliki Valley.—Originally described from Gambia.
Genus Macroscytus. Macroscytus Fieb. Kur. Hem. pp. 83, 362 (1861).
MACROSCYTUS BRUNNEUS. Cydnus brunneus Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 185 (1803).
Fort Beni, Semliki Valley.—Very widely distributed and found in the Palearctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian regions.
Subfamily PenraToMIn 2.
Genus ERACHTHEUS. Eractheus Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1861, p- 199.
ERACHTHEUS LUTULENTUS,. Paramecocoris lutulentus Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1853, p. 215. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000—13,000 ft.—Recorded from South and South- east Africa. ERACHTHEUS BORIS. Sciocoris Boris Dall. Cat. Hem. i. p. 138 (1851). Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft.—Originally described from an unlocalized specimen. ERACHTHEUS CASTANEUS. Eractheus castaneus Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iv. p. 431 (1899). Ruwenzori (G. F. Scott Elliot).
Genus AGABoTus. Agabotus Dist. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 459.
AGABOTUS sp.
Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft. A single specimen with the antenne mutilated.
70 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Genus CauRa. Caura Stal, Hem. Afv. i. p. 168 (1864).
Caura LEGGEI. (Plate II. figs. 1, 1 a.)
Caura leggei Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 487 (1908). Caura pulcherrima Schout. Aun. Soc. Ent. Belg. xii. p. 372 (1908).
Head, pronotum, and scutellum metallic bluish-green ; corium opaque olivaceous- green; membrane dark bronzy-green; connexivum indigo-blue; head beneath pale sanguineous, lateral margins before antennez bluish-black ; sternum metallic bluish- green, a longitudinal fascia running between coxe pale sanguineous ; abdomen beneath sanguineous, with a central longitudinal series of five large spots, four on each lateral area, four on each lateral margin, extreme lateral margin, a small transverse spot on each side of apical segment, and legs bluish-black ; antennz black, basal joint (excluding extreme apex) sanguineous, first joint not reaching apex of head, second and third sub- equal in length, shorter than fourth and fifth, which are also subequal, fourth distinctly dilated ; rostrum with first joimt sanguineous and reaching base of head, remaining joints black, second joint about reaching intermediate coxe, third joint short, just passing intermediate cox, apical joint slightly passing posterior coxe ; head, pronotum, and scutellum thickly punctate and slightly rugulose; corium very finely and indis- tinctly punctate, more prominently so on claval and costal areas; connexivum thickly finely granulose.
Long. 12 mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 8 mm.
Hab. Semliki Valley.
Var.—Ab ove somewhat paler green ; basal joint of antennze black, concolorous; head beneath blackish, its base ochraceous, all the sanguineous coloration beneath replaced by ochraceous.
Hab. East Africa; Masaba (Coll. Dist.).
Genus ASPAVIA. Aspavia Stal, Hem. Afr. i. p. 186 (1864).
ASPAVIA ARMIGERA. Cimea armiger Fabr. Spec. Ins. 11. p. 348. 64 (1781). Ruwenzori (G@. /. Scott Hiliot).—An abundant species in West Africa.
Genus CaRBULA. Carbula Stal, Hem. Afr. i. p. 140 (1864).
CARBULA BICOLOR. (Plate II. figs. 4, 4 a.) Carbula bicolor Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 437 (1908). Head, pronotum, scutellum, and corium fuscous-brown ; anterior lateral margins of pronotum, basal lateral margins of corium, and a somewhat large spot near each basal
W. L. DISTANT—RHYNCHOTA. ql
angle of scutellum pale, levigate, shining ochraceous; membrane bronzy-brown with the veins darker ; connexivum brownish-ochraceous, its inner margin and the posterior segmental margins black ; body beneath and legs ochraceous, abdomen with a waved castaneous line on each lateral area; antenne with the first joint fuscous-brown, remaining joints pale ochraceous, basal joint not quite reaching apex of head, second, third, and fourth joints almost subequal in length, fifth a little the longest ; rostrum just passing the posterior coxee, first joint reaching base of head, second reaching intermediate coxee and about as long as third and fourth together; head longer than broad, thickly coarsely punctate, apex of the central lobe a little prominent ; pronotum broader than long, thickly coarsely punctate, the posterior angles strongly, robustly, horizontally produced, their apices subacute and very slightly recurved, a little notched behind ; scutellum coarsely punctate and wrinkled, shorter than corium, basal angular pale spots subglobose ; corium more finely punctate ; membrane reaching apex of abdomen.
Long. 9 mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 7 mm.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-7000 ft.
CarBuLa FuscaTa. (Plate II. figs. 8, 8 a.) Awemba fusca Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 439 (1908).
Dark fuscous-brown, apical area of head and produced pronotal angles more piceous ; antennee, lateral crenulate margins of pronotum, and a large globose spot near each basal angle of scutellum, ochraceous ; membrane fuscous-grey, veins darker ; connexivum dull ochraceous, inwardly black ; body beneath paler than above and darkly punctate ; legs dull ochraceous; head thickly coarsely punctate, apices of lateral lobes outwardly rounded and widely separated in front of central lobe ; antenne with second and fourth joints subequal in length, first joint not reaching apex of head, fifth joint mutilated in type; pronotum coarsely punctate and granulose, lateral angles robustly, spinously, horizontally produced ; scutellum wrinkled and punctate; corium somewhat opaque and more sparingly punctate ; rostrum with first joint reaching base of head, second longest and not quite reaching intermediate coxe, third and fourth shortest and subequal, fourth slightly passing posterior coxe.
Long. 7 mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 6 mm.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-7000 ft.
Genus AWEMBA. Awemba Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 488 (1908).
Somewhat flatly broad and subovate ; head narrowing anteriorly, lateral lobes distinctly longer than central lobe, their apices somewhat widely separated ; antennz five-jointed, basal joint not quite reaching apex of head, second and fourth subequal in length, fifth longest ; rostrum reaching posterior coxve, first joint reaching base of head, second longest and not quite reaching intermediate cox, third and fourth joints short and
~1 i)
ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
subequal in length; pronotum much broader than long, lateral angles strongly, robustly, spinously produced, anterior lateral margins coarsely serrate, posterior margin truncate before scutellum, lateral margins concavely sinuate, anterior margin excavated for reception of head ; scutellum about as long as broad at base, its lateral margins oblique to near middle and then more suddenly narrowed, its apex rounded ; corium longer than scutellum, not covering connexivum, which is widely exposed ; membrane somewhat short, about reaching abdominal apex; abdomen beneath convex, apical angle of sixth abdominal segment acuminate ; legs simple, not spined.
This genus in general appearance and character is somewhat allied to Carbula Stal, but differs in having not only the lateral lobes of the head longer than the central, but also the lateral margins of the pronotum serrate.
AWEMBA TyPica. (Plate II. figs. 6, 6a.)
Awemba typica Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 439 (1908).
Pale luteous and more or less thickly punctate, punctures black towards base of head, sparsely scattered near anterior margin of pronotum, forming a distinct broad basal fascia between lateral pronotal angles, sparsely distributed over corium and thick and close at apex of scutellum; antenne with the fourth and fifth joints darker or more castaneous; pronotum very coarsely punctate, lateral angles robustly, spinously produced; scutellum coarsely wrinkled and punctate ; corlum somewhat opaque and finely sparsely punctate; abdomen beneath with spiracles black, sometimes with lateral margins (broadly) and a central longitudinal fascia (narrowly) darker; other structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 8$ to9 mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 7 mm.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-15,000 ft.; Ruwenzori, 5600 ft. (G. F. Scott Elliot).
Genus AGONOSCELIS. Agonoscelis Spin. Ess. Hém. p. 327 (1837).
AGONOSCELIS VERSICOLOR. Cimex versicolor Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. p. 120. 155 (1794). Hab. Mubuku Valley, EK. Ruwenzori, 5000-13,000 ft.—Widely distributed in Tropical and Subtropical Africa. Genus NEzara. Nezara Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 143 (1843).
N@EZARA VIRIDULA. Cimex viridula Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 444 (1758). Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft.—Almost universally distri- buted ; found in all the principal zoo-geographical regions.
W. L. DISTANT—RHYNCHOTA. 73
Subfamily Asopina.
Genus Hoptoxys. Hoploxys Dall. List Hem. i. p. 102 (1851).
HoPLoXxYS C@ERULEUS. Hoploxys ceruleus Dall. List Hem. i. p. 103 (1851). Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft.—Also recorded from the Congo and Gaboon.
Subfamily TrssaRATOMINA.
Genus TEssARATOMA. Tessaratoma Lepel. & Serv. Enc. Méth, x. p. 590 (1825).
‘TESSARATOMA HORNIMANI. Tessaratoma hornimani Dist. Ent. Month. Mag. xiv. p. 63 (1877). Semliki Valley.—Originally described from West Africa.
Subfamily Diniporin@.
Genus CYCLOPELTA. Cyclopelta Amy. & Sery. Hist. Hém. p. 172 (1843).
CYCLOPELTA TRISTIS. Dinidor tristis Stal, Hem. Afr. i. p. 212 (1864). Ruwenzori (Sir H. H. Johnston).—A well-known West-African species.
Genus ASPONGOPUS.
Aspongopus Lap. (part.) Ess. Hém. p. 58 (1832).
ASPONGOPUS XANTHOPTERUS. Aspongopus xanthopterus Fairm. in Thoms. Arch. Ent. il. p. 291 (1858). Semliki Valley.—Originally described from the Gaboon.
ASPONGOPUS NIGROVIOLACEUS. Pentatoma nigro-violacea Pal. Beauv. Ins. p. 83, Hém. pl. vii. fig. 4 (1805). Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft. Taken by Sir H. H. Johnston and Mr. Scott Elliot in the same locality.—Found in the Congo State. VoL. XIX.—ParT I. No. 10.—October, 1909. L
74 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
ASPONGOPUS ALTERNATUS. (Plate IT. figs. 3, 3 a.)
Aspongopus alternatus Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 1. p. 4389 (1908).
Body above, antenne, rostrum, head beneath, sternum, and legs black ; connexivum, abdomen beneath, and the femora luteous; anal abdominal segment black; head with the lateral lobes foliaceous and produced in front of the central lobe, their apices divided ; antennz with the basal joint shortest, second a little shorter than third, fourth and fifth longest and about subequal in length; rostrum passing anterior but not quite reaching intermediate coxe, first joint slightly extending beyond base of head, second a little longer than third and fourth together; pronotum, scutellum, and corium rugose, the first more finely so and coarsely punctate, the second transversely rugose and coarsely, sparingly punctate, corium more irregularly rugose and sparingly coarsely punctate; membrane more piceous than black; tibie sulcate ; tarsi ochra- ceously pilose.
Long. 133 to 145 mm.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft.
Allied to A. nigroviolaceus Pal. Beauv., but differs in having the second joint of the antenne shorter than tde third, and in the colour of the under surface of the abdomen &c.
ASPONGOPUS LIVIDUS. Aspongopus lividus Dist. Ann. Mag Nat. Hist. (7) ii. p. 315 (1898). Ruwenzori (Sir H. H. Johnston).—Originally described from Nyasaland.
Family CoreID a.
Subfamily Correa.
Genus HOLoprerna. Holopterna Stal, En. Hem. iii. p. 41 (1878).
HoLopreRNA WOLLASTONI. (Plate II. figs. 14, 14 a.)
Holopterna wollastoni Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) i. p. 440 (1908).
Head and scutellum black; pronotum and corium piceous-black, the latter with a large ochraceous basal spot ; antennz piceous-black, the apical joint pale ochraceous, with its extreme base blackish ; membrane dark bronzy; connexivum black and more or less ochraceously spotted at segmental incisures; body beneath and legs black ; antenne with basal joint about as long as pronotum, longer than second joint, second, third, and fourth joints almost subequal in length; rostrum reaching intermediate coxe, first joint slightly passing base of head, second extending between anterior coxe,
W. L. DISTANT—RHYNCHOTA. 13)
third shortest, just passing anterior cox; head excavated between apices of lateral lobes; pronotum much shorter than breadth between lateral angles, which are strongly produced and moderately upwardly and apically slightly recurved, lateral margins of produced angles crenulate; corium somewhat finely punctate ; posterior tibie in ¢ spined beneath near apex, posterior femora in ¢ a little curved; second ventral segment distinctly tuberculous on each lateral area in ¢g, in @ less prominently so.
Long., ¢ 22, 2 24 to 27 mm.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft.
HOLopTERNA AFFINIS. (Plate II. figs. 15, 15 a.)
Holopterna affinis Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 11. p. 441 (1908).
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black; corium piceous; membrane dark bronzy ; body beneath and legs black; tarsi piceous-brown ; antennz ochraceous, the whole of the first joint (excluding extreme apex), a broad subcentral annulation to second joint, and a similar annulation to third joint (which, however, extends nearer apex), black, first joint a little longer than pronotum and only slightly longer than second joint, third shortest, fourth about subequal to first; rostrum about reaching intermediate coxe, first joint almost reaching base of head, second reaching anterior cox, third shortest and just passing anterior coxe, fourth almost reaching inter- mediate cox; pronotum rugulose, lateral angles produced upwardly and forwardly, strongly dentate on each edge, their apices acute; second and third ventral segments in ¢ longly tuberculate on each lateral area; posterior tibie in ¢ flattened and dilated and spined beneath near apex, posterior femora incrassate, moderately curved, finely crenulate beneath.
Long., ¢ 22mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 mm.
Hab. Mokia, $.E. Ruwenzori, 3500 ft.
Allied to H. valga Linn. and H. alata Westw., but separated from both by the long, acute, and anteriorly produced pronotal angles.
Genus PLECTROPODA.
Plectrocnemia Stal, En. Hem. iii. p. 42 (1873), nom. preocc. Plectropoda Bergr. Aun. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii. p. 547 (1894), n. nom.
PLECTROPODA BicoLor. (Plate IT. figs. 13, 13 a.)
Plectrocnemia bicolor Hagl. Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1895, p. 447. Holopterna ellioti Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 868 (1900).
Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 3500 ft.; Ruwenzori (G. F. Scott Elliot) — Originally described from Usambara.
76 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Genus Myeponia. Mygdonia Stal, Hem. Afr. ii. pp. 2, 16 (1865).
Myeponia Montana. (Plate II. figs. 16, 16 a.) Myydonia montana Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 441 (1908).
$ 2. Piceous-brown; corium shortly, palely, sparingly pilose; extreme apex of scutellum ochraceous; membrane dark bronzy; antenne pale castaneous, first and fourth joints subequal in length, second slightly shorter than first, longer than third ; rostrum reaching intermediate coxe, first joint extending to base of head, second a little longer than third, which just passes anterior coxe; pronotum coarsely granulose, lateral angles moderately, roundly, a little upwardly produced, their margins coarsely crenulate, anterior lateral margins also crenulate or dentate; scutellum transversely wrinkled; corium finely and indistinctly punctate; posterior femora strongly incrassate in 3 , shortly, centrally, tuberculously produced beneath and shortly spined beneath at apex, in 2 only moderately thickened and spined beneath at apex, posterior tibie in ¢ moderately dilated but not toothed.
Long., ¢ 16, 9 20 mm. Exp. pronot. angl., ¢ 6, 2 74 mm.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-7000 ft.
Allied to M. antinorii Leth., but the pronotal angles are much Jess developed and more laterally and less anteriorly produced, their apices also being more rounded and obtuse,
Genus ANOPLOCNEMIS. Anoplocnemis Stal, En. Hem. iii. p. 47 (1878).
ANOPLOCNEMIS CURVIPES. Cimex curvipes Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 851 (1781). Mokia, Ruwenzori, 3500 ft.—Distributed over the whole of Tropical and Subtropical Africa.
ANOPLOCNEMIS SIGNATA. (Plate II. figs. 17, 17 a.) Anoplocnemis siynata Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi. p. 873 (1900). Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, 3500 ft.; Ruwenzori (G. F. Scott Elliot).
AANOPLOCNEMIS TRISTATOR. Lygeus tristator Faby. Syst. Rhyng. p. 206. 13 (1803). Ruwenzori (Sir H. H. Johnston).— Hitherto regarded as a West-African species.
~I a |
W. L. DISTANT—RHYNCHOTA.
Genus PLINACHTUS. Plinachtus Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1859, p. 470.
PLINACHTUS PUNGENS. Cimex pungens Thunb. Nov. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 86 (1783). Var.—The two lateral pale lines on head extend only to eyes and not to base of antenne ; antenne nearly totally black. Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-7000 ft.—A well-known South-African
species. Examples of both the typical and varietal forms are contained in the collection.
PLINACHTUS SPINOSUS. Plinachtus spinosus Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1859, p. 470. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-7000 ft.—Also found in South Africa.
Genus CLETUS.
Cletus Stal, Freg. Eug. Resa, Ins. p. 236 (1859).
CLETUS sp. A single undetermined specimen. Mubuku Valley, Ruwenzori, 6000—13,000 ft.
Genus ACANTHOMIA.
Acanthomia Stal, En. Hem. iii, p. 82 (1878).
ACANTHOMIA INSIGNIS. (Plate II. fig. 7.)
Acanthomia insignis Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 442 (1908).
Head, pronotum, and scutellum piceous; head with two central greyish lines commencing somewhat near together at base and extending to bases of antenne, a similar line on each lateral margin passing inner margins of eyes; basal joint of antenne castaneous, about as long as pronotum, much longer than second joint, which is ochraceous, remaining joints mutilated in type; pronotum somewhat greyishly piceous, with three discal longitudinal greyish lines, finely greyishly pilose, and with a few scattered very profound dark punctures, lateral angles horizontally spinously produced, their apices slender and smooth, shining black, at about middle of anterior lateral margins a shorter suberect black spine; scutellum moderately raised with a central greyish line; corium ochraceous, two longitudinal series of black punctures in clavus, a black line before clavus, which is apically deflected to apical margin, and a submarginal black line which does not reach base; membrane greyish, with the veins piceous; connexivum piceous, marginal spines black and posteriorly .
78 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
directed ; body beneath and legs chocolate-brown, tibie and tarsi ochraceous, bases of tibie black ; rostrum with basal joint just passing eyes, second joint reaching anterior coxe, and about equal in length to fourth joint, third a little shorter than first ; prosternum palely pilose and coarsely punctate; abdomen with oblique greyish lines on each lateral area.
Long. 9 mm.
Hab. Ruwenzori, 5000-6000 ft. (G. F. Scott Elliot).
A strikingly marked species described from a single and somewhat imperfect specimen.
Subfamily ALypina&.
Genus RIPToRTUS. Riptortus Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1859, p. 460.
RIPTORTUS TENUICORNIS. Alydus tenuicornis Dall. List Hem. ii. p. 471 (1852). Ruwenzori (G. F. Scott Eiliot)—Originally described from Sierra Leone.
Subfamily Corizin&.
Genus SERINETHA. Serinetha Spin. Ess. Hém. p. 247 (1837).
SERINETHA HAiMATICA. Leptocoris hematicus Germ. in Silb. Rev. Ent. v. p. 144 (1837).
Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft.—Found also in South and West Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius.
Family PYRRHOCORID &.
Subfamily Larcina.
Genus PHYSOPELTA. Physopelta Amy. & Serv. Hist. Hém. p. 271 (1848).
PHYSOPELTA MELANOPTERA. Physopelta melanoptera Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiv. p. 61 (1904). Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft.—Originally described from West Africa.
W. L. DISTANT—RHYNCHOTA. 79
Genus MyrMopLasta. Myrmoplasta Gerst. Jahrb. Hamb. Wissench. Anst. ix. p. 51 (1892).
MYRMOPLASTA POTTERI. Myrmoplasta potteri Mart. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 20. Salt Lake, S.E. of Ruwenzori (G. F. Scott Elliot).—Originally described from Abyssinia. Subfamily PyrrHocorin a.
Genus CEn aus. Ceneus Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1861, p. 196.
CENAUS SEMIFLAVUS. (Plate IT. fig. 10.) Ceneus semiflavus Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. p. 41 (1902). Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft.—Mr. Scott Elliot also brought the species from Ruwenzori, the type being one of his specimens.
Genus DysDERcvs. Dysdercus Amy. & Serv. Hist. Hém. p. 272 (1843).
DYSDERCUS NIGROFASCIATUS. Dysdercus nigrofasciatus Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1855, p. 36.
Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft.—Recorded from both South and West Africa.
DyspErcus PRETIOSUS. (Plate II. fig. 11.) Dysdercus pretiosus Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. p. 42 (1902).
Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft.—Originally described from Ruwensori specimens taken by Mr. Scott Elliot.
Family REDUVIID 2.
Subfamily Ecrrichoprns.
Genus SANTOSIA. Santosia Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1858, p. 442.
SANTOSIA MACULATA. Reduvius maculatus Faby. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 378 (1781).
Mubuku Valley, K. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft.—Also found on the West Coast of Africa.
80 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Subfamily Harpacrorin@.
Genus Harpactor. Harpactor Lap. Ess. Hém. p. 8 (1832); Dist. (incl. subg.) Faun. Brit. Ind., Rhynch. ii. p. 832 (1904).
HARPACTOR ORNATELLUS. (Plate IT. figs. 12, 12 a.) Harpactor ornatellus Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi. p. 206 (1903). Ruwenzori (G. F. Scott Elliot).
Family NEPID&.
Genus LACCOTREPHES. Laccotrephes Stal, Hem. Afr. iii. p. 186 (1865).
LACCOTREPHES ATER. Nepa atra Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. 2, p. 718. 4 (1767). Ruwenzori (G@. F. Scott Elliot). Genus Ranatra. Ranatra Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 108 (1803).
RANATRA FUSCOANNULATA. (Plate II. fig. 9.) Ranatra fuscoannulata Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiv. p. 64 (1904). Ruwenzori (G. FL. Scott Elliot).
Suborder HOMOPTERA.
Family CICADID&.
Subfamily Cicapinz.
Genus PLATYPLEURA. Platypleura Amy. & Serv. Hist. Hém. p. 465 (1848).
PLATYPLEURA DIVISA. Cicada divisa Germ. in Silb. Rev. Ent. ii. p. 80, t. xxiii. (1834). Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft.—Not uncommon in South Africa.
PLATYPLEURA WAHLBERGI. Platypleura wahlbergi Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1855, p. 89. Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, 3500 ft.—Also found in South Africa.
W. L. DISTANT—RHYNCHOTA. 81
Genus Uaapa. Ugada Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiv. p. 299 (1904).
UGADA GRANDICOLLIS. Cicada graneicollis (err. impr.) Germ. in Thon, Ent. Arch. ii. 2, p. 1 (1830). Between Irumu and Mawambi, E. Congo Forest, 2000 ft. (2. B. Woosnam)—A well- known West-African species.
Family CERCOPID &.
Subfamily APHROPHORIN2.
Genus PryE.us. Ptyelus St.-Farg. & Serv. Enc. Méth. x. p. 608 (1825).
PTYELUS FLAVESCENS. Tettigonia flavescens Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. p. 24. 30 (1794). Var. a, Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 70 (1866). Ruwenzori (G. . Scott Hiliot)—Widely distributed in Tropical and Subtropical Africa.
PTYELUS GROSSUS. Cercopis grossa Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. p. 47. 1 (1794). Var. a, Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 71 (1866). Var. c, Stal, loc. cit. p. 72. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft.; Fort Beni, Semliki Valley.— Widely distributed in Tropical and Subtropical Africa.
PTYELUS NivEuS. (Plate II. figs. 2, 2 a.)
Ptyelus niveus Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.:(8) ii. p. 443 (1908).
Body and legs creamy ochraceous ; pronotum, scutellum, and abdomen above more or less suffused with stramineous; basal antenniferous tubercle, a longitudinal spot near bases of anterior tibie, anterior and intermediate tarsi, apical fringe of posterior tibia and claws of posterior tarsi, black; base of apical joint of intermediate tarsi creamy ochraceous; tegmina silvery white, opaque, base of costal margin and a short median discal longitudinal line, black, reticulate veins at apical area piceous; vertex along median line half as long as breadth between eyes, a distinct impression enclosing a small lunate space a little before apex; face a little centrally longitudinally flattened, laterally transversely striate ; pronotum anteriorly convexly rounded, posteriorly strongly
VOL. XIX.—PART I. No. 11.— October, 1909. M |
82 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
concavely excavate before scutellum, which is longer than broad ; posterior tibie with two spines, that nearer base shorter and somewhat indistinct. Long. excl. tegm. 11 mm. Exp. tegm. 30 mm.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft.
Genus LEPYRONIA. Lepyronia Amy. & Serv. Hém. p. 567 (1843).
LEPYRONIA 2THIOPS. (Plate II. figs. 5, 5a.)
Lepyronia ethiops Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) u1. p. 443 (1908).
Pale stramineous; two median longitudinal fascie extending through the surface of head, pronotum, and scutellum, in latter occupying the lateral angles, lateral margins of head (not reaching apex), lateral margins of pronotum, basal and inner margins of clavus, basal costal margin of tegmina, a costal spot behind middle, two oblique inner fascize on apical area, a spot on each basal side of head beneath between the face and eyes, a spot on each side of base of clypeus, a longitudinal fascia on each side of sternum, and abdomen beneath, black; legs ochraceous; head shorter than pronotum, ocelli a little less removed from each other than from eyes ; tegmina distinctly thickly punctate ; posterior tibie with two strong spines.
Long. 6 mm.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-15,000 ft.
0,
PLA Te
val ce
ae Mihee a)
84
10.
Hailes alias IS,. LS. a 14, 144. 15, 15a. 16, 16 a. Nis Le @
W. L. DISTANT—RHYNCHOTA.
PLATE II.
Caura legget Dist., p. 70.
Ptyelus niveus Dist., p. 81. Aspongopus alternatus Dist., p. 74. Carbula bicolor Dist., p. 70. Lepyronia ethiops Dist., p. 82. Awemba typica Dist., p. 72. Acanthomia insignis Dist., p. 77.
. Carbula fuscata Dist., p. 71.
Ranatra fuscoannulata Dist., p. 80. Ceneus semiflavus Dist., p. 79. Dysdercus pretiosus Dist., p. 79. Harpactor ornatellus Dist., p. 80. Plectropoda bicolor Hagl., p. 75. Holopterna wollastoni Dist., p. 74. 95 affinis Dist., p. 75. Myqdonia montana Dist., p. 76. Anoplocnemis signata Dist., p. 76.
Srant Lool Soo Vol NIX GE I.
13a,
17a
_———————————
13
Horace Knight del.et lith.
West, Newman chromo.
RHYNCHOTA.
Le
RUWENZORI EXPEDITION REPORTS.
10. DIPTERA.
By Ernest E. Austen, F.Z.8.
Received November 13, read November 17, 1908.
[Puare III.*]
THe Diptera brought home by the Ruwenzori Expedition were not numerous, consisting of only eighteen specimens, belonging to six families and thirteen species. Seeing that the Diptera of Central Africa have as yet scarcely been collected at all, it is not surprising to find that a large proportion (no fewer than eight, or 61°5 per cent.) of these species prove to be new. One of the new species was recently described by Miss Gertrude Ricardo, but descriptions of the remaining seven will be found in the following pages.
In order to make the present contribution as complete as possible a few Diptera obtained by Mr. G. F. Scott Elliot during a previous visit to Ruwenzori have been studied in conjunction with those captured by the Ruwenzori Expedition. Mr. Scott Elliot’s material belongs to six species, five of which are apparently new; and, since three of the latter are additional to the species brought back by the Ruwenzori Expedition, the total number of new species described below is ten.
The Diptera procured by the Ruwenzori Expedition were collected by the Hon. Gerald Legge and Mr. A. F. R. Wollaston.
Family TABANID&.
Subfamily TaBanina.
Hamatopota Mg. Hematopota Meigen, Iliger’s Magazin fiir Insektenkunde, Bd. 11. 1803, p. 267.
TL#MATOPOTA PULCHRITHORAX Austen.
Second Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum, 1906, p. 54, pl. v.
2 2 2. Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, 3500 ft., 18th May.
* For explanation of the Plate, see p. 102.
86 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Tasanus Linn. Tabanus Linneeus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 11., 1761, p. 462. TABANUS FascraTuUS Fabr. Systema Entomologie, 1775, p. 788.
1°. Below Basoko, Congo River, 1400 ft., November.
TABANUS RUWENZORI Ricardo. (Plate III. fig. 1.) Annals & Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, vol. i., April 1908, p. 332. 2 2 2. Mubuku Valley, EK. Ruwenzori, 5000-13,000 ft., 22nd Jan. and 2nd Feb.
Family BoMBYLIID&. Subfamily BomBy.ina.
Bomsyuius Linn.
Bombylius Linneeus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 1., 1761, p. 471.
Bomsytius sp. (No. 1.)
3, 2. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft., 29th Jan.; and Mokia, S.E. Ruwenzori, 3500 ft., 31st Jan.
Bompy.ius sp. (No. 2.) 1 @. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft., 50th Jan.
The specimens of both of these species of Bombylius are so much damaged as to render it hopeless either to identify or describe them.
Family ASILID &. Subfamily Lapyruna.
PROAGONISTES * Lw.
Proagonistes Loew, Ofv. af K. Vetensk.-Akad. Férhandl. 1857, p. 367; ‘ Die Dipteren-Fauna Siidafrika’s,’ 1860, p. 170 (Abhandl. des Naturwiss. Vereins fiir Sachsen u. Thiiringen, Bd. i. p. 242).
* This genus, founded for Proagonistes validus Lw., from Caffraria, was placed among the Asilinz by its author, though the latter at the same time suggested that its proper place might be among the Laphriine, it being impossible to decide the question with certainty, since the third joint of the antenna was missing in the case of Loew’s type. The specimens belonging to the genus in the British Museum (Natural History) are for the most part in better condition, and show that Proagonistcs should be assigned to the Laphriine. The following species, referred to by Loew in his original description, also belong to Proagonistes: Laphria rufibarbis Babr. (called “rufipes” by Loew, Ofv. af K. Vetensk.-Akad. Férhandl. 1857, p, 367), W. Africa; L. ufens Walk., Sierra Leone; and ZL. praceps Walk., Natal. Besides these, the Museum collection includes two or three specimens, apparently belonging to species of this genus at present undescribed, and among others an example of a very large species, with exceedingly long hind legs, from Madagascar.
ERNEST H. AUSTEN—DIPTERA.
(o's) ~j
PROAGONISTES PRADO, sp.n. (Plate III. fig. 2.)
3.—Length (1 specimen) 27 mm.; width of head 6°2 mm.; width of front at vertex 1:6 mm.; length of wing 24 mm.
Black; dorsum of thorax in type chiefly dull, scutellum and dorsum of abdomen moderately shining and purplish-black ; dorsum of thorax with a ferruginous* stripe along each side, including humeral callus and extending beyond suture; wings dark brown with a purplish tinge, central portion of second, third, fourth, and fifth posterior cells, and of axillary cell, and upper margin of second basal cell paler ; wpper surface of front and middle femora and distal third (below not more than distal fourth) of hind femora black, under side of front and middle femora and proaimal two-thirds or three-fourths of hind femora burnt-sienna coloured ; tibiw orange-rufous, tarsi, especially front pair, somewhat darker, hind tibice with a dark brown spot above at extreme tips, last three joints of front and middle tarsi each with a small black spot below.
Head shining black, with a roughly semicircular ferruginous spot on each side of the prominent facial tubercle, which bears a conspicuous tuft of long and coarse orange-rufous hair; front, sides of face, and occipital region clothed with similarly coloured hair, beard yellowish white; anterior ocellus in case of type small but distinct; first and second joints of antenne orange-rufous, clothed with similarly coloured hair and bristles, second joint also with some black hairs, third joint mummy- brown, elongate ovate when viewed from the side; palpi shining black, clothed at tips with orange-rufous hair; tip of proboscis clothed above with chrome-yellow hair. Thorax: hairs and bristles on dorsum and scutellum black, lateral ferruginous stripes clothed with orange-rufous hair, the long bristles on the posterior two-thirds of each stripe also orange-rufous; pleure clothed mainly with black hairs, but with a few yellowish-white hairs above each coxa. Abdomen clothed above with short black hairs, on sides and below with longer black hair; genitalia burnt-sienna coloured, clothed at tips with orange-buff hair. Wings: second submargina! cell commencing just beyond level of end of discal cell, long, and its proximal two-thirds narrow. Halteres ochraceous-buff. Legs: front and middle coxe clothed with yellowish-white, hind coxe with black hairs; front and middle femora clothed above with black hairs, below and on each side with long and fine hairs, tending to curl at tips, and for most part yellowish on basal, black on distal half of femora; tips of middle and hind femora above and of front femora on each side clothed with orange-rufous hair; spines or stout bristles towards tips of middle and hind femora ferruginous; hind femora clothed mainly with black hair, long and fine on sides and below; hair on tibie and tarsi ochraceous, spines ferruginous ; first joint of hind tarsi long and not inerassate ; basal half or basal third of claws ferruginous, remainder black.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000-7000 ft., 5th Feb.
* For names and illustrations of colours, see Ridgway, ‘A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists’ (Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1886).
83 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
The lateral ferruginous stripes on the dorsum of the thorax will suffice to distinguish P. predo from the other species of the genus previously described.
Family SYRPHID&.
Subfamily SyRPHINa. SyrpuHus Fabr.
Syrphus Fabricius, Systema Entomologiz, 1775, p. 762.
SyRPHuS ADLIGATUS Wied. (Plate ITI. fig. 3.) Syrphus adligatus Wiedemann, Analecta Entomologica, 1824, p. 35; Aussereuropiaische zweifliigelige Insekten, 11. 1830, p. 122.
2 3 6. Ruwenzori, 6000-8000 ft. (G. F. Scott Hlliot).
Asarcina Macq.
Asarkina Macquart, Mémoires de la Société royale des Sciences, de Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 1842, p. 187 ; ‘ Diptéres Exotiques,’ 11. 2, 1842, p. 77.
ASARCINA AMG@NA, sp. n. (Plate III. fig. 4.)
3, %.—Length (2 specimens) 11°6 mm. (¢ ), 12 mm. (2); width of head 3°6 mm. (3), 3:8 mm. (¢); width of front at vertex in @ 95 mm.; length of wing 10°5 mm. (o), 11:4 mm. (@ ).
Face conical. Agreeing with A. rostrata Wied. in general coloration, but black transverse bands on abdomen deeper; distinguished from both A. rostrata Wied. and A. eremophila Lw. by having no median black stripe on face; a dark brown semi- circular mark above front edge of buccal cavity ; third joint of antenne dark brown, except lower basal angle ; wings longer than in A. rostrata Wied., moderately infuscated, colour not intensified at certain spots, first and second costal cells not darker than remainder of surface.
Head saffron-yellow, upper half of front in @ bronze-black ; vertical and frontal triangles in ¢g and front in 2 clothed with black hair, face and occipital region clothed with chrome-yellow hair, basi-occipital margin clothed with silvery hair; first joint of antenne ochraceous-buff, second joint cinnamon-rufous, both joints stout, clothed with black hair, approximately equal in length in ¢, first joint in 2 about one-third longer than second; arista clove-brown. Thorax: dorsum, except lateral stripe and scutellum, shining bronze-black, lateral stripe and scutellum gamboge- yellow, scutellum clothed with black, remainder of thorax with yellow hair; pleure and pectus yellowish pollinose on a bronze-black ground, some yellow patches clothed with long chrome-yellow hair beneath base of wing. Abdomen saffron-yellow; dorsum
ERNEST BE. AUSTEN—DIPTERA. 89
with four fairly deep transverse black bands, each of middle two of which isin ¢ narrowly connected with foregoing band on each side; these bands occupy hinder portion of second and three following segments, and each of first three bands also encroaches slightly on following segment; there is also a semicircular black median area on first segment, posterior margin of which extends over on to second segment, on which it is connected by a median black longitudinal mark with first black transverse band; in 9, yellow band on third segment is slightly constricted in middle; dorsum of abdomen, except basal angles, clothed with black hair, basal angles clothed with chrome-yellow hair; venter yellow and clothed with pale chrome-yellow hair, lateral extremities of second and third dorsal black bands more or less visible; genitalia of ¢g orange-buff, pollinose, and clothed with pale chrome-yellow hair. Wings brownish, stigma russet ; bend of third longitudinal vein above first posterior cell shallow but fairly sharp. Halteres yellow. Legs orange-buft, tarsi dark brown, hind femora and tibiz in ¢ brownish.
Hab. Ruwenzori: ¢, Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft., 15th Jan. ; 2, Ruwenzori, 7000-8000 ft. (@. F. Scott Elliot).
ASARCINA PUNCTIFRONS, sp. n. (Plate III. fig. 5.)
$.—Length (1 specimen) 12°5 mm.; width of head 4 mm.; length of win 12°5 mm.
Face conical. Agreeing with A. rostrata Wied. in general coloration, but black transverse bands on abdomen deeper; a relatively large clove-brown median spot on frontal triangle above base of antenne; facial tubercle in type reddish brown, but (at any rate in type) no distinct median black stripe on face, and no dark brown semi- circular mark above front edge of buccal cavity; first and second joints of antenne stout, first joint barely one-fourth longer than second, lower margin of third joint ochraceous-rufous ; second segment of abdomen with a very narrow median black longitudinal stripe; yellow bands on third and following segments not constricted in middle; wings strongly infuscated, the colour somewhat intensified at certain spots, such as distal extremity of second longitudinal vein ; first and second costal cells darker than remainder of wing except stigma.
Head deep saffron-yellow, frontal triangle clothed with black hair, face with saffron-
oO to)
yellow hair; occipital margin clothed above with pale yellow, on sides and below with silvery hair; first and second joints of antenne cinnamon-rufous, third joint, except extreme base and lower margin, dark brown, arista dark brown. Thorax as in A. amena Austen. Abdomen also as in foregoing species, except that median black stripe on dorsum of second segment is longer and more attenuated, while (at least in case of type) yellow band on third segment shows no trace of median constriction. Wings bistre, with lighter and darker regions; depression of third longitudinal vein above ‘first posterior cell merely a very gentle undulation rather than a bend. Halteres VoL. XIX.—PART I. No. 12.— October, 1909. N
90 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
yellow. Legs tawny, hind tibize brownish, tarsi dark brown, hind femora with a dark brown streak on outer side, broader on basal half.
Hab. Ruwenzori, 7000-8000 ft. (G. F. Scott Elliot).
Asarcina punctifrons is distinguished from A. rostrata Wied. and A. eremophila Lw. inter alia by the shorter and stouter first joint of the antenne, and by the first and second black transverse bands on the abdomen being entirely parallel, and not in the least expanded in the middle; from A. amana Austen, the new species may at once be distinguished by the strongly infuscated wings and the presence of the dark frontal spot.
Subfamily Eristaiya.
Senaspis Macq. Senaspis Macquart, Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 1849 (Lille : 1850), p. 437; Dipteres Exotiques, 4° Supplément, 1850, p. 133. Plagiocera Loew (nec Macquart), Ofv. af K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1857, p. 381; ‘Die Dipteren-Fauna Siidafrika’s, p. 317 [889] (1860).
SENASPIS 28acus Walk. (Plate III. fig. 6.)
Helophilus esacus Walker, ‘List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum,’ part i. 1849, p. 609.
Plagiocera maculipennis Lw. Ofv. af K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1857, loc. cit.; ‘ Die Dipteren- Fauna Sidatrika’s,’ loc. cit.
(?) Eristalis latevittatus Bigot, ‘ Archives Entomologiques,’ 11. 1858, p. 365, pl. x. fig. 9.
1 @, between Salt Lake and Wawamba Country, Ruwenzori district (G. F. Scott Elliot). Specimens of this species from Busoga, Uganda, March (Dr. Aubrey Hodges), and Entebbe, Uganda, June, “taken in Laboratory” (Captain HE. D. W. Greig, I.M.S.), are also in the Museum coliection, which includes other examples from Ashanti and Sierra Leone, showing that S. ewsacus has a very wide distribution in ‘Tropical Africa. If Eristalis latevittatus Big. be really a synonym of S. @sacus, the species also occurs in Gaboon.
SENASPIS ELLIOTI, sp.n. (Plate III. fig. 7.)
3, 2-—Length, ¢ (1 specimen) 15 mm., 2 (4 specimens) 14 to 16mm.; width of head, ¢ 5, 2 5:2 to 5°6 mm.; width of front at vertex in 2 1 mm. to just over 1 mm.; length of wing, ¢ 11:5, 2 12°5 to 13°5 mm.
Black ; abdomen shining black, dorsum of thorax covered with light yellowish-grey pollen and thickly clothed with similarly coloured hair (ma 2 from HE, Africa the dorsum of the thorax is deeper—buff-yellow) ; scutellum buff-yellow; wings deep purplish-brown from base to bottom of bend in third longitudinal vein above first pesterior cell, distal extremity and hind margin more or less distinctly paler, though first posterior cell sometimes infuscated, proximal two-thirds of both basal cells and
’ ERNEST E. AUSTEN—DIPTERA. 91
proximal half of anal cell usually orange-buff, discal cell and distal extremities of second basal and anal cells often with darker centres enclosing a paler area; alula hyaline, except base, which is slightly infuscated; hind tibie fringed with black hair on inner and outer side, fringe on inner margin especially conspicuous.
Head black, vertical and frontal triangles in ¢ and front in 2 clothed with black hair, frontal triangle in ¢ shining, front in 2? with a dull clove-brown transverse band above middle, elsewhere shining ; face light greyish or silvery pollinose, tubercle and area immediately above it shining black ; occipital region clothed with yellowish hair, with a more or less conspicuous fringe of blackish hair above in 2; antenne clove-brown or black, arista cinnamon. Thorax: pleure and pectus clothed with black hair ; sewtel/um clothed with hair of same colour as that covering remainder of dorsum. Abdomen: dorsum clothed with minute, appressed, black hairs, sides clothed with longer black hair; dorsum of second segment with a larger or smaller dull black median area, resting on front margin, and confined to anterior third; ¢ genitalia yellowish-grey pollinose, sparsely clothed with short yellowish hairs. Wéngs: distal margin of darker area straight, forming a transverse line, majority of veins within darker area usually bordered with orange-buff. Squame butf-yellow, fringed with similarly coloured hair. Legs entirely black, clothed with black hair.
Hab. Ruwenzori and East Africa Protectorate: type of ¢ from Ruwenzori, 7000- 8000 ft. (G. F. Scott Elliot); type of 2 taken between Salt Lake and Wawamba Country, Ruwenzori district (G. F. Scott Elliot); other specimens from Ruwenzori, 6000-8000 ft. (G. &. Scott Hiliot); Mubuku Valley, KE. Ruwenzori, 6000-13,000 ft., 1st March ; and Makumbu, East Africa Protectorate, Feb. and March (C. S. Betton).
I have much pleasure in associating with this fine species the name of its discoverer, Mr. G. H. Scott Elliot.
In addition to those already mentioned, the following African species also belong to the genus Senaspis:—S. flaviceps Macq. (the type of the genus), Merodon umbrifer Walk. (List Spec. Dipt. Ins. in Coll. Brit. Mus. iii. 1849, p. 601.—Sierra Leone : closely allied to S. wsacus Walk.), Dolichomerus nigritus Big. (Madagascar), and Plagiocera hemorrhoa Gerst. (Baron Carl Claus von der Decken’s Reisen in Ost- Afrika, Bd. ii. Abth. i. 1869, p. 891, Taf. xvi. fig. 6.—Central and East Africa).
Meeaspis Macq.
Megaspis Macquart, Mémoires de la Société royale des Sciences, de Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 1841, p. 87; Diptéres Exotiques, t. 11. 2, 1842, p. 27.
MBEGASPIS BULLIGERA, sp. n. (Plate III. fig. 8.) 3d, 2.—Length, ¢ (5 specimens) 10:25 to 11:75 mm., 2 (5 specimens) 8°8 to 12 mm.: width of head, ¢ 4:8 to 5-4, 2 3:8 to 5 mm.; width of front at vertex in ¢ 16 to 2 mm.; length of wing, ¢ 9 to 10, 29 8 to 10 mm. General coloration of body mummy-brown, greater portion of abdomen often clove- N 2
92 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
brown or black, second, third, and fourth abdominal segments, in middle line above, each with a conspicuous, black, rownded tubercle (that on second segment most prominent), shining in centre but dull black on margin in specimens in good condition ; wings with a light brownish tinge, and with a narrow and somewhat oblique dark brown band, eatending from costa, at distal extremity of mediastinal vein, to upper distal angle of second basal cell.
Head black, covered with yellowish pollen, and clothed with short hair ranging in colour from straw-yellow to light buff-yellow; front in @ broad, an area on vertical region surrounding ocelli, and sometimes extending forwards to middle, covered with dark brown pollen and clothed with dark brown or black hair; face with narrow shining black tubercle in middle line below depression beneath antenne, which are clove-brown, second joint sometimes lighter (chestnut) ; arista ochraceous-buff, clothed on basal half with short hairs, distal extremity bare. Thorax: dorsum, including seutellum, thickly clothed with short tawny or raw-sienna-coloured hair, often forming a conspicuous tuft in front of base of wing on each side; scuteliwm with a dull cinnamon-rufous tinge, with an ill-defined darker transverse band near front margin. Abdomen clothed with short maize-yellow hair (straw-yellow on first segment, which is shining black) ; second segment dull cinnamon-rufous, with a broad subtriangular black mark resting on hind margin, with its apex, which does not always reach front margin, including the median tubercle, and its sides curving outwards to meet the sides of the segment about halfway between the front and hind margins ; third and fourth segments mainly black, but a dull cinnamon-rufous transverse mark, with its posterior margin concave, usually visible next front margin of each segment on either side of middle line ; these marks may be indistinguishable on fourth segment, hind border of which is sometimes cinnamon-rufous. Wings: extreme base dark brown ; alu/e@ brownish at base ; in certain specimens bend of third longitudinal vein into first posterior cell has a small appendix beneath. Squame@ dark sepia, fringes brownish. Legs: all tarsi ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous ; femora more or less black (buff or ochraceous-buff at extreme tips, more or less ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous at base), middle femora sometimes largely ochraceous, usual patch of closely-set, minute, black bristles clearly visible at base of each femur on under side, hind femora somewhat swollen; front tibiee cream-buff at base, which is clothed with silvery or pale yellowish hair, darker on distal half or two-thirds, where the hair is black on the outer and brown or ochraceous on the inner side; middle tibiee cream-buff or cream-coloured at base, ochraceous-buff or even sometimes darker towards distal extremities, clothed (at least at base) with silvery or yellowish-silvery hair, which towards distal extremity usually passes into bright orange-ochraceous hair ; hind tibie black or dark brown, cream-buff at extreme base and ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous at distal extremity, clothed on outer side at base with silvery, and elsewhere on outer side and on posterior surface with bright ochre-yellow or orange-ochraceous hair, and fringed on inner margin, except at extremities, with long black hair.
ERNEST E. AUSTEN—DIPTERA. 93
Hab. Ruwenzori and Entebbe, Uganda Protectorate; and Ashanti and Sierra Leone, W. Africa; type of ¢ from Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 6000—13,000 ft., 17th Jan.; type of @ from Sierra Leone (ex Bigot Collection, presented by Mr. G. H. Verrail); the other specimens in the Museum collection include a 9°, taken between Salt Lake and Wawamba Country, Ruwenzori district (G. F. Scott Elliot); another 2, from Entebbe, Uganda, May, “caught in laboratory ” (Captain E. D. W. Greig, I.M.S.); 3 6 6 and 1 g from Obuasi, Ashanti, January, June, August, and September (Dr. W. M. Graham); and a ¢ and ? from Sierra Leone (taken respectively by Swrgeon-Captain Clements and J. Foxcroft).
Megaspis bulligera may at once be distinguished by the coloration of the body and wings from Megaspis bullata (Hristalis bullatus) Lw. (Ofvers. af K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1857, 381; and ‘ Die Dipteren-Fauna Siidafrika’s,’ 1860, [891] 319), which also has shining tubercles on the abdomen, and the type of which was taken in Caffraria: in Df. bullata the body and the front portion of the proximal half of the wing are deep black. In the ¢ of IL bulligera, taken by Surgeon-Captain Clements in Sierra Leone, the light area on the second abdominal segment is of a wood-brown instead of a dull cinnamon-rufous colour, while, with the exception of the raised tubercles, the parts of the abdomen that are normally black are merely mummy-brown. The specimen selected as the type of the 2, which, as stated above, is from the collection of the late M. Bigot, bears the following label in Bigot’s handwriting :—‘ Hristalis trichopus, @ . N. sp. inedict. Quincy, Novembre 1891. M. Bigot.—Sierra Leone.” No species, however, appears to have ever been described by Bigot under the name Eristalis trichopus, and the specimen does not, as at first seemed probable, agree with the description of Simoides trichopus Bigot (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1x. 1891, 373), the type of which, moreover, would appear to be from Assini.
Superfamily MUSCOIDEA, Townsend.
Family TacHINIDA. Subfamily Tacuininz.
DesEANta Rob.-Desv. Dejeania Robineau-Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 1830, p. 33.
DEJEANIA WOLLASTONII, sp. n. (Plate III. fig. 9.)
¢, ¢.—Length, ¢ (5 specimens) 11 to 12 mm., 2 (8 specimens) 9°25 to 13 mm.; width of head, ¢ 3:25 to 3:6, 2 3to 4mm.; width of front at vertex, ¢ 1 to just over 1, 2 1 to1-4 mm.; length of wing, ¢ 10 to 12, 2 9°6 to 12 mm.; length of portion of palpi projecting beyond epistoma 2} to 3 mm.; length of proboscis, from bend near base to tip, 4 to 5°6 mm.
94 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
Pectus, pleure, lateral margins of dorsum of thorax, and legs cinnamon-rufous ; dorsum of thorax black, greyish pollinose; abdomen chestnut, sometines cinnamon- rufous, especially beneath, dorsum greyish pollinose in specimens in good condition, especially near front margins of segments, second, third, and fourth segments each with a triangular or elongate median black spot (sometimes indistinguishable or absent on one or more, or even all of the segments); all macrochete and spines black ; wings sepia- coloured, with a dark brown area (sometimes russet-brown, or wholly or partly absent) on antero-proaimal portion, extending from base to end of first longitudinal vein.
Head: face and jowls buff, whitish pollinose, frontal stripe burnt-umber-coloured or chocolate-brown, sides of front usually blackish, sometimes burnt-umber-coloured ; occiput blackish, greyish pollinose ; epistoma very prominent; basioccipital region clothed with long whitish hair; face on each side with an irregular row of fine black bristles, descending nearly to level of lower margin of eye; proboscis cinnamon-rufous, darker towards tip, long, slender, and projecting beyond palpi, which are ochraceous or ochraceous-buff, and also very slender, with margins of portion projecting beyond epistoma parallel, and clothed with black bristles, which are longer below, especially at distal extremity ; antennw cinnamon-rufous to dark chestnut or dark brown, first and second joints usually lighter than third joint, second and third joints light greyish pollinose, third joint very much wider in ¢ than in ?, arista dark brown, with second joint moderately elongate, and third joint, except distal extremity, minutely pubescent. Thorax: dorsum with greyish pollinose covering most distinct in front, where may be seen commencement of a pair of narrow, admedian, dark, longitudinal stripes, which disappear before reaching transverse suture ; fine hair clothing dorsum between macro- chete uniformly black ; mesopleure whitish pollinose, with fine whitish hair at base of black bristles; scutel/wm dull chestnut. Abdomen: black median spots on dorsum not or scarcely reaching hind margins of segments, with their bases resting on front margins; fine hair clothing dorsum black, sometimes more or less whitish, that on sides whitish ; second segment with two or three, third segment with from four to six spines on each side in front of marginal series, arranged in a more or less regular transverse row. Wings: veins beyond darker area sometimes bordered with darker colour. iegs clothed mainly with black hair and bristles, but with whitish or yellowish hair on under side of basal half of femora, and pile on under side of hind tarsi bright buff-yellow.
Hab. Ruwenzori, Uganda; and East Africa Protectorate: types of g and 2 and one other @ from Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-13,000 ft., 14th, 17th, and 31st Jan.; also 1g, 2 2 2 from Ruwenzori, 7000-9000 ft. (G. F. Scott Elliot) ; 2366, 2 9 2 from Njoro, E, Africa Protectorate (A. J. Cholmley); and 1 ¢ and 2 9 2 from Mombasa, E. Africa Protectorate (A. J. Cholmley). A specimen from the last-mentioned locality bears the label :—‘* Hatched in box of moth and butterfly chrysalides.” I have much pleasure in naming this species in honour of Mr. A. F. R.
ERNEST E. AUSTEN—DIPTERA. 95
Wollaston, one of the members of the Ruwenzori Expedition, of which he has recently published a fascinating account *.
In spite of the variation exhibited by the series of specimens enumerated above, as regards the presence or absence—partial or complete—of the spots on the abdomen and the dark area on the anterior portion of the proximal half of the wing, it is impossible to regard the differences as anything more than individual. As regards the abdominal markings, at any rate, somewhat similar differences are exhibited by Deeania capensis Rob.-Desv. (? = Dejeania (Stomoxys) bombylans Fabr.), a widely distributed species in Central and South Africa, which can readily be distinguished from D. wollastonii owing to the general chrome-yellow colour of the body, by contrast with which the black abdominal spots are much more conspicuous.
SERICOPHOROMYIA f, gen. n.
Allied to Chetolyga{ Rond., but distinguished by the claws and pulvilli of the 3 not being elongate, and by the special character of the thoracic hair, or a portion thereof.— Stoutly built, thick-set flies, with densely hairy eyes, and thorax (dorsuin or pleure, or both) thickly clothed between the macrochete with fine, yellowish, silky hair, often crinkled, especially on pleure. Face more or less hairy ; scutellum semi-translucent ; hind tibie ciliated.
Head: front moderately prominent, in ¢ of moderate width or rather narrow ; vertical bristles present in both sexes ; ocellar bristles directed forwards and outwards ; é without, 2 with 2 orbital (fronto-orbital) bristles on each side ; sides of face (para- facials of Townsend) of moderate width, or rather narrow; depth of jowls one-eighth to one-sixth or one-fifth of that of eye, lower margin of head straight; facial angles close to margin of buccal cavity, interspace not constricted; facial ridges ciliated on lower third, or to above middle; third joint of antenne long, and of moderate or considerable breadth, from three to four times as long as second, penultimate joint of arista not elongate. Yhorax: dorsum without distinct longitudinal stripes. Abdomen: macrochete marginal.
Typical species: Zachina dasyops Wied. (Anal. Ent. p. 42, and Aussereuropaische zweifliigelige Insekten, ii. 1830, p. 308 ; Chetolyga dasyops Br. & v. Berg, Denkschr. der math.-naturw. Cl. der k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 1891, p. 402); S. and E. Africa ; Aden, Arabia.
* ‘From Ruwenzori to the Congo, A Naturalist’s Journey Across Africa.” By A. F. R. Wollaston. With Illustrations. (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, W. 1908.)
T onpixopdpos, silk-bearing (alluding to the character of the fine hair on the thorax); pia, a fly.
£ In the ‘ Katalog der Paliarktischen Dipteren,’ Bd. iii., by Dr. M. Bezzi and P. Stein (Budapest : 1907), p. 229, this genus is reduced to the rank of a section of the genus Winthemia Rob.-Desy. (‘ Kssai sur les Myodaires,’ 1830, p. 173), which, however, was so briefly and imperfectly characterised by its author that it cannot fairly be regarded as having been described at ali; I therefore see no valid reason for allowing Cheitolyga Rond. to be superseded.
96 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
SERICOPHOROMYIA CLARIPILOSA, sp. n. (Plate III. fig. 10.)
$ .—Length (1 specimen) 12°25 mm.; width of head 4:25 mm.; width of front at vertex 0°6 mm.; length of wing 9 mm.
Dorsum of thorax and abdomen moderately shining ; dorsum of thorax (exclusive of scutellum and a median quadrate area immediately in front of it) olive, clothed with black hair and bristles ; silky, crinkled hair maize-yellow, confined to pleure, postalar calli, hinder portion of humeral calli, and lateral margins of scutellum; sides of anterior portion of abdomen tawny ochraceous, last two segments, except basal angles, black, first segment very short and entirely black, second segment with a large median black blotch, third segment with a black median triangle ; wings with a slight brownish tinge, extreme base ochreous ; legs black, hind tibie faintly ochraceous on inner side in middle, front femora yellowish pollinose on sides and beneath, middle and hind femora greyish pollinose on anterior and posterior surfaces.
Head yellowish, front clothed with dark brown hair, upper half (or rather less) of front blackish or black, frontal stripe black, its middle portion narrower than sides of front ; sides of face (‘ parafacials ” of Townsend) narrow, frontal bristles descending to level of end of second joint of antenna, and followed by a compound series of fine blackish hair, which descends to level of point at which ciliation of facial ridges ceases, a. é., to level of upper end of lowest third of facial ridges ; jowls and occiput clothed with buff-yellow hair; hairy covering of eyes brown above, yellowish below; palpi stout, clavate, brown, extreme tips buff, clothed with black hairs and bristles; antenne, including arista, entirely clove-brown, third joint oblong, broad, about four times as long as second, and three times as long as broad. Thorax: scutellum and median quadrate area in front of it honey-yellow, scutellum clothed, apart from lateral margins and macrochete, entirely with short black hair; pectus, pleure, and lateral margins of dorsum olivaceous, yellowish pollinose; humeral calli buff, postalar calli dusky ochraceous-buff. Aéddomen clothed above with short black hair, on sides and below with pale Naples yellow hair; third and fourth segments yellowish pollinose in front above, greyish pollinose below ; black median blotch on dorsum of second segment in shape of a truncated triangle, with base resting on front margin, sides somewhat curved, and apex cut off by hind margin; black median triangle on dorsum cf third segment with base resting on hind margin, and apex produced to meet front margin; dorsum of fourth segment with a tawny-ochraceous triangle occupying each basal angle, the apices of these triangles directed towards middle line, but widely separated ; dorsum of fifth segment (at least in case of type) with only a very small and scarcely noticeable fleck in each basal angle; venter tawny ochraceous, with apex (fourth and fifth segments, except basal angles of former) black, a transversely elongate, black blotch on anterior margin of second, and a black, transverse band on posterior half of third segment. Squame wax-yellow. Legs clothed with black hair and bristles, but with long maize-yellow hair on under side of front and hind femora, and on under side of
ERNEST E. AUSTEN—DIPTERA. 97
basal half of middle femora; fringe of bristles (ciliation) on outer side of hind tibi long and regular.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft., 13th Jan.
Sericophoromyia claripilosa may be distinguished from S. dasyops Wied. inter alia by the darker colour of the hairy covering of the eyes, the sides of the face being narrower and bearing blackish instead of pale yellow hair, the ciliation of the facial ridges being confined to the lower third instead of extending above the middle, the silky thoracic hair being restricted in extent as above described instead of extending over the whole thorax, including the disc of the scutellum, the upper surface of the scutellum being without short, scattered, black bristles, and by the tibie and tips of the middle and hind femora not being tawny.
Subfamily Dexia, Dexia Mg.
Dexia Meigen, Systematische Beschreibung der bek. Europ. zweifl. Insekten, v., 1826, p. 33.
DEXIA INAPPENDICULATA, Sp. n. (Plate III. fig. 11.)
¢ .—Length (2 specimens) 11°5 to 12 mm.; width of head 2°8 mm.; width of front at vertex 0°6 mm.; greatest width of abdomen 3:4 mm.; length of wing 10-4 mm.
Rather narrow-bodied and elongate ; thorax Naples yellow pollinose, dorsum marked with four interrupted and incomplete longitudinal black stripes, as in Dexia rustica Fabr.; abdomen ochraceous-buff, yellowish pollinose, dorsum with a fairly broad, longi- tudinal, clove-brown stripe, extending from base to apex, interrupted on front margins of segments, and expanding somewhat on hind margins ; wings sepia-coloured, moderately dark, bend of fourth longitudinal vein without an appendix.
Head ochraceous-buff, yellowish pollinose, frontal stripe dark mummy-brown ; bristles and hair, except yellowish hair on basi-occipital region, entirely black ; facial septum well developed; palpi small, buff; antenne ochraceous-buff. Thorax clothed ex- clusively with black hair and bristles. Addomen also clothed with entirely black hair and bristles; dorsum with hind borders of all segments more or less dusky, partly owing to each macrocheta standing on a small, circular, dark clove-brown spot ; venter with median, longitudinal, clove-brown stripe, which, except on last segment or last two segments, appears double, since inner edges of scutes alone are pigmented. Wings: small transverse vein darker than other veins, posterior transverse and distal portion of fourth longitudinal vein slightly suffused with brown. Squame and halteres buff. Legs tawny-ochraceous, tarsi clove-brown ; all legs slender and elongate, clothed with black hair and bristles, proximal third of front tibie distinctly narrowed.
Hab. Ruwenzori, 7000-8000 ft. (@. &. Scott Elliot).
In the coloration of the body Deaia inappendiculata presents a general resemblance to the common European PD. rustica Fabr., from which, however, it may be
VOL. XIx.—PakrT I. No. 13.— October, 1909. )
98 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
distinguished, inter alia, by its narrower and more elongate shape, dusky hind borders to the abdominal segments, infuscated wings, and the absence of an appendix to the bend of the fourth longitudinal vein. Dexia lugens Wied. (Auss. zw. Ins. ii. 1830, p. 374), the type of which is stated to be from the Cape of Good Hope, was perhaps wrongly assigned by its author to the present genus; but in any event D. énappendiculata must be readily distinguishable from it, since, according to the original description, the abdomen in Wiedemann’s species is shimmering grey and black, with an almost chequered appearance. A 2 Dexia from Natal in the Museum collection, belonging in all probability to an undescribed species, has the usual appendix to the fourth longitudinal vein. Subfamily SARCOPHAGIN A. SarcopHuaGa Me.
Sarcophaga Meigen, Systematische Beschreib. der bek. Europ. zweifl. Insekten, v., 1826, p. 1-4.
SARCOPHAGA NOTATIPENNIS, sp.n. (Plate III. fig. 12.)
3 .—Length (1 specimen) 12 mm.; width of head 38 mm.; width of front at vertex 0:8 mm.; greatest width of abdomen just over 5 mm.; length of wing 9°5 mm.
Olivaceous, body rather narrow and elongate ; dorsum of thorax with three fairly broad, dark, longitudinal stripes ; abdomen with shimmering patches of usual type, anal segments shining black; all hair and bristles on body and legs black; wings with a brownish tinge, and each wing with a large, circular, clove-brown spot surrounding small transverse vein, and three other somewhat lighter clove-brown markings.
Head black, front and face clothed with pale yellowish pollen, jowls and occiput with greyish pollen; when viewed in profile, a conspicuous, quadrate, dark patch next eye on each side, on a level with base of antenne ; frontal stripe black ; upper part of sides of face with a descending row of fine hairs, lower part of sides of face with a row of four or five relatively long and stout bristles, uppermost bristle but one being particularly long; palpi and antenne (including arista) clove-brown, third joint of antenna nearly three times as long as second. Thorax: four post-sutural dorso-central bristles, of which second, counting from front, is very small in case of type; dorsum in type damaged by exudation of fluid, median longitudinal stripe apparently olive ; seutelium olive, with a lighter fleck on each basal angle. Addomen: second, third, and fourth segments each with a narrow, median, dorsal, sepia-coloured triangle, its base resting on posterior and its apex extending to anterior margin; when abdomen is viewed from above, each of these triangles appears situated on a shimmering olive-grey patch of irregular outline, while on each side, in case of second and third segments, with its base resting on anterior margin and its posterior angles rounded, is a quadrate shimmering olive-grey patch, hind margin of which is not quite half-way between front and hind margins of segment; on fourth segment corresponding patches are smaller and more irregular in outline; second, third, and fourth segments each with a pair of median marginal macrochetz on dorsum, pair on fourth segment being in centre, and
ERNEST HE. AUSTEN —DIPTERA. 99
slightly in advance, of a complete transverse row of macrochetze; anal segments clothed with fine hair; venter olive-grey pollinose, looking darker when viewed from certain directions. Wings: veins, except first longitudinal, end of auxiliary, distal portion of fourth longitudinal, and transverse veins or portions of longitudinal veins covered by dark spots mainly cinnamon-rufous; third longitudinal vein alone seti- gerous, bristles extending from point of origin of second longitudinal vein to rather less than half-way between this and small transverse vein ; besides large circular spot surrounding small transverse vein, base of bent up portion of fourth longitudinal vein, from angle to point where vein is bent outwards, and posterior transverse vein are also clouded with clove-brown (in case of posterior transverse vein colour is darker at each end of the streak) ; a fourth dark fleck is situate at distal extremity of basal fourth of wing, lying im first basal cell immediately above transverse vein forming proximal boundary of discal cell, and also extending into base of discal cell itself. Squame whitish, central portion with a light brownish tinge. Legs black, femora more or less dark greyish pollinose, under side of hind femora and inner side of hind tibiz thickly fringed with long and fine hair.
Hab. Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft., 15th Jan.
The conspicuous wing-markings of Sarcophaga notatipennis at once distinguish it from any of its African congeners at present known, since Sarcophaga spilogasicr Wied. (Anal. Ent. p. 50, & Auss. zweifl. Ins. ii. 1830, p. 362.—Cape of Good Hope) and S. octomaculata Jaenn. (Abhandl. der Senckenb. Gesellsch. Bd. vi., 1867, p. 379.— Massowah), both of which have similarly spotted wings, belong to the genus Angiometopa Br. & von Berg., owing to the fact that in them the abdomen bears fixed black spots, in addition to the usual shimmering chequered pattern, though the latter, in the case of A. spilogaster, at any rate, is much reduced.
SARCOPHAGA INEQUALIS, sp. n. (Plate III. fig. 13.)
é.—Length (1 specimen) 10°5 mm.; width of head 5°25 mm.; width of front at vertex 1mm.; length of wing 8°8 mm.
Grey, with shimmering patches on abdomen; dorsum of thorax with three broad clove- brown longitudinal stripes, eatending from front tu hind margin, and a shorter stripe on each side; when viewed from above, second, third, and fourth abdominal segments each exhibit a dark (ciove-brown), quadrate, median area, occupying whole length of segment, and flanked on each side by a shimmering grey patch ; median dark area on fourth segment narrower than that on third, which is narrower than that on second ; posterior angles of median areas each produced outwards into a dark blotch, which has a greyish- olivaceous sheen when viewed from certain directions ; first anal segment clove-brown, greyish pollinose, second anal segment ferruginous ; all hair and bristles on body and legs black ; wings hyaline, without spots; bristles on sides of face fine, rather numerous, and not arranged in a single row.
Head blackish, front, face, jowls, and posterior orbits bright straw-yellow pollinose,
100 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE RUWENZORI EXPEDITION.
occiput greyish pollinose, clothed, like basi-occipital region, with pale yellow hair; anterior margin of buccal cavity cream-buff; palpi dark brown, indistinctly russet towards base; antenne clove-brown, with a greyish sheen, third joint about two and a half times as long as second, arista with a distinct pale band. Thorax: four post- sutural dorso-central bristles, the foremost small; median dorsal stripe continued on to scutellum, and extending nearly to hind margin of latter. Abdomen: when dorsum of second, third, and fourth segments is viewed at a low angle from behind it appears shimmering grey, with a clove-brown median longitudinal stripe and a similarly coloured pair of admedian longitudinal stripes, or elongate blotches, on each segment, the admedian stripes on each successive segment being further from the lateral margins; a pair of median marginal macrochete only on third and fourth segments ; fine hair on anal segments really clove-brown rather than black, when viewed from side. Wings: bristles confined to base of third longitudinal vein. Sguama waxen white, central portion with a slight brownish tinge. Legs black, inner side of middle